zAbe08f/
!= lbOPsf cy{ cfpg] zAb kf7af6 vfh] ]/ n]Vgx' f;] \ M
-s_ uf}/j jf dlxdfn] o'St
-v_ ;'Gb/ xg' fsf] efj
-u_ cfFvf
-3_ la;g{ } g;lsg], eN' g gx'g]
-ª_ lhpFbf] jf hLljt
-r_ xnrn gug,{] l:y/
-5_ sfd ug]{ Ifdtf, zlSt
@= lgofqfdf ko| fu] ePsf lgDglnlvt kb, kbfjnLsf] cya{ f/] 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \ M
s~rghª\3f, wfjgdfu,{ lxdzª[ v\ nf, dgf/] d bZ[ o, a'l4dfgL, :jLsf/f]lSt, kf| s[lts
;f}Gbo{
#= zAbsf]z x/] /] lbOPsf zAbsf] cgs] cy{ nV] g'xf;] \ M
lt/, r'nL, lsg, cy,{ dn"
afw] / cleJolSt
!= lbOPsf zAbsf] z'4;“u pRrf/0f ug'{xf];\ M
sn/j, ;];]nª' , s~rghª3\ f, dGqdU' w, pbj\ ]ng, dft[Tjefj, yfª\ofgL, :d[ltk6
@= lgofqfsf] cf7f}“ cg'R5]b kfnk} fnf] ;:j/jfrg ugx'{ f;] \ .
#= lgofqfsf] ‘ca xfdL===/x5] ’ cgR' 5b] k9L tnsf kZ| gsf] dfl} vs pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M
-s_ cgR' 5b] df sltcf6] f jfSo /xs] f 5g\ <
-v_ cgR' 5]bsf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] jfSo s'g xf] <
-u_ cg'R5]bsf] ;a}eGbf 5f]6f] jfSodf sltcf6] f zAb /xs] f 5g\ <
-3_ cgR' 5b] sf] pko'St zLifs{ s] x'g ;S5 <
gk] fnL, sIff ( 97
$= lbOPsf] cg'R5b] k9L ;f]lwPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ eGgx' f];\ M
sGofd, lkmSsn / lkmlbd xF'b} kxf8L 3'DtL clg ljleGg cf/fx] cj/fx] kf/ u/]kl5 cfOk'Ubf]
/x]5, tfKnh] ª' ahf/ . dWosfndf …tfKnÚ] gfd u/]sf /fhfn] o; Ifq] df zf;g uy{] /] . lnDa"
efiffdf …h'ªÚ sf] cy{ …lsNnfÚ x'G5 . pg} …tfKn]Ú /fhfsf] cwLgdf /xs] f] lsNnf ePsfn]
…tfKnÚ] / …h'ªÚ zAbsf] ;+of]hg u/L …tfKn]h'ªÚ gfds/0f ul/Psf] xf] eGg] hg>l't /x]5 . o;/L
tfKn]hª' lhNnfsf] gfds/0f lnDa" efiffaf6 ePsf] dflgbF f] /x5] . d]rL /fhdfu{sf] ;fF3/' f,]
3'dfp/f] / gfua]nL k/]sf] ;8sdf u'8\b} / xl' QbF } tfKn]h'ª k'Ubf ;fF´sf] 5 alh;ss] f] lyof] .
xfdL lg/Gt/ ;f9] ;ft 306fsf] ofqfn] lgs} yfs]/ nvt/fg eO;s]sf lyofF} . o:tf] nfUYof],
csf{] lbg st} kbofqf ;?' ug{ cfhsf] ysfO d]l6g] xf] ls xfO] g . cfO] nfPsf] ;fu
´F} nNofsn'ns' ePsf] cfˆg} z/L/kl| t dnfO{ Tolt e/f];f lyPg . tfKn]h'ªdf lr;f] l;/]6fsf]
;fdf| Ho rln/x]sf] lyof] . l;/]6f;Fu l;uF f}/L vN] b} xfdLn] :yfgLo Ps xf6] ]nsf] sf]7fdf k'u]/
´f]nf yGSofof}F / vfgf vfg xf6] n] sf] efG;ftkm{ nfUof}F . clnslt lrofsf] r:' sL lnPkl5
vfgfsf] ;'/;f/ eof] .
k|Zgx¿
-s_ tfKnh] ª' ahf/ s;/L k'luG5 <
-v_ tfKnh] 'ªsf] gfds/0f s;/L ePsf] hg>l' t kfOG5 <
-u_ nv] snfO{ cfkm\gf] z/L/kl| t e/f;] f gnfUg'sf] sf/0f s] xf] <
-3_ …l;/]6f;Fu l;uF f/} L v]Ng'Ú eGg'sf] cfzo s] xg' ;S5 <
%= lbOPsf] cg'R5]b k9L ;f]lwPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
ef]lnkN6 laxfg uf8L r9]/ s~rghª3\ f cfwf/ lzlj/nfO{ uGtJo agfO{ ´fkfsf] latfd{ f]8af6
rf/cfnLtkm{ nfUofF} . xfdL kj" {klZrd /fhdfun{ fO{ rf/cfnLg/] } 5f8]/ d]rL /fhdfu{tkm{
psflnof}F . ;ft 306fsf] kxf8L af6fdf s}ofF} kxf8sf] kmGsf] dfb}{ ;feF m tfKn]hª' k'Uof}F . dr] L
/fhdfud{ f u8' b\ } ubf{ kxf8sf dfofn' sfvdf a;s] f dfgj a:tL, dgf/] d y'DsfyD' sL / t/]nL
k/]sf vt] af/L ljk/Lt lbzflt/ al] uO/x]sf] efg xG' Yof] . dfG5] cfkmg\ v} fn] lbgrof{df
bl] vGy] . sf]xL vt] af/Ldf kl;gf rx' fpbF } u/]sf, sf]xL sfx] L ;8s5]p a;/] kmnkmn" a]lr/x]sf,
sfx] L 3f;F sf] ef/L t sfx] L bfp/f afs] /] 3/ kmls{/xs] f . oL b[Zo x]bf{ dn} ] ufpdF f 5bF f
7'nLjgaf6 cfkmn}F ] 3f;F bfp/f u/s] f] emnemnL ;Dem]F .
kZ| gx¿
-s_ dflysf] cgR' 5b] df s:tf] efu} f]lns kl/j]z j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 <
-v_ cg'R5]bsf cfwf/df ToxfsF f dflg;sf] k;] f Joj;foaf/] cg'dfg ug{'xf];\ .
98 gk] fnL, sIff (
^= lbOPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ nV] gx' f;] \ M
-s_ nv] snfO{ s~rghª\3fsf] kbofqf ug]{ /x/ lsg hfUof] <
-v_ 3G' ;fsf] a;fOdf n]vsn] s:tf] cg'ej u/s] f 5g\ <
-u_ kf7sf cfwf/df s~rghª\3fsf] ;f}Gbo{ j0fg{ ug'x{ f];\ .
&= lgofqf k9]kl5 lxdfnsf] ;G' b/tfsf af/d] f dgdf pTkGg efj ;d6] L Pp6f
cgR' 5b] tof/ kfg{'xf;] \ .
*= lgofqfsf cfwf/df kbofqfsf /dfOnf If0f / cfOkg{] sl7gfOsf] rrf{
ug{x' f;] \ .
(= lgofqfsf] ‘xfd|f] ofqfsf]===af6f] nfUof“’} cg'R5]b k9L s'g} tLgcf6] f k|Zg lgdf{0f
ug{x' f;] \ / pSt k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]vL lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpgx' f];\ .
!)= JofVof ugx{' f];\ M
jf:tjdf hLjg eGg' g} ofqf /x5] . ofqf rflxF hf]lvd gdfl] nsg slxNo} k/" f xF'bf]
/xg] 5 .
!!= /]l8of], 6l] nlehgdf k|;fl/t ljsf; lgdf0{ f;DaGwL ;dfrf/ ;g' L To;af/]
cfk"mnfO{ nfus] f] s/' f sIffdf k:| tt' ug{x' f];\ .
!@= kxf8sf] psfnf] cf]/fnf] af6f] lx8“ b\ f dgdf pTkGg xg' ] /dfOnf efj ;d6] L Pp6f
lghfTds cg'R5]b tof/ ug{x' f];\ .
!#= lgofqfsf] ‘cfhsf] xfd|f] ==== s~rghª\3f h:t}’ cg'R5b] af6 dV' o dV' o rf/cf6] f
a“b' f l6kf]6 u/L ;f/f+z nV] g'xf];\ .
!$= lbOPsf] cg'R5b] k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M
efh] gkl5 xfdf| ] ofqf vKt8 If]qdf k|j]z u5{ . vKt8 Ifq] sf b]jbf? jI[ f cfˆgf] 5ftLdf
;ª\s]t kf6Ldf 6fFu]/ plePsf bl] vG5g\ . ;d'b|L ;txaf6 !@ xhf/ lkm6sf] prfOdf cjl:yt
vKt8 If]qdf /xs] f lqj0] fL,rlr{t eujtL sflnsfsf] :yfgaf6 jl/kl/ kg]{ b]j:yn vKt8sf
kV| oft bj] kL7 xg' \ . lqj0] fLaf6 l;w}F k"j{lt/ lj:tfl/t lgs~' h / ;}lgs u'Ndsf] sfofn{ o,
To;af6 yf/] } kj" l{ t/ cjl:yt vKt8 bx, blIf0flt/sf] lzv/df cjl:yt ;x;|Z] j/ lzjfno
gk] fnL, sIff ( 99
/ pQ/lt/sf] lzv/df cjl:yt vKt8afafsf] cf>d . v'nf cfsfzdf pQ/k"jl{ t/ xb] f{ b]lvg]
dfg;/f]j/ Ifq] ;Ddsf] /dfOnf] lxdfnL bZ[ o To;dfly kf| s[lts zn} L . nfdf nfdf
gfªu\ f kmf6F :yfgLo efiffdf kf6g . xl/of] e'OFdf /ftf / kx]nf a'6\6f el/Psf unF}rfsf]
cfsf/df c4l{ glb|t ks| l[ t, clnslt /d0fLo, clnslt cTof;, clnslt zflGt, clnslt
PsfGt ;a}sf] ;lDd>0f vKt8 . ;}lgs ;+/If0f / du[ ag]nsf l;sf/ / l;x+ sf] clejl[ 4
Pp6f /dfOnf] ;dfud . oL ;as} f] ;dLs/0fdf lg/fkb cjl:yt vKt8 . dfG5]n] lgufnfsf]
Pp6f nf/} f] dfq 6]s] klg lgs'~hsf] lgod pNnª\3g ePsf] 7fG5 vKt8 . lgs~' h
jf:tjdf jGo ;Dkbfsf] e08f/ xf] . To;sf] ;/' Iffsf lgldQ 5cf]6f rf}sL / Pp6f ;l} gs
uN' d;d]tsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;nfO{ ;Dkbfsf] ¿kdf ;/' lIft ug{ ;s] nfe gx'g]
s/' } 5}g .
-s_ pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M
-s_ lqj]0fLsf] kj" { / blIf0flt/ b]lvg] b[Zo j0fg{ ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ vKt8nfO{ s] ss] f] ;lDd>0f elgPsf] 5 <
-u_ s:tf] sfoa{ f6 lgs'~hsf] lgod pNnª\3g x'G5 <
-3_ tkfO{nF fO{ vKt8sf] kf| s[lts ;f}Gbo{ dg kgfs{ f sf/0f n]Vgx' f;] \ .
-v_ efiff ;/+ rgf klxrfg ug'{xf;] \ M
-c_ pkoS' t j0fl{ jGof; klxrfg ugx'{ f;] \ M
sfofn{ o, sf¥ofno, sf/o\ fno, sfofn{ P
-cf_ …dfG5]n] lgufnfsf] Pp6f nf/} f] dfq 6S] ofÚ] jfSodf /xs] f p2Z] o / ljwo]
klxrfg ug{'xf];\ .
-O_ …kf6L, …lt/Ú zAbsf ljleGg cy{ n]Vg'xf;] \ .
-O_{ cg'R5]baf6 b'O{cf6] f ljelSt klxrfg u/L nV] gx' f];\ .
!$= lbOPsf] ;Gbe{ k9g\ x' f;] \ / tf]lsPsf] sfo{ ugx{' f;] \ M
wgsd' f/Ln] sl[ if ljifo kl9g\ . sl[ ifdf :gfts ;sk] l5 pgn] hflu/ vfg] ljrf/
ul/gg\ . cfdfa'afn] 5f]/Ln] s[lif ljifo k9]kl5 /fd|f] hflu/ vflng\ eGg] ckI] ff u/]sf lyP
t/ wgsd' f/LnfO{ hflu/af6 eGbf cfˆgf] k9fOcg;' f/ ug]{ cfw'lgs sl[ ifaf6 g} w]/} /fd|f]
xG' 5 eGg] ljZjf; lyof] . pgn] cfˆgf ufpdF f k/Dk/fut s[lif ug]{ ;a} cfdfa'af, bfhe' fO,
lbbLalxgLnfO{ cfwl' gs k0| ffnLcg';f/ sl[ ifsf] tflnd lbg] ljrf/ ePsf] s'/f atfOg\ .
wgsd' f/Lsf cfdfaa' fnfO{ 5f]/Lsf] s'/fdf ljZjf; nfUof] / v';L eP .
100 g]kfnL, sIff (
cfdfaa' fn] eljiodf OlGhlgo/ agfpg] ckI] ff /fv] klg tkfOF{ cfkmn" ] kzl' j1fg ljifo k9/]
/fdf| ] ug{ ;Sg] s/' f s;/L ljZjf; lbnfpgx' G' 5, sIffdf dfl} vs ¿kdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .
;g' fO / af]nfO
!= ;'gfO kf7 ( ;G' g'xf];\ / lbOPsf jfSo l7s eP l7s / al] 7s eP al] 7s
eGg'xf;] \ M
-s_ cfkm"n] OHht kfpgsf nflu c¿nfO{ OHht lbg'k5{ .
-v_ ufnLn] tfl/km kmsf{pF5, tfl/kmn] ufnL lgDTofp5F .
-u_ /fd|f] sfdnfO{ /fd|f] eGg' / :ofaf;L lbg' xfdL ;as} f] st{Jo xf] .
-3_ PstkmL{ dfgl;stf ;Eo ;dfhsf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] u'0f xf] .
@= dfG5s] f] st{Jo s] xf], ;g' fO kf7 ( cfwf/df eGg'xf];\ .
eflifs ;+/rgf / j0fl{ jGof;
!= tn lbOPsf] cg'R5b] df /ftf] /ª nufOPsf kbdWo] ;/n jf ltos{ \ sf/s
klxrfg ugx'{ f];\ M
of] 3/ sfsfsf] cfˆg} xf] . o; 3/df sfsfsf] 5f/] f] a:5 . o; 3/df a:g] sfsfsf
5f/] fn] ;fOsn lsgs] f] 5 . pm ev/{ sf] l76f] 5 . o; l76fn] t /fd|/L ;fOsn rnfp5F .
@= /ftf] /ª nufOPsf zAbsf] cys{ f cfwf/df sf/s klxrfg ug{x' f;] \ M
;fGhg] ufpbF ]lv a;af6 lj/f6gu/ cfPsf] 5 . p;sf] ?lr 3d' lkm/df 5 . ToxfF p;n]
;fyLnfO{ e]6\5 . p;n] ;fyLnfO{ sf];]nL NofPsf] 5 . bj' } hgf ldn/] sf;] n] Lsf] kf]sf]
vf]N5g\ . olt ld7f] sf;] ]nL b]Vbf p;sf] ;fyL /fde/f]; v';Ln] ubu\ b xG' 5 .
#= lbOPsf] cg'R5b] af6 sf/s / ljelSt klxrfg ug{'xf;] \ M
;dLIff gf} sIffdf k9l\ 5g\ . ;dLIffn] dfdfnfO{ kmf]g ul/g\ . dfdfn] xftn] O;f/f
uge{' of] . dfdfn] efGhLnfO{ lstfa NofOlbg'eof] . dfdf 3/af6 lx8F g\ e' of] / efGhLsf]
3/df cfOk'Ug'eof] .
$= n], nfO{, b]lv, af6, df ljelStsf] ko| f]u u/L cfkm\gf] ;fyLsf af/]df Pp6f
cg'R5b] /rgf ugx{' f;] \ .
gk] fnL, sIff ( 101
%= lbOPsf] ;Gbe{ k9\g'xf;] \ M
-s_ xsa{ xfb/' cfP .
-v_ kNnf] ufpFsf xsa{ xfb/' lxhf] cfP .
-u_ kNnf] ufpsF f 7n' fvs]{ xsa{ xfb/' rf/ jifk{ l5 lxhf] cfP .
dflysf tLgcf6] } jfSodf …xs{axfb/' Ú p2Z] o xf] eg] …cfPÚ ljwo] xf] . …sÚ df p2]Zo /
ljw]o dfq eP/ klg jfSo k/" f ePsf] 5 . jfSo k/" f x'g p2Z] o / ljwo] clgjfo{ xG' 5g\ .
…vÚ / …uÚ df p2Z] o lj:tf/ssf ¿kdf …kNnf] ufpFsfÚ / …kNnf] ufpFsf 7n' fvs{Ú] cfPsf
5g\ eg] ljw]o lj:tf/ssf ¿kdf …lxhf]Ú / …rf/ jifk{ l5 lxhf]Ú cfPsf 5g\ . …v / …uÚ
jfSodf p2Z] o / ljw]o lemlslbg] xf] eg] afsF L /xs] f zAbn] dfq jfSo aGbg} g\ . o;y{
lj:tf/sn] d'Vo kbsf] cyn{ fO{ yk lj:tfl/t ug{] sfd dfq u5g{ \ . ltgsf] jfSodf dV' o
e"ldsf /xFb}g .
^= tn lbOPsf] cgR' 5]baf6 p2]Zo / p2]Zo lj:tf/ tyf ljw]o / ljw]o lj:tf/
klxrfg ug{x' f];\ M
/fddfofsL lbbL xl/dfof lxhf] sf7df8fF} cfPsL xg' \ . cToGt} ldlxgt] L tL xl/dfof
cfhaf6 sfddf kms]{sL 5g\ . sf7df8fF}sL :yfoL afl;Gbf xl/dfofsf] sfof{nodf kfrF
hgf sdr{ f/L 5g\ .
&= p2Z] o / p2]Zo lj:tf/ tyf ljw]o / ljw]o lj:tf/ ko| fu] u/L Pp6f cgR' 5b]
tof/ ugx{' f;] \ .
*= lbOPsf] cg'R5b] df ‘P’ / ‘o’ ko| f]u ePsf zAb klxrfg ug'x{ f];\ M
ao/ vfg vf]nf5p] uPsf] odaxfb'/ PSsfl; lrlKnof] . p;n] otfptf x]¥of] . Ps/fhnfO{
bv] /] p;n] eGof], æP Û Ps/fh otf cfpm . d t 8ª\uª| u\ } k5fl/PF . d]/f] xft ;dfP/
la:tf/} p7fP/ 8f¥] ofpFb} c:ktfn n}hfpm x} .Æ
(= lgofqfsf] ;ftf“} cg'R5b] af6 ‘P’ / ‘o’ ko| f]u ePsf zAbsf] cnu cnu ;r" L
agfpgx' f];\ .
l;h{Gff / kl/of]hgf sfo{
!= ‘kf| sl[ ts ;'Gb/tf’ zLifs{ df Pp6f lgaGw tof/ kfg'{xf;] \ .
@= cfkm" n] e|d0f u/s] f] /d0fLo 7fp“sf] j0fg{ u/L Ps cg'R5]b tof/ ug{'xf;] \ .
102 gk] fnL, sIff (
kf7 !)
JolStTj ljsf;df ljBfnosf] el" dsf
ljBfnodf gf} sIffsf ljBfyLs{ f] jStT[ jsnf k|ltof]lutf ;~rfng x'bF } 5 . cfˆgf] sIffsf]7faf6
lg:s/] ;a} ljBfyL{ ljBfnosf] ;efxndf kl' u;ss] f 5g\ . sIffdf ePsf] k|ltof]lutfaf6
5flgPsf bO' { hgf ljBfyL{ ky| d :yfgsf nflu cfhsf] o; kl| tofl] utfdf ;xefuL eO/x]sf
5g\ . ;efsIfsf] d~rdf sfoj{ |mdsf cWoIf tyf ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofksHo" xg' 'x'G5 . kd| 'v
cltlysf ¿kdf ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf cWoIfn] cf;g ux| 0f ug{'ePsf] 5 . d~rsf]
ba] ]| 5p] df tLg hgf lzIfs lg0ffo{ ssf] e"ldsfdf cfcfˆgf] cf;gdf al;;Sge' Psf] 5 . d~rsf]
bflxg] 5p] df kl| tofu] L b'O{ ljBfyL{ af]Ng] ;do / kfnf] kvF{b} a;s] f 5g\ . ljBfnosf Ps hgf
sd{rf/LnfO{ ;dokfnssf] lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] 5 . sfo{jm| d ;~rfngsf] cleef/f gf} sIffdf
cWoog/t Ps hgf ljBfyL{nfO{ lbOPsf] 5 . sfo{jm| d ;~rfnsn] k|ltofl] utfsf lgod :ki6 kfb{}
k|ltofu] L cd[tf g]DafªnfO{ d~rdf cfdGq0f u5{g\ .
cdt[ f gD] jfª
o; sfo{jm| dsf cfb/0fLo ;efWoIf, k|d'v cltly, lg0ff{os d08n, >4]o u?' ju,{ kl| tof]uL
/ cGo ;Dk0" f{ ;fyLx¿ Û …JolStTj ljsf;df ljBfnosf] el" dsfÚ zLif{ssf] o; jSt[Tjsnf
kl| tofl] utfdf d cd[tf g]Dafª cfˆgf] egfO /fVg] cg'dlt rfxG5' .
gk] fnL, sIff ( 103
cfb/0fLo dxfge' fjx¿ Û
;j{ky| d t d …JolStTj ljsf;df ljBfnosf] el" dsfÚ zLifs{ nfO{ kl/eflift ug{ rfxG5' .
JolStTj zAbsf] cª\uh]| L ;dfgfyL{ zAb …k;g{ fln6LÚ xf] . ;fdfGotof JolStTj zAbn] afxo\
cgx' f/ / aflx/L jz] e"iff eGg] cy{ a'emfp5F . zAbsf]zLo cy{n] a'emfpg] cg'xf/, af]nL / afxo\
Jojxf/ JolStTjsf aflx/L kf6f xfn] fg\ . o;sf] klg dxŒj xf]nf t/ d s] eG5' eg] JolStTjsf]
jf:tljs ¿k p;sf] lrGtg, ;f]r, cfr/0f tyf dgsf] ks| [lt / Ifdtf xf] . To;}n] ljBfnodf
ljBfyLs{ f] lrGtg, ;fr] , cfr/0f tyf dgsf] ks| [ltnfO{ cg's"n u/fpg] u/L jftfj/0f lgdf0{ f ug{'
/ tbg's"n lzIf0f lj|mofsnfk ugn'{ ] ljBfyLs{ f] JolStTj ljsf;df 6j] f kU' 5 eGg] d]/f] wf/0ff 5 .
>4]o >f]tfu0f Û
xfdL ljBfyL{ ljBfnodf 1fg cfh{g u/L ofU] o gful/s aGg] clenfiff lnP/ cfp5F fF} . xfdf|
cleefjs xfdLnfO{ w]/} k9g\ / ;kmn aGg xf:} ofO/xg' xG' 5 . cem} xfdLnfO{ ltdLx¿ eljiodf
of] jf Tof] aGg'k5{ eg]/ pTk]|l/t ul//xg' x'G5 . slxns] fxLF ljBfyL{nfO{ efjL hLjgsf] ef/L
b]vfP/eGbf pgLx¿sf] cfˆg} ?lr h] 5 To;}df pTk|l] /t u//] xf:} ofOof] eg] ljBfyLs{ f] JolStTj
lgdf{0f ;xh ¿kdf xg' ;S5 .
jtd{ fgdf ljBfnodf xfdLnfO{ k9fOG5, l;sfOG5, sIffsfo{ / u[xsfo{ lbOG5 . xfdL tL sfo{
k"/f ub}{ ljBfno hLjg latfp5F f}F / ;kmntfsf] kd| f0fkq lnP/ xfdL lg:sG5fF} . o;f] ubf{ xfdLn]
;"rgf / 1fg kfof}F xf]nf, xfd|f] af}l4s JolStTjsf] ljsf; eof] xf]nf t/ ;dfhdf ;dfofh] g xg' ]
vfnsf] JolStTj ljsf; / xfdLleq /xs] f] c;Lldt pmhf{nfO{ phfu/ ug]{ sfddf xfdf| ljBfnon]
s;/L cled'vLs/0f u/]sf 5g\ < xfdLleq /xs] f] ;sf/fTds ;f]r k|jt{g ug{ / cfTdljZjf;
hfu[t ug{ xfdf| ljBfnon] s:tf] jftfj/0f l;hg{ f u/]sf 5g\ t < ljBfyLs{ f] ;du| JolStTj
ljsf;df ljBfnosf] bfloTj s] xg' 'k5{, o;df Jofks ax; xg' ' h?/L 5 .
;efWoIf dxfb] o Û
klxnf] s/' f ljBfyL{leq /xs] f] cgGt pmhf{ hufpg] sfd xfd|f ljBfnon] lgjfw{ ¿kdf
u?g\ / ljBfyLd{ f :jzlStsf] klxrfg u/fpg] sfd xf]cf;] \ . x/s] dflg;leq ;sf/fTds /
gsf/fTds b'j} vfnsf] dg xG' 5, ;sf/fTds dg / ;sf/fTds ;f]r dfq hufpg] sfd
ljBfnodf xf;] \ . bf];f| ] s/' f] ljBfyL{df cfTdljZjf; hufpg] / pgLx¿leqsf] c;Lldt pmhfn{ fO{
kH| jlnt ug]{ sfd ljBfnodf xf]cf;] \ . axe' flifs / ax;' f:+ s[lts ;fG} bo{ cem} pHofnf] xg' ] u/L
x/]s ljBfyLn{ ] cfˆgf] ;f+:sl[ ts ki[ 7el" dkl| t uf/} j ug]{ jftfj/0f ljBfnodf l;hg{ f xfc] f;] \ .
ljBfyLl{ eq ljBdfg k|ltef / afl} 4stf hufpg] jftfj/0f ljBfnon] l;h{gf u/f];\ . ljBfyL{
l;sfOdf ljBfyLd{ v' L sfo{snfk ul/of];\ . xfdLnfO{ 7'nf] dfG5] xfO] g c;n dfG5] aGg k|l] /t
zAbfy{
c;Lldt – ;Ldf gePsf]
kj| tg{ – yfngL, cfljisf/
104 gk] fnL, sIff (
ul/of;] \ . xfdL ljBfnosf lzIfssf s/' faf6 eGbf pxfFx¿sf cfbt, afgL / Jojxf/af6 l;Sg
kfcf}F . Ho]i7 gful/ssf] ;Ddfg ugk{' 5{ eGg] s/' f sfkLdf pQ/ n]v]/ xfO] g, a;df r9s] f, af6f]
sf6b\ } u/s] f pgLx¿nfO{ l;6 5f8]/ cGo lsl;dsf ;xofu] u/]sf cfwf/df xfd|f] d"Nofªs\ g
xfc] f];\ . bLgbM' vL / km/s Ifdtf ePsfnfO{ ;xofu] Pjd\ ;be\ fj JoSt u/s] f
cfwf/df xfdf| ] dN" ofªs\ g ul/of];\ . lstfasf cIf/ 3f]s]/ pQ/kl' :tsfdf kfv] ]s} cfwf/df
dfq xfd|f] dN" ofª\sg ug{] k|0ffnLn] s] xfdL ljBfyLs{ f] ;du| JolStTj ljsf; x'G5 t < d]/f
oL kZ| gtkm{ d oxfF pkl:yt ;Dk0" f{ >ft] fu0fsf] Wofg cfs[i6 ug{ rfxG5' . To;}n] ljBfnonfO{
lstfasf kfgfdf /x]sf s'/fnfO{ Jofjxfl/s hLjg;uF hf8] ]/ l;sfpg] Joj:yf ldnfOof];\ / xfd|f]
JolStTj ljsf;sf] pkoS' t jftfj/0f lgdf0{ f xfc] f;] \ . ljm| ofsnfk / ;xlj|mofsnfknfO{ l;sfOs}
cª\u agfOof;] \ .
cfb/0fLo u'?ju{ Û
xfj8{ uf8g{ /n] x/]s JolStdf xg' ] ax'af}l4stf jf ax'kl| tefsf] h'g s/' f u/]sf 5g\, To;df
Wofg lbP/ lzIf0f ljm| ofsnfk ;DkGg ul/of] eg] ljBfyL{sf] afl} 4s ljsf; xg' ;SYof] ls <
uf8g{ /sf cg';f/ af}l4stfsf ks| f/dWo] ;;+ f/sf x/]s JolSt / l;sf?df ;a} jf clwsf+z
k|ltef cnu cnu dfqfdf ;Gtl' nt jf ;'ifK' t ¿kdf /xs] } xG' 5g\ . ;+;f/sf ;a} JolSt jf
l;sf?df /xs] f oL k|ltef jf af}l4stfnfO{ ljsl;t u/L lzIf0fdf / ljBfyL{sf] JolStTj
ljsf;df pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . uf8{g/sf] l;4fGtsf] ;f/ xf], hf] h'g s'/fdf ulx/f] ?lr
/fV5, ltg}l;t ;DalGwt lj|mofsnfkdf ltgnfO{ efu lng lbg'k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu ;flxTodf
ljz]if ?lr ePsfsf nflu syf, sljtf, lgaGw / l;hg{ fTds nv] g lj|mofsnfk a9L
pkof]uL x'G5 eg] zf/Ll/s Ifdtf ePsfsf nflu vn] s'b . xfdLnfO{ yfx} 5, 8fljg{ sf] k|ltefnfO{
sIffsf7] fsf] v'/fsn] gku' ]/ pgn] k|s[ltnfO{ g} cfˆgf] kf7zfnf agfP / ljsf;jfbsf] l;4fGt
kl| tkfbg u/] . kf/; v8s\ f, ;GbLk nfld5fg] cflbsf] ?lrn] g]kfnL ljm| s]6nfO{ prfO kb| fg u/]sf]
s/' f xfdLnfO{ yfx} 5 . ;ªu\ Ltdf ?lr ePsfnfO{ uLt ;ª\uLtdf kl| tef k|:km6' g ug{] jftfj/0f
ljBfnon] tof/ kfg'{ h?/L x'G5 . cfh ljleGg cfO8nsf gfddf ;~rfng eO/xs] f sfoj{ m| dn]
n'ss] f k|ltefsf] JolStTjnfO{ phfu/ u/L lzv/df k'¥ofPsf] 5 Tof] s/' f x]bf{ of] 5nª{ \u g}
xG' 5 . crn] s;/L afn k|ltefn] nf]sbf]xf/] L ufogdf 3u8fg JolStTjnfO{ cfR5' cfR5'
kf/s] f 5g\ oL ;Gben{ ] klg of] s'/fnfO{ kl' i6 u/]s} 5g\ .
pkl:yt dxfge' fjx¿ Û
ljBfnodf ul/g] ;xljm| ofsnfk / cltl/St lj|mofsnfknfO{ ljBfyLl{ eqsf] pRr txsf] l;hg{ zLn
lrGtg, ;dLIffTds lrGtg, ;~rf/ l;k, lg0fo{ Ifdtf, ;d:of ;dfwfgnufotsf l;k ljsf;l;t
klg hf]8\b} n}hfg'k5{ . pgLx¿sf] ax'dv' L JolStTj ljsf;df ljBfno nfUg cfjZos 5 .
-hgfp 3G6L aH5 ._
;i' fK' t – uf9f lgb|fdf k/]sf,] lglijm| o cj:yfdf /x]sf]
gk] fnL, sIff ( 105
cGTodf d s] eG5' eg] ljBfyLs{ f] z}lIfs / afl} 4s JolStTj ljsf;df ljBfnosf] e"ldsf
/xs] } 5 t/ dfG5]nfO{ ;dfhdf ;dfofh] g xg' / cfˆgf stJ{ ok|lt ;r]t xg' ljBfnosf] el" dsf
/xs] f] x'G5 . ljBfyLl{ eq lglxt cfTdljZjf;, cfF6, lxDdt hfu[t ug{ klg ljBfnosf] cxd\
e"ldsf xG' 5 . eljiodf Ps xfg] xf/, ;kmn / cfTdljZjf;o'St gful/s lgdf0{ f ug{ ljBfnon]
cxd\ el" dsf lgjfx{ u/f;] \ eGg] d/] f] ck]Iff xf] .
wGojfb .
pb\3f]ifsn] csf{ k|ltofu] L l5l/ª nfdfnfO{ cfˆgf] jSt[tfsf nflu d~rdf cfdGq0f u5g{ \ .
l5l/ª nfdf
cfb/0fLo ;efWoIf dxf]bo Û kd| 'v cltlyHo", u?' ju,{ lg0f{fos d08n Pjd\ d/] f kl| t:kwL{ tyf
;Dk0" f{ ldq
cfh cfofl] ht o; jStT[ jsnf kl| tof]lutfdf ;xefuL eO{ cfˆgf egfO /fVg kfpbF f d
uf/} jflGjt 5' . cfhsf] jSt[tfsf] ljifo 5, …JolStTj ljsf;df ljBfnosf] e"ldsf .Ú
;efWoIf dxf]bo Û
JolStTj eg]sf] JolStleq /x]sf u'0fsf] Tof] ;d"x xf] h;n] s'g} JolStnfO{ csf{] jf bf];|f]
JolSteGbf ky[ s\ /fVb5 . nª\d]g l8S;g/Lsf cfwf/df s'g} JolStsf] ;Dk0" f{ :jefj jf rl/q
p;sf] JolStTj xf] . SoflDah| OG6/g;] gn l8S;g]/Lcg';f/ tkfOFs{ f] Jojxf/ u/fO, dx;;'
u/fO / ;fr] fOsf] tl/sf tkfOF{df hg' bl] vg] u5{ Tof] g} tkfO{Fsf] JolStTj xf] . gk] fnL ax[ t\
zAbsfz] n] JolStTjnfO{ JolStsf] jo} lSts ljz]iftf bv] fpg] u'0f, lghLkg, JolStdf lglxt
c¿nfO{ k|efj kfg{] ljz]iftfsf ¿kdf lrgfPsf] 5 . To;n} ] d s] eG5' eg] x/]s JolStdf
lzi6frf/, gl} tstf, cfr/0f, cfTdljZjf;, ;fx;, ;fr] fO, Jojxf/, af]nLrfnL / cfgLafgLdf
;d]t emlNsg] hg' efj 5 Tof] g} JolStTj xf] . oL ;a} s'/fdf ljBfyLn{ fO{ ;zSt agfpg /
pgLx¿df efjL hLjgsf] pHofnf] kIf bv] fpg ljBfnosf] uxg el" dsf /xG5 eGg] dnfO{ nfU5 .
pkl:yt dxfge' fjx¿ Û
ljBfnon] ljBfyLd{ f hg' lsl;dsf] hLjgd"NonfO{ dxŒj lbG5, ljBfyL{ To:t} dN" odf kj| [Q xbF' }
hfG5g\ / To;}nfO{ u|x0f u5g{ \ . ljBfnosf] kl/j]z / jftfj/0f h:tf] x'G5, ljBfyLs{ f] wf/0ff
lgdf{0fdf ToxL kl/j]zn] a9L ke| fj kf5{ eGg] dnfO{ nfU5 .
ljBfno ljBfyLs{ f] bf];|f] 3/ xf] . ljBfyL{sf] clwsf+z ;do 3/kl/jf/sf cltl/St ljBfnodf
g} laTg] u5{ . rf/ kfrF jif{;Dd cfdfaa' fsf] kfngkfi] f0faf6 Ps k|sf/sf] JolStTjsf] hu
al;;ss] f] xG' 5 . kfl/jfl/s kl/j]zleq lgldt{ JolStTjsf] Tof] hunfO{ 78\ofpg] / bl/nf]
agfpg] sfddf ljBfnosf] pbfQ kl/j]zsf] cxd\ e"ldsf /xG5 .
;dfofh] g – jftfj/0f jf kl/l:ylt cg's"n agfpg] sfd, ;o+ fh] g
106 gk] fnL, sIff (
ljBfnodf ljBfyL{sf] lzIfs / ;fyL;uF ;fe] mf] ;Dks{ x'G5 . ljBfyL{sf nflu lzIfs klg cfdfa'af
h:t} cfbz{ x'G5g\ . ;j+ ]bgzLn / ;xfge' "ltk"0f{ :jefj ePsf lzIfsaf6 ljBfyLs{ f] JolStTjdfly
ulx/f] ke| fj k5{ . sIffsf ;fyLsf] /fdf| ] / g/fd|f] Jojxf/sf] klg ljBfyLd{ fly wgfTds / C0ffTds
k|efj k5{ . o;/L xfdL s] eGg ;S5f}F eg] lzIfssf] k|efjzfnL JolStTj, p;sf] ;xfge' "ltk0" f{ Jojxf/,
ljifout ofU] otf tyf lzIf0f z}nLsf] ljBfyLs{ f] JolStTjdfly cgs' "n / /fdf| ] k|efj k5{ . lzIfssf]
dgf]j[lQ tyf Jojxf/sf] k|efj ljBfyLs{ f] JolStTjdfly cgfof; ¿kd} k/s] f] xG' 5 . lzIfsn] k9fPsf
s/' f;uF ;uF } pxfFx¿sf cfgLafgL, af]nLjrg / Jojxf/af6 ljBfyLn{ ] w/] } s'/f l;ls/x]sf x'G5g\ .
ltgn] ljBfyLs{ f] JolStTjdf zg}M zgM} ke| fj gkfg]{ s'/} cfpFbg} .
>4o] dxfge' fjx¿ Û
ljBfyL{sf] JolStTjdf ljBfnosf] ef}lts kl/jz] clg efjfTds / ;+j]ufTds jftfj/0fn]
;d]t ke| fj kf5{ eGg] dnfO{ nfU5 . Wjlg, jfo' jf o:t} sg' } sf/0fn] k|bl" ift jftfj/0fdf
olb ljBfno ejg 5 eg] ToxfFsf ljBfyLs{ f] :jf:Yodf uDeL/ c;/ k5{ . ljBfno ejg /
sIffsf7] fsf] jftfj/0fn] klg ljBfyL{sf] k7gkf7gdf k|efj kg{ ;S5 . To;n] ljBfyL{sf dgdf Ps
k|sf/sf] lrGtf / qf; h:tf efj kb} f eO{ pgLx¿sf] ;+j]uk0" f{ JolStTjdfly gsf/fTds c;/
kg{ ;S5 . ljBfyL{sf] JolStTjdfly uDeL/ / gsf/fTds ke| fj kfg]{ s/' fdf ;DalGwt kIf
;r]t x'g' h?/L 5 eGg] dnfO{ nfU5 .
pkl:yt dxfg'efjx¿ Û
ljBfnodf ljBfyL{leq cfTdljZjf; / cfTdcgz' f;gsf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ul/of];\ . ljj]sfgGb
eG5g\ æcfkm"df ljZjf; /fVg'xf;] ,\ ;Dk0" f{ zlSt tkfO{dF f g} 5, o;nfO{ aflx/ Nofpgx' f;] \ .Æ
ljBfyL{leq /x]sf] ;sf/fTds ;fr] / zlStnfO{ o;} u/L phfu/ ul/of];\ . c;kmntf / uNtLnfO{
sdhf]/L xf]Og lzIffsf ¿kdf lng] r]tgf clg ljBfyLl{ eqsf] OR5fzlStnfO{ b/f] kfg]{ jftfj/0f
l;h{gf xfc] f;] \ . Pp6f syg 5 æxfdL ;kmntfeGbf klg cfˆgf uNtL / c;kmntfaf6 a9L
l;S5f,F} lsgls uNtL g} xfd|f lzIfs x'g\ .Æ xf,] ljBfyL{n] uNtL ubf{ b08 xf]Og Tof] uNtLn]
ltdLnfO{ of] kf7 k9fof] To;n} ] Tof] ltdf| ] lzIfs xf] egL atfOof];\ . ljBfyLd{ f c;Lldt tfut
5 . To; tfutnfO{ l;h{gf / lgdf0{ fdf k|ofu] ug{] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ub{} JolStTj ljsf;df
ljBfno ;dlk{t xfp] g\ .
-hgfp 3G6L aH5 ._
;j+ ]bgzLn – dflg;df x'g] dfld{s cg'e"lt, dfgjLo cge' l" t
;xfge' l" t – c¿sf] bM' vdf bM' vL x'g' jf ;u“ ;“u} bM' vsf] cge' l" t ug{'
cgfof; – k|oTglagf g}, cs:dft\, PsfPs
efjfTds – efj k|an ¿kdf /xs] f], efjd"ns
;+j]uk0" f{ – ;j+ ]usf] cj:yf, zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s lj|mofdf cfpg] pQh] gf
g]kfnL, sIff ( 107
ljBfyLn{ fO{ efjL hLjgsf] ;'Gb/ eljiosf] uf/] ]6f] dfq bv] fOof;] \ . of] ljifo cWoog u5'{, o;af6
d]/f] eljio ;l' glZrt 5 eGg] Pp6f pTk|/] 0ff pgLx¿df hufpg ;lsof];\, hxfF ca ljBfyLn{ fO{
k9 k9 eg]/ ;do v/] kmfNg' gk/f;] ,\ ljBfyL{ :jod\ k9\gsf nflu cft/' xf]pg\, sfdkl| t
nugzLn xf]pg,\ /fi6k« |lt ;dlk{t xfp] g\ .
ljBfyLs{ f] JolStTj ljsf;df ljBfnosf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . ljBfnosf] jftfj/0f /
lzIfssf cfr/0faf6 lg:;t[ c;n k|efjn] g} ljBfyL{sf] axd' v' L JolStTj d:' s/' fpg / ;dfhdf
;'jf; 5g{ ;S5 . ljBfyL{sf] kl| tef k:| kml' 6t eO{ ax'dv' L JolStTj ljsf; ug{ ljBfnon]
;sf/fTds pmhf{ k|bfg ug{ ;S5 eGb} d]/f] egfO oxLF ;dfKt ub{5' . wGojfb Û
lg:;[t – lg:ss] f,] axs] f]
108 gk] fnL, sIff (
zAbe08f/
!= lbOPsf zAb / cy{lar hf8] f ldnfpgx' f];\ M
cleef/f afn] Ljrg
phfu/ sg' } OR5f jf rfxgf k"/f ug]{ pRr clenfiff
3u8fg jftfj/0f, kl/l:ylt cflb;Fu ldNbfk] g
zg}M zg}M aflx/ Nofpg,' ks| fz kfg{'
OR5fzlSt la:tf/} la:tf/}
;dfofh] g sg' } sfdsf] lhDdj] f/L, pQ/bfloTj
v'a cge' jL, w]/} l;kfn'
rf/l} t/ kl/lw jf 3/] f ePsf]
@= lbOPsf kf| ljlws / kfl/eflifs kb kbfjnLsf] cy{ n]Vg'xf;] \ M
ax'd'vL JolStTj, jStT[ jsnf, ;xlj|mofsnfk, ;+ju] fTds, jftfj/0f, pmhf{
#= lbOPsf zAbsf] pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb jStt[ faf6 vf]h/] nV] g'xf];\ M
ljgfz, cfGtl/s, C0ffTds, k'/:sf/, ;sf/fTds, k|ltsn"
$= lbOPsf zAbnfO{ cy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf k|ofu] ugx{' f;] \ M
;efWoIf, pTsi[ 6, k|ltef, :jfjnDaL, lzi6frf/, ;xfg'e"lt
af]w / cleJolSt
!= lbOPsf zAbsf] z4' pRrf/0f ug'x{ f];\ M
;~rfng, cWoIf, lzIfs, ljBfno, ljsf;, OR5fzlSt, cfTdljZjf;, k|b"lift, JolStTj
@= jStt[ fsf] ‘klxnf] s'/f] ljBfyL{leq ==== l;sfOs} cªu\ agfOof];\ .’ cgR' 5]b
;:j/jfrg ug{x' f;] \ .
#= jStt[ fsf] ‘JolStTj egs] f] ==== dnfO{ nfU5’ cgR' 5b] >l' tn]vg ug'{xf];\ .
gk] fnL, sIff ( 109
$= lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ eGgx' f;] \ M
-s_ jStt[ fdf sfo{jm| dsf] cWoIftf / ;~rfng ug]{ JolSt sf] sf] x'g\ <
-v_ l5l/ªn] ;Dafw] g kl5sf] klxnf] jfSodf sg' s/' f JoSt u/s] f 5g\ <
-u_ jSt[tfdf sltcf]6f kZ| gfTds jfSo /x]sf 5g\ <
-3_ cd[tfn] sg' ;Gbe{af6 cfˆgf] egfO 6'ªU\ ofPsL 5g\ <
%= lbOPsf] jStt[ fz+ k9L ;fl] wPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M
ljj]sfgGb eG5g\ æcfkm"df ljZjf; /fVg'xf];,\ ;Dk0" f{ zlSt tkfO{Fdf g} 5, o;nfO{
aflx/ Nofpgx' f];\ .Æ ljBfyLl{ eq /x]sf] ;sf/fTds ;f]r / zlStnfO{ o;} u/L phfu/
ul/of;] \ . c;kmntf / uNtLnfO{ sdhf/] L xfO] g lzIffsf ¿kdf lng] rt] gf clg
ljBfyLl{ eqsf] OR5fzlStnfO{ b/f] kfg]{ jftfj/0f l;hg{ f xf]cf;] \ . Pp6f syg 5 æxfdL
;kmntfeGbf klg cfˆgf uNtL / c;kmntfaf6 a9L l;S5f},F lsgls uNtL g} xfd|f lzIfs
x'g\ .Æ xf,] ljBfyL{n] uNtL ubf{ b08 xfO] g Tof] uNtLn] ltdLnfO{ of] kf7 k9fof] To;n} ] Tof]
ltdf| ] lzIfs xf] egL atfOof];\ . ljBfyLd{ f c;Lldt tfut 5 . To; tfutnfO{ l;hg{ f
/ lgdf{0fdf k|of]u ug{] jftfj/0f l;hg{ f ub}{ JolStTj ljsf;df ljBfno ;dlkt{ xfp] g\ .
kZ| gx¿
-s_ jSt[tf+zdf lsg cfk}Fmdf ljZjf; /fVg elgPsf] xf] <
-v_ jStt[ fz+ df ljkmntfnfO{ lsg lzIffsf ¿kdf lng elgPsf] xfn] f <
-u_ ljBfyLs{ f] JolStTj ljsf;df ljBfnosf] e"ldsf s:tf] x'gk' 5{ <
-3_ uNtL s;/L lzIfs xg' ;S5, ts{ lbg'xf;] \ .
^= lbOPsf] jSt[tfz+ k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ nV] g'xf];\ M
jtd{ fgdf ljBfnodf xfdLnfO{ k9fOG5, l;sfOG5, sIffsfo{ / u[xsfo{ lbOG5 .
xfdL tL sfo{ k/" f ub{} ljBfno hLjg latfp5F f}F / ;kmntfsf] k|df0fkq lnP/ xfdL
lg:sG5fF} . o;f] ubf{ xfdLn] ;"rgf / 1fg kfofF} xf]nf, xfd|f] af}l4s JolStTjsf] ljsf;
eof] xfn] f t/ ;dfhdf ;dfof]hg x'g] vfnsf] JolStTj ljsf; / xfdLleq /x]sf] c;Lldt
pmhf{nfO{ phfu/ ug]{ sfddf xfd|f ljBfnon] s;/L cledv' Ls/0f u/]sf 5g\ < xfdLleq
/x]sf] ;sf/fTds ;f]r kj| t{g ug{ / cfTdljZjf; hfu[t ug{ xfd|f ljBfnon] s:tf]
jftfj/0f l;hg{ f u/]sf 5g\ t < ljBfyLs{ f] ;du| JolStTj ljsf;df ljBfnosf] bfloTj
s] x'gk' 5,{ o;df Jofks ax; x'g' h?/L 5 .
110 g]kfnL, sIff (
kZ| gx¿
-s_ jSt[tf+zsf cg';f/ clxn] s:tf] lzIff k|rngdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 <
-v_ ;dfhdf ;dfofh] g x'g] vfnsf] JolStTj ljsf; ug{ s] ugk'{ 5{ <
&= lbOPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ nV] g'xf;] \ M
-s_ ljBfnon] s;/L ljBfyLs{ f] JolStTj ljsf; ug{ ;S5, cfkmg\ f ljrf/ k|:tt'
ug{'xf;] \ .
-v_ cfˆgf] JolStTj ljsf;sf nflu ljBfyL{n] s] s:tf sfo{ ug'k{ 5,{ nV] gx' f];\ .
*= dflysf] jSt[tfdf cd[tf gD] jfªn] eg]sf s'/fnfO{ bzcf]6f a“b' fdf l6kf6]
ug{x' f;] \ .
(= jSt[tf s;/L ;~rfng ul/G5, sIffdf 5nkmn ug'{xf;] \ .
!)= ‘ljBfyL{ hLjgdf cgz' f;gsf] dxŒj’ zLifs{ df 5f6] f] jSt[tf tof/ kfg'x{ f;] \ .
!!= tnsf] b}lgsLsf] gd'gf k9\gx' f;] \ / tkfOn{“ ] e|d0f u/s] f] s'g} Pp6f /d0fLo
:ynsf] ljifoj:t' ;d]6L Ps lbgsf] bl} gsL tof/ kfg{x' f];\ M
@)&( j}zfv )!
/ftsf] ( ah]
gofF jif{
cfh gofF jifs{ f] klxnf] lbg, d laxfg ;a/] } lapFlemPF . aflx/ r/fr'?ªu\ L lr/la/
:j/df s/fpbF } lyP . dnfO{ nfUof], oL s~rg kf| 0fL klg cfˆg} efiffdf z'esfdgf ;f6f;f6
ub}{ xfn] fg\ . cfdfaa' fn] lxh} a]n'sL eGge' Psf] lyof], æefl] n laxfg} 3'Dg hfg] eg]sf
5f} . ca/] ;Dd ;'tf}nf lg .Æ tGb|fd} d}n] cfdfa'afsf] s/' f ;lDemPF / xQkQ p7F] . To;kl5
gofF jifs{ f lbg gofF 7fpsF f] e|d0fdf hfg] xfd|f] k"j{ofh] gfcg;' f/ d tof/ xg' yfn]F .
kfv] /faf6 xfdf| ] a; laxfg ( ah] 5'6\of] . xfdL hDdfhDdL !^ hgf ldNg] ;fyL dfq
lyof}F . xfdf| ] zl} Ifs ed| 0f:yn lyof] tgxs'F f] Jof; u'kmf / ToxfFsf j/k/sf 7fpF .
;fyL;uF /dfOnf] ubf{ sl/a %) lsnfl] d6/sf] ofqf kf/ u/s] f] kQ} ePg5 . xfdL j]b,
dxfef/tnufotsf cgs] f}F uG| ysf /rlotf j]bJof;n] tk:of u/]sf] Jof;u'kmf clg ;t] L
/ dfbL gbLsf] ;ª\ud:yn;Dd k'Uof}F . uk' mf hfg] af6fdf 9ª' \ufn] agfPsf l;9F L, Clifsf]
tk:of:yn, cf>d, 9ª' \ufsf ljleGg cfs[lt, ;]tL / dfbL gbLt6sf] ;'Gb/ ks| [ltdf
gk] fnL, sIff ( 111
/dfpFb} 3/af6} nu]sf] vfg]s/' f vfP/ lbpF;f]sf] $ ah] kf]v/fsf nflu /dfgf eofF} . gofF
jifs{ f] /dfOnfn] lhpdf 56' \6} km'tL{ lbPsf] lyof] . gofF hf];sf ;fy o; jifs{ f] klxnf] lbg
JotLt u/L ;fFemsf] vfgf vfPF . To;kl5 5f]6f] b}lgsL tof/ kf/L /ftL (M#) ahl] t/ ;t' ]F .
!@= lbOPsf] cg'R5b] k9\gx' f;] \ / ;f]lwPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M
xfa{8 uf8{g/sf] afl} 4stf;DaGwL l;4fGtnfO{ axa' fl} 4stfsf] l;4fGt elgG5 . o;
l;4fGtcg;' f/ ;fdfGotof eflifs, tfls{s ul0ftLo, :yflgs b[ZofTds, kf| sl[ ts,
;ª\uLtfTds, zf/Ll/s ultaf]ws, cGt/j}olSts / cGtM jo} lSts u/L dfG5]df cf7 k|sf/
sf afl} 4stf jf kl| tef x'G5g\ . eflifs af}l4stfcGtu{t dfl} vs / lnlvt ¿kdf k|efjsf/L
9ªu\ n] efiff ko| fu] ug]{ Ifdtf k5{ . tfls{s ul0ftLo afl} 4stfn] ts{ / ul0ft;uF ;DalGwt
IfdtfnfO{ ae' mfpF5 . :yflgs b[ZofTds kl| tefdf x:tsf}zno'St ;fdYo{ / k|ltef k5{g\ .
k|fsl[ ts af}l4stf ePsf JolStdf ks| [lt huts\ f ljleGg j:tk' l| t kd]| , ?lr / ks| l[ tsf
;dLkdf /xg] OR5f h:tf ljzi] ftf /x]sf xG' 5g\ . ;fªu\ Llts afl} 4stf ePsf JolStdf
;ª\uLt;Fu ;DalGwt ;fdYo{ /xg] u5{ . zf/Ll/s ultaf]ws af}l4stfcGtu{t cfˆgf] ljrf/
JoSt ug{ JolStn] z/L/sf] xfpefp / nrstf pkof]u ug]{ ;fdYo{ k5g{ \ . cGt/jo} lStstf
af}l4stfn] cGo JolStsf ;"Id Jojxf/kl| t ;j+ b] gzLn xg' ] alxdv'{ L IfdtfnfO{
;ª\st] u5{ . To:t} cGtM jo} lSts afl} 4stf eg]sf] JolStsf] ;+1fgfTds Ifdtfdf lglxt
cGt/dv' L kl| tef xf] . sg' } kl| tefzfnL JolStdf oL ;a} ks| f/sf af}l4stf xG' 5g\ eg]
clwsf+z ;ad} f sDtLdf bO' { jf tLg ks| f/sf af}l4stf /xG5g\ elgG5 . lzIfsn] JolStsf]
af}l4stf klxrfg u/L lzIf0f u/]df lzIf0f l;sfO ke| fjsf/L xg' ] ljZjf; ul/G5 .
-s_ pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-c_ axa' fl} 4stfsf] l;4fGtsf k|ltkfbs sf] x'g\ <
-cf_ ax'af}l4stfsf k|sf/ pNnv] ugx'{ f];\ .
-O_ eflifs afl} 4stfcGtut{ kg]{ s/' f s] xf] <
-O{_ tkfOFd{ f dV' o ¿kdf s'g afl} 4stf /x] h:tf] nfU5 <
-v_ efiff ;/+ rgf klxrfg ug{'xf;] \ M
-c_ cg'R5]bdf ePsf sg' } b'O{ kfl/eflifs zAb nV] gx' f];\ .
-cf_ cgR' 5]baf6 Psjrg / ax'jrgsf Ps Pscf]6f ljm| ofkb l6Kgx' f;] \ .
-O_ cgR' 5]baf6 z, if, ; ko| f]u ePsf Ps Pscf6] f zAb n]Vg'xf;] \ .
-O{_ …xfpefpÚ / …?lrÚ zAbsf] cy{ nV] gx' f;] \ .
112 gk] fnL, sIff (
!#= lbOPsf] ;Gbe{ k9g\ x' f;] \ / tfl] sPsf] sfo{ ugx'{ f];\ M
/fhlszf]/ /f7f/} gf} sIffdf k95\ g\ . pgL sIffsf gt] [Tjstf{ x'g\ . pgL cfˆgf ;fyLsf
;d:of ljBfno kz| f;g;dIf k'¥ofp5F g\ . sIffdf xfx] Nnf xg' lbFb}gg\ . lzIfssf]
cgk' l:yltdf klg ;fyLnfO{ :jfWoog ug{ k|l] /t u5{g\ . sIff vfnL ePdf k|wfgfWofksnfO{
hfgsf/L u/fp5F g\ . pgL ;fyLnfO{ slxNo} sfvf / kfvf ub{g} g\ . ldng;f/, ;xofu] L /
cfTdLo Jojxf/sf sf/0f ;fyL dfem pgL nf]slk|o ags] f 5g\ .
/fhlszf]/n] sIffsf] /fd|f];Fu gt] [Tj u/] emF} sIffsf ;fyLsf] g]t[Tj ug{sf nflu
gt] T[ jstf{sf ¿kdf dGtJo JoSt ugx{' f;] \ .
;g' fO / afn] fO
!= ;'gfO kf7 !) ;G' gx' f;] \ / pko'St ljsNk 5gf]6 u/L eGg'xf];\ M
-s_ efif0fdf s:tf] efiff k|ofu] ugk{' 5{ <
-c_ cfk} rfl/s -cf_ cgfk} rfl/s
-O_ sfdrnfp -O{_ ;fdfGo
-v_ xfdLn] s:Tff] snf ljsf; ug{ ;lsof] eg] /fd|f cj;/ kf| Kt ug{ ;lsG5 <
-c_ nv] gsnf -cf_ k7gsnf
-O_ jfs\snf -O_{ ux| 0fsnf
-u_ ljBfyLd{ f sg' s'/fsf] ljsf;df efif0f snfsf] dxŒjk"0f{ el" dsf /xG5 <
-c_ ;fyLTj -cf_ JolStTj
-O_ dxŒj -O_{ ckgTj
-3_ efif0fdf jStfn] >ft] fsf] s] s'/f cfkmk" |lt s]lGbt| ug{ ;Sg'k5{ <
-c_ dg -cf_ 1fg
-O_ Hofg -O_{ Wofg
@= efif0f snfsf] dxŒjaf/] eGg'xf;] \ .
gk] fnL, sIff ( 113
eflifs ;/+ rgf / j0fl{ jGof;
!= lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] k9L tflnsfsf] vfnL 7fp“df l7s eP l7s / al] 7s eP al] 7s
lrxg\ nufpgx' f];\ M
efO kfrF sIffdf k9\5 . alxgL ;ft sIffdf k95\ ] . d gf} sIffdf k9\5' . ltdL klg gf}
sIffdf k95\ f} . ;fyLx¿ klg ;Fu} k9\5g\ . pgLx¿ k|z:t cGt/ljm| of u5g{ \ . lzIfs
ljgfb] n] klxnf] 3G6L gk] fnL ljifo k9fpg'x'G5 . lzIfs ;'lgtfn] bf;] |f] 3G6Ldf ul0ft
k9fpg'xG' 5 .
jfSo lnª\u jrg k'?if cfb/
efO kfFr sIffdf k95\ .
k=' :qL= Ps= ax'= k=| lå= t[= ;f= d= p=
alxgL ;ft sIffdf k95\ ] .
d gf} sIffdf k9\5' .
ltdL klg gf} sIffdf k9\5f} .
;fyLx¿ klg ;uF } k95\ g\ .
pgLx¿ kz| :t
cGt/lj|mof u5g{ \ .
lzIfs ljgfb] n] klxnf] 3G6L
gk] fnL ljifo k9fpgx' G' 5 .
lzIfs ;l' gtfn] bf;] f| ] 3G6Ldf
ul0ft k9fpg' xG' 5 .
@= x/s] sf]7faf6 Ps Ps zAb lnO{ lnª\u, jrg, k?' if / cfb/ ;ª\ult ldns] f
jfSo agfpgx' f];\ M
pm, t,F pgL, ltdL, pxfF, sxfF, ToxfF hfG5;,\ hfg'x'G5, hfG5\of,} hfG5f,}
tkfO{,F d, xfdL hfG5,' hfG5, hflG5g,\ hfG5f}F
#= lbOPsf jfSonfO{ lnªu\ sf cfwf/df ljm| ofsf] kb;ªu\ lt ldnfO{ kg' nv]{ g
ugx{' f;] \ M
efO ?G5] . Tof] bv] /] alxgL klg ?g yfN5 . cdt[ f gD] afª efOalxgLnfO{ dfof u5{ . pm
vn] fg} f lbG5g\ . vn] fg} f kfP/ efO bªu\ k5]{ . alxgL klg vn] fg} f rflxof] eg/] lanfg} f u5{ .
114 g]kfnL, sIff (
$= sf]i7sdf lbOPsf ;ª\s]tsf cfwf/df jfSo kl/jtg{ ug'{xf;] \ M
-s_ dfdf /fd|f /fdf| sljtf nV] gx' 'G5 . -:qLlnªu\ _
-v_ tF efl] n cfpnf;\ . -pRr cfb/_
-u_ pm sx] L lbg cf/fd u5{ . -ky| d k?' if_
-3_ ltdLx¿ jStT[ jsnfdf efu lng] 5f} . -Psjrg_
-ª_ xfdL nfs] uLt ufpYof}F . -t[tLo k'?if, dWod cfb/_
-r_ 5f/] L sfof{no uOg\ . -k'lnªu\ _
-5_ tkfOF{ ux[ sfo{ ugx{' f];\ . -lgDg cfb/_
-h_ d/] f] efO kfrF sIffdf k9\5 . -axj' rg_
%= lbOPsf] cgR' 5]b k9g\ x' f];\ / kb;ª\ult klxrfg ug{'xf;] \ M
u?' n] d]3 lahn' L ljjfx sljtf k9fpge' of] . pxfnF ] Tof] kf7 /fd/| L a'emfpge' of] . xfdf| ]
sIffdf ;f]emL ljdnf, 6f7L lgd{nf dfq xfO] g af7f] g/z] / ;fe] mf] gk[ z] klg 5g\ . xfd|f]
sIffsL lgdn{ fsf] efO cf7df k95\ . gk[ ]zsL alxgL ;ftdf k9\5] . g/]zsL lbbL bzdf
k9\g'xG' 5 . lgdn{ fn] g/z] nfO{ ;f]W5,] ætF sljtf no xfn]/ k95\ ;\ <Æ g/z] n] lgd{nfnfO{
eG5, ætF k9\5;] \ t <Æ u'?n] ltgLx¿sf s/' f ;G' ge' of] / ltgLx¿nfO{ eGge' of,] æ;fyLnfO{
ltdL, tkfOF{ eGg'k5{ .Æ
stf{ / lj|moflar gfd / ;j{gfdlar ljz]if0f / ljzi] olar eb] s / e]Blar
kb;ª\ult
kb;ªu\ lt kb;ª\ult kb;ª\ult
u?' n] — eGge' of]
;fyLx¿ — 5g\ u?' n] — pxfnF ] ;fe] mL— ljdnf xfd|f] — sIff
efO — k95\
alxgL — k9\5] ljdnf, lgdn{ f, g/z] 6f7L— lgdn{ f g[k]zsL — alxgL
lbbL — k9g\ 'x'G5 / gk[ ]z — ltgLx¿ af7f] —g/z] g/]zsL — lbbL
lgd{nfn] — ;fW] 5]
tF — k95\ ;\ ;fe] mf] —g[kz] ltgLx¿sf — s/' f
tF — k9\5;] \
g]kfnL, sIff ( 115
^= lbOPsf] cgR' 5]b k9L z, if, ; ko| fu] ePsf zAbsf] cnu cnu ;"rL
agfpg'xf;] \ M
piffn] cfˆgf] lzz'nfO{ sfvdf /fv]/ ;u/dfyf :jf:Yo sG] b| nlug\ . 5f]/fnfO{ Odh{]G;Ldf
egf{ ul/g\ . 8fS6/ Cife lzjfsf6] Ln] aRrfsf] :jf:Yo hfrF u/] . pgsf >Ldfg\ lzlz/
klg ToxfF cfOk'u] . piffsf ;;/' f klg gfltnfO{ e6] g\ :jf:Yo s]Gb| cfP .
&= jStt[ faf6 z, if, ; ko| fu] ePsf kfr“ kfr“ cf6] f zAb vfh] ]/ n]Vg'xf;] \ .
l;h{gf / kl/ofh] gf sfo{
!= ‘efiffsf] lj:tf/df kl| jlwsf] el" dsf’ ljifodf jSt[tf tof/ kfg'{xf;] \ .
@= tkfO{n“ ] ;g' s] f] sg' } jSt[tfaf6 d'Vo d'Vo ljifoj:t' l6kf6] u/L sIffdf k|:tt'
ugx'{ f;] \ .
116 g]kfnL, sIff (
kf7 !! ;do kL8f kßfjtL l;+x
lrqdf cfdfa'afn] 5f/] fa'xf/L;uF kmf]gdf s/' f ub}{ u/]sf]
laxfg p7/] s]xL ;do lx8F g\ ] /fdgfysf] lbgrof{ g} lyof] . kfFr jif{bl] v nuftf/ pgL
kfrF ah] cf]5o\ fg 5f]85\ g\ . a]n'sf gf} ah]sf] ;dfrf/ ;'gk] l5 ;/f;/ pgL la5o\ fg} fdf
9N5g\, Psl} 5gdf d:t lgbfp5F g\ t/ cfgGbLnfO{ t lbge/ bl' gofeF /sf] sfdn] Jo:t
agfO/xG5 . To;f] t 3/df hf]O{kfO] afx]s sf]xL 5}gg\ . bj' } 5f/] f ljbz] d} 5g\ . r'k nfu/] a:g
g;Sg] :jefjn] ubf{ pgL laxfg p7]b]lv g;'t'Gh]n s'g} g s'g} sfddf clNem/xlG5g\ pgL .
laxfg p7k] l5 3/sf] ;kmf;'U3/ ug{', kh" fkf7 u/L vfgf tof/ kfg,{' /fdgfy clkm; uPkl5
sx] La/] auF}rfdf 6xNb} km" n :ofxfg',{ efG5f p7k] l5 sf7] f tx nufpg] ofjt\ sfd ub}{ /ftsf] bz
ah'Ghn] pgL sfdd} Jo:t /xlG5g\ . /ftL /fdgfy ;'t]kl5 3/wGbf ;sL kqklqsf k9\g', lab]l;Psf
5f]/fx¿l;t s'/f ug'{ cyjf k'/fgf PNad vfn] ]/ 5f]/fx¿sf] tl:a/ x/] L cfvF f lehfpg' pgsf]
b}lgsLleq kg{] s'/f x'g\ . olt ubf{ub}{ /ftsf] P3f/ aH5 To;kl5 pgL cf]5\ofgdf 9lN5g\ .
la5o\ fg} fdf 9n] klg w]/}a]/;Dd pgL lgbfpg ;lStgg\ . pgL 5f]/fx¿s} lrGtfdf
8'la/xlG5g\ . 5f/] fx¿ ljbz] df ;ft ;d'bk| f/ 5g\ . pgLx¿ gfs] /L, 3/ux[ :yL wfgL ljbz] df slt
;ª3\ if{ ub{} xfn] fg\ Û ljz]if u/L k9b\ } u/]sf] ;fgf] 5f]/fsf] ljzi] f lrGtf nfU5 cfgGbLnfO{ . k9\g,'
gfs] /L ug'{ clg ksfOtN' ofO ug{,' 3/df ufu|fa] f6 kfgL;dt] g;f//] vfg]n] 3/sf] ;a} sfd u/L s;/L
hLjg wfg]sf xf]nfg\ Û ;DemL ;DemL pgsf] cfFvfsf k/]nL leH5g\ . 3/df ;a} ;'v;on eP klg
ljbz] d} a:g], hlt g} bM' v em] Ng k/] klg pt} a:g /dfpg] oj' f lkF9Lsf] dgl:yltsf cufl8
/fdgfy / cfgGbLn] 3F'8f g6]sL ;v' } kfPgg\ t/ bj' } 5f]/f labl] ;P klg Pp6L 5f/] L :jb]zd}
l5g\ . tL bO' {sf] nflu ;Gtf]ifsf] s'/f oxL Pp6f 5 .
g]kfnL, sIff ( 117
5f]/fx¿ lab]l;Pkl5 3/ z"Go t x'g] g} eof] . To;dfly 3/sf] ;a} sfd cfk}mF n] ug'{kg{] /
;f/f ;fdflhs Jojxf/ cfkmF} n] wfGg'kbf{ cfgGbL slxns] fxLF lbSs x'lG5g\ . ;w}F clkm;d}
Jo:t, x[bo/f]uL x'gfn] /fdgfynfO{ 3/fo;L s'g} lrGtf lbg pgL rfxFlbgg\ . 3/sf] ;f/f
afe] m cfˆgf] yfKnfdf afs] L, 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] lrGtfdf lklN;P/ slxn]sfxLF t pgL 56k6fplF 5g\ .
cfwl' gs hLjgz}nL o:t} xFb' f] /x5] , h;/L eP klg ;dosf] kbrfknfO{ k5o\ fpgk} g{] /x5] egL
cfˆgf] dg cfkF}m a'emfpFl5g\ . 7'nf] 5f]/f kl/jf/;lxt c:6]«lnoftk{m sfd / dfdsf] vf]hLdf
lab]l;Pkl5 ;fgf] 5f/] fnfO{ cfˆg} ;fy /fVg pgLx¿n] grfxs] f xf]Ogg\ t/ lbg/ftsf] cd]l/sf
uO{ k9g\ ] ;u' f/6fOaf6 ljjz eO{ sfG5fnfO{ cdl] /sf k9\g k7fpg pgLx¿ ;xdt ePsf lyP .
b'O{ cfvF fsf gfgL h:tf b'j} 5f/] f cfˆgf cfvF faf6 cfe] m] n ePkl5 ^) kf/ ul/;ss] f b'j} bDktL
dl0f x/fPsf ;k{ h:t} ePsf 5g\ . /fdgfy hlQs} lk/f]lnP klg >LdtLsf cufl8 cfˆgf]
lk/ kf]Vb}gy] . cfgGbL klg /fdgfysf] cufl8 slxNo} cfvF f lehfpFlbglyOg\ . b'j}n] cfcfˆgf
lk/ cfk;df ns' fpyF ] . To;f] t bj' n} ] kmfg] u/L cfdfaa' fl;t s/' fsfgL ul//xG5g\ t/ 6f9f
kmf]gaf6 dfq} ;Dks{ u/L cfdfsf] ddtfsf] km" n kmlj|mg sxfF kfpF5 / < pgL t ;w}F b'jn} fO{
cfˆgf] cfvF f cufl8 bV] g rfxlG5g\ . slxns] fxLF 5f/] fx¿nfO{ dgkg]{ kl/sf/ efG5fdf kfSbf
cfgGbLsf] cfvF f ?‰5 . rf8af8df pgLx¿nfO{ ;DemL pgsf] d'vaf6 uf;F } l5b}{g .
æcfh df3];ª\j|mflGt, pgLx¿n] dfg] ls dfg]gg\ < l3prfs' ttfP/ eftdf ‰jfOF u//] vfg
sfG5fnfO{ va' } dg k5{, vfP xfn] fg\ / To;/L <Æ
æa9' fa9' L eO;ss] f cfdfa'af 5f8] L ljb]zdf uPsf 5f/] fx¿sf] ss] f] lrGtf ug{' < l3prfs'
vfFbf x'g\ / < lkhf, au{/ vfP/ /dfO/x]sf xfn] fg\ lg === . lagl;lQ pgLx¿sf] s] lrGtf
u5o\ f{} === .Æ /fdgfyn] emls{P/ cfˆgf] dgsf] kL8f kf]v] .
/fdgfy emlsg{ ' klg hfoh} xf] . /fdgfysf] cfˆg} Jofkf/Joj;fo 5 . ToxL Jofkf/ wfg] klg
5f/] fx¿nfO{ dgUo kU' 5 . sfd / dfdsf] vfh] Ldf ljbz] df efFt} fl/g' 7'nf] 5f]/fnfO{ kbg}{ Yof] t/
;dosf] xfjfn] ubf{ :jb]zsf] ;v' eGbf ljbz] sf] ;ª\3if{ g} tL b'O{ 5f]/fn] cfˆgf] nIo agfPkl5
s;sf] s] nfU5 / === Û ;fgf] 5f]/f t k9fOsf nflu uP t/ 7n' f] 5f/] fn] t a'afsf] Joj;fonfO{
cuF fNgk' g{] xf]Og / === < sk8fsf] 7'n} Jofkf/ 5, To;nfO{ g} km' nfpg' kg]{ xf]Og / === <
ljbz] df csfs{ f] gf]s/L lbg / /ft Ps u/L ul//xs] f 5g\ . bf;] f| ] gful/ssf] kL8f ;x/]
afFlr/xs] f 5g\ . of] s:tf] /x/ xf] < /fdgfyn] a'‰g ;ls/xs] f 5g} g\ . /fdgfy To;n} ] 5f]/fx¿sf] s'/} ug{
rfxFbg} g\ . cfˆgf] Joj;fodf b'jn} ] Wofg lbPsf eP cfh pgn] sfdbf/ /fVg} kb{}gYof] . cfkm" n]
gEofPsf sf/0f sf/f]af/ xg] { Dofgh] / /fvs] f 5g\ . c¿ sfdbf/ t slt 5g\ slt === .
zAbfy{
kbrfk – kt} fnfsf] lrxg\ , kfOnf /fVbfsf] cf3ft
ljjz – OR5f gxb'“ f gx'“b} jf ljk/Ltsf] sfd ug{ afWo xg' '
dgUo – k|z:t, dgn] lrtfPhlt
118 g]kfnL, sIff (
Pp6L 5f]/L :jb]zd} gePsL xfO] gg\ === t/ lax] u/L k7fO;s]sf] / kqsfl/tf k;] f cuF fn]sL
xb'F f pgnfO{ Psl5g k'm;{b 5}g . To;dfly ;fgf bO' { s6] fs]6L 5g,\ 3/ x]g'{, aRrfsf] :ofxf/
ug{' / hflu/ wfpgd' f g} pgL Jo:t /xlG5g\ . slxns] fxLF dfq dfOtdf uf]8f 6S] g cfpFl5g\ .
cfhsfnsf] Jo:t hLjgdf s;nfO{ k'm;b{ 5 / Û a9' fa'9L ePsf cfdfaa' fl;t a;L s'/fsfgL
ug{nfO{ === . cfgGbL cfˆgf] dg cfkFm} ae' mfpFl5g\ .
æxg] {;' \ df . dnfO{ t laxfg p7b] ]lv a]n'sL cfwf/ft gxG' hn] k'm;b{ } x'Gg . 5f]/f5f]/L ;'t]kl5
nV] 5' . slxns] fxLF t sDKo6' /sf] cufl8 a:bfa:bf s'v'/f af:5 . 3/wGbf ug{ laxfg} gp7L ;'v}
kfOFbg} . 5f/] f5f]/LnfO{ ljBfno k7fpm clg cfk"m clkm;lt/ sb'F , slxn] km' ;{b kfpg' / e6] \g
cfpg' === <Æ slxns] fxLF kmfg] d} xfnrfn ;fw] L 5f]/L ugugfpFl5g\ . xg' klg cfhsfn ;a} Jo:t
5g\ . Jo:t ePsf] t /fd}| xf] . dlxnf klg 3/fo;L sfdsf cltl/St aflx/L sfddf Jo:t xg' ' t
;dosf] dfu xf] tfklg cfˆgf j4[ cfdfaa' fnfO{ ;do lbg} g;Sg] Jo:ttfkl| t eg] cfgGbLnfO{
lbSs nfu/] cfp5F . kf| oM /fdgfy ;t' ]kl5 cfgGbLn] 5f/] fx¿l;t ;Dks{ ulyg{ \ . /ftL g} 5f/] Ln]
klg pgLl;t ;Dks{ /flV5g\ . lbgel/ t ;a} cfcfˆg} hLjg wfGg slF' b/xs] f x'G5g\ . pgnfO{
km' ;{b x'g] klg /ftL g} xf] . pgL dfq} lbge/ To;} a;s] L xl' G5g\ . 3/sf] sfd klg kz| :t} x'G5 .
3/sf] Joj:yfkg klg sd emGeml6nf] / ;do vfg] x'bF }g / === < 5f/] f5f]/Ll;t s/' fsfgL u/]kl5
dg s]xL xNsf eP klg cf]5\ofgdf 9lNsPkl5 cfgGbLnfO{ lgb|f kb}{g . pgL 5f/] f5f/] Ln] u/s] f
s/' fnfO{ dgdf vn] fO{ lrlGtt eO/xlGyg\ . pgL c¿n] k:s]sf ;d:ofdf lk/fl] n/xlG5g\ . dgdf
cgs] lrGtfsf] hfnf] a'Gb} sltv]/ lgbfplF 5g\ pgn] kQ} kfplF bgg\ .
Psflaxfg} kmf]gsf] 3G6L aHgfn] /fdgfy / cfgGbLsf] lgb|f vN' of] . b'js} f] d6' 'sf] w8s\ g th]
eof] . c;dodf kmf]g cfpFbf d6' s' f] w8s\ g th] x'g' / xg' ;Dd x8a8fpg' cfgGbLsf] k/' fg} /fu]
eg] klg xG' 5 . 5f/] f5f]/L ;fydf xFb' f t s';dodf kmfg] sf] 3G6L aHbf pgL em;ªu\ xl' Gyg\ / kmf]g
g} p7fpg 8/fplF yg\ . clxn] 5f]/fx¿ lab]l;Pkl5 t s;' dodf kmfg] sf] 3G6L aHof] ls pgL y/y/
sflD5g\ . pgsf] of] /fu] emg} a9\of] . /fda'afn] kmf]g p7fP . kmf]g c:6«l] nofaf6 cfPsf] /x5] .
ælsg olt ;a]/} kmf]g u/s] f] < ;a} xfnrfn t l7s} 5 xfO] g <Æ /fdgfyn] lrlGtt xbF' } ;fw] ] .
æ;a l7s 5 a'af === PskN6 cfdfnfO{ lbgf;] \ g .Æ
æ5f]/f ;Gr} 5f} <Æ cfgGbLn] d'6' 9s' 9s' kfb}{ ;fl] wg\ .
æxfdL ;Gr} 5f}F t/ ;fgn' fO{ ;Grf] geO{ c:ktfn egf{ u/]sf 5fF} . p;nfO{ lgdf]lgofF ePsf]
5 . PskN6 p;sf] gfpFdf sn' bj] tfnfO{ aQL aflnlbgf];\ g .Æ 7n' f] 5f]/fsf] s'/f ;'gL cfgGbL
xg' ;Dd lk/fl] nOg\ . pgn] plQv/] L gx' fOwj' fO u/L rfv] f] n'uf nufP/ sn' b]jtfsf] k"hf u/L
gfltgLsf] ;':jf:Yosf] sfdgf u/L bLk kH| jlnt ul/g\ . k"hfsf]7fsf] ;a} b]jLb]jtfsf] ;fd' k|fyg{ f
ul/g\ . zª\s6f, dxfªs\ fn, eb|sfnLdf uO{ kh" f ul/g\ .
lbgel/ cfgGbLnfO{ sx] L sfd ug{ dg nfu]g . 3/L 3/L pgsf] b[li6 sf7] fdf em' G8\ofOPsf]
g]kfnL, sIff ( 119
5f/] fax' f/L / gfltgfltgLsf] tl:a/df uO{ clNem/x\of] . ps';d's';d} pgn] lbg latfOg\ . ;feF m
/fdgfy cfpgf;fy pgnfO{ a/G8fdf emfl] j|mP/ al;/xs] f] b]vL /fdgfyn] eg,] æev{/} 7n' f]afas' f]
kmf]g cfPsf] lyof] clkm;df . gfltgLnfO{ cln ;Grf] ePsf] 5 /] . c:6]l« nof h:tf] ljsl;t b]zdf
/fd|f] cf}ifwfk] rf/ eOxfN5 lg, lagfl;QL slt lrGtf u5\of}{ <Æ /fdgfyn] kTgLnfO{ lrGtfaf6
d'St ugs{ f nflu pgsf] lkl7pF ykykfP .
æP xf] / <Æ cfgGbLsf] lrGtfsf] afbn d8fl//xs] f] dgfsfzdf e'mn'Ss 3fd el' Nsof] .
æhfpm, tftf]tftf] lrof agfP/ Nofpm . cfh b'j} ;fy} lrof lkcfF} .Æ /fdgfyn] kTgLnfO{ cx|fP .
cfgGbL lk/ / lrGtfn] lbgel/ s]xL vfPsL lyOgg\ . pgn] ;feF m k/]kl5 dfq kltsf] ;fy lrof
lkOg\ . lrof lkPkl5 cfgGbLn] c:6«]lnofdf 5f]/fsf] df]afOndf ;Dks{ /flvg\ .
æ;fgn' fO{ clxn] s:tf] 5 <Æ pgn] Ps} ;f;df ;fl] wg\ . æclxn] lgSs} a]; 5 . :jf:Yodf lgSs}
;'wf/ cfPsf] 5 . ca lrGtf lng' kb{g} eg]/ 8fS6/n] eg]sf 5g\ .Æ 5f/] fn] lglZrGt xbF' } eg]sf]
s'/f ;'g/] aNn cfgGbLn] ;Gtfi] fsf] ;f; k]ml/g\ . slxn] gfltgLsf] d'v x]¿F em}F eO/x]sf] cfgGbLn]
/fdgfysf] ;fd' la:tf/} cfˆgf] dg km' sfOg\ . æ5f/] fn] c:6]«lnof afn] fPsf] afn] fo} 5 === .
hfcfgF} PskN6 pgLx¿nfO{ e6] /] cfcfF} . gfltgL Ps jif{ xF'bf sf7df8fF} 5f]8]sf clxn] t ;fg'
kfrF jif{ k'lu;sL slxn] b]v"F eF}m ePsf] 5 .Æ
æxG' 5 hfcfF}nf === .Æ /fdgfyn] kTgLsf] dg /fVg eg] . s]xL lbgkl5 ;fgf] 5f/] fn] cdl] /sfaf6
kmfg] u/] . æcfdf, d}n] k/LIff pQL0f{ u/]F . ca tkfO{Fx¿n] dnfO{ vr{ k7fpg' kb{g} . ot} sx] L
jif{ sfd u/L a:g] dg;fo agfPsf] 5' .Æ 5f/] fsf] cfjfh ;G' g kfO{ cfgGbL xg' ;Dd cfglGbt
eOg\ . ælsg / afa' k9fO ;sk] l5 sf7df8f}F kmsL{ ot} sfd u5{' eg]sf] xf]Og < km] l/ t/] f] lax]
klg ugk{' 5{ lg === .Æ
æs]xL jif{ t sfd u/L cg'ej a6'Ngk' ¥of] lg === . lax]l;xs] f] s/' f 5f8] g\ ;' \ . d}n] t ot} s]6L dg
k/fO;s]sf] 5' . d]/f] laxs] f] lrGtf 5f]8\gx' f;] ,\ ldN5 eg] ot} lax]sf nflu cfpgx' fn] f .Æ olt
egL ;fgf] afa'n] kmf]gsf] ;Dks{ laR5]b u/]kl5 cfgGbL cfsfzaf6 em/];/L eOg\ . k9g\ hfbF f
;fgf] 5f/] fn] k9fO ;sk] l5 sf7df8fF} kmsL{ ot} sfd ug]{ / ot} cfO{ lax] ug{] afrf u/L uPsf
lyP . pgn] t cfkm" nfO{ pt} cdl] /sfdf a:g] d];f] ul/;s5] g\ . ;fgf] 5f/] fsf] s/' f ;g' L cfgGbL
xg' ;Dd b'MvL eOg\ . kmfg] xft}Dff lnP/ pgL lss+ tJ{ oljd"9 eO{ 6f]nfO/lxg\ . /fdgfy ;feF m 3/
kms{]kl5 ?Fb} pgn] ;fgf] 5f/] fn] egs] f] s/' f ;'gfOg\ .
Psl5g t /fdgfy cfgGbLsf] s/' f ;g' L xtke| eP . pgsf] cg'xf/df kL8fsf /v] f ;nanfP
t/ kl5 wo} {wf/0f u/L pgn] /f]O/xs] L cfkm\ gL kTgLsf] cf;F ' k5' b\ } eg], æx]/ cfgGbL === pgLx¿
xtke| – dgdf ke| f jf sflGt x/fPsf] cj:yf, k/flht dgl:ylt gk] fnL, sIff (
120
cfˆgf] lhGbuL afFlr/x]sf 5g\ eg] xfdL cfˆgf] lhGbuL aflF r/xs] f 5fF} . /ftlbg 5f]/fx¿sf] lrGtf
5f8] . ca xfdLn] pgLx¿lagf afFRg l;Sg'k5{ . ljbz] sf] dfx] / /demdn] pgLx¿nfO{ xfdLaf6
6f9f k'¥ofof] . ToxLsf] xfjfkfgL / /demddf pgLx¿ /ld;s] . g ca ltgLx¿ kms{G5g,\ g xfdL
oxfaF f6 plDsg ;S5f}F . Joy{} ltdL cfˆgf] d'6' ghnfpm, pgLx¿nfO{ xfd|f] kjfx{ / lrGtf 5g}
eg] xfdL dfq ;wF} pgLx¿s} lrGtfdf lsg hln/xg] <Æ
ætkfOs{F f] d6' ' t 9'ªu\ fsf] kf] xf] ls === <Æ cfgGbLn] ?Fb} elgg\ .
æltdLl;t cfdfsf] x[bo 5 eg] dl;t klg aa' fsf] x[bo 5 . ltdLn] la:of}{ < ltg} 5f/] fx¿
la/fdL kbf{ xfdLn] /ft /ftel/ g;t' L af]s/] 8'nfPsf lyofF} . ltgLx¿ slxns] fxLF 6fOddf 3/
gkms{] lrlGtt eO{ otfplt vfh] L lx8\Yof}F . s] lbg, s] /ft pgLx¿s} ;'v;l' jwf / lzIffbLIffsf
nflu lhGbuLe/ xfdLn] bf8} wk' u¥ofF} . ltdLn] pgLx¿sf] :ofxf/;;' f/df lhGbuL vr{ u¥of}
eg] d}n] lbg/ft sdfP/ pgLx¿sf] x/ ;'ljwfsf] Vofn u/]F . /fd|f] vfglkg, /fd|f] lzIffbLIff /
/xg;xgsf] aGbfa] :t u/]F t/ pgLx¿n] xfd|f] nflu s] u/] . Ps k};f vr{ gu/fO{ 7'n]sf] lax]
ul/lbPF / sf/fa] f/df nufpg k|oTg u/]F . Pp6f aRrf hlGdgf;fy cfˆgf] kl/jf/ lnP/ oqf] sf/f]
af/nfO{ nTofP/ c:6«]lnof uof] . csf]{ ;fg] klg lh2L u/L cd]l/sftkm{ k9fOsf] axfgfn] lx8F o\ f] .
k9fO t Ps axfgf xf] . s] oxfF /fdf| SofDk; 5g} g\ < cfdfa'afnfO{ nTofP/ cfˆgf] :jfy{sf nflu
labl] ;g] 5f]/fx¿kl| t ss] f] dfof clg s]sf] lrGtf < oqf] 3/, ;DklQ clg sf/f]af/nfO{ nTofP/
sfddfdsf] vfh] Ldf pgLx¿nfO{ labl] ;g'k5{ / === < eg o;sf] hafkm 5 ltdLl;t < :jtGq
hLjg afRF g / ljbz] sf] /demddf /ª\lug xf]Og / <Æ
/fdgfyn] oltGhn] dgleq ul' D;Psf lttf] cf]sn] . cfgGbL ?g 5f8] L kltsf] dv' x]/L
6fn] fOg\ . kltsf] s/' fdf n'ss] f] ;TotfnfO{ pgn] x[boª\ud ul/g\ .
;fgf] 5f/] f klg gkmls{g] ;'/;f/ bv] ]kl5 cfgGbLsf] dgdf ;w}F lrGtfsf] afbn d8fl/g yfNof] .
;fgf] 5f/] fsf] lax] u/L gfltgfltgf vn] fO{ ;'vk"js{ afsF L hLjg latfpg] pgsf] ;kgf t'lxPsfdf
pgL x'g;Dd ljrlnt eOg\ . pgnfO{ ca ;;+ f/} cFWof/f] eP h:t} nfUg yfNof] . pgL cfk"mk|lt
lbg k|ltlbg nfk/jfx ug{ yflng\ . /fdgfy dgdg} la/lStP/ cfkm\ g} sfddf Jo:t /xg
yfn] . cfgGbLsf lbg tyf /ftx¿ la/fgfl] ;t laTg yfn] . pgL r'krfk cfˆgf] lhGbuLnfO{
l3;fg{ yflng\ . slxns] fxLF 5f/] L 3fd emF} em' lNsg cfOkl' Uyg\ t/ ca pgsf] dg ;f;+ fl/s
k|k~raf6 tyf df]xaf6 emGemg\ 6f9f xg' yfNof] . pgL cfˆgf] kL8f s;l} ;t afF8g\ ;lSbglyOg\ .
xb[ o/fu] L klt, clt Jo:t 5f/] L b'jl} ;t pgn] cfˆgf] dg ;f6\g kfOgg\ . PsfPs cfgGbL p7g\ }
g;Sg] u/L la/fdL kl/g\ . /fdgfyn] cem;Dd kTgLnfO{ slxNo} la/fdL bv] ]sf lyPgg\ . clxn]
cfP/ kTgLnfO{ p7g\ } g;Sg] u/L la/fdL ePsf] bv] L pgnfO{ kg{' lk/ k¥of] . a9' ];sfndf cfP/
pgn] kTgLsf] :ofxf/;';f/ ug{k' g]{ eof] . sx] L lbg t 5f/] Ln] cfjthfjt u/L cfdfsf] ;Sbf] x]/
ljrf/ ul/g\ t/ cfˆgf] 3/u[x:yL / hflu/n] ubf{ pgn] To;f] ug{ EofOgg\ .
x[boª\ud – xb[ odf /fd|f];“u afw] ug'{, dd{:kz{ xg' '
g]kfnL, sIff ( 121
ca kTgLsf] /]vbv] / x/] ljrf/sf nflu /fdgfyn] 3/df Ps dlxnf ;l] jsfnfO{ k|z:t} k};f tyf
;l' jwf lbP/ /fv] t/ cfgGbL lbg kl| tlbg c:j:y x'bF } uOg\ . /fdgfysf] jtd{ fg tyf eljio
bj' } ;ªs\ 6df k¥of] . cfˆgf] cfzf tyf ceLK;f bj' } cGwsf/sf] ulx/fOleq 8A' b} u/s] f] kt| Lt
eof] /fdgfynfO{ . b'j} labl] ;Psf 5f/] fnfO{ cfdfsf] la/fdLsf] va/ gk7fPsf xfO] gg\ /fdgfyn]
t/ Ps hgf labf gldn]sf] axfgf / csf]{ cWoogdf bvn kg]{ axfgfn] cfdfnfO{ :ofxfg{
cfPgg\ . ax' f/Ln] cfpg] cfzf t b]vfOg\ t/ 5f/] Lsf] :jf:Yo l7s gePsf sf/0f bv] fO{ pgL
klg 3/ lkml/gg\ . cfgGbL d'vn] sx] L af]lNbglyg\ t/ 5f/] f, ax' f/L tyf gfltgLsf] d'v xg] { /
pgLx¿sf] cfudgsf] pgnfO{ k|tLIff eO/x\of] . klt gePsf] jn] f pgL PNad lemsL x]lyg{ \ /
5f]/f5f]/Lsf] afNofj:yfsf] tl:a/nfO{ r'Dag ub{} ?lGyg\ . dfgfF} tL tl:a/ geO{ 5f]/f5f]/L g} xg' \
eg] eF}m u/L sfvdf /fvL ykykfO/xlGyg\ . PskN6 p8]/ 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] cg'xf/ x/] ]/ kmlsg{ kfP
klg xG' Yof] eg]/ dgdg} sNk/] cfFvf ?emfO/xlGyg\ .
To;f] t 5f]/fx¿n] pgnfO{ lbgx'F e}Fm kmf]g u/L pgsf] xfnrfn ;fl] w/xG5g\ / labf ldNgf;fy
3/ cfpg] cfZjf;g lbO/xG5g\ t/ cfdf tLg dlxgf cf5] o\ fg kbf{ klg pgLx¿nfO{ 3/df cfO{
la/fdL cfdfnfO{ x]g]{ cgs' "n ldn]g . /fdgfy, 5f]/L / 3/sL ;]ljsfn] hlQs} :ofxf/;';f/ / x/]
ljrf/ k'¥ofP klg 5f]/fx¿sf] ;fdLKosf] cefjn] pgsf] d'6' lr/f lr/f kl/ g} /xs] f] 5 . cfvF f
k|tLIffdf lelq g} /xs] f 5g\ .
kTgLsf] kL8fn] ljxj\ n dgnfO{ ;fGTjgf lbg /fdgfyn] eGg] u5g{ ,\ æ5f]/f5f]/Lx¿
r/fr'?ª\uLsf ar]/f h:t} x'g\ . r/fr?' ª\uLsf ar/] f kv6] f nfu]kl5 p8]/ a;fOF ;5{g\ .
dfG5]sf aRrf klg uf8] f nfu]kl5 cfdfa'afsf] sfv 5f]8L uf;F , af;, skf;sf nflu otfplt
a;fOF ;5g{ \ / cfdfa'afaf6 6f9f xG' 5g\ . of] k|sl[ tsf] lgod g} xf] . xfdf| dfq xfO] g, clxn] t
3/ 3/df oxL l:ylt 5 . ;Gtfg labl] ;g] jm| d a9\bf] 5 . t;y{ ltdLn] d'6'df 3fp gkf/ . d
5bF } 5' lg ltdf| ] ;fydf . cGTodf a'9fsf nflu a9' L, a9' Lsf nflu a9' f, oxL g} zfZjt ;To xf] .Æ
kltsf] ;fGTjgfo'St s'/f ;'g/] cfgGbLn] afbnn] 9fss] f] dgfsfzdf 3fdsf] e'mNsf b]vfk5{ .
a9' f x[bosf] /fu] L eP klg sfddf v6s] f 5g,\ cfk"m eg] cf5] \ofgaf6 p7g\ } g;Sg] ePsL x'gfn]
cfgGbLnfO{ x'g;Dd bM' v nfU5 . pgsf] dgleq kL8fsf] ;fu/ pnG{ 5 .
;w}F s]xL g s]xL ug' f;f] u/L srsr ug],{ cfk"mn] eg] h:tf] geP j|mf]lwt xg' ,] slxns] fxLF sx] L
egfeg eP vfbF } gvfO{ aflxl/g] kltsf b'u'{0f clxn] ;bu\ 0' fdf kl/0ft ePsf] bV] bf pgL clxn]
dgdg} cfglGbt x'lG5g\ . ;do / kl/l:yltn] dflg;nfO{ s:tf] kl/jt{g ubf]{ /x]5 . pgL dgdg}
;f]lr/xlG5g\ . hLjgsf] ;GWofsfndf cfP/ pgn] al' emg,\ kltkTgLsf] dfof h:tf] cdN" o ;;+ f/df
s]xL /xg] 5 egL .
ceLK;f – k|an OR5f jf tLj| rfxgf
bvn – lgk0' ftf, sfos{ 'zntf, ljho
cfZjf;g – s;a} f6 kf| Kt cf8e/f];f, ljZjf;
;fdLKo – lgs6tf jf glhs x'gs' f] efj
122 gk] fnL, sIff (
o;/L dgdf cg]s tsg{ f lgDTofO{ lrGtfsf] ;fu/df 8a' N' sL dfl//xs] L kTgLnfO{ dfofn' :kz{
ub}{ /fdgfy eG5g,\ æcfgGbL, lbg/ft Joj;fodf 8'Agk' bf{ ltdLl;t 3d' lkm/ / /dfOnf] ug{] ;do
slxNo} lgsfNg ;lsgF . ltd|f] OR5f tyf cfsfªI\ ffsf] slxNo} kafx{ ul/gF . ca d/] f] r]tgf
vN' of], lbg/ft v6/] oqf] ;DklQ hf8] F] s;sf nflu === < cflv/ oL ;a xfdLn] ;fydf lnP/ hfg]
xfO] g === . lhGbuLe/ 5f]/f5f/] L elgof], ca tL ;a} :jfyL{ eP . cfˆgf v';Lsf nflu ltgLx¿n]
xfdLnfO{ ToflulbP . 5f/] L g} xfdf| ] a'9;] sfnsf] ;xf/f eOg\ .Æ o;f] eGb} la/fdL kTgLsf] xft
;dfP/ /fdgfy lgMzAb ?g yfn] . kltnfO{ o;/L c;xfo em}F /fP] sf] b]vL cfgGbL klg eSsflgP/
/f]Og\ .
Tolt g} jn] f kmfg] sf] 3G6L aHof] . ;fob c:6]l« nof jf cdl] /sfaf6 cfPsf] xfn] f egL /fdgfyn]
kmf]g p7fpg hfuF / bv] fPgg\ . vfln kmfg] af6} cfdfsf] xfnrfn ;fw] L cfk} rfl/stf lgjfx{ ug]{
5f]/fx¿k|lt /fdgfysf] dgdf ljt[i0ff hfut[ eP/ cfof] . kmfg] w/] }a/] lrRofO/x\of] sfg} vfg]
u/L . s]xLa/] kl5 yfs/] r'k nfUof] .
eSsflgP/ /fO] /xs] L kTgLnfO{ :gx] k"js{ cuF fNb} /fdgfyn] eg,] æcfgGbL ha;Dd ltdf| ] ;fydf
d 5,' ltdL sg' } wGbf gdfg . ;+;f/sf] s'g} s'gfdf nu/] eP klg d ltdLnfO{ lgsf] kf5{' . of]
;DklQ cflv/ s] sfdsf nflu < ltdL ;fydf eP ;a} ;DklQ vlrg{ klg kl5 klbg{ F . dfq
ltdLn] kq' dfx] Toflub]pm . pgLx¿sf] lrGtf u/L dg b'vfpg 5f]l8b]pm . lrGtfn] g} ltdLnfO{
lrtftkm{ ws]ln/x]5 .Æ
kltsf] s'/faf6 cfZj:t eO{ cfgGbLn] kltsf] Gofgf] cuF fnfd] f ;;+ f/ e'lng\ . kltsf] cg'xf/df
dfofn' b[li6 km\ ofFsL pgn] cfvF f lrlDng\ / k]ml/ slxNo} tL cfvF f vfl] ngg\ .
ljt[i0ff – t[i0ff jf OR5f gePsf] cj:yf
gk] fnL, sIff ( 123
zAbe08f/
!= lbOPsf kb kbfjnL / ltgn] lbg] cyl{ ar hf]8f ldnfpgx' f;] \ M
zAb cy{
dl0f x/fPsf] ;k{ lg0fo{ zlStsf] cefjdf s] u¿F s;f] u¿F x'g'
;u' f/6fO ;fu/ jf ;db' |
zfZjt ;To s7f/] xb[ o
lss+ tJ{ oljd"9 Psfx] f/] f] 3fS] g] jf eGg] sfd
9'ª\ufsf] d'6' d"Nojfg\ j:t' ud' fPsf] cj:yf
slxNo} gfz gx'g] vfnsf,] :yfoL ;To
;Gtfg df]x
@= lbOPsf 6'SsfnfO{ cy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf ko| f]u ugx'{ f;] \ M
3'F8f 6]Sg,' d'6'df lr/f kg{', lttf] cfs] Ng', ps;' d's'; x'g,' dgdf 3fd em' Nsg'
#= zAbsf]z x]//] lbOPsf zAbsf] cy{ n]Vg'xf;] \ M
ofjt,\ z"Go, kl/sf/, kL8f, k];f, lgdfl] gofF, dfx] , k|tLIff, ;GWof, :gx]
$= ;/f;/, ‰jfO“{, 9s' 9s' , em' n'Ss h:tf 36gf jf sfo{ cflbsf] gSsn hgfpg]
vfnsf s'g} kf“rcf]6f cgs' /0ffTds zAb vf]hL ltgnfO{ jfSodf ko| f]u
ug{x' f;] \ .
afw] / cleJolSt
!= lbOPsf zAbsf] z4' pRrf/0f ugx{' f;] \ M
la5o\ f}gf, x[bo, au}Frf, ;ªj\ |mflGt, Joj;fo, c:ktfn, cfjthfjt, cfsfªI\ ff
@= syfsf] Ps Ps cg'R5b] kfnk} fnf] ;:j/jfrg ugx{' f];\ .
#= lbOPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ eGg'xf];\ M
-s_ kf7sf] t;] |f] cgR' 5]b slt jfSo / slt zAb ;ª\Vofn] ag]sf] 5 <
124 gk] fnL, sIff (
-v_ syfsf] cGTo s'g 36gfaf6 ePsf] 5 <
-u_ syfdf ;x/sf] kl/j]z emNsg] s/' f s] s] 5g\ <
-3_ df3];ª\j|mflGtdf l3prfs' vfg] k;| ªu\ sg' cgR' 5]bdf cfPsf] 5 <
$= lbOPsf] syfz+ sf] dfg} k7g u/L ;fl] wPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ nV] gx' f];\ M
kTgLsf] kL8fn] ljxj\ n dgnfO{ ;fGTjgf lbg /fdgfyn] eGg] u5g{ ,\ æ5f/] f5f]/Lx¿
r/fr?' ªu\ Lsf ar]/f h:t} xg' \ . r/fr?' ªu\ Lsf ar]/f kv]6f nfu]kl5 p8/] a;fOF ;5{g\ .
dfG5]sf aRrf klg uf]8f nfuk] l5 cfdfa'afsf] sfv 5f8] L ufF;, af;, skf;sf nflu
otfplt a;fOF ;5{g\ / cfdfaa' faf6 6f9f x'G5g\ . of] k|sl[ tsf] lgod g} xf] . xfdf| dfq
xf]Og, clxn] t 3/ 3/df oxL l:ylt 5 . ;Gtfg lab]l;g] jm| d a9b\ f] 5 . t;y{ ltdLn]
d6' 'df 3fp gkf/ . d 5Fb} 5' lg ltdf| ] ;fydf . cGTodf a'9fsf nflu a9' L, a9' Lsf nflu
a'9f, oxL g} zfZjt ;To xf] .Æ
k|Zgx¿
-s_ …5f]/f5f/] L r/fr?' ª\uLsf ar/] f h:t} x'g\Ú eGg'sf] cfzo s] xf] <
-v_ cg'R5b] df s] s'/fnfO{ k|sl[ tsf] lgod elgPsf] 5 <
-u_ /fdgfyn] sg' s'/fnfO{ zfZjt ;To eg]sf 5g\ <
-3_ /fdgfyn] kTgLnfO{ ;fGTjgf lbgk' gfs{ f] sf/0f s] b]lvG5 <
%= lbOPsf] cg'R5]b k9L ;f]lwPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M
lbgel/ cfgGbLnfO{ sx] L sfd ug{ dg nfug] . 3/L 3/L pgsf] bl[ i6 sf]7fdf e'mG8o\ fOPsf]
5f]/fa'xf/L / gfltgfltgLsf] tl:a/df uO{ clNem/xo\ f] . ps;' d's;' d} pgn] lbg latfOg\ .
;feF m /fdgfy cfpgf;fy pgnfO{ a/G8fdf emf]lj|mP/ al;/xs] f] bv] L /fdgfyn] eg], æev{/}
7n' f]afa'sf] kmf]g cfPsf] lyof] clkm;df . gfltgLnfO{ cln ;Grf] ePsf] 5 /] . c:6]l« nof
h:tf] ljsl;t bz] df /fd|f] cfi} fwf]krf/ eOxfN5 lg, lagfl;QL slt lrGtf u5\of{} <Æ
/fdgfyn] kTgLnfO{ lrGtfaf6 d'St ug{sf nflu pgsf] lkl7pF ykykfP .
kZ| gx¿
-s_ cgR' 5]bsf cfwf/df cfgGbLsf] :jefj j0f{g ug{'xf;] \ .
-v_ /fdgfyn] kTgLnfO{ ljZjf; lbnfpg] cfwf/ s] lyof] <
gk] fnL, sIff ( 125
^= syf k9L lbOPsf ;+jfb s;n] sf;] u“ eg]sf x'g\, klxNofpgx' f;] \ M
-s_ a9' fa9' L eO;s]sf cfdfaa' f 5f]8L ljbz] uPsf 5f]/fsf] s]sf] lrGtf ug'{ <
-v_ xfdL ;Gr} 5f}F t/ ;fgn' fO{ ;Grf] geO{ c:ktfn egf{ u/s] f 5fF} .
-u_ ljbz] df bf;] f| ] gful/ssf] kL8f ;x]/ afFlr/xs] f 5g\ . of] s:tf] /x/ xf] <
-3_ ot} s]xL jif{ sfd u/L a:g] dg;fo agfPsf] 5' .
-ª_ lsg / afa,' k9fO ;s]kl5 sf7df8f}F kmsL{ ot} sfd u5{' eg]sf] xfO] g <
&= ‘;do kL8f’ syfsf cfwf/df lbOPsf 36gfsf] jm| d ldnfpgx' f;] \ M
-s_ ;dosf] kbrfknfO{ k5\ofpg} kg{] ae' mL lrQ ae' mfpg'
-v_ cfgGbL /ftsf] bz ah'Ghn] 3/sf] sfdd} Jo:t /xg'
-u_ sfG5f] 5f]/f] k9\gsf nflu cd]l/sflt/ nfUg'
-3_ 5f]/fx¿n] cfˆgf] Joj;fodf Wofg glbPsfdf /fdgfynfO{ lbSs nfUg'
-ª_ gfltgL la/fdL k/]sf] va/n] cfgGbLnfO{ lbge/ sfd ug{ dg gnfUg'
-r_ la5\ofg} fdf 9n] klg 5f/] fx¿s} lrGtfn] ca/] ;Dd lgbfpg g;Sg'
-5_ h]7f] 5f]/f] kl/jf/;lxt c:6]«lnoftkm{ nfUg'
-h_ ;fgf] 5f/] fn] k9fO ;sk] l5 ljb]zd} lax] u/]/ a:g] s'/f ug{'
-em_ ljbz] sf] df]xn] 5f/] fx¿ cfk"maf6 6fl9Psfd] f b'Mv dfGg'
*= lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] k9g\ 'xf;] \ / ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
ofu] sf] ;?' cft s/f]8f}F jif{ klxn] k"jLo{ Clifd'lgx¿n] u/]sf lyP . ofu] Pp6f k"0f{ lj1fg
xf] . Ps dxŒjk0" f{ hLjg z}nL xf] / k0" f{ lrlsT;f k4lt klg xf] . ofu] nf]slk|o xg' s' f]
/x:o of] sg' } lnªu\ , hflt, ju,{ ;Dkb| fo, If]q Pjd\ efiffsf e]b;uF cfj4 gx'g' xf] .
ofu] nfO{ Jojxf/df cjnDag u//] ;fws, cEof;L, a|xd\ rf/L, ux[ :yL nfeflGjt xg'
;S5g\ . of]u JolStsf] JolStTj pTyfg / lgdf{0fdf dfq geO{ kl/jf/, ;dfh, /fi6« /
ljZjsf] rft} kmL{ ljsf;df pkof]uL l;4 ePsf] 5 . cfw'lgs dfgj ;dfh hf] tgfj,
czflGt, cftªs\ jfb, cefj Pjd\ c1fgsf] lzsf/ ePsf] 5 To;sf] ;dfwfg sj] n
ofu] ;uF 5 . ofu] dgi' onfO{ ;sf/fTds lrGtgsf] kydf Nofpg] dxŒjk0" f{ ljBf xf] . dxlif{
kt~hlnn] o;nfO{ ci6fª\u ofu] sf ¿kdf ;ªu\ l7t u/L cEof;df NofPsf lyP . of]usf]
clGtd nIo egs] f] dfgj sNof0f g} xf] . of]usf] cg;' /0faf6 dfq :j:y JolSt / ;v' L
;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ;Dej 5 .
126 gk] fnL, sIff (
-s_ pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M
-c_ of]usf] ;?' cft s;n] u/s] f lyP <
-cf_ of]u nfs] lko| x'gfsf] sf/0f s] xf] <
-O_ of]unfO{ lsg dxŒjk"0f{ ljBf elgPsf] xf] <
-O_{ ofu] af6 dflg; s;/L nfeflGjt xg' ;S5g\ <
-v_ efiff ;/+ rgf klxrfg ug{'xf];\ M
-c_ …ci6fª\uÚ / …sNof0fÚ zAbsf] cy{ zAbsf]zaf6 vfh] /] nV] gx' f];\ .
-cf_ cgR' 5b] sf] …of]usf] ;?' cft s/f]8fF} jif{ klxn] k"jL{o Clifdl' gx¿n] u/]sf
lyP .Ú jfSonfO{ k|]/0ffy{s jfSo agfpg'xf];\ .
-O_ dflysf] cg'R5]bdf sg' s'g nV] o lrx\g k|ofu] ePsf 5g\ .
-O_{ …ofu] nfs] lk|o x'g' sf] /x:o of] sg' } lnª\u, hflt, ju,{ ;Dk|bfo, Ifq] Pjd\
efiff sf e]b ;uF cfj4 gxg' ' xf] .Ú jfSosf kbnfO{ cfjZos :yfgdf
kbof]u ugx'{ f;] \ .
(= /fdgfy / cfgGbLn] ;Gtfgaf6 s:tf] cfzf /fv]sf lyP, j0f{g ug'x{ f];\ .
!)= ‘;do kL8f’ syfaf6 s] ;Gbz] kfpg ;lsG5, pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
!!= /fdgfy / cfgGbLdWo] tkfOn“{ fO{ s'g kfq dg k¥of,] dg kg{'sf] sf/0f;dt]
pNn]v ugx{' f;] \ .
!@= JofVof ugx'{ f;] \ M
ltdLl;t cfdfsf] x[bo 5 eg] dl;t klg aa' fsf] x[bo 5 .
!#= k9fO ;s]kl5 Tot} ljjfx u//] ljbz] d} 3/hd ug]{ ;fgf] 5f]/fsf] ljrf/kl| t
c;xdlt k|s6 ub}{ cfk\mgf wf/0ff k:| t't ugx'{ f;] \ .
!$= lbOPsf] ;Gbe{ k9g\ 'xf;] \ / tf]lsPsf] sfo{ ugx{' f];\ M
ljjm| fGtn] nfuk' bfys{ f] ;]jg ug{ 5f8] s] f] cfh b'O{ jif{ kU' of] . To; jn] f nfu'cf}ifwsf
sf/0f pgsf] :jf:Yo lgs} sdhf/] ePsf] lyof] . s'ntsf sf/0f snh] guO{ lbge/
emf]j|mfP/ al;/xg,] 3/df ;a};Fu ems{/] s'/f ug],{ cfdfaa' fn] lbPsf] k};fn] gk'Ubf
g]kfnL, sIff ( 127
rf]g{;dt] kl5 gkg{] h:tf] cj:yfdf k'u]sf lyP . gjhLjg ;'wf/u[xsf sf/0f bO' { jifd{ f
pgsf] hLjgdf 7n' f] kl/jtg{ cfPsf] 5 . pgdf s'nt 56' ]sf] 5 . pgn] hLjgsf] dxŒj
a'‰g yfns] f 5g\ . cfh pgL c¿ o'jfsf] eljio arfpgsf nflu tNnLg 5g\ . clxn]
pgL nfu'cf}ifw ;j] gsf lj?4 hgr]tgf hufpg] sfddf b]zsf ljleGg 7fpdF f ku' ]/
sfoj{ m| d ul//x]sf 5g\ . o; sfo{af6 pgnfO{ kz| +;f ldns] f] 5 . hLjgdf sx] L ug{ ;S5'
eGg] cfzf knfPsf] 5 . hLjgaf6 ljrlnt / lg/fzfsf] afbnn] 5fl] k;s]sf o'jfnfO{
pgL ljutsf] cfˆgf] lttf] cge' j ;'gfpbF } s'nt Tofu/] ;t\dfu{df nfUg k|]/0ff k|bfg
ul//xs] f 5g\ .
sn' t Tofu/] ;td\ fud{ f nfus] f] sg' } JolStnfO{ cfkmg\ f] eljio ;G' b/ agfpg kf| T] ;flxt ub{}
sIffdf dGtJo k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .
;'gfO / afn] fO
!= ;'gfO kf7 !! ;'Ggx' f;] \ / lbOPsf kZ| gsf] dfl} vs pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M
-s_ ufpnF ] cfˆgf ;Gtfgaf6 s] cfz u/]sf] lyof] <
-v_ ;Gtfg ufpF xFb' f vt] kfvf s:tf lyP <
-u_ tLg cfgf;Fu ldt]/L ufF:g'sf] cfzo s] /x]5 <
-3_ clxn] ufpF s] s'/fdf bªu\ 5 <
@= ;x/df 1fg, l;k / ;Eotf l;s/] ufp“ kmsg{ ] / ufp“sf] ;]jf ug]{ cfzo
tkfOn“{ fO{ s:tf] nfUof], lsg <
eflifs ;+/rgf / j0fl{ jGof;
!= lbOPsf] ;Gbe{ k9g\ x' f;] \ M
Ps lbg …u/\Ú, …lxF8\Ú, …a;\Ú, …8'nÚ\ h:tf ;fdfGo wft' 3D' g egL lx8F 5] g\ . pgLx¿
k/]| 0ffgu/ eGg] ;x/df ku' ]5g\ . Tof] ;x/df k|j]z ug{] hltnfO{ …cfpÚ gfdsf] k|Toosf]
uR' 5fn] :jfut ul/bF f] /x]5 . k/|] 0ffgu/df pgLx¿nfO{ …cfpÚ kT| oo lbOP5 / ltgLx¿n]
To;nfO{ cfˆgf] k5fl8 uf;F /] lxF8]5g\ . o;/L uf;F ]/ lxF8\bf ltgLx¿ …u/fpÚ, …lx8F fpÚ,
…a;fpÚ / …8'nfpÚ h:tf wft' ag]5g\ . ltgL / To:t} c¿nfO{ cfhsn k|]/0ffy{s wft' eg]/
lrGg] ul/G5 .
128 gk] fnL, sIff (
@= lbOPsf jfSo ;fdfGofy{s jf k]/| 0ffys{ s] xg' \, 56' \ofpg'xf;] \ M
-s_ /dfgfy va' xfF:5g\ .
-v_ e/} jgfy r'6l\ snf ;'gfP/ /fdgfynfO{ x;F fpF5g\ .
-u_ sIffdf /dfgfy /fd|f] k9\5g\ .
-3_ u?' /dfgfynfO{ k9fpg'xG' 5 .
-ª_ /fdsnL klg Jofs/0f l;lS5g\ .
-r_ lbbLn] /fdsnLnfO{ Jofs/0f l;sfpgx' G' 5 .
-5_ ;fgL alxgL ?bF } 5] .
-h_ efOn] alxgLnfO{ lh:sfP/ ?jfpbF } 5 .
-em_ s?0ffn] la?jf ;fl/g\ <
-`_ cfdfn] km]l/ s?0ffnfO{ la?jf ;fg{ nufpge' of] .
#= syfsf] klxnf] / bf;] |f] cgR' 5b] af6 kfr“ cf6] f ;fdfGofys{ jfSo l6kL k]/| 0ffys{
jfSodf kl/jt{g ug{x' f];\ .
$= lbOPsf] cg'R5b] nfO{ k]|/0ffy{sdf kl/jtg{ ug'x{ f;] \ M
;lbR5f uLt ufpFl5g\ . pgL sIffdf sljtf klg ;'gfpFl5g\ . pgsf ;fyLx¿ klg sljtf
nV] 5g\ . ;a} hgf sljtf kl| tofl] utfdf efu lnG5g\ .
%= k/]| 0ffys{ jfSosf] ko| fu] u/L ljBfnodf ul/Psf] sg' } sfoj{ m| dsf] j0fg{ ugx{' f;] \ .
^= lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] df sg' sg' nV] o lrxg\ ko| fu] ePsf 5g,\ klxrfg ugx{' f;] \ M
s] tkfO{Fn] ljho dNnsf af/d] f ;G' g'ePsf] 5 < 5}g eg] n ;'Ggx' f;] \, æljho dNn Ps
k|l;4 syfsf/, slj / gf6ssf/ x'g\ . pgsf …lhpFbf] nf;Ú, …sf]xL lsg a/afb xf];\Ú /
…ax'nf sfhLsf] ;kgfÚ h:tf gf6s tyf …kTy/sf] syfÚ, …bf]efgÚ / …leQ]38LÚ h:tf
Psfª\sL ks| flzt 5g\ . pgsf] afndgfl] j1fgdf cfwfl/t …sf]xL lsg a/afb xf];Ú\ eGg]
gf6s h;n] k9\5 To;n] cfxf Û of] slt /fd|f] gf6s gegL 5f8b\ }g .Æ
&= k"0f{lj/fd, cNklj/fd, cwl{ j/fd / p4/0f lrxg\ sf] k|of]u u/L uf| dL0f
hnljBt' \sf ljifodf Pp6f cgR' 5b] /rgf ug'x{ f];\ .
gk] fnL, sIff ( 129
*= lbOPsf jfSo k9L kbofu] af/] a‰' g'xf];\ M
kbofu] gldn]sf jfSo kbof]u ldn]sf jfSo
aa' fn] 5f]/f nfO{ ;Demfpg' eof] . 5f]/fltdL aa' fn] 5f]/fnfO{ ;Demfpge' of] . 5f/] f
w]/} rs rs gu/ . ltdL zfGt ;uF a; / ltdL w/] } rsrs gu/ . ltdL zfGt;uF
dg nufP/k9 . a; / dg nufP/ k9 .
(= lbOPsf] cgR' 5]baf6 kbofu] / kbljofu] ;DaGwL q'l6 klxrfg u/L ;RofP/
n]Vgx' f;] \ M
g]kfn hn;f| ]tsf b[li6n] ljZj df af| lhnkl5 bf];f| w] gL b]z xf] eg] Pl;of sf] ;a} eGbf
;DkGg b]z xf] . oxfcF ;ªV\ o gbLgfnf x¿ 5g\ . ltg df *# xhf/ du] fjf6eGbf a9L
lahn' L pTkfbg ug{] ;fdYo{ 5 .
l;h{gf / kl/ofh] gf sfo{
!= lbOPsf ab'“ fsf cfwf/df Pp6f 5f]6f] syf tof/ kfg'{xf;] \ M
-s_ ;fyLx¿sf] nx}nx}df nfu]/ lj1fgn] k9fOdf sd Wofg lbg'
-v_ ;fyLx¿;Fu 8'ln/xg vf]Hg'
-u_ cfdfaa' fn] ;Demfpg] k|oTg ug'{
-3_ 5f]/fsf] eljiosf af/]df cfdfaa' f lrlGtt xg' '
-ª_ pgLx¿n] lzIfs;Fu 5f/] fnfO{ ;DemfOlbg cg/' fw] ug'{
-r_ lzIfsn] p;nfO{ c;n ;fyLsf] ;ª\ut ug]{ ;Nnfx lbg' / k9fOsf] dxŒj ae' mfpg'
-5_ lj1fgn] lzIfsn] egs] f] dfGg' / k9fOdf Wofg lbg'
-h_ p;n] k9fOdf ku| lt ub}{ hfg'
-em_ cfdfa'af 5f]/fsf] ku| ltdf v';Ln] ubu\ b xg' '
@= kqklqsfaf6 Pp6f syf vfh] L To; syfsf] d'Vo kfqsf] :jefj sIffdf k:| tt'
ug{x' f;] \ .
130 gk] fnL, sIff (
kf7 !@
dfOsn km/] f8]
;;+ f/df s}ofF} dflg; hGdG5g\ /
d5g{ \ . tLdWo] dfgj ;EotfnfO{ gofF
ou' tkm{ 8f¥] ofpg] s]xL JolSt dfq cfˆgf
dxfg\ sd{sf kmnn] ;;+ f/df cd/ xG' 5g\ .
o;/L dfgj ;Eotfsf] Oltxf;df j1} flgs
cfljisf/sf dfWodaf6 lr/sfn;Dd hLjGt
/xg] Ps bi[ 6fGt xg' \ j1} flgs dfOsn
km]/f8] . uf;F , af; / skf;sf] cefjdf lk/fl] nPsf]
kl/jf/df hGds] f km]/f8] ul/aL / cefjdf xs' F{b}
uP . ef}lts lj1fg / /;fog lj1fgsf If]qdf
clj:d/0fLo ofu] bfg lbPsf km]/f8s] f l;4fGt /
cfljisf/af6 cfwl' gs hut\ st[ sT[ o 5 .
lj1fgsf If]qdf gofF gofF l;4fGt kl| tkfbg
ug{s' f ;fy} pgn] gofF gofF j:t'sf] ;dt] cfljisf/ u/L cfwl' gs hutn\ fO{ cfnfl] st kf/] .
pgsf j1} flgs of]ubfgsf c+zsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k cfh xfdLn] Nofk6k / dfa] fOn h:tf ljB'tLo
pks/0f k|of]u ul//x]sf 5fF} . hg] /]6/ / kfgL tfGg] df6] / klg k|ofu] ul//xs] f 5fF} . pgsf]
lg/Gt/sf] ;fwgf / cfljisf/n] ubf{ g} cfh xfdf| ] hLjg ;xh / ;/n ag]sf] 5 .
km]/f8]n] ;;+ f/nfO{ g} j1} flgs cfljisf/sf] gofF Hofl] t k|bfg u/] . an] fotsf] nG8gl:yt
Gol' jª6\ gdf ;g\ !&(! ;K] 6]Da/ @@ sf lbg hGds] f dfOsn km/] f8s] f a'afsf] gfd hD] ; km]/f8]
/ cfdfsf] gfd dfu/{ ]6 x:a]n lyof] . dfOsn km/] f8s] f] kl/jf/ ul/a ePsfn] dfOsn ghGdbF }
an] fotsf] ofs] {;fo/af6 sfdsf] vf]hLdf Gol' jª6\ g cfPsf lyP . pgLx¿ ToxfF kmnfdsf]
sfd uy{] . cf/gdf hlt hf]ltP klg laxfg an] 'sfsf] 5fs 6fg{ / 3/ rnfpg wf} wf} k/s] f
jn] f h]D; km]/f8]sL uej{ tL kTgL la/fdL k/s] L lyOg\ . kTgLsf] pkrf/ ug{ gkfP/ cfdf /
ue]{ lzz;' d]t arfpg g;lsg] ef] egL dfOsnsf a'af lrGtfdf 8'as] f lyP . o:t} eofjx
ul/aLsf ;dodf hD] ; km]/f8]sf 3/df Pp6f lzz'sf] hGd ePsf] lyof] / To;} lzzs' f] gfd dfOsn
km]/f8] /flvof] . efs] , /f]u / ul/aLn] lylNylnPsf] kl/jf/df hGd]sf dfOsnn] hGdb} ]lv lgs} si6
zAbfy{ – pbfx/0f
b[i6fGt
– ug'k{ g]{ s'g} sfd ;DkGg u/s] f], wGo
st[ sT[ o – 8/ pTkGg ug{] vfnsf], eosf/s
eofjx
gk] fnL, sIff ( 131
;xgk' ¥of] . r/d ljkGgtfsf sf/0f s}ofF} dlxgf;Dd xKtfsf] Pp6f /f]6L dfq vfP/ kf| 0f
wfgs] f pg} dfOsn km]/f8]sf cfljisf/n] ;;+ f/ xNnfOlbof] / pgL ;;+ f/s} ljVoft j1} flgs ag] .
hD] ; km]/f8]sf] kl/jf/ Dofgr]:6/ :Sjfo/sf] ;fgf] 8]/fdf a:g yfn]kl5 dfOsn km]/f8]sf]
;ª\3if{do / ;kmntfsf] ofqf ;'? eof] . ;'?df pgnfO{ ;fwf/0f ljBfno egf{ ul/of] . ;fwf/0f
ljBfnodf k9] klg dfOsndf 1fgsf] c;fwf/0f efs] lyof] . pgn] ToxfF k9\g] / nV] g]b]lv
lnP/ ul0ft;Ddsf w/] } s/' f l;s] . aa' fn] cf/gdf sfd ul//xFbf pgL lgs} 3fl] /P/ xl] //fVy]
pgsf] Tof] ulx/f] x/] fOdf 1fgsf] cgGt /x:o n'ss] f] xG' Yof] . !# jifs{ f ePkl5 ul/aLs} sf/0f
dfOsnsf] cf}krfl/s k9fO PSsfl; /f]lSsof] / gfafns pd/] df g} pgn] sfd ugk'{ ¥of] . pgn]
Pp6f k:' ts k;ndf lstfasf] lhNbf xfNg] sfd kfP . o;/L lbgel/ sfd / /ftdf k9fO
ub}{ Pp6f slnnf] afnsn] s7f/] ;ª\3if{ ugk'{ ¥of] . elgG5, /ftL k9\bf g} pgdf lah'nL;DaGwL
lh1f;fsf] aLh cª\s'/0f ePsf] lyof] . pgn] km';{b lgsfn/] cfˆg} OR5f / ?lradf]lhdsf lstfa
k9\g yfn] . Tof] hflu/sf] ;ft jif;{ Dd yk' |} lstfa k9/] pgsf] a'l4 tLI0f x'Fb} uof] . To;dWo]
h]g df;{]6åf/f lnlvt /;fog lj1fgdf s'/fsfgL / ljleGg kqklqsfdf 5flkPsf lahn' L;DaGwL
nv] k9]kl5 eg] pgdf lj1fgk|lt ulx/f] ?lr hfUof] .
gfdL / rlrt{ j1} flgs xDkm| L 8j] Lsf] ;flGgWo k|fKt u/]kl5 dfOsn km]/f8s] f] j}1flgs k|ltefn]
kNnljt xg' ] dfs} f kfof] . xDk|mL 8]jLn] ;g\ !*!@ nG8gsf] /f]on OlG:6Ro';gdf lj1fg;DaGwL
efif0fsf] Pp6f zª[ \vnf g} ;~rfng u/s] f lyP . Tof] efif0f zª[ v\ nf ;G' g uPsf dfOsn
km/] f8]sf hLjgdf pSt efif0fn] gofF df]8 NofOlbof] . efif0f ;'Gg pkl:yt tdfd bzs{
8j] Ln] cfljisf/ u/s] f ;fdu|L kb| zg{ ub}{ ubf{ Tof] b]v/] / ;'g/] tfnLsf k/f{ a;fp{ Fy] .
ToxL efif0f ;'lg/xs] f km]/f8] rflxF pSt efif0fnfO{ Ps Ps u/L gf]6 ug{df tNnLg x'Gy] .
efif0faf6 lgs} ke| fljt ePsf km/] f8n] ] efif0f lj:t[t ¿kdf tof/ kf/L efif0f z[ªv\ nfsf
gf]6nfO{ hDdf kf/]/ #)) kh] sf] Pp6f k:' ts agfO{ 8j] Lsf xftdf k'¥ofOlbP . To;sf] s]xL
;dokl5 8j] Ln] km/] f8n] fO{ af]nfP / cGtjf{tf{ lnP . cfˆg} ko| f]uzfnfdf sg' } j1} flgs ko| fu]
k/LIf0f ubf{ Ps lbg 8]jLsf cfvF fdf rf6] nfu]kl5 8j] Ln] cfˆgf] efif0f ;'g]/ gf6] agfpg] dfOsn
km/] f8n] fO{ afn] fpg k7fP . pg}nfO{ cfˆgf] k|ofu] zfnfdf sfd ug]{ lhDdf lbP . kl5 km]/f8]nfO{ 8j] Ln]
;xofu] Lsf ¿kdf /fdf| ] tna lbP/ sfd lbP . ;fx] L jif{ 8]jL o/' f]ksf] ofqfdf hfbF f dfOsn
km/] f8]nfO{ klg ;uF } nu/] uP . o; ed| 0fsf] j|mddf pgn] ljZjsf s]xL k|d'v /;fog lj1;Fu e6] ug]{
;fe} fUo k|fKt u/] . e|d0fsf jn] f ;fydf /xFbf 8j] Ln] pgnfO{ lbgx'F k9fpg] uy]{ eg] of] e|d0fn]
km]/f8s] f] 1fgsf] lIflth lgs} km/flsnf] eof] eGg] ul/G5 .
ljVoft – gfd rn]sf,] k|l;4
lhNbf – uftf, k:' tssf] ;/' Iffsf nflu aflx/af6 nufOg] df6] f] kq
lh1f;f – s'g} s'/f hfGg] OR5f, yfxf kfpg] clenfiff
cªs\ '/0f – cf“s'/f lg:sg] sfd
tLI0f – ltvfl/Psf], k|v/, 6f7f]
132 gk] fnL, sIff (
km]/f8n] ] r'DasLo Ifq] af6 ljBt' Lo wf/f pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] k|fSsNkgf ub}{ To;nfO{
;kmn kf/]/} 5f8] . rD' asLo pkkfbgsf] l;4fGt gfds pgsf] j1} flgs l;4fGtaf6 ;+;f/n] y'k}|
pknlAw xfl;n u¥of] . pgn] k|ltkfbg u/s] f k|dv' cfljisf/ k]m/f8h] n ckm OnS] 6f« D] ofUg]l6s
OG8S;g xf] . o;nfO{ xfdL ljBt' Lo rD' asLo pkkfbgsf] l;4fGtsf] gfdn] lrG5f}F . ;g\ !*@)
df xG] ; cf:] 6]8n] s'g} tf/df ljBt' \ wf/fsf] k|jfxåf/f rD' asLo If]q kb} f x'G5 eGg] tYo cfljisf/
u/] . km]/f8n] ] o; cfljisf/sf af/]df ;g' ]kl5 pgsf] lbdfu 3f]l/g yfNof] . j}1flgs cf:] 68] n]
eg] em}F …ljBt' Lo wf/fsf] k|jfxn] rD' asLo If]q pTkGg x'G5Ú eg] o;sf] pN6f] klg t ;Dej
5 eGg] cg'dfg u/] . o;f] ubf{ …rD' asLo If]qaf6 ljB'tLo wf/f pTkfbg klg t ug{ ;lsG5Ú
eGg] kf| SsNkgf u/] . o;sf nflu pgn] Pp6f k|ofu] u/] h;df pgn] Ps vfnsf dG' ›f h:tf
sG' 8nL agfP . To;nfO{ rD' assf] glhs} /fv] t/ s'G8nLdf s'g} lahn' L b]vf k/g] . pgn] cfˆgf
k|of]u w]/} k6s bf]xf]¥ofP t/ x/s] rf]l6 c;kmn eP . w]/} ko| f;kl5 Ps lbg pgn] s'g} rfns
jf s'G8nLnfO{ s'g} glhs}sf] rD' asLo If]qdf k|j]z u/fP . rfns jf s'G8nLsf lar ljB't\
jfxs an pTkGg eof] / pgL cfˆgf] k|of]udf ;kmn eP . To; ;dodf km/f8]nfO{ olb sG' 8nL
/ rD' assf] lardf cfjZos ult 5 eg] ljB't\ pTkfbg x'G5 eGg] yfxf eof] . of] r'DasLo
pkkfbgsf] l;4fGtsf ¿kdf cfljis[t eof] .
dfOsn k]m/f8]n] 8fogfdfs] f] cfljisf/sf ;fy} /;fog lj1fg;uF ;DalGwt cGji] f0f;d]t
u/s] f 5g\ . pgn] ;g\ !*#! df Oª\NofG8df 8fogfdfs] f] cfljisf/ u/s] f lyP . x'g t To;
j]nf :jtGq ¿kdf hf;] k] m xg] /Ln] klg 8fogfdf] agfPsf lyP elgG5 t/ pgn] eg] cfkm}Fn]
k|ltkfbg u/]sf] rD' asLo pkkfbgsf] l;4fGtdf 6]s]/ 8fogfdf] agfPsf xg' \ . pgn] ds] flgsn
pmhf{nfO{ ljB't\ pmhfd{ f ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ l;4fGt klg kl| tkfbg u/] . On]S6«fD] ofUg]l6s k]/| 0ffsf]
cWoog u//] lgodx¿ agfP . log} lgodsf cfwf/df pgn] Onl] S6s« hg] /]6/ cfljisf/ u/] h'g
lah'nLsf If]qdf ljZjsf nflu j/bfg aGg k'Uof] . dfOsn km]/f8]n] ef}lts lj1fgsf ;fy} /;fog
lj1fgdf klg cToGt rfv /fv/] pNn]Vo / pknlAwd"ns cg;' Gwfg u/]sf 5g\ . Snfl] /g, sfa{g
8fOcS;fO8 h:tf Uof;F nfO{ t/n ¿kdf kl/jt{g ug{', a]lGhg tyf cGo xfO8f« s] fag{ sf] cGji] f0f
ug'{ cflb pgsf y'k|} /;fog lj1fg;uF ;DalGwt cGji] f0f x'g\ .
dfOsn km]/f8]sf j1} flgs of]ubfgnfO{ l;4fGt / cfljisf/df juL{s/0f u/L ltgnfO{
;dt] ljleGg ju{df afF8\g ;lsG5 . km]/f8h] n ckm OG8S;g, km]/f8h] n ckm
OnS] 6«f]d]Ugl] 6s OG8S;g / km]/f8]h n ckm OnS] 6f« ]nfOl;; pgsf d'Vo l;4fGt x'g\ . cfˆg} l;4fGtdf
cfwfl/t /x]/ pgn] bhg{ f}F lrhsf] cfljisf/ u/s] f 5g\ . cfh xfdLn] 3/leq k|ofu] ug{] ldS:r/,
3/af6 aflx/ lg:sbF f r9\g] uf8L, xfdLn] cfcfˆgf] 3/df kfgL tfGgsf nflu h8fg u/s] f
cGj]if0f – ns' l] 5k]/ /x]sf s/' fsf] vf]hLlgtL ug{] sfd, cg';Gwfg
133
gk] fnL, sIff (
df]6/ tL ;a} km/] f8s] f] oxL km]/f8h] n ckm OnS] 6«fD] ofUg]l6s OG8S;g l;4fGts} dftxt rn]sf
5g\ . pgsf oL l;4fGt / cfljisf/ To; jn] f ;fgf s/' f h:tf eP klg kl5 uP/ o;n] txNsf
dRrfof] clg log} cfljisf/ cNa6{ cfOG;6fOg h:tf y'k|} j}1flgs lx8F g\ ] j}1flgs /fhdfu{
ag] . elgG5, logs} cg;' GwfgnfO{ sf;] ]9'ª\uf dfgL cl3 a9/] cfOG:6fOgn] ;fk]Iftfjfb h:tf]
j1} flgs l;4fGt ljZjnfO{ pkxf/ lbP .
dfOsn km/] f8]n] hLjgdf yk' }| ;Ddfg, k/' :sf/ / kbs kfP . pgn] /fo] n d]8n -;g\ !*#% /
!*$^_, sKnL d]8n -;g\ !*#@ / !*#*_, ¥ofDkmf]8{ d]8n -;g\ !*$^_ / cNa6{ d8] n -;g\
!*^^_ kf| Kt u/] . ;g\ !*#@ df cS;kmf8] { ljZjljBfnon] pgnfO{ l;len sfgg' df ljBfjfl/lwsf]
dfgfy{ pkflw kb| fg u¥of] . pgL ;g\ !*## df an] fotsf] /fo] n OlG:6Ro6' df /;fog lj1fgsf
klxnf] k|fWofks ag] . ;g\ !*#@ df km]/f8] cdl] /sL snf / lj1fg kl| ti7fgsf] Ps ljbz] L dfgfy{
;b:o r'lgP . pgL ;g\ !*#* df /f]on l:jl8; Ps8] d] L ckm ;fOG;]hsf ljbz] L ;b:o klg
rl' gPsf lyP . ;g\ !*$$ df km| fG;]nL Ps8] ]dL ckm ;fOG;]hdf lgjfl{ rt cf7 ljbz] L ;b:odWo]
pgL klg Ps lyP . ;g\ !*$( df pgL gb] /NofG8\;sf] /fo] n OlG:6Ro6' sf] ;Da4 ;b:osf]
¿kdf rl' gP . of] ;:+ yf b'O{ jif{kl5 /fo] n gb] /NofG8;\ snf / lj1fg k|lti7fg aGg k'Uof] /
kl5 pgnfO{ ljb]zL ;b:o agfOof] . km/] f8n] ] ;fdfGo cfk} rfl/s lzIff xfl;n u/] klg pgL
k9]/eGbf k//] / u/]/ hfGg] Oltxf;sf ke| fjzfnL j1} flgsdWo] Ps ag] .
dfOsn km/] f8]n] hLjgsf] pQ/fw{df y'k}| k};f cfpg] hflu/ kfP t/ pgL slxNo} klg k};fnfO{
dxŒj lbFbg} y] . To;n} ] pgL k|r'/ cfDbfgL xg' ] hflu/ 5f8/] Psfx] f/] f] cg';Gwfgdf nflu/x] .
pgdf j}1flgs cfljisf/sf] efs] tK[ t ePsf] lyPg . o;/L hflu/ 5f8]/ cg;' Gwfgdf nfUbf
pgnfO{ kg' M k};fsf] ;ª\s6 k¥of] . pgL la/fdL klg k/] . o:tf] cj:yfdf kTgL ;f/fn] pgnfO{
lbnf]Hofgn] ;fy lbOg\ / ;j] f ul/g\ . pgsf] ofu] bfgsf] sb/ ub{} tTsfnLg /fhf ljlnodaf6
jifs{ f] #)) kfpG8 k]G;gsf] Joj:yf eof] .
;ª3\ if{ g} ;ª\3ifn{ ] vfl/Psf dfOsn km]/f8s] f] hLjgdf b'Mv / si6sf sxfnL nfUbf sx/n] af6f]
5]Sg vf]h] klg pgn] slxNo} x/;] vfPgg\ . To;}n] t pgL ul/aLsf] uta{ f6 p7/] lj1fgsf
cfljisf/dfkmt{ k|l;l4sf] lzv/ rD' g ku' ] . Pp6f ;fwf/0f kl/jf/sf] JolSt klg cfˆgf] c7f]6 /
nufj eof] eg] h:tf;] 's} nIodf k'Ug ;Dej x'Fbf] /x5] eGg] k|/] 0ff dfOsn km]/f8s] f] hLjgaf6
k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . log} dxfg\ km]/f8s] f] @% cu:t !*^& xk} 6g sf]6{ l:yt lgjf;d} lgwg
eof] . pgsf] lgwg eP klg pgn] kl| tkfbg u/s] f l;4fGt / cg';Gwfg u/]sf cfljisf/sf
dfWodaf6 ou' ou' ;Dd pgL aflF r/xs] } 5g\ / aflF r/xg] 5g\ .
sf;] ]9ª' u\ f – ;Ldf lgwf/{ 0f ug{ ofU] o, pNnv] gLo s/' f
;fk]Iftfjfb – ljZjsf x/s] j:t' Pscsfl{ ;t sg' } g sg' } ¿kdf ;Da4 /xg] s'/fdf ljZjf; /fVg] l;4fGt
ut{ – ;txeGbf lgs} ulx/f] 7fp,“ vf8n
134 gk] fnL, sIff (
zAbe08f/
!= lbOPsf zAb / ltgsf cy{sf lar hf]8f ldnfpgx' f];\ M
zAb cy{
cfnf]lst ljB't\ cflb ;~rfng xg' ] kbfy{
;fwgf dfg kbjL
;fe} fUo gofF ljifo jf l;4fGt vfH] g] jf kQf nufpg] sfd
k|fSsNkgf ef}lts ;+;f/
kl| tkfbg ;kmntf k|fKt ug{sf nflu ul/g] cEof;
rfns ;To klxNofpgsf nflu ul/g] k"js{ Nkgf, cg'sNkgf
;v' / ;dl[ 4 kf| Kt x'g] efUo
pHofnf] kfl/Psf,] rxlsnf] kfl/Psf]
@= dfOsn km/] f8n] ] ==== j1} flgsdWo] Ps ag] cgR' 5]baf6 cfuGts' zAb klxrfg
u/L n]Vg'xf];\ .
#= lbOPsf zAbnfO{ cy{ vN' g] u/L jfSodf ko| f]u ug{'xf];\ M
Nofk6k, d8] n, hg] ]/6] /, ldS:r/, Ps]8]dL, OlG:6Ro'6
af]w / cleJolSt
!= lbOPsf zAbsf] z'4 pRrf/0f ug{'xf;] \ M
eftF} fl/g', /x:o, PSsfl;, ;ª\3if{, lh1f;f, cªs\ /' 0f, tLI0f, lj1fg
@= ‘dfOsn km/] f8]Ú kf7 kfn}kfnf] ;:j/jfrg ug'x{ f];\ .
#= kf7sf] ;/+ rgfaf/] ;f]lwPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ eGgx' f;] \ M
-s_ dfOsn km]/f8]sf] afNosfn;DaGwL j0fg{ s'g cg'R5]bdf 5 <
-v_ dfOsn km/] f8]n] Onl] S6«s h]g/]6/ cfljisf/ u/]sf] k|;ªu\ s'g cgR' 5]bdf 5 <
-u_ hLjgLsf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] cgR' 5]b s'g xf] <
-3_ ‘dfOsn km]/f8]n] ==== Joj:yf eofÚ] cg'R5b] sf] nfdf] jfSo l6Kgx' f;] \ .
gk] fnL, sIff ( 135
$= kf7sf] bf];|f] cgR' 5]b df}g k7g ug'{xf];\ .
%= lbOPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf;] \ M
-s_ dfOsn km] /f8] s:tf] kl/jf/df hGd]sf lyP <
-v_ pgsf] afNosfn s;/L laTof] <
-u_ pgn] hLjgdf s;/L k/]| 0ff k|fKt u/] <
-3_ pgsf] hLjgLaf6 s] ;Gbz] kfOG5 <
^= lbOPsf cfuGt's zAbsf] cy{ klxrfg ug{x' f];\ / ltgnfO{ kf7df
eGbf leGg tl/sfn] jfSodf k|of]u ug{x' f];\ M
Nofk6k, df]afOn, ;]K6]Da/, a'sn]6, h]g/6] /, df6] /, ldS:r/, d8] n
&= lbOPsf ldltdf dfOsn km] /f8s] f] hLjgdf sg' sg' 36gf ePsf lyP
nV] gx' f];\ M
;g\ !&(!, ;g\ !*@), ;g\ !*#!, ;g\ !*##, ;g\ !*#@, ;g\ !*^&
*= lbOPsf] cg'R5]b k9L ;f]lwPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M
dfOsn km]/f8]sf j1} flgs ofu] bfgnfO{ l;4fGt / cfljisf/df juL{s/0f u/L ltgnfO{
;d]t ljleGg jud{ f af8F \g ;lsG5 . km]/f8h] n ckm OG8S;g, km]/f8h] n ckm
OnS] 6f« d] U] gl] 6sOG8S;g/km/] f8h] nckmOnS] 6f« n] fOl;;\pgsfdV' ol;4fGtxg' \.cfˆg}l;4fGtdf
cfwfl/t /x/] pgn] bh{gf}F lrhsf] cfljisf/ u/s] f 5g\ . cfh xfdLn] 3/leq ko| f]u ug]{ ldS:r/,
3/af6 aflx/ lg:sbF f r9\g] uf8L, xfdLn] cfcfˆgf] 3/df kfgL tfGgsf nflu h8fg
u/s] f df6] / tL ;a} km]/f8s] f] oxL km]/f8h] n ckm On]S6«fD] ofUg]l6s OG8S;g l;4fGts}
dftxt rns] f 5g\ .
k|Zgx¿
-s_ dfOsn km]/f8]sf j}1flgs cfljisf/nfO{ slt ;dx" df juLs{ /0f ul/Psf] 5 <
-v_ pgsf dV' o l;4fGt s] s] x'g,\ nV] gx' f;] \ .
-u_ xfdLn] ko| fu] ug]{ km/f8s] f] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t sg' } tLg pks/0fsf] gfd nV] gx' f;] \ .
136 gk] fnL, sIff (
-3_ pgsf l;4fGtsf] dV' o cfwf/ s] xf] <
(= lbOPsf] cg'R5b] k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M
h]D; km]/f8]sf] kl/jf/ Dofgr:] 6/ :Sjfo/sf] ;fgf] 8]/fdf a:g yfnk] l5 dfOsn
km/] f8]sf] ;ª\3ifd{ o / ;kmntfsf] ofqf ;?' eof] . ;'?df pgnfO{ ;fwf/0f ljBfno
egf{ ul/of] . ;fwf/0f ljBfnodf k9] klg dfOsndf 1fgsf] c;fwf/0f ef]s
lyof] . pgn] ToxfF k9g\ ] / nV] gb] l] v lnP/ ul0ft;Ddsf w/] } s'/f l;s] . a'afn]
cf/gdf sfd ul//xbF f pgL lgs} 3f]l/P/ xl] //fVy] pgsf] Tof] ulx/f] x/] fOdf 1fgsf]
cgGt /x:o n's]sf] xG' Yof] . !# jif{sf ePkl5 ul/aLs} sf/0f dfOsnsf] cfk} rfl/s
k9fO PSsfl; /f]lSsof] / gfafns pd]/df g} pgn] sfd ug{'k¥of] . pgn] Pp6f
k':ts k;ndf lstfasf] lhNbf xfNg] sfd kfP . o;/L lbgel/ sfd / /ftdf k9fO
ub}{ Pp6f slnnf] afnsn] s7f/] ;ª\3if{ ug{'k¥of] . elgG5, /flt k9\bf g} pgdf
lah'nL;DaGwL lh1f;fsf] aLh cª\s/' 0f ePsf] lyof] . pgn] km';{b lgsfn]/ cfˆg} OR5f
/ ?lradf]lhdsf lstfa k9g\ yfn] . Tof] hflu/sf] ;ft jif{;Dd y'k|} lstfa k9/] pgsf]
al' 4 tLI0f x'bF } uof] . To;dWo] hg] df;6{] åf/f lnlvt /;fog lj1fgdf s/' fsfgL / ljleGg
kqklqsfdf 5flkPsf lahn' L;DaGwL n]v k9k] l5 eg] pgdf lj1fgk|lt ulx/f] ?lr
hfUof] .
k|Zgx¿
-s_ dfOsn km] /f8] s:tf] :jefjsf lyP <
-v_ pgn] cfkmg\ f] k9fOnfO{ s;/L lg/Gt/tf lbP <
!)= JofVof ug'x{ f;] \ M
Pp6f ul/a / ljkGg kl/jf/sf] JolSt klg cfˆgf] c7f6] / nufj eof] eg] h:tf;] 's}
nIodf kU' g ;Dej xF'bf] /x5] .
!!= dfOsn km] /f8]n] hLjgdf ;kmntf kf| Kt u/s] f dV' o d'Vo 36gf j0fg{ ug'{xf;] \ .
!@= kf7sf] rfy} f] cgR' 5]baf6 d'Vo d'Vo rf/cf]6f a“b' f l6kL ;f/fz+ nV] gx' f];\ .
!#= JolStj[Q jf JolStut ljj/0fdf JolStsf] gfd, hGdldlt, cfdfaa' fsf] gfd,
hGd:yfg, ;Dks{ 7]ufgf, ofU] otf, ;]jf jf sfo{ u/s] f] cg'ej, tflnd, kf| Kt u/s] f
;Ddfg tyf k'/:sf/ cflb h:tf JolStut ;"rgf ;dfj]z ul/G5 . log} ljifoj:t'
;dl] 6g] u/L cfk\mgf] JolStut ljj/0f tof/ kfgx'{ f;] \ .
gk] fnL, sIff ( 137
!$= lbOPsf] cg'R5]b k9L ;fl] wPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M
JolStdf pTkGg x'g] dfgl;s bafasf] cj:yf tgfj xf] . hLjgsf kL8f, ;ª\3if{, lrGtf,
jftfj/0fLo bafa, sfdsf] rfk cflbn] tgfj l;hg{ f ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . ;fdflhs
jftfj/0fsf ;fy} JolStdf cfPsf zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s kl/jtg{ sf sf/0f klg
tgfj pTkGg x'G5 . tgfjn] JolStsf] bl} gs sfddf ;dt] c;/ kg{ ;S5 . tgfj
Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;dk{0f, ;ª\3if{, ;Demf}tf h:tf /0fgLlt ckgfpg ;lsG5 . ;fdflhs
/fhgLltsf Jojxf/hGo ultljlwaf6 pTkGg rg' ft} L :jLsf/ ug'{ ;dk0{ f xf] . hLjgdf
cfOk/s] f r'gft} Lsf] ;fdgf ub}{ cl3 a9g\ ' ;ª\3if{ xf] . To:t} JolStsf cfr/0f / Jojxf/
hGo ultljlw;Fu ;xsfo{ ub}{ cl3 a9\g' ;Demft} f xf] . ofu] Wofg, dgf/] ~hg, ;ª\uLt,
vn] s'b, zf/Ll/s Jofofd, ;Gtl' nt vfgkfg cflbsf ;fy} l;hg{ fTds, ;fdflhs tyf
/rgfTds sfo{df ;ljm| o eP/ klg tgfj sd ug{ ;lsG5 .
-s_ pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-c_ tgfj eg]sf] s] xf] <
-cf_ tgfj pTkGg xg' fsf sf/0f s] s] xg' \ <
-O_ tgfj Joj:yfkgdf s:tf /0fgLlt ckgfpg ;lsG5 <
-O_{ tgfj sd ug{ ckgfpgk' g]{ pkfo nV] g'xf;] \ .
-v_ efiff ;+/rgf klxrfg ug{x' f];\ M
-c_ cg'R5b] af6 s'g} bO' c{ f]6f ;+o'St jfSo klxrfg ug{x' f];\ .
-cf_ …tgfjn] JolStsf] bl} gs sfddf ;dt] c;/ kg{ ;S5 .Ú jfSonfO{ ld>
jfSodf kl/jt{g ug'x{ f];\ .
-O_ …tgfj Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;dk0{ f, ;ª\3if,{ ;Demf}tf h:tf /0fgLlt ckgfpg
;lsG5 .Ú jfSonfO{ kbljofu] u/L n]Vgx' f;] \ .
-O_{ …dfgl;sÚ / …ultljlwÚ zAbnfO{ pRrf/0fcg';f/ n]Vgx' f;] \ .
!%= lbOPsf] ;Gbe{ k9\gx' f];\ / tfl] sPsf] sfo{ ug'x{ f];\ M
uf]kfnk|;fb l/dfnsf] hGd lj=;=+ !(&% h7] !) ut] sf7df8fF}df / dT[ o' lj= ;+= @)#)
sflQs * ut] ePsf] lyof] . pgsf cfdfa'afsf] gfd cflbTosd' f/L / pdfsfGt xf] .
ufk] fnk;| fb l/dfn Ps lg8/, jm| flGtsf/L, :jfledfgL / bz] eSt ;flxTosf/ x'g\ . cfO{=
P= k9b\ fk9b\ } cflys{ cefjsf sf/0f k9fO 5f]8\g ku' s] f l/dfn lj= ;=+ !(() lt/af6}
138 gk] fnL, sIff (
;flxTo n]vgdf k|j]z u/]sf lyP . pgsf …d;fgÚ, …of] kd]| Ú h:Tff gf6s clg …cfdfsf]
;kgfÚ sljtf ;ªu\ |x clt g} nf]slk|o 5g\ . pgn] dbg k'/:sf/, lqej' g k'/:sf/ h:tf
k|l;4 k/' :sf/;dt] k|fKt u/s] f lyP .
tkfOFn{ ] lrgs] f] ;dfh ;w' f/sf If]qdf pNn]Vo ofu] bfg lbg] JolStsf] hLjgsf dxŒjk"0f{
36gf l6kf6] u/L sIffdf k:| t't ug'x{ f];\ .
;'gfO / afn] fO
!= ;g' fO kf7 !@ ;G' gx' f];\ / lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ eGgx' f];\ M
-s_ wg ;DklQ :jfxf ePkl5 …pmÚ kfq s:tf] cj:yfdf kU' of] <
-v_ p;n] cfuGts' ;Fu s] dfUof] <
-u_ cfuGt'sn] p;nfO{ s] cfzLjf{b lbP <
-3_ pm s;/L sd{zLn aGof] <
@= …sdz{ Lntfn] g} dflg;sf] hLjg rDsG5Ú eGg] s'/f ;g' fO kf7 !@ sf cfwf/df
JofVof ug'{xf;] \ .
eflifs ;/+ rgf / j0f{ljGof;
!= lbOPsf] cg'R5]bdf /x]sf ;/n, ;o+ S' t / ld> jfSo 5'6o\ fpgx' f;] \ M
/df 3/ uOg\ . pgn] vfgf vfOg\ . pgn] Psl5g lstfa kl9g\ . pgL a}7s sf]7flt/
nflug\ . hlt j]nf pgL a}7s sf7] fdf k'lug\ Tolt j]nf 6'KnS' s /dfsf dfdf
cfpg'eof] . ha dfdfn] efGhLnfO{ b]Vge' of] ta dfdfn] cfkm\gf] emf]nf vft] Ng
yfNge' of] . dfdfn] /dfnfO{ Pp6f syfsf] lstfa Nofpg'ePsf] /x5] clg Tof] b]v]/ pgL
;fx}| v';L eOg\ . pgn] dgdg} dfdfnfO{ w]/} wGojfb lbOg\ / :jfutdf Ps lunf;
kmnkm"nsf] /; 6j|m\ofOg\ .
@= lbOPsf ;ªs\ t] sf cfwf/df jfSo kl/jt{g ugx{' f];\ M
-s_ p;nfO{ ;k{n] 6f]Sof] . p;n] pkrf/ u¥of] . -ld> jfSo_
-v_ ;l' dqf ahf/ uOg\ / :jfut ld>nfO{ el] 6g\ . -;/n jfSo_
-u_ nfSkf z]kf{ /l] 8of] lsG5g\ . pgL 3/ hfG5g\ . -;+oS' t jfSo_
-3_ h'g bz] ljsl;t x'G5 Tof] bz] sf hgtf v;' L xG' 5g\ . -;/n jfSo_
gk] fnL, sIff ( 139
-ª_ cfsfz u8o\ fªu8' ª' u5{ clg d;' nwf/] kfgL k5{ . -ld> jfSo_
-r_ h;n] kl/>d u5{ p;n] ;kmntf kfp5F . -;/n jfSo_
#= hLjgLsf] bf];|f] cg'R5b] df ko| f]u ePsf ;/n / ;o+ 'St jfSo l6kf]6 ug'{xf];\ .
$= ;o+ 'St / ld> jfSosf] k|of]u u/L Jofjxfl/s lzIffsf af/]df Pp6f cgR' 5]b
/rgf ug{x' f];\ .
%= /ftf] /ª nufOPsf zAbnfO{ kbljof]u u/L n]Vgx' f];\ M
pdfgfyn] cfkm\gf s'/f ;g' fpgsf nflu …n;g' Ú eg]sf/x5] g\ . xl/n]rflxF vfg] n;g' eGg]
a'em]/ n;'gNofP/ lbP5g\ . To;kl5 pdfgfy g?gg' xfF:g' eP5g\ .
^= lbOPsf] cgR' 5]b kbofu] / kbljof]u ldnfO{ k'gnv]{ g ugx{' f;] \ M
dfOsn km]/f8] n] hLjgsf] pQ/fw{ df yk' }| k;} f cfpg] hflu/ kfPt/ pgn] 5Fbf vfbF fsf]
hflu/ 5f8]/ Psfx] f]/f] cg;' Gwfgdfnfu] . Tolt j]nf pgnfO{ k'g k;} fsf] ;ªs\ 6k¥of] .
pgL la/fdLklg k/] . o:tf] cj:yfdf kTgL;f/fn] pgnfO{ lbnf]Hofgn] ;fylbOg\ / ;]jf
ul/g\ . pgsf] of]ubfgsf] sb/ ub{} tTsfnLg/fhf ljlnodaf6 jifs{ f] #)) kfpG8
k]G;gsf] Joj:yfeof] .
l;hg{ f / kl/ofh] gf sfo{
!= lbOPsf ab“' fsf cfwf/df km\ nf/] G] ; gfOl6ªu\ n] sf] 5f6] f] hLjgL tof/ kfgx{' f;] \ M
-s_ hGd ;g\ !*@) d] !@ O6fnL, d[To' ;g\ !(#) cu:t !#
-v_ km] gL l:dy / ljlnod P8jf8{ gfOl6ª\u]nsL 5f/] L
-u_ pbf/ x[bo / efj's :jefj, k/fk] sf/L efjgf
-3_ g;{ ag/] ;dfh ;]jf ug{] nIo
-ª_ n8] L ljy b NofDksf] pkgfdn] ljZj kV| oft
-r_ gl;{ª k];fnfO{ dof{lbt agfpg', la/fdLsf] k|]/0ff ;|ft]
-5_ pgsf] gfdaf6 ;x/sf] gfds/0f
@= ;fdflhs ;~hfnaf6 vf]h/] Ps hgf ljZj kl| ;4 v]nf8Lsf] hLjgL tof/
kfg'x{ f];\ .
140 g]kfnL, sIff (
kf7 !# sfofn{ oLo lr7L
kb| ]z ;/sf/
n'lDagL kb| ]z
lzIff tflnd s]G›
?kGbx] L
k=;= ============== ldlt =========================
r=g= ==============
>L kf7o\ j|md ljsf; s]G›,
;fgfl] 7dL eStk/' .
ljifo M gk] fnL ljifosf lj1 pknAw u/fOlbg'xg' .
k:| t't ljifodf o; tflnd sG] ›n] dfWolds lzIff -sIff (–!)_ gk] fnL efiff ljifosf
lzIfssf nflu lzIf0f ljlw / k|ljlw;DaGwL tflndsf] cfofh] gf ug{ nfus] f] 5 . To; s]G›af6
g]kfnL efiff kf7o\ jm| ddf ;dofg'sn" kl/dfh{g u/L ;f]xLcg¿' k gofF kf7o\ k':ts ljsf;
ug]{ sfo{ ePsf] 5 . kl/jlt{t kf7o\ j|mdcg'¿k ljsf; ul/Psf kf7o\ k':ts ko| f]udf
cfO;s]sf 5g\ . o;} ;Gbe{df dfWolds lzIff -sIff (–!)_ kf7o\ j|md, @)&* cg¿' k
kl/dfhg{ ul/Psf gk] fnL ljifosf] lzIf0fdf ckgfpg'kg]{ l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf ljleGg kl| jm| of
/ lzIf0fljlwaf/] 5nkmn / cGt/ljm| of u/L l;sfOnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] p2]Zo o; tflnd
s]G›n] lnPsf] 5 . kl/jlt{t kf7\ojm| ddf ax'af}l4stf, ;dfnf]rgfTds ;f]r, ;xsfofT{ ds l;sfO
h:tf lj|mofsnfkdfkm{t l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ug'{kg{] pNnv] 5 . l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf oL / cGo
gofF lj|mofsnfkaf/] lzIfsnfO{ ko| fu] k/s cEof; u/fpg ;lsof] eg] lzIf0f l;sfO k|efjsf/L
xg' ] ljZjf; u/L of] tflnd ;~rfng ug{ nfluPsf] xf] .
o;} ;Gbed{ f o; tflnd sG] ›df g]kfnL ljifosf lj1 gePsf] x'Fbf gofF kf7\ojm| ddf
pNnv] ePsf ljifoj:t'sf] l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu gk] fnL ljifosf lj1sf] cfjZostf k/]sfn]
@)&* rt} @) ut]bl] v @# ut];Ddsf nflu To; sG] ba| f6 g]kfnL ljifosf bO' { hgf lj1 pknAw
u/fOlbg'x'g cg/' fw] 5 . ======================================
kd| 'v
lzIff tflnd s]G›, ?kGbx] L
zAbfy{
kl| jlw – sg' } s/' fsf] lgdf0{ f ug{ j1} flgs 9ªu\ n] sfd ug{] k4lt
kl/dfhg{ – n]v/rgfdf /x]sf bf]if x6fO{ /fdf| ] agfpg] sfd
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f – l;sfO k|ljm| ofnfO{ ;xh agfpg] sfd
;dfnf]rgf – s'g} ljifoj:ts' f] /fdf| g/fdf| kIfsf] lgikIftfsf ;fy dN" ofªs\ g ug{] sfd
;xsfof{Tds l;sfO – l;sfO ;xhLs/0fdf ljBfyL{n] ;u“ ;“u} 5nkmn u//] l;Sg] sfo{
g]kfnL, sIff ( 141
zAbe08f/
!= lbOPsf zAb / cy{lar hf]8f ldnfpg'xf];\ M
zAb cy{
tflnd aGbf]a:t
lj1 sg' } j:t' jf ljifonfO{ Jojxf/df nufpg] sfo {
cGt/ljm| of sg' } sfd jf ljifodf Jojl:yt ¿kdf lbOg] kl| zIf0f
k|ofu] k/s Jofjxfl/s
p2Z] o rfxgf ul/Psf] sfd, Wo]o
cfof]hgf 5nkmn
hl6ntf
ljåfg \
@= lbOPsf zAbsf] kof{ojfrL zAb kf7af6 vfh] ]/ nV] g'xf];\ M
j]Qf, sfd, kTof/, gjLg, ¿kfGtl/t, k;| ª\u, lzIffyL{
#= lbOPsf zAbnfO{ cy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf ko| f]u ugx'{ f;] \ M
lzIf0f, kf7\ojm| d, axa' fl} 4stf, ljsf;, ljZjf;
af]w / cleJolSt
!= lbOPsf zAbsf] z4' ;“u pRrf/0f ug'x{ f;] \ M
ke| fjsf/L, s]G›, af}l4stf, z}lIfs, ;~rfng, kl/jltt{ , lj|mofsnfk, kf7o\ j|md
@= dflysf] kf7 kfnk} fnf] ;:j/jfrg ugx{' f;] \ . ;u“ s} f ;fyLsf] jfrg ;do, xfpefp,
z4' tf cflb Vofn ug'x{ f;] \ .
#= lbOPsf] cz+ k9g\ x' f;] \ / sfof{noLo lr7Lsf] ;/+ rgf / zn} Lcg';f/sf s'/f
dflysf lr7Ldf sxf“ sxf“ k/]sf 5g\, kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
Pp6f sfof{non] csf{] sfofn{ o jf JolStnfO{ k7fpg] lr7L sfof{noLo lr7L xf] . o:tf]
142 g]kfnL, sIff (
k|sf/sf] lr7Ldf ;a}eGbf dfly bfoflF t/ ldlt nl] vG5 . afofFlt/ ;DalGwt sfofn{ osf]
gfd / 7]ufgf jf sfofn{ o k|d'vnfO{ plrt ;Daf]wg u/L sfofn{ osf] 7]ufgf n]lvG5 .
To;eGbf tn ljifo n]lvG5 . To;kl5 ljifosf] s]Gb|Lotfdf cfjZos ;"rgf / ljj/0f
g5'6\g] u/L k|:t't ul/G5 . ljj/0fsf] ;dflKtkl5 sfofn{ osf tkm{af6 lr7Ldf ;xL ug{]
JolStsf] gfd, kb / sfofn{ osf] gfd /flvG5 . cGo sfofn{ onfO{ afw] fy{ lbg'kg{] xf] eg]
afw] fy{ lbOPsf JolSt jf sfof{nosf] gfdfjnL;dt] lbOG5 .
$= lbOPsf kZ| gsf] dfl} vs pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M
-s_ lr7L s;n] s;nfO{ nv] s] f] xf] <
-v_ tflndsf] ljifoj:t' s] /x5] <
-u_ tflndsf] dV' o p2Z] o s] xf] <
-3_ tflnd s]Gb| kd| v' n] s] ckI] ff u/s] f 5g\ <
%= lbOPsf] cgR' 5]b k9L pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
k|:tt' ljifodf o; tflnd sG] ›n] dfWolds lzIff -sIff (–!)_ gk] fnL efiff ljifosf
lzIfssf nflu lzIf0f ljlw / k|ljlw;DaGwL tflndsf] cfof]hgf ug{ nfu]sf] 5 . To; s]G›af6
gk] fnL efiff kf7o\ j|mddf ;dofgs' "n kl/dfh{g u/L ;fx] Lcg¿' k gofF kf7\ok:' ts ljsf; ug]{
sfo{ ePsf] 5 . kl/jltt{ kf7o\ jm| dcg'¿k ljsf; ul/Psf kf7o\ k:' ts k|of]udf cfO;ss] f
5g\ . o;} ;Gbed{ f kl/dfhg{ ul/Psf dfWolds lzIff -sIff (–!)_ kf7\ojm| d, @)&* cg'¿k
gk] fnL ljifosf] lzIf0fdf ckgfpg'kg]{ l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf ljleGg k|ljm| of / lzIf0fljlwaf/]
5nkmn / cGt/ljm| of u/L l;sfOnfO{ ke| fjsf/L agfpg] p2]Zo o; tflnd sG] ›n] lnPsf]
5.
k|Zgx¿
-s_ tflnd slxn]bl] v slxn];Dd cfof]hgf ul/Psf] 5 <
-v_ tflnd slt sIffsf lzIfssf nflu cfofh] gf ug{ nfluPsf] xf] <
-u_ tflnd sg' ljifosf lzIfssf nflu lbg nfluPsf] 5 <
-3_ tflndsf] cfof]hgf lsg ul/Psf] /x]5 <
^= tflnd s]Gb|af6 nl] vPsf] kq kfPkl5 kf7\oj|md ljsf; sG] bn| ] lj1 v6fPsf]
kqsf] gdg' f tof/ kfg{x' f;] \ .
gk] fnL, sIff ( 143
&= tkfO“{sf] ljBfnon] /lh:6;«] g kmf/fd e/L lzIff ljsf; tyf ;dGjo PsfOnfO{
k7fpg] kqsf] gd'gf tof/ ugx{' f];\ .
*= lbOPsf] 3/fo;L lr7Lsf] gd'gf k9L cfkm\gf] If]qdf /x]sf] sg' } P]ltxfl;s jf
;f+:sl[ ts :ynsf] ed| 0f ug{ cg/' fw] ub}{ ;fyLnfO{ lr7L nV] gx' f];\ M
efOnfO{ lr7L
@)&(.)*.!$
bg' }, 8fN] kf
Kof/f] efO ;dL/,
;k]|d ;Demgf .
d oxfF cf/fd 5,' cf/fdsf] sfdgf ub5{ ' . ltdLn] k7fPsf] kq kfPF . ltdLn]
kqdf cfˆgf] k9fOnfO{ cem s;/L /fd|f] kfg{ ;lsG5 egL lh1f;f /fv]sf /x5] f} .
dnfO{ Tof] kq k9\bf ;fx|} v;' L nfUof] lsgeg] ltdL To;} klg k9fOdf cAan g}
5f} . ltdLdf k9g\ ] efs] hfus] f] bv] /] dnfO{ cfgGb cfof] . ltdLdf o:t} lh1f;f
/x\of] eg] of] bzsleq /fi6s« f] xf]gxf/ gful/s aGg] ;ª\s]t ltdLdf kfPsL
5' . kw| fgfWofkssf] lhDd]jf/L jxg u/s] L lbbLaf6 kSs} klg plrt dful{ gbz]{ xfn] f eg/]
ltdLn] kq nv] ]sf xf}nf eGg] dnfO{ nfUof] .
efO ;dL/, k9fOnfO{ s;/L cem /fdf| ] kfg{] eGg] ltd|f] k|Zgsf cgs] f}F pQ/ xg'
;S5g\ . sIffsf7] fdf k9]sf s'/fnfO{ /fd|/L ae' m]/ cfˆg} zAbdf eGg ;Sg,' n]Vg ;Sg'
/ k9]sf s'/fnfO{ Jojxf/df k|of]u ug{ ;Sg' klg k9fO g} xf] . To;n} ] ltdLn] k9g\ ] j]nf
;/;tL{ kf7 k9/] ;Sg] dfq xfO] g, x/s] cg'R5]bdf dV' o dV' o s'/f sxfF 5g\ ltgnfO{
klxrfg u/]/ k9\of} eg] a'emfO lbuf] xg' ;S5 . k9\g] ;a}eGbf /fdf| ] csf{] tl/sf cfˆgf] gf6]
cfkm}F agfpg' xf] . d'Vo dV' o s'/f l6k/] gf]6 agfpFbf ;Demg ;lhnf] xG' 5 . lzIfsn]
k9fPsf j]nf dV' o d'Vo s/' f l6kf6] ug{] / 3/df uO{ kf7o\ k:' ts k9/] cfˆg} efiffdf
gf6] agfO{ k9g\ ] tl/sf g} pQd tl/sf xf] . cfkm"n] n]vs] f s/' f kf| oM dflg;n]
la;F{b}gg\ . k|foh;f] ljBfyLd{ f n]vfOnfO{ k6s k6s cEof;, kl/isf/ / kl/dfh{g
ug]{ afgL bl] vbF }g . ltdL h:tf] cWoogzLn eO{ jife{ l/ k9/] Ps} k6s k/LIffdf dfq /fd/| L
nV] 5' eGof] eg] To;sf] /fdf| ] glthf gcfpg ;S5 . gofF ljifoj:t'sf af/d] f kz| :t
vf]hlgtL ugk{' 5{ . k9\g] ljBfyL{ cfkm}Fn] kf7af6 cg]s vfnsf kZ| g agfpg], tL kZ| gsf]
pQ/ dgdg} uG' g] clg nv] ]/ cEof; ug{] afgL a;fNof] eGof] k/LIff;Fu ql;t xg' ] afgL
x6\gs' f ;fy} ljBfyL{df cfTdan a9g\ ] xFb' f ltdLn] o; s'/fsf] x]Ssf /fVg] g} 5f} eGg]
d}n] ljZjf; lnPsL 5' .
144 gk] fnL, sIff (
efO, /fd|/L k9g\ sf nflu ;}4flGts s/' fnfO{ klg k|fof]lus / Jofjxfl/s agfP/ k9g\ ]
afgL u¥of] eg] k9fO ke| fjsf/L x'G5 . gk] fnL ljifodf syf, sljtf, lgaGw nV] gsf nflu
sltko ljBfyL{ 3f]Sg jf s07 ugl{ t/ nfus] f] kfOG5 . syf sljtf s;/L nV] g] eGg]
l;4fGt k9]/ dfq syf sljtf n]Vg ;lsGg . cfkmn" ] o:tf] /rgf ug'k{ g{] 5 eg] c¿n]
nv] ]sf syf, sljtf k9b\ f ;lhn;} Fu syf, sljtf n]Vg] cfTdan a9\5 . k|ofu] fTds
sfoa{ f6 xg' ] l;sfO :d/0fsf nflu a9L ke| fjsf/L x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu lv/ ksfpg]
tl/sf hfGg k9/] eGbf efG5fdf uP/ ksfPsf] x]//] jf cfkmF} ksfP/ /fd|f;] uF l;Sg
;lsG5 . k9]sf ljifooj:t'df ;fyLx¿;uF cGt/lj|mof ug{] clg gae' m]sf s/' f lzIfsnfO{
;fW] g] ug'k{ 5{ . To:f} u/L k9s] f s/' fnfO{ dgdg} u'Gg], k9\g] ;dotflnsf agfpg] /
aFb' fx¿sf] tflnsf agfP/ b]lvg] u/L 6fF:g] ubf{ /fdf| ] xG' 5 . cfkmn" ] k9]sf s/' fnfO{
af/Daf/ :dl[ tdf Nofpg] / k7g ;:+ s[ltnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] u¥of} eg] kSs} klg ltd|f]
k9fOdf emg\ ku| lt xg' ] 5 . d 3/ cfpbF f ltdLnfO{ sx] L 1fgjw{s lstfax¿ NofOlbg]
5' . cfˆgf] nIodf kU' g ltdLn] yk ldlxgt] / ko| f; ug]{ 5f} eGg] ljZjf; u/s] L 5' . n
t afa' cfhsf] kq oltdf 6ª' \Uofp5F ' . s]xL afsF L eP kmfg] df s/' f ub}{ u/fnF} f .
ltdL| Kof/L lbbL
;ªu\ Ltf 9sfn
vfdsf] gdg' f
k7fpg] kfpg]
;ª\uLtf 9sfn ;dL/ 9sfn
7'nLe/] L gu/kflnsf @ x6] f“}8f pkdxfgu/kflnsf $
8fN] kf, s0ff{nL kb| z] dsjfgk/' , afUdtL k|b]z
gk] fnL, sIff ( 145
(= lbOPsf] lgdGq0ff kq k9L ljBfnodf cfofh] gf x'g nfus] f] s'g} ;flxlTos
sfoj{ m| ddf pkl:yltsf nflu Pp6f lgdGq0ff kq tof/ kfg'{xf];\ M
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lgdGq0ff
xfd|f cfoi' dfg\ gflt cldtljjm| d sfsL{ -;k' 'q M xs{ljj|md sfsL{ tyf ;'lko| f sfsL_{
sf] Jof; gu/kflnsf &, sn:] tL tgx'F lgjf;L z/" jL/ yfkf tyf ;'dtL yfkfsL
cfo'idtL ;'kq' L ;/' Iff yfkfsf ;fy ;;' DkGg x'g] ze' ljjfxdf pkl:yt eO{ j/aw"nfO{
cfzLjf{b kb| fg ugs{ f nflu ;fb/ lgdGq0ff ub{5fF} .
sfoj{ |md bz{gflenfifL kf| yL{
hGtL k:| yfg M @)&(÷)@÷@% /fhs'df/ sfsL{ ;fu/ljj|md sfsL{
;do M laxfg ( ah ] j[ifdfg sfsL { ;ljgf sfsL{
kL| ltef]h M @)&(÷)@÷@^ Pjd\ ;d:t sfsL{ kl/jf/
;do M lbp;F f] # b]lv & ah;] Dd
:yfg M ze' sfdgf kf6L{ Kofn;] , cd/l;+x rfs] , kfv] /f
!)= lbOPsf] ;r" gf k9L ;?jf /f]usf] /f]syfdsf nflu :jf:Yo sfofn{ on] hf/L ug]{
;"rgf tof/ ug{'xf];\ M
ug' f;f] btf;{ DaGwL ;r" gf
o; gk] fn b/" ;~rf/ kf| lws/0faf6 cgd' lt kq k|fKt ;j] f kb| fosn] k|bfg
u/s] f] b/" ;~rf/ ;]jfsf ;DaGwdf ;d:of ePdf b"/;~rf/ pkefS] tfn] ;DalGwt
;]jf k|bfosnfO{ g} ug' f;f] ug{] kf| jwfg /flvPsf] 5 . o:tf] ubf{ klg ;d:of ;dfwfg
gePsf] v08df o; k|flws/0fsf] sfofn{ osf] ;Dks{ gDa/ tyf sfofn{ osf] Od]ndfkmt{
u'gf;f] Joj:yfkgsf] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . xfn b"/;~rf/ ;j] fsf ;DaGwdf pkef]Stfsf]
u'gf;fn] fO{ yk Jojl:yt Pjd\ ke| fjsf/L agfpgsf nflu sfofn{ osf] ;Dks{ gDa/, Od]n
tyf cltl/St ug' f;f] Joj:yfkg k0| ffnL;d]t tof/ u/L k|flws/0fsf] j]a;fO6df
/flvPsf] a]xf/] f ;Dk0" f{ b"/;~rf/ pkef]Stf tyf ;DalGwt ;/fs] f/jfnfsf] hfgsf/Lsf
nflu cg'/fw] 5 .
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0f
pkef]Stf lxt ;/+ If0f zfvf
146 g]kfnL, sIff (
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class 9 nepali
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