;/sf/L ;]jfsf ;fdfGobl] v pRr cf]xbf;Dd sfd u/]sf hfz] Ln] g]kfnL efiff, ;flxTo /
;+:sl[ tsf ;fy} gk] fn efiffdf ;d]t ;zSt snd rnfPsf 5g\ . lj= ;=+ @))! df
…cfB} f]lus Jofkfl/s ;dfrf/ ;ªu\ x| c88\ fÚ af6 pgsf] hflu/] hLjgsf] ;?' cft ePsf] lyof] .
lj= ;=+ @))& df pgL ;ªV\ of ljefudf ;'kl/j]Ifs ePsf lyP . lj=;+= @)!$ df /fli6o« of]hgf
kl/ifbd\ f sfoj{ |md clws[t eO{ sfd u/s] f lyP . To;} u/L s=] cfO={ l;x+ sf] k|wfgdGqLTj sfndf
dGqL k/z/' fdeSt dfyd] fsf] lghL ;lrj;dt] eP/ sfd u/]sf lyP . @)!^ ;fndf k'/ftŒj /
;+:sl[ t ljefudf lgb]z{ s ePsf hf]zL gk] fn k|1f k|lti7fgsf] ;b:o ;lrj;Dd eO;ss] f 5g\ .
pgsf] ;flxlTos n]vgsf] kf| /De lj= ;=+ !((* lt/ ePsf] lyof] . sn]h k9\g yfnk] l5 pgn]
;:+ st[ ;flxToaf6 ke| fljt eO{ 5Gbdf sljtf n]Vg yfns] f lyP . Tolt j]n} nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f
/ dfwj l3ld/]sf] ;ªu\ tdf k'u]sf pgn] sljåoaf6} sljtf n]Vg] k/]| 0ff kfPsf] b]lvG5 . efiffgj' fb
kl/ifb\sf cWoIf ki' s/ zdz]/sf] ;flGgWodf cfPkl5 pgn] cªu\ ]h| L efiffsf syf / sljtf
gk] fnLdf cgj' fb u/]sf lyP . hflu/sf] l;nl;nfdf tgx'F / ndh'ª lhNnfdf /xFbf ToxfsF f u|fdL0f
nf]sefsfsf] ;':s]/f ;g' /] pgnfO{ nfs] ;flxTodf nfUg] k/|] 0ff ldNof] . To;kl5 pgL ;:+ sl[ tsf]
cWoog cg;' Gwfgdf cfkm" nfO{ ;dlk{t ug{ yfn] . o;s} f] k|]/0ff:j¿k pgn] lj= ;+= @)!$ df
…xfd|f] nfs] ;+:s[ltÚ gfds k:' ts ks| fzg u/s] f lyP . pgn] g]kfnL ;flxTodf sljtf, gf6s,
;dfnfr] gfsf cltl/St nfs] ;flxTo, ;:+ sl[ t cflb If]qsf bh{gf}F sl[ t /rgf u/]sf 5g\ . pgn]
efiff / gf6s, sljtf, syf, lgaGw h:tf ;flxlTos ljwfsf sl/a tLg bh{g hlt s[lt /rgf
u/s] f 5g\ . pgsf g]kfn efiffsf ljleGg ljifo / ljwfIfq] ;uF ;DalGwt sl/a rf/ bhg{ /rgf
ks| fzg u/L g]kfn efiffsf] >Lj[l4df ;d]t dxŒjk"0f{ ofu] bfg k'¥ofPsf 5g\ . pgL …gk] fn efiff
Ps]8]dLÚ sf] :yfkgf / g]jf/L ;flxTo, snf / ;+:s[lt hf]ufpg lj|mofzLn bl] vG5g\ .
ljleGg cfx] bfdf /xFbf / sd{Ifq] df vl6Fbf hfz] Ln] lr/:d/0fLo of]ubfg lbPsf 5g\ . pgn]
k1| f kl| ti7fgdf /xbF f lbnfH] ofgn] dn' 'ssf efiff / ;:+ sl[ tsf] ljsf;df cxd\ ofu] bfg lbPsf
5g\ . logs} ;o+ f]hsTjdf ljbz] Ln] gk] fnsf af/d] f tof/ kf/]sf n]v/rgf / k':tssf]
uG| y;"rL tof/ ePsf] lyof] . pgL k1| f k|lti7fgdf /xbF f …ufOh{ fqf dxfT] ;jÚ sf] k|jwg{
u/s] f lyP . tTsfnLg k|zf;snfO{ ;d]t Joª\Uo ul/Psf] cf/fk] nufO{ ufO{hfqf sfoj{ |md aGb
u/fpg b/af/af6 cfPsf] bafanfO{ pgn] 7f8} c:jLsf/ u/L sfo{jm| d hgtfdfem hglk|o
/xs] fn] aGb ug{ g;lsg] hafkm kmsfO{ lbPsf lyP . o;af6 pgL hgdtsf ljk/Lt
s;}sf] bafa / wDsLaf6 kl5 gx6g\ ] JolSt lyP eGg] k:| 6 xG' 5 . pgs} k|of;af6 ;dfhsf
ljsl[ t lj;ªu\ ltsf lj?4 ufO{hfqfsf dfWodaf6 xf:oJoªU\ o ljwfsf] ljsf; ePsf]
lyof] . o; sfo{j|mdsf] ;kmntfaf6 xf}l;Psf hfz] Ln] gk] fnL gf6snfO{ dfly psf:g] x]t'n]
kl| ti7fgd} …gf6s dxfT] ;jÚ ug{] kl/kf6L klg a;fns] f lyP . pgL cfˆgf] lhDdj] f/Ldf cxf/] fq
;flGgWo – ;dLk jf lgs6 x'g'sf] efj, ;fdLKo
lbnfH] ofg – tg / dg bj' } nufpg'
cxf/] fq – lbg jf rfl} a;} 306f, lbgx“'
g]kfnL, sIff ( 47
vl6/xGy] . hdndf /fli6«o gfr3/sf nflu hUuf lsGg] / eStk/' df /fli6«o ;ª\ux| fnosf] lgdf0{ f
ug]{ sfd klg hfz] Ls} ;ljm| otfdf ePsf] lyof] . pgn] k|1f k|lti7fgdf ;b:o ;lrj /xFbf gk] fnL
efiffsf ;fy} zk] f{, tfdfª, du/, u'?ª, /fO,{ lnDa," dl} ynL, n]Krf, yf¿, bgj' f/, g]jf/, rk] fª,
/fhj+zLnufotsf efiffsf] cWoog cg';Gwfg u/s] f lyP . log} !$ efiffdf kofo{ jfrL
sfz] lgdf0{ fsf] sfo;{ dt] ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . ;Todfx] g hfz] Ln] gk] fnsf k|frLg d›' fsf]
vf]h cg;' Gwfg u/L …gk] fnL /fli6«o d›' fx¿Ú gfds uG| y klg n]v]sf 5g\ . pgs} cWoogsf
cfwf/df /fhf hok|sfz dNnsf kfnfdf ;ae} Gbf ;fgf] l;Ssf kr| ngdf /x]sf] lyof] eGg]
b]lvG5 . pSt l;Ssf ;;+ f/s} ;a}eGbf ;fgf] l;Ssf eg/] lulgha's ckm jN8{ /s] 8d{ f ;d]t
btf{ ePsf] 5 .
pgn] rLgdf g]kfnL efiffsf] kr| f/k;| f/ ug{s' f ;fy} cGo yk' }| dn' s' sf] ed| 0f u/]sf 5g\ .
rLgaf6 gk] fnL efiff k7gkf7gsf nflu kl| zIfssf ¿kdf af]nfj6 ePkl5 pgL ToxfF uP/
gk] fnL efiffnfO{ lrlgofdF fem k¥' ofpg] sfddf ;lj|mo /x] . pgn] ToxfF cfˆgf ljBfyLs{ f] ;xofu] df
g]kfnL ljefu vfn] ]/ lgoldt ¿kdf gk] fnLdf ;dfrf/ k;| f/0f ug]{ / ;f:+ s[lts sfo{j|md
;~rfng ug{] rfFhf] ldnfPsf lyP . o;/L ljbz] df g]kfnL efiffsf] k;| f/0f sfod{ f
hf]zLaf6 pNnV] o ofu] bfg ku' s] f] b]lvG5 . pgn] rLgdf /xbF f snfsf/ c/lgsf] / pgn] rLgdf
lgdf0{ f u/s] f] Zj]tr}Toaf/] vfh] cg';Gwfg u/L …g]kfnL jf:tl' jb\ snfsf/ c/lgsf]Ú gfds
zfw] uG| y k|sflzt u/] . pgn] e[s'6Laf/] klg vf]h cg';Gwfg u/L tYo klxNofpg] sfd
u/]sf lyP . pgn] k1| f kl| ti7fgsf] ;b:o /xFbf tTsfnLg ;f]leot ;ª3\ sf] ed| 0f
u/s] f lyP . pgL g]jf/ aGwx' ¿sf] ljZj ;ªu\ 7gn] nG8gdf cfofh] gf u/s] f]
;Dd]ngdf cltlysf ¿kdf ;xefuL ePsf lyP . cdl] /sf l:yt g]jf/ aGw'sf] ;ªu\ 7gn]
jfl;ª6\ g l8;Ldf cfof]hgf u/s] f] sfoj{ |mddf kd| 'v cltlysf ¿kdf ;d]t ljbz] e|d0f
u/]sf lyP . aªu\ nfbz] df ;f:+ sl[ ts ljljwtf;DaGwL dGqL:t/sf] cGt/fl{ i6o« ;Ddn] gdf pgL
;xefuL ePsf lyP . pgn] ef/t / rLgsf dV' o dV' o ;x/df ;dt] so} f}F k6s ed| 0f u/s] f lyP .
gk] fn cfdfsf sd7{ ;kt" ;Todfx] g hf]zLn] yk' }| k/' :sf/, ;Ddfg / kbs kfPsf 5g\ . pgL gk] fn
/ gk] fnLsf] uf/} j pRr kfg{ ;wF} cu;| / ag] . pgnfO{ g]kfnL jfªd\ o / ;+:sl[ tsf Ifq] df k¥' ofPsf]
ofu] bfgsf] sb/ ub{} sf7df8fF} ljZjljBfnoaf6 lj=;+= @)^* df dxfljBfjfl/lwsf] pkflw k|bfg
ul/Psf] lyof] . pgnfO{ lqdl" t{ lgst] gn] @)&! ;fn dªl\ ;/ !% ut] …ztfAbL k'?ifÚ sf] pkflw kb| fg
u/s] f] lyof] . g]kfn ;/sf/sf tk{maf6 lj= ;=+ @)&$ j}zfv @! df pgnfO{ …jfªd\ o ztfAbL
k?' ifÚ sf] pkflw kb| fg ul/Psf] lyof] . pgsf] gfddf …;Todf]xg hf]zL ztfAbL dxfT] ;jÚ
;dt] dgfOPsf] lyof] . pgL gk] fnL / g]kfn efiffsf] ;/+ If0f tyf gk] fnLsf] /fli6o« klxrfgsf
nflu lg/Gt/ nflu/x] . hfz] Ln] …uf/] vf blIf0f afxÚ' , …dbg k/' :sf/Ú, …k[YjL k|1f k/' :sf/Ú,
kofo{ jfrL – ;dfg jf Pp6} cy{ a'emfpg]
jf:t'ljb \ – ejg lgdf{0f snf;DaGwL /fd|f] 1fg ePsf] JolSt
48 gk] fnL, sIff (
…efg'eSt k'/:sf/Ú nufotsf bhg{ fF} k/' :sf/ kf| Kt ul/;ss] f 5g\ . pgnfO{ emG8} b'O{ ;o
;ª\3;:+ yfn] ;Ddfg tyf clegGbg;d]t ul/;s]sf 5g\ . lj= ;+= @)&^ df gk] fn /fi6«
a}ª\sn] hfz] Lsf] gfd / dx' f/ cª\lst Ps ;o ?lkofsF f] l;Ssf k|sfzgdf NofPsf] 5 . pgn]
…nfs] ;:+ s[ltÚ, …g]kfnL /fli6o« d›' fx¿Ú / …s0ff{nL nfs] ;+:s[ltÚ gfds sl[ tsf nflu tLg k6s
dbg k/' :sf/ kfpg ;kmn ePsf lyP . pgL g} tLg tLg k6s;Dd dbg k/' :sf/ k|fKt ug]{ Ps
dfq JolSt xg' \ .
;Todf]xg hf]zL g]kfnL efiff, nf]s ;flxTo, ;:+ s[ltnufotsf Ifq] df cgj/t ¿kdf ofu] bfg lbg]
ljlzi6 JolStTj xg' \ . pgsf] hLjgsf dxŒjk"0f{ ofu] bfgdf k1| f k|lti7fgaf6 ufOh{ fqf dxfT] ;jsf]
kj| wg{ , snfsf/ c/lgsfa] f/] cGji] f0f, kf| rLg g]kfnL d'b|fsf] vfh] L cflb clj:d/0fLo 5g\ . To:t}
gk] fn efiff Ps8] ]dLsf] :yfkgf, lrlgofF sljtfsf] g]kfnL cgj' fb tyf s0ff{nL nf]s;:+ sl[ tsf]
cg;' Gwfgdf ;dt] pgsf] cxd\ of]ubfg /xs] f] 5 . pgL JolStut hLjgeGbf /fi6« /
/fli6«otfsf nflu cgj/t ¿kdf ;dlk{t xg' ] sdz{ Ln JolSt x'g\ . ;Todf]xgdf
/xs] f] cys k|of; / sfdk|ltsf] nufjaf6 xfdL ;a} lgi7fjfg\ eO{ b]z;]jfdf nfUof}F eg] ;lhn}
bz] sf] sfrF 'nL k]mg{ ;lsG5 eGg] ;Gbz] k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . ;Todfx] g hf]zLn] gk] fnL efiff /
g]kfn efiff b'jd} f bhg{ fF} sl[ tsf] /rgf ug{' rfgr'g] s'/f xfO] g . axe' flifs / ax';f+:s[lts
/fi6n« fO{ ;zSt / efjgfTds ¿kdf Pstfsf] ;q" df afWF g] pgsf k|/] 0ffbfoL sfok{ |lt l;ªu\ f]
/fi6« uf}/j af]w ub5{ .
lgi7fjfg \ – lgi7f ePsf,] >4f /fVg,] cf:yfjfg\
gk] fnL, sIff ( 49
zAbe08f/
!= lbOPsf zAb / ltgsf cy{lar hf8] f ldnfpg'xf;] \ M
zAb cy{
ufO{hfqf hgdfg;df k|rlnt ;+:sf/, snfsf}zn, lj|mofsnfk
hLjgbl[ i6 k|frLg dxŒjsf, bn' {e / cgf}7f j:t' a6'n/] /flvg] 7fpF jf 3/
;+:sl[ t ljBf, al' 4, ;DkGgtf, ¿k, u'0f cflbsf] ljsf;
k/' ftŒj k|lti7fk"j{ ¿kdf :yflkt sg' } ;:+ yf
;ª\u|xfno hLjgbz{g, hLjgnfO{ x]g]{ bl[ i6 jf cfwf/
k|lti7fg k|frLg ;dosf P]ltxfl;s tyf dxŒjk0" f{ j:t'sf] cWoog ug{] ljBf
s'g} /fi6« jf hfltsf snfsf}zn, af}l4s ljsf;;Da4 ljm| ofsnfk
hg}kl" 0f{dfsf] ef]lnkN6 dgfOg] hfqf
@= lbOPsf zAbsf] ljk/Lt cy{ cfpg] zAb kf7af6 vf]h/] nV] gx' f];\ M
cg'QL0f{, ljgfz, cljZjf;, :jfy{, lg/fzf, c?lr, sk't, :jLsf/, lglijm| otf
#= lbOPsf zAbsf] ljk/Lt cy{ cfpg] zAb vf]h/] n]Vg'xf];\ M
;/' lIft, ;Eo, gfl:ts, nf}lss, uxg, ;I" d
af]w / cleJolSt
!= lbOPsf zAbsf] z4' pRrf/0f ug'{xf;] \ M
jfª\do, clj>fGt, cfB} fl] us, sdI{ f]q, xf:oJoªU\ o, sfFrn' L, ;ª\3if,{ ;:+ sl[ t
@= hLjgLsf] klxnf] cg'R5]b ;:j/jfrg ug'x{ f];\ .
#= lbOPsf] cg'R5b] dgdg} k9L ;/+ rgfaf/] ;fl] wPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ eGgx' f;] \ M
;Todfx] g hf]zL g]kfnL efiff, nf]s ;flxTo, ;+:sl[ tnufotsf If]qdf cgj/t ¿kdf
ofu] bfg lbg] ljlzi6 JolStTj x'g\ . pgsf] hLjgsf dxŒjk"0f{ ofu] bfgdf k1| f k|lti7fgaf6
ufOh{ fqf dxf]T;jsf] k|jwg{ , snfsf/ c/lgsf]af/] cGji] f0f, kf| rLg gk] fnL db' f| sf] vf]hL
cflb clj:d/0fLo 5g\ . To:t} g]kfn efiff Ps8] d] Lsf] :yfkgf, lrlgofF sljtfsf] g]kfnL
50 g]kfnL, sIff (
cgj' fb tyf s0ff{nL nfs] ;:+ sl[ tsf] cg;' Gwfgdf ;d]t pgsf] cxd\ of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 .
pgL JolStut hLjgeGbf /fi6« / /fli6«otfsf nflu cgj/t ¿kdf ;dlkt{ xg' ] sd{zLn
JolSt x'g\ . ;Todf]xgdf /xs] f] cys ko| f; / sfdk|ltsf] nufjaf6 xfdL ;a} lgi7fjfg\
eO{ bz] ;j] fdf nfUof}F eg] ;lhn} bz] sf] sfrF n' L k]mg{ ;lsG5 eGg] ;Gbz] kf| Kt ug{
;lsG5 . ;Todf]xg hf]zLn] gk] fnL efiff / g]kfn efiff bj' }df bh{gfF} sl[ tsf] /rgf ug'{
rfgrg' ] s'/f xfO] g . axe' flifs / ax;' f:+ sl[ ts /fi6n« fO{ ;zSt / efjgfTds ¿kdf
Pstfsf] ;q" df afWF g] pgsf k|]/0ffbfoL sfo{k|lt l;ªu\ f] /fi6« uf}/j afw] ub5{ .
kZ| gx¿
-s_ dflysf] cg'R5b] df sltcf6] f jfSo 5g\ <
-v_ cg'R5b] sf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] jfSo s'g xf,] Tof] slt zAbn] ags] f] 5 <
-u_ JolStut :jfyd{ f gnfu]sf] s/' f s'g jfSodf 5, To;sf] cfzo s] xf] <
$= lbOPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ nV] gx' f;] \ M
-s_ ;Todfx] g hf]zLsf] ;flxTo n]vgsf] kf| /De slxnb] l] v ePsf] xf] <
-v_ hfz] Ln] sg' s'g ;Ddfg / k'/:sf/ kf| Kt u/] <
-u_ hfz] Ln] nf]s ;flxTosf] Ifq] df s] s] sfd u/]sf 5g\ <
-3_ g]kfn efiff / ;:+ s[ltsf] ;/+ If0fdf hfz] Lsf] ofu] bfg s:tf] /x]sf] 5 <
%= sf]i7sleq ;fn / To;eGbf tn ;Todf]xgsf] hLjgdf 36]sf 36gf lbOPsf 5g\ . pSt 36gf
s'g s'g ;fndf ePsf xg' ,\ klxrfg u/L n]Vg'xf;] \ M
-lj= ;+= !(&&, !((*, @))!, @)!$, @)^*, @)&!, @)&$, @)&^_
-s_ xfd|f] nf]s;+:sl[ t gfds k:' ts ks| fzg
-v_ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 …jfª\do ztfAbL k?' ifÚ sf] pkflw kf| Kt
-u_ sf7df8fF} ljZjljBfnoaf6 dxfljBfjfl/lwsf] pkflwn] lje"lift
-3_ ;Todf]xgsf] hGd
-ª_ lqrG› sn]haf6 cfO{=P= pQL0f{
-r_ gk] fn /fi6« aª} s\ n] hfz] Lsf] gfd / d'xf/ cª\lst wfts' f] l;Ssf ks| fzg
gk] fnL, sIff ( 51
-5_ lqdl" t{ lgs]tgaf6 …ztfAbL k?' ifÚ sf] pkflw k|fKt
-h_ hflu/] hLjgsf] ;?' cft
^= lbOPsf] cgR' 5]b k9g\ x' f];\ / ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
;Todf]xg hfz] Lsf] afNosfn / lzIffbLIff lgs} ptf/r9fjo'St /xo\ f] . kfFr jif{sf] pd]/;Dd
klg afn] L gkm6' s] f sf/0f pgsf cfdfa'af lrlGtt eP . elgG5, afn] L km6' f;] \ eGgsf nflu
cfdfa'afn] bj] Lb]jtfsf] efsn u/] . wfdLemfjF m| LnfO{ bv] fP t/ sx] L l;k nfu]g . To; j]nfsf]
hgljZjf;cg';f/ ;o" l{ jgfossf] hªu\ ndf nu/] sx] L If0f PSn} 5f]8]5g\ . To;kl5 pgL …dfF,
P dfF ÛÚ eg]/ lrRofPsf lyP /] . pgsf] cIf/f/De gk] fn efiffsf dfWodaf6 ;ft jifs{ f]
pd]/df 3/af6} ePsf] lyof] . pgsf] cIf/f/De ;?' df l5ds] L u'?af6 ePkl5 pgnfO{
dªu\ n ahf/l:yt efiff kf7zfnfdf egf{ ul/of] . o;/L pgn] g]kfnL efiff rflxF bz jif{
k'u kl5 dfq l;ss] f lyP . cªu\ h|] L efiff k9fpg] xt] 'n] ;?' df kf6g xfO:sn' df egf{
ul/P klg s]xL ;dokl5 pgnfO{ /fgL kf]v/Ll:yt b/af/ xfO:sn' df egf{ ul/of] . pgn]
ToxLaF f6 Dofl6s« k/LIff pQL0f{ u/] . sf7df8fF}sf] lqrG› snh] af6 lj= ;=+ !((* df cfO={
P= pQL0f{ u/k] l5 :gfts txdf egf{ eP t/ kl/jf/sf] hLljsfsf nflu lar}df k9fO 5f8]/
hflu/lt/ nfUg afWo eP .
kZ| gx¿
-s_ ;Todf]xg hfz] Lsf cfdfa'af lrlGtt x'gs' f] sf/0f s] xf] <
-v_ ;Todf]xg hfz] Lsf] cIf/f/De s'g pd/] df / sxfF ePsf] lyof] <
-u_ pgsf] k9fO cl3 a9\g g;Sg'sf] sf/0f s] bl] vG5 <
-3_ ;Todfx] gn] sg' tx;Ddsf] lzIff xfl;n u/s] f lyP <
&= lbOPsf] cg'R5b] k9g\ 'xf;] \ / ;f]lwPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ n]Vgx' f];\ M
…xftsf d}nf ;g' sf yn} f s] ug{' wgn], ;fu / l;:g' vfPsf] a]; cfgGbL dgn]Ú
bj] sf]6fsf] dg' fdbgsf oL kªl\ Stdf l;:g'sf] rrf{ 5 . ljkGgsf nflu cefjsf] jn] f kf| 0f
wfGg] vfGsLsf ¿kdf lnOg] l;:g' kl5Nnf lbgdf ;DkGg / ;Def| Gtsf] klg lk|o ef]hg
ags] f] 5 . cfh l;:gn' ] :jfb / :jf:Yo bj' }nfO{ nfE] ofpbF } 5 . xfd|f kfvfkv]/fdf kfOg]
l;:g' ljiffbL / /f;folgs dnsf] k|sfk] af6 dS' t ljz4' cUffl{ gs pTkfbg xf] . dWokxf8L
tyf pkTosfdf kfOg] kf]Ng] emf/ l;:g'df w]/} cfi} fwLo u0' f kfOG5 . @% kl| tzt;Dd kf| ]l6g
x'g] o;df le6fldg P, le6fldg ;L, le6fldg 8L, nfx} tŒj, kf6] fl;od, SoflN;od h:tf
52 gk] fnL, sIff (
kfl} i6s kbfy{ klg xG' 5g\ . o;} sf/0f pQ/L tyf kj" L{ o'/f]kdf o;sf] emf]n nfdf] ;dob]lv
k|rlnt 5 . ;fdfGotM l;:g'nfO{ kvfnL pDns] f] tftf]kfgLdf /fvL 3f6] /] ksfpg] k|rng
5 . ljzi] fu/L o;df g'g, v';fg{ L, l6d/' sf] wn' f,] n;'g, dss} f RofVnf /fv]/ ksfOG5 .
ljbz] df rflxF a6/df Kofh, n;g' , ufh/ / cfn' /fv/] l;:g' ksfOG5 . cGTodf g'g,
dl/r / lj|md xfn/] ;'ksf ¿kdf ko| fu] ug]{ kr| ng 5 . o;nfO{ lug| 6Ls}
tl/sfn] klg ;]jg ug{ ;lsG5 . ahf/df ;xh} kfOg] l;:g'sf] kfp8/nfO{ ;k' of
t/sf/Lsf ¿kdf ko| f]u ug{ ;lsG5 . kmn" sf] ;'k agfP/ eft of dss} f RofVnf;uF
;]jg ubf{ lgs} :jflbi6 x'G5 .
-s_ pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-c_ …;fu / l;:g' vfPsf] a]; cfgGbL dgn]Ú eGgfn] s] al' emG5 <
-cf_ l;:gd' f sg' kf}li6s tŒj kfOG5 <
-O_ l;:g'nfO{ lsg cuf{lgs pTkfbg elgPsf] xf] <
-O{_ l;:g' ksfP/ vfg] ljleGg tl/sf atfpgx' f];\ .
-v_ efiff ;/+ rgf klxrfg ug{'xf;] \ M
-c_ cgR' 5]baf6 …cflbÚ / …ljkGgÚ zAbsf ljk/LtfyL{ zAb nV] gx' f;] \ .
-cf_ cg'R5]baf6 rGb|laGb' nfus] f zAb l6Kgx' f;] \ .
-O_ …ljz4' Ú / …k|rngÚ zAbdf nfu]sf pk;u{ 5'6o\ fpgx' f];\ . tL pk;u{ nfu]sf
yk bO' { bO' {cf]6f zAb n]Vgx' f];\ .
-O_{ cg'R5b] af6 bO' c{ f]6f k|Too nfu]/ ag]sf zAb klxrfg u/L n]Vg'xf;] \ .
*= hLjgLdf /xs] f] ‘g]kfn cfdfsf ==== JolSt xg' ’\ cg'R5b] af6 d'Vo rf/cf6] f ab“' f
l6kL ;f/f+z n]Vgx' f];\ .
(= ;Todfx] g hf]zLsf] hLjgLaf6 s:tf] lzIff kfOG5, tnsf egfOsf cfwf/df
JofVof ugx{' f];\ M
-s_ ;fbf hLjg pRr ljrf/ lng'
-v_ b'Mvdf gcflQg' / ;v' df gdflQg'
gk] fnL, sIff ( 53
-u_ hLjgsf psfnL cf/] fnLdf xftd] fnf] ub}{ cl3 a9g\ '
-3_ ;ª3\ if{ g} hLjgsf] kofo{ xg' '
!)= hLjgLsf cfwf/df ;Todfx] g hfz] LnfO{ bz] eSt JolStTjsf ¿kdf lrgfpgx' f;] \ .
!!= tkfOs“{ f] ;d'bfodf ;fdflhs Ifq] df pNn]vgLo of]ubfg lbPsf sg' } Ps hgf
JolStsf] JolStj[Q tof/ ugx'{ f];\ .
!@= lbOPsf ;Gbe{sf cfwf/df ;Todfx] g hfz] Lsf of]ubfgsf] rrf{ ugx{' f;] \ M
;flxlTos
kz| f;lgs ;Todf]xg ;f+:s[lts
hf]zL
eflifs
!#= lbOPsf] ;Gbe{ k9g\ x' f];\ / tf]lsPsf] sfo{ ug'{xf];\ M
c~hnLsf aa' fn] cfkmg\ L 5f/] LnfO{ ;xL af6fdf lx8F g\ clekl]| /t ub{} eGg'eof,] æcfkmg\ f]
nIodf lg/Gt/ nfUgk' 5{ . lg/Gt/ nfu] Ps g Ps lbg ;kmntf k|fKt xG' 5 eGg]s/' f
c?0ff nfdfsf] hLjgLaf6 k:| 6 x'G5 . …o;kfln t dg} kmf6o\ f] sn] ] l;pg] sn] ] 6fNg]===Ú
eGg] c?0ff nfdfsf] uLt lgs} rlrt{ 5 . cDa/ u?' ªåf/f /lrt o; uLtdf ;d' w/'
:j/ eg]{ c?0ff nfdfsf] hLjg b'Mv}bM' vn] el/Psf] lyof] . ljjfx u/]sf] bz jif{ gk'Ub}
kltljofu] af6 zfs] df 8a' ]sL pgnfO{ cflys{ cefjn] ;tfO/x\of] . hLjgdf h:tf;] s' }
jh|kft cfOk/] klg pgn] cfˆgf] ufog wdn{ fO{ slxNo} 5fl8gg\ . hlt;s' } b'Mv / cefjsf
lardf klg pgn] lg/Gt/ uLt ufO/lxg\ . To;n} ] cfh pgL ;kmn ufossf ¿kdf
ch/ cd/ algg\ . To;n} ] ltdLdf klg Ifdtf 5 lg/Gt/ nflu/x\of} eg] ;kmntf kf| Kt
x'G5 . hlt;'s} cK7\of/f] cfOk/] klg cfkmg\ f] nIo 5f]8\g'xF'bg} .Æ
tkfOF{ klg cfk\mgf ;fyL jf efOalxgLnfO{ cfkmg\ f] nIo kf| lKtsf nflu nflu/xg s;/L
clek|]l/t ug{x' G' 5, sIffdf ;fyL ;fyL ldn]/ e"ldsf lgjfx{ u//] b]vfpg'xf;] \ .
54 gk] fnL, sIff (
;g' fO / afn] fO
!= ;g' fO kf7 % ;G' g'xf;] \ / lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ eGg'xf];\ M
-s_ d kfq aflx/ lg:sg 8/fpgfsf] sf/0f s] lyof] <
-v_ d kfqn] ufpF3/df s] vfP h:t} u/L kfg vfP <
-u_ d kfq lsg xfF;f]sf kfq eP <
-3_ d kfqnfO{ lsg Unflg eof] <
@= gof“ 7fp“df hf“bf tkfO“{nfO{ s:tf] cg'e"lt x'G5, sIffdf ;g' fpg'xf];\ .
eflifs ;/+ rgf / j0fl{ jGof;
!= lbOPsf] cg'R5]b k9\gx' f];\ / zAbsf] lgdf0{ f k|ljm| of Vofn ug'x{ f;] \ M
cfh ljBfnodf ljlzi6 cltlysf] cfudg xG' 5 . xfdL pxfnF fO{ :jfut u5fF} . pxfnF ]
xfdLnfO{ k'/:sf/ kb| fg ugx{' 'G5 . cWoogdf pTsi[ 6 7xl/Psf] eGb} pkxf/ k|bfg
ugx{' G' 5 . cleefjsx¿ ;Gtfgsf] k|ultdf /dfpFb} sfoj{ m| ddf pkl:yt eP/ cjnf]sg
ug'{x'G5 .
dflysf] cgR' 5b] df cfPsf ljlzi6 -lj±lzi6_, cfudg -cf±udg_, kb| fg -k|±bfg_,
cWoog -clw±cog_, pTs[i6 -pt\±s[i6_, pkxf/ -pk±xf/_, cleefjs -cle±efjs_,
ku| lt -k|±ult_, pkl:yt -pk±l:yt_, cjnf]sg -cj±nfs] g_ h:tf zAb pk;u{ nfu]/
ags] f zAb x'g\ .
@= lbOPsf pk;u{ nfu/] ags] f zAbsf] lgdf0{ f kl| jm| of bv] fpgx' f;] \ M
cg;' f/, abgfd, k/fho, ku| lt, kf| /De, ckdfg, ;j+ fb, ljeb] , cWofbz] , cleJolSt,
cToQ' d, ljsNk, k|To]s, lgofu] , kl/efiff, pkxf/, pks/0f, lgbf]i{ f, lghLj{ , lgeo{ , b'isd,{
b'u{lt, pNn]Vo, b3' 6{ gf, cjz]if, cfs[lt, lgaGw, gfhafkm
#= lbOPsf pk;u{ nufO{ b'O{ bO' {cf6] f zAb lgdf{0f ug'{xf];\ M
ab, gf, clw, cg', cle, clt, cj, ck, pk, pt,\ b/' \, b';,\ lg, lg/\, k/f, kl/, k,| k|lt, lj,
;d\
$= lbOPsf] cg'R5b] af6 bzcf6] f pk;u{ Jo'TkGg zAb klxrfg u/L ltgsf] lgdf0{ f
k|ljm| of bv] fpg'xf;] \ M
g]kfnL, sIff ( 55
gk] fndf ko{6g pBf]usf] kr| '/ ;Defjgf b]lvG5 . oxfsF f] k|s[lt / kofj{ /0fn] ko6{ snfO{
cfsif0{ f ul//xs] f] 5 . o;sf] kj| wg{ sf nflu ljb]zaf6 ko6{ s cfpbF f cltlysf]
;Ddfgdf dfnf nufP/ eJo :jfut ug'{k5{ . oftfoft / cfjf;sf] plrt k|aGw
ug'k{ 5{ . ko6{ snfO{ s'g} c;l' jwf x'g lbgx' F'b}g . pgLx¿ labf xb'F f pkxf/;lxt labfO
ugk{' 5{ .
%= lbOPsf] cg'R5b] df /ftf] /ª nufPsf zAb sg' s'g k|Too nfu/] ags] f 5g,\
56' o\ fpgx' f];\ M
;xbj] bfO afn] Ss8 / l;kfn' 5g\ . pgL cgs] fF} >Jo, b[Zo / kf7o\ sljtf sfJo, gf6\o
sl[ tsf ;h{s ;dt] xg' \ . oL bªfnL bfOsf] b}lgs sfd u/fO /dfOnf] kf/fsf] 5 . 3:' ofxf
k|j[lQ lj?4 n8g\ ] / e|i6frf/LnfO{ kj|mfp ug{ ;xofu] ug{] bfª 3f/] fxLsf ;xl/of ;xbj]
bfOnfO{ ;a}n] dg k/fp5F g\ . pgnfO{ clxn] oj' f ;d"xsf] ;b:osf] r'gfjdf p7g\ egL
af]nfj6 ePsf] /x]5 . kfNkfnL / at} 8]nL ;fyL klg ca l566\ } pgsf] bzg{ kfOg] eof]
eg]/ v';L eP5g\ . ;xb]j bfO r'gfjdf ljhoL xfp] g\ / kbflwsf/Ldf ;dt] 5gf6] xfp] g\
egL pgLx¿n] sfdgf u/5] g\ . bªfnL sfsf v';Ln] ub\ub eP/ ufpnF ] ;fyL e]6g\ ufpF
uP5g\ .
^= lbOPsf k|Tooaf6 Ps Pscf6] f zAb lgdf0{ f ug'{xf;] \ M
cSs8, cfO, cfp, cfnL, cfn', cfj6, cfxf, Oof, Onf,] O,{ PnL, cf6] , nL, n], cs, cg,
Os, tf, lt, o
&= lbOPsf] cgR' 5]b k9L lz/laGb' / rGbl| aGb' nfu]sf zAbsf] cnu cnu ;"rL
agfpgx' f];\ M
;o+ f]u, ;j+ ]u / ljj]s ljBfno hfbF f ;uF ;Fu} hfG5g\ . pgLx¿ vfhf vfFbf / v]Nbf klg
56' \l6Fbg} g\ . pgLx¿ Pscfk;df ;+jfb ubf{ sIffsf ;+:sl[ tnufot cGo 5fqf / c¿
;fyL;FuLnfO{ klg ;n+ Ug u/fpF5g\ .
*= lbOPsf] cg'R5]bnfO{ lz/laGb' / rGbl| aGb'sf] pkoS' t k|ofu] u/L k'gn]{vg
ug'x{ f;] \ M
;F:s[ltljb\ ;Todfx] g hf]zLn] gk] fn 6]lnlehg;u+ ;ªl\ IfKt s/' fsfgL ub}{ xfd|f] ;F:sf/ /
;F:s[ltsf] ;F/If0f xfdL cfk+}mn] ugk'{ 5{ eGg] wf/0ff /fVge' of] . cem, pxfn+ ] gk] fnL ufp3+ /
/ n]sa];+ Laf6 nfs] ;flxTosf] ;u+ fnf] g} e]l6g] k|ltljm| of;dt] lbg'eof] .
56 g]kfnL, sIff (
l;hg{ f / kl/of]hgf sfo{
!= gf6ssf/ afns[i0f ;dsf] JolStut ljj/0f k9g\ 'xf;] \ . lbOPsf ;r" gfsf
cfwf/df 5f6] f] hLjgL tof/ kfg'x{ f;] \ M
gfd – afns[i0f ;d
hGd – lj= ;=+ !(%( df3 @$ ut,] 1fgZ] j/, sf7df8f}F
dftflktf – sl[ t /fHonIdL / ;d/ zdz/] ha/f
lzIff – cfO{=P:;L=
;]jf – ;l} gs ;j] f, /]l8of] gk] fnsf] lgb]{zs, uf]/vf kqsf] ;Dkfbs
s[lt – d6' s' f] Joyf, cd/l;+x, eLd;]gsf] cGTo cflb gf6s, lr;f] rN' xf]
dxfsfJo, cfuf] / kfgL v08sfJo cflb
of]ubfg – cfw'lgs g]kfnL gf6ssf kj| t{s
;v' fGt / bM' vfGt gf6ssf] /rgf
;fdflhs, kf}/fl0fs / P]ltxfl;s ljifoj:td' f gf6s /rgf
k/' :sf/ – lqej' g k/' :sf/, ;femf k'/:sf/, kY[ jL k|1f k/' :sf/
dT[ o' – lj= ;+= @)#* ;fpg ^ ut,] sf7df8f}F
@= k:' tsfnosf] ;xofu] lnO{ uLt ;ªu\ Ltsf Ifq] df pNnV] o of]ubfg lbg] Ps hgf
JolStsf] hLjgL k9L sIffdf ;'gfpgx' f;] \ .
gk] fnL, sIff ( 57
kf7 ^
kof{j/0f ;Gtn' g
-gf} sIffsf ljBfyL{ lzIfs;Fu pBfgsf] dgf]/d jftfj/0fdf a;/] kofj{ /0fLo ;Gt'ngaf/]
s/' fsfgL ub{} 5g\ ._
lzIfs M ltdLx¿nfO{ yfxf 5 < xfd|f] jl/kl/ xfjf, kfgL, df6f], af6] la?jf, hLjhGt', ;o" {sf]
k|sfz h:tf k|fs[lts j:t' 5g\ . log} j:t' ldn/] ag]sf] xfd|f] jl/kl/sf] cfj/0fnfO{
g} kof{j/0f elgG5 .
bLIff M kof{j/0f / kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL p:t} xg' \ / u'? <
lzIfs M :ofaf; Û lh1f;f /fv]sfdf . kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL kofj{ /0f;uF ;DalGwt s/' f cjZo
xf] t/ Pp6} s'/f rflxF xfO] g . kofj{ /0f eg]sf] xfdf| ] hLjgnfO{ k|efljt ug]{ efl} ts
/ hl} js kl/jz] xf] .
;'j0f{ M To;f] eP kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL egs] f] s] xf] lg u'? <
lzIfs M xfd|f] kof{j/0fsf ljleGg tŒjsf larsf] cGt/;DaGw g} kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL xf] .
;j' 0f{ M aNn k:| 6 eofF} u?' . klxn] t dnfO{ klg oL bO' { s/' f Pp6} xg' \ h:tf] kf] nfus] f] lyof] .
bLIff M kof{j/0fsf ljleGg tŒjsf] Pscfk;sf] ;DaGwaf6 g} xfd|f] hLjgsf] cl:tTj
;Dej xbF' f] /x]5, xfO] g u'? <
zAbfy{
cfj/0f – aflx/af6 9fSg,] 5f]Kg] kl| jm| of, jl/kl/ 3]l/Psf]
58 gk] fnL, sIff (
lzIfs M xf,] kY[ jLdf pknAw jfo'd08n, kfgL, ;"os{ f] ks| fz, df6f] tyf cfh] g txlar /xg]
Pscfk;sf] ;DaGwsf sf/0f g} o; k[YjL ux| df hLjg ;Dej ePsf] xf], ;Dk"0f{
hLjhut\sf] cl:tTj ;Dej ePsf] xf] .
bLIff M xfdf| ] kY[ jL h:tf] hLjgdq} L u|x t c¿ sg' } klg 5}g xfn] f lg u?' <
lzIfs M ltdLn] l7s eGof}, clxn;] Ddsf ljleGg cg';Gwfgaf6 kY[ jLdf h:tf] cgk' d
kof{j/0fLo ;+/rgfsf] ;+ofu] cGo sg' } u|xdf e]l6Psf] 5g} / hLjgsf] cl:tTj klg
kQf nfus] f] 5g} .
lgzfGt M hLjgsf nflu kofj{ /0f cfjZos t 5Fb} 5 . To;df klg :jR5 / ;Gtl' nt
kof{j/0fn] dfq dfgj hLjg / ;Dk"0f{ hLjhGt', jg:kltnfO{ :j:y / ;Gtl' nt
/fVg ;Sg] /x5] , xf] u'? <
>o] f M lgzfGtsf] lh1f;f dnfO{ klg l7s nfUof] . a? u?' , kof{j/0f c;Gt'lnt x'bF f
hLjgdf kg{] k|efjsf af/d] f atfOlbgx' f;] \ g .
lgxfl/sf M kof{j/0f c;Gtl' nt x'gdf t dfgj / p;sf lj|mofsnfk g} kd| v' sf/s /xG5g\
xfO] g / <
lzIfs M -v';L xbF' _} xf,] kof{j/0f ;Gtn' g laufg{] u/L cgfjZos j:t' ylkbF f jftfj/0f
c;Gt'lnt xg' k'U5 h;nfO{ xfdL jftfj/0f k|b"if0f eG5fF} . pBfu] wGbf,
snsf/vfgf, df]6/uf8Laf6 lgl:sg] w'jfF tyf cGo /f;folgs kbfyn{ ] xfdf| ] jfo'd08n,
hldg, kfgL cflb k|bl" ift kf5{g\ . af9L, klx/f], v8/] L, cltj[li6, dxfdf/L, clgsfn
h:tf k|fsl[ ts k|sfk] c;Gt'lnt kof{j/0fs} sf/0f pTkGg x'g] u5g{ \ . cDnLo
jiff,{ xl/tux[ ke| fj tyf cfh] g tx IfoLs/0f cflb jt{dfg kof{j/0fLo rg' ft} Lleq
k5g{ \ . oL ;a} sf/0fn] ubf{ hLjhGt', jg:klt tyf dfgj hLjgdf gsf/fTds
c;/ kg{ ;S5 .
lgxfl/sf M d}n] lxhf] dfq OG6/g6] df cDnLo jiff{sf af/]df vf]hL u/s] L lyPF . jfod' 08ndf
gfO6f« ]hg / ;Nkm/8fO cS;fO8 hDdf xF'bf cfsfzaf6 k/s] f] kfgL;Fu /f;folgs
kl| tlj|mof u/L gfOl6s« Pl;8 / ;Nˆo'l/s Pl;8 h:tf s8f cDn pTkGg eO{
jiff;{ Fu} hldg;Dd cfpg'nfO{ cDnLo jiff{ elgG5 . cDnLo jiff{sf sf/0f ejg,
d"lt{nufotsf ljleGg ;+/rgfdf Iflt x'bF f] /x5] . o;n] kf| 0fL tyf jg:kltdf
g/fdf| ] c;/ ubf{] /x5] . ljzi] f u/L kfgLdf a:g] kf| 0fLnfO{ o;sf] c;/ a9L kg{]
/x5] . d}n] of] xl/tu[x ke| fj / cfh] g tx IfoLs/0fsf af/]df rflxF k9g\ EofPsL
5g} .
cgk' d – pkdf gePsf,] ctn' gLo, a]hf]8
IfoLs/0f – lvOb“ } jf gfl;“b} hfg] sfd jf kl| jm| of
g]kfnL, sIff ( 59
lzIfs M xf] t, o:tf 1fgu'gsf s/' f vf]Hg ;lhnf] eP/ t OG6/g]6sf] nfs] lk|otf / dxŒj
a9s] f] xf] lg .
>]of M cf]hg txn] ;o" a{ f6 cfpg] xflgsf/s k/fa}hgL ls/0fnfO{ 5s] /] k[YjL;Dd cfpg
lbFbg} eGg] s'/f;Dd dn} ] klg OG6/g]6af6} k9/] yfxf kfPsL x'F t/ IfoLs/0fsf
af/]df eg] d}n] klg k9\g cem} afsF L 5 .
lzIfs M ltdLx¿ cfˆgf lh1f;fsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu OG6/g]6sf] klg k|ofu] ubf{ /x]5f} . of]
Psbd l7s xf] . cF, ca cfh] g txsf] IfoLs/0f / xl/tux[ ke| fjsf af/d] f s/' f
u/f}F . ;g' x,} xfd|f] jfod' 08ndf ePsf] cf]hg txsf] dxŒjsf af/d] f t >o] fn]
k:| 6 kfl/;lsg\ . cfh] g tx IfoLs/0f xb'F f k/fa}hgL ls/0f kY[ jL;Dd cfO{ dfgj,
kzk' G5L tyf jg:kltdf g/fd|f] c;/ b]vfp5F g\ . ltgn] cfvF fsf] b[li6df ;d:of,
5fnfsf] SofG;/ tyf jg:kltsf xl/ts0fsf] Iflt k¥' ofpg ;Sg] xFb' f cf]hg tx
arfpg' xfd|f] bfloTj xf] . snsf/vfgf, xjfO{ hxfh, /]lkm| lh/6] / cflbaf6 pT;h{g
x'g] Snf/] fˆ] nf/] f] sfag{ gfds UofF; g} cf]hg tx IfoLs/0fsf] k|d'v sf/s xf] .
o;}sf] sf/0f cfh] g tx kftlnFb} uPsf] s'/f j1} flgs atfp5F g\ .
bLIff M o:tf] vfnsf] cGt/lj|mofaf6 t w/] } s'/f ;lhnf;] uF a‰' g ;lsg] /x]5 . u'?, ca
xfdLnfO{ xl/tux[ k|efjsf] af/d] f s]xL elglbgx' f];\ g .
lzIfs M -ljBfyLl{ t/ kms]/{ _ ltdLx¿ s;}nfO{ xl/tux[ sf af/]df s]xL yfxf 5 eg] eg t .
lgzfGt M -xft p7fP/ afN] g cgd' lt dfUb_} o; af/d] f d}n] OG6/g]6df x]/]sf] lel8ofa] f6
hfgsf/L kfPsf] s/' f eG5' lg u?' .
lzIfs M xG' 5 eg g, k9\g] a‰' g] eg]sf] o;/L g} t xf] lg .
lgzfGt M g;/{ Ldf ;fgf tyf slnnf la?jfsf nflu cfjZos tfk Joj:yfkgsf nflu l;;f
ko| f]u u/L xl/tux[ agfOPsf] xG' 5 . ;"oa{ f6 cfPsf ls/0f ;lhn} lgl:sg g;Sg]
ePsfn] xl/tux[ leq aflx/sf] tfkj|mdeGbf s]xL a9L Gofgf]kg sfod /xG5 . xfdf| ]
jfod' 08ndf dV' o ¿kdf sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8sf] dfqf a9L xb'F f o;n] l;;fsf] h:t}
u0' f b]vfp5F / kY[ jLsf] tfkjm| d a9b\ } hfG5 . o;n} fO{ xl/tu[x k|efj elgG5 .
o;} sf/0fn] klg lbgfgl' bg k[YjLsf] tfkjm| d a9\b} uO/x]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ Unf]an
jfld{ª elgG5 /] .
lzIfs M :ofaf; Û lgzfGtn] kfPsf] hfgsf/L ztk|ltzt ;xL 5 . ltdLx¿sf] pT;fxk"0f{
;xeflutfaf6 dnfO{ ;fx|} v;' L nfUof] .
;'j0f{ M u?' , o;f] x]bf{ t kofj{ /0fLo c;Gt'ngsf] sf/0f ljz]if u/L dflg;n] u/s] f ljsf;
tyf cfljisf/ g} ePsf] dx;'; eof] lg . dn} ] st} unt t al' emgF lg u?' <
pT;h{g – 5f]8g\ ,] TofUg] sfd
60 g]kfnL, sIff (
lzIfs M ltdLn] ae' m]sf] s/' f l7s xf] . clgolGqt hg;ªV\ of j[l4, a9\bf] ;x/Ls/0f,
;|f]t ;fwgsf] cTolws k|of]u cflb g} kof{j/0f ljgfzsf sf/0f xg' \ . oL ;a} dfgj
lj|mofsnfk;uF ;DalGwt 5g\ . sg' } klg ljsf; sfoj{ |mdn] sx] L g s]xL kofj{ /0fLo
Iflt t cjZo lgDTofp5F .
bLIff M To;f] eP t kofj{ /0f ;+/If0fsf nflu ljsf; lgdf0{ fsf sfd g} /fS] g' k¥of] lg
xf]Og / <
lzIfs M kY[ jL ;Dk"0f{ kf| 0fLsf] ;femf 3/ xf] . o;sf] ljgfzn] ;a}sf] hLjgdf
gsf/fTds ke| fj kg{] tyf :jod\ dflg; g} ;d:ofdf kg{] u/s] fn] clxn]
cfP/ dflg;sf] r]tgfdf kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffcg¿' k
vfgk] fgL of]hgf, hnljB't\ kl/of]hgf, ;8s lgdf{0f h:tf ljsf; of]hgf lgdf{0f
ul/gk' 5{ . lbuf] ljsf; eg]sf] bL3{sfnLg jf nfdf] ;do;Dd l6sfp x'g] ljsf;
xf] . o:tf ljsf; of]hgf ;?' ubf{ lj1 ;dx" åf/f pSt of]hgfn] kfg{ ;Sg] kof{j/0fLo
ke| fjsf] cWoog u/L tof/ ul/Psf] k|ltjb] gsf cfwf/df sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg]
kl/kf6L al;;ss] f] 5 . h;sf sf/0f ljsf;sf] sfd klg /fl] sFbg} / kof{j/0f klg
;'/lIft /xG5 .
>o] f M lbuf] ljsf;sf] s'/f t dnfO{ ;fx|} l7s nfUof] . lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffcg';f/
sfo{ ug{ ;s] ljsf; of]hgfsf sf/0f jftfj/0fdf kg{ hfg] gsf/fTds ke| fjnfO{
Go"g ug{ ;lsg] kf] /x]5 t .
lgxfl/sf M Knfl:6ssf] a9b\ f] k|ofu] , /f;folgs dn, sL6gfzs ljiffbL cflbn] klg jftfj/0fdf
gsf/fTds k|efj kfg]{ ePsfn] o;af/] hfgsf/Ldn" s sfoj{ |md cfof]hgf u/L
hgrt] gf a9fpg ;s] kof{j/0fLo ;Gtn' g sfod ug{ s]xL 6]jf kU' g] lyof] ls <
lzIfs M xf,] xfdLn] xfd|f]tkm{af6 kofj{ /0f hf]ufpg w]/} sfd ug{ ;S5f}F .
;j' 0f{ M o:tf kofj{ /0f hfu] fpg] pkfo klg atfOlbgx' f;] \ g u'? .
lzIfs M nf} ;an} ] ;g' x,} 3/af6 lg:sg] kmf]xf]/sf] juLs{ /0f u/L ;8\g]
kmf]xf/] nfO{ dn agfO{ k|ofu] ug{ ;s] jftfj/0fLo ;/;kmfOdf 6j] f k'U5 . o;f]
ubf{ /f;folgs dnsf] ko| f]unfO{ 36fpg ;lsg] ePsfn] xfdL ;an} ] cfˆgf]
3/af6} kof{j/0f ;/+ If0fsf] cleofg ;?' ug{' h?/L 5 . k]6«fl] nod kbfy{sf ;66\ fdf
hnljB't\, ;f}o{pmhf,{ uf]a/UofF; h:tf js} lNks pmhfs{ f ;|f]tsf] ko| fu]
ug;{ s] jftfj/0fLo kb| i" f0f 36\g uO{ xfdL :jR5 jftfj/0f kfp5fF} . km]l/ xfdf| ]
b]zdf hnljB't,\ jfo'pmhf{ tyf ;fo} p{ mhf{sf] kof{Kt ;Defjgf klg ePsfn] o;tkm{
;a}nfO{ kl|] /t ug{ ;s] kofj{ /0f ;/+ If0f dfq xf]Og bz] sf] cy{tGq klg dfly p7\g]
s/' fdf s'g} bO' { dt 5g} .
gk] fnL, sIff ( 61
lgzfGt M of] gjLs/0fLo / cgjLs/0fLo ;|f]tsf af/]df klg s]xL hfGg kfP /fdf| ] x'GYof] ls
u'? .
lzIfs M kof{j/0fdf ePsf ljleGg ;|ft] ;fwgsf] k|ofu] u//] g} xfd|f] hLljsf rns] f]
xG' 5 . kY[ jLdf ePsf k|f0fLdWos] f] dflg; ;jf{]Tsi[ 6 k|f0fL ePsfn] pm cfˆgf]
r]tgf / 1fgsf] ko| fu] u/L k[YjLdf pknAw ;|ft] ;fwgsf] pTvgg / k|zfw] g u/L
e/k/' k|ofu] u5{ . e"ldut tn] , e"ldut kfgL, ljleGg wft,' jghª\un, h8La'6L,
gbLgfnf ;as} f] k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf dflg;df /x]sf] 5 . sltko dflg;n]
oL ;|ft] ;fwg ko| fu] u/L dgUo cfly{s pkfhg{ klg ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . o:tf
;f| ]t;fwgnfO{ gjLs/0fLo / cgjLs/0fLo ;|ft] u/L bO' { ju{df ljefhg ug{
;lsG5 . Ps k6s ko| f]u ul/;s]kl5 klg k'gM pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] ;|f]tnfO{
gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ ;f| ]t elgG5 . hldg, jghªu\ n, h8La6' L, e"ldut kfgL cflb
gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf ;f| ]t x'g\ . Ps k6s k|of]u ul/;sk] l5 km]l/ pkofu] ug{ g;lsg]
;f| ]tnfO{ cgjLs/0fLo ;f| ]t elgG5 .
;'j0f{ M P ;fRr} Û oL cgjLs/0fLo ;|ft] sf] k|ofu] df Wofg lbOPg eg] t efjL k':tfn]
logLx¿sf] k|of]u ug{ gkfpg] kf] /x]5g\ t .
bLIff M oL ;|f]tsf] ko| f]u ubf{ t lgSs} g} Wofg k¥' ofpg'kg]{ kf] bl] vof] lg u'? . logLx¿sf]
cfjZostfeGbf a9L k|of]u ug{' egs] f] t cfˆgf] v6' 6\ fdf cfkm}F aGr/f] xfGg' h:tf]
kf] /x]5 . bj' } vfnsf k|fsl[ ts ;|f]tsf] ;xL / pkoS' t k|ofu] ug{ hfGof] eg] dfq
kofj{ /0f hfl] ug] /x]5 .
lzIfs M b'j} vfnsf ;|ft] sf] oyf]lrt k|of]u u/L kofj{ /0f ;Gtl' nt /fVg] s/' fdf dfgj
hLjgsf] 7n' f] el" dsf xG' 5 . kofj{ /0fLo c;Gt'ngsf sf/0f ;f| t] ;fwg dfq
xf]Og hl} js ljljwtf klg x|f; eP/ hfg] ;Defjgf xG' 5 / sltko jGohGt'
tyf jg:klt nf]k eP/ hfg] ;Defjgf;dt] /xG5 . jftfj/0fLo k0| ffnL tyf
vfBz[ªv\ nfsf] Pp6f cz+ sf ¿kdf /xg] x/s] k|f0fL / jg:kltnfO{ nf]k xg' af6
arfpg' xfdf| ] stJ{ o xf] . kofj{ /0f ;Gt'ngsf ;DaGwdf s'/f ae' m\of} lg <
;a} ljBfyL { M a'‰ofF} u?' .
-;a} hgf sIffsf]7ftk{m k|:yfg u5g{ \ ._
62 gk] fnL, sIff (
zAbe08f/
!= ;j+ fbdf lbOPsf zAb / ltgsf cyl{ ar hf]8f ldnfpg'xf;] \ M
zAb cy{
jfod' 08n cf]hg tx IfoLs/0f ug{] Ps lsl;dsf] Uof;F
cf]hg tx nfdf] ;do;Dd l6sfp xg' ] ljsf;
cltjl[ i6 kY[ jLsf] rf/}lt/ /x]sf] xfjfsf] cfj/0f
k/fah} gL ls/0f kof{j/0fLo ljljwtf
Snf/] f]ˆnf]/f] sfag{ rflxg]eGbf a9L dfqfdf kfgL kg'{
g;{/L ;o" s{ f k/fa}hgL ls/0fnfO{ 5]s]/ k[YjL;Dd cfOk'Ug glbg]
jfod' 08nsf] tx
;o" {sf] k|sfzdf /xs] f] xflgsf/s ljls/0f
la?jf xs' f{pg] 7fpF
@= lbOPsf kb kbfjnLnfO{ cy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf ko| f]u ug'x{ f];\ M
kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL, cDnLo jiff,{ xl/tux[ k|efj, Unf]an jfld{ª
#= ;j+ fbdf ko| f]u ePsf kof{j/0f xl/ts0f cflb h:tf kof{j/0f;u“ ;DalGwt
s'g} kfr“ cf]6f kf| ljlws / kfl/eflifs zAb klxrfg u/L sIffdf ;g' fpg'xf];\ .
$= ;j+ fbdf k|ofu] ePsf Unfa] n jfldª{ , gfOl6s« Pl;8 h:tf cª\u]|hL efiffaf6
cfPsf c¿ kf“rcf]6f zAb l6Kgx' f;] \ .
%= lbOPsf jfSodf /ftf] /ª nufOPsf >l' t;dleGgfyL{ zAbsf] cy{ nV] gx' f];\ M
-s_ d zAbsfz] lsGg Ps sf;] k/ hfG5' .
-v_ efUozfnL ;fnL gfgL sljtf kl| tof]lutfdf ;jf{T] si[ 6 eOg\ .
-u_ d /fd|f sl[ t n]v]/ sLlt{ klg /fV5' .
-3_ d o; hGddf oz /fVg] ko| f;df tNnLg 5' .
gk] fnL, sIff ( 63
afw] / cleJolSt
!= lbOPsf zAbsf] z'4 pRrf/0f ugx{' f];\ M
jfod' 08n, cltj[li6, cDnLo, kf| sl[ ts, ;|f]t, gjLs/0fLo, jg:klt
@= ;+jfbdf k|ofu] ePsf kfqsf] el" dsf lgjf{x ub{} xfpefp emlNsg] u/L sIffdf
;j+ fbfTds zn} Ldf jfrg ug'x{ f;] \ .
#= lbOPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ eGgx' f];\ M
-s_ ;+jfbdf pkl:yt kfqsf] gfd pNn]v ugx{' f;] \ .
-v_ ;j+ fbdf ;a}eGbf a9L k6s k|Zg ug{] ljBfyL{ sf] xf] <
-u_ ;j+ fbdf k|ofu] ePsf sg' } bO' {cf]6f kZ| gfTds jfSo eGgx' f;] \ .
-3_ ;j+ fbsf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] cgR' 5b] df slt jfSo 5g\ <
$= lbOPsf] cgR' 5]b dfg} k7g u/L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ nV] gx' f];\ M
g;/{ Ldf ;fgf tyf slnnf la?jfsf nflu cfjZos tfk Joj:yfkgsf nflu l;;f
k|of]u u/L xl/tux[ agfOPsf] x'G5 . ;o" {af6 cfPsf ls/0f ;lhn} lgl:sg g;Sg]
ePsfn] xl/tux[ leq aflx/sf] tfkjm| deGbf sx] L a9L Gofgfk] g sfod /xG5 . xfd|f]
jfo'd08ndf dV' o ¿kdf sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8sf] dfqf a9L xbF' f o;n] l;;fsf] h:t}
u'0f bv] fp5F / k[YjLsf] tfkjm| d a9\b} hfG5 . o;}nfO{ xl/tux[ ke| fj elgG5 .
o;} sf/0fn] klg lbgfg'lbg k[YjLsf] tfkjm| d a9\b} uO/x]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ Unf]an jfldª{
elgG5 /] .
-s_ xl/tux[ s;/L lgdf0{ f ul/G5 <
-v_ xl/tux[ df Gofgfk] g sfod /xg'sf] sf/0f s] xf] <
-u_ jfo'd08ndf sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8sf] dfqf a9\bf s] x'G5 <
-3_ Unfa] n jfld{ª eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
%= lbOPsf egfOsf jStf sf] sf] xg' ,\ klxrfg ug{'xf];\ M
-s_ kofj{ /0f / kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL p:t} xg' \ / u'? <
-v_ d}n] st} unt t a'lemgF lg u'? <
-u_ lbuf] ljsf;sf] s'/f t dnfO{ ;fx|} dg k¥of] .
-3_ xfdL ;an} ] cfˆgf] 3/af6} kof{j/0f ;+/If0fsf] cleofg ;?' ug{' h?/L 5 .
64 g]kfnL, sIff (
^= lbOPsf] cg'R5b] k9g\ 'xf];\ / ;f]lwPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M
z] kmf]S;G' 8f] /fli6«o lgs'~h 8f]Nkfsf bO' { lxpF lrt'jfdf :of6n] fO6 lhlkP; sn/ h8fg
ul/Psf] 5 . /fli6o« lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f ljefusf] g]tT[ j tyf /fli6o« ks| l[ t
;+/If0f sf]if / ljZj jGohGt' sfi] f gk] fnsf] kf| ljlws Pjd\ cfly{s ;xofu] df :of6]nfO6
lhlkP; sn/ h8fg ul/Psf] xf] . 8f]Nkfsf] ;fNbfª Anssf] lghfn ufpgF lhssf] /fKsf
Ifq] df #& sh] L tf}nsf] cGbfhL ;ft jifs{ f] jo:s efn] lxpF lrt'jfsf] 3f6F Ldf lhlkP;
sn/ h8fg ul/Psf] 5 . pSt lxpF lrt'jfsf] gfd 3fª\uL| 3fkL lxpn /flvPsf] 5 . To:t}
;fNbfª Anss} wf/] fdf #* ls=uf| = tf}n ePsf] cGbfhL 5 jif{sf] jo:s efn] lxpF lrt'jfdf
klg sn/ h8fg u/L ;f] lxpF lrtj' fnfO{ nfªu\ g] gfd lbOPsf] 5 . lxpF lrtj' fx¿n]
af;:yfgdf u/]sf] ljr/0f, kf/ u/]sf] b/' L, cfgLafgL, Jojxf/nufotsf ljifodf lhlkP;
sn/n] !* dlxgf;Ddsf] tYofª\s lbg] / To;af6 ;+/If0fsf] /0fgLlt tyf ofh] gf th'{df ug{
;xofu] kU' g] ckI] ff ul/Psf] 5 . :of6n] fO6 sn/ h8fg ul/Psf 3fªu|L 3fkL lxpn /
nfª\u]gaf6 k|fKt lhlkP; nfs] ;] gsf cfwf/df /fli6o« lgs~' h tyf jGohGt' ;/+ If0f
ljefu, ljZj jGohGt' sf]if g]kfn / z] kmf]S;'G8f] /fli6o« lgs~' haf6 lxpF lrt'jfx¿sf]
cg'udg ul/Psf] 5 .
-s_ pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-c_ :of6]nfO6 lhlkP; sn/ h8fg ug{ s'g sg' lgsfoaf6 cfly{s ;xofu] k|fKt
ePsf] 5 <
-cf_ lhlkP; sn/n] slt dlxgf;Ddsf] tYofªs\ lbg ;S5 <
-O_ lxpF lrtj' fsf] cg'udg sg' sg' lgsfon] u/s] f 5g\ <
-O_{ lxpF lrt'jfsf] ;/+ If0f lsg cfjZos b]lvG5 <
-v_ efiff ;/+ rgf klxrfg ug'x{ f;] \ M
-c_ cgR' 5]baf6 bO' { b'Oc{ f]6f df}lns / cfuGts' zAb vf]h/] n]Vgx' f];\ .
-cf_ cgR' 5b] af6 Pp6f ;d:t zAb klxrfg u/L l6kf6] ug{'xf];\ .
-O_ cg'R5b] af6 Pp6f låTj zAb klxrfg u/L nV] gx' f;] \ .
-O{_ km/s km/s k~rd j0f{ k|ofu] ePsf bO' {cf]6f zAb l6Kg'xf];\ .
&= kf7sf] ljifoj:t' afw] u/L lbOPsf zLif{sdf Ps Ps cg'R5b] nV] gx' f;] \ M
-s_ Unf]an jfld{ª
-v_ pmhfs{ f ;|ft]
gk] fnL, sIff ( 65
*= lbOPsf k|Zgsf] ;dLIffTds pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M
-s_ …kofj{ /0f ;Gt'ngÚ ;+jfbdf kofj{ /0f ;+/If0faf/] s:tf] ljrf/ JoSt 5 <
-v_ xfdLn] jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng sfod ug{ s;/L ;xofu] k¥' ofpg ;S5f}F, pNn]v
ug'{xf;] \ .
(= lbOPsf lrqsf] cWoog ug{'xf;] \ . kb| "if0f Go"gLs/0fsf pkfoaf/] cfkm\gf]
kl| tlj|mof lbg'xf;] \ M
!)= ‘vn] s'bsf] dxŒj’ zLif{sdf b'O{ hgf ;fyLsf lardf ul/Psf] ;j+ fb /rgf
ugx'{ f];\ .
!!= lbOPsf] ;Gbe{ k9\gx' f];\ / tfl] sPsf] sfo{ ugx'{ f];\ M
cflbTo / p;sf ;fyLsf dgdf w]/} s'/f vN] g yfN5g\ . pgLx¿df k9fO / vn] sb' dWo]
sg' 7'nf] xf] / xfdLn] sg' s'/fdf Wofg lbg] eg]/ ax; xG' 5 . cfbzn{ ] k9fOnfO{ eGbf
vn] sb' nfO{ dxŒj lbg] eG5g\ . alatfn] k9fOnfO{ dxŒj lbg] elG5g\ . o;/L ToxfF ePsf
w]/} hgfsf] dt km/s km/s x'G5 . nfdf] ;dosf] 5nkmnkl5 b'j} s/' fsf] dxŒjaf]w u/L
k7g ;:+ s[ltsf] ljsf;sf nflu k7g ;:+ sl[ t Sna u7g ug{] lg0fo{ u5{g\ . :j:y /
;lj|mo hLjgsf nflu vn] sb' cfjZos xg' ] ePsfn] v]nsb' Sna u7g ugk{' g]{ lgisif{
cflbTon] ;g' fpF5g\ .
sIffdf rf/ rf/ hgfsf] ;dx" agfpg'xf];\ / lzIfsn] lbPsf zLifs{ df ;dx" ut
5nkmnaf6 cfPsf] lgisif{ sIffdf ;g' fpg'xf];\ .
66 gk] fnL, sIff (
;'gfO / af]nfO
!= ;'gfO kf7 ^ ;G' gx' f;] \ / lbOPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ eGg'xf;] \ M
-s_ efl] njfbL k|jl[ Qn] dfG5]nfO{ stflt/ 3r]l6/xs] f] 5 <
-v_ …/ft /x] cu|fv knfp5F Ú eGgs' f] cfzo s] xf] <
-u_ efl] njfbsf] ckjfb s] xf] <
-3_ kf7df dfG5]sf] s:tf] dgfj] [lQkl| t Joª\Uo ul/Psf] 5 <
@= efl] njfbL ;f]raf6 s;/L dS' t x'g ;lsG5, cfkm\gf ljrf/ eGg'xf];\ .
eflifs ;/+ rgf / j0f{ljGof;
!= lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] df /ftf] /ª nufPsf ;d:t zAbsf] lju|x ugx{' f];\ M
jL/axfb/' cfhef]ln 3/aflx/ lg:sbF f df:s nufP/ dfq lg:sG5g\ . ;feF mlaxfg
lx8F b\ f xf];\ jf lbgel/ sfd ubf{ xf;] \ pgL df:s nufpF5g\ . lbg b'ug' f /ft
rf}u'gf jfo' kb| "if0f a9]sfn] vfB;fdu|L lsGg yfs] Jofkf/LsxfF hfFbf xf];\ jf ljBfno,
bj] fnodf hfbF f xf;] \ pgn] df:s nufpg] u/s] f 5g\ . kNnf] 3/sf ;flgdf, 7'nLcfdf,
7N' bfO / ;fGbfO ;a}nfO{ of] s/' f eGgk' 5{ . bfa] f6f,] rfa} f6f]df t emg} dfG5]sf] le8 xG' 5
ToxfF hfFbf ;ts{ xg' k' 5{ .
@= lbOPsf lju|xaf6 ;d:t zAb agfpg'xf;] \ M
dgnfO{ dfx] s, efG5fsf nflu 3/, gfkmf jf gfS] ;fg, kfFrcf6] f cd[tsf] ;dx" , kLt 5
cDa/ h;sf], dxfg\ slj, uxF' em}F uf]/f,] ljBf g} wg, x/]s avt, ;Dej eP;Dd
#= lbOPsf zAbnfO{ ;d:t eP ljux| / lju|x eP ;d:t zAb agfpgx' f];\ M
cfzftLt, vfB cGg, jgdf efh] , g ?g' g xfF:g,' ufOs{ f] hfqf, lqj0] fL, nfdk'R5,]« x/]s
$= ;+jfbsf] ‘kofj{ /0fdf ePsf ==== wft' cflb’ ;+jfbsf] cz+ df ko| fu] ePsf
kf“rcf6] f ;d:t zAb l6kf6] ugx{' f;] \ .
%= lbOPsf] cg'R5]bdf /ftf] /ª nufPsf zAbsf] agf]6af/] 5nkmn ug{'xf];\ M
d]/f b'O{ hgf ;fyL an/fd / si[ 0f ;;fgf ;d:of klg ldnLhn' L ;dfwfg uy{] . ;uF ;Fu}
3/ ePsfn] pgLx¿lar ;/;fk6 / PrF} fk] rF} f] rNYof] . cfcfˆgf] sfddf Jo:t x'g] eP klg
gk] fnL, sIff ( 67
labfsf] lbg 5/l5d]ssf 3/ 3/ uO{ ;v' bM' v ;f6\g] pgLx¿sf] ememNsf] dnfO{ cfh klg
cfO/xG5 .
^= låTj kl| jm| ofaf6 ags] f kfr“ cf]6f zAb kg]{ u/L Pp6f cgR' 5b] /rgf ug'{xf];\ .
&= lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] k9\g'xf];\ clg ª, `, 0f, g, d k|of]u ePsf zAb klxrfg
ug'x{ f;] \ M
sg' } hdfgfdf k~rs[i0f w'/Gw/ kl08t lyP . laxfg ;a/] } p7]/ uªu\ f:gfg u/L zªv\ 306
ahfpFb} kh" f uy{] . To;kl5 k~rfd[t vfP/ dfq 3/aflx/ lg:sGy] . pgsf ;~ho, zflGt,
;DaGw / ;GWof u/L rf/ ;Gtfg lyP .
*= lbOPsf] cg'R5b] z4' u/L nV] g'xf;] \ M
kr+ gfy ;t+ lyP . ;dfh;]jf ug{] pgsf] ;s+ Nk lyof] . pgL s7+ df dfnf nufpFy] .
;dfhdf pgsf] ;a;} uF /fd|f] ;+aGw lyof] .
l;h{gf / kl/ofh] gf sfo{
!= ‘dfgj hLjgsf nflu kfgL’ zLifs{ df ;+jfb tof/ kfg'x{ f;] \ .
@= k':tsfnoaf6 sg' } Pp6f gf6ssf] k':ts vf]hL To;df k|ofu] ePsf] ;+jfb
sIffdf xfpefp;lxt k|:t't ug{'xf];\ .
68 g]kfnL, sIff (
kf7 & sfnlht / chªu\ sf] /fIf;sf] syf
dft] Lnfn k/fh'nL
Psfbz] df kxf8sf] sfvdf vt] Lls;fgL ug]{ / ufO{j:t' kfn/] cfkm\ gf] hLljsf rnfpbF } cfPsf ls;fg
rfk} 6\6} ldn/] a;s] f] Pp6f ;'Gb/ ufpF /x]5 . To; ufpFsf] glhs 3gf jghªu\ n / ufOj{ :t'
rg{] 7n' f] km/flsnf] vs{ /x]5 . lxpbF sf lbgdf lbp;F f] ls;fg uLt ufpFb} 3fF;bfp/f lng ToxL
jgdf hfg] / ;fFemkv kmls{g] /x]5g\ . o;} u/L pgLx¿sf] b}lgsL rNbf] /x]5 .
Ps lbg To; ufpdF f 7'nf] cfkt\ cfOnfu]5 . s'/f] s] eP5 eg] To; lbg klg bzafx|
hgf dlxnf ;w}F h:tf] 3fF;bfp/f lng eg/] jgdf uPsf /x]5g\ . w/] } 6f9f uP/ 3fF;bfp/f
ubfv{ l] / pgLx¿ otfptf 5l/P5g\ clg 3fF;bfp/fsf cfcfˆgf ef/L tof/ ub}{ /x5] g\ . olQs}
df Pp6L dlxnfnfO{ Pp6f chªu\ sf] /fIf;n] bv] ]5 / ltgnfO{ ;dft]/ vfg] ;/' s;]5 . tL
dlxnfn] lrRofP/ xf/u'xf/ ul/5g\ . j/k/sf ;a} dlxnf ToxfF hDdf eP5g\ . cfDd} lg Û To;
8/nfUbf] /fIf;n] tL dlxnfnfO{ cfˆgf nfdf nfdf gªu\ f| n] lryf]b}{ kf] /x5] . c¿ dlxnfn]
/fIf;sf cufl8 sx] L ug{] lxDdt u/]g5g\ . ;a} 8/fP/ ?bF } s/fpbF } ufpFdf ux' f/ dfUg uP5g\ .
3fF;bfp/f ug{ jgdf uPsf dlxnf s/fpbF } ux' f/ dfUb} ufpFdf cfPsf] bv] k] l5 ;a} ufpnF ] hDdf
eP5g\ . jgdf ePsf] pkbf| ]sf af/d] f hfgsf/L lnP5g\ .
zAbfy{ – ufO{j:t' r/fpgsf nflu /flvPsf] af“emf] hUuf
vs { – j|m" /, dfG5s] f] kl| tkIfL g/eIfL c;/' hflt
/fIf; – ef“8en} f], pw'd, sg' } bM' vb 36gf
pkbf| ]
g]kfnL, sIff ( 69
To; /fIf;nfO{ gdf/L ePg eg]/ ;a} ufpnF n] ] ;Nnfx u/]5g\ . cfkmg\ f 3/df ePsf v'8F f,
v's'/L, t/af/ / aGr/f] h:tf 3/]n' xftxltof/ lnP/ /fIf; ePsf] 7fplF t/ uP5g\ . ufpnF ]
n] xNnfvNnf ub}{ /fIf;dfly 9ª' \uf a;f{pg yfn]5g\ . afa} lg Û To; g/eIfL /fIf;n]
cfk\mgf] z/L/ km'nfpFb} nu/] Pp6f kxf8 hqf] agfP5 . p;n] pN6} ufpFn]nfO{ ysfp{ Fb} /
t;f{pFb} eGg yfn5] , æx]/ dgj' f xf] Û o; dlxnfsf] sfn cfh} cfPsf] lyof] / dnfO{ klg la56\6}
ef]s nfu]sf] xg' fn] dn} ] o;nfO{ vfOlbPF . ca ltdLx¿n] klg dnfO{ lh:Sofof} eg] d ltdLx¿nfO{
klg Ps Ps u/L clxNo} vfOlbG5' .Æ o;f] eg/] dv' …cf˜F ˜˜Ú ub}{ nfdf nfdf bfx|f b]vfpbF }
cfkmd" fly 9'ª\uf a;f{pg] ufpnF ] dfly hfOnfUg kf] yfn]5 . To;kl5 t Pp6L dlxnfnfO{ arfpg
vfH] bf ;f/f ufpFns] f] Hofg} hfg] ef] eG7fgL ;a} ufpnF ]sf] ;ftf]k'Tnf] uP5 . ufpnF ] efufefu
ub}{ ufpFlt/ em/]5g\ . eflu/x]sf ufpnF n] fO{ lrRofpFb} / uh{bF } /fIf;n] eg]5, æP ufpnF ] xf] Û slt
efU5f} < ef]ln ufpdF } cfP/ ltdLx¿ ;a}nfO{ l;WofOlbG5' . ls ltdLx¿n] bl} gs dnfO{ Ps Ps
hgf dfG5] k7fpg] u/Æ
To;kl5 ufpFn] glhss} f] rft} f/fdf e]nf eP5g\ . ufpsF f Ps hgf enfbdLn] eg]5g\,
æolb /fIf;af6 aRg] pkfo 5 eg] ;f]rf}F gq eg] ;a} Ps} k6s dge{' Gbf t o; /fIf;nfO{
x/]s lbg Ps Ps hgfsf b/n] cfxf/f k'¥ofOlbcfF} .Æ ufpnF ]sf] ;Nnfx ldNof] / pgLx¿
csf]{ lbg laxfg} jgdf uP . pgLx¿n] /fIf;;uF eg], æx] /fIf; Û x] sfn Û ltdL gl/;fpm .
xfdL ltd|f] cfxf/fsf] Joj:yf ul/lbg] 5f}F .Æ To;kl5 cluNnf] lbgbl] v kxf8 hqf] kf/]sf] lhp
/fIf;n] ;fgf] agfP5 / klxns] f] h:t} eP5 . ufpFn]n] lbgsf] Ps hgfsf b/n] cfkmx" ¿ cfxf/f
aGg tof/ /x]sf] atfP5g\ . ufpnF s] f] ;fdl" xs sfn ag]/ cfPsf] To; /fIf;n] eg]5, æx] dfgj
xf] Û To;f] eP ltdLx¿n] dnfO{ bl} gs Ps dfG5] / Ps d/' L cGg lbG5f} eg] d ltdLx¿nfO{ sx] L
ulbg{ F, gq eg] d ltdLx¿sf] ufpF g} phf8 agfOlbG5' .Æ o;/L /fIf;n] sfn} gcfPsf dfG5]nfO{
;dt] vfg yfn5] . æsfn cfPsf dfG5]nfO{ dfq vfgÆ" eGg] ljlwsf] pNnª3\ g ug{
yfn5] . To;kl5 bl} gs Ps dfG5] / Ps d/' L cGg /fIf;nfO{ lbg] safn] u//] ufpFn] ufpdF f
kms{5] g\ .
ufpFdf cfPkl5 pgLx¿n] Pp6f lgod agfP5g\ . x/]s s'l/ofsf] kfnf] afFw5] g\ . cfk\mgf] kfnf]
kbfs{ f lbgdf Ps d/' L cGg / Ps hgf dfG5] /fIf;sf] cfxf/sf] lgldQ x/s] s'l/ofn] Joj:yf
ug{'kg{] lgod a;fn]5g\ .
Ps lbg /fIf;sf] cfxf/f aGg] Pp6L bfl] hof dlxnfsf] kfnf] k/]5 . nfU] g] k/b]z uPsf,] ;f;;" ;/' f
dl/;ss] fn] pgL 3/df PSn} a;]sL /lx5g\ . cfk"m PSnL ePsL x'gfn] cfkm" afxs] c¿ dflg;
cfxf/f k7fpgsf nflu sfx] L ePg5g\ . cfkm\ gf] k6] sf] aRrfsf] dfofn] ubf{ pgL /fIf;sf]
enfbdL – c;n :jefj jf rl/q ePsf] dfG5,] ;Eo / k|ltli7t dflg;
pNnª\3g – lgodsf] cjx]ngf, gf£g] sfd
sl' /of – 3/w'/L, sg' } dfndQf jf hUuf hldg sg' {] JolSt, s'?jf
bfl] hof – ue{jtL
70 g]kfnL, sIff (
cfxf/f x'g hfg klg ;lsg5g\ . To;n} ] Ps d/' L cGg e//] 3/sf] lkF9Ldf /fvL cfkm" efu/]
dfOtlt/ 6fk sl;5g\ . lbpF;f] afx| ah];Dd klg cfkm\ gf] cfxf/f gcfPkl5 Tof] /fIf; ufpFsf]
glhs em/]5 / ufpF g} ysg{ ] u/L s/fP5 . o;/L /fIf; s/fPkl5 ufpFn] kfnf] k/s] L dlxnfsf]
3/df uP5g\ . pgn] Ps d'/L cGg 56' o\ fP/ /fv]sf] b]v]5g\ t/ dlxnfnfO{ bv] ]g5g\ . /fIf;
klg l/;fpbF } / /ftf /ftf cfvF f kfb{} ufpFdf g} cfOku' 5] . To;kl5 ufpnF n] ] /fIf;;Fu eg]5g,\
æcfh kfnf] k/]sL dlxnfn] wf]sf lbOg\ . cfh cGg vfP/ oxL 3/df a:gx' f;] \ . efl] nb]lv
;t{adf]lhdsf] cfxf/f lbg] 5f}F .Æ /fIf;n] l;Q}df 3/df a:g kfpg] ePkl5 ufpnF s] f] cfu|x :jLsf/
u/]5 . tL dlxnfn] /fv]sf] cGg vfP5 To;} 3/df a:g yfn]5 . ufpFn]n] ;t{adfl] hdsf] cfxf/f
/fIf;nfO{ lbg yfn5] g\ .
tL dlxnf dfOtdf g} a:g yfln5g\ / rf/ dlxgfkl5 ltgn] 5f/] f] hGdfO5g\ . pgn] 5f/] fsf]
gfd sfnlht /flv5g\ . ;do la:tf/} laTb} uP5, 5f/] f] klg 7n' f] x'bF } uP5 . nueu bzafx| jif{
olQs} lat]5 . Ps lbg sfnlht dfjnL ufpFsf ;fyL;uF v]Nb} /x]5 . p;sf ;fyLn] aa' f / 3/
b'j} gePsf] …etj' fÚ eg/] luHofpg yfn5] g\ . cfk\mgf aa' fsf] dfof gkfPsf] sfnlhtsf] dgdf
etj' f eGg] jrgjf0fn] a];/L 3fr] 5] . pm /GylgFb} 3/df cfP5 . To;kl5 p;n] cfdf;uF eg]5,
æcfdf, xfdf| ] 3/ sxfF xf] < d/] f] a'af sxfF xg' 'xG' 5 <Æ 5f]/fn] PSsfl; o:tf kZ| g u/]sf] ;'g]/ tL
dlxnfn] 5f/] fnfO{ w/] } ;Demfpg] k|of; ul/5g\ t/ 5f]/fn] lsdfy{ dfg]g5 . To;kl5 nfrf/ eP/
tL dlxnfn] cfkm\ gf] kj" s{ yf an] Lla:tf/ nufO5g\ . ;fxl;nf] s]6f] sfnlhtn] ;fyLsf] xk] fO /
jrgjf0f vKg'eGbf cfk\mg} 3/df hfg' hftL 7fg]/ p;n] cfk\mgf] 3/ hfg] lgwf] u/]5 . of] lg0fo{
;'g]/ cfdf ;fx}| g} cflQO5g\ . sfnlhtn] cfdfnfO{ ;DemfP5 / af6fdf vfg] vfhf tof/ ug{
eg]5 . cfdfn] ld7f] /f6] L ksfOlbO5g\ . sfnlhtn] tL /f]6L emf]nfdf /fv]5 / cfkm\ gf] 3/lt/
lxF8]5 . cfdfnfO{ dfjnLd} 5f8]/ sfnlht cfkmgf] ufpF cfOk'u5] .
ufpFdf uPkl5 ufpFn;] Fu ;fw] k'5 u/L p;n] cfkm\ gf] 3/ kQf nufP5 . cfkm\ gf] 3/df /fIf; a:g]
u/]sf] s'/f klg p;n] ;'g]5 . pm cfkm\gf] 3/df hfFbf 9f]sf aGb bv] ]/ 9f]sf 9s9SofP5 . leqaf6
/fIf;n] uh{Fb} eg]5, æ9f]sf 9s9sfpg] sf] xf] <Æ ædfdf d tkfOsF{ f] efGhf] x'ÆF sfnlhtn]
/fIf;nfO{ aflx/af6} eg]5 . efGhf] ;fOgf] ;G' g]lalQs} p;n] 9fs] f vfl] nlbP5 . sfnlht leq
k;]5 / æn dfdf vfg'xf];Æ\ eGb} cfkm\ gL cfdfn] agfPsf ld7f ld7f /f]6L /fIf;nfO{ vfg
lbP5 . /fIf;n] lrNnf / u'lnof /f]6L c;fWo} ld7f] dfg/] vfP5 / sfnlht;Fu v';L xb'F } eg]5,
æcfx] f] efGhf Û /f]6L t Hofb} ld7f kf] 5g\ t .Æ sfnlhtn] eg5] , æxb] {} hfg'xf];\ g dfdf, d
tkfO{FnfO{ cem} slt ld7f ld7f lrh vj' fpF5' ÛÆ o;/L sfnlhtn] x/s] lbg ufpdF f uP/ ld7f
ld7f vfgs] '/f NofP/ /fIf;nfO{ vj' fpg yfn5] / b'j} hgf ldn/] a:g yfn]5g\ . sfnlht /
/fIf; ;uF ;uF } a;]sf] bv] ]/ ufpFn] klg rlst k/5] g\ .
etj' f – sfd gug]{ vfP/ dfq a:g] JolSt 71
jrgjf0f – jf0f e}m“ lae\mg] vfnsf] tLI0f afn] L
g]kfnL, sIff (
/fIf; 3/af6 slxNo} aflx/ hfbF g} /x]5 . ufpnF ]x¿n] klg /fIf;sf] vfg]s'/f To;} 3/df g}
NofOlbFbf /x]5g\ . /fIf;n] ufpFnn] fO{ o;/L b'Mv lbPsf] / cfˆgf] 3/ sAhf u//] a;s] f] s/' f
sfnlhtnfO{ dg k/]g5 . To;n} ] p;n] /fIf;;Fu eg]5, ædfdf Û tkfO{F of] 3/af6 aflx/ hfgx' 'Gg
lsg <Æ /fIf;n] eg5] , æaflx/ uP/ s] ug]{, x/] efGhf Û dnfO{ cGt hfg t dg 5g} . dn} ] sfn
cfPsf dfG5n] fO{ dfq vfg egL eujfgn\ ] c/fPsf] / d]/f] lhDdfsf] sfddf 7'nf] uNtL u/]sf]
5' . eujfg;\ Fu dfkmL dfUgsf nflu Ps k6s eujfg\nfO{ e6] g\ eg] hfg dg nfus] f] 5 .Æ
æP dfdf Û To;f] eP tkfO{F eujfg\nfO{ e]6g\ cfh} uOxfNgx' f;] \ . o:tf] s'/fdf l9nf] ug'{ plrt
x'bF g} . a?, hfFbf eujfg\;Fu d/] f] k/dcfo' klg ;fw] /] cfpg'xf;] \ x} .Æ /fIf;n] xG' 5 t eg]5
t/ pm uPg5 lsgeg] p;nfO{ Psflt/ eujfg\n] s] eGgx' 'G5 eGg] eo /x]5 eg] csfl{ t/
/fIf;nfO{ a;L a;L vfg] afgL k/]/ cN5L eO;ss] f] /x5] . sfnlhtn] lbglbg} of] s/' f]
bf]xf]¥ofpg yfn]kl5 / ;f/} s/s/ u/]kl5 /fIf; Ps lbg eujfgn\ fO{ e6] \g eg/] lxF8]5 .
PsxKtf hlt Tof] /fIf; To; ufpaF f6 cnk eP5 . dfG5]sf] a:tLdf a;L sfn gcfPsf
dfG5n] fO{ hyfefjL vfP/ lgod sfgg' ldRb} lxF8s] f] /fIf;nfO{ eujfg\n] kSs} klg xKsfPsf]
eP/ xfn] f lgGofp/f] dv' nufpFb} /fIf; kms]{/ cfP5 . otf /fIf; kms/{] cfPkl5 o;nfO{ s;/L
dfg]{ < eGg] o'lSt ;f]Rb} sfnlht To;}sf] tof/Ldf nfu5] . geGb} Ps xKtf k'u]sf lbg /fIf;
cfOk'u5] . ltgLx¿sf lar s'/fsfgL rn5] .
sfnlhtn] eg5] , ædfdf Û d/] f] k/d cfo' slt jif{sf] 5 c/] <Æ /fIf;n] pQ/ lbP5, æx/]
efGhf, ltdf| ] cfo' t &( jif{sf] 5 /] . To; ;do;Dd ltdLnfO{ s;n} ] sx] L klg ug{ ;Sbg} /] .Æ
sfnlhtn] eg5] , æx}g, d]/f] cfo' lsg &( jif{ /fvs] f] xfn] f < ls *) jif{ agfOlbPsf] eP x'GYof],
ls t &* jif{ agfOlbPsf] eP xG' Yof] . P dfdf Û tkfOF{ uP/ eujfg\;uF d]/f] cfo' ls Ps jif{
a9L ls Ps jif{ 36L agfOlbg eGg' g ÛÆ
/fIf; klg efGhfsf] s/' f] xfg{ g;s/] ef]lnkN6 g} eujfg;\ fd' uP5 / sfnlhtsf] cfo' ls
Ps jif{ 36fOlbgk' ¥of], ls Ps jif{ a9fOlbgk' ¥of] eg/] cgg' o u/5] . eujfg\n] eGge' P5, æx]/
sfn Û of] cfo' efjLn] h'g lbg hlt n]Vof,] nV] of] . To;nfO{ 36fpg klg ;lsbF }g, a9fpg klg
;lsbF }g . To;n} ] sfnlhtnfO{ oxL s/' f] ;g' fO bp] m .Æ kmsk{] l5 /fIf;n] klg sfnlhtsf cfo'sf
af/d] f eujfgn\ ] eg]sf ;a} s/' f atfOlbP5 . d]/f] cfo' &( jifs{ f] 5 / eujfgn\ ] klg Ps jif{
tndfly ug{ g;Sg] /x]5g\ eg] of] /fIf;n] dnfO{ s]xL ug{ ;Sbg} eGg] sfnlhtnfO{ nfu5] .
efl] nkN6 laxfg ;a/] } p7/] sfnlhtn] aflx/af6 w/] } bfp/f cfFugdf hDdf kf/5] / cu]gfdf
cfuf] km's5] . To;kl5 kmnfdsf cfF;L, afp;f,] aGr/f,] cfb] fg ToxL cfuf]df ttfP5 . kmnfd
eo – 8/, qf;, sg' } clgi6 s'/fsf] ;Defjgfaf6 pTkGg x'g] dfgl;s l:ylt
cgg' o – zlStzfnL JolStsf ;fdG' g] s;s} f] p4f/sf lglDt ul/g] gd| cg'/fw] , laGtL, cg/' fw]
efjL – kf}/fl0fs dfGotfcg';f/ lzz'sf] efUo n]vg stf{
72 g]kfnL, sIff (
/ftf] ePkl5 ;gf;fn] ;dft]/ /fIf;nfO{ 6f9a} f6 xfGg yfn]5 . /fIf;n] cflQbF } To;f] gug{ cfu|x
u/]5 t/ sfnlhtn] tFnfO{ gdf/];Dd d / d]/f ufpnF s] f] /Iff xb'F g} eGb} xltof/ a;f{O/x5] .
tftf] kmnfdsf] 8fxfn] ubf{ /fIf; ToxLF n8]5 . sfnlhtn] kmnfdsf tftf 8Nnfn] /fIf;nfO{
cem xfGb} uP5 . s]xLa]/kl5 /fIf; ToxLF d/]5 .
o;/L /fIf;nfO{ df/k] l5 sfnlhtn] ufpnF ]nfO{ afn] fP5 / ;a} ldn]/ /fIf;sf] ;bu\ t u/5] g\ .
sfnlhtnfO{ ufpn]n] kz| ;+ f u/]/ cfˆgf] ufpsF f] k|d'v rg' ]5g\ . To;kl5 sfnlhtn] dfjnLdf
uP/ cfdfnfO{ lnP/ cfP5 . pm cfkm\ gf] 3/, v]tLafnL ;dfnL a:g yfn]5 . sfnnfO{ klg lht/]
ufpdF f ;v' zflGt lbPsf] x'gfn] ufpFnn] ] sfnlhtnfO{ ;Ddfgk"js{ /fVg yfn5] g\ . ;fgf] JolStsf]
al' 4 / k?' iffyn{ ] klg ;wFs} f nflu ufpFdf zflGt Nofpg ;kmn eP5 .
;'Gg]nfO{ ;g' sf] dfnf, eGgn] fO{ kmn" sf] dfnf Û
of] syf as} '07 hfnf, eGg] jn] f tfQft} d'vdf cfOhfnf ÛÛ
;gf;f ] – ef8“ fs8'“ f RofKg jf ;dfTg ko| f]u ul/g] kmnfdsf] Ps k|sf/sf] ;fwg
8fxf – dfgl;s / zf/Ll/s kL8faf6 xg' ] 56\k6L, c¿sf] pGglt b]Vg g;s]/ dgdf xg' ] si6
;bu\ t – bfx;+:sf/
g]kfnL, sIff ( 73
zAbe08f/
!= lbOPsf zAb / cy{lar hf]8f ldnfpgx' f];\ M
la566\ } ljjz, afWo, sg' } pkfo gePsf]
g/eIfL efF8f a;fNgsf nflu ans] f] cug] fdfly /flvg] tLg v6' \6f ePsf]
kmnfd] ;fwg
lsdfy { sx] L ug{ g;Sg]
nfrf/ s;} u//] klg, s]xL u/] klg
cfb] fg ufO{j:t' r/fpg] af´F f] hUuf
k?' iffy{ dfG5n] fO{ vfg,] bfgj
crfSnL, w/] }
axfb'/L, kf}/v, cb\e't Ifdtf
@= lbOPsf cy{ cfpg] zAb kf7af6 vf]h/] nV] g'xf];\ M
kT| os] , cfOdfO{, ldq, b}nf,] efUg', pd/] , bj] tf, ljjs]
#= lbOPsf 6'SsfnfO{ cy{ vN' g] u/L jfSodf ko| fu] ug{'xf;] \ M
6fk s:g,' ;ftfk] 'Tnf] hfg,' cfn' vfg,' xft]dfnf] ug{,' efUo rDsg,' dfof dfg{'
$= lbOPsf kbfjnLsf] k|ofu] u/L ls;fgsf af/]df Pp6f cg'R5b] tof/ kfg'x{ f];\ M
ufpFdf a:g', vt] Lls;fgL ug{,' ufO{j:t' kfNg,' 3fF;bfp/f ug,{' tfhf vfgs] '/f vfg', hLljsf
rnfpg'
%= sIffdf 5nkmn u/L lbOPsf pvfgsf] cy{ nV] gx' f;] \ M
-s_ xg' ] la?jfsf] lrNnf] kft
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-u_ vfg] dv' nfO{ hF'ufn] 5]Sb}g
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74 g]kfnL, sIff (
af]w / cleJolSt
!= lbOPsf zAbsf] z4' pRrf/0f ug'x{ f;] \ M
chª\u, /fIf;, z/L/, Joj:yf, cfu|x, eujfg\, lg0f{o, k/dcfo,' cFug] f], al' 4, k'?iffy{
@= syfsf] ‘To; /fIf;nfO{ ==== ;an} fO{ l;WofOlbG5'’ cgR' 5]b ;:j/jfrg ug'{xf];\ .
#= lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ eGgx' f;] \ M
-s_ sfnlht syfsf dV' o bO' { hgf kfqsf] gfd s] xf] <
-v_ syfsf] t;] |f] cg'R5b] df sltcf]6f jfSo 5g\ <
-u_ s'g 36gfkl5 sfnlht cfkm\ gf] ufpF hfg] lg0f{odf k'U5 <
-3_ hªu\ ndf s'g 36gf 36s] f] lyof] <
-ª_ /fIf;n] ufpFn];uF s:tf] ;t{ /fVof] <
$= lbOPsf] syfz+ dfg} k7g u/L ;f]lwPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M
Ps lbg To; ufpFdf 7n' f] cfkt\ cfOnfu5] . s'/f] s] eP5 eg] To; lbg klg bzafx|
hgf dlxnf ;wF} h:tf] 3f;F bfp/f lng eg]/ jgdf uPsf /x5] g\ . w/] } 6f9f uP/ 3f;F bfp/f
ubf{v]l/ pgLx¿ otfptf 5l/P5g\ clg 3f;F bfp/fsf cfcfˆgf ef/L tof/ ub}{ /x5] g\ .
olQs}df Pp6L dlxnfnfO{ Pp6f chª\usf] /fIf;n] bv] ]5 / ltgnfO{ ;dft]/ vfg] ;'/ s;]5 .
tL dlxnfn] lrRofP/ xf/u'xf/ ul/5g\ . j/k/sf ;a} dlxnf ToxfF hDdf eP5g\ . cfDd} lg Û
To; 8/nfUbf] /fIf;n] tL dlxnfnfO{ cfˆgf nfdf nfdf gªu\ f| n] lryf]b{} kf] /x5] . c¿ dlxnfn]
/fIf;sf cufl8 s]xL ug]{ lxDdt u/g] 5g\ . ;a} 8/fP/ ?bF } s/fpFb} ufpFdf u'xf/ dfUg uP5g\ .
3f;F bfp/f ug{ jgdf uPsf dlxnf s/fpbF } u'xf/ dfUb} ufpdF f cfPsf] b]vk] l5 ;a} ufpnF ] hDdf
eP5g\ . jgdf ePsf] pkbf| ]sf af/]df hfgsf/L lnP5g\ .
k|Zgx¿
-s_ dlxnf jgdf lsg uPsf /x]5g\ <
-v_ Pp6L dlxnfnfO{ b]v]kl5 /fIf;n] s:tf] ;'/ s;]5 <
-u_ dlxnf s/fpbF } ux' f/ dfUb} ufpFdf hfg'sf] sf/0f s] xf] <
-3_ /fIf;sf cufl8 dlxnfn] sx] L ug{] lxDdt lsg u/]g5g\ <
g]kfnL, sIff ( 75
%= lbOPsf k|Zgsf] 5f6] f] pQ/ n]Vg'xf;] \ M
-s_ kf7sf 36gf s'g sg' :yfgdf 36]sf 5g,\ pNn]v ug'x{ f];\ .
-v_ kf7df tkfOn{F fO{ dg k/s] f s'g} b'O{cf6] f ;+jfbfTds c+z l6kf]6 ug'x{ f];\ .
-u_ kf7sf] zLif{s tkfOFn{ fO{ pko'St nfUof] ls nfug] , sf/0f lbgx' f;] \ .
-3_ kf7sf] bf;] |f] cgR' 5]b k9L bO' c{ f6] f k|Zg agfpg'xf;] \ .
^= lbOPsf jfSo s;n] s;nfO{ egs] f x'g,\ klxrfg ug{'xf;] \ M
-s_ x]/ dg'jf xf] Û o; dlxnfsf] sfn cfh} cfPsf] lyof] / dnfO{ klg la56\6}
ef]s nfus] f] xg' fn] d}n] o;nfO{ vfOlbPF .
-v_ olb /fIf;af6 aRg] pkfo 5 eg] ;f]rfF} gq eg] ;a} Ps} k6s dg{'eGbf t o;
/fIf;nfO{ x/s] lbg Ps Ps hgfsf b/n] cfxf/f k¥' ofOlbcfF} .
-u_ xfd|f] 3/ sxfF xf] < d]/f] aa' f sxfF x'gx' G' 5 <
-3_ To;f] eP tkfO{F eujfg\nfO{ e]6\g cfh} uOxfNgx' f];\ . o:tf s'/fdf l9nf] ug{' plrt
x'bF g} .
-ª_ ltd|f] cfo' t &( jifs{ f] 5 /] .
&= lbOPsf] cg'R5]b k9\gx' f];\ / ;fl] wPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M
g]kfn P]ltxfl;s lx;fan] k|frLg d'n's dflgG5 . To;}n] ljZj Oltxf;df g]kfnsf]
56' 6\ } klxrfg / ljlzi6 :yfg /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn wflds{ ko{6gsf b[li6sf0] fn] ljZjdf
;u/dfyf hlQs} pRr / zflGtsf cub| t" uf}td a'4 em}F zfGt / l:y/ cj:yfdf 5 . ;dosf]
kl/jt{g;Fu} so} f}F s'/fdf km/] abn klg cfPsf] 5 . kl| ;4 lxGb' dlGb/ kzk' ltgfy / af}4sf]
cfvF fsf gfgLsf ¿kdf /x]sf] nl' DagLsf cltl/St cGo s}ofF} wfld{s :ynn] g]kfnsf]
uf/} j a9fPsf 5g\ . ef/tsf] /fdZ] j/, a›Lgfy, åf/sf / huGgfynfO{ rf/wfd dflgG5 .
oLeGbf pTsi[ 6 wfdsf] g]kfndf sg' } sdL 5g} . ;flasdf ef/tdf nfUg] u/]sf] sD' e d]nf
gk] fnsf] rt/fwfddf klg plQs} w'dwfd;uF nfUg] u/]sf] 5 . Ps k6ssf] dn] f eg{ sl/a
8]9 s/f8] dflg; kU' g] u/s] f 5g\ . s}of}F g]kfnL ef/tsf] s]bf/gfy bzg{ ug{ kU' 5g\ t/
To;sf] lz/ efu eStk/' df /x]sf] 8f]nZ] j/ dxfb]j xf] eGg] hfgsf/L jm| dzM a9b\ } uPsf]
5 . o:tf ;"rgfnfO{ Jofks ¿kdf k|rf/k;| f/ u/L wfld{s ko{6ssf] ;ªV\ of jl[ 4 ug{
cfjZos kj" f{wf/ / /0fgLlt thd'{ f ug{' cfjZos 5 .
76 g]kfnL, sIff (
-s_ pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M
-c_ wfld{s ko{6gsf bl[ i6sf]0fn] ljZj Oltxf;df gk] fnsf] s:tf] klxrfg 5 <
-cf_ sg' sg' wfld{s :ynn] gk] fnsf] uf}/j a9fPsf 5g\ <
-O_ sD' edn] f g]kfnsf] s'g :yfgdf nfUg] u/]sf] 5 <
-O{_ wfld{s ko{6ssf] ;ª\Vof jl[ 4 s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
-v_ efiff ;/+ rgf klxrfg ugx{' f];\ M
-c_ …wflds{ Ú / …ko{6gÚ zAbnfO{ jfSodf ko| fu] ugx'{ f;] \ .
-cf_ cgR' 5]bsf] …To;}n] ljZj Oltxf;df g]kfnsf] 5'66\ } klxrfg / ljlzi6 :yfg
/x]sf] 5 .Ú jfSonfO{ eljiot\ sfndf kl/jt{g ug'{xf;] \ .
-O_ cgR' 5b] sf] …Ps k6ssf] d]nf eg{ sl/a 89] s/f8] dflg; kU' g] u/]sf
5g\ .Ú jfSonfO{ c1ft kIfdf kl/jtg{ ug'{xf;] \ .
-O_{ cgR' 5b] af6 …aÚ / …jÚ nfuL ags] f tLg tLgcf6] f zAb klxrfg u/L nV] gx' f;] \ .
*= JofVof ug'x{ f];\ M
of] cfo' efjLn] hg' lbg hlt nV] of,] n]Vof] . To;nfO{ 36fpg klg ;lsbF g} , a9fpg klg
;lsbF }g .
(= syfsf] bf];|f] cg'R5b] cg'nv] g ug{'xf];\ .
!)= lbOPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ /fIf;n] ufpFnn] fO{ s] u/]/ b'Mv lbPsf] /x]5, j0f{g ug{x' f;] \ .
-v_ sfnlhtn] /fIf;nfO{ gdf/]sf] eP ufpdF f s:tf] cj:yf cfpYF of] xf]nf, cgd' fg
u//] n]Vgx' f;] \ .
!!= …;fgf] JolStsf] al' 4 / k?' iffy{n] ufp“df zflGt Nofpg ;kmn eof]Ú eGg] egfOsf]
cfzo vn' fpg'xf];\ .
!@= …sfnlht / chªu\ sf] /fIf;Ú syfsf d'Vo dV' o 36gf g56' \g] u/L a'“bfut
¿kdf n]Vgx' f];\ .
!#= …sfnlht / chª\usf] /fIf;Ú syfaf6 s] ;Gb]z kfpge' of], nV] gx' f;] \ .
g]kfnL, sIff ( 77
!$= lbOPsf] ;Gbe{ k9g\ x' f];\ / tfl] sPsf] sfo{ ug{'xf];\ M
;dLIff eGgfn] sg' } klg ljifoj:t' jf s/' fsf u'0fbfi] f 56' \ofO{ lgikIftfk"j{s ul/g]
JofVof, ljj]rgf cflb eGg] al' emG5 . kf7sf] ljifoj:t' sxfaF f6 lnOPsf] 5 < o;sf]
zLifs{ n] ljifoj:t' ;d6] ]sf] 5 ls 5}g < kf7sf] d"nefj s] xf] < kf7af6 s:tf] ;Gb]z
kfOG5 < kf7df kfq slt 5g\ < ltgsf] :jefj s:tf] 5 < kf7sf] kl/j]z ufpF jf
;x/dWo] s'g xf] < ToxfFsf] ;dfh s:tf] 5 < kf7sf] efiff ;/n, hl6n s:tf] 5 < ;+jfb s:tf
5g\ < kf7 k9k] l5 dgdf s:tf] nfUof] < h:tf k|Zgsf] pQ/ vf]hL u/]/
kf7sf] ;dLIff ug{k' 5{ .
tkfOn{F ] k9s] f] jf ;'g]sf] s'g} Pp6f syfsf] ;dLIff k|:tt' ugx{' f];\ .
;'gfO / afn] fO
!= ;g' fO kf7 & ;G' gx' f];\ / lbOPsf jfSo l7s eP l7s / a]l7s eP al] 7s
eGgx' f;] \ M
-s_ s'dfnx¿ jf:tjdf df6fsf efF8f agfpg] sz' n lzNkL lyP .
-v_ ljzi] ftM df3 dlxgfdf afnL p7fO;sk] l5 af/L hf]ltGYof] .
-u_ afFemf] af/L hfT] bf o; jif{ ;;fgf 8Nnf lgl:sP5g\ .
-3_ 8Nnfx¿ dfG5]n] h:t} afN] g] / s/' f kf] ug{] /x5] g\ .
-ª_ wn' f] df6f] x'Fbfx'Fb} xfdLnfO{ dfq lsg vfh] L vf]hL nu]sf xf]nfg\ eg/] 8NnfnfO{
lk/ k/]5 .
@= ;g' fO kf7 & ;G' g'xf];\ / lbOPsf k|Zgsf] df}lvs pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M
-s_ pgLx¿ df6fsf efF8f agfpg'sf cltl/St s] sfd uy{] <
-v_ df6fsf efF8f agfpg s:tf] df6f] pko'St dflgG5 <
-u_ df6fsf 8Nnfx¿sf] a7} s lsg a;5] <
-3_ df6fsf efF8f s;/L agfOG5 <
78 gk] fnL, sIff (
eflifs ;/+ rgf / j0fl{ jGof;
!= lbOPsf jfSodf ko| fu] ePsf lj|mofkb klxrfg ug'x{ f;] \ M
-s_ d jgefh] uPF . dn} ] ;fyL;Fu /dfOnf] u/F] . d klg gfrufgdf ;xefuL ePF . d
;fFem 5 ah] 3/ kms{]F .
-v_ pm 5'6\6Lsf] lbg 3/d} a:5 . pm ux[ sfo{ u5{ . pm s]xL ;do efOalxgL;uF
v]N5 . pm cfdfaa' fnfO{ 3/sf] sfddf ;3fp5F .
-u_ ltdLx¿ ahf/ hfg] 5f} . ltdLx¿ ahf/df ;fdfg lsGg] 5f} . ltdLx¿ ;fdfg
emf]nfdf /fVg] 5f} . ltdLx¿ ;fdfg lnP/ 3/ kms{g] 5f} .
@= sf]i7sdf lbOPsf] lgbz{] gcg';f/ tnsf cgR' 5b] nfO{ kl/jtg{ ugx'{ f;] \ M
-s_ ufpdF f ljBfno vN' of] . clzlIft klg lzlIft eP . pgLx¿n] cfkm" dfly ePsf]
zf]if0fsf] lj/fw] u/] . zf]ifsn] zfi] f0f ug{ 5f8] . ;a} hgf ldn]/ a:g yfn] .
-jtd{ fg sfn_
-v_ xfdL bz] ;]jfdf nfU5f}F . xfdL cfˆg} df6fdf kl/>d u5f}{F . cfw'lgs vt] L k0| ffnL
ckgfP/ cGg pAhfp5fF} . cfˆg} wtLn{ fO{ x/fe/f agfp5fF} . o;af6 bz] ljsf;df
6j] f k'U5 . -eljiot\ sfn_
-u_ alxgL ldlxgt] u5{] . pm k/LIffdf ;kmn x'G5] . pm k/' :sf/ kfpF5] . pm v';L x'Fb}
3/ cfp5F ] . Tof] s/' f ;g' /] cfdfa'af v;' L xg' x' 'G5 . -e"t sfn_
#= lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] k9g\ x' f;] \ / ljm| ofkbsf kIf klxrfg ugx'{ f;] \ M
d ;fgfdf r/r?' ªu\ L bv] /] /dfpyF] . Ps lbg k/j] f b]v/] RofKk ;dfpg vfh] 5F] ' .
k/]jf e'/{ p8\bf dnfO{ klg p8\g dg nfUof] . zlgaf/sf] lbg aa' fn] dnfO{ ;x/ 3d' fpg
n}hfg'ePsf] lyof] . ;x/df df]6/uf8L u'l8/xs] f lyP . Tof] b[Zon] dnfO{ rlst tN' ofof] .
$= sf]i7sdf lbOPsf] ;ª\s]tsf cfwf/df jfSo kl/jt{g ug{'xf;] \ M
-s_ ;lbR5f lj1fg ljifo k9\l5g\ . pgn] 8fS6/ aGg] s'/f ;f]r]sL 5g\ . pgL la/fdLsf]
;j] f ug{] l5g\ . ;a}n] pgnfO{ wGojfb lbg] 5g\ . -ck"0f{ kIf_
-v_ cflzsf hgsk/' af6 x6] f}8F f hfbF } l5g\ . pgL xh'/cfdfnfO{ kmnkm"n nfbF } l5g\ .
xh/' cfdfn] gfltgLsf] af6f] x]b{} xg' 'x'G5 . pxfF gfltgLnfO{ dg kg{] ;n] /f6] L ksfpFb}
xg' 'xG' 5 . -k0" f{ kIf_
gk] fnL, sIff ( 79
%= lbOPsf] cg'R5]b k9g\ 'xf;] \ / c1ft kIfsf ljm| ofkb klxrfg ug'x{ f];\ M
c1ftk|;fb uhasf] 5 . pm slt j]nf sfd u5{ yfx} x'Gg . sfd eO;sk] l5
dfq kf] yfxf x'G5 . c1ftnfO{ a'afn] u[xsfo{ u/ eGge' P5 . p;n] t d}n] lxhf]
u/]F kf] eg]5 . To;kl5 aa' fn] cfdfnfO{ eGg'eof], æof] c1ftn] t xfdLn] yfx}
gkfO{ ux[ sfo{ u/5] .Æ lxhf] /ftL 3/df rf/] cfPsf] s'/f c1ftn] cfh dfq yfxf
kfP5 . pm eG5, æk'ln;n] rf]/ ;dft]5 lg aa' f .Æ
^= lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] nfO{ c1ft kIfdf kl/jt{g ug{'xf];\ M
/ftL cl;gfkfgL k¥of] . kNnf] 8fF8fdf klx/f] uof] . vt] klg kfgLn] 8'afof] .
r/fsf] u'8F klg eTsfof] . kfgL t uha;uF } g} k¥of] t . ca]/ /ftL a'afn] klg yfxf
kfpge' of] . alxgLn] klg yfxf kfOg\ . efOn] klg /ftL g} yfxf kfP . t}nF ] dfq s;/L
yfxf kfOg;\ <
&= lbOPsf] cgR' 5]bnfO{ cEo:t kIfdf kl/jtg{ ug{'xf];\ M
o;/L /fIf;nfO{ df/]kl5 sfnlhtn] ufpFn]nfO{ af]nfP5 / ;a} ldn/] /fIf;sf]
;bu\ t u/]5g\ . sfnlhtnfO{ ufpn]n] k|z;+ f u//] cfˆgf] ufpFsf] k|d'v r'g5] g\ . To;kl5
sfnlhtn] dfjnLdf uP/ cfdfnfO{ lnP/ cfP5 . pm cfk\mgf] 3/, vt] LafnL ;dfnL
a:g yfn5] . sfnnfO{ klg lht/] ufpFdf ;'vzflGt lbPsf] xg' fn] ufpnF n] ] sfnlhtnfO{
;Ddfgk"js{ /fVg yfn]5g\ . ;fgf] JolStsf] a'l4 / k?' iffyn{ ] klg ;wFs} f nflu ufpdF f
zflGt Nofpg ;kmn eP5 .
*= 8'n\, eg,\ p7,\ k9\ wft'af6 aGg] cEo:t kIfsf ljm| ofkb k|of]u u/L Pp6f
cg'R5]b tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
(= lbOPsf cg'R5]b k9\gx' f];\ / ‘a’ / ‘j’ sf] ko| f]u klxrfg ug{'xf];\ M
-s_ ljho j]bljBf>ddf j]b k95\ g\ . ljjs] , ji[ fegfy, jifd{ fg, lj1fg/fd / ljsNkk;| fb
klg j]b ljBfnodf jl} bs dGq k95\ g\ . sljtf / ;ljtf klg ljj|md ;+jt\ @)&*
sf] z}lIfs ;qdf j]b k9\g egf{ ePsf 5g\ . k9\g' ljBfyLs{ f] st{Jo xf] . k9fOn]
dfG5s] f] Jojxf/df ;sf/fTds kl/jtg{ NofOlbG5 .
-v_ a'4k|;fb, al' 4gfy, anaxfb/' / clDasfb]jLn] w/x/f x/] ] . uugr'DaL w/x/f
xg] { pgLx¿ h:t} afFs,] albo{ f, aemfª, a}t8Laf6 dfq xf]Og alb{af;af6 ;dt]
dfG5] cfP .
80 g]kfnL, sIff (
-u_ es" Dkdf a/afb ePsf] w/x/f ag]sfn] ca d klg cfdfa'af / alxgLnfO{ lnP/
w/x/f xg] { hfG5' / a:gt] vfhf3/df uP/ af/f / la/fn}F f vfG5' .
-u_ /fd|f] jsfnt u/]/ jfxjfx sdfPsf b'O{ hgf jlsn ejg j/k/sf] rp/df jfNn
k//] xb] }{ lyP . pgLx¿ cbfnt uP jf j8f sfof{no dnfO{ yfx} ePg .
!)= syfdf /xs] f ‘j’ n]Vbf ‘a’ pRrf/0f x'g], ‘a’ nV] bf ‘a’ g} pRrf/0f xg' ] clg
‘j’ nV] bf ‘j’ g} pRrf/0f x'g] zAbsf] cnu cnu ;r" L agfpg'xf;] \ .
l;h{gf / kl/of]hgf sfo{
!= lbOPsf a“'bfsf cfwf/df Pp6f 5f]6f] syf tof/ kfgx'{ f;] \ M
-s_ Psfb]zdf Ps hgf dGqL x'g'
-v_ dGqL Eofu'tfsf ;f}lvg xg' '
-u_ lhpbF f Eofut' f hDdf kf/]/ Ps} 7fpDF ff /fvL pkmfbf{ /dfOnf] nfUg'
-3_ Ps lbg Eofut' fnfO{ gafwF L / gy'gLsg Ps wfgL{ agfP/ NofPdf Ps wfgL{ c;kmL{
k'/:sf/ lbg] 3fi] f0ff ;g' fpg'
-ª_ dGqfnodf Eofu'tf hfV] gs] f] le8 nfUg'
-r_ Eofu'tf pk|ms] f pk|m} ugfn{ ] wfgL{ gkU' g'
-5_ Eofut' fsf] wfgL{ slxNo} kU' bg} eGb} ;a} labf xg' '
@= tkfO{n“ ] k9]sf] jf ;g' s] f] sg' } ljifoj:td' f cfwfl/t 5f]6f] syf n]v/] Nofpgx' f];\ .
gk] fnL, sIff ( 81
kf7 * ;f/ª\uLdf b]z wL/G] b| kd]| lif{
ufpbF } cfof] of] g]kfnL ;f/ªu\ Ldf bz]
d]rL sfnL lxdfn kxf8 t/fO{ dw]; .
hLjgsf] syf, Joyf, ;ª\3if{df afRF 5
xfd}| cf;F ' xf;F f];uF ;w}F ?G5 xf:F 5
l;h{gfdf /Db} clg ;fwgfdf hDb}
kf/} vLsf kl;gfsf] ;j' f;df gfR5 .
aSv,' efª\uf| , wf]tL ;a} eG5 d/] } e]if
ufpFb} cfof] of] gk] fnL ;f/ª\uLdf bz] .
lxdfnnfO{ Gofgf] lbG5 t/fO{sf] sfvf
dw;] sf] kªv\ f agL a:5g\ le/kfvf
:jfledfgsf] ldof]dfly lk/tLsf] lbof]
afnL d:' s'/fPsf 5g\ sf]6L sf]6L cfvF f .
gnfuf;] \ x} s;s} f] lg efjgfdf 7;]
ufpbF } cfof] of] g]kfnL ;f/ªu\ Ldf bz] .
zAbfy{ – dfgl;s jf zf/Ll/s kL8f, si6 g]kfnL, sIff (
Joyf – pgsf] afSnf] sf6] h:tf] nfdf] sk8f
aSv' – kf6af6 ag' ]sf] af]/f h:tf] v;|f] sk8f
efªu\ |f – bfO“ ug{ vnfsf] lardf alnof] u/L ufl8g] vDaf, sG] b| jf dV' o
ldof] – s/f8]
sf]6L
82
hGd] oxLF a'4 clg e[s6' L / ;Ltf
oxL df6fdf sdo{ fu] l;sfp5F uLtf
1fgel" d, tkfe] "ld, :jKgel" d oxL
uj;{ fy ufpg] u5,{ ho wtL{ dftf Û
htf x]¥of] Tot} bV] 5 ljzi] f} ljz]if
ufpFb} cfof] of] g]kfnL ;f/ª\uLdf bz] .
ks| l[ tn] ;DemfpF5 cd/ uf}/j ufyf
;;+ f/s} lz/kf]; xfdf| ] ;u/dfyf
;dl[ 4sf] lzv/ rD' b} hfg dfly dfly
/l] 6bF } 5 dfgf] /fk] L kmnfpg kfyL .
l;ªu\ f] wtL{ ;hfpg] :jl0fd{ kl/jz]
ufpFb} cfof] of] gk] fnL ;f/ª\uLdf b]z .
sd{of]u – ;kmntf / ljkmntfsf] jf:tf g/fvL ;dfg efjn] ul/g] ze' sfo{
tkfe] "ld – bj] tf / Clifd'lgx¿n] tk:of u/s] f] el" d
lz/kf]; – lz/df nufOg] 6f]kL, ku/L, km]6f
;d[l4 – ;d4[ x'gfsf] efj jf cj:yf, ;DkGgtf
:jl0f{d – ;g' h:t} rlDsnf,] ;'gf}nf]
gk] fnL, sIff ( 83
zAbe08f/
!= lbOPsf zAb / cy{lar hf8] f ldnfpg'xf;] \ M
zAb cy{
;f/ªu\ L pBdzLn
;ª3\ if{ OHht, k|lti7f
kf/} vL kY[ jL, hldg
wtL{ ;g' h:tf] rlDsnf], ;g' fn} f]
uf}/j tf/df /6] ]/ ahfOg] Ps ks| f/sf] gk] fnL afhf
;d[l4 ju] , rfn
:jl0f{ d prfO
;d:of;uF sf] hw' fO, s7f/] kl/>d
pGglt, k|ult
@= lbOPsf zAbsf kof{ojfrL zAb sljtfaf6 vf]h/] nV] g'xf;] \ M
lxprF 'nL, gog, jf;gf, ;l[ i6, tftf,] 6fs'/f
#= lbOPsf zAbnfO{ cy{ vN' g] u/L jfSodf ko| f]u ug'{xf];\ M
:Jffledfg, efjgf, 1fgel" d, ufyf, kl/jz]
Aff]w / cleJolSt
!= lbOPsf zAbsf] z4' pRrf/0f ug'{xf;] \ M
:jKgel" d, efªu\ |f, a'4, 1fg, ks| l[ t, :jl0fd{
@= ‘;f/ª\uLdf b]z’ sljtf ult, olt, no ldnfO{ jfrg ug'{xf;] \ .
# lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ eGg'xf];\ M
-s_ …;f/ª\uLdf b]zÚ sljtf hDdf slt kª\lStdf /rgf ePsf] 5 <
84 g]kfnL, sIff (
-v_ sljtfsf] …hGd] oxLF a'4 clg e[s6' L / ;LtfÚ kª\lStdf slt cIf/ 5g\ <
-u_ sljtfdf aSv' efª\u|fsf] k;| ªu\ sltcf}F Znfs] df cfPsf] 5 <
-3_ sljtfdf …ufpbF } cfof] of] gk] fnL ;f/ªu\ Ldf bz] Ú eGg] kªl\ St slt k6s cfPsf] 5 <
-ª_ cg'k|f; ldnfpg kªl\ Stsf] cGTodf lbOPsf bz] dw];, afFR5 xfF:5 h:t} u/L c¿ tLg
hf]8L zAb kf7af6 vfh] ]/ eGg'xf];\ .
$= lbOPsf] sljtfz+ k9L ;f]lwPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
lxdfnnfO{ Gofgf] lbG5 t/fO{sf] sfvf
dw];sf] kª\vf agL a:5g\ le/kfvf
:jfledfgsf] ldofd] fly lk/tLsf] lbof]
afnL d:' s'/fPsf 5g\ sf6] L sf]6L cfvF f .
kZ| gx¿
-s_ t/fO{n] lxdfnnfO{ Gofgf] lbG5 lsg elgPsf] xf] <
-v_ o; sljtf+zdf lk/tLsf] lbof] s'g cy{df cfPsf] 5 <
-u_ dw];sf nflu kªv\ fsf] sfd s]n] u/]sf] 5 <
%= lbOPsf sljtfz+ nfO{ uBdf ¿kfGt/ ug'{xf;] \ M
-s_ gnfuf];\ x} s;}sf] lg efjgfdf 7];
ufpbF } cfof] of] gk] fnL ;f/ªu\ Ldf bz] .
-v_ ks| l[ tsf] ;Demfp5F cd/ uf}/j ufyf
;;+ f/s} lz/kf;] xfdf| ] ;u/dfyf .
^= lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf;] \ M
-s_ ;a} gk] fnLsf] efjgfnfO{ ;Ddfg ug{ s] s] ugk'{ 5{ <
-v_ …kf}/vLsf kl;gfsf] ;j' f;df gfRF 5Ú eGgs' f] cfzo s] xf] <
-u_ sljtfdf gk] fnsf s:tf s:tf ;f+:sl[ ts ljz]iftf pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 <
g]kfnL, sIff ( 85
&= lbOPsf] cg'R5]b k9L ;fl] wPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
gk] fnnfO{ ;u/dfyfsf] bz] / gk] fnLnfO{ ;u/dfyfsf] bz] sf gful/s eg/] ;;+ f/e/
lrgfpg] ljZjsf] ;jf]{Rr lzv/ ;u/dfyf xfd|f] uf}/j xf] . ljZjsf] Wofg cfs[i6
ug]{ o; ;u/dfyfsf] k|fsl[ ts dgf/] d 56fn] df]lxt gxg' ] sf] kf] xfn] fg\ / Û lxdfnsf]
;'Gb/tf tl:a/df xg] { hlt ;lhnf] 5, glhs ku' /] b[Zofjnfs] g ug'{ Tolt ;xh 5}g .
To;df klg wtLs{ f] :jus{ f ¿kdf /xs] f] ;u/dfyfsf] cf/fx] 0f cem} sl7g / r'gft} Lk"0f{ 5 .
tLj| OR5fzlSt 5 eg] ;kgf ;fsf/ x'g ;do klg nfUbg} . w/] n} ] ;jfR]{ r lzv/ ;u/dfyf
r9\g] ;kgf b]vs] f xG' 5g\ . g;s] sDtLdf %,#^$ ld6/sf] prfOdf /xs] f] ;u/dfyfsf]
cfwf/ lzlj/;Dd eP klg k'Ug] wfs] f] /fV5g\ . cfwf/ lzlj/df k'Ugsf nflu bf]nvfsf]
lh/L / ;f]nv' 'Da'sf] ;Nn/] Laf6 ul/g] kbofqf nfdf] 5 . sf7df8fa}F f6 ;f]em} n'Snf p8fg
u/L cfwf/ lzlj/df 5l/tf] kbofqf klg ug{ ;lsG5 . cfwf/ lzlj/af6 ljZjs} cUnf]
;u/dfyf -*,*$*=*^ ld=_ glhsaf6 5n{ªª\ b]lvg] xFb' f of] cfwf/ lzlj/ ;as} f nflu
nfs] lko| uGtJo aGb} uPsf] 5 . zk] f{ ;+:sl[ t, lxd em/gfsf] b[Zo, Pl] txfl;s af}4 uD' afsf]
bzg{ tyf lxd gbLsf] dgf/] d b[Zon] cfwf/ lzlj/sf] ofqfnfO{ yk /f]rs agfpF5g\ .
To;}n] klg w]/} ljbz] L / :jbz] Lsf nflu ;u/dfyf cfwf/ lzlj/sf] kbofqf pRr
k|fyldstfdf kg{] u5{ . xhf/f}F kbofqL x/s] jif{ ToxfF kU' 5g\ . pgLx¿ ;u/dfyf /
;]/f]km/] f]sf] ;fG} bon{ fO{ cfFvfsf gfgLleq ns' fpFb} cfgGbflt/]sdf 8'A5g\ .
-s_ pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M
-c_ gk] fnL ljZje/ sg' gfdn] lrlgG5g\ <
-cf_ sg' sg' 7fpaF f6 ;u/dfyfsf] cfwf/ lzlj/;Dd k'Ug ;lsG5 <
-O_ cfwf/ lzlj/;Ddsf] ofqfnfO{ yk /f]rs agfpg] s'/f s] s] x'g\ <
-O_{ ;u/dfyfnfO{ wtL{sf] :ju{ lsg elgPsf] xf]nf <
-v_ efiff ;/+ rgf klxrfg ug{'xf;] \ M
-c_ cgR' 5]bsf …:juÚ{ / …;kgfÚ zAbsf ljk/LtfyL{ zAb nV] g'xf];\ .
-cf_ cgR' 5]baf6 …xhf/fF} kbofqL x/]s jif{ ToxfF kU' 5g\ .Ú jfSonfO{ OR5fy{s jfSo agfO{
nV] gx' f];\ .
-O_ …w/] }n] ;jf{]Rr lzv/ ;u/dfyf r9\g] ;kgf b]v]sf xG' 5g\ .Ú jfSonfO{ ;Defjgfy{
jfSo agfO{ nV] gx' f];\ .
-O_{ cgR' 5b] af6 bO' { bO' c{ f]6f xnGt / chGt ljm| ofkb klxrfg u/L nV] gx' f;] \ .
86 gk] fnL, sIff (
*= lbOPsf] sljtfz+sf] JofVof ug'x{ f];\ M
1fgel" d, tkf]el" d, :jKge"ld oxL
uj;{ fy ufpg] u5{, ho wtL{ dftf Û
(= lbOPsf a'“bfnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL sljtfsf] dn" efj n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ ;f/ª\uLdf ;f/f g]kfnLsf syfJoyf cleJoSt
-v_ lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{k|ltsf] ;defj
-u_ /fi6« / /fli6o« tf ;a}eGbf Kof/f] xG' 5 eGg] wf/0ff
-3_ kf| s[lts ;'Gb/tfn] el/k"0f{ kfjg el" dsf] dlxdf ufg
-ª_ ljljwtfdf Pstf /fvL ;dl[ 4tkm{ pGd'v xg' 'kg]{ ljrf/
!)= ‘;f/ª\uLdf b]z’ sljtfdf /xs] f ljifoj:t'af/] sIffdf 5nkmn ugx'{ f];\ .
!!= lbOPsf] ;Gbe{ k9g\ 'xf;] \ / tfl] sPsf] sfo{ ug'x{ f;] \ M
rf/ sIffdf k9\g] alxgL gT[ o k|ltof]lutfdf k|yd eOg\ . pgL v';L xFb' } 3/ cfP/
elgg,\ ælbbL d}n] t gT[ odf k/' :sf/ kfPF lg ÛÆ To;kl5 lbbLn] alxgLnfO{ dfof
ub}{ elgg\, æ:ofaf; gfg', d/] L alxgLn] k/' :sf/ kfpFbf d w/] } v';L 5' . cfdfa'af klg of]
va/n] lgs} v';L xg' 'xg' ] 5 . ;wF} o:t} ug{" x} .Æ
tkfOFs{ f] ;fyL k'/:st[ ePsf] kl/sNkgf u/L sIffdf k'/:s[t ;fyLkl| t :g]x / k|z+;f
k:| t't ug{x' f;] \ .
;'gfO / afn] fO
!= ;'gfO kf7 * ;'Ggx' f;] \ / vfnL 7fpd“ f ldNg] zAb /fvL eGg'xf;] \ M
-s_ l76f] ljZjnfO{ ===========e/df ysf{p5F .
-v_ g]kfnL l76fn] ] cfkm" lx8F g\ ] af6f] cfˆg=} ========n] vG5 .
-u_ cfˆg} kl;gfn] b]zsf] =========== lehfp5F .
-3_ l76fn] /fdf| ] nfpgsf nflu ==========ub}{g .
-ª_ l76fn] hfltkftL =========== dfGb}g .
@= s] cfhsf ;a} g]kfnL l76fl76L ‘of] gk] fnL l76f]’ kf7df eg] h:t} 5g\ t,
;'gfO kf7 * sf cfwf/df eGgx' f];\ .
g]kfnL, sIff ( 87
eflifs ;+/rgf / j0f{ljGof;
!= lbOPsf] cgR' 5]b k9L /]vfª\lst lj|mofkbsf] efj klxrfg ug{'xf];\ M
c~hgfb]jL 3/ hflG5g\ . 3/ kU' gf;fy cfdfn] gfgL k9 / vfgf vfpm
eGg'xG' 5 . pgL vfgf vflG5g\ / k9\g yflN5g\ . pgL ldlxg]tL l5g\ . pgsf]
k/LIff rNb} 5 . pgsf] k/LIff /fd|f] xfc] f;] \ . pgL k/LIffdf ;kmn xfp] g\ . k/LIffdf ;kmn
ePkl5 pgn] hflu/ kfplng\ . pgn] hflu/df /fdf| ] uln{g\ . pgsf] a9j' f xf]nf . pgsf]
a9'jf eP /fd|f] xG' Yof] . pgL h:tf Odfgbf/nfO{ hflu/ lbP hgtfn] ;j] f kfpyF ] .
@= lbOPsf jfSonfO{ ;ªs\ t] sf cfwf/df kl/jt{g ug'x{ f;] \ M
-s_ c~hgf eft ========== . -vf M ;Defjgfy_{
-v_ ltdLx¿ /;j' f ========== . -hf M cf1fy_{
-u_ pm d:' tfª ed| 0faf6========. -kms{ M OR5fy_{
-3_ /d]z /fd|/L ========== ;kmn xG' 5 . -k9\ M ;ª\st] fy{_
-ª_ bfO, Ps lsnf] lrp/f========= . -lb M cf1fy_{
-r_ xfdL ;a} km'6an =========== . -vn] \ M OR5fy_{
-5_ pgLx¿ sIffleq========== . -cfp M ;Defjgfy{_
#= sljtfdf ko| S' t kfFrcf]6f ;fdfGofy{s lj|mofkb l6kL OR5fy{sdf abNg'xf;] \ .
$= cf1fy{s ljm| ofsf] ko| fu] u/L ;fyLnfO{ k9fOdf nugzLn eP/ nfUg ;Nnfx lbgx' f];\ .
%= …sÚ / …vÚ ;d"xsf jfSo k9\gx' f;] \ / To;af/] ;fyL;u“ 5nkmn ugx'{ f];\ M
;d"x …sÚ ;dx" …vÚ
-s_ sfd u5{ pm . -s_ pm sfd u5{ .
-v_ /fwZ] ofd e]65\ efOnfO{ . -v_ /fw]Zofd efOnfO{ e]6\5 .
-u_ h'lgtf /fO{n] lbOg\ pkxf/ k|]dnfO{ . -u_ h'lgtf /fOn{ ] k]d| nfO{ pkxf/ lbOg\ .
-3_ vn] f8L xg' \ pdfsfGt . -3_ pdfsfGt vn] f8L x'g\ .
-ª_ p;nfO{ 6fn] k|d'v agfof}F xfdLn] . -ª_ xfdLn] p;nfO{ 6fn] kd| v' agfofF} .
-r_ e}F;Lsf] z4' bw' kfOG5 oxfF . -r_ oxfF e;}F Lsf] z'4 bw' kfOG5 .
88 gk] fnL, sIff (
^= lbOPsf jfSonfO{ kbj|md ldnfP/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ ;fg}bl] vsf] ;fyLnfO{ e6] o\ f] p;n] .
-v_ cBfjlws xb'F } uP dfG5] 1fgsf] sf/0f .
-u_ lr;f] a9]/ lgl:sg klg ;lsPg cfh laxfg .
-3_ aGg'k5{ ;a} xfdL sd{zLn ;wFe} /L .
-ª_ k|fsl[ ts ;fG} bo{sf b[li6n] wgL 5 g]kfn .
&= lbOPsf sljtfsf c+z k9\g'xf;] \ / kbj|md ldnfO{ uBdf n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ lxdfnnfO{ Gofgf] lbG5 t/fOs{ f] sfvf
dw;] sf] kª\vf agL a:5g\ le/kfvf .
-v_ gnfuf];\ x} s;}sf] lg efjgfdf 7;]
ufpbF } cfof] of] gk] fnL ;f/ªu\ Ldf bz] .
*= lbOPsf xnGt / chGtsf pbfx/0f k9\g'xf;] \ M
;d"x …sÚ ;d"x …vÚ ;d"x …uÚ
n]vg / pRrf/0f b'j} n]vgdf chGt / pRrf/0fdf nv] gdf / pRrf/0f bj' d} f chGt
xnGt xnGt
-c_ ljm| of M u/,\ p7\, -c_ gfd÷;jg{ fd M sfd, skf;, -c_ lj|mof M u/, p7, nl] vg, kl9g
u/f;] ,\ hfG5;\, /dfgfy, /dz] , s]zj, e]if, -cf_ cJoo M cfh, j/, k/, t/,
nl] vg,\ kl9g,\ bz] , le/, lxdfn, o;, To; tn, ca, nxnx, emndNn,
u5{;,\ vfnf;,\ -cf_ cgs' /0ffTds zAb M lemDdlemDd
ul/g\, k9f];\, n]v\ u8a8, rdrd, emndn, -O_ gfd M eo, no, lzj, ;x
-cf_ gfd÷ljzi] f0f M lemdlemd
anjfg\, eujfg\, -O_ ljzi] f0f M c;n, v/fa,
ljåfg\ Odfgbf/, aO] dfg, t/n,
;/n
(= sIffdf 5nkmn u/L n]vgdf chGt / pRrf/0fdf xnGt x'g] sg' } bzcf6] f zAb
l6Kgx' f];\ .
l;hg{ f / kl/of]hgf sfo{
!= ‘d]/f] 3/’ zLif{sdf 5f6] f] sljtf tof/ kfg{'xf];\ .
@= kqklqsf k9L cfkmn" fO{ dg k/s] f] Pp6f sljtf vfh] /] sIffdf ;fyLnfO{ ;g' fpgx' f;] \ .
gk] fnL, sIff ( 89
kf7 ( s~rghª3\ fnfO{ lgofNbf /fh]Gbd| fg 8ª\uf]n
g]kfn ko{6gsf b[li6n] wtL{sf] :ju{ xf] . cgs] f}F ;Dkbfn] el/Psf] d]/f] Kof/f] gk] fnsf] k|sl[ t,
;:+ sl[ t / df6f] uf}/jzfnL 5 . dnfO{ jn] f j]nf g]kfnsf log} ;Dkbfsf glhs} ku' /] wLt
dg]{ u/L x]g{] efs] nfU5 / ltvf{ dl] 6g] u/L lkpg] / t[Kt xg' ] x6' x6' L hfU5 . d w]/}
k6s ;kgfdf k"jL{ g]kfnsf] kf| sl[ ts ;fG} bod{ f /dfpg] /d/d sNkgfdf 8l' a/x]sf] xG' y]F .
To;}n] dnfO{ s~rghª3\ f kbofqf ug]{ /x/ hfu]sf] lyof] . ;fFRr} eg'F eg] dnfO{ s~rghª\3fn]
tflg/xs] f] lyof] .
s~rghª3\ f ofqfsf] ;kgf k/" f ug{ kfOnf cl3 a9] . xjfO{ p8fgaf6 d]/f] ofqf k|f/De
eof] . d/] f] dgdf lgs} c6;] d6;] på]ng lyof] . s~rghª3\ f cfwf/ lzlj/sf] kbofqf ug{] /x/
slF' bPsf d]/f kfOnfn] ;fy{stf kfpg] cyd{ f d cToGt} xlif{Tf lyPF . sf7df8faF} f6 eb|k/' sf nflu
p8]sf] hxfhn] wfjgdfu{ 5f8/] cfsfl;g] lalQs} nfª6fª, bfh] {]nfSkf, hu' n, uf}/Lzª\s/, g'Da/' ,
rf]o", ;u/dfyf, dsfn' / ;b" '/kj" ;{ Dds} lxdfnsf zª[ v\ nfdf d/] f cfvF f 7f]lSsg k'u] . hxfh
e›k'/sf] wfjgdfu{df cjt/0f gx'Ghn] tL lxdz[ªv\ nflardf clGtd uGtJo s~rghª\3f
a];SofDd Tot} st} xfn] f eg]/ d /fd] fl~rt lyPF . d]/f] of] /ª\uLg ofqfdf c¿ bO' { hgf
lxti} fL ldq lyP .
zAbfy{ – ;DklQ, wg
;Dkbf – 5rlNsg] cj:yf, c6fOg{ c6fO{ aUg] sfd
på]ng
90 gk] fnL, sIff (
s~rghª\3fsf cg]sf}F cy{ xfn] fg\ . …s~rgÚ eGgfn] :jR5 jf ;kmf / …hª\3fÚ eGgfn] hf3F jf
lt3|f eGg] cy{ xfn] f . lxdfn ;]tf,] ;kmf / eLdsfo x'g] ePsfn] kf] …s~rghª3\ fÚ elgPsf] xf]
ls . :yfgLo eg] s~rghª3\ fnfO{ cfcfˆg} vfnsf cy{ nufpFbf /x5] g\ . s;} s;}n] s~rghª\3fnfO{
;'g, rfbF L, dl0f, cGg / kljq uG| ysf] cy{ nufPsf /x]5g\ eg] lnDae" fifLn] o;nfO{ …;;] ]n'ªÚ
cyf{t\ c6ntf / kljqtfsf] k|tLs dfGbf /x5] g\ .
ef]lnkN6 laxfg uf8L r9/] s~rghª3\ f cfwf/ lzlj/nfO{ uGtJo agfO{ ´fkfsf] latfd{ f8] af6
rf/cfnLtkm{ nfUof}F . xfdL kj" {klZrd /fhdfun{ fO{ rf/cfnLg/] } 5f8]/ dr] L /fhdfut{ km{
psflnof}F . ;ft 306fsf] kxf8L af6fdf s}ofF} kxf8sf] kmGsf] dfb{} ;feF m tfKn]h'ª k'Uof}F . d]rL
/fhdfu{df u8' b\ } ubf{ kxf8sf dfofn' sfvdf a;s] f dfgj a:tL, dgf/] d yD' sfy'DsL / t/n] L
k/]sf vt] af/L ljk/Lt lbzflt/ a]luO/xs] f] efg x'GYof] . dfG5] cfkmg\ }vfn] lbgrofd{ f
b]lvGy] . sfx] L vt] af/Ldf kl;gf r'xfpbF } u/s] f, sf]xL sf]xL ;8s5]p a;/] kmnkmn" a]lr/x]sf,
sf]xL 3f;F sf] ef/L t sf]xL bfp/f af]s/] 3/ kmls/{ x]sf . oL bZ[ o xb] f{ dn} ] ufpFdf 5Fbf 7n' Ljgaf6
cfkmF}n] 3f;F bfp/f u/s] f] emnemnL ;Dem]F .
sGofd, lkmSsn / lkmlbd x'Fb} kxf8L 3D' tL clg ljleGg cf/fx] cj/f]x kf/ u/]kl5 cfOk'Ubf]
/x5] , tfKnh] ª' ahf/ . dWosfndf …tfKn]Ú gfd u/]sf /fhfn] o; Ifq] df zf;g uy]{ /] . lnDa"
efiffdf …h'ªÚ sf] cy{ …lsNnfÚ xG' 5 . pg} …tfKn]Ú /fhfsf] cwLgdf /x]sf] lsNnf ePsfn]
…tfKnÚ] / …hª' Ú zAbsf] ;o+ f]hg u/L …tfKn]hª' Ú gfds/0f ul/Psf] xf] eGg] hg>l't /x5] . o;/L
tfKn]hª' lhNnfsf] gfds/0f lnDa" efiffaf6 ePsf] dflgbF f] /x5] . d]rL /fhdfu{sf] ;f3F '/f],
3d' fp/f] / gfua]nL k/s] f] ;8sdf u'8b\ } / xl' QbF } tfKnh] ª' k'Ubf ;f´F sf] 5 alh;ss] f] lyof] .
xfdL lg/Gt/ ;f9] ;ft 306fsf] ofqfn] lgs} yfs]/ nvt/fg eO;ss] f lyof}F . o:tf] nfUYof,]
csf]{ lbg st} kbofqf ;'? ug{ cfhsf] ysfO d]l6g] xf] ls xfO] g . cf]OnfPsf] ;fu
´F} nNofsnn' s' ePsf] cfˆg} z/L/k|lt dnfO{ Tolt e/f];f lyPg . tfKn]hª' df lr;f] l;/]6fsf]
;fd|fHo rln/xs] f] lyof] . l;/6] f;uF l;uF f/} L vN] b} xfdLn] :yfgLo Ps xf]6]nsf] sf7] fdf k'u/]
´fn] f yGSofof}F / vfgf vfg xf6] n] sf] efG;ftkm{ nfUofF} . clnslt lrofsf] r:' sL lnPkl5
vfgfsf] ;/' ;f/ eof] .
vfgfkl5 /flqsfnLg ;donfO{ cfcfˆg} tl/sfn] /f]df~rs aGffofF} .
csf{] lbg . r/fsf] lr/la/] sn/jn] dnfO{ ld/ld/]d} x7ft\ Ao´F' fOlbG5 . ;fob ltgLx¿ dnfO{
eGb} lyP, æca p7 /fh]Gb| Û s~rghª3\ f kbofqfdf lg:s]sf] kbofqL o;/L ;'t/] x'G5 <Æ
gfuan] L – gfusf] h:tf] cfsf/ k/s] f] jf ;k{sf] lx“8fO h:tf] afªu\ f]l6ª\uf] /v] f k/s] f]
e/f;] f – c¿af6 x'g] e/sf] cfzf jf ljZjf;
l;/]6f] – lr;f] xfjf, zLt nx/
sn/j – ld7f] / ;'l/nf] cfjfh
ld/ld/ ] – cln cln pHofnf] ePsf] cj:yf, laxfgLkvsf] ;do
g]kfnL, sIff ( 91
d]/f] z/L/df sf7df8faF} f6 lx8F \bfsf ´}F k0" f{ ¿kn] :km"lt{ cfO;ss] f] lyof] . ca d kg' M k/' fg}
hf;] , hfuF / / pdª\un] el/Psf] lyPF . 3fdn] klg la:tf/} cfFvf vf]Nb} uof] . ‰ofnsf] vfkf r'Db}
3fdsf ls/0f sf]7fleq} k|jz] u/] . d ltg} ;g' f}nf ls/0fn] rª\luPF . tfKnh] ª' df x/]s z'jm| af/
ahf/ aGb xbF' f] /x]5 . ;+ofu] n] Tof] lbg z'jm| af/ k/]5 . ahf/sf] zfGt jftfj/0f b]v/] aGb,
x8\tfn x'bF f /fhwfgLdf 5fpg] ;Ggf6fsf] ´´Nsf] kf] cfof] dnfO{ . rxnkxn geP klg
xf6] naf6 aflx/ lg:s]/ laxfgsf] cf7 aHbf;Dd klg tfKn]hª' sf] Tof] zG" otfdf d x/fO/x]F .
xfdLn] l5?jf l5rf]Ng'k5{ cfh} t/ nfdf] lyof] to ug{k' g]{ ofqfsf] nDafO . uGtJosf nflu xfdf|
kfOnf cl3 a9] . sbd p7fof}F xfdLn] . tfKn]hª' sf] cfuF gaf6 o;f] tnlt/ lrofP/ x¥] ofF} . r~rn]
tdf/] gbL ;NanfO/xs] f] b[Zon] emg} d dfl] xt ePF . tdf]/ gbLsf] ;fF3/' f] pkTosfdf htfht}
xl/ofnL kf]ltPsf] 5 . afbnsf 6'jm| f6fjm| L tdf/] dflysf cUnf kxf8sf lardf 5'gd'gfO/x]sf
lyP . r~rn jfo' / r/fr?' ª\uLsf sn/j >j0f ub{} xfdLn] hf]l;nf kfOnf rfNofF} . d]/f] dgn]
tdf]/ ;/] f]km]/fs] f kf| s[lts ;fG} bos{ f] cfsfzdf p8fg eg{ yfNof] . To;n} ] t kbofqf emGemg\
/fd] f~rs xF'b} uof] . cgluGtL psfnL cf/] fnL cfP / Pskl5 csf{] kxf8sf 5ftL 6]Sb} cf:jfbg
u/]sf kf| sl[ ts dgf/] d bZ[ on] Ifl0fs g} lsg gxf];\ efs] ltvf{ 6bf{] /x]5 . l;:g] k'u]kl5 vfgf
vfgsf nflu Psl5g /f]lsofF} . tfjfufpsF f] kftnf] a:tL xF'b} uGtJotkm{ lg/Gt/ cufl8 a9\of}F /
Tof] lbgsf] kbofqf l5?jfdf ku' ]/ 6ª' U\ ofof}F .
oltsf lx8F b\ f t s~rghª3\ f el] 6g' lg < hlt hlt s~rghª3\ ftkm{ cl3 a9\of] Tolt Tolt
s~rghª3\ f emGemg\ k/ k/ ;bf{] /x]5 ls Sof xf] < uGtJo rD' g c´}F o:tf a:tL, Hfª\un /
pRr kxf8 l5rf]Ng afFsL 5g\ . cbDo OR5f zlStn] d/] f hf]l;nf kfOnfnfO{ bu/' fPsf 5g\ .
Tof] clGtd uGtJo k'Uf/] d}n] n]Vg' 5, Pp6f /f]rs ofqf jt[ fGQ . /fdtfª gk'uL s~rghª\3fsf]
bz{g kfpg ;lsGg . sltv]/ ToxfF ku' fF}nf / cfFvfnfO{ s~rghª\3f;Dd k¥' ofpFnf eGgd] f d
5' . ;fFRr} egF' eg] s~rghª\3fafxs] c¿ s'g} s'/f lyPg, d]/f] dgdl:tisdf . d/] f gogdf
;'g]sf] s~rghª\3f dfq k|ltlalDat eO/xY] of] .
x/]s lbg ;"of]{bo;Fu} p7g\ ,' xtf/xtf/ xftdv' wg' ' / laxfgsf] gf:tf ug{l] alQs} csf{] uGtJosf
nflu af6f] ttfpg' g} bl} gsL h:t} eO;ss] f] lyof] . ;'Gb/ tdf/] gbLsf] t6 xbF' } l5?jfaf6
;s] fyd' -!^$) ld6/_ tkm{ nfUbf af6fdf kfOnl} kR5] kfss] f PF;] n] ' / sfkmn e]6o\ f}F . slt
dHhf Û l6Kb} vfFb} . ;s' ]sf] cfFtnfO{ /l;nf sfkmn / P;F] ]nn' ] lehfpFb} lxF8g\ 'sf] dHhf g}
cs{} . Psflt/ jg:kltsf] af:gf, csfl]{ t/ lha'Nn] lha|fnfO{ sGbd"nsf] :jfb . ;f]re] Gbf l566\ }
;]sfyd' k'u/] HofgnfO{ la;fofF} . hfkfg6f/ klg elgbF f] /x5] ;]sfy'dnfO{ . prfO a9b\ } uPsfn]
kf] xf] ls < ;s] fyd' kl5sf lbg vf;} ;xh ePgg\ . hlt hlt prfO a9\Yof], Tolt Tolt g}
cf:jfbg – :jfb lng] sfd, cfgGbsf] cge' "lt
j[tfGQ – aofg, a]lnlj:tf/
cft“ – z/L/sf] leqLefu, cfGb|f]
lhaN' n] – ld7f] ld7f] vfg vfH] g]
92 g]kfnL, sIff (
sl7g x'GYof] xfd|f] ofqf . ;s] fyd' af6 lx8F s] f lbg cflDhnf;f -@%!) ld6/_ df k'Ug] xfdf| ]
dg;'af k/" f xg' ;s]g . df};dsf] kl| ts"ntfn] xfdL yfª\ofgL -@$)% ld6/_ sf] prfOsf] Pp6f
;fgf] lrof 3/df af; a:g afWo eofF} . s~rghª\3f cfwf/ lzlj/ k'u/] kms]{sf ljb]zL ko{6s
klg ToxL 6K' n'Ss cfOku' ]sf lyP, Tof] ;fF´ . d]/f] Hofg psfnf] lxF8b\ f lxF8b\ f un/] nvt/fg
k¥of] . To;n} ] xf]nf x/s] /ftsf] lgGbf| olt ld7f] x'GYof] ls, xfdL an] s' f ;'tk] l5 e;' S' s}
lgbfpFYof}F / laxfg dfq Ao´'F GYof}F .
xfd|f] ofqfsf] ;ftf}F lbg c?0ff]bocl3 g} 3G' ;ftkm{ cufl8 a9\5 . xfdLnfO{ £ofKnfb]lv 3'G;f;Ddsf]
3gf ns] fnL hªu\ n kf/ u//] ´G8} #^)) ld6/ prfOdf k'Ug' lyof] . af6fdf /ª\uLla/ª\uL
nfnLu/' fF;nufotsf cgs] f}F km"nn] xfdLnfO{ :jfut u/] . nfnLu'/fF;sf] ;fG} bos{ f] nflndfn]
k|Tos] kfOnfdf pmhf{ ylkPsf] efg x'GYof] . dGqdU' w agfO/x]sf] lyof] hLjGt ¿kdf ul' GhPsf
kG5Lsf dw'/ w'gn] . xtf/fs] f] 7n] fOdf alu/xs] f] 3G' ;f vfn] fn] klg u8\s/] } xfdf| ] cfudgnfO{
:jfut ul//x]sf] cfef; xG' Yof] . xfa|s] f] Tof] ;;+ f/df Pp6} xfa|] gbV] bf eg] d crlDdt
eO/x]sf] lyPF . …cfh sxfF uP xf]nfg\ tL xfa|] < slt /dfOnf] x'GYof] xf]nf xfd|f] cfltYodf
ltgLx¿sf] klg pkl:ylt eOlbPsf] eP Û :jefjn} ] tL nHhfn' xfa|] ;fob nfhn] e'tS' s x'Fb} sg' }
sg' faf6 xfdLnfO{ g} x]l/a;s] f t 5g} g\ <Ú dgdf cgs] s/' f v]nfpbF f v]nfpbF } kmn]ufpF -#!$)
ld6/_ k'luP5 . ;G' b/ pkTosf ´F} nfU5, rf/}lt/ kxf8n] 3]l/Psf] kmnu] fpF . k|sl[ tsf sflnu9n]
sbF' ]/ agfPsf] snfTds / ;'Gb/ pkTosf emF} kf] bl] vPsf] /x5] . Tof] t u/' fF;sf] k5\of}/f cf9] ]/
a;]sf] a:tL h:tf] cfef; xG' Yof] . cfkmdF} f pdªl\ ut eP/ kfl/k6\l6 kfvfaf6 5ª5lª/x5]
;'Gb/ 5x/f] . l´ldSs} gu/L tL ;'Gb/ b[Zodf d]/f cfFvf 8'ln/x] . rf}F/LufO{sf afR5fafR5Ll;t
/dfO/x]sf lyP, ltAatL dn" sf cafw] lzz'x¿ . ltgnfO{ b]Vbf huts\ } ;Dk0" f{ v;' L a6'n/]
kmn]ufpnF fO{ ;g' df ;'uGw 5l//x]sf] k|tLt xG' 5 . o:tf] nfU5, :jul{ eqsf] Pp6f 5'66\ } :ju{
xf] kmn]ufpF . oxfF dfgj a:tL 5 . oxfFsf] cfkm\gf] ;+:sf/ / ;:+ sl[ t 5 . 3'G;f kU' g 8]9 306f
nfUYof] . vfgfkl5 xfdL sx] L a]/ ;':tfP/ cfkm\gf] uGtJotkm{ af6f] nfUofF} .
3G' ;f kU' gc' ufj} cfvF fdf 7fl] Ssg cfOk'U5 Pp6f :df/s . Tof] :df/s lj= ;+= @)^# df ePsf]
x]lnsf]K6/ b'3{6gfdf Hofg u'dfPsf ofq'sf] ;D´gfdf agfOPsf] kf] /x5] . sx] L a/] d 3fl] Tng
kU' 5' . s~rghª3\ f ;+/If0f cfof]hgf;DaGwL sfo{j|mdsf] ;dfkgkZrft\ 3G' ;faf6 sf7df8f}Fsf
nflu p8s] f] xl] nsf]K6/ Tolt j]nf glhs}sf] 8f8F fdf 7fl] SsPsf] d}n] klg ;dfrf/df ;'g]sf] lyPF .
lbjª\ut xg' x] ¿ ;a} Voflt kf| Kt JolStTj lyP . dfgjLo ;+j]bgfn] dnfO{ 5fo] f] . dnfO{ 8f= xs{
u?' ªsf] :d/0f eof] . g]kfnsf] ko6{ g Ifq] df pgsf] of]ubfg clj:d/0fLo 5 . dn} ] tL 1ftc1ft
c?0ff]bo – ;o" { pbfpg'eGbf klxns] f] ;do
nflndf – /ftf]kgf, nfnL
dGqdU' w – dfl] xt kfl/Psf,] n67\ kfl/Psf]
caf]w – sx] L klg gae' mg\ ]
:df/s – sg' } JolSt jf ljifonfO{ ;Demfpgsf lglDt agfOg] :tDe, ;flns cflb
lbjªu\ t – d[To' ePsf] jf d/s] f]
gk] fnL, sIff ( 93
d[tskl| t >¢f~hnL ck{0f u/F] . pgLx¿ h:tf dfG5] hlGdPnfg\ t kml] / < s:tf] lgb{oL xG' 5
sfn klg . gnUg' kg]{ dfG5]nfO{ r6Ss rF9' /] csfnd} nlulbof] . 3'G;f gku' G' hn] dnfO{ log}
kZ| gn] k6s k6s lrdfl] 6/x] .
ljleGg hfthfltsf] a;f]af; /xs] f] cg]sf}F hfthfltsf] km"naf/L h:t} tfKnh] ª' sf] e"ufn] nfO{
lgofNb} xfdL 3G' ;f k'UofF} . c¿ 7fpFsf] tn' gfdf #%(% ld6/ prfOdf cjl:yt 3'G;f ljsl;t
/x5] . oxfF lah'nL aQL / 6]lnkmfg] sf] ;l' jwf /x]5 . xf6] n] Joj;foL cltly ;Tsf/ / ;Gt'li6
kb| fg ug]{ cg'ejn] vfl/Psf /x5] g\ . lsl~rt\ ysfg t pgLx¿;uF sf] cfTdLotfn] klg
d/]Yof] . efl] nkN6 xfdLn] labf dfUofF} . d]/f pgLx¿;Fusf kn :d[ltk6df gdl] 6g] u/L sl'F bP /
ofqf hLjGt alg/x] .
cfhsf] xfd|f] ofqf $!)) ld6/sf] prfOdf /xs] f] vfDaf]rg] tkm{ ;fl] emof] . af6f] lxF8\bf bl] vg]
bZ[ o /dfOnf] eP klg 7fpF 7fpFsf klx/fn] eg] clns cK7\of/f] kf¥of] . vfDafr] ]g kU' gc' l3
sxLF klg vfga] :g] ;'ljwf lYfPg . /fdk/s vs{ k'Uf]kl5 cfkm";uF ePsf] vfhfn] ef]s df¥ofF} .
/fdk/s vs{kl5sf] 7f8f] psfnfn] xfdLnfO{ lgs} r'gf}tL lbof] . o:tf] nfUYof,] lhGbuLsf] vftf
st} ot} aGb ug{'kg{] t xfO] g Û dflyaf6 ´l//xg] 9ª' u\ faf6 hf]lug' sl7g lyof] . oxL sf/0fn]
ofqfnfO{ lj/fd nufpg' klg al' ¢dfgL xFb' g} Yof] . hfl] vd df]n]/} lsg gxf];\ xfdL cufl8 a9L g}
/xo\ fF} . jf:tjdf hLjg eGg' g} ofqf /x5] . ofqf rflxF hfl] vd gdfl] nsg slxNo} k"/f x'Fbf]
/x]g5 . ;fd'Gg]sf] 7'nf] ´/gf / kfl/k6l\ 6sf] &&!! ld6/sf] eLdsfo s'Des0f{ lxdfnn] klg
xfdLnfO{ lh:SofO/x] ´F} nfUYof] . si6k0" f{ If0f eg]sf] o:t} xb'F f] /x5] . xfdL dgleq qf;
af]s]/} vfDafr] ]g kU' ofF} . lxF8b\ } ubf{ ^))) ld6/eGbf dflysf al] uGtL lxdfn cfvF }cufl8 cfP .
cfkmd}F f klg dgf/] d a:tL xf] vfDaf]r]g . of] prfOaf6 bl] vg] b[Zo ´g} dgf]x/ lyP . of]
7fpFnfO{ cfw'lgstfn] lkml6Ss} 5fP] sf] 5g} . nfe] / nfnrsf] n;] klg gePsf oxfFsf afl;Gbf
;xl/ofeGbf v;' L 5g\ . oxfF g sg' } s/' fsf] ljsl[ t 5 g s'g} lj;ª\ult g} . lg/f]uL 5g\
pgLx¿ . aflx/af6 xb] f{ hlt lgZrn b]lvG5g\ leq klg TolQs} s~rg 5g,\ s~rghª3\ f h:t} .
xfdLnfO{ ca nf]gfs xb'F } /fdtfª kU' g' lyof] . nf]gfs kU' gsf nflu c´} &)) ld6/ pSng'k5{ .
prfOsf sf/0f vt/f x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgftkm{ ;r]t xF'b} vfDaf]rg] d} af; a;L efl] nkN6 laxfg}
lx8F o\ fF} . 7fpF 7fpdF f 9ª' u\ f v:g] / klx/f kf/ ug'k{ g]{ ePsfn] nf]gfstkm{sf] uf/] 6] f] klg Hofb}
rg' f}tLk"0f{ lyof] . ltAatL e]8f Gofgf] vf]h]/ klx/fsf s'gf s'gfdf al;/xs] f bl] vGy] . dfG5] klx/f]
glhs kU' bf tL efUy] . 9'ªu\ fsf] jiff{ g/f]lsP;Dd kvg{ 'kYof{] . sl/a !% ldg6] sf] Tof] sl7g
cf/f]x0fkl5 xfdL kml] / kf| s[lts ;fG} bo{df /Dg yfNofF} . sl/a bO' { 306fsf] lx8F fOkl5 b'la{g8f8F f
eg]/ lrlgg] /fdtfª k'UofF} . oxfFaf6 s~rghª\3fnufot cg]sg\ lxdfn b'/lagn] glhs} bl] vFbf
/x5] g\ . Psgf; plePsf lxdfnsf kf| sl[ ts ;fG} bon{ fO{ d zAbdf s;/L j0f{g u¿F < ;'xfpFbf
:d[ltk6 – clenv] , ;Demgfsf] e08f/
eLdsfo – 7'nf] lhp ePsf]
94 g]kfnL, sIff (
zAb g} e]l6Pgg\ . xfdLn] s~rghª\3f x]l//x\of}F cfFvf gyfs'Ghn] t/ klg tK[ t x'g ;s]gfF} . TfL
b[Zosf] cf:jfbgn] xfd|f] efs] klg eflu;s]5 .
xfdf| ] ofqf lg/Gt/ cufl8 a95\ . nfg] fs;Dd ku' G' h]n /fdtfª, s~rghª\3fnufot y'k|} lxdgbL
bl] vG5g\ . g]kfnsf 7n' f lxdgbL log} xg' \ eGg] k|tLt xG' 5 . lxdklx/f]sf bZ[ o klg xfd|f nflu
gf}nf ePgg\ . ToxL lbg df;} dn] lgs} th' s' bv] fof] . xfdLnfO{ t;f{pg kf] xf] ls, d3] uhg{ ;lxt
lah'nL rDSof] . u8\ofªu'8ª' ub}{ d3] uHof{] . d6' ' g} 5]8n\ f h:tf] u/L l;/]6f] rNof] . PSsfl;
cfsfzaf6 skf; a:of{], cfd} lg Tof] t lxdkft kf] /x]5 . lhpn] yU] g} g;Sg] u/L lr;f]
a9\of] . oltv/] s'g b'nfdf xf]nfg\ oxfsF f lxpF lrtj' f < d ;f]Rb} lyPF .
;xofqL nfn eGb} lyP, ætfKnh] ª' sf] tf]ª\af eOlbPsf] eP of] df;} ddf slt sfd lbGYof] ÛÆ
/fdn] 76o\ fn} f] kf/fdf eg], æca tftf]kfgL dfUg] / To;n} fO{ tf]ªa\ f ;D´]/ lkpg] .Æ
/fdsf] s'/fdf d/] f] :jLsf/fl] St lyof] . tfª] a\ f ;D´]/} dgUo tftf] kfgL lkofF} . xfdL kfFr ahl] t/}
vfgf vfP/ sf]7fleq l5¥of}F . ofqf tflnsfcg;' f/ efl] nkN6 kfª\k]df cyf{t\ s~rghª\3f cfwf/
lzlj/ hfg' 5 . ef]lnsf] df;} d glalu|of];\ . a;\, oxL dfq lyof] xfd|f] sfdgf .
ef]lnkN6 laxfg % ah;] Dd df};ddf ;w' f/ cfpg] 5s] 5Gb lyPg . vN' b'nL oyfjt\ lyof] dgdf .
df};d ;'w]|g eg] s] ug]{ xf]nf < t/, gf:tf ubf{ ub}{ x7ft\ df};d ;w' g| ] nIf0f bv] f k¥of] . cflv/
df;} d g xf] . sltv]/ laug| ] / sltv]/ ;kg| ] s;nfO{ yfxf xG' 5 / Û
ædf;} dn] ;fy lbg] eof] . ca cfsfz vN' 5 . hfg cfpgsf nflu sl/a ;ftcf7 306f nfU5 .
ca]/ gu/fF} ÛÆ tof/ /xg /fdn] tftf] nufP .
geGb} cfsfz v'Nb} uof] . ljnDa gu/L ofqf ;'? u¥of}F xfdLn] . af6f] cK7o\ f/f] eP klg ;l' w|Psf]
df};dn] xfdL pNnfl;t lyof}F . s]xL a/] t hfl] ;Psf lyofF} . xfdLdf ePsf] hf]; eg] w]/} a]/
l6s]g . $%)) ld6/eGbf dflysf] prfO, To;dfly klg psfnf] . nfdf] nfdf] lgZjf; lnbF }
psflnofF} . nfn ;a}eGbf cufl8 ku' ]/ klv/{ xs] f xG' y] . ^%)) ld6/sf r'nLdf ;dt] ;kmn
cf/f]x0f ul/;s]sf pgsf] ultdf lxF8g\ d sxfF ;Sg' / Û d psfnfdf ;fdYos{ f] clUgk/LIff
lbFb} lyPF . dgsfdgfsf] h:t} s]ansf/ of] 7fpFdf klg eOlbP hQ' fsf] tnj' f lvofpg' kg]{ g}
lyPg . d sNkgfdf 8A' b} psflnO/x]F / prflnO/xF] .
nlIft uGtJo s~rghª\3fsf] hfF3d} cfOk'Ubf ks| l[ t;uF nfKkf v]Nb} %))) ld6/sf] kfªk\ ]df
cyft{ \ s~rghª3\ f cfwf/ lzlj/ k'u]sf lyof}F . Tof] j]nf *%*^ ld6/ prfOsf] s~rghª\3fsf]
lz/df afbn ;nanfO/x]sf] lyof] . s~rghª3\ fnfO{ afbnn] To;/L 9kSs 9fSg vfH] bf xfjfnfO{
dgUo – dgn] lrtfP hlt, kz| :t 95
ljnDa – l9nf,] ca/]
g]kfnL, sIff (
emf]s rn5] ls Sof xf] < xfjf uP/ afbnsf ;;fgf bnnfO{ nv]6o\ f] . afbnsf] eN' sfnfO{
dfly prfNof] clg cfltYodf s~rghª3\ fn] xfdLnfO{ ´s' ]/ clejfbg u¥of] . s~rghª3\ fnfO{
glhs}af6 xg] ]{ xfdf| ] ;kgf k"/f eof] . ofqfel/sf xfdf| b'Mv, si6 / kL8f s~rghª3\ fnfO{
xg] f;{ fy x/fP/ uP .
olt j]nf xfdL ljZjsf] t;] |f] cUnf] lzv/ s~rghª\3fsf] sfvdf lyofF} . of] g]kfn / ef/tsf]
l;dfgf 5'6\ofpg] k|fsl[ ts kvfn{ / g]kfn cfdfsf] kx/b] f/ klg xf] . l;/l{ ;/{ xfjf rln/x]sf]
lyof] . df;} d ;kmf lyof] . s~rghª\3fnufot jl/kl/sf ;Dk0" f{ lxdz[ªv\ nf d;' d' ;' '
d:' s/' fO/xs] flyP.3fdsf]nfnLn]s~rghª\3fl;Fufl/Psf]lyof].ofqfsf];ae} Gbf/f]df~rsIf0flyof]
of] . nfUYof,] lxpF r'Db} Ao´F' ]sf] c?0fsf] dlng ls/0fsf] km}nfj6;uF+ } s~rghª3\ f zLtn
kjgdfkmt{ kxf8 / t/fOn{ fO{ zflGtsf] ;Gb]z k7fO/x]5 . Tof] If0f xfdL Tolt g} v;' L
lyofF,} ;fob hf] af| pg / hh{ a|fG8 klxnf] k6s ;g\ !(%% df s~rghª3\ fsf] ;kmn cf/fx] 0f
ubf{ hlt v;' L ePsf lyP . dn} ] s~rghª\3fnfO{ va' lgofn]/ x/] ]F . kml] / klg s~rghª\3fsf]
cy{ vf]Hg] ko| Tg u/F] . jf:tjdf s~rghª3\ f t Pp6f lgolt /x5] , k|sl[ tl;t p;n] u/s] f]
;D´f}tf / :jLsf/fl] Stn] z/L/el/ ;t] f] / lr;f] lxpsF f] pkgf{ cf9] /] xfFl;/xs] f] Pp6f oyfyt{ f
/ ljjztf /x]5 .
gk] fnsf] /fli6«otf, :jfledfg / dft[Tjefjsf] ´Nsf] lbg] ls/0f v/n] sf] s~rghª\3fsf] dlxdf
ufg ul/Psf] uLt cfwf/ lzlj/af6 kmsg{ ] jm| ddf dn} ] u'Gug' fPF M
slt /fd|f] of] Kof/f] s~rghª\3f
s~rghª3\ f, s~rghª\3f
:jun{ fO{ 5G' 5 of] s~rghª\3f
slt /fdf| ] of] Kof/f] s~rghª\3f=====
pkgf { – k5|\of}/f, bf;] Nnf
96 gk] fnL, sIff (
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class 9 nepali
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