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with local government, establishment of close relationships with other GLCs and training of
manpower.

Figure 2 : Growth Strategies Adopted by the Property Sector

Property Sector Growth Strategies

9%
8%
7%
6%
5%
4%
3%
2%
1%
0%

In the case of property sector, the firms seem to emphasis related and focussed growth strategy
that take the form of a combination of resource differentiation and cost leadership strategy. For
superior financial performance, the main growth strategies adopted involve offering customized
product/services especially within urban clienteles, mixed use of the buildings, focusing business
in a specific geographic location – this normally pertains to highly developed locations with dense
population, new township or future planned government infrastructure locales. Just like
construction sector, firms in the property sector also adopted related diversification. Many of
these high-performance firms focus on full service range, ranging from consulting, marketing,
legal services, project management or design as their main services and sub-contracting other
non-core critical business to other companies. Those that have superior MVA shown that their
talent lies in strong marketing investments, corporate reputation for quality or technological
leadership, and unique combination of skills drawn from other related upstream and downstream
businesses. For those that do not subscribed to related diversification, their growth strategy is
angled towards developing a strong cooperation from the channel.

6.3. H3: Firm’s superior performance is positively related to its level of corporate
governance.
For hypotheses 3, the null hypotheses cannot be rejected for the construction sector, while for
the property sector the findings show that their firms’ superior financial performance is positively
related to the level of corporate governance adopted. In the case of the construction sector, the
relationship between governance structure and firm performance are strongly affected by the
fragmented and complex nature of the industry, even if the ‘right’ composition, size and diversity
of the board have been exercised. Thus, there is a need to examine the relationship of the board
influence on the firm’s performance in relation to the key elements of a firm’s operating
environment, such as socio-economic policies, governmental influence, law and regulations. In
addition to the tightening of the interest rate and poor economic conditions, in terms of regulatory
requirements, construction have a higher number of regulations to abide compared to the

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property sector. Operational-wise, the complexity of the governing bodies also adds to the
complexity of the governing aspect in this industry. Firstly, to be a contractor and be given a
construction project, a firm is required to register with numerous bodies starting from CIDB,
SPKK, STB. Furthermore, other agencies such as TNB, Telekom, JKR, Petronas, SPAN etc also
will be needed to be included in the regulatory frameworks if the firms want to participate in
procurement activities of these respective agencies. In addition to these, there are various other
regulatory procedures that have to be followed as the construction firms began to embark in pre-
construction and up to post-construction works. These regulations relate to local authorities,
municipal council and other GLCs for permits, authority-granting procedures etc. Given the
numerous regulatory bodies, this can lead to process cost and sometimes delays in the
commencement of projects as problems in documentation can hold up construction works either
related to off-sites, on-site and also manpower issues especially pertaining to foreign workers,
Sometimes the delays in getting these approvals have resulted in contractors losing
opportunities to secure projects leading to lost in revenues. Thus, it is found that in terms of
BoD’s elements such as board diversity, size and composition, these do not significantly
influence the level of financial performance of the firms. Thus, it can be concluded that corporate
governance variables are perceived as the weak link in the firms’ performance.

However, for the property sector, board diversity, composition, role of audit committee and board
independency have positive relationship with property firms’ performance. For this sector, board
composition is an important mechanism of board structure. This point to the executive and non-
executive directors’ roles and the application of the agency theory and stewardship theory in
ensuring impartiality of the board. Using panel data regression, it is also found that board size
and CEO/Chairman duality has significant relationship with firm performance. Risk management
committee has also been found to play a role in firm performance in its capacity to identify,
prioritize and oversee economic risks, in addition to its internal audit review. This is because as
the project progresses the property developer will be facing higher risk because of reduced
flexibility and the complexity of work and investments are increasing. Most of these projects will
take very long time to complete with stakeholders consisting of landowners, developers,
government agencies, financial institutions, building contractors, agents and the professional
team (comprising of planning consultants, accountants, lawyers, engineers, architects, planning
consultants, project managers etc.). While the success or failure of a property development
project is often influenced by market conditions, the role of proper auditing and monitoring play
an important a crucial role too. For the property sector, given the diverse upstream and
downstream operations, these firms need strong board members to observe and regulate the
administration and investment activities of the property firms to ensure superior financial
performance.

6.4. H4: Firm size and superior firm performance are positively associated.
This hypothesis has been proven to be correct in the case of both the sectors and thus the
hypotheses is accepted. This is because large size public listed firms have the ability to carry
out their stakeholders’ needs is tightly related to capital structure. Furthermore, the firm’s size
highly influences the type of relationship the firm enjoys within and outside it business
environment. That is, the larger the firm, the more influence it can exert on its stakeholders. Most
importantly, these firms were normally able to prove ability to carry out, and thus secure big

95

investments projects such as large or very large residential and mixed-use development
projects. The Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia (CIDB) publications have also
shown that since the 1970s many large-sized Malaysia contractors and developers have been
expanding their business to global markets too. For both these sectors, although agility have its
benefits, the need for a strong and stable capital structure is the determinant factors for ability
to capture new opportunities and thus gain, superior financial performance. This is in-line with
Hart (2000) and Markman and Gartner (2002)’s works where it is indicated that firm will grow
until they reach the scale where they can fully utilize the economies of scales. Large sized firms
were also shown to devote strategies to systematically manage their human capital, reputation,
image and the focus on technology in their processes and seeking new materials in
constructions/operations. This is especially true for the construction firms as the use of better
and new materials will lead to higher productivity. Ability to invest in R&D have enabled both
sectors to create technological diffusion leading to less labour-intensive operations, thus
increasing productivity.

6.5. H5: Firm age of listing can improve superior firm performance.
The hypotheses 5 for both sectors is rejected as findings have shown that the duration of firm
listing do not significantly influence superior firm’s performance. Getting access to large projects
requires scale and in the absence of which it is hard to break in large projects regulated by
international standards. The failure to build effective mechanisms for ensuring credibility, rather
than age of listing also will lead limited access to the high-income segment of the property
industry. For the construction firms, they are regarded as project-base in structure. The ability to
garner superior performance lies in the fact that these firms’ growth strategies chosen have a fit
with the market segments and can successfully win the projects. This ability to use resources
and core competencies effectively are mainly due to good
managerial process in response to market´s need. The opportunity to grow are also based on
the reputation and image of the firms which were built through strong capital structure and ability
to grasp opportunity and be proactive rather than reactive. In other word, this ability does not
seem to relate to the age of the firm’s listing as younger listed firms are shown to have similar
performance, or even in certain cases, outperform some older public-listed ones.

Both sectors display similar patterns in their trend towards achieving superior financial
performance whereby increase of productivity contributed by R&D through innovation of new
technology to support their businesses’ value chain. Notwithstanding the age of listing, superior
performance firms have mastered cost effective strategies through productivity’s thrust of using
cost efficiency and resources to maximize the outcome through operational effectiveness, R&D
though innovation of new technology to support the value chain. In addition, the productivity is
positively related to systematic monitoring of labour and material, selection of quality suppliers
and subcontractors, effective resource and labour saving, reputation and image, , innovative
project management, offering customize products, focusing businesses in specific geographical
areas and penetration into new locations for future potential opportunities. Furthermore, the
financial performance in the property sector was improved through close customer relationship
strategies and keeping close attention to changing customers’ need and technological trends.
For both sectors, productivity is linked to many factors; such as investments in R&D, lower rate
of accidents, project managerial process and resources deployment. Furthermore, the

96

attainment of economies of scales and learning curve are not framed by age listing, since both

older and younger listing-firm demonstrate almost similar ability in adopting best practices and

new innovative technological process. For the property sectors, these best practices extend to

things such as investment appraisal services, brokerage, consulting, insurance, matching/listing
services, mortgages, project development, real estate finance, real estate’s transaction process,

etc. In conclusion, efficiency, effectiveness, and reputation as well as increasing market share
is significantly influential to firm’s performance rather than age of listing.

.

Based on the above findings, the testing of hypotheses can be summarized as follows:

Hypothesis Description Construction Property
Sector Sector
H1 Growth strategy of a firm in the previous year can Accepted Accepted
stimulate the growth strategy in the current year.

H2 Growth strategy of a firm is positively impact on Accepted Accepted
the superior firm performance

H3 A firm’s superior performance is positively related Rejected Accepted
to its level of corporate governance.

H4 Firm size and superior firm performance are Accepted Accepted
positively associated

H5 Firm age of listing can improve superior firm Rejected Rejected
performance

In conclusion, the findings show that the property sector emphasis on both corporate governance
and growth strategies to improve their firm performance. While for the construction sector, the
focus on corporate governance practices is not as significant in their quest to achieve superior
firm performance. The detail growth strategy pattern will be discussed in the following chapter
six.

7. Conclusion and Recommendations
The objective of this study is to construct a model for leveraging growth strategy and corporate
governance for a superior financial performance. This study uses dynamic panel regression
method to identify the model of growth strategies, corporate governance and superior financial
performance. This panel method is used because it minimizes errors across the estimated points
on the line and the actual observed points of the estimated regression line by giving the best fit.
There are 38 full set of data for construction sector, while for the property sector the data sets
amounted to 76 firms. Panel regression analysis is conducted as Pooled regression, Random
effect and Fixed effect. Finally, random effect is found to be the most appropriate and
subsequent analysis was conducted. Different types of firm performance measurements were
looked into, and it is found that MVA is the most powerful indicator of a firm’s superior profit level.
Market value added is wider in scope to indicate the firm performance by underlying not only

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internal firm performance but also comprising capital market achievement for the firm. Random
effect was adopted as the most appropriate to interpret the results for both the construction
sector and the property sector. The above methodology and performance measurement were
used as it is deemed to be the most appropriate to study the complexity of the property and
construction industries. The real estate industries cover a wide range of interrelation activities,
starting from the preproduction, production and post production stages. Not only do each phase
has its own value chain, but they are governed by numerous government agencies, and also
different sets of acts and regulations. The process of navigating through the various government
legislations, in addition to macro environmental factors such as the economy, technological
changes, market supply and demand greatly affect the type of strategies adopted.

Construction public-listed firms adopted more types and breadth of growth strategies compared
to the property firms. Big sized and well-established construction firms are able to set a premium
price for their products while maintaining a low-cost structure in comparison to their competitors.
The level of strategy percentage ranges from 0% (translated as having no growth strategy) to
30%. (the highest practices of growth strategies as stated in the respective firms’ annual reports).
Construction sector’s firms give high emphasis to customer relationship and development
programmes, new market strategy, research and development, risk management, sales
opportunities and using new methods and technology in their business processes. These firms
were found to have achieved high growth by identifying new markets for their new but related
products. As product differentiation is a relatively new strategic concept, these construction
companies are able to gain competitive advantage through these actions. The use of innovative
designs and green technology is especially prevalent among developers of high-rise residential
projects due to the intense competition in this market segment. When it comes to suppliers of
material, the big-sized developers are also able to enjoy greater bargaining power due to their
economies of scale in comparison to the small developers.

For the property sector’s firms, the research findings show that they have relatively less diversity
and breadth of growth strategies being adopted as compared to the construction sector’s firms.
That is, as the highest adoption level is not more than 8% while construction sectors firms have
minimum 5% and maximum is greater than 25%. The property sector indicates that new market
and business processes, introduction of new product offerings, research and development and
risk management as their main thrust in growth strategies. This is because the trend of high
demand enjoyed over the years have led to many new developers entering the market, leading
to overcapacity, and thus stronger rivalry. Due to this high competitive rivalry, a lot of the industry
players have decided to shift their geographical coverage and launched affordable landed
properties in townships outside the city centre, in order to take advantage of the newly
constructed infrastructure.

These findings indicate that the research expenditures used by the both sectors are relatively
high and real growth can be determined from the findings of the statistical analysis (panel
regression analysis). In terms of corporate governance, construction sector was seen to have
less influential effects as compared to the property sectors, while listing age do not have
significant influence to the firms in both sectors. This study highlighted how the measurement of
the attributes of business growth strategy for each firm on an annual basis by using content

98

analysis or disclosure analysis. This is done by using secondary data as appeared in the annual
report of the firms from both construction and property sectors. Since the level of growth strategy
is one of the independent variable, the measurements have to be categorised for a systematic
analysis of the different types of strategies adopted. To determine the attributes of growth
strategy levels based on the different types of business growth strategies; these are classified
into categories of strategies namely; market penetration strategy, market development strategy,
product/service development strategy, diversification strategy: vertical integration and mergers,
acquisition, joint ventures: horizontal integration.

7.1. Limitation of Study
As in most secondary-based research studies, there are certain limitations in the present study
due to the boundaries in terms of data source and scope covered, and hopefully, these
limitations can be addressed in future studies. Unavoidably, the data restricted in the annual
report contains certain degree of preparers’ justifications of activities. Consequently, certain data
may be prejudiced as a result of different understandings or personal preconceptions of the
Annual Report’s preparers, which can influence the quality of the measures. Besides, this
research is confined to the Malaysian public-listed construction and property firms only. The
findings of this research may not be applicable to other types of ownership structure or SMEs in
these two sectors. However, it can be seen as a reference to these other firms as they are mostly
facing comparable challenges due to the similar prevalent economic and business
environments. Given these limitations, it poses an opportunity to further the research in this area
of growth strategies, corporate governance, firm’s size and age by expanding the resources and
perspectives to include primary data sources and also expanding the variables being studied.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: PAPER 6
AGEING IN PLACE OVERVIEW FOR THE
ELDERLY IN MALAYSIA – LANDED PROPERTY
HOME FOR GENERATION X AND BABY

BOOMERS

PRESENTER: SR DR SITI UZAIRAH BINTI MOHD TOBI, UTM
Sr. Dr. Siti Uzairiah Binti Mohd Tobi, Dr. Mohamad Syazli Bin Fathi and Professor

Dilanthi Amaratunga
Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics

University of Technology Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur

e-mail: [email protected]

102

AGEING IN PLACE OVERVIEW FOR THE ELDERLY IN MALAYSIA – LANDED
PROPERTY HOME FOR GENERATION X AND BABY BOOMERS

Sr. Dr. Siti Uzairiah Binti Mohd Tobi, Dr. Mohamad Syazli Bin Fathi and Professor Dilanthi
Amaratunga
Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics
University of Technology Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur
e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The size of population in Malaysia had reached 28.3 million in 2010 and is expected to
increase to 38.6 million in the next 30 years. Malaysia data illustrates that 7% of the older
population age are more than 60 years during 2005, which is anticipated to double up to 14%
in the year 2028. This research has comprehensively reviewed the relevant articles and
journals to discover the concepts, definitions and issues regarding the ageing population
globally and in Malaysia, particularly on how elderly people age in place. Many researchers
are in agreement on the main focus areas towards a successful ageing in place home, these
three main areas are housing, surrounding facilities and social inclusion.Therefore, the
continuous increasing ageing population calls for the responsible parties which include all
stakeholders, such as government agencies, developers, researchers, practitioners, local
community and NGOs to further explore this research area. Accordingly, the concern over
ageing is not only about the size of the old age population but, more importantly the health,
the welfare and care, the living arrangements, the infrastructure, housing, income and
economic growth. Hence, this study investigates on this issue by deploying multiple case study
approach as the research design. Data are collected using semi-structured interviews, focus
group discussions, and document reviews. NVivo software is used to analyse the data towards
identifying the emerging themes. It is found that the built environment plays a role in defining
the conditions for people to live healthy lives. This is because older people require high-quality
built environment that suit their needs across the whole life course in the form of a building
stock and infrastructure that support independent living and enhance their quality of life. The
outcome of this report can be used as the foundation to further develop a comprehensive
guideline on standards of living for senior citizens in Malaysia through the provision of better
support services and facilities, as well as the creating age-friendly, safe and sustainable
environment.

Keywords: Ageing in place, housing, landed property

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1. INTRODUCTION

The ageing population is a global phenomenon which has major consequences and effects
for whole aspects of human life. Ageing is more obvious in developed countries and less
evident in the developing countries (Akil and Abdullah, 2015). In 2050, the world population
is estimated to rise within the range of 8 billion and 9.6 billion (Guerin et al., 2015). The ageing
population can be perceived as a major demographic challenge in many European countries
within the following fifty years. Its implications on socioeconomic systems, such as public
pensions programmes, health care or kinship structures should be substantial (Lanzieri,
2011). On the other hand, the ageing population disseminates quickly and has become one
of the utmost challenges around the world. Globally, the total number of elderly people is
anticipated to rise three times from 259 million in 1980 to 761 million in 2025. A significant
72% of this population (236.9 million) is determined by developing countries (Minhat et al.,
2014).

The continuous increasing ageing population calls for the responsible parties, for instance,
the engineers (in order to supply the tools and apparatus for daily activities in the garden and
in the kitchen in a less strenuous manner) to take the limitations of the ageing population into
account during the design process. Ergonomics considerations such as comfort and usability
with regards to the ageing population should be further highlighted since the ageing
population would be more vulnerable to common injuries while using these tools and
apparatus (Lee et al., 2015). On the other hand, ageing enhances the percentage of elderly
with additional morbidities and functional infirmity. Addressing this challenge has major
consequences to the government at the same time to the elderly in parts of socio-economic
and health issues out of all societies around the globe (Ramachandran and Radhika, 2013).

The size of population in Malaysia had reached 28.3 million in 2010 and is expected to
increase to 38.6 million in the next 30 years. This demographic milestone causes renewed
attention to the challenges caused by population growth (Rashid et al., 2014). Malaysia data
illustrates that 7% of the older population age are more than 60 years during 2005, which is
anticipated to double the percentage to 14% in the year of 2028.

a) Problem Statement

As the number of older persons in Malaysia continue to rise, issues and topics related
to elderly people become more prominent (Wan Ahmad and Ismail, 2014). Studies by Yusoff
and Zulkifli (2013), Mafauzy (2000) and Ariokiasamy (1997) affirm that senior citizens in

104

Malaysia face various problems that affect their health and wellbeing such as shortage of
trained health care professionals, unsuitable housing design, lack of social and health
programs that encourage active lifestyle, inaccessible public transportation and others. Most
Malaysians would prefer to reside in their own homes and have no desire to move to another
place as they get older (Syed Abdul Rashid et al., 2006). They also found that the current
home environment in Malaysia poses many barriers that interfere with the wellbeing of elderly
people in Malaysia, such as slippery flooring, lack of space, lack of grab bars, split flooring
and others.

One of the proposed solutions that addresses these issues is the implementation of practices
that encourage ageing in place in Malaysia. Although there is a growing emphasis on ageing
in place in more developed nations, there seems to be a shortage of current research and
publications on the topic in Malaysia especially with regards to the built environment (Syed
Abdul Rashid et al., 2006; Wai & Wei, 2010). Nevertheless, the Malaysian government has
been more aware of the growing needs of seniors and has taken measures to address these
needs through initiatives such as the Economic Transformation Programme, the National
Policy for Older Persons, and by increasing the minimum retirement age to 60 years old
(Zawawi, 2013; PEMANDU, 2013; Chin, 2015). These findings indicate that there is a growing
focus on addressing the needs of Malaysia’s ageing population through programs and
developments that focus on improving their wellbeing using a multi-sectoral approach.

Therefore, this research is significant as it contributes to the limited information that is known
regarding the current challenges faced by older persons to age in place in Malaysia,
particularly in urban area. This research is in line with the preferences of many people to live
in their homes as they grow older with a focus on landed property.

It will also contribute to the efforts carried out by the government to improve the health and
welfare of senior citizens in Malaysia through the provision of services, facilities, and
developments (Syed Abdul Rashid et al., 2006). The findings of this research are significant
as it identifies the current challenges faced by elderly citizens in Malaysia, as well as it
deduces the good practices to age in place. This will be done through a proposal of a
preliminary guideline that can be implemented to address these issues.

105

b) Research Objectives

The following are the research objectives of this research:
i. To identify the ageing in place practices based on the global existing guidelines
and best practices.
ii. To assess the challenges faced by the elderly population to age in place in
urban areas in Malaysia.
iii. To develop a framework that can be used to establish a guideline for ageing
in place population in Malaysia towards age friendly facilities and environment.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

The ageing in place concept discussion includes providing the definition of an elderly person,
the physical environment and living arrangements for elderly people, and the definition of
ageing in place, with particular focus on landed property home. This section also discusses
on literature findings from housing related areas, facilities and services, as well as social
related areas. Finally this section provides an overview for the stakeholders involved in this
research which are the Baby Boomers and Generation X.

a) Definition of an Elderly Person

According to Karim (1997), ageing can be defined as a biological, sociological, economic and
chronological phenomenon. In this paper, the chronological definition will be used and in line
with the United Nations and Ministry of Health's recommendations, "the elderly or ageing
population" will be taken to mean people aged 60 years or older. Consequently, at the
moment, there is no United Nations standard numerical criterion, but a cut off age of 60 years
refers to the elderly population were adopted by many developing countries (Juni, 2015). On
the other hand, ageing can be described as an extensive concept which comprises mental
capabilities, physical alterations to the bodies, social characteristics via the adult life and
psychological modifications to the minds. Additionally, it takes into account the elderly
people’s capability on their situation or condition, self-care and position [wz1]within their families
along with their social networks. These inquiries are within their aptitude and capability to
deliver the information on their behalf, to ensure a suitable and pleased life (Abdullah et al.,
2013).

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An ageing population is a challenging domain that affects developed and developing
countries. Every month, one million people turn sixty years old. Furthermore, the projected
growth of elderly group will increase exponentially, and the need for resources to care for
older individuals will, therefore, increase proportionately. This growth will also result in an
increased incidence of degenerative diseases and disability. This will lead to the need of
generating knowledge on how to care for this population (Abdullah et al., 2016). In Malaysia,
the elderly people (aged population) are described as people aged 60 years and over (MHLW,
2013; Mohammad and Abbas, 2012). Accordingly, as the number and percentage of the older
population of Malaysia continue to increase, the need for extensive and current information
on the older population increases and thus, issues regarding elderly persons are becoming
increasingly important to be addressed (Wan-Ibrahim & Zainab, 2014).

b) Elderly Physical Environment

Many studies have discussed the importance of appropriate physical environments towards
positively influencing the health and wellbeing of individuals, which include Netherlands Board
for Healthcare Institutions (2008), Lavin et al. (2006) and Joseph (2006). According to reports
from Elsevier (2011) Stevens, Holman and Bennett (2001), Carter et. al. (1997) and Kirby
(2004), there are various environmental hazards which could increase the susceptibility of
elderly persons to injuries and falls, which include poorly designed stairs and handrails, bad
lighting conditions, stepovers, uneven walkways and others. These risks are often made
worse due to the weakened mental and physical state of the elderly individuals, some who
live alone and some are isolated from friends and family in their homes. Thus, in order to
make it safer for elderly persons to age in place, it is important to first create a safe physical
environment for them to live in.

Todd and Skelton (2004) interpret the physical environment as a general definition which
encompasses the home and community environment for an elderly person. This includes the
housing options (own house, assisted living facility, nursing home and more), public spaces
(hospitals, supermarkets, recreational and parks and others) and the spaces that connect
these places together (public transport stations, pavements and walkways and so on). The
National Council on Aging (2015) and Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2016)
have both reported that one of the major risks from the physical environment for the elderly
population is related to injuries from falls, which can result in lower self-esteem, reduced
mobility, and serious injuries which require hospitalization. Furthermore, barriers in the
physical environment can cause mobility issues that will hamper active and healthy lifestyle

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habits and prevent access to much needed services and facilities within the community.
Hence, it is important to develop physical environments that suit all community members
regardless of their age and ability levels, as it will play a vital role in maintaining their quality
of life.

c) Living Arrangements

Based on findings from the Technology Strategy Board (2013), Congressional Budget Office
(2013) and Beattie (1999), there has been an increasing demand for long-term living
arrangements for the elderly in countries like the United States, Australia, and United
Kingdom as a result of higher numbers of elderly persons within the population.
Consequently, there is currently a diverse range of long-term care living arrangements for the
elderly population in those countries which can be selected based on personal preferences
and level of care needed either from home, within a chosen community or in a senior care
facility. There are five main types of common living arrangements that are available for the
elderly ranging from day care services to nursing homes (A Place for Mom, 2015).

According to Ball et al. (2011), preferences such as the location to family and friends,
preferred lifestyle habits, health conditions, financial costs and the need for companionship
will determine the type of living arrangement that is most suited for the needs of the elderly
person. Most importantly, the availability of various living arrangements allows the elderly to
continue living in their preferred environment with an appropriate level of care in a situation
where ageing in place is no longer a feasible option. Table 1 briefly discusses the five types
of living arrangements that are available for the elderly population based on literature reviews.

Table 1: Living arrangements for elderly population

No Type care Description
1 Adult day
• Community-based service for elderly living at home and their
services caregivers (A Place for Mom, 2015).

2 Home care • Services include respite care programs for caregivers (half-day
or full-day care), social activities in group settings, healthcare
services, transport services and more (Metlife, 2010)

• Alternatives for elderly who might otherwise require care in a
nursing home or assisted living to stay in a comfortable and
familiar environment.

• Provision of services so individuals can live in their homes or
communities as long as they are able to through local resources
(Alberta Health Services[wz2], 2008).

• Suitable for persons who want to maintain their independence
but still require low-level assistances with daily activities

• Services include transportation to and from the home,
preparation of meals, basic medical services companionship,

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bathing and more (A Place for Mom, 2015; Home Instead Inc.,

2014).

3 Independent living / • Suitable for individuals 55 years and above with good health

retirement living conditions, still independent, prefer the company of peers and

communities / want to have basic services provided for them (A Place for

senior apartments Mom, 2015; Robinson et al[wz3]., 2016).

• Promotion of active and healthy lifestyles ranging from

affordable senior apartments to luxury apartments.

• Services provided include housekeeping, home maintenance,

meals preparation, home health aide, and transportation, social

and physical activities.

4 Residential care / • Group residence which is limited to a number of persons with

assisted living basic care and assistance as well as 24-hour security and

supervision (Robinson, 2016)

• Appropriate for elderly or disabled persons who are generally

independent but need minor assistance with daily activities or

anticipate needing them in the future (A Place for Mom, 2015).

• Non-medical facilities in a home-like setting with greater

emphasis on independence compared to nursing homes

(Nochomovitz, 2008).

• Some facilities offer specialized care on certain groups of
elderly i.e. Alzheimer’s and dementia care (Washington’s

Community Living Connections, 2016).

5 Nursing homes • Long-term care facilities and offer comprehensive healthcare

services for elderly with chronic or acute illnesses or injuries

(Nochomovitz, 2008).

• Is considered the last option for elderly persons who require

constant medical supervision which they cannot receive from

home or community care facilities.

• Skilled medical care and assistance with daily tasks are

provided by trained staff. Medical devices and equipment are

available to cater to various healthcare needs (A Place for

Mom, 2015).

• Healthcare professionals are available at the facility to support

staff members and continuously assess the health of elderly

patients (Ginzler, 2009).

d) Ageing in Place Definition

In the recent years, there has been a steady increase in discussions regarding the ageing in
place concept especially in developed nations where the ageing process is more pervasive,
as indicated by studies from the World Health Organization (2015), United Nations Population
Fund and Help Age International (2012), Farber et al. (2011) and Metlife (2010). Despite
increased discussions over the years, there have been limited evidences on the evolution of
the concept within the gerontological body of knowledge. However, from the 1990s to 2010
the ageing in place concept has grown in popularity in both policies and scientific research
and has been stated directly and indirectly (Vasunilashorn et al., 2012).

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Thus, the most recognized definition for the concept of ageing in place which has been
extensively used in current studies is as follows:

(Ageing[wz4] in place is) the ability to live in one’s own home and community safely,
independently, and comfortably, regardless of age, income, or ability level.

(Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009)

In different terms, ageing in place involves developing services and facilities that will allow a
person to stay in their homes or chosen environment for as long as they are able to as they
grow older. Ageing in place is seen as a desirable concept for many as it provides an option
other than institutional care where a person can remain independent even as their health
conditions change over time (Metlife, 2013). Studies from Farber et al. (2011), Prosper (2012),
Greenberg and Schwarz (2009), and The Advantage Initiative (2003) have all indicated that
a majority of elderly people prefer to age in place rather than relocating to another place or a
residential care facility. This is because ageing in place allows them to maintain their
independence, social engagement and networks, and remain in a safe and comfortable
environment (Van Der Pas, 2009). Studies have also shown that the concept of ageing in
place not only refers to the physical environment or living at home, but also focuses on the
improvement of services and facilities that affect the wellbeing of elderly persons and other
community members, including healthcare services, technology, social support and more
(Vasunilashorn et. al., 2012; Pastalan, 1990). Thus, it can be concluded at ageing in place is
a comprehensive concept which, if implemented correctly, can become a solid basis for
developing sustainable communities for the present and future generations.

e) Age-friendly Housing

Studies have revealed that many designers and developers still lack awareness regarding the
concept of universal design and its implementation, as well as the unique housing
requirements of the elderly population and persons with disabilities (Null, 2013; Granger and
Asay, 2015; Saito, 2004). To counter this issue, these studies have provided suggestions
which will increase the awareness on the universal design which includes providing financial
support, offering incentive programs, improving the current education module, and promoting
the benefits of proper implementation of universal design and accessibility features. On the
other hand, Johnson and Edwards (2002), suggested in order to increase knowledge and
understanding on universal design and accessibility, more programs and workshops should
be conducted to designers and developers. Hence, these findings suggest that many
improvements are still necessary to create accessible environments for persons with
weakened capabilities, which often includes the elderly population.

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Some of the initiatives that can be implemented to improve the awareness and adoption of
universal design standards include developing checklists and guidelines as a reference,
providing training and education programs, promoting awareness on universal design and
accessibility topics, and encouraging more professionals to provide consultation and expert
services (Vanderheiden and Tobias, 2010; Centre for Excellence in Universal Design, 2012;
Australian Local Government Association, 2006). One example would be the United
Kingdom’s Inclusive Home Design Act which was introduced in 2003, that provide minimum
requirement standards for the design of homes to improve its visitability for persons with
disabilities, which include accessible outlets and switches, wider doorways, zero-step
entrances, and a bathroom located at the entry level (Hartje, 2004; Imrie, 2003). Meanwhile,
there are various guidelines that are available which provides guidance and better
understanding on topics related to universal design and accessibility which include those by
AusAID (2013), Centre for Excellence in Universal Design (2012), the U.S. Department of
Housing and Urban Development (1998), and Livable Housing Australia (2012).

f) Facilities and Services

Apart from having an age-friendly home environment, it is equally important to provide the
necessary services and facilities within a community to enable more people to age in place.
The quality and delivery of services to the community play an important role in allowing more
elderly persons to remain in their homes and maintaining their independence despite
weakening physical and mental conditions. According to Metlife (2010), home and
community-based services should also be developed so that they are well-coordinated with
each other while also provide different levels of care that can be adjusted according to the
needs of the individual. This sub-section provides a discussion on facilities and services which
should be improved and developed to encourage better ageing in place efforts, which includes
improving the healthcare delivery system, developing a variety of long-term care services,
encouraging the development of senior activity centres, improving transportation services and
mobility options, and enhancing places of worship for elderly persons who wish to focus on
religious aspects during the latter part of their lives.

g) Healthcare Services

Although the body of knowledge in the healthcare sector has advanced throughout the
decade, the current standards in the healthcare system can still be improved to fulfil the needs
of the elderly (Morelli and Dilani, 2007; Bennett and Flaherty-Robb, 2003). Some necessary
improvements needed include better management of chronic illnesses, support for informal
caregivers, and financial assistance for people who struggle to pay for healthcare services.

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Rice and Estes (1984) reported that even though people now have a longer life expectancy,
chronic illnesses have become more widespread and is now the top cause for disability and
functional dependency for middle-aged and elderly groups which in turn requires services
from various sectors to accommodate their needs. In addition, Stanton (2006) and Alemayehu
and Warner (2004) indicated that compared to other age groups, the largest consumers of
healthcare expenditures in the United States are persons aged 65 and above.

For the past few decades, the healthcare industry in Malaysia has grown exponentially and
is one of the biggest multipliers for the economy (PEMANDU, 2013). The healthcare system
in Malaysia is divided into two categories which are the publicly funded healthcare system run
by the government as well as the private healthcare system. Abdul Wahab (2013) reported
that many Malaysians largely depend on the public healthcare system, which in 2013 provided
an approximately 74% of hospital beds and gave employment opportunities to 68% doctors
in public hospitals and clinics. According to the Ministry of Health, the Malaysian government
allocated 8.39% of the National Budget which amounted to over RM22.16 billion towards
improving the public healthcare system. In addition, Tan (2014) reported that based on a
study by the American Publication International Living, the healthcare system in Malaysia is
listed as the third best out of 24 other countries.

According to the latest Health Facts report published by the Ministry of Health in 2014, there
were 132 public hospitals and eight private hospitals in Malaysia, which indicated that for
many Malaysians, the local healthcare services were mostly affordable and accessible (MoH,
2013). The healthcare system in Malaysia is generally geared towards short term care and
hospitalisation, although more attention is now given towards developing better preventive
and primary health care (Mohamed, 2000). Furthermore, there is currently growing interest in
the elderly or senior care market in Malaysia, particularly on the provision of long-term care
facilities and services where there has been a gap in provision of services in the past. Thus,
the amount of investments and developments related to senior care services and facilities
have grown in the past few years.

However, Kumar (2014) stated that due to the improved standards of the healthcare system
and the increase of minimum wage rates, the costs of healthcare services in Malaysia have
increased. Furthermore, the burden placed on the healthcare system in Malaysia is also larger
due to the increasing number of elderly persons, while advances in the field of medical
science using technology has resulted in better treatment procedures but increased medicine
costs (Soon, 2010). Pillay et al. (2011) also reported that there are several issues related to
the delivery of healthcare services which include heavy workloads, insufficient number of
facilities, slow processing speed, and lengthy waiting times. Hence, from these findings it can

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be concluded that although the healthcare system in Malaysia is satisfactory, there are still
issues with its affordability and quality which will likely be worsen over time.

h) Social Support

In terms of the social needs to age in place, the biggest issue which needs to be addressed
by policy-makers and communities is related to the social engagement and involvement of
the elderly population in Malaysia, which is backed by studies from the Advantage Initiative
strategy (2003) and New Zealand Ministry of Social Policy (2011). The health and wellbeing
of elderly persons is positively impacted from the development of regular social engagement
and contact with other members of the community. This is because elderly persons who are
socially active and constantly engaged with other people have been shown to have a slower
decline of health compared to those who are less socially active over time (Alden, 2011). This
emphasizes the importance of elderly persons maintaining regular contact with other persons
within the community as it lowers the risk of social isolation and depression and reduces the
barriers towards receiving appropriate services and facilities, which coincides with findings
from the British Columbia Ministry of Health (2004). Thus, various social activities and
programs that suit the needs of the elderly are required to allow them to maintain their sense
of dignity and facilitate their access to available community services.

The Alberta Health and Wellness (2008) reported that in order to improve ageing in place and
create an age-friendly community, it is necessary to improve social services and also provide
good opportunities that encourage the participation of elderly people within their communities.
There are several initiatives which can alleviate the social issues faced by the elderly
population, which include developing safety awareness programs for the elderly, creating
better opportunities for elderly individuals to join in community problem solving groups and
discussions, and promoting more physical activities and assisting exercise programs which
promote active ageing lifestyles (WHO, 2007; N.Z. Ministry of Social Policy, 2001). Apart from
developing these programs and activities for the elderly population, it is also equally important
for these programs to be accessible for elderly persons who might have face problems in
accessing them under normal circumstances.

According to studies by Mustaffa and Ahmad Alkaff (2011) and Mohd Sidik et al. (2003), many
of the elderly population in Malaysia face loneliness, social isolation and depression,
particularly those who are living alone. Ibrahim et al. (2013) validated this by reporting that
nearly half of the elderly persons involved in their research from a sample size of 1115
experienced social isolation. Thus, it is crucial to have a proper social support system in place
as issues with social isolation and loneliness can become serious health risks for elderly

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persons to the point where it increases the risk of mortality (Menec, 2016; Wiles et al., 2011).
Some social support features which encourage ageing in place efforts include recreational
activities, assistance with mobility needs, repair services and educational programs (Ross,
2014). From these findings, it can be concluded that the development of social support
services and programs which encourage the social participation and engagement of elderly
persons with other members of the community should be prioritized to ensure the success of
ageing in place practices. This statement is validated by Wan Mohd Azam et al. (2013) who
stated that the provision of social support for elderly persons partially prevented them from
feelings of loneliness and depression. This section thus discusses important initiatives which
will improve the social engagement of elderly persons in Malaysia to age in place.

3. METHODOLOGY – Case Study Approach

This research is an exploratory by nature, using case study approach to clearly identify the
boundary of the phenomena being studied (Yin, 2003). It will be done through getting an in-
depth understanding of the issue from the explanation and discussion given by various group
of selected respondents (Siti, 2016[wz5]). Under the research methodology chapter, this study will
present the research design used in the course of completing this study which is mainly the
qualitative approach. Thus, an approach suited to exploration and description is required.

Accordingly the case study design is deployed since it will be the most appropriate approach
to explain a phenomenon, due to limited current studies on this topic particularly in Malaysia.
This study has chosen a multiple embedded case study design in accordance with the data
collection by having unit of analysis to help focus on the related issue being studied.Thus, the
idea generated from the obtained data and literature review will be used to develop the initial
guideline for ageing in place in the urban area in Malaysia with the focus on landed property.

Hence, the research questions formulated for this study demand the study to be more
exploratory and explanatory in nature, in order to achieve the aim of developing a framework
towards establishing a guideline for ageing in place population. Later, the study needs to
explore the applicability of the model in Malaysian context in using it as an enabler in the
ageing population setting for landed property. In order to explore the applicability of the model
in the Malaysian context, the study needs to take multiple case studies to seek the research
findings in a robust way. Several areas under local governments will be taken as cases to be
studied. This will help to see the applicability of the framework in different environments, yet
moving towards the same goal. Each area is the subject of an individual case study, but the
study as a whole covers several areas with involvement of two groups of stakeholders as
respondents. The two groups of stakeholders from ageing in place context are:

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i. Providers – Local Government (Head of Department)
ii. Users– selected three case studies or localities with a focus on landed property (Shah
Alam, Klang and Kuala Lumpur) using local government as the platform to engage with
community leader

a) Selection of multiple case studies
As discussed in the previous section, the three local governments involved are those who
have common features such as, a centre of administration and commercial activities, and
have a population of more than 400,000. In accordance with this, Local Government
Department, under the Ministry of Housing and Local Government Malaysia has
determined that in order to be declared as a city council the area needs to have a
population of over 400,000 people, become a centre of administration and commercial
activities, and generate an annual income of over 100 million Malaysian Ringgits.

The three local governments are as listed below:
i. Case A – Shah Alam (under Shah Alam City Council)
ii. Case B – Klang (under Klang City Council)
iii. Case C – Kuala Lumpur (under Kuala Lumpur City Hall)

These three cases at Shah Alam, Klang, and Kg. Baru, Kuala Lumpur were selected
because the researchers need to identify a group of community that is currently ageing
in place (grow older at their respective residents). The justification of growing older is
referred to the community who currently resides the area until the third generation of the
family member namely the parent, the children and the grandchildren.

b) Data Collection Techniques

Semi-Structured Interviews (Stakeholder 1 – Local Government (PBT)

The identified respondents are the Head of Departments who are currently involved in
the welfare of elderly people and who are responsible to endorse the permission to
renovate houses (landed property).

Focus group discussion (Stakeholder 2 – Community Group).

The identified respondents are the Residents Association Committee Members, who
comprised three family generations namely the parents, the children, and the

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grandchildren. The ageing population are referred to either of these two age group
types:
➢ The elderly (Baby Boomers – the age group is between 53-71 years old)
➢ Ageing people (Generation X – the age group is between 37-54 years old).

Document Reviews

During the case study phase, document review will also be used as a supplementary
technique of data collection as a means of triangulating the data collection sources.
Relevant local government documents related to the elderly policy and welfare will be
reviewed.

c) Data Analysis Techniques
Content analysis

In order to analyse the content of the interview transcript, several analytical strategies
will be used namely display data, identify codes, reduce information, count frequency
of codes and relating categories. This type of analysis can be useful for discovering
patterns of ideas in the body of text (Krippendorf, 2004). Those strategies are used to
identify the emerging pattern from the vast amount of data from the interview
transcripts.The researcher will be using a computer software, NVivo version 11 in
managing the rich data and information arising from the interviews for this research.
The computer aided software save the researchertime in analysing data while
manipulating the qualitative data. Manipulating the data is like a ‘trial and error’ method
used to achieve the appropriate conclusion. In conclusion, computer software can help
a researcher to utilise time and manage the data more efficiently, without neglecting
the importance of following the analytical procedures of the research.

Cognitive Mapping

Cognitive mapping is used as a technique to structure messy or complex data (Eden
and Ackerman, 1998), as well as to structure ideas and identify relationships between
them. A map can be a powerful way of analysing and presenting large amounts of
qualitative data, and is also useful in planning the next steps in identifying areas where
more information might be required (Easterby Smith et al., 2003). Clark and Mankeness
(2001) suggest that the popularity of the technique emanates from its inherent simplicity

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and the attractiveness of using visual forms of data presentation. Accordingly, a
cognitive map is a graphical representation of an individual’s understanding of a
particular issue, domain or problem (Spicer, 2000), which if elicited properly, potentially
allows for a deeper and more integrative understanding and insights for the researcher.
Thereby, content analysis is used to identify concepts by developing codes, whereas
cognitive mapping is used to explore relationships among concepts by illustrating the
visual presentation.

4. RESULT
The cross-sectional analysis is carried out based on the data gathered from Focus

Group Discussion and interview data collection. The data gathered from both techniques
helped provide a better result as all data are converged. The validity of the result is compared
and discussed through the findings from all case studies with the evidence from the literature
review findings. This process helps the researcher to scrutinise the transcripts towards finding
the emerging pattern. These findings are listed as free nodes before the related child nodes
(sub nodes) are clustered in the main node (main themes). The final result for analysis are
then presented using cognitive mapping diagram that is identified as the initial framework
model for ageing in place guideline.

a) Summary of Analysis Result

The final stage of analysis is the exploratory stage, to summarise the result from the
cross sectional content analysis from all cases. The summary of the result is
presented in the following figure, grouped under the related themes.

Theme 1 – Housing related area

Intangible Extra land for activity (mental therapy)
Factors

Monthly financial aids (min RM500 to eligible families)

Need to have the elderly policy in place

Tangible Age friendly housing or home Allocate rooms on ground
Factors modification for elderly floor

Wider entrance size

Extra land

Grab bars for toilets

Attached toilets

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Good lighting
Minimum land area (24’x75’)

Minimum three rooms

Minimum room size
(12’x12’)

Non slip flooring

Ramps for wheelchairs

Same levelling floor all
areas

Single storey housing are
preferred

Housing Maintenance for elderly Provide mobile cleaning
services registered with LC

Provide maintenance team
registered with LC

Universal Design (UD) for eldersly should be regulated

Theme 2 – Facilities and Services related areas

Facilities Activity Centre Need to have periodic or
scheduling activities
Healthcare
Services Places of worship Addressing different religion
needs
Transportati
on and Enough public ambulance is crucial
mobility
Caregivers and caretakers support

Health education and awareness programs

Mobile clinic and mobile doctors

Nearest public clinic is essential

Visit or routine medical check up from the nearest hospital

Increase frequency of buses

Provide local transport to the community

Smaller transport (mini bus, van, car)

Various pick up points for public transport (covering the internal
area)

Theme 3 – Social related areas

Community Safety and Security Crime protection and security

Periodic police patrols

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Dessimination of information CCTV at strategic locations
Encourage positive social interactions
Financial Stability Sharing of knowledge and expertise
Government and other Agencies Empowering the elderly for financial stability
Fund and Support Help under social welfare department
Senior citizen aid and funding

Promote independence and self-empowerment

Social activities by Government, Currently, most activities are conducted at
NGOs, CSR private Masjid or Surau

Community activity in groups (involvement
from all)

Government and NGOs need to conduct
activities which include (the elderly)

Social support from local community

Stay close with family and realtives

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[wz6]
Figure 1: Cognitive mapping developed using Nvivo – The Main Theme and Sub-Themes

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d) Document Reviews

Document reviews are also used in this study as a supplementary technique to
triangulate the data collected from other techniques (focus group discussion and
interview).

Report on the Policy Dialogue of Asian Parliamentarians and Experts on Ageing

The researcher participated in the dialogue on 11 October 2016 to gain knowledge and insight
on current issues and practices from Asian countries. The researchers have identified that
the dialogue output is in agreement with the findings from this study. There are three key
points from the dialogue that are closely related to the result as underlined below:

Table 2: Document review analysis (The dialogue)

The Dialogue The undertaking study
RECOGNIZE that population of ageing is a
global phenomenon and many developing This research further investigate issues
countries in Asia are ageing at lower levels related to facilities and services, and social
of development with unique economic, related areas (Theme 1, 2 and 3).
political, social-cultural, health, and
environmental situations Under the social related theme, this can be
BUILDING ON the heritage, traditions, and highlighted as promoting independence and
strengths of the respective Asian self empowerment of the ageing society
communities to seek innovative, (Theme 3)
appropriate and practical solutions in
addressing the multidimensional needs of On the other hand, looking at
ageing populations multidimensional needs of ageing could be
properly addressed by having an age
PRIORITIZE limited resources to address friendly housing or home modification for
the issues, challenges, and opportunities elderly (Theme 1).
related to the rapid ageing of populations to
ensure the well-being of older persons. Looking at the requirements of better
facilities and services that they required
(Theme 2)

The outcome of this study can be used as a
guideline that could enhance the standards
of living for senior citizens in Malaysia
through the provision of better support
services and facilities, as well as the
creation of environment that age-friendly
and safe.

Outputs from this study:

Framework Model for Ageing in Place
Guideline

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Report on National Policies on Ageing Malaysia

To further reiterate the findings of this study, the five Dimensions Framework on National
Policies on Ageing is also reviewed. The table below shows the summary and comparison
of the document review analysis.

Table 3: Document review analysis (The report)

The report The undertaking study
Elderly financial aid criteria:
Theme 1 – Housing
- Aged 60 years old and above
- Single with no next kin Under Intangible Factors
- No fixed income
*RM300 per month - Monthly financial aid,
minimum RM500 to
Activity Centre for Older Person (PAWE). eligiblefamily
- Located throught the country
- Organize activities and provisde However, the study shows the lack of the
socialization platform for older needs of proper design or modification for
person. people to better age in their own home as
well as other factors that are related to
Caregivers and caretakers support across housing, such as maintenance and cleaning
Malaysia with 2,150 volunteers with 5,892 services.
older person involved.
Mobile care services (Unit Penyayang Theme 2 – Facilities and Services
Warga Emas-UPWE)
Since 2008, this service has benefited Having PAWE is good, however having
17,480 older persons. Operated by Central local activity centre in each area or having
Welfare Council of Malaysia under one designated space are more practical for
Department of social welfare in selected local community.
area.
Need to raise awareness and actively
Government support promote the idea of becoming caregivers
In 2016, 25 NGOs received financial and caretakers to cater older person.
assistants from the Government (a one off
payment). However, this study finds an urgent needs
to be fulfill on number of public ambulance,
having mobile clinic/doctor, and
visits/routine checkups provided by the
nearest hospital (to come to the
community).

Government also needs to pay close
attention to all findings under transportation
and mobility of elderly people.

Theme 3 – Social

Most of findings under the social themes
are not yet delivered to the elderly
community.

Therefore, the output from this study can be
used as a guideline to take those findings in
place.

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In conclusion, in spite of having some limitations, the findings of this study should be used as
a framework to establish a guideline for ageing in place population in Malaysia. Further
investigation needs to be carried out in order to improve and refine the findings before
adopting the final guideline.
It is important for developers to consider the suggestions from the findings in this study in
building homes with the ageing population in their mind. Although there may be an increase
in the initial costing, the benefits can be enjoyed for generations to come.
Finally, the next section explains the framework to establish a guideline for ageing in place
population in Malaysia towards an ageing friendly facilities and environment.
5. CONCLUSION
This section aims to draw a conclusion from the research findings in this study.

a) The Proposed Guidelines Framework for Ageing in Place
Below is the proposed framework to establish a guideline for ageing in place
population in Malaysia.

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Figure 2: Guideline Framework for Ageing in Place
The developed framework consists of the ‘Key Themes’ and ‘Sub-Themes” that are related
and complemented each other. Therefore, it should be used as a reference guide and
consideration for both the policy maker and implementer before any development in relation
with ageing community is undertake. The framework may be extended to other factors that
contribute towards a proper guideline for ageing in place population in Malaysia.

124

b) Recommendations

This research has demonstrated a huge potential by offering a framework to establish a
guideline for ageing in place population in Malaysia focusing on age friendly facilities and
environment. The flexible enablers that have been identified through the main theme and
sub-themes have demonstrated a possible used for ageing population in Malaysia. By its
nature, the framework represents only part of the knowledge with various enablers within
the research area waiting to be explored.

The recommendations could be summarized into two (2) components.

i. Firstly, the recommendation for the related stakeholders who can benefit from the
established ‘Guideline Framework for Ageing in Place’ are as stated in the table below.

Table 4: Recommendations for related stakeholders

Government Agencies Outcome from the study
Ministry of Health Facilities & services theme (healthcare subtheme)
- Enough public ambulance for high population area
Ministry of Urban Wellbeing, - Health education training and wareness program
Housing and Local - Mobile Clinic and mobile Doctor
Government, - Routine medical check up activity from nearest clinic
- In-situ healthcare support are crucial
Social Welfare Department Housing theme
(Ministry of Women, Family - Universal Design being regulated as part of housing
and Community Development) development policy and being enforced through state and
Property Developer local governments.
Social theme
- Ageing community safety and security
Facilities & services theme
- Easy mobility taking into account their physical condition
are crucial
- In-situ healthcare support are crucial (work together with
Ministry of Health)
Social theme
- Self empowerment to generate financial sustainability
- Fund and support on regular basis
- Enough caregivers and caretakers supports
Housing theme
- People can ageing in place in a better condition of housing
by incorporating the Universal Design element for new
housing development scheme/township.

ii. Secondly, the future research that can be undertaken in the following areas:

a. These enablers can be applied and taken up by policy makers to make this
recommendation works effectively. The enablers (under the main theme and sub-

125

theme) should be used as the basis to develop a comprehensive guideline for ageing
in place policy in Malaysia.

b. Investigate how this new framework could make a major difference in taking
into account the enablers that are related with ageing in place. In addition, perhaps a
pilot study can be carried out to test the enablers in other environment (i.e: for high
rise building). It is hoped that future studies could lead to a better age-friendly facilities
and environment for ageing population, particularly in Malaysia with expanded
features that would benefit the community.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: PAPER 7
STRATEGI PENJUALAN PROGRAM
PERUMAHAN RAKYAT (PPR) DAN

PERUMAHAN AWAM (PA)

PRESENTER: ASSOC. PROF. TPR DR DANI BIN SALLEH, UUM
Assoc. Professor TPr. Dr. Dani Salleh, Assoc. Professor Dr. Mazlan B. Ismail, Dr. Wan

Nadzri B. Osman and Dr. Alias B. Rameli
College of Law, Government & International Studies

University of Utara Malaysia
Kedah

e-mail: [email protected]

134

STRATEGI PENJUALAN PROGRAM PERUMAHAN RAKYAT (PPR)
DAN PERUMAHAN AWAM (PA)

Assoc. Professor TPr. Dr. Dani Salleh, Assoc. Professor Dr. Mazlan B.
Ismail, Dr. Wan Nadzri B. Osman and Dr. Alias B. Rameli
College of Law, Government & International Studies
University of Utara Malaysia
Kedah
e-mail: [email protected]

ASBTRAK: Inisiatif kerajaan menyediakan perumahan mampu-milik adalah
untuk menyediakan keperluan tempat tinggal yang mencukupi dan selesa di
kawasan bandar. Pelbagai program telah dilakukan, antaranya adalah seperti
Program Perumahan Rakyat (PPR) dan Perumahan Awam (PA) untuk
disewa. Walaubagaimanapun, setelah sekian lama program ini dilaksanakan,
kerajaan telah menyedari timbulnya masalah yang serius dalam aspek
pengurusan dan penyelenggaraan unit-unit program perumahan dan ianya
perlu ditangani dengan segera. Ini adalah kerana sekiranya mereka terus
menyewa dikhuatiri akan menghadapi masalah kewangan dan tidak mampu
membayar sewa dan caj penyelenggaran. Kutipan caj penyelenggaraan yang
tidak mencukupi akan menjejaskan kerja- kerja penyelenggaraan bangunan
dan akhirnya kawasan perumahan berkenaan menjadi kawasan slum. Ini
akan menyebabkan kerajaan terpaksa menanggung kos membaikpulih yang
melibatkan peruntukan perbelanjaan pengurusan yang besar. Justeru
kerajaan telah membuat keputusan untuk menjual unit-unit PPR dan PA yang
terlibat. Walau bagaimanapun setelah sekian lama program ini dilancarkan
tetapi sambutan sangat kurang menggalakan. Menyedari kepentingan ini,
kajian ini dijalankan untuk mengenalpasti isu dan masalah yang
menyebabkan kurang sambutan terhadap program penjualan unit-unit PPR
dan PA. Seterusnya mencadangkan penyelesaian yang komprehensif
kepada agensi-agensi yang berkaitan aspek pendekatan terbaik untuk
mengatasi permasalahan penjualan unit-unit PPR dan PA. Hasil kajian telah
mengariskan beberapa strategi perancangan dan pengurusan pembangunan
dan penjualan di samping cadangan penstrukturan semula dilakukan
terhadap mekanisme pembiayaan.

Kata Kunci: Perumahan Mampu-Milik; Perumahan Bandar; Pengurusan
Pembangunan Perumahan

135

1. LATAR BELAKANG KAJIAN

Inisitif kerajaan menyediakan perumahan mampu-milik iaitu PPR dan PA
adalah untuk menyediakan keperluan tempat tinggal yang mencukupi dan
selesa dikawasan bandar. Usaha bersepadu dan agresif ini telah mula
dilakukan pada semenjak negara mencapai kemerdekaan lagi. Pelbagai
program telah dilakukan, antaranya adalah seperti Program Perumahan
Rakyat (PPR) dan Perumahan Awam (PA). Ia merupakan satu inisiatif
kerajaan untuk mengurangkan jurang pemilikan yang semakin tinggi ekoran
kesan meningkatan kos ekonomi yang telah memberikan kesan langsung
(direct impacts) terhadap keupayaan pemilikan rumah di kalangan golongan
berpendapatan rendah. Program ini telah dilaksanakan sejak 10 tahun lalu
bagi menangani permasalahan berkaitan penempatan rakyat yang tidak
teratur dan mengatasi masalah kemiskinan dalam negara. Pelaksanaan
program itu telah memberi harapan yang baru bagi rakyat untuk menikmati
kehidupan yang lebih sempurna dan sihat. Ia juga selaras dengan hasrat dan
matlamat kerajaan untuk mempertingkatkan kualiti hidup golongan
berpendapatan rendah.

Walaubagaimanapun, setelah sekian lama program ini dilaksanakan,
Kerajaan telah menyedari timbul masalah serius dalam pengurusan PPR dan
PA yang perlu ditangani dengan segera. Menyedari kepentingan untuk
membantu golongan berpendapatan rendah, kerajaan telah mengarahkan
Kementerian Wilayah Persekutuan dan Kesejahteraan Bandar
mengemukakan kerangka cadangan penyelesaian yang komprehensif untuk
mengenalpasti dan seterusnya mencadangkan kepada pihak Kerajaan
pendekatan terbaik untuk mengatasi permasalahan unit-unit PPR dan PA
yang bermasalah dari aspek peningkatan kos penyelenggaraan bangunan-
bangunn tersebut. Ini adalah kerana sekiranya mereka terus menyewa,
dikhuatiri akan menghadapi masalah kewangan dan tidak mampu membayar
sewa dan caj penyelenggaraan. Kutipan caj penyelenggaraan yang tidak
mencukupi akan menjejaskan kerja-kerja penyelenggaraan bangunan dan
akhirnya kawasan berkenaan menjadi kawasan slum. Ini akan
membebankan Kerajaan apabila terpaksa menanggung kos membaik pulih
perumahan kos rendah yang melibatkan peruntukan perbelanjaan
pengurusan yang besar.

Selaras hubungan dengan itu kajian ini diharap dapat memberi input kepada
agensi-agensi Kerajaan di bawah Pelan Transformasi Kerajaan (GTP), iaitu
untuk menyediakan kemudahan perumahan yang lebih selesa bagi golongan
berpendapatan rendah dan miskin. Untuk itu, kajian ini akan mengenal pasti
isu dan masalah yang dihadapi oleh penyewa PPR (MTEN) dan PA (DBKL)
dalam pembelian unit-unit berkaitan. Kajian ini adalah penting bagi mengenal
pasti tahap keselesaan fizikal, persekitaran kawasan perumahan dan yang
lebih kritikal lagi ialah keupayaan kewangan bakal pembeli (iaitu golongan
penyewa sekarang) unit perumahan di bawah Program Penjualan
Perumahan.

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2. OBJEKTIF KAJIAN

Objektif utama kajian ini adalah untuk mengkaji keberkesanan strategi
penjualan dan pengurusan pembangunan Program Perumahan Rakyat
(PPR) dan Perumahan Awam (PA) yang Tidak-Terjual (unsold) dan
seterusnya menghasilkan mencadangkan penambahbaikan kepada praktis
semasa penjualan unit-unit PPR dan PA terlibat di Wilayah Persekutuan
Kuala Lumpur.

Dan sehubungan dengan itu, sub-objektif kajian ini memberi fokus kepada
aspek berikut;

i. Mengenalpasti punca dan permasalah mengapa penyewa
semasa dan pembeli berpotensi (berkeupayaan) kurang memberi
sambutan terhadap program penjualan unit-unit PPR dan PA;

ii. Mengkaji keberkesanan aspek penjualan unit-unit PPR dan PA;

iii. Mencadangkan Satu Kerangka Amalan Terbaik (Best-Practice
Framework) untuk dijadikan asas kepada agensi-agensi terlibat
merangka pendekatan untuk meningkatkan penjualan unit-unit
PPR dan PA yang meliputi aspek pemasaran, penggalakan dan
pakej pembiayaan.

3. ULASAN KARYA

3.1 Pengenalan

Asas perancangan dan pembangunan sektor perumahan di peringkat
persekutuan, negeri dan tempatan yang telah digariskan di dalam Dasar
Perumahan Negara (DRN) (KPKT, 2010) bertujuan menyedia kerangka
halatuju pembangunan perumahan di negara ini. Adalah menjadi matlamat
utama DRN adalah untuk menyediakan rumah yang mencukupi, selesa,
berkualiti, dan mampu dimiliki bagi meningkatkan kesejahteraan hidup rakyat.
DRN juga diperkenalkan untuk menangani isu dan cabaran yang dihadapi
oleh industri perumahan pada masa kini. Isu-isu yang kompleks dan
mencabar serta cabaran memerlukan penyelesaian yang cekap bagi
menjamin pertumbuhan industri yang sihat dan mapan. Perumahan
merupakan salah satu keperluan asas untuk memastikan kesejahteraan
hidup rakyat sentiasa terpelihara. Sektor pembinaan menyumbang kepada
pertumbuhan ekonomi negara yang mempunyai kaitan secara langsung
dengan sektor-sektor lain, termasuk sektor perumahan, perkhidmatan dan
sektor pembuatan bahan-bahan binaan.

137

Globalisasi dikenalpasti sebagai salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi proses
pembangunan, ekonomi, sosial, budaya, politik dan mempercepatkan
pemindahan teknologi di sesebuah negara. Perubahan yang diperolehi
adalah dalam bentuk kualitatif dan kuantitatif yang meresapi agenda
pembangunan negara bangsa kerana pengintegrasian isu-isu tersebut ke
dalam sistem dunia. Antara perubahan atau kesan yang dihasilkan oleh
globalisasi adalah terhadap struktur penduduk, jenis dan gaya pembangunan
yang dirancangkan, aliran migrasi, memampatkan ruang dan masa,
mewujudkan landskap pasca-moden dan geopolitik ke atas sesebuah
kawasan. Struktur ruang fizikal dan budaya hidup serta aktiviti ekonomi kian
berubah dan lebih kompetitif serta mampat. Perkembangan bandar-bandar
yang pesat dan pertambahan penduduk bandar meningkatkan permintaan
terhadap kemudahan asas antara lain seperti tempat tinggal (perumahan),
kemudahan kesihatan, pengangkutan, bekalan air dan tenaga. Pengglobalan
pembangunan akan merubah struktur atau perancangan pembinaan rumah
yang lebih menekankan konsep tempat tinggal bercorak kondominium,
apartment moden, villa dan rumah berbentuk mewah. Fenomena tersebut
akan memberi dampak ke atas pembentukan struktur kelas dan tahap
partisipasi antara kaum atau penduduk yang menjadi penghuni bandar. Oleh
itu adalah tujuan artikel ini untuk menjelaskan pengaruh dasar perumahan
negara melalui pembangunan perumahan di sesuatu kawasan yang akan
memberi impak geopolitik, geoekonomi dan geososial dalam jangka masa
panjang.

3.2 Dasar Perumahan Negara dan Keperluan Penyediaan Perumahan
Mampu-Milik

Dalam Dasar Perumahan (DRN) iaitu Keperluan Rumah Rancangan Malaysia
ke-9 (2006-2010) menyatakan:

i. Rumah sebagai keperluan asas sosial dan kerajaan mesti
menyediakan rumah yang berkualiti, cukup dan mampu beli bagi
semua golongan rakyat/pendapatan.

ii. Kerajaan terus membina rumah kos rendah dibawah program
Perumahan Rakyat dan Syarikat Perumahan Negara Berhad
(SPNB) akan mengambil alih dan membina 29,000 rumah kos
rendah dan sederhana rendah dan juga membaikpulih 11,000 unit
rumah.

iii. Penglibatan sektor swasta membina rumah murah

iv. Pendaftaran dan sistem pengagihan untuk rumah kos rendah
dipastikan mencapai kumpulan sasaran yang benar-benar
memerlukan

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v. Dalam 2001-2005 sebanyak 844,043 unit rumah telah siap dibina,
77.6 peratus daripadanya dibina oleh syarikat swasta dan
selebihnya oleh sektor awam

vi. Program Perumahan Mampu Milik, Program Perumahan Mesra
Rakyat dan perumahan bagi pegawai tentera.

vii. 200,513 unit rumah kos rendah telah siap dibina atau 86.4 peratus
daripada sasaran dengan 103,219 unit (51.5 peratus) dibina oleh
sektor awam

viii. Setiap pembangunan perumahan yang pelbagai 30 peratus
diwajibkan membina rumah kos rendah bagi sektor swasta

ix. Rumah Kos Sederhana: Sasaran 110,700, siap 252,121 (227.8
peratus)

x. Rumah Kos tinggi (mahal) - sasaran 125,000, siap 297,483 (238.0
peratus) (Malaysia, 2006).

3.3 Dasar Pemilikan Perumahan Mampu Milik

Terdapat banyak masalah yang berkaitan mengenai perumahan yang
menyebabkan kajian mengenainya adalah penting dan usaha untuk
mengatasinya sama ada oleh swasta dan kerajaan haruslah dijadikan sebagai
satu agenda yang terpenting. Masalah perumahan yang dihadapi kesan
daripada proses urbanisasi memaksa negara membangun jalan bagi
menangani masalah yang semakin meruncing. Antara usaha yang dijalankan
kerajaan ialah membentuk dasar-dasar awam, khususnya dasar perumahan
yang memberi tumpuan kepada kaedah meningkatkan pengeluaran
perumahan bagi menyelesaikan masalah perumahan. Pada masa yang
sama, perbahasan tentang dasar perumahan sejak akhir-akhir ini didominasi
oleh kritikan terhadap perubahan dasar yang mengarah kepada strategi
meningkatkan pemaju swasta dalam pemajuan perumahan kos rendah.
Penyediaan perumahan kos rendah melalui penglibatan pemaju swasta
bermula tahun 1980an. Penglibatan pemaju swasta dalampemajuan
perumahan kos rendah dikukuhkan melalui pendekatan pemudahcara.

Pelaksanaan pendekatan pemudah cara adalah didorong oleh kegagalan
pendekatan lalu seperti program perumahan awam dan program pertapakan
dan perkhidmatan dalam memenuhi keperluan golongan berpendapatan
rendah. Namun yang menimbulkan perdebatan hangat ialah pelaksanaan
pendekatan pemudah cara didakwa terlalu memberi tumpuan kepada
meningkatkan penglibatan pemaju swasta dan mengabaikan peranan sektor
tidak formal, komuniti dan badan koperasi yang sebelum ini berperanan
penting dalam menyediakan perumahan untuk golongan berpendapatan
rendah. Pendekatan pemudah cara juga didakwa mengabaikan matlamat
keadilan dan kelangsungan (Besar, J.A., et.al, 2012).

139

3.4 Program Penjualan Perumahan PPR dan PA

3.4.1 Isu Tunggakan dan Masalah Penyelenggaraan

Dalam Buku Informasi Jabatan Pengurusan Perumahan DBKL 2011 (DBKL
2011), antara syarat sewa rumah ialah pendapatan terkumpul suami/isteri
hendaklah tidak melebihi RM2,000.00 (untuk unit kos rendah). Bagi kos
sederhana rendah, pendapatan mereka tidak melebihi RM3,500.00. Jadual
berikut menunjukkan pecahan responden mengikut tahap pendidikan.

Maklumat tahap pendidikan tertinggi adalah penting dalam kajian ini bagi
menjawab isu tunggakan bayaran sewa dalam kalangan penghuni.
Berdasarkan maklumat buku informasi DBKL (2011), jumlah tunggak Rumah
Jual, PPR & PA sehingga Oktober 2010 ialah kira-kira RM69 juta (Jadual 3.1).

Jadual 3.1: Tunggakan Rumah Sewa dan Jual sehingga Oktober 2010
(RM juta)

Punca Isu Tunggakan Tarikh Rumah Rumah Rumah Jumlah
1/1/2010 Jual PPR Awam 57.3
1 Tunggakan lama pada 31-10/2010 19.8 21.9 15.6 5.9
Bayaran bagi tunggakan 31/10/2010 2.3 2.2
sehingga Jan-Oktober 2010 1.4 51.4
Baki tunggakan lama 17.5 19.7 74.9
sehingga 31/10/2010 4.8 41.1 14.2 57.6
2.7 31.3 17.3
2 Caj semasa 31/10/2010 2.1 9.8 29
23.6
Bayaran semasa 19.6 29.5
Baki tunggakan semasa 5.4
pada

3 (A+B) Jumlah tunggakan 19.6 68.7
sehingga

Sumber: Buku Informasi DBKL (2011)

Untuk strukur pendapatan responden adalah mengikut kategori kemiskinan
yang ditentukan oleh kerajaan. Jadual berikut menunjukkan kategori
kemiskinan mengikut julat pendapatan:

i. Miskin tegar, kurang daripada RM500.00/bulan
ii. Miskin, RM501-RM1,000/bulan
iii. Pendapatan rendah, RM1,001-RM2,000/bulan
iv. Pendapatan menengah rendah, RM2,001-RM3,000/bulan
v. Pendapatan menengah rendah, RM3,001-RM4,000/bulam
vi. Pendapatan tinggi, lebih RM4,000

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3.4.2 Impak Persekitaran dan Fizikal Terhadap Pembelian Unit-unit
PPR dan PA

Aspek tahap kebolehsediaan (availability) perkhidmatan dan kemudahan
yang disediakan di kawasan perumahan juga diberi perhatian di dalam kajian
ini. Untuk itu, wajar diambil perhatian bahawa penyediaan rumah sebagai
keperluan asas tidak dapat dipisahkan daripada usaha untuk menyediakan
kemudahan, perkhidmatan serta kejiranan bagi menjamin penduduk
mencapai tahap kualiti hidup yang diharapkan. Komponen ini antaranya ialah
bekalan air bersih dan elektrik, penyediaan (aspek peletakan) sekolah,
aksesibiliti ke tempat kerja, pengangkutan awam, dan kemudahan
keselamatan. Di samping keperluan berbentuk fizikal, penduduk juga
memerlukan aktiviti sosial dan kejiranan untuk menghasilkan komuniti yang
sihat, peka terhadap hal ehwal dalam komuniti.



Kemampuan
Membayar
Umur - Tahap keselesaan fizikal
Demografi - Kepuasan persekitaran unit kediaman
Tahap Pendidikan - Fizikal mempengaruhi tahap kesejahteraan
Sumber Pendapatan - Bangunan hidup penyewa dan baal pembeli.
Taraf Perkahwinan -
Pekerjaan - Kepuasan Gabungan faktor-faktor ini sangat
mempengaruhi dorongan untuk
Jantina - membeli unit terlibat sama ada dari

Persekitaran penyewa semasa ataupun pembeli
Prasarana luar.

Rajah 3.1: Kerangka konsepsual Impak Aspek Sosial dan
fizikal Kondisi Program Perumahan Terhadap

Keinginan Pemilikan Rumah

3.4.3 Isu Penjualan Unit PPR dan PA

Kerajaan telah membuat keputusan untuk menjualan Merujuk kepada
Sebagai latarbelakang kajian ini, Kementerian Wilayah Persekutuan (KWP)
melalui Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Kumpur (DBKL) serta Yayasan Wilayah
Persekutuan (YWP) dalam proses penjualan rumah Projek Perumahan
Rakyat (PPR) dan Perumahan Awam (PA) kepada penyewa-penyewa sedia
ada bagi membolehkan rakyat di Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur memiliki kediaman
sendiri. Ini adalah selaras dengan keputusan Jemaah Menteri dalam
Mesyuaratnya pada 30 Mei 2007 bersetuju supaya Program Perumahan
Rakyat Majlis Tindakan Ekonomi Negara (PPR, MTEN) dijual dengan harga
RM35,000.00 seunit dan Perumahan Awam DBKL (PA, DBKL) dijual dengan

141

harga di antara RM21,500.00 sehingga RM35,000.00 mengikut syarat-syarat
yang ditetapkan.

Pada asalnya, perlaksanaan PPR/PA di negara ini adalah bertujuan
membantu golongan berpendapatan rendah dan miskin memiliki tempat
tinggal yang murah, teratur, selesa dan selamat. Majoriti unit-unit rumah
PPR/PA yang dikendalikan oleh DBKL adalah untuk disewa kepada penduduk
setinggan, golongan yang berpendapatan rendah, dan penduduk yang terlibat
dengan perpindahan sementara (transit). Sewa yang dikenakan pula adalah
rendah dan berpatutan.

Sejak program penjualan ini dimulakan (Mei, 2007) sehingga Oktober 2017
(rujuk Jadual 3.2) hanya lebih 700 pembeli berjaya mendapatkan pinjaman
dari pihak bank dan institusi kewangan. Masalah utama yang dihadapi oleh
kebanyakan bakal pembeli adalah untuk mendapatkan pinjaman dari pihak
bank ataupun daripada institusi kewangan. Justeru untuk mengatasi
permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh bakal pembeli, satu skim khas telah
dirangka oleh pihak KWP dengan kerjasama DBKL dan Yayasan Wilayah
Persekutuan (YWP) serta telah mendapat kelulusan terakhir daripada
Jemaah Menteri pada Januari 2012.

Berdasarkan rekod penjualan unit-unit PPR dan PA, sehingga Oktober 2017,
sebanyak 16,822 unit (37%) keseluruhan unit-unit ini telah dijual daripada
keseluruhan 45,357 unit yang ditawarkan (KWP, 2018). Walau bagaimanapun
jumlah ini masih rendah dan tidak mencapai sasaran jualan yang telah
ditetapkan walaupun harga yang ditawarkan amat rendh jika dibandingkan
dengan nilai hartanah semasa di lokasi terlibat. Taburan statistik terkini
pencapaian penjualan unit-unit PPR (MTEN) dan PA (DBKL) mengikut skim-
skim perumahan yang terdapat di Kuala Lumpur adalah seperti di Jadual 3.2.

Bagaimanapun, di atas keperihatinan Kerajaan, Jemaah Menteri telah
meluluskan cadangan Penjualan Perumahan PPR & PA di Kuala Lumpur
(Ogos 2009). Pelaksanaan penjualan ini adalah bertujuan merealisasikan
hasrat Kerajaan untuk:

i. Membantu golongan berpendapatan rendah memiliki rumah
sendiri di bawah konsep “Satu Keluarga Satu Rumah”;

ii. Memberi peluang kepada penyewa membeli rumah yang diduduki;
dan

iii. Menyediakan rumah mampu milik kepada golongan
berpendapatan rendah di Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur.

142

Jadual 3.2: Rumusan Terkini Penjualan PPR (MT

Bil Perkara Jumlah Unit Band
1 PA DBKL & PPR MTEN Yang Dijual 45,357 Ra

15

2 Jumlah Permohonan Untuk Membeli 29,382 8,

3 Kekal Menyewa + Borang Tidak Dikembalikan 15,975 7,
4 Kategori Layak 28,506 8,
5 Kategori Layak Bersyarat (Mempunyai Tunggakan) 1
627

6 Kategori Tidak Layak (Tidak Memenuhi Syarat Kelayakan) 249

7 Surat Tawaran Dikeluarkan (Untuk Kategori Layak) 28,506 8,
(Nota : Maklumbalas yang diterima selepas surat tawaran dikeluarkan) 22,524 6,

1) Setuju 112 1,
5,870 4,
2) Tidak Setuju 14,304 1,
5,810
3) Tiada Maklumbalas 3,
20,114 1,
8 Telah Menandatangani Perjanjian Jual Beli (DBKL) 11,200
5,622 1,
9 Telah Menandatangani Perjanjian Jual Beli (SPWP) 16,822

Jumlah Telah Tandatangan Perjanjian (DBKL+SPWP) 3,292

10 Surat Pemilikan Kosong (DBKL)
11 Surat Pemilikan Kosong (SPWP)

Jumlah Telah Dikeluarkan Pemilikan Kosong (DBKL+SPWP)

12 Dalam Proses Menguruskan Pembelian Rumah

Sumber: Kementerian Wilayah Persekutuan dan Kesejahteraan Bandar (KWP),

14