Samajik adyan Grade 9

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bgk] fnsf] t/fO{ Ifq] df dl} ynL ;db' fodf 3/sf leTtf, rfs] , a/G8f cflbdf wflds{ ufyf,
hgfj/, r/f, km' n cflbsf ;G' b/ lrqx¿ nV] g] k/Dk/f /lxcfPsf] 5 . ;/n /v] f / rxlsnf
/ª ljGof; dl} ynL snfsf ljzi] ftf xg' \ . yf¿ ;db' fodf klg 3/sf leTtfdf lrq nV] g]
k/Dk/f kfOG5 .
ljm| ofsnfk
!= tkfOn“{ ] st} leTtl] rq bV] ge' Psf] 5 < 5 eg] sg' 7fpd“ f bV] ge' of] < To; lrqdf s] bv] fOPsf]
lyof] < l6kf6] u/L sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .
@= tkfOn“{ ] kfe} f lrq bV] ge' Psf] 5 < Tof] lrq pknAw xg' ] 7fps“ f] vfh] L ugx{' f;] \ . lsg To;
7fpd“ f pSt lrq /flvPsf] /x5] , sf/0f kTtf nufpgx' f;] \ . ;fy} kfe} f lrq agfpg s] s]
;fduL| sf] ko| fu] xG' 5, vfh] L ugx{' f;] \ .
cEof;
!= lrqsnfsf] kl/ro lbgx' f;] \ .
@= gk] fnL lrqsnfsf] ljsf; ;DaGwdf 5f6] s/Ldf nV] gx' f;] \ .
#= gk] fnsf] k/Dk/fut lrqsnf zn} LnfO{ slt efudf af8“ /] cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 < kT| os] sf]
5f6] f] kl/ro lbgx' f;] \ .
$= gk] fnL lrqsnfsf] ;/+ If0f / ljsf;df s] s] ugk{' nf{ < cfkmg\ f] ljrf/x¿ k:| tt' ugx'{ f;] \ .
%= uG| ylrq / leTtl] rqdf kfOg] ;dfgtf / leGgtf pNnv] ugx'{ f;] \ .
;fdb' flos sfo{
tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fo glhs /xs] f] d7, dlGb/, uD' af, ;ªu\ x| fno jf lrqsnfsf] gdg' f ePsf] 7fpd“ f
hfgx' f;] \ . Tof] lrqdf s] s] s/' fx¿ bv] fOPsf] 5 < s;n] sg' pbb\ Z] on] agfPsf] xf] < lrqn] s]
s/' fsf] kl| tlglwTj u/s] f] 5 < To;sf] ;/+ If0fsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 eGg] h:tf kZ| gx¿df cfwfl/t
eO{ ;DalGwt JolStx¿;u“ ;fw] vfh] u/L ljj/0f ;ªs\ ng ugx{' f;] \ / kl| tjb] g tof/ kfgx'{ f;] \ .

42 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf7 @ gk] fnL dl" ts{ nf

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |blj?kfIfsf] dl" t{lqljjm| dsf] dl" t{

gk] fnL dl" ts{ nfsf] kf| dfl0fs ;do O:jL ;j+ ts\ f] klxnf] ztfAbL jf ;fe] Gbf cufl8nfO{ dfGg

;lsG5 . sf7df8f}“ pkTosfleq ls/ftsfnLg elgPsf dl" tx{ ¿ oqtq 5l/Psf 5g\ . tyflk

To; ou' sf] gk] fnL snfsf] Oltxf;nfO{ kf| dfl0fs ¿kn] kl' i6 ug{] oyi] 6 kd| f0fsf] cefj 5g} g\ . tL

dl" ta{ f/] cflwsfl/s ¿kdf ljjr] gf ug{ uf/f] 5 . sx] L ljåfgx\ ¿ kzk' lt cfo3{ f6l:yt lj?kfIfsf]

9ª' u\ fsf] dl" tn{ fO{ gk] fnsf] ;jfl{ ws k/' fgf] dl" t{ dfG5g\ / o;nfO{ ls/ftsfnLg dl" t{ eG5g\ .

lnR5lj sfndf ags] f 9ª' u\ fsf cgs] f“} kf| dfl0fs dl" tx{ ¿ pknAw 5g\ . o; sfndf gk] fnL
dl" ts{ nfsf] r/d ljsf; ePsf] lyof] / o;sf] ke| fj ltAat / rLg;Dd klg ku' s] f] lyof] eGg]
s/' f Oltxf;n] :ki6 u/s] f] 5 .

a9' fgLns07sf] hnzog u/s] f lji0fs' f] dl" t{ 43

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bnflhDkf6 / kzk' lt ltnuªu\ fdf kfOPsf lqljjm| d cyft{ \ lji0fl' jjm| fGt, a9' fgLns07sf] hnzog
u/s] f lji0f,' rfu“ s' f] u?8gf/fo0f, 9fs] faxfnsf] rT} o cflb dl" tn{ fO{ lnR5ljsfnLg k:| t/ dl" ts{ nfsf
pTsi[ 6 pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . To:t} knf~rfs] eujtL, wd' jf/fxLsf] j/fx cjtf/,
kmlkª{ sf] dlxiff;/' dlbg{ L, rfu“ g' f/fo0f l:yt ljZjlj/f6, xgd' fg\ 9fs] fleqsf] sfnLofbdg cflb
dl" tx{ ¿ lnR5ljsfnLg ;G' b/ dl" ts{ f ¿kdf lrlgG5g\ .

dNnsfndf klg dl" ts{ nfsf] lgs} ljsf; ePsf] lyof] . o; sfndf 9ª' u\ fsf cltl/St wft,' sf7
cflbdf dl" t{ agfpg] kr| ngn] Jofkstf kfPsf] lyof] .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= tkfOn“{ ] w/] } 7fpd“ f dl" tx{ ¿ bv] s] f] xg' k' 5{ . To;dWo] b; cf6] f dl" ts{ f] gfd, sa] f6 ags] f]
xf,] Tof] sxf“ :yfkgf ul/Psf] xf,] kTtf nufO{ l6kf6] ugx{' f;] \ / sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .

@= gk] fn cfpg] ko6{ sx¿n] gk] fnL dl" ts{ nfnfO{ cle?lrkj" s{ lng] u/s] f 5g\ . o;af6 jb} l] zs
db' f| ;dt] cfhg{ xg' ] u/s] f] 5 . dl" ts{ nfnfO{ Jofj;foLs/0f ug{ s] ugk{' nf,{ hfgsf/
JolStnfO{ ;fw] L kf| Kt ljrf/nfO{ sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .

#= sg' j:ts' f] dl" t{ lgdf0{ f ug{ sg' kl| jm| of ckgfOG5, vfh] L u/L ljj/0f tof/ ugx'{ f;] \ .

cEof;

!= ‘dNnsfndf dl" ts{ nfsf] ljsf; r/d laGbd' f ku' s] f] kfOG5 .’ pbfx/0f lbP/ j0fg{ ugx{' f;] \ .

@= gk] fnsf] dl" ts{ nf sg' } g sg' } wflds{ k/Dk/f;u“ ;DalGwt xg' sf sf/0fx¿ pNnv] ugx{' f;] \ .

#= gk] fnsf] k/Dk/fut snf / ;:+ sl[ tdf sg' s/' fnfO{ a9L dfqfdf ;dl] 6Psf] 5 < To:tf] lsg
ul/Psf] xfn] f <

;fdb' flos sfo{

tkfOs+{ f] ;db' fodf /xs] f] sg' } Ps dlGb/df hfgx' f;] \ . Toxfs“ f] kh' f/L / :yfgLo JolStnfO{ ;fw] /]
lgDg lnlvt zLifs{ sf cfwf/df ljj/0f tof/ kfgx{' f;] \ / sIffdf k:| tt' ugx'{ f;] \ M

-s_ dl" ts{ f] gfd / lgdf0{ f stf{
-v_ lgdf0{ f ePsf] ldlt
-u_ wflds{ dxTTj
-3_ dl" t{ /xs] f] :yfg
-ª_ jtd{ fg cj:yf

44 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf7 # gk] fnL jf:ts' nf kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b kzk' ltgfy dlGb/

‘jf:t’' zAbnfO{ jf;:yfgsf] cyd{ f ko| fu] ul/Psf] kgft} Lsf] OGbZ]| j/ dlGb/
kfOG5 . o; cfwf/df jf;:yfg ;DaGwL snfsl[ tnfO{
jf:t'snf elgG5 . o;df JolStsf lghL 3/, 45
b/af/, d7 dlGb/, kf6L, kfj} f, bj] fno, afb} w\ :tk"
tyf cGo :df/sx¿ k5g{ \ .

xfdL;“u hlt k'/fgf d"lt{x¿ pknAw 5g\ Tolt
k/' fgf dlGb/, rT} o jf :tk" el] 6“bg} . Pp6f 9'ªu\ fdf
s“l' bPsf] sg' } bj] L jf bj] tfsf dl" t{ xhf/f“} jif;{ Dd
;/' lIft /xg ;Sof] . t/ ltgsf nflu agfOPsf]
dlGb/ eg] df6f, sf7, O6“ f h:tf sd l6sfp xg' ]
;fduL| af6 agfOPsf] xb“' f To;n] nfdf] ;do;Dd
cfÇgf] cl:tTj hf]ufpg ;s]g . lnR5ljsfnLg
jf:ts' nfsf sg' } hLljt kd| f0f xfn pknAw 5g} .
t/ To; an] fsf pTsi[ 6 dl" tx{ ¿nfO{ bl[ i6ut ubf{
ltgsf] :yfkgfsf nflu lgZro g} dlGb/x¿sf] lgdf0{ f
ePsf] xg' k' 5{ eGg] cgd' fg ;xh} ug{ ;lsG5 . o;
s/' fsf] kl' i6 /fhf dfgbj] sf] /fhkf| ;fbsf ¿kdf
dfgux[ sf] gfd pNnv] ePaf6 klg xg' cfp5“ .
dfgux[ sf7df8fd“} f sxf“ lgdf0{ f ePsf] lyof,] Tof]
7fp“ clxn;] Dd kTtf nfUg ;ss] f] 5g} . cz+ j' dfs{ f]
/fhkf| ;fb sn} fzs6' ejgsf klg sg' } cjzi] f xfn
pknAw 5g} .

jf:t'snfsf] ljsf;sf b[li6n] dNnsfn lgs}
pNnv] gLo /xs] f] 5 . o; an] f ags] f cgs] f}“ ejg
tyf dlGb/x¿ gk] fnL dfl} ns jf:ts' nfsf] bzg{ Lo
pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf cbo\ fjlw 5g\ . gk] fnL jf:ts' nfnfO{
dV' otM Kofuf8] f, :tk" jf rT} o / lzv/ zn} L u/L ltg
efudf 56' o\ fP/ cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b!= Kofuf8] f zn} L

tx tx 5fgfoS' t dlGb/ jf:ts' nf ljZj;fd' Kofuf8] f zn} Lsf gfdaf6 kV| oft 5 . Ps jf
PseGbf a9L tnf /xs] f o:tf 5fgfx¿ j|mdzM tn 7n' f] eO{ snfTds cgk' ftdf tnl} kR5]
dflytkm{ ;fgf] ;fgf] kfb{} agfOPsf xG' 5g\ . sf7df8fs“} f tnh] s' f] dlGb/, bu] t' n,] huGgfy
dlGb/, uf/] vgfysf] dlGb/, dfhb' j] n, hz} Lbj] n, kzk' ltgfysf] dlGb/, ;t] f] dT:oG] bg| fysf]
dlGb/ tyf rfu“ s' f] u?8gf/fo0fsf] dlGb/ Kofuf8] f zn} Lsf pbfx/0f xg\ . ;fy} eStk/' sf
Goftkfn] bj] n, e/} j dlGb/, kf6gsf] sD' eZ] j/sf] dlGb/, eLd;g] dlGb/ / /ftf] dT:oG] bg| fysf]
dlGb/ klg gk] fnL jf:ts' nfsf cgk' d pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf /xs] f 5g\ .

@= :tk" jf rT} o zn} L

afb} w\ wds{ f cgo' foLx¿n] cfÇgf] ;Dkb| fo;u“ ;Dabw\ sg' } dxTTjk0" f{ j:tn' fO{ hldgdl' g uf8L
To;dfly :df/s agfp5“ g\ . To;/L agfPsf] cwu{ fn] fsf/ tyf ue{ ePsf] :df/s :tk" gfdn]
lrlgG5 . :tk" nfO{ rT} o klg elgG5 . lrTtnfO{ ;w“} wdd{ f hfu?s /fVg] rt} Gosf] kt| Ls dflgg]
ePsfn] o;nfO{ rT} o elgPsf] xf] . rT} onfO{ lrtf;u“ klg hfl] 8Psf] kfOG5 . rT} osf] agfj6
tn km' ss] f] / dfly ;f3“ /' f] xb“' } uPsf] xG' 5 . rT} odf Pp6f dfq uh/' /xs] f] xG' 5 .

afb} w\ gfy :tk"

46 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

gk] fndf kf| Kt jz+ fjnLcg;' f/ dfo} s{ fnLg ef/tsf ;df| 6\ czfs] n] gk] fndf ;jk{ y| d o;
zn} LnfO{ leœofPsf lyP . ;?' df ;fwf/0f df6fsf] l9:sfsf cfwf/df agfOg] ul/Psf] :tk' kl5
cfP/ cgs] ¿k / ks| f/df ljsl;t ePsf] kfOG5 .

uft} d ab' w\ sf] lgjf0{ fkl5 pgsf] :dl[ tdf gk] fndf cgluGtL :tk" x¿ aGg yfns] f] kfOG5 .
nl' DagLsf] dfofbj] Lsf] dlGb/, afb} w\ gfy, :joDeg" fy, kf6gsf] czfs] :tk" , rfjlxnsf] rf?dtL
ljxf/ / 68“' Lvn] glhssf] dxfafb} w\ :tk" rT} o zn} Lsf] pTsi[ 6 gdg' f xg' \ . oLdWo] kf6gsf]
czfs] :tk" ;ae} Gbf k/' fgf] :tk" dWod] f k5{ .

#= lzv/ zn} L

lzv/ zn} Lsf] dlGb/ kjt{ sf] lzv/ h:t} dflytkm{ rl' nb“ } rR' rf] cfsf/df agfOPsf] xG' 5 t/kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b

o;df 5fgf eg] xb“' g} . of] jf:t' zn} L uK' tsfnLg ef/tdf rfy} f] ztfAbLdf ljsl;t ePsf] jf:t'

zn} Lsf ¿kdf lrlgG5 . gk] fndf lzv/ zn} Lsf dlGb/x¿ slxnb] l] v aGg ;?' ePsf] lyof,]

;fa] f/] sg' } 7f;] kd| f0f km] nf k/s] f] 5g} . oxfs“ f lnR5lj zf;sx¿ ef/taf6 g} cfPsf

tYonfO{ bl[ i6ut ubf{ lnR5lj sfndf

klg lzv/ zn} Lsf dlGb/x¿ ags] f

lyP xfn] fg\ eGg] cgd' fg;Dd ug{
;lsG5 . clxn] xfdf| ;fd' /xs] f lzv/
zn} Lsf dlGb/dWo] ;jfl{ ws k/' fgf
egs] f] dNn sfnsf] dWo ;dodf
ags] f sx] L dlGb/x¿ xg' \ . kf6gsf]
s[i0f dlGb/ / dxfaf}b\w dlGb/,
eStk'/sf] aT;nfb]jLsf] dlGb/,
sf7df8fs“} f] OGbr| fs] df /xs] f] lzj
dlGb/, :joDes" f] kt| fkk/' / cgGtk/'
dlGb/ lzv/ zn} Lsf pTsi[ 6 gdg' f
xg' \ .

jf:ts' nfsf] ;Gbed{ f /f0ffsfnLg ;dodf kf6gsf] si[ 0f dlGb/
cfP/ g]kfndf o'/f]k]nL jf:t' z}nLdf
b/af/x¿ agfpg] k/Dk/fsf] yfngL
ePsf] al' emG5 . l;x+ b/af/, >Ldxn, aa/
dxn, /fgLdxn, afnj' f6f/ / yfkfynL
b/af/, s]z/dxn cflbnfO{ o'/f]k]nL
jf:tz' n} Ldf ags] f pTsi[ 6 gd'gfsf ¿kdf
lng ;lsG5 .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 47

ljm| ofsnfk

!= Kofuf8] f zn} L, :tk" zn} L / lzv/ zn} Lsf] Ps Ps cf6] f gdg' f lrq sfg] x{' f;] \ .

@= gk] fnsf dlGb/x¿n] sg' } g sg' } wflds{ ;Dkb| fosf] emns lbG5g\ . To;sf] kd| v' sf/0f s]
xg' ;S5 <

#= d7, dlGb/, uD' af, ljxf/, rT} o, dl:hbx¿ xfdf| ] w/fx] /sf ¿kdf /xs] f 5g\ . o;sf] ;/+ If0f
;j+ wg{ / kr| f/ ug{ s] ugk{' nf{ < ;e' mfj lbgx' f;] \ .

$= @)&@ ;fn jz} fvdf uPsf] zlStzfnL es" Dksf sf/0f wflds{ , Pl] txfl;s tyf ;f:+ sl[ ts
w/fx] /df w/] } Iflt ku' s] f] 5 . ljZj ;Dkbf ;r" Ldf ;dt] ;r" Lst[ o:tf w/fx] /sf] kg' lgd{ f0{ f
/ ;/+ If0fsf] nflu ;e' mfj lbgx' f;] \ .
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
cEof;

!= jf:ts' nfsf] kl/ro lbgx' f;] \ .

@= gk] fndf ljsf; ePsf] jf:ts' nf ;Dabw\ zn} Lx¿sf] 5f6] s/Ldf kl/ro lbgx' f;] \ .

#= :tk' f / lzv/ zn} Llarsf] leGgtf 56' o\ fpgx' f;] \ .

$= gk] fndf /xs] f k/' fgf jf:ts' nfsf] ;/+ If0f ug{ ;db' fosf] el" dsf pNnv] ugx{' f;] \ .

;fdb' flos sfo{

tkfOs+{ f] ;db' fodf /xs] f k/' fgf 3/, d7, dlGb/, b/af/, :tk' , rT} o, uD' af, ljxf/, dl:hb, kf6L,
kfj} f, 8anL cflbsf] kT| oIf cjnfs] g ed| 0f ugx{' f;] \ . To;sf] lgdf0{ f sg' zn} Ldf ePsf] /x5] /
To;df sg' sg' ;fduL| ko| fu] ePsf] /x5] < ;fw] vfh] u/L ljj/0f tof/ kfgx{' f;] \ .

jm| = ;=+ gfd z}nL ko| fu] ul/Psf] lgdf0{ f ;fduL|

48 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf7 $ wflds{ ;lxi0ft' f / wd{ lg/kI] ftf

ljleGg wd{ dfGg] JolStx¿ Pp6} ynfd] f ;u“ } ldn/] a:g' / Ps csfn{ fO{ ;Ddfg ug{' g} wflds{
;lxi0ft' f xf] . gk] fndf k/fkj" { sfnbl] v g} wflds{ ;lxi0ft' f /lxcfPsf] kfOG5 .

gk] fndf ufk] fn jz+ / ls/ft jz+ sf /fhfx¿ zj} wd{ dfGy] eg] lnR5lj sfndf /fhf dfgbj] sf
kl/jf/df zj} / ji} 0fj bj' } wd{ dflgGy] . o; ;Gben{ fO{ wflds{ ;lxi0ft' fsf pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf
lng ;lsG5 . /fhf dfgbj] n] afb} w\ wdk{ l| t >bw\ f ks| 6 ub{} dfg ljxf/ agfpg nufPsf] pNnv]
o;sf] csf{] pbfx/0f xf] .

dNnsfndf kt| fk dNnn] O;fO{ kfb/Lx¿nfO{ sf7df8fd“} f a:g] cgd' lt lbPsf lyP . cem efis/
dNnn] t dl' :ndx¿nfO{ b/af/df /fvs] f lyP eGg] sYo k/Dk/f /xs] f] 5 . To;u} /L kY[ jLgf/fo0f
zfxn] xftxltof/ agfpg / ;g] fnfO{ tflnd lbgsf nflu dl' :nd sfnLu9x¿nfO{ b/af/df
afn] fPsf] Pl] txfl;s kd| f0f 5 . o;sf cfwf/df k/fkj" s{ fnbl] v Psn] csf{] wdk{ l| t ;Ddfg / cf:yf
/fvs] f] kl' i6 xG' 5 . jtd{ fg ;dodf gk] fnLx¿lar klg wflds{ ;lxi0ft' fsf] efj emNsG5 . kzk' lt
/ :joDed" f lxGb' Pjd\ afb} w\ bj' } wdfj{ nDaLn] kh" f cf/fwgf u5g{ \ .
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 49

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b/fHon] sg' } wd{ / wflds{ cf:yf ePsf JolSt / ;db' fosf] kIf glnO{ ;an} fO{ ;dfg Jojxf/, ;Ddfg
/ ;defj ks| 6 ug{' g} wd{ lg/kI] ftf xf] .

bf;] f| ] hgcfGbfn] gaf6 kg' M:yflkt ;;+ bn\ ] lj= ;=+ @)^# h7] $ ut] u/s] f] 3fi] f0ffn] gk] fn klxnf]
k6s wd{ lg/kI] f /fHo ePsf] xf] . o;cl3 gk] fn ljZjdf Psdfq lxGb' /fi6s« f ¿kdf lrlgb“ }
cfPsf] lyof] .

gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfg, @)&@ df ‘gk] fn Ps :jtGq, cljefHo, ;fje{ fd} ;Ttf ;DkGg, wd{ lg/kI] f,
;dfjz] L nfs] tGqfTds, ;dfhjfb pGdv' ;ª3\ Lo nfs] tflGqs u0ftGqfTds /fHo xf] .’ egL pNnv]
ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} ;l+ jwfgdf g} ;gftgbl] v rlncfPsf] wd{ ;:+ sl[ tsf] ;/+ If0f nufot wflds{ /
;f:+ sl[ ts :jtGqtfsf ¿kdf wd{ lg/kI] ftfnfO{ ;D´gk' g{] s/' f pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 . To;u} /L
gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfgsf] efu # cGtut{ dfl} ns xssf] wf/f @^ df wflds{ :jtGqtfsf] xssf] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 . wflds{ :jtGqtfcGtut{ wdk{ l| t cf:yf /fVg] kT| os] JolStnfO{ cfÇgf] cf:yfcg;' f/
wds{ f] cjnDag, cEof; / ;/+ If0f ug{] :jtGqtf xg' ] 5 . t/ s;n} ] s;s} f] wd{ kl/jtg{ u/fpg]
jf csfs{ f] wdd{ f vnn kg{] sfd Jojxf/ ug{ jf u/fpg xb“' g} elgPsf] 5 .

To;n} ] wflds{ :jtGqtfsf] ;bk' ofu] ug{' ;a} gful/ssf] stJ{ o xg' 5] . kT| os] wflds{ ;Dkb| fon]
sfgg' adfl] hd dfq cfÇgf] :jtGq ultljlw ;~rfng u/L cfÇgf] wflds{ :yn / wflds{ u7' Lsf]
;/+ If0f ugk{' 5{ . ;an} ] cfÇgf] wd{ dfGgk' 5{ / c¿sf] wds{ f] ;Ddfg ug{ l;Sgk' 5{ .

wflds{ ;lxi0ft' fsf] HjnGt pbfx/0f

bz] sf] /fhwfgL sf7df8fs“} f] afuahf/df gj] f/x¿sf] afSnf] a:tL 5 . To; :yfgdf d;' ndfgx¿
klg k/fkj" { sfnbl] v 3/hd u/L a;fa] f; ub{} cfO/xs] f 5g\ . sx] L jif{ otfbl] v To; 7fpd“ f kj" {
dr] Lbl] v klZrd dxfsfnL;Ddsf ljleGg hfthflt / wdfj{ nDaLsf JolStx¿ klg :yfoL ¿kdf
a;fa] f; ul//xs] f 5g\ . gj] f/x¿sf] 3/df dl' :nd / dl' :ndsf] 3/df gj] f/nufot cGo hfltsf
JolStx¿ ef8fdf a;/] :jtGqtfkj" s{ cfÇgf] k;] f ;~rfng u/s] f 5g\ . cfÇgf] wd{ tyf ;:+ sf/
cjnDag u/]sf 5g\ . afuahf/ glhs} /fgLkf]v/Lsf] lardf lxGb'x¿sf] dlGb/ 5 .
/fgLkfv] /Lsf] kj" k{ 6l\ 6 dl' :ndx¿sf] bO' { cf6] f dl:hbx¿ klg 5g\ . afuahf/ cf;kf;df klg
lxGbx' ¿sf] d7 dlGb/, ab' w\ wdfj{ nDaLsf :tk" / rT} ox¿ /xs] f 5g\ . oxf“ ljm| l:rog wdfj{ nDaLsf
luhf3{ /, dG8nLx¿ klg 5g\ . OGbr| fs] sf] kj" L{ 6fn] nfO{ /fsL 6fn] elgG5 hxf“ O/fsL d;' ndfgx¿
a:b} cfPsf 5g\ .

afuahf/df leGg hflt / wdfj{ nDaLsf 3/x¿ Ps cfk;df hfl] 8Psf 5g\ . pgLx¿ cfcfÇgf]
;:+ sl[ t lgjfw{ ¿kdf lgles{ tfsf ;fy dfGb} cfPsf 5g\ . pgLx¿ Pscsfs{ f] wflds{ :yn tyf
sfoj{ m| ddf pT;s' tfkj" s{ hfg] klg u5g{ \ . cfh;Dd To; 7fpd“ f wds{ f] gfddf sg' } eme} mu8f,
snx, dteb] ePsf] 5g} . a? csfs{ f] wdk{ l| t ;Ddfg / lh1f;f /fvs] f] kfOG5 . o;nfO{
ax' hftLo Pjd\ ax' ;f:+ sl[ ts ;dfhdf wflds{ ;lxi0ft' fsf ¿kdf lng] ul/Psf] 5 .

50 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bljm| ofsnfk

!= tn lbOPsf wflds{ ;lxi0ft' fsf pbfx/0fx¿ cWoog ugx{' f;] \ . tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf plNnlvt
pbfx/0f afxs] sf c¿ klg wflds{ ;lxi0ft' fsf cEof;x¿ xg' ;S5g\ . To;sf] vfh] L u/L
sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .

-s_ lxGbx' ¿ :joDed" f / afb} w\ x¿ kzk' ltgfydf bzg{ Pjd\ kh" f u5g{ \ .

-v_ afb} w\ dfuL{ zfSo sn' sL 5f/] LnfO{ lxGbx' ¿n] sd' f/L agfO{ kh" f ug{] k/Dk/f 5 .

-u_ sflts{ sf] ci6dL / df3 zS' n kIfsf] rtb' z{ Ldf kzk' ltnfO{ ab' w\ ds' 6' nufOlbg]
rng 5 .

@= wd{ lg/kI] ftfsf] ;an kIfx¿sf] rf6{ agfO{ sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .

cEof;

!= wflds{ ;lxi0ft' f egs] f] s] xf] <

@= gk] fndf wflds{ ;lxi0ft' fsf] ljsf; s;/L xb“' } cfPsf] 5 <

#= wd{ lg/kI] ftf egs] f] s] xf] <

$= gk] fnsf] jtd{ fg ;l+ jwfgdf wd{ lg/kI] ftfsf] ;DaGwdf s] s:tf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 <

%= clxn] gk] fndf ljleGg hflt, efiff / wds{ f lardf w/] } rrf{ xg' yfns] f] 5 . o;n] ;lbofb“} l] v
/lxcfPsf] Pstfsf] efjgfdf cfr“ cfp5“ ls eg/] sltko ;zªl\ st ePsf 5g\ . o:tf]
l:yltdf wflds{ ;lxi0ft' fsf] efjgf cem} uf9f agfpg tkfO“{ s] ;e' mfj lbg rfxgx' G' 5 <

^= wflds{ ;lxi0ft' fsf] dxTTj pNnv] ub{} cfkm\ gf] ;fyLnfO{ lr7L nV] gx' f;] \ .

;fdb' flos sfo{

tkfO+{ a;fa] f; u/s] f] ;db' fodf sg' sg' wd{ dfGg] dfG5x] ¿ a;fa] f; u5g{ \ < pgLx¿sf] cfk;L
;DaGw s:tf] /xs] f] kfpge' of] < l6kf6] u/L sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 51

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bkf7 % /fli6o« JolStTj tyf ljel" tx¿sf] ofu] bfg

/fi6s« f nflu ljzi] f ofu] bfg lbg] jf s;n} ] gu/s] f] k;| z+ gLo sfd ug{] JolStnfO{ /fli6o« ljel" tdf
;dfjz] ug{] ul/G5 . o;/L /fi6s« f] uf/} j a9fpg cfcfÇgf] Ifq] af6 ljlzi6 ofu] bfg lbgx] ¿dWo]
gk] fndf /fli6o« ljel" t 3fi] f0ff u/s] f JolStx¿ / pgLx¿sf] ofu] bfgaf/] o; kf7df rrf{ ul/g] 5 .

hgs

hgsk/' sf /fhf hgs cfkm" /fhf eP/ klg ax| d\ 1fgL lyP . pgL bx] -z/L/_
eGbf cfTdfnfO{ a9L dxTTj lbGy] / /fHodf klg of] ;Gbz] kmn} fpg rfxGy] .
pgL cfÇgf] b/af/df dq} oL, ufuL,{ of1jNSo h:tf Clifx¿;u“ zf:qfy{ uy{] .
To;n} ] /fhf hgsnfO{ /fhlif{ / ljbx] sf] ;1+ f lbOPsf] lyof] . pgL gk] fnnfO{
jl} bs cEof; sG] bs| f ¿kdf ljsf; u/L gk] fnsf] gfd rDsfpg ;kmn
ePsf lyP . cfh;Dd klg /fhf hgssf] gfd / kf/} fl0fs sfnsf] ldlynfsf]
rrf{ 5b“ } 5 .

;Ltf

cfbz{ gf/Lsf ¿kdf kl/lrt ;Ltf lxGb' eujfg\ /fdsL kTgL xg' \ . /fdnfO{
lji0f' / ;LtfnfO{ nIdLsf] cjtf/sf ¿kdf dfgL lxGb' wdfj{ nDaLx¿n] kh" f
cf/fwgf u5g{ \ . wtL{ kq' L / hfgsL dftfsf] gfdn] klg kl| ;bw\ ;Ltfsf]
gfdaf6 gk] fnsf] ldlynf Ifq] sf] uf/} j a9s] f] 5 .

uft} d ab' w\

zfSo dl' g uft} d ab' w\ -l;bw\ fy{ uft} d_ sf] hGd gk] fnsf] nl' DagLdf ePsf]
lyof] . pgn] ljZjnfO{ ;To, Gofo / clx;+ fsf] dfud{ f lx8“ g\ clekl]| /t u/] .
pgn] rf/] L gu/, em' 7f] gafn] , xltof/n] 3ft kl| t3ft gu/, g;fn' kbfya{ f6
6f9f a;, ofg} b/' frf/ gu/ eGg] h:tf k~rzLnsf] ;Gbz] lbPsf 5g\ .
uft} d ab' w\ nfO{ ljZjn] zflGtsf cub| t" sf ¿kdf dfgs] f] 5 .

cz+ j' df{

lnR5lj sfnsf kl| ;bw\ ;df| 6\ cz+ j' df{ bz] k/bz] df cfÇgf] gfd rDsfpg
;kmn ePsf lyP . lrlgof“ ofqL xo' fg :ofªsf] ofqf jT[ tfGtdf klg pgsf]
ofu] bfg pNnv] ePsf] 5 . cz+ j' df{ cfÇgf] zAbuG| y ljbo\ f gfdsf] sl[ taf6
rlrt{ 5g\ . pgL snf, sfz} n / ;flxTosf cg/' fuL lyP . pgn] agfPsf]
elgPsf] sn} fzs6' ejg clåtLo snfsfl/tfn] el/k0" f{ lyof] eGg] Oltxf;df
pNnv] 5 . logs} sz' n zf;g Joj:yfn] ubf{ lnR5lj sfnnfO{ :j0fo{ u'
elgPsf] xf] .

52 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

/fd zfx kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b

Gofokd]| L /fdzfx dWosfnLg uf/] vfsf nfs] lko| /fhf lyP . pgn] ;fdflhs, 53
cflys{ , Goflos, kz| f;lgs tyf wflds{ ;w' f/x¿ u/] . pgn] cfÇgf]
zf;g sfndf Gofo kz| f;gnfO{ dhat' agfPsf lyP . /fd zfxn] u/s] f]
;w' f/n] ubf{ ‘Gofo gkfP uf/] vf hfg’' eGg] rng rns] f] lyof] . pgn] To;
an] f dfgfkfyL / 9s t/fhs' f] Joj:yf u/] . pgn] Aofhsf] b/ lglZrt
ul/lbP . sn' f] l;r“ fO tyf ck/fwLnfO{ ;hfo ;DaGwL w/] } lgodx¿ agfO{
nfu' u/s] f lyP .

kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfx

kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfx cfwl' gs gk] fnsf] kl/sNkgfsf/ lyP . pgn] 6j' m| f 6j' m| f
/xs] f afO;L / rfl} a;L /fHonfO{ PsLs/0fsf] yfngL u/] . kmn:j¿k
cfhsf] gk] fnsf] emG8} cfwf efu PsLs/0f u/L gk] fnsf] l;dfgf kj" d{ f
l6:6f;Dd k¥' ofO{ cfwl' gs gk] fnsf] lgdf0{ f u/] . kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxsf
ofu] bfgnfO{ lgDg lnlvt ab“' faf6 cfs“ ng ug{ ;lsG5 M

-s_ :jtGq ;fje{ fd} ;Ttf ;DkGg gk] fn /fi6s« f] lgdf0{ f

-v_ dxfg\ /fhgLlt1

-u_ Gofokd]| L

-3_ jL/ ;g] fgfos

-ª_ ljbj\ fgs\ f] sb/ ug{] JolSt

-r_ c;n+ Ug k//fi6« gLltsf hGdbftf

-5_ k/Dk/fut ;:+ sl[ tsf /Ifs

-h_ ;kmn ofh] gfsf/ / b/' bzL{

c/lgsf]

snfsf/ c/lgsf] -anafx'_ sf7df8f}“ pkTosfsf] kf6gdf hlGdPsf
kl| ;bw\ snfsf/ xg' \ . /fhf ceo dNnsf] kfnfdf lrlgof“ ;df| 6\ sa“' nf
vfn“ ] snfsf/ dfu u/s] f] xg' fn] snfsf/ c/lgsfs] f] gt] T[ jdf snfsf/sf]
Ps 6fn] L ltAat uPsf] lyof] . snfsf/ c/lgsfs] f] snfsfl/tf bv] /]
lrlgof“ ;df| 6\ 5Ss k/] . o;/L pgn] gk] fnL snfsfl/tfnfO{ ljZj;fd'
kl/lrt u/fP . logL snfsf/, dl" ts{ f/, jf:tl' jb\ / j1} flgs lyP . logn]
ls6, df6f] / ;g' ld;fP/ ;of“} jif{ l6Sg] dl" t{ agfPsf lyP . logn] agfPsf
bhg{ f“} dl" t{ clxn] klg rLgdf 5g\ . rLgsf] /fhwfgL aO] lhªsf] Zjt]
Kofuf8] f -kfOtf:t_] logn} ] agfPsf xg' \ . c/lgsfs] f] dT[ ok' l5 rLg ;/sf/n]
lognfO{ ldªxfO] { -tLj| kl| tef_ sf] pkflw kb| fg u/s] f] lyof] .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |beLd;g] yfkf

gk] fnsf ky| d kw| fgdGqL eLd;g] yfkf xg' \ . pgL cªu\ h]| ;fdf| Ho;u“
6Ss/ lng] bz] eSt kw| fgdGqL -dl' Vtof/_ lyP . pgn] cfkm\ gf] ;dodf
;fdflhs, cflys{ / ;l} gs ;w' f/x¿ u/] . pgn] #! jif;{ Dd dl' Vtof/
eP/ dfte[ l" dsf] ;j] f u/] . pgn] gk] fn PsLs/0fsf] afs“ L sfdnfO{
k/' f u/L gk] fnsf] l;dfgf klZrddf ;tnh;Dd k¥' ofPsf lyP . pgsf]
/fi6k« d]| , kljq xb[ o / b/' blzt{ fsf ;DaGwdf >L % /0faxfb/' zfxn]
egs] f lyP, æd d/L dn' s' 8A' Gof 5g} , eLd;g] d¥of] eg] dn' s' 8A' Gof
5 .Æ To:t} eLd;g] yfkfsf af/d] f rGb| zdz/] n] egs] f lyP, æPp6f
eLd;g] yfkf ghGds] f] eP gk] fn plxNo} lxl“ 8;SYof] .Æ

cd/l;x+ yfkf

/fhelSt / bz] elStsf] efjgfn] cft] kf| t] cd/l;x+ yfkfn] gk] fn cªu\ h]|
ob' w\ df axfb/' Lsf ;fy n8s] f lyP . pgnfO{ ;b' /" klZrddf gk] fnsf]
/Iffsf] lhDdf lbOPsf] lyof] . pgn] sd' fp u9jfn xb“' } gk] fnsf] l;dfgf
klZrddf sfu“ 8f;Dd k¥' ofPsf lyP . cªu\ h]| ;g] fsf hg/n cS6/
nfg] Ln] cd/l;x+ yfkfnfO{ cgs] f“} kn| fe] g lbP klg sg' } nfe] df gk/L
axfb/' Lsf ;fy n8] .

aneb| sj“' /

sKtfg aneb| sj“' /n] @) jifs{ f] slnnf] pd/] df cªu\ h]| ;u“ gfnfkfgLsf]
vnªu\ f lsNnfdf 86/] ob' w\ u/s] f lyP . pgn] l;kfxL, dlxnf /
s6] fs6] L u/L ^)) JolSt lnP/ cfwl' gs xltof/ lnPsf #%)) cªu\ h]|
kmf}h;“u axfb'/Lsf ;fy n8]sf lyP . cª\u|]hx¿n] ;d]t pgsf]
jL/tfsf] kz| ;+ f u/s] f 5g\ . pgn] cªu\ h]| x¿;u“ cfTd ;dk0{ f gu/L
ob' w\ df g} dT[ o' j/0f ug{ tof/ ;dt] eO{ gk] fnL jL/tfsf] gdg' f kb| zg{
u/s] f lyP .

efge' St cfrfo{

cflbslj efge' St cfrfon{ ] ;:+ st[ /fdfo0fnfO{ gk] fnL efiffdf cgj' fb
u/] . pgn] gk] fnL efiffdf sljtf nv] g ;?' u/] . To;n} ] gk] fnL efiff /
;flxTodf pgsf] 7n' f] ofu] bfg /xs] f] 5 . pgn] gk] fnL efiffnfO{ ;/n
/ zb' w\ agfO{ efiffsf dfWodaf6 gk] fnLnfO{ eflifs PsLs/0f u/] .

54 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

dfl] t/fd e66\ kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b

dfl] t/fd e66\ n] gk] fnL ;flxTodf efge' StnfO{ lrgfpg] sfd u/] . pgn] 55
yk' }| sl[ tx¿sf] /rgf u/L gk] fnL efiff / ;flxTodf gof“ cfofd yk] .
pgL slj, uhnsf/ Pjd\ ufos klg lyP . #) jifs{ f] cNkfod' f lbjªu\ t
dft] L/fd e66\ oj' f sljsf] pkgfdn] lrlgG5g\ .

lqej' g

/fhf lqej' gn] gk] fndf !)$ jifLo{ /f0ff zf;g lj?bw\ /fhubb\ L Tofu/]
hgtfsf] Jfm| flGtdf ;xofu] u/] . lj= ;=+ @))& ;fnsf] kh| ftflGqs
cfGbfn] g ;kmn kfg{ /fhf lqej' gn] ;xofu] k¥' ofPsf] xg' fn] pgnfO{
/fli6o« ljel" tsf ¿kdf lnOG5 .

zªv\ w/ ;fVjf

zªv\ w/ ;fVjf gk] fn ;j+ ts\ f kj| ts{ Ps ;dfh;j] L Jofkf/L lyP .
pgn] ul/ax¿sf] C0f ltl/lbP/ pgLx¿nfO{ C0fdS' t ul/lbPsf lyP .
zªv\ w/ ;fVjfnfO{ lj= ;=+ @)%^ dªl\ ;/ @ ut] /fli6o« ljel" t 3fl] ift
ul/Psf] xf] .

kf;fª Nxfd' zk] f{

kf;fª Nxfd' zk] f{ ky| d ;u/dfyf cf/fx] L gk] fnL dlxnf xg' \ . ;u/dfyf
cf/fx] 0faf6 kmsg{ ] jm| ddf lj= ;=+ @)%) jz} fv !) ut] lxp“ klx/fd] f
k//] pgsf] lgwg ePsf] lyof] . pgnfO{ gk] fnL ;fx;L dlxnfsf ¿kdf
lnOG5 . lj= ;=+ @)%( jz} fv ( ut] gk] fn ;/sf/sf] lg0fo{ cg;' f/
pgnfO{ gk] fnsf] kGwf| “} /fli6o« ljel" t 3fi] f0ff ul/Psf] xf] .

dxfu?' kmfNug' Gb

kmfNug' Gbsf] hGd lj= ;=+ !($@ sflTts @% ut] Onfd lhNnfsf]
lnªb\ g] kl/jf/df ePsf] lyof] . pgL cf7 jifs{ f] pd/] df la/fdL eP/
rdTsf/s} ¿kdf afR“ g ;kmn ePkl5 wflds{ kj| l[ Ttsf aGb} uPsf lyP .
clx;+ f / wd{ pgsf] dn" af6f] lyof] . pgn] lnDax' ¿sf] hftLo, cflys{ ,
;fdflhs Ifq] , wflds{ Ifq] ;w' f/sf] b; ab“' ] wd{ dr' N' sf v8f u/s] f lyP .
kmfNug' Gbsf pkbz] x¿df l/;/fu, åi} f, cxªs\ f/af6 6f9f /xg,' /S;L,
r/' f6] , df;,' hj' f, tf; cflb sn' taf6 6f9f /xg,' em6' f] gafN] g,' xTof
gug,{' dftf, lktf, u?' bj] sf] elSt / ;j] fdf 6xn ug,{' k7g kf7g ug{'
cflb 5g\ . pgnfO{ lj= ;=+ @)^^ dªl\ ;/ !^ ut] !^ cf“} /fli6o« ljel" t
3fi] f0ff ul/Psf] lyof] .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bljm| ofsnfk
!= /fli6o« ljel" tsf] ;Ddfgsf nflu pgLx¿sf gfddf /flvPsf ;8s dfu,{ ejg tyf ;:+ yfsf

af/d] f vfh] L ugx{' f;] \ .
@= tkfO“{ /fli6o« ljel" tdf s;sf] gfd yKbf pkoS' t xg' ] bV] gx' G' 5 < pgnfO{ /fli6o« ljel" tdf

/fVgk' gfs{ f sf/0f ;dt] nV] gx' f;] \ .
#= gk] fnsf /fli6o« ljel" tsf] kmf6] f] jf lrq ;ªs\ ng ugx{' f;] \ . ;f] lrqnfO{ sf8a{ f8] { kk] /df 6f;“ L

pgLx¿sf bO' { bO' { cf6] f ofu] bfg ;dt] pNnv] ugx{' f;] \ .
cEof;
!= gk] fndf s:tf JolStTjx¿nfO{ /fli6o« ljel" tdf ;dfjz] ul/Psf] 5 <
@= xfdf| /fli6o« ljel" tx¿sf] ofu] bfgsf] ljifodf Ps ;j+ fb tof/ kfgx{' f;] \ .
#= /fli6o« ljel" tdf s;s} f] gfd 3fi] f0ff ug{' cufl8 JolStsf] dN" ofªs\ g ugk{' g{] cfwf/x¿

s] s] xg' k' nf{ < rrf{ ugx{' f;] \ .
$= xfdf| /fli6o« ljel" tx¿sf] cWoogaf6 tkfOn+{ fO{ pgLx¿sf] sg' s/' f cg;' /0f ugk{' 5{ h:tf]

nfUof,] ab“' fut ¿kdf nV] gx' f;] \ .

56 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf7 ^ ;dfge' l" t / ;xofu]

-ljbo\ fnosf] rp/df u?' cfdf / 5fqf 8fnL zk] fl{ ar ePsf] ;j+ fb ._

8fnL M ;dfge' l" t egs] f] s] xf,] u?' cfdf <

u?' cfdf M dfgj ;j+ b] gzLn kf| 0fL ePsfn] p;n] Pscsfs{ f] efjgf a‰' 5 / Pscsfn{ fO{ ;fy
lbG5 . c¿sf] efjgf, ljrf/, cfjZostf cg'ej a'‰g] dfgjLo u'0fnfO{ xfdL
;dfge' l" t eG5f“} . JolStdf ;xfge' l" tsf] efjgf eP c¿sf lk/dsf,{ efjgf, ;d:of jf
lk8fnfO{ cfÇg} h:tf] u/L dx;;' ug{] u5{ .

8fnL M ;dfge' l" t eGg] s/' f ;f/} /fdf| ] /x5] t/ klg lsg ;dfhdf o:tf] kfOb“ g} t <

u?' cfdf M cfb} o\ fu] Ls/0f / ;x/Ls/0fsf] tLjt| fn] JolSt cToGt} Jo:t xb“' } uPsf] 5 . cfkm\ gf] dfq}
cfjZoStf kl" t{ ug{] / cfkm\ gf] dfq} ;d:ofsf af/d] f ;fR] g] afgL la:tf/} a9b\ } uPsf]
5 . jtd{ fg ;dodf c¿sf af/d] f klg ;fR] g] / c¿sf ;d:ofsf] klg cge' l" t ug{]
kj| l[ Tt jm| dzM 36b\ } uPsf] 5 . ;as} f] enf] xf;] \ eGg] ;be\ fj klg 36b\ } uPsf] 5 . :jfyL{
tyf nfe] L kj| l[ Tt / ljnf;Lkgn] ;dfge' l" t / ;be\ fj 36fpb“ } uPsf] 5 .
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
8fnL M clg ;xofu] af/d] f klg elglbgx' G' 5 ls <

u?' cfdf M JolStsf OR5f, cfsfªI\ ff / cfjZostfsf] ;Dafw] g PSnf] ko| f;af6 dfq ;Dej
xb“' g} . To;n} ] x/s] JolStnfO{ c¿sf] ;xofu] rflxG5 . sg' } sfo{ ug{ bO' { jf bO' e{ Gbf
a9L JolStsf] ko| f; rflxG5 eg] o:tf] kl| jm| of ;xofu] xf] . ;xofu] :jl] R5s, afWofTds
/ :jfyk{ /s u/L ltg ks| f/sf xG' 5g\ . :jl] R5s ;xofu] n] ;DaGwnfO{ bl/nf] agfp5“ ,
afWofTds ;xofu] n] zqt' f a9fp5“ / :jfyk{ /s ;xofu] df sk6tf xG' 5 .

8fnL M ;xfge' l" t / ;xofu] sf s] s:tf kmfObf 5g\ <

u?' cfdf M dfgj ;fdflhs kf| 0fL ePsfn] ;dfhdf a:g] ;as} f] efjgf / cj:yf a´' L ;a;} u“
;be\ fj /fVg' h?/L xG' 5 . xfdLn] ;dfhsf cGo JolStx¿af6 sx] L ckI] ff /fvs] f xG' 5f“} .
;dfhsf cGo dflg;df ;xfge' l" tsf] efjgf eof] eg] p;n] c¿nfO{ bM' v jf lk8f lbg
;Sbg} . xfdLaf6 klg c¿n] ToxL rfxG5g\ . ;xofu] af6 ;dGjo / PS] oabw\ tf sfod
xG' 5, lgs6tf / ;d' w/' ;DaGw a95\ . kmn:j¿k sfd ;xh} ;DkGg xG' 5 . ;dfge' l" t
/ ;xofu] n] ;dfhdf Pstf Pjd\ ljZjf; a9fO{ / Pp6f ;Eo ;dfhsf] lgdf0{ f u5{ .

gk] fnL ;dfh ljljwtfk0" f{ 5 . ;du| gk] fn / gk] fnLsf] pGglt Pjd\ ku| ltsf nflu
xfdLn] hftLo, wflds{ , eflifs, nª} l\ us tyf Ifq] Lo ;be\ fj tyf ;xofu] nfO{ alnof]

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 57

agfpgk' 5{ . o;af6 g} /fli6o« Pstf alnof] xG' 5 . hg' ;dfhdf oyi] 6 ;dfge' l" t /
;xofu] xG' 5, Toxf“ zflGt xG' 5 . zflGt g} ;v' L hLjgsf] klxnf] cfjZostf / kj" fw{ f/
xf] . To;n} ] xfdLn] ;dfh, bz] / ljZjdf ;dfge' l" t / ;xofu] hufpgk' 5{ .

8fnL M ;dfge' l" t / ;xofu] sf] cefjdf s] s:tf ;d:ofx¿ cfp5“ g\ t <

u?' cfdf M hxf“ ;dfge' l" t / ;xofu] xb“' g} , Toxf“ cfk;L dn] ldnfk / ;be\ fj xb“' g} . o:tf] ;dfhdf
cfk;L 30[ ff, ad] n] / åGå xG' 5 h;n] ob' w\ / ljgfznfO{ lgDTofp5“ . åGå / ob' w\ n] dfgj
;Eotf / dfgj ljsf;nfO{ ck/' 0fLo Iflt k¥' ofp5“ . JolStn] ;xofu] kfPg eg] pm PSnf]
xG' 5 . JolSt PSn} ePsf] cj:yfdf eo, czflGt / c;/' Iff dx;;' u5{ .

xfdLn] ky| d tyf låtLo ljZj ob' w\ nufot cGo ob' w\ , ljbf| x] / ux[ ob' w\ bl] v;ss] f
5f“} . o;n] lgDTofPsf lk8f klg efl] u;ss] f 5f“} . Ps csfk{ l| t kd]| , ;be\ fj / ;xofu] n]
dfq} JolSt cfgGbdo hLjg lhpg ;Sb5 . To;n} ] dfjg hfltsf] ;db[ l\ w / ;v' L
hLjg tyf ljZj zflGtsf nflu ;dfge' l" t / ;xofu] ckl/xfo{ 5g\ .
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
-8fnL u?' cfdfnfO{ wGojfb lblG5g,\ 3G6L klg aH5 / pgLx¿ sIffsf7] flt/ nfU5g\ ._

ljm| ofsnfk

!= ‘;dfge' l" t / ;xofu] ljZj zflGtsf] cfwf/’ ljifodf Ps bl} gs klqsfsf nflu Pp6f nv] sf]
gdg' f tof/ kfgx{' f;] \ .

@= tkfOs+{ f] ;db' fodf klg ;dfge' l" t sdL ePsf sf/0f sg' } emu8f jf åGå ePsf xg' ;S5g\ .
To:tf 36gfx¿ sIffdf 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \ .

#= tnsf] tflnsf k/' f ugx{' f;] \ M

;dfge' l"\ t / ;xofu] sf kmfObf c;dembf/L / åGåsf ak] mfObf

-s_ =============================== -s_ ===============================

-v_ =============================== -v_ ===============================

cEof;

!= ;dfge' l" t egs] f] s] xf] < ;dfge' l" t / ;xofu] sfod ug{ xfdLn] s] ugk{' 5{ <

@= ‘gk] fn h:tf] ljljwtfn] el/Psf] dn' s' df ;dfge' l" t / ;xofu] ckl/xfo{ 5 .’ o; egfOnfO{
kl' i6 ugx{' f;] \ .

58 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf7 & zflGt ;:+ sl[ t

x/s] JolSt, ;db' fo, ;dfh tyf /fi6s« f] ;du| ljsf;sf nflu zflGt ckl/xfo{ xG' 5 . tgfj, åGå
/ lx;+ fsf] jftfj/0fdf dfgj ;db' fo cfgGb;u“ /xg ;Sbg} . zflGt egs] f] emu8f jf åGå gePsf]
cj:yf dfq xfO] g . sg' } klg åGå of tgfjsf] jftfj/0fdf rk' rfk a:g' of ;dfjz] gxg' ' jf ;xg'
dfq zflGt ;:+ sl[ t xfO] g . ;:+ sl[ tn] xfdf| ] ;fr] , ljrf/ / Jojxf/nfO{ hgfp5“ . zflGt ;:+ sl[ tn]
kfl/jfl/s, ;fdb' flos, ;fdflhs tyf /fli6o« / cGt/fl{ i6o« :t/sf dgd6' fjx¿ Gog" Ls/0f u5{ .
of] ;ljm| o ¿kdf cfk;L kd]| , ;be\ fj tyf Pstf lgdf0{ f ug{] kbw\ lt xf] . o;n] ;dfh / /fi6d« f
eO/xs] f jf xg' ;Sg] lx;+ f, åGå tyf tgfjnfO{ ;j+ fb, 5nkmn / ;xdltsf dfWodaf6 Joj:yfkg
u5{ . zflGt ;:+ sl[ t ;sf/fTds dN" o tyf dfGotf, wf/0ff, Jojxf/ / hLjg kbw\ lt xf] hg' lx;+ fsf]
lj?bw\ df /xG5 . o:tf] ;:+ sl[ tn] lx;+ f / åGådf cGtlgl{ xt sf/0fx¿sf] klxrfg ub{} :j:y Pjd\
zfGt ;dfh lgdf0{ f ug{ JolSt / ;dfhnfO{ ;xofu] u5{ .
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
zflGt ;:+ sl[ t ljsf;sf] cfjZostf

zflGtn] l;hg{ f, lgdf0{ f, Pstf, aGwT' j, ;xofu] , kd]| / ;du| ljsf; lgDTofp5“ eg] åGån] ljgfz,
ljv08g Nofp5“ . åGån] dfgjLo ;DaGw ljR5b] u5{ / 30[ ff hGdfp5“ . x/s] JolStsf hLjgsf]
clGtd pbb\ Z] o egs] f] cfgGb kf| lKt xf] . cflys{ tyf efl} ts ;db[ l\ wn] dfq cfgGb kf| lKt xb“' g} .
åGåsf] jftfj/0fdf cflys{ tyf efl} ts ;db[ l\ w klg ;Dej 5g} . JolStn] cfgGb ta kf| Kt u5{ ha
pm eo/lxt jftfj/0fdf dfl} ns clwsf/ / :jtGqtfsf] pkefu] ug{ kfp5“ . To;n} ] xfdf| ] cfkm\ gf]
dfq xfO] g, ;Dk0" f{ ljZj ;db' fosf] pGglt, ku| lt tyf cfgGbdo hLjgsf nflu zflGt ;:+ sl[ tsf]
ljsf; cfjZos 5 .

xfdf| ] bz] zflGtsf cub| t" ab' w\ Pjd\ dxlif{ hgssf] hGd / sde{ l" d xf] . of] bz] Jof;sf] tkfe] l" d
xf] . gk] fndf hft, wd,{ efiff, ;:+ sl[ tsf gfddf cfh;Dd sg' } klg ks| f/sf] åGå ePsf] 5g} . To;n} ]
gk] fnnfO{ cgs] tfdf Pstfsf] /fi6s« f ¿kdf ljZjel/ lrlgG5 . xfdLn] xfdf| ] Pstf / ;lxi0ft' fnfO{
sfod /flv/fVg klg zflGt ;:+ sl[ tsf] vfr“ f] 5 .

zflGt ;:+ sl[ tdf ;j+ fb / ;d´bf/Lsf] :yfg

cfhsf] ljZj åGåu:| t 5 . ha JolStn] dfgj clwsf/, :jtGqtf, ;dfg cl:tTj / ;Ddfgsf]
cge' l" t ug{ kfpb“ g} , ta åGå / ob' w\ sf] cj:yf l;hg{ f xG' 5 . ul/aL, clzIff, c1fgtf, nfe] , 30[ ff,
cflys{ Pjd\ ;fdflhs c;dfgtf tyf cGofo, ljeb] tyf c;lxi0ft' f / zlStsf] dfx] zflGt
;:+ sl[ tsf afws xg' \ . o:tf tTTjx¿nfO{ Gog" Ls/0f ub{} zflGt ;:+ sl[ tsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 .
;dfh tyf /fi6s« f] ;a} txdf :jtGqtf, ;fdflhs Gofo, kh| ftGq, ;lxi0ft' f, Pstf, ;xofu] ,
axn' jfb ;f:+ sl[ ts cgs] tfsf] ;Dafw] g xg' h?/L xG' 5 . o;sf nflu JolSt JolSt, ;db' fo /
;dfhsf lardf ;j+ fb / ;d´bf/L xg' cfjZos 5 . ;j+ fb / ;d´bf/Ln] g} zflGt ;:+ sl[ tsf]
ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 59

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b;dud| f zflGt ;:+ sl[ t lgdf0{ fsf nflu lgDg lnlvt sfox{ ¿ eP÷u/d] f ;fGbles{ xG' 5 M
-s_ åGåsf] zflGtk0" f{ ;dfwfg, cfk;L ;dembf/L tyf ;Ddfgsf] ljsf; ugk{' 5{ .
-v_ kh| ftGq, dfgj clwsf/ tyf dfl} ns :jtGqtfkl| t ;Ddfg / kj| wg{ ul/gk' 5{ .
-u_ jftf,{ ;j+ fb / ;xdlt ljsf;sf] dfgl;stf lgdf0{ f ugk{' 5{ .
-3_ ul/aL, clzIff, c;dfgtf tyf ljeb] sf] cGTo ugk{' 5{ .
-ª_ cflys{ tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;nfO{ ;l' glZrt ugk{' 5{ .
-r_ zf;g kbw\ ltdf kf/blzt{ f tyf hjfkmbl] xtfsf] kT| ofel" t xg' k' 5{ .
-5_ hfltjfb, hftLo lje]b tyf ;ª\s'lrt /fi6«jfbsf cfwf/df ul/g] c;lxi0f'tfsf] cGTo

ul/gk' 5{ .
-h_ ;a} dfgj ;Eotf tyf ;:+ sl[ tlar ;dembf/L, ;lxi0ft' f, ;xofu] tyf PS] oabw\ tf sfod

ugk{' 5{ . ;fy} eflifs, wflds{ tyf hftLo ¿kdf cNk;ªV\ os /xs] f ;db' fodf ljzi] f ;/+ If0f
tyf ;xeflutf ;l' glZrt ul/gk' 5{ .
-em_ xftxltof/ pTkfbg tyf cf;] f/k;f/df kl| taGw nufpgk' 5{ .

zflGtk0" f{ Pjd\ ;db[ w\ jtd{ fg / pHHjn eljiooS' t efjL k:' tf xfdf| ] rfxgf xf] . åGå / ob' w\ sf]
dfglrq dfgj dl:tisaf6 ;?' xG' 5 . To;n} ] åGå / lx;+ fhGo ;fr] fOaf6 xfdLn] cfkm" nfO{ dS' t
/fVgk' 5{ . x/s] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg zflGtk0" f{ pkfoaf6 lgsfNg ;lsG5 eGg] tYonfO{ xfdL ;an} ]
cfTd;ft\ u/L ;G' b/ ljZjsf] lgdf0{ fsf nflu zflGt ;:+ sl[ tsf] ljsf; ugk{' 5{ .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= zflGt ;:+ sl[ t zLifs{ df Ps jStT[ j snf kl| tofl] utf cfofh] gf ugx{' f;] \ . pb3\ fi] fs, lg0ffo{ s
d08n, ;do kfns / ;efklt cfkm" x¿ dWoa] f6 g} 5fGgx' f;] \ .

@= zflGt ;:+ sl[ tsf] ;?' cft 3/ kl/jf/af6} xg' k' 5{ . o;y{ tkfO“{ / tkfOs“{ f] kl/jf/n] zflGt
;:+ sl[ tsf] lgdf0{ f ug{ s] s] sfo{ ugk{' 5{ < sIffdf 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \ .

cEof;

!= zflGt ;:+ sl[ t egs] f] s] xf] < zflGt ;:+ sl[ tsf ljzi] ftfx¿ s] s] xg' \ <
@= zflGt ;:+ sl[ t lsg cfjZos 5 < zflGt ;:+ sl[ tsf afws tTTjx¿ s] s] xg' \ <
#= zflGt ;:+ sl[ t lgdf0{ f ug{ JolSt, ;dfh tyf /fHon] s] s:tf sfo{ ugk{' 5{ < ;r" L agfpgx' f;] \ .

;fdb' flos sfo{

:yfgLo :t/df klg zflGt :yfkgf ug{] cfkm\ g} dN" o dfGotf / ;:+ sl[ t xG' 5g\ . tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf
/xs] f zflGt sfod ug{] :yfgLo kr| ngx¿ ;db' fosf ka| b' w\ JolStnfO{ ;fw] L To;sf] ;r" L
tof/ kfgx{' f;] \ .

60 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

PsfO M rf/ ;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿ / ;dfwfg

kf7 ! ;fdflhs ;d:of klxrfg / ;dfwfg

gk] fnL ;dfh ljleGg ljsl[ t / ;d:ofx¿af6 ke| fljt /xs] f] 5 . lzIff / rt] gfsf] cefj, k/Dk/fut
dN" o, dfGotf / ;DalGwt JolStsf] u/} lhDdj] f/Lkg h:tf ;d:ofx¿sf kd| v' sf/s tTTjx¿ xg' \ .
;fdflhs ;d:ofsf ¿kx¿ :yfg, wd,{ cf:yf, hflt, ju{ / JolStsf cfwf/df km/s xG' 5g\ t/
ltgLx¿n] ;dfhdf kfg{] c;/x¿df ;dfgtf xg' ;S5 . To;u} /L bz] sf] /fhgLlts cl:y/tfn] klg
;fdflhs ljsl[ t / ;d:of l;hg{ f ug{ ;S5 . ;dfhdf ePsf ljsl[ t / ;d:ofx¿n] ;du| /fi6n« fO{
g} ke| fljt kf/s] f xG' 5g\ . gk] fnsf] ea" gfj6, ;fdflhs ;/+ rgf / cflys{ cj:yfsf cfwf/df
;fdflhs ljsl[ t / ;d:ofx¿sf sf/s tTTjnfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 M
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
!= ?l9jfbL k/Dk/f / ;:+ sl[ t

jtd{ fg cj:yfdf klg sltko gk] fnL ;dfh ?l9jfb / unt ;:+ sl[ tsf] cg;' /0fsf sf/0fn]
ljljw ;d:ofx¿af6 ul| ;t ePsf] bl] vG5 . ?l9jfb / cGw ljZjf;n] afS] ;L ky| f kr| ngdf
/xb“ f so} f“} dlxnf Pjd\ k?' ifx¿ lx;+ f lkl8t ePsf kz| :t pbfx/0fx¿ kfOG5g\ . emd' f / bp] sL
h:tf ;fdflhs sk' y| f rt] gfsf] cefj / cGw ljZjf;sf sf/0f l;hg{ f ePsf 5g . ;fg} pd/] df
ljjfx ul/lbb“ f k0' o kf| Kt xG' 5 eGg] dfGotf / ;:+ sf/n] afn ljjfx Pjd\ 3/n] ' lx;+ f h:tf
h3Go ck/fwx¿ l;hg{ f ePsf 5g\ . sltko hfthfltsf rf8kj{ tyf pT;jx¿df dlb/f
;j] g ugk{' g{] ;:+ sf/sf sf/0f afn aflnsf / oj' fx¿ hf8“ /S;L ;j] gsf] sn' tdf km;s] f]
kfOG5 . o:tf ultljlwx¿n] ;dfhnfO{ ljsl[ ttkm{ pGdv' agfPsf] 5 .

@= ljeb] x¿

nª} l\ us, eflifs, Ifq] Lo, hftLo, juLo{ , ckfªu\ tf cflbdf xg' ] ;fdflhs ljeb] x¿n] ;fdflhs
ljsl[ t l;hg{ f u/s] f 5g\ . k?' if, dlxnf / t;] f| ] lnªu\ LnfO{ ul/g] ljeb] n] nª} l\ us ;d:of l;hg{ f
u5{ . gk] fnL ;dfh dn" tM k?' if kw| fg xg' ,' ;rt] gfsf] sdL xg' ' / dlxnfx¿df cflys{ ;Ifdtf
sdhf/] /xg' o;sf sf/s tTTj xg' \ . efiffut ¿kdf xg' ] ljeb] n] sltko eflifs ;db' fox¿
ljsf;sf] dn" wf/af6 k5fl8 kg{] cj:yf /xg ;S5 . jtd{ fg ;Gbed{ f ckfªu\ tf, hflt, ju,{
lnªu\ , efiff, wd,{ ;:+ sl[ tnfO{ ;dfg sfgg' L clwsf/ kb| fg ul/Psf] 5 tyflk Jojxf/df k0" f{
sfofG{ jog xg' ;ls/xs] f] cj:yf 5g} . o;y{ ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf cfzftLt ;kmntf
kf| Kt xg' ;ss] f] 5g} .

#= cflys{ c;dfgtf

;dfhdf /xg] leGg cflys{ cj:yfsf sf/0f ljleGg jux{ ¿ lgdf0{ f xG' 5g\ . o;n] ubf{ lgDg
ju{ lyrfl] drfd] f kgs{' f ;fy} pRr jud{ f xk] fxf kj| l[ Tt hfut[ xg' ;S5 . rf/] L 8st} L a95\

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 61

/ ;dfhdf ;fdflhs ljbf| x] xg' ;S5 . wg a9L xg' n] ] u/s] f] kmhn' vrs{ f sf/0f ;fdflhs
ljsl[ t a95\ . sdhf/] cflys{ cj:yf ePsfn] o;sf] bv] fl;sL ubf{ pgLx¿ C0fdf 8A' g]
;Defjgf xG' 5 .

$= kl| jlwsf] b?' kofu]

dfgj hLjgnfO{ ;xh / Jojl:yt agfpg kl| jlwsf] ko| fu] n] dxTTjk0" f{ el" dsf lgjfx{ u/s] f]
5 . t/ lxhfc] fh o;sf] b?' kofu] ug{] jm| d a9b\ f] 5 . OG6/g6] , Odn] , ja] ;fO6 cflbaf6
ljbo\ t' Lo ck/fw (cyber crime) xg' ] u/s] f] kfOPsf] 5 . o;sf dfWodaf6 afxo\ ;:+ sl[ tsf]
cfudg tLj| xg' ,] afn aflnsfx¿ sn' tdf km:g,] ck/fwsf] ;~hfn lgdf0{ f xg' ] / g/fdf| ]
Jojxf/x¿ l;Sg] h:tf gsf/fTds cj:yf klg l;hg{ f xg' ;S5 . pSt cj:yf l;hg{ f xg'
glbg ;fOa/ jm| fOd ugn{] fO{ ;hfo ug,{] OG6/g6] Pjd\ km] ;as' ko| fu] ubf{ ;fdflhs ;DaGw
tyf ;sf/fTds / tYout ;r" gfsf] vfh] L ug{ b9[ / ljm| ofzLn xg' k' 5{ .
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
;fdflhs ljsl[ t / ;d:ofsf sf/s tTTjx¿ plNnlvt :j¿keGbf km/s klg xg' ;S5g\ . o:tf
;d:ofx¿sf] :yfg, ;do / kl/jz] cg;' f/ cfjl[ Tt, :j¿k / ;3gtf km/s km/s xg' ;S5g\ .
gk] fndf lx;+ fTds ultljlwx¿, ckx/0f, lkm/ft} L, sl7g a;fa] f; cflb cGo ;d:ofx¿ klg bl] vPsf
5g\ .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= pbfx/0fdf lbP h:t} u/L tnsf] tflnsf k/' f ugx{' f;] \ M

afn ljjfxsf oj' f÷afb} l\ ws dfbs kbfy{ w"dkfg OG6/g]6,
c;/x¿ knfogsf ;]jgsf ;]jgsf km];a's
-pbfx/0fsf nflu_ c;/x¿ c;/x¿ c;/x¿ Pjd\ dfa] fOn
b?' kofu] sf
c;/x¿

– lzIffsf] cj;/af6 jl~rt
– ljljw :jf:Yo ;d:of
– hg;ªV\ of jl[ bw\
– 3/fo;L eme} mu8f
– clglZrt eljio

#= tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf /xs] f ;fdflhs ljsl[ t / ;d:ofx¿ l6kf6] ugx{' f;] ,\ sIffsf ;fyLx¿;u“
5nkmn u/L tL ;d:ofsf sf/0fx¿ ab“' fut ¿kdf nv] L ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ klg
sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .

62 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b$= :yfgLo PkmPd jf bl} gs klqsf jf 6l] nlehgdf k|;fl/t jf ks| flzt ;fdflhs ljsl[ t
;DaGwL rf/ lbgsf ;dfrf/ ;ªs\ ng ugx{' f;] \ / ;ªs\ lnt ;dfrf/nfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ tflnsfdf
k:| tt' u/L sIffdf 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \ M

lbg ;fdflhs ljsl[ tsf] ks| l[ t l;lht{ ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfgdf ePsf ko| f;x¿

klxnf]
bf];|f]
t;] f| ]
rf}yf]

cEof;

!= ;fdflhs ljsl[ t egs] f] s] xf] <

@= tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf /xs] f] ;fdflhs ljsl[ tx¿ s] s] xg' \ < ltgsf ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ klg
nV] gx' f;] \ .

#= ‘x/s] ljsl[ tn] ;d:ofx¿ pTkGg u/fp5“ .’ pbfx/0f;lxt kl' i6 ugx{' f;] \ .

$= ‘;fdflhs ;d:of / ljsl[ tx¿ ljsf; Pjd\ ;dG' gltsf afws tTTjx¿ xg' ’\ eGg] zLifs{ df
;DkfbsLosf] gdg' f tof/ ugx{' f;] \ .

%= jtd{ fg gk] fnL ;dfhnfO{ ljsl[ taf6 dS' t ug{ ;/sf/sf tkma{ f6 rfNgk' g{] sbdx¿ /
gful/sn] ugk{' g{] sfox{ ¿sf] 56' 6\ f56' 6\ } ;r" L tof/ kfgx{' f;] \ .

;fdb' flos sfo{

tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fo jf lhNnfsf sg' } Ps ;fdflhs sfos{ tf{ e6] /] dV' o ;fdflhs ljsl[ tx¿ / o;sf
sf/0fx¿, lgbfgsf pkfox¿ ;DaGwL 5nkmn u/L pxfx“ ¿n] JoSt u/s] f ljrf/ / cfkm\ gf]
wf/0ff klg ;dfjz] u/L Ps kl| tjb] g tof/ kfgx{' f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 63

kf7 @ ei| 6frf/ kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b

;fjh{ lgs ;f| t] , ;fwg / clwsf/nfO{ JolStut
:jfy{ jf ko| fh] gsf nflu u/} sfgg' L ¿kdf pkofu]
ug{' ei| 6frf/ xf] . cflys{ ljsf;, ;fdflhs pGglt,
gl} ts dN" o / efl} ts ku| ltdf cj/fw] pTkGg ug{]
dfgj l;lht{ ljm| ofsnfk ei| 6frf/ xf] . ljsf;fG] dv'
/fi6x« ¿df ei| 6frf/ a9L xg' ] u/s] f] tYo ljleGg
cWoog kl| tjb] gx¿n] k:| tt' u/s] f 5g\ . ei| 6frf/
/fHo / ;dfh lj?bw\ sf] Zjt] ck/fw xf] . ei| 6frf/
JolStut / ;:+ yfut ¿kdf xg' ] u5{ . o;n] ;fdflhs
åGå, c;dfgtf / ;d:ofx¿ l;hg{ f u5{ . 6f« G;k/G] ;L
OG6/g];gnn] ljZjsf d'n'sx¿sf] ‘l;lkcfO{’
(Corruption Perception Index - CPI ) cªs\ ;lxt
-) – !))_ tflnsf kT| os] jif{ ks| fzg u/L ;an} fO{
;rt] agfpg] sfo{ u5{ .

;fdflhs÷;f:+ sl[ ts sf/0f /fhgLlts sf/0f
7fnk' g, t8se8s, kmhn' ckf/bzL{ /fhgLlts rGbf, /fhgLlts x:tIfk] ,
vr,{ ljbz] L ;:+ sl[ tsf] ke| fj
dfkb08 ljxLg /fhgLlts lgol' St

ei| 6frf/sf
sf/0fx¿

Goflos sf/0f Joj:yfksLo sf/0f
Goflos lg0fo{ df Ps¿ktf gxg' ,' hjfkmbl] xtfsf] cefj, clgoldt

Gofo ;Dkfbgdf l9nf;:' tL xg' ' lgol' St / ;?jf, s/5nL,
:jljjs] Lo clwsf/

64 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bgk] fndf ei| 6frf/ lgjf/0fsf nflu ul/Psf ko| f;x¿

!= gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfg, @)&@ df clVtof/ b?' kofu] cg;' Gwfg cfofu] nfO{ ;j+ w} flgs cªs\ f ¿kdf
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 M

-s_ o;n] ei| 6frf/ lj?bw\ pkrf/fTds / kj| wg{ fTds /0fgLlt cjnDag ub{} cfPsf] 5 .

-v_ c=b=' c=cf= Pg] , @)$* sf] -;z+ fw] g @)%(_ / ei| 6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sfofG{ jogdf
cfPkl5 ei| 6frf/ lj?bw\ sf] sf/afxLx¿nfO{ ;zSt agfPsf] 5 .

-u_ ;j+ w} flgs lgsfosf ¿kdf sfo/{ t o; cfofu] sf sfd sf/afxLn] hg;fwf/0fdf ei| 6frf/
ugn{ fO{ sf/afxL xG' 5 eGg] ;Gbz] lbPsf] 5 .

@= /fli6o« ;tst{ f sG] bs| f] :yfkgf M ;z' f;g kj| wg{ / ei| 6frf/ lgoGq0f tyf ;fjh{ lgs
lgsfosf] l9nf;:' tLnfO{ Gog" ug{] pbb\ Z] on] lj= ;=+ @)%( ;fpg @& df :yfkgf ePsf] xf] .
kw| fgdGqLsf] kT| oIf /v] bv] / lgoGq0fdf of] ;:+ yf /xg] kf| jwfg 5 .

#= gk] fndf ;DklTt ;b' 9[ Ls/0f Pg] , @)^# / lgodfjnL, @)^$ nfu' ul/Psf] 5 .

$= gk] fnn] ei| 6frf/ lgoGq0f ;DaGwL cGt/fl{ i6o« dxf;lGw, @))# df x:tfIf/ u/s] f] 5 . ;g\
@)!! df gk] fnsf] ;;+ bn\ ] o;nfO{ cgd' fb] g u/s] f] 5 .

%= u/} ;/sf/L ;:+ yfaf6 ;fdflhs ;rt] gfsf sfoj{ m| dx¿ ;~rfng xg' ] u/s] f] 5 .

^= ;~rf/sf dfWodx¿af6 hgrt] gfdn" s sfoj{ m| dx¿ ;Dkl]| ift tyf k;| fl/t xb“' } cfPsf] 5 .

&= ei| 6frf/ lj?bw\ ph/' ug{] ph/' stfn{ fO{ kf| T] ;fxg ug{] Joj:yf sfofG{ jogdf /xs] f] 5 .

*= ei| 6frf/ lgjf/0f;u“ ;DalGwt ljifo j:t' ljbo\ fno lzIffsf] kf7o\ jm| ddf ;dfjz] ul/Psf] 5 .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= sIffsf ljbo\ fyLx{ ¿ kfr“ ;dx" df ljeflht xg' x' f;] \ . Pp6f ;dx" n] 3;' ng] bg] ug,{] csf{] ;dx" n]
3;' ng] bg] sf] ufK] o ¿kdf /s] 8{ ug{] / clVtof/df ph/' L lbg,] t;] f| ] ;dx" clVtof/sf ¿kdf
kj| z] u/L ei| 6frf/LnfO{ kjm]| / sf/afxL ug,{] rfy} f] ;dx" n] hgtfsf ¿kdf ei| 6frf/ lj?bw\ gf/f
hn' ;' ug,{] kfr“ f“} ;dx" n] ei| 6frf/LnfO{ ;dfhdf a:g glbg] tyf ;fdflhs alxisf/ ug{]
el" dsf clego tof/ u/L sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .

@= ei| 6frf/ ;DaGwL nv] /rgf jf ;dfrf/x¿ ;ªs\ ng u/L ;r" gf af8] d{ f 6f:“ gx' f;] \ / To;sf]
cfwf/df jtd{ fgdf ei| 6frf/sf] l:ylt kTtf nufO{ sIffdf 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \ .

#= ‘gftfjfb / sk[ fjfb klg ei| 6frf/ xf] .’ o; egfOnfO{ kl' i6 ugx'{ f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 65

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b$= clVtof/ b?' kofu] cg;' Gwfg cfofu] n] ub{} cfPsf] ei| 6frf/ lgoGq0f ;DaGwL sfon{ fO{ yk
ke| fjsf/L agfpg cg/' fw] ub{} clVtof/ kd| v' nfO{ nV] g] lr7Lsf] gdg' f tof/ ugx{' f;] \ .

cEof;
!= ei| 6frf/sf] cy{ vn' fpgx' f;] \ .
@= gk] fndf ei| 6frf/ lgoGq0fsf ko| f;x¿ pNnv] ugx{' f;] \ .
$= 6f« G;k/G] ;L OG6/g;] gnsf] kl/ro lbgx' f;] \ . o;sf sfox{ ¿ pNnv] ugx{' f;] \ .
%= ei| 6frf/ ;fdflhs ;d:of xf,] lsg < pbfx/0f;lxt kl' i6 ugx{' f;] \ .
^= ei| 6frf/ lgoGq0fdf gful/s ;dfh, ;db' fo / ljbo\ fyLs{ f ltg ltg cf6] f el" dsfsf] ;r" L

agfpgx' f;] \ .
&= ei| 6frf/ lgoGq0fsf pkfox¿ s] s] xg' ;S5g,\ nV] gx' f;] \ .
*= ei| 6frf/ lgjf/0fdf clVtof/ b?' kofu] cg;' Gwfg cfofu] sf] el" dsf pNnv] ugx{' f;] \ .
;fdb' flos sfo{
tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf ei| 6frf/ ;DaGwL s] s:tf wf/0ffx¿ 5g\ < ;db' fosf sx] L hfgsf/ JolStnfO{
;fw] L pgLx¿sf] wf/0ffnfO{ ;d6] b\ } Ps kl| tjb] g tof/ ugx'{ f;] \ .

66 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf7 # ;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿ M bx] Jofkf/, bJ' o;{ g /
bJ' oj{ xf/

;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿af/] ;dx" ut 5nkmnkZrft\ k:| tt' ul/Psf ;dx" lgisifx{ ¿ o; ks| f/ 5g\ M

zLifs{ M bx] Jofkf/ -Prostitution_

kl/ro M ;fdfGotof cfo cfhg{ sf lglDt z/L/ aR] g' jf cgl} ts sfod{ f ;n+ Ug xg' ' jZ] ofjl[ Tt
jf bx] Jofkf/ xf] . of] ofg} b/' frf/ klg xf] .

gk] fndf o;sf] jtd{ fg cj:yf M hg;ªV\ ofsf] rfk a9L ePsf dV' o ;x/x¿df ;/' Iff ;o+ GqnfO{
5SofP/ bx] Jofkf/ xg' ] u/s] f] 5 . sx] L dflg;x¿n] o;nfO{ k;] fsf ¿kdf ckgfPsf] kfOG5 . of]
sfgg' ljk/Ltsf] c;fdflhs ultljlw ePsfn] o;nfO{ t?' Gt /fS] g kxn ;?' ugk{' 5{ .

kd| v' sf/0fx¿ M ul/aL, kfl/jfl/s ad] n] , clzIff, a/] fh] uf/L cflb o;sf kd| v' sf/0fx¿ xg' \ .

k:| tft] f M /ljg lj= s=
;dx" M 3fn] f;{ L
;xefuL ;ªV\ of M &
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
zLifs{ M bJ' o;{ g -Addiction_
‘gvn] f“} hj' f / tf;, wgsf] gfz, hLjgsf] jgaf;’

g/fd|f afgL, JolStsf] :jf:Yo, kl/jf/ / -3_ aRrfsf] efjgf ae' mL ;fc] g¿' k Jojxf/
;db' fodf gsf/fTds ke| fj kfg{] Jojxf/x¿, ug{] .
x/s] ks| f/sf sn' tx¿ bJ' o;{ g xg' \ .
-ª_ ;fdflhs tyf cGo lgodx¿ kfngf ug{]
xfdf| ] ;dfhdf kfOg] bJ' o;{ gx¿ M u/fpg]

-s_ nfu' kbfy{ bJ' o;{ g bJ' o;{ g lgoGq0fsf ke| fjsf/L pkfox¿ M

-v_ hf8“ /S;L, ufh“ f, ;t' Lh{ Go kbfy{ ;j] g -s_ /fh] uf/Lsf] Joj:yf ug{] .

-u_ hj' f tf; vN] g] afgL -v_ k/fdz{ lbg] / ;l' wP| sfnfO{ k/' :sf/sf]
Joj:yf ug{] .
-3_ km;] as' sf] nt jf b?' kofu]
-u_ l;hg{ fTds sfod{ f ;n+ Ug u/fpg] .
bJ' o;{ gaf6 aRg] pkfox¿ M
-3_ dfof / :gx] kb| fg ug{] .
-s_ r/' f6] ;t' L{ ;j] gaf6 ;w“} 6f9f /xg] -ª_ kfl/jfl/s åGå lg¿k0f ug{]

-v_ bJ' o;{ gLsf] ;ªu\ taf6 6f9f /xg] k:| tft] f M ul/df sfkm\ n]
;dx" M dfnf/L
-u_ kl/jf/df dfof / :gx] sf] jftfj/0f tof/
ug{] ;xefuL ;ªV\ of M %

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 67

zLifs{ M bJ' oj{ xf/ (Bullying)

wDSofpg,] ysfp{ g,] cgfjZos Pjd\ grflxg] s/' fsf] xNnf ug,{] s/' f sf6g\ ,] efl} ts cyjf
zflAbs cfjm| d0f ug{] h:tf Jojxf/x¿nfO{ bJ' oj{ xf/ (bullying) elgG5 . ;fy} ;dx" af6 PSNofpg,]
3dG8L xg' ] cxªs\ f/ kb| zg{ ug,{] c¿nfO{ xf;“ fs] f] kfq agfpg] h:tf Jojxf/x¿ klg bJ' oj{ xf/
xg' \ . of] afNosfndf a9L JofKt /xg] / To;kl5sf cj:yfdf afgLsf ¿kdf ljsf; xg'
;S5 .

bJ' oj{ xf/n] ubf{ eme} mu8f, czflGt, abnfsf] efjgfsf] ljsf;, c;xofu] L jftfj/0f l;hg{ f
xG' 5 . o;n] JolStut tyf ;fdflhs ;DaGwdf lr;fk] g Nofpg,] cfb/, ;Ddfg / ;xcl:tTj
h:tf dfl} ns u0' fx¿ sdhf/] xg' ,] JolStdf PSnfk] g jb[ l\ w xG' 5 . ;fy} ;fdflhsLs/0fdf klg
;d:of xG' 5 .

bJ' oj{ xf/ xg' glbg ljbo\ fno tyf 3/ kl/jf/df c;n sfos{ f] kf| T] ;fxg / v/fa sfdnfO{
b?' T;flxt ugk{' 5{ . ;ak} l| t ;dfg Jojxf/ kb| zg{ / ;fyLx¿kl| t ;dfge' l" tk0" f{ Jojxf/ k:| tt' ug{]
u/fpg,] km/s ljrf/, Ifdtf, sfo{ zn} LnfO{ ;Ddfg ug{] afgLsf] ljsf; u/fpg] ljm| ofsnfknfO{
u/fpgk' 5{ .

k:| tft] f M lgdn{ a9' f

;dx" M ;k' fbp] /fnL

;xefuL ;ªV\ of M ^
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
ljm| ofsnfk

!= gk] fndf ;fdflhs ;d:ofsf ¿kdf /xs] f] bJ' oj{ xf/ lj?bw\ rt] gf hfut[ ug{] Ps ;fjh{ lgs
clkn -cg/' fw] _ sf] gdg' f tof/ kf/L ljbo\ fnosf] gfl] 6; af8] d{ f 6f:“ gx' f;] \ .

@= gk] fndf lx;+ fhGo dT[ os' f sf/0fx¿sf] tYofªs\ lgDgcg;' f/ /xs] f] 5 M

sf/0fx¿ ;ªV\ of -kl| tztdf_
hah:{ tL ansf] ko| fu] @$
wfl/nf] xltof/sf] ko| fu] @!
3f6“ L lyr/] !!
hnfP/ @
k8s\ g] xltof/ $
c1ft !#
cGo @%

;f| t] M ljZj :jf:Yo ;ªu\ 7g, @)!$

68 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b-s_ lx;+ f lgoGq0fdf gk] fn ;/sf/n] u/s] f] ;:+ yfut ko| f;x¿ / o; sfod{ f tkfOn“{ ] lgjfx{
ug{ ;Sg] el" dsfx¿ 56' 6\ f56' 6\ } ab“' fdf nV] gx' f;] \ .

-v_ plNnlvt tflnsfsf] tYofªs\ nfO{ :tDelrqdf bv] fpgx' f;] \ .

#= tkfOs“{ f] kl/jf/ jf ;db' fodf bJ' o;{ gL lelqg glbgsf nflu s] s:tf pkfox¿ cjnDag
ul/Psf 5g\ < cfkm\ gf cleefjs jf ;fdflhs sfos{ tfn{ fO{ ;fw] /] l6kf6] ugx{' f;] \ .

$= tkfOs“{ f] ;dfhsf ljut / jtd{ fgsf ;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿ klxrfg u/L tn' gfTds ljj/0f
k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .

%= tn lbOPsf] ;dfrf/ cWoog ugx{' f;] \ . o;n] ;dfhdf kfg{ ;Sg] ;sf/fTds ke| fjx¿ s] s]
xg' ;S5g,\ sIffdf 5nkmn u/L nV] gx' f;] \ .

ofg} lx;+ f kLl8t ;/+ If0f sfgg' agfpg k/dfbz]

sf7df8f,“} kmfug' @)

;jfR{] r cbfntn] ofg} lx;+ fdf k/s] f dlxnfsf] ;/+ If0f ug{ cnu} sfgg' agfpg ;/sf/nfO{
cfbz] lbPsf] 5 . bO' { GofofwLzx¿sf] ;o+ S' t Ohnf;n] lx;+ faf6 lkl8tnfO{ ;/+ If0f / bfi] fLnfO{
sf/afxLsf nflu 56' 6\ } sfgg' agfpg ;/sf/sf gfddf k/dfbz] hf/L u/s] f] xf] . ;jfR{] rn]
dlxnf lx;+ f lj?bw\ sf] cGt/fl{ i6o« 3fi] f0ff kqdf gk] fnn] x:tfIf/ u/s] f] cj:yfdf ofg} lx;+ fdf
k/s] f dlxnfnfO{ k/' fg} sfgg' cg;' f/ ;/+ If0f xg' g;Sg] hgfPsf] 5 . ofg} bJ' oj{ xf/df afn
aflnsf / dlxnf lkl8t xg' ] jm| d hf/L /xs] f] / pgLx¿ ;dfhdf kg' M:yfk{ gf xg' ;Sg] cj:yf
gbl] vPsf] tyf pgLx¿sf] ;/+ Ifs gePsf] bl] vPsfn] tTsfn sfgg' lgdf0{ f u/L /fHon] cleefjsTj
ux| 0f ugk{' g{] ;jfR{] rsf] km;} nfdf elgPsf] 5 . ofg} lx;+ f lkl8t dlxnf tyf afn aflnsfsf]
sfgg' L /Iffsf nflu cnUu} ;o+ Gq agfpg /fli6o« dlxnf cfofu] n] l;kmfl/; sfofG{ jog ug{
;/sf/nfO{ ;jfR{] rn] cfbz] lbPsf] 5 . o; ;Gbed{ f cgu' dg ug{ ;jfR{] rn] dlxnf cfofu] nfO{
lgbz{] g u/s] f] 5 .

cEof;

!= bJ' oj{ xf/ egs] f] s] xf] < o;nfO{ s;/L ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 <

@= JolSt lsg bJ' o;{ gL aG5 < sf/0fx¿ nV] gx' f;] \ .

#= JolStnfO{ bJ' o;{ gaf6 s;/L dS' t u/fpg ;lsG5 < tkfOs“{ f] ;dfhdf sg' sg' ;:+ yfx¿ o;
sfod{ f ;n+ Ug ePsf 5g\ < ltgLx¿sf] gfd / sfos{ f] ks| l[ t;dt] pNnv] ugx{' f;] \ .

$= ‘bx] Jofkf/ ;fdflhs ;d:of xf] .’ o; egfOnfO{ kl' i6 ugx{' f;] \ .

%= nfu' kbfy{ bJ' o;{ gn] JolSt, kl/jf/ / ;dfhdf kfg{] c;/x¿sf] cnu cnu ;r" L agfpgx' f;] \ .

^= ;fjh{ lgs :yfgdf wd" kfg ug{ gkfOg] sfgg' L Joj:yf /fHosf] pbfx/0fLo sbd xf,] lsg <

&= ‘cfkm" n] ;Ddfg kf| Kt ug{ c¿nfO{ klg ;Ddfg ug{ l;Sgk' 5’{ eGg] zLifs{ df cfkm\ gf tsx{ ¿
k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 69

kf7 $ ;fdflhs ;w' f/df :yfgLo / /fli6o« ;ª3\
;:+ yfsf] ofu] bfg

;du| ;dfhsf] ku| lt, pGglt / ;w' f/ dfkm{ t /fi6s« f] ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu ;dfhdf
ljleGg ;:+ yfx¿ sfo/{ t /xG5g\ . ltgLx¿dWo] sg' } :yfg ljzi] fnfO{ dfq sG] b| agfO{ sfo{ u/s] f
xG' 5g\ eg] s;n} ] /fi6J« ofkL sfo{ Ifq] agfO{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg / ;j] f kb| fg u/s] f xG' 5g\ . ltgLx¿ ;a}
;dfhdf ax[ Tt/ Pjd\ ;fdl" xs lxtsf nflu ljm| ofzLn /xG5g\ . ;fdlhs ;ª3\ ;:+ yfsf gfdn]
lrlgg] o:tf ;:+ yfx¿n] ;fdflhs ;w' f/sf] Ifq] df sg' } g sg' } Ifq] df ofu] bfg k¥' ofPsf xG' 5g\ . oL
;:+ yfx¿n] ;dfhsf] ¿kfGt/0f, rt] gf clejb[ l\ w, cfo cfhg{ , zflGt, dn] ldnfk, cdgrog tyf
rft} kmL{ ljsf;df dxTTjk0" f{ el" dsf lgjfx{ u/s] f 5g\ .
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
gk] fndf sfo/{ t sx] L :yfgLo tyf /fli6o« ;ª3\ ;:+ yfx¿ / ltgLx¿n] k¥' ofPsf] ofu] bfg

;:+ yfsf] gfd ofu] bfgsf IFq]
zlSt ;dx" al] rPsf / al] rg nfus] f rn] Lx¿sf] pbw\ f/ ug,{]
kg' M:yfkgf ug{] .
l;ljg -Child Workers in afn clwsf/ ;/+ If0f / afn>d lj?bw\ rt] gf jb[ l\ w ;DaGwL
Nepal-CWIN_ cleofg jf sfoj{ m| d ;~rfng ug{] .
dfgj clwsf/ ;/fs] f/ sG] b| dfgj clwsf/ ;/+ If0f / k/} jL ug{] .
cfdf ;dx" , gf/L ;dx" ljleGg lx;+ f lj?bw\ sfo{ ug,{] ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljsl[ t
lgoGq0fdf ;xofu] ug{] .
dfOtL gk] fn dfgj ar] lavg lgoGq0f, pbb\ f/ / cfo cfhg{ l;k kb| fg
tyf kg' M:yfkgf ug{] .
Snax¿ l;hg{ fTds l;k lasf; ug{] tyf ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljsl[ t
lj?bw\ sfo{ ug{] .
k/fk] sf/ ;:+ yf c;xfo Pjd\ 6x' /' f afn aflnsfnfO{ cfjf;;lxt lzIff kb| fg
ug{] . :jf:Yo ;]jf ;DaGwL sfo{ ug{] .
oftgf kLl8t ;/fs] f/ sG] b| ;g\ !(() df :yflkt o; ;+:yfn] oftgf lkl8tx¿nfO{
kg' M:yfkgf ug,{] oftgf lj?bw\ cfjfh p7fpg] .
(Centre for Victim Torture
Nepal - CVICT) wgi' ff lhNnfdf uf| dL0f Ifq] sf] rft} kmL{ ljsf; ;DaGwL sfo{ ug{]
l;Gwk' fNrfs] , sfek]| nf~rfs] , nlntk/' / dsjfgk/' lhNnfdf
/rgf ljsf;sf kj" fw{ f/ lgdf0{ fdf ;xofu] Pjd\ jftfj/0f ;/+ If0f
l;Gsfnfdf sfoj{ m| d sfo{ ug{] .

70 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bgk] fndf ;dfh ;j] fsf Ifq] df sfo/{ t ljleGg ;ª3\ ;:+ yfx¿lar ;dGjo ug{] kljq pbb\ Z] osf ;fy
klxnf] k6s ;fdflhs ;j] f /fli6o« ;dGjo kl/ifb\ Pg] , @)#$ hf/L ul/Psf] lyof] . xfn ;dfh
;j] fsf nflu :yflkt ;ª3\ ;:+ yfx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt agfO{ kl/rfng ug{ ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifb\ Pg] ,
@)$( hf/L ul/Psf] 5 . lghL Ifq] sf] :jtM:km" t{ :jod;\ j] L efjgfnfO{ /fli6o« ljsf;sf] dn" kj| fxdf
cfabw\ ug{] ;/sf/L gLlt 5 . tyflk u/} ;/sf/L ;:+ yfx¿sf] ;ªV\ ofTds jb[ l\ w ePsf] t/
u0' ffTdstfdf ckl] Ift ke| fj kfg{ g;ss] f] rft} kmL{ ug' f;f ;l' gG5g\ . dV' otM oL ;:+ yfx¿ ;x/
sl] Gbt| xg' ,] bu' d{ / uf| dL0f Ifq] df kl/rflnt gePsf] ug' f;fx¿ ;jq{ /xs] f] 5 . o:tf ug' f;fx¿nfO{
lrb{} bu' d{ uf| dL0f j:tL;Dd o:tf ;:+ yfx¿sf] el" dsfnfO{ a9fpb“ } hfg' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf sfo/{ t :yfgLo ;fdflhs ;ª3\ ;:+ yfx¿sf] ;r" L tof/ u/L ltgLx¿sf
ofu] bfg ;dt] pNNv] ugx{' f;] \ .

@= ;fdflhs ;w' f/df ljbo\ fyLx{ ¿ / ljbo\ fnon] s] s:tf el" dsf lgjfx{ ug{ ;S5g,\ nV] gx' f;] \ .

#= tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf /xs] f ;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿ lgoGq0f ug{] pkfox¿ ;d6] L Ps /fli6o«
klqsfdf ks| fzg ug{ ;dfrf/sf] gdg' f agfpgx' f;] \ .

$= tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf ePsf] sg' } Ps u/} ;/sf/L ;:+ yfx¿nfO{ uf| dL0f / bu' d{ Ifq] df ljsf;
cleofgdf Ps cfk;df ;dGjo u/L cufl8 a9g\ cg/' fw] ub{} Ps kq nV] gx' f;] \ .

cEof;

!= ;fdflhs ;ª3\ ;:+ yf eGgfn] s] ae' m\ gx' G' 5 <

@= dfOtL gk] fnsf] sg' } Ps ofu] bfg pNnv] ugx{' f;] \ .

;fdb' flos sfo{

cfkm\ gf] ;dfh jf lhNnfdf sfo/{ t ;ª3\ ;:+ yfx¿sf] sfof{ nodf uO{ ;:+ yf :yfkgfsf] ki[ 7el" d,
pbb\ Z] o / sfox{ ¿ tyf cflys{ ;f| t] x¿ ;DaGwdf ;fw] vfh] u/L Ps kl| tjb] g tof/ kfgx{' f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 71

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bkf7 % gk] fndf ;fdflhs ;w' f/sf nflu ePsf ko| f;x¿

;jf/L Pg] sf] ke| fjsf/L sfofG{ jogn] b3' 6{ gfdf sdL

kfNkf, rt} !)

;jf/L Pg] sf] ke| fjsf/L sfofG{ jogaf6 ltg jifs{ f] cjlwdf b3' 6{ gfsf sf/0f Hofg ud' fpg] /
3fOt] xg' s] f] ;ªV\ of xj\ fTt} 36s] f] 5 . kx| /Ln] lhNnfdf ;jf/L Pg] ke| fjsf/L ¿kdf sfofG{ jog
u/k] l5 b3' 6{ gf Gog" xb“' } cfPsf] bfaL u/s] f] 5 . kx| /Ln] nfk/afxL;fy ;jf/L rnfpg] rfnsnfO{
sf/afxL / pgLx¿sf] cgd' lt kq;dt] /bb\ u/s] f] atfPsf] 5 . ut jifs{ f] tn' gfdf o; jif{
b3' 6{ gf / Ifltdf zt kl| tztn] sdL cfPsf] 5 . kx| /Lsf] ;ljm| otf tyf ;jf/L Pg] nfO{ s8fOsf
;fy nfu' ubf{ b3' 6{ gfdf sdL cfPsf] xf] . o;sf nflu 3d' j' f kx| /Laf6 Pg] sfofG{ jogsf] lgu/fgLsf
;fy} ;fbf kf;] fssf kx| /L;dt] vl6Psf 5g\ . ;jf/L Pg] df nfk/afxL ug{] kx| /LnfO{ ;dt] sf/afxL
u/k] l5 b3' 6{ gfdf pNnv] gLo sdL cfPsf] 5 .

gk] fndf ;dfh ;w' f/sf ko| f;x¿

lnR5lj sfnsf /fhf dfgbj] n] cfkm\ gL cfdfnfO{ ;tL hfgaf6 /fs] s] f, To; sfndf gf/Lsf]
pRr ;Ddfg / wflds{ :jtGqtf /xs] f] .

dNnsfnsf /fhf hol:ylt dNnn] ljleGg hfthfltx¿sf] vfgkfg /xg;xg, sk8f / u/uxgf
nufpg] / hGd, ljjfx, dT[ oa' f/] klg lglZrt lgod agfPsf] .

/fhf dxLGb| dNnn] :yfgLo em} emu8fx¿ :yfgLo ;dfwfg ug{ kf| T] ;flxt u/s] f . ljsl] Gbt| Gofo
k0| ffnLcg¿' k ufps“ f] emu8f xg] { 6fn] df kw| fg / bz] JofkL ¿kdf xg] { v/bf/ kb l;hg{ f u/L
lhDdj] f/L tfl] sPsf] .

zfxjz+ Lo /fhf /fdzfxn] ;dfh ;w' f/sf lglDt 9s, t/fh,' gfktfn} , bfdk;} fsf] k0| ffnL ;?' cft
u/s] f . logn] Gofo k0| ffnLsf] klg kf| /De u/s] f .

kY[ jLgf/fof0f zfxn] æ3;' lng] / 3;' lbg] bj' } /fi6s« f zq' xg' Æ\ egL ei| 6frf/nfO{ lg?T;flxt
u/s] f .

eLd;g] yfkfn] 3;' ky| fsf] lj/fw] ub{} bw' vfg] / l3p vfg] 3;' vf/] L ky| f cGTo u/s] f . gj] f/
hfltn] ug{] kmhn' vr{ / cGo hfltdf /xs] f] cJofjxfl/s ljjfx rng aGb u/s] f .

hªu\ axfb/' /f0ffn] lj= ;=+ !(!) df dn' s' L Pg] hf/L u/L ;fdflhs ;w' f/sf] ko| f; u/s] f .

72 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

bj] zd;/] n] 5f6] f] cjlwdf bz] e/ !%) eGbf a9L ljbo\ fno vfn] s] f tyf rGbz| dz/] n] lj= ;=+
!(&& df ;tL ky| f / lj= ;=+ !(*! df bf; ky| f cGTosf] 3fi] f0ff u/s] f .

k~rfotL Joj:yfn] lj= ;=+ @)@) ebf} ! df dn' s' L Pg] / lj= ;=+ @)@! df el" d ;w' f/ Pg] NofO{
sfofG{ jog u/s] f] .

lj= ;=+ @)@* ;fndf /fli6o« lzIff kbw\ lt ofh] gf nfu' u/L lzIff Ifq] df ;w' f/sf] ko| f;
ul/Psf] lyof] .

lj= ;=+ @)$^ ;fnsf] klxnf] hgcfGbfn] gkZrft\ hf/L ul/Psf] gk] fn clw/fHosf] ;l+ jwfg,
@)$& n] hgtfnfO{ dfl} ns xsx¿sf] Joj:yf u/L ;fdflhs ;w' f/sf] ;j+ w} flgs Joj:yf
u/s] f] lyof] .
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
lj= ;=+ @)%& ;fpg @ ut] dWo klZrd / ;b' /" klZrdsf] t/fO{ Ifq] df ljbo\ dfg sdo} f ky| fnfO{
cGTo ug{] 3fi] f0ff ul/of] .

bf;] f| ] hgcfGbfn] gsf] ;kmntfkl5 lj= ;=+ @)^# h7] $ ut] kl| tlglw ;ef 3fi] f0ffn] bz] nfO{ wd{
lg/kI] f 3fi] f0ff / cGtl/d ;l+ jwfg @)^# df To;s} f] lg/Gt/tf;lxt cltl/St dfl} ns xsx¿sf]
Joj:yf u//] oyi] 6 ;fdflhs ;w' f/sf ko| f; u/s] f] bl] vG5 .

o;u} /L gk] fn ;/sf/n] lj= ;=+ @)^% ebf} @! ut] u/s] f] lg0fo{ cg;' f/ gk] fnaf6 xlnof ky| fsf]
pGdn" g ePsf] 5 . pSt ky| f ;b' /" klZrdsf gf} cf6] f lhNnfdf kr| ngdf /xs] f] lyof] .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= tkfOs“{ f] sIffdf sx] L ;d:ofx¿ x'g ;S5g\ . tL ;d:ofx¿ ;w' f/sf nflu lgodx¿ k:| tfjsf
¿kdf k;] ugx{' f;] \ / 5nkmn u/L sfofG{ jogdf nh} fgx' f;] \ .

@= ;dfhdf ePsf ;fdflhs ljsl[ tx¿ / ltgnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{] pkfox¿ ;DaGwdf nfs] uLt,
sljtf jf lrqsf] /rgf u/L ;fjh{ lgs ;r" gf kf6Ldf 6f:“ gx' f;] \ .

#= ljleGg sfnv08df ljljw sk' y| fx¿sf] pGdn" gsf] 3fi] f0ff ul/P klg l56km6' ¿kdf To:tf
;d:ofx¿ bV] g jf ;G' g kfOG5 . lsg o;f] ePsf] xfn] f < /fli6o« klqsfsf nflu Ps
ljZni] f0ffTds nv] tof/ kfgx{' f;] \ .

$= gk] fnsf] cGtl/d ;l+ jwfg, @)^# n] ;fdflhs ;w' f/sf nflu u/s] f ;j+ w} flgs kf| jwfgx¿
ab“' fut ¿kdf nV] gx' f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 73

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b%= gk] fndf u0ftGq :yfkgfkl5 ;/sf/n] u/s] f ;fdflhs ;w' f/sf ko| f;x¿ ;fw] vfh] u/L
nV] gx' f;] \ .

^= jtd{ fg gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfgn] ;fdflhs ;w' f/sf nflu u/s] f ;j+ w} flgs kf| jwfgx¿sf] ;r" L
tof/ kfgx{' f;] \

cEof;
!= /fhf hol:ylt dNn / /fd zfxn] u/s] f ;fdflhs ;w' f/sf ;dfgtf / leGgtfx¿ ab“' fut

¿kdf tflnsfdf nV] gx' f;] \ .
@= ;lt ky| f / bf;ky| f pGdn" gn] ;fdflhs Gofo kf| Kt eof,] o;nfO{ kl' i6 ugx{' f;] \ .
#= sdo} f ky| f eGgfn] s] al' emG5 <
$= ‘Pg] sfgg' sf] 3fi] f0ffn] dfq ;fdflhs ;w' f/ gxg' ] /x5] , o;sf] ke| fjsf/L dfWod sfofG{ jog

kIf xf’] eGg] egfOdf ;xdltsf ts;{ lxt cfkm\ gf] /fo k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .
%= gk] fndf ;fdflhs ;w' f/df ePsf ko| f;x¿nfO{ ;do /v] fdf bv] fpgx' f;] \ .
;fdb' flos sfo{
tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf ljut !% jifo{ tf s] s] s/' fdf kl/jtg{ eP < ;dfhsf] hfgsf/ JolSt;u“
;f] wk5' u//] / cfkm" n] kT| oIf ¿kdf efu] s] f] jf bv] s] f] cfwf/df ePsf kl/jtg{ x¿ nV] gx' f;] \ .

74 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf7 ^ åGå rjm| / lg¿k0f

tfKnh] ª' lhNnfsf] bO' { ufpd“ f lkpg] kfgLsf] ;d:of /xs] f] 5 . Ps ufpd“ f kfgLsf] dx' fg 5 t/
ljt/0fdf ;d:of 5 . csf{] ufp“ klg ToxL dx' fgdf lge/{ /xs] fn] bO' { ufpl“ ar an] f an] fdf emu8f
eO/xG5 . o; ljifonfO{ lnP/ ufpn“ x] ¿lar egfeg, xft xfnfxfnsf] cj:yf;dt] k6s k6s
l;hg{ f ePsf] lyof] . ljjfbn] pu| ¿k lnPkl5 uf= lj= ;= sf et" kj" { cWoIf / jtd{ fg uf= lj= ;=
;lrjsf] dWo:ytfdf jftf{ eO{ emu8f ;dfwfg ePsf] 5 .

emu8f ;dfwfg eP klg To;sf] c;/ sx] L ;ftf;Dd /xo\ f] . o;y{ :yfgLo l;hg{ zLn oj' f Snan]
åGåkl5sf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg b'j} ufp“sf a'b\lwhLjL / eb| enfb\dLsf] pkl:yltdf
cGt/ljm| of;dt] ;~rfng u/s] f] lyof] . ;f] cGt/ljm| ofn] bj' } ufpl“ ardf ;sf/fTds ;DaGw
la:tf/df ;xofu] ku' s] f] 5 . clxn] bj' } ufps“ f dflg;x¿ cfk;df vn' /] s/' fsfgL ug{ yfns] f
5g\ . cGo ufpd“ f ljsf; lgdf0{ fsf cGo sfo{ ubf;{ dt] bj' } ufps“ f dflg;x¿sf] ;ljm| o ;xofu] ,
;dGjo / ;xeflutf pNnV] o bl] vPsf] 5 . xfn bj' } ufps“ f JolStx¿lar laxj] f/L / ;fdflhs
sfod{ f cfphfp a9b\ } uO/xs] f] 5 . ;fy} ;fdb' flos jg ;/+ If0fdf bj' } ufps“ f oj' f / dlxnfx¿sf]
;ljm| otf a9s] f] kfOG5 . bO' { ufps“ f oj' flar ;do ;dodf vn] sb' kl| tofl] utfn] bj' } ufps“ f] ;DaGw
;d' w/' ags] f] dx;;' ePsf] ufpn“ x] ¿ atfp5“ g\ . o;n] la:tf/} bj' } ufps“ f dflg;x¿df cfTdLotf,
;xofu] / ;xsfos{ f] dfut{ km{ cl3 al9/xs] f] bl] vG5 .

c;/' Iff, cljZjf;
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
eb] efj, zfi] f0fdS' t åGårj|m lx+;f÷åGå
cj:yf zflGt

åGåkl5sf] cj:yf ;D´ft} f÷5nkmn,
;D´ft} f /
zflGt lgdf0{ f

JolSt jf ;dx" n] cfkm\ gf] :jfy,{ cfjZostf / pbb\ Z] o k/' f ug{] jm| ddf csfn{ fO{ c;lhnf] kfg{' /
6s/fjsf] l:ylt l;hg{ f xg' ' g} åGå xf] . bO' { jf bO' e{ Gbf a9L kIfx¿n] cfkm" x¿ lardf kl| tålGåtfsf]
cge' j dx;;' u/s] f] sg' } klg cj:yf åGå xf] . åGå dV' otM JolStut, ;fdl" xs / ;ªu\ 7gfTds

xG' 5g\ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 75

åGåsf ljzi] ftfx¿

-s_ åGå tgfj / ;ª3\ ifs{ f] cj:yf xf] .
-v_ åGådf bO' { jf bO' e{ Gbf a9L kIfsf] ;n+ Ugtf xG' 5 .
-u_ åGån] ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds kl/0ffd lbg ;S5 .
-3_ åGå ;dfhsf] cleGg kIf xf] .
-ª_ åGånfO{ rg' ft} Lsf ¿kdf ux| 0f ugk{' 5{ .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= tkfOs“{ f] sIffsf7] f, ljbo\ fno jf ;db' fodf s] s:tf åGå ePsf 5g\ < åGå xg' sf sf/0fx¿
;d"x 5nkmnaf6 klxrfg u/L lg¿k0fsf pkfox¿ ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L sIffdf k|:t't
ugx{' f;] \ .
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
@= ‘åGå ljsf;sf] Ps cfwf/ klg xf’] eGg] zLifs{ df sIffdf jStT[ j snf kl| tofl] utf cfofh] gf
ugx{' f;] \ .

#= bO' { ;fyLlarsf] emu8fdf dWo:y stfs{ f] el" dsf lgjfx{ ugx{' f;] \ / el" dsf lgjfx{ ubfs{ f]
cge' jnfO{ sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .

$= :jdN" ofªs\ g ugx{' f;] \ M

jm| = ;=+ ljm| ofsnfk ;w“} w/] } h;f] slxn]sfxL“

!= c¿;u“ emu8f ulbg{ “ .

@= emu8fn] /fdf| ] ubg{} eGg] ae' mfO
Jojxf/df ptf5{' .

#= cGofosf] lj?bw\ cfjfh p7fp5“ ' .

$= emu8fdf dWo:ytf u5{' .

%= emu8fkl5 dn] ldnfk / ;fx} fbt{ fsf]
jftfj/0f l;hg{ f u5'{ .

cEof;

!= ;dfhdf åGåsf] l;hg{ f lsg xG' 5 <

@= åGå lg¿k0f eGgfn] s] al' emG5 <

#= åGå lg¿k0fsf kl| jm| ofx¿ ;ªl\ IfKt ¿kdf nV] gx' f;] \ .

$= bj' } kIfn] lhTg] åGåsf] ;dfwfgaf/] pbfx/0f;lxt aofg ugx{' f;] \ .

;fdb' flos sfo{

cfkm\ gf] ;db' fodf åGå lg¿k0f ePsf] sg' } Ps 36gfnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL ;f;] u“ hfgsf/ JolStTj;u“
5nkmn u/L kf| Kt ;r" gfnfO{ ;d6] /] kl| tjb] g tof/ kfgx{' f;] \ .

76 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

PsfO M kfr“ gful/s rt] gf

kf7 ! ;l+ jwfgsf] kl/ro

;l+ jwfg bz] sf] dn" sfgg' xf] . o;n] kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
;/sf/sf] :j¿knfO{ lgwf/{ 0f u5{ . o;n]
;/sf/L zlStnfO{ ;Ldfªs\ g u/L /fHosf]
sfd sf/afxLnfO{ jw} tf kb| fg u5{ .
;l+ jwfgn] hgtfsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;/+ lIft
ug,{] /fHosf cªu\ x¿lar zlStsf] ljt/0f
/ ;DaGw lglZrt u5{ . /fHosf]
/fhgLlts k0| ffnL, /fHosf cªu\ x¿sf]
u7g, /fHo zlStsf] ko| fu] sf ;DaGwdf
pNnv] ul/Psf] lnvt g} ;l+ jwfg xf] .

cfwl' gs nfs] tflGqs /fHosf] dfGotfcg;' f/ hgtf g} /fHosf dV' o zlStsf ;f| t] xg' ,\ hgtf g}
;Dke| ' xg' \ . hgtfsf] xs, clwsf/ / :jtGqtf /fHo;Ttfaf6 lg/ªs\ z' lsl;dn] vf:] g g;lsof;] \ eGg]
pbb\ Z] ocg¿' k ;l+ jwfgsf] lgdf0{ f ul/Psf] xG' 5 . /fHodf c/fhstf, lg/ªs\ z' tf / :jR] 5fsfl/tfnfO{
lgoGq0f ug{ ;j+ w} flgs kbw\ ltsf] ljsf; ul/Psf] xG' 5 . ;l+ jwfgn] zf;snfO{ gful/skl| t pTt/bfoL
/ lhDdj] f/ agfp5“ . ;l+ jwfgåf/f l;lht{ lgsfon] cfcfÇgf] Ifq] flwsf/leq /xL sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ o;n]
lgbz{] u5{ . sg' } klg dn' s' n] ;l+ jwfgadfl] hd zf;g k0| ffnL ;~rfng ubd{} f ;f] /fHo nfs] tflGqs
xG' 5 eGg] xfO] g . :j;/sf/ / ;Lldt ;/sf/sf] dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/s] f] /fHo nfs] tflGqs
sxnfp5“ . ;l+ jwfg thd{' f ul/b“ f oL s/' fnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ul/gk' 5{ eGg] cfwl' gs dfGotf xf] .

k|To]s d'n'ssf] cfcfÇgf] /fhgLlts l:ylt, cflys{ cj:yf, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts kl/j]z,
efu} fl] ns cj:yfh:tf s/' fx¿n] ;l+ jwfgsf :j¿kx¿df ke| fj kf/s] f] xG' 5 . ;j+ w} flgs k/Dk/fsf]
ljZj Oltxf; nfdf] eP klg lnlvt ;l+ jwfgsf] lgdf0{ f kl| jm| of c7f/f“} ztfAbLsf] cGTolt/af6 ePsf]
bl] vG5 . k/Dk/fut ¿kdf ;l+ jwfgsf] dV' o sfd zf;s lgwf/{ 0f ug{' xG' Yof] . cfh ljZjsf
clwsfz+ /fi6x« ¿n] cfcfÇgf] dN" o / dfGotfcg;' f/ lnlvt ;l+ jwfgsf] thd{' f u/L To;sf] cfwf/df
zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfng ub{} cfPsf 5g\ .

cfwl' gs ;l+ jwfgn] ;Lldt ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ff / gful/s clwsf/sf] ;l' glZrtfnfO{ cjnDag
u/s] f] kfOG5 . zlSt ;Gtn' g / lgoGq0fsf] cj:yf tyf hgrfxgf cg¿' ksf] dfGotfnfO{ ;do
;fkI] fcg¿' k agfpb“ } ;z+ fw] g kbw\ ltnfO{ cjnDag u/s] f] ljZj ;j+ w} flgs cEof;n] bv] fPsf]

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 77

5 . ;l+ jwfg /fHosf] zlStlrq xf] . ;l+ jwfg hLjGt xg' To;kl| t hgtfsf] ckgTj xg' k' 5{ . ;an} ]
;l+ jwfg ;Ddt sfo{ ug{] ;j+ w} flgs cfr/0f xg' k' 5{ . ;dfgtf, :jtGqtf / Gofodf cfwfl/t ;l+ jwfg
nfs] tflGqs xG' 5 .

ljZjdf klxnf] lnlvt ;l+ jwfg ;g\ !&*( bl] v nfu' ePsf] cdl] /sfsf] ;l+ jwfg xf] . an] fotdf
lnlvt ;l+ jwfg 5g} t/ k/Dk/fut ;j+ w} flgs sfgg' , dN" o / dfGotfdf Toxfs“ f] zf;g k0| ffnL
rns] f] 5 .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= ‘nfs] ;Ddlt’ sf] kl/ro lbgx' f;] \ . nfs] ;Ddltsf cfwf/df ;l+ jwfg lgdf0{ f ul/gk' 5{ eGg]
dfGotfn] lsg kf| yldstf kfO/xs] f] 5, :ki6 kfgx{' f;] \ .
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
@= nfs] tflGqs dn' s' df ‘;Lldt ;/sf/’ sf] cjwf/0ff ljsf; ul/Psf] xG' 5, s;/L < pbfx/0f;lxt
ab“' fut ¿kdf nV] gx' f;] \ .

#= sIffsf ljbo\ fyLx{ ¿ ljleGg ;dx" df ljeflht xg' x' f;] \ . ;an} ] lnlvt / clnlvt ;l+ jwfg
ljifodf cfcfkm\ gf ljrf/ k:| tt' u/L To;nfO{ clGtd ¿kdf tnsf] tflnsfdf k:| tt' ugx'{ f;] \ M

lnlvt ;l+ jwfg clnlvt ;l+ jwfg

cEof;
!= ;l+ jwfg egs] f] s] xf] <
@= ;l+ jwfgsf] dxTTj pNnv] ugx{' f;] \ .
#= ‘;Lldt ;/sf/’ egs] f] s] xf] <
;fdb' flos sfo{
tkfO{“sf] ;d'bfodf a'b\lwhLjL, sfg'gljb\ jf /fhgLlt1 x'g'x'G5 . pxf“x¿;“u ;+ljwfgsf
ljljw cfofd -kl/ro, ljzi] ftf, cfjZostf_ ;DaGwdf s/' fsfgL ugx{' f;] \ . pxfa“ f6 kf| Kt ljrf/
/ cfkm\ gf ljrf/lar tn' gfTds cWoog u/L lgisif{ ab“' fut ¿kdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .

78 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf7 @ gk] fnsf] ;j+ w} flgs ljsf; jm| d

efOalxgLx¿, xfdLn] cl3Nnf] kf7df ;l+ jwfgsf] kl/ro / ljzi] ftfsf af/d] f 5nkmn u¥of“} .
tkfOx+{ ¿n] ;l+ jwfgnfO{ Gofo, ;dfgtf / :jtGqtfsf] cfwf/et" ;o+ Gqsf ¿kdf ae' ms] f] xg' k' 5{ .
;l+ jwfgn] hgtfsf clwsf/ tyf ;/sf/sf] zlStnfO{ lgwf/{ 0f u/s] f] xG' 5 egL al' em;ss] f 5f“} .
;l+ jwfg ;dli6df /fhgLlts, sfgg' L, cflys{ , ;fdflhs / ;f:+ sl[ ts b:tfjh] xf] eGg] s/' fdf tkfO“{
hfgsf/ xg' x' G' 5 .

;l+ jwfg sfgg' x¿sf] sfgg' jf dn" sfgg' xf] . ;a} dn' s' df kl| jm| of cjnDag u/L ;l+ jwfg lgdf0{ f
ePsf] kfOb“ g} . ;l+ jwfg lgdf0{ f cfofu] , ;ldlt, ;l+ jwfg;ef jf cGo pkoS' t dfWodaf6 ePsf]
kfOG5 . Ps} dn' s' n] sof“} k6s ;l+ jwfg lgdf0{ f jf ;w' f/ u/s] f] kfOG5, h:t} M eg] h] P' nfdf @&,
xfO6Ldf @) tyf yfONofG8df !( k6s ;l+ jwfg km/] abn ePsf lyP .
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
gk] fnsf] ;j+ w} flgs ljsf;sf] Oltxf; nfdf] 5g} . gk] fn ;/sf/ jw} flgs sfgg' , @))$ af6 dfq}
gk] fnsf] ;j+ w} flgs Oltxf; kf| /De ePsf] dflgG5 . gk] fndf xfn;Dd & cf6] f ;l+ jwfgx¿ hf/L
ePsf 5g\ . of] kl/jtg{ nfO{ xb] f{ cf;} t !) jifd{ f Pp6f ;l+ jwfg kg{ cfp5“ . t;y{ gk] fn klg l56f]
l56f] ;l+ jwfg kl/jtg{ xg' ] dn' s' df k5{ . ca, xfdL gk] fndf xfn;Dd hf/L ePsf ;l+ jwfgsf]
ljifodf rrf{ ug{] 5f“} M

!= gk] fn ;/sf/ jw} flgs sfgg' , @))$

/f0ff kw| fgdGqL kbd\ zdz/] n] lj= ;=+ @))% jz} fv ! utb] l] v nfu' xg' ] u/L lj= ;=+ @))$
df3 !# ut] k~hfkqsf cfwf/df klxnf] ;l+ jwfg 3fi] f0ff u/s] f lyP . ef/tLo sfgg' lj1x¿
>Lks| fz ux' f, /3g' fy l;x+ / 8f= /fdpu| l;x+ ;lDdlnt ;dx" n] ;l+ jwfgsf] d:ofb} f agfPsf]

lyof] . To; sfgg' df ^ efu, ^* bkmf / ! kmx] l/:t -cg;' r" L_ lyP .

dV' o Joj:yf sdhf/] kIf

– /f0ffx¿df lglxt >L # clwsf/sf] – zlSt k[ysLs/0fsf] l;b\wfGt cfTd;ft\

dV' o ;f| t] gu/]sf]

– sfo{sfl/0fLnufot ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ – >L # n] dlGqkl/ifbs\ f] u7g / lj36g
ug{] Joj:yf u/L /fHo kd| v' , /fhfsf] el" dsf
>L # df lglxt
– ef/bf/L ;ef -pkNnf] ;bg_ /xg] Joj:yf gu/s] f]

Joj:yf

– ;n' e OG;fkmsf] xs, wflds{ :jtGqtf
nufotsf df}lns xssf] Joj:yf

– k|wfg hf“rsL, b/vf:t kl/ifb\h:tf
lgsfosf] kl/sNkgf

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 79

@= gk] fnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))&

/f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo tyf cfGbfn] gaf6 kh| ftGqsf] cEob' osf sf/0f of] ;l+ jwfg NofOPsf]
lyof] . gk] fnsf] ;j+ w} flgs Oltxf;df of] zf;g ljwfg klxnf] k6s /fhfaf6 hf/L ePsf] xf] .
gk] fnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg lj= ;=+ @))& rt} , !& ut] kfl/t u/L rt} @( ut] nfu' ePsf]
xf] . of] zf;g ljwfg * k6s ;z+ fw] g ePsf] lyof] . o; zf;g ljwfgdf & efu &# bkmf /

! cg;' r" L lyP .

dV' o Joj:yf sdhf/] kIf

– sfos{ fl/0fL clwsf/ /fhf / – /fhfn] dlGqkl/ifb\ u7g / lj36g ug{ ;Sg]

dlGqkl/ifbd\ f /xg] Joj:yf – zlSt ky[ sLs/0fsf] l;bw\ fGt cfTd;ft\

– /fHosf lgbz{] s l;bw\ fGtsf] Joj:yf gePsf]kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b

– lgbz{] s l;bw\ fGtleq dfl} ns xssf] – ;z+ fw] g Joj:yf gePtf klg /fhfn] ;do

Joj:yf ;dodf ;z+ fw] g ug{] u/s] f

– kw| fg Gofofno, ;jfR{] r Gofofno
xg' ] Joj:yf

#= gk] fn clw/fHosf] ;l+ jwfg, @)!%

an] fotL df]8n] sf] ke| fjdf ag]sf] of] ;l+ jwfg tn' gfTds ¿kdf kh| ftflGqs dflgG5 .
>L eujtLk;| fb l;x+ sf] cWoIftfdf ul7t ;l+ jwfg d:ofb} f sld;gn] ;l+ jwfgsf] d:ofb} f tof/
kf/s] f] lyof] . o; sld;gn] lal| 6; ;l+ jwfgljb\ ;/ cfOef/] hl] gªu\ ; (Sir Ivor Jennings) sf]
;Nnfx lnOPsf] lyof] . /fhf dxG] bn| ] lj= ;=+ @)!% kmfug' ! ut] hf/L u/s] f] o; ;l+ jwfgdf
!) efu / && wf/f lyP . o; ;l+ jwfgsf wf/f &# / wf/f &% tTsfn} / afs“ L ;a} wf/fx¿

@)!^ ;fn c;f/ !^ utb] l] v nfu' ul/Psf] lyof] .

dV' o Joj:yf sdhf/] kIf

– ;l+ jwfg dn" sfgg' sf ¿kdf ;l+ jwfgdf – dfl} ns xsnfO{ Joj:yflksfn] lg:th] ug{

klxnf] k6s nl] vPsf] ;Sg] Joj:yf

– ;fje{ fd} ;Ttf >L % df lglxt – k:| tfjgfdf ;j+ w} flgs /fhtGq pNnv] ePtf

– >L %, dxf;ef / kl| tlglw ;ef ;lxtsf] klg ;l+ jwfgdf /fhfsf] ;ljm| o el" dsf /xg]
;;+ bs\ f] Joj:yf Joj:yf

– sfok{ flnsfsf] u7g kl| tlglw ;efaf6 – ;l+ jwfgnfO{ dn" sfgg' dflgPtf klg /fhubb\ L
xg' ] Joj:yf pTt/flwsf/L ;DaGwL sfg'g abNg g;Sg]
Joj:yf

80 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

$= gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfg, @)!(

of] ;l+ jwfg bnljxLg k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] ki[ 7 kfi] f0f ug{ /fhfåf/f NofOPsf] xf] . of] ;l+ jwfg
lg/s+ z' rl/qsf] ePtf klg gk] fndf ;ae} Gbf a9L ;do nfu' ePsf] lyof] . >L Clifsz] zfxsf]
cWoIftfdf u7g ul/Psf] ;l+ jwfg d:ofb} f cfofu] n] tof/ kf/s] f] ;l+ jwfg /fhf dxG] bn| ] lj= ;=+
@)!( ;fn kfi} f ! ut] hf/L u/s] f lyP . of] ;l+ jwfg hf/L xb“' f @) efu, (& wf/fx¿ / ^
cg;' r" Lx¿ lyP . of] ;l+ jwfg klxnf] k6s lj= ;=+ @)@# df3, bf;] f| ] k6s lj= ;=+ @)#@ dªl\ ;/

/ t;] f| ] k6s lj= ;=+ @)#& k;' df ;z+ fw] g ul/Psf] lyof] .

dV' o Joj:yf sdhf/] kIf

– gk] fnsf] ;fje{ fd} ;Ttf >L % df – hgtfkl| t pTt/bfoL geO{ /fhfkl| t pTt/bfoL
lglxt ;/sf/sf] Joj:yf
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
– ;l+ jwfg dn" sfgg' – bnljxLgtfsf] Joj:yf k:| tfjgfdf pNnv]
ePsf] -ky| d ;z+ fw] g_ .
– bnljxLg k~rfotL Joj:yf
– ;jfR{] r cbfntnfO{ clGtd cbfntsf ¿kdf
– ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLzsf] gdfgL /fhfn] db' b\ f bfx] f¥] ofO{ xg] { cfbz]
lgol' St >L % sf] :jljjs] df xg' ] lbg] Joj:yf /xs] f] .

%= gk] fn clw/fHosf] ;l+ jwfg, @)$&

lj= ;=+ @)$^ ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jtg{ kZrft\ hf/L ePsf] of] ;l+ jwfgdf ;l+ jwfgjfbsf]
dfGotf ;dl] 6Psf] lyof] . hgtfsf /fo ;´' fj ux| 0f u/L >L ljZjgfy pkfWofosf] cWoIftfdf
ul7t ;l+ jwfg ;'wf/ ;´' fj cfof]un] tof/ u/s] f] d:ofb} f dlGqkl/ifb\n] kl/dfh{g u/L
lj= ;=+ @)$& sflTts @# ut] hf/L ul/Psf] lyof] . /fhf jL/G] ba| f6 3fi] f0ff ul/Psf] o;

;l+ jwfgdf @# efu, !## wf/f / # cg;' r" L lyP .

dV' o Joj:yf sdhf/] kIf

– ;l+ jwfg dn" sfgg' – kh| ftflGqs ;l+ jwfg elgPtf klg hgdt
;u+ x| sf] Joj:yf gePsf]
– klxnf] k6s ;fje{ fd} ;Ttf gk] fnL
hgtfdf lglxt – ;j+ w} flgs /fhtGqsf w/] } dfGotf ;dfjz]
ePtf klg sltko c:ki6tfn] /fhfn]
– aflnu dtflwsf/, sfg'gL zf;g, :jljjs] ko| fu] ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf /xs] f]
dfl} ns xssf] kT| ofel" t, ;j+ w} flgs
/fhtGqnufotsf kIfnfO{ k:| tfjgfdf – ;fdflhs Gofosf dfGotfnfO{ :ki6 ¿kdf
pNnv] u/L c;z+ fw] gLo agfOPsf] Joj:yf ug{ g;ss] f]

– b'O{ ;bgfTds Joj:yf / :jtGq
Gofokflnsf

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 81

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b^= gk] fnsf] cGtl/d ;l+ jwfg, @)^#

lj= ;=+ @)^@÷^# ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jtg{ kZrft\ cGtl/d ;dosf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu of]
;l+ jwfg NofOPsf] lyof] . lj= ;=+ @)^# df3 ! ut] nfu' ePsf] of] ;l+ jwfg 5f6] f] ;dodf w/] }
k6s ;z+ fw] g ePsf] lyof] .

&= gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfg

lj= ;=+ @)^@÷^# sf] bf;] f| ] hgcfGbfn] gsf] dd{ / b; jif{ nfdf] ;z:q åGånfO{ zflGt
kl| jm| ofdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ;kmn b:tfjh] sf] ¿kdf ‘gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfg, @)&@’ nfO{ lng ;lsG5 .
lj= ;=+ @)&@ c;fh] # ut] hf/L ePsf] of] ;l+ jwfg ;l+ jwfg ;efn] tof/ kf/s] f] xf] .

lgDg lnlvt kIfx¿nfO{ o; ;l+ jwfgsf] ljzi] ftfsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 M
-s_ bz] sf] cfjZostfcg;' f/ ;z+ fw] g ug{ ;lsg] kf| jwfg /flvPsf]
-v_ Ifq] Lo, juLo{ , nª} l\ us, hftLo, eflifs ljeb] sf] cGTosf] kT| ofel" t ul/Psf]
-u_ zlSt ky[ sLs/0f, lgoGq0f / ;Gtn' gsf] kbw\ ltnfO{ ckgfPsf]
-3_ gk] fnnfO{ axh' ftLo, ax;' f:+ sl[ ts, axw' flds{ , axe' flifs dn' s' sf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf]
-ª_ ;ª3\ Lotf / nfs] tflGqs u0ftGq kT| ofet" ul/Psf]

ljm| ofsnfk

!= gk] fndf l56f] l56f] ;l+ jwfg kl/jtg{ xg' s' f sf/0fx¿ pNnv] ugx{' f;] \ .

@= gk] fn clw/fHosf] ;l+ jwfg, @)$& gk] fn clw/fHosf] ;l+ jwfg, @)!% eGbf a9L nfs] tflGqs
lyof,] s;/L < ab“' fut ¿kdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .

#= ‘gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfg, @)&@ ;xdltsf] b:tfjh] xf] .’ kl' i6 ugx{' f;] \ .

$= gk] fnsf] ;j+ w} flgs ljsf;df tn' gfTds ¿kdf a9L nf]s ;Ddltdf cfwfl/t ;l+ jwfgx¿
j|mdab\w ¿kdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ . tkfOn+{ ] nfs] tflGqs ;l+ jwfg dfGgs' f sf/0fx¿;dt] pNnv]
ugx{' f;] \ .

cEof;

!= gk] fn ;/sf/sf] jw} flgs sfgg' , @))$ sf dV' o Joj:yfx¿ pNnv] ugx{' f;] \ .

@= jtd{ fg gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfgsf ljzi] ftfx¿ pNnv] ugx{' f;] \ .

;fdb' flos sfo{

tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fosf /fhgLlt1, sfgg' ljb\ jf jfl} bw\ s JolStTTj e6] g\ x' f;] \ / pxf;“ u“ gk] fndf
hf/L ePsf ;l+ jwfgx¿ ;fje{ fd} ;Ttfsf] ko| fu] s;/L / lsg To;/L ePsf] xf] egL ;fw] vfh]
ugx{' f;] \ . pxfs“ f ljrf/ / cfkm\ gf] dN" ofªs\ g ab“' fut ¿kdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .

82 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf7 # ;l+ jwfg ;ef

sIff ( df cWoog/t /ljnfn rfw} /Ln] ;l+ jwfg lgdf0{ fsf ljleGg ljlw jf kl| jm| of ;DaGwdf
vfh] LgLlt uge{' of] . vfh] Lsf jm| ddf ‘;l+ jwfg ;ef’ Ps dxTTjk0" f{ kl| jm| of ePsf] kfpge' of] . pxfn“ ]
‘;l+ jwfg ;ef’ ;DaGwL hfgsf/L lng vfH] bf ;/fs] f/jfnf lgsfox¿sf] cflwsfl/s ja] ;fO6
(Website) df ‘a/fa] / ;fl] wg] kZ| gx¿’ (FAQs) / cGo ;Gbe{ ;fduL| cWoogjf6 lgDg lnlvt
hfgsf/L kfpge' of] M

;l+ jwfg ;ef egs] f] s] xf] <

;l+ jwfg ;ef ;l+ jwfg lgdf0{ f ug{] ljlw xf] . o;nfO{ ;l+ jwfg lgdf0{ f ug{] gful/sx¿sf] ;ef eGg]
cyd{ f klg ae' m\ g ;lsG5 . hgOR5fadfl] hd gof“ ;l+ jwfg lgdf0{ fsf nflu hgtfaf6 lgjfl{ rt
ul/Psf hgkl| tlglwx¿sf] ;ef ;l+ jwfg ;ef xf] . of] nfs] tflGqs jm| flGtsf] pkh xf] . o; ljlwdf
a9L hg;xeflutf xg' ] ePsfn] o;nfO{ ;l+ jwfg lgdf0{ fsf] nfs] tflGqs cEof; dflgG5 .
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
gk] fndf ;l+ jwfg ;efsf] cfjZostf / dxTTj lsg 5 <

gk] fndf ;l+ jwfg ;ef cfÇgf] ;l+ jwfg cfkm} “ lgdf0{ f ug{] / nfs] tflGqs zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ ;:+ yfut
ug{] pbb\ Z] osf ;fy u7g ul/Psf] lyof] . hgtfdf /x]sf] ;fje{ fd} ;TtfnfO{ ;:+ yfut ug{ /
gful/snfO{ cem a9L clwsf/ ;DkGg agfpg of] ljlw pTtd ljlw dflgG5 . /fHosf ;a} cªu\ df
;dfgk' flts kl| tlglwTj ;l' glZrt ug{ of] ljlwdf ;xh xG' 5 .

;l+ jwfg ;efaf6 lgdf0{ f xg' ] ;l+ jwfgkl| t lsg a9L hg ljZjf; xG' 5 <

;l+ jwfg ;efsf] nfs] lko| tf, ;kmntf / hg ljZjf; a9g\ d' f o;sf] u7gdf xg' ] ;dfjz] L kbw\ lt g}
kd| v' sf/s tTTj xf] . ;l+ jwfg ;efsf] kl| jm| ofdf hgtfsf] a9L ;xeflutf / ;dfjl] ztf xG' 5 .
hg;ªV\ ofsf] agf6] , Ifq] Lotf, hflt, efiff, lnªu\ sf] ;dfgk' flts kl| tlglwTj xg' ] u5{ . ;l+ jwfgsf]
d:ofb} f / To;nfO{ jw} flgstf kb| fg ug{] ljleGg cgd' fb] gsf kl| jm| ofx¿ kr| ngdf /xs] f] kfOG5g\ .

gk] fndf ;l+ jwfg ;efsf] u7g s;/L eof] <

gk] fndf ;l+ jwfg ;efsf] u7g bx] foadfl] hd ldl>t lgjfr{ g k0| ffnLcg;' f/ xg' ] Joj:yf lyof] M

-s_ kT| os] lgjfr{ g Ifq] af6 Ps hgfsf b/n] klxnf] xg' ] lgjfl{ rt xg' ] lgjfr{ g k0| ffnL cg;' f/sf]
lgjfl{ rt ;b:o @$) hgfsf] kl| tlglwTj /xg] Joj:yf lyof] .

-v_ ;Dk0" f{ bz] nfO{ Ps Ifq] dfgL /fhgLlts bnnfO{ dt lbg] ;dfgk' flts lgjfr{ g k0| ffnLcg;' f/
lgjfl{ rt xg' ] ;b:o ##% hgf /xg] Joj:yf /xs] f] lyof] .

-u_ /fli6o« hLjgsf dxTTjk0" f{ ofu] bfg k¥' ofPsf ljlzi6 JolStx¿ / dflysf bj' } lgjfr{ g
k|0ffnLaf6 k|ltlglwTj x'g g;s]sf cflbjf;L, hghfltdWo]af6 ;xdltsf cfwf/df
dlGqkl/ifba\ f6 dgfg] og xg' ] ;b:o @^ hgf /xg] Joj:yf /xs] f] lyof] .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 83

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bo;y{ plNnlvt ;a} ;b:ox¿sf ;fy gk] fndf ^)! hgf ;b:o /xs] f] ;l+ jwfg ;ef u7g xg' ]
Joj:yf /xs] f] lyof] .

gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfg ;efnfO{ ;dfjz] L agfpg s:tf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] <

;l+ jwfg ;efnfO{ lgDgfg;' f/sf] kl| tlglwTjaf6 ;dfjz] L agfpg] ko| f; ul/Psf] lyof] .
-s_ klxnf] xg' ] lgjfr{ g xg' ] lgjfr{ g k0| ffnLsf] nflu pDdb] jf/ rog ubf{ ;dfjz] L l;bw\ fGtcg¿' k

nª} l\ us, efu} fl] ns / hg;ªV\ ofsf cfwf/df kl| tlglwTj xg' ] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .
-v_ ;dfgk' flts lgjfr{ g k0| ffnLcg;' f/sf] lgjfr{ gdf kT| os] ju÷{ Ifq] af6 dlxnf pDdb] jf/sf]

;ªV\ of sDtLdf %)% kl| tlglwTj xg' ] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .
-u_ bj' } k0| ffnL u//] dlxnfsf] sn' ;ªV\ of sDtLdf Ps ltxfO xg' k} g{] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .
-3_ ;dfgk' flts lgjfr{ g k0| ffnLcg;' f/ /fhgLlts bnn] pDdb] jf/ ;r" Lst[ ubf{ plTkl8t ;dx" ,

ul/a, ls;fg, dhb/' tyf ckfªu\ tf ePsf JolStsf] ;dt] kl| tlglwTjnfO{ Wofg k¥' ofpgk' g{]
tYonfO{ ;j+ w} flgs Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .

gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfg ;efsf] u7g slt cjlwsf nflu ePsf] lyof] <

;l+ jwfg ;efsf] sfos{ fn klxnf] a7} s a;s] f] ldltn] rf/ jifs{ f nflu xg' ] Joj:yf lyof] . t/
dn' s' df ;ªs\ 6sfnLg l:yltsf] 3fi] f0ff eO{ ;l+ jwfg lgdf0{ f ug{] sfd k/' f xg' g;sd] f yk ^
dlxgf;Dd sfos{ fn a9fpg ;lsg] Joj:yf lyof] .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= hgcfGbfn] g @)^@÷^# kZrft\ ;l+ jwfg ;efaf6 g} ;l+ jwfg lgdf0{ f ugk{' g{] cfjZostf dx;;'
ul/gs' f sf/0fx¿ pNnv] ugx{' f;] \ .

@= ‘;+ljwfg ;efsf] nf]slk|otf / ;kmntf o;sf] u7gdf x'g] ;dfj]zL kb\wlt g} xf] .’
pbfx/0f;lxt kl' i6 ugx{' f;] \ .

#= gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfg ;efn] lgdf0{ f ug{] ;l+ jwfgnfO{ jw} flgstf kb| fg ug{ cjnDag u/s] f]
kl| jm| ofx¿ vfh] L u/L nV] gx' f;] \ .

$= ;+ljwfg ;efsf] u7g k|lj|mof s;/L ljutdf hf/L ePsf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ;DaGwL
cfofu] ÷sld;geGbf leGg 5 < ts{ k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .

cEof;

!= ;l+ jwfg ;ef egs] f] s] xf] <

@= ;l+ jwfg ;efnfO{ s;/L ;dfjz] L kl| tlglwTj xg' ] ynfs] f] ¿kdf lrgfpg ;lsG5 <

;dx" ut sfo{

sIffsf ;Dk0" f{ ljbo\ fyLx{ ¿nfO{ sDtLdf kfr“ ;dx" df ljefhg ugx{' f;] \ . kT| os] ;dx" nfO{ dfGo xg' ]
lsl;dn] Ps hgf 6fn] L gt] f 5fGgx' f;] \ . ljbo\ fnonfO{ zflGt Ifq] Pjd\ afndq} L agfpg s] ugk{' nf,{
5nkmn ugx{' f;] \ / lgrf8] k:| tt' ugx' f;] \ .

84 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf7 $ dfl} ns xs

;Ddfghgs ¿kdf afR“ g kfpg,] dofl{ bt hLjgofkg ug{] / sg' } /fi6s« f] gful/s eO{ a;fa] f;kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
u/s] f] gftfn] JolStnfO{ kf| Kt xg' ] cfwf/et" clwsf/nfO{ dfl} ns xs elgG5 . dfl} ns xs /fi6s« f]
dn" sfgg' ;l+ jwfgn] g} kT| ofet" ug{] xb“' f /fi6l« eq dfq nfu' xG' 5 . o;df dfgj clwsf/h:tf]
ljZjJofkstf xb“' g} . dfl} ns xssf] Joj:yf /fi6s« f] ;j+ w} flgs Joj:yfcg;' f/ km/s km/s xg'
;S5 . ljZjJofkL ¿kdf £ffi] f0ff ePsf /fhgLlts, cflys{ , ;fdflhs Pjd\ ;f:+ sl[ ts kl| tabw\ tfx¿
xfn dfl} ns xsdf ¿kfGtl/t xb“' } uPsf 5g\ .

dfl} ns xssf lgDgfg;' f/sf ljzi] ftfx¿ /xG5g\ M

-s_ dfl} ns xs JolSt÷gful/snfO{ kf| Kt xg' ] xs xf] .
-v_ dfl} ns xssf] kb;fk] g (hirearchy) xb“' g} .
-u_ dfl} ns xssf] ;j+ w} flgs kT| ofel" t xG' 5 .
-3_ dfl} ns xssf] pNnª£\ fg ubf{ cbfntdfkmt{ cfjZos ;hfosf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] xG' 5 .
-ª_ dfl} ns xssf] ;/+ Ifs ;jfR{] r cbfntnfO{ dflgG5 .
-r_ ;ª6\ sfnLg cj:yfsf] £ffi] f0ff xb“' f clwsfz+ dfl} ns xsx¿ lgnDag xg' ;S5g\ .

lj= ;=+ @)!( sf] ;l+ jwfgdf dfl} ns xssf] Joj:yf eP klg cgl' rt ¿kdf aGbh] nufpg ;Sg]
;l+ jwfgn] g} kl/sNkgf u/s] f] lyof] . gk] fn clw/fHosf] ;l+ jwfg, @)$& n] ;l+ jwfgsf] cfwf/et"
tTTjsf ¿kdf dfl} ns xsnfO{ efu # df Jojl:yt u/s] f] lyof] . gk] fnsf] cGtl/d ;l+ jwfg, @)^# n]
;l+ jwfgsf] efu # df ljutsf] ;l+ jwfgdf kT| ofet" dfl} ns xsdf yk u/L dfl} ns xssf] Joj:yf
u/s] f] lyof] .

gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfg, @)&@ sf] efu–# df wf/f !^ bl] v $^ ;Dd Joj:yf ul/Psf dfl} ns xsx¿ M

;Ddfgkj" s{ afR“ g kfpg] xs

kT| os] JolStnfO{ ;Ddfgkj" s{ afR“ g kfpg] xs xg' 5] . s;n} fO{ klg dT[ ob' 08sf] ;hfo lbg] u/L
sfgg' agfOg] 5g} .

:jtGqtfsf] xs

jo} lSts :jtGqtf xg' ,] kT| os] gful/snfO{ ljrf/ / cleJolStsf] :jtGqtf, zflGtkj" s{ en] f xg' ]
:jtGqtf, /fhgLlts bn vfN] g] :jtGqtf, bz] sf] sg' } klg efudf cfjthfjt / a;fa] f; ug{] /
Jofkf/ ug{] :jtGqtf h:tf :jtGqtf o; dfl} ns xsleq k5g{ \ .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 85

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b;dfgtfsf] xs

;a} gful/s sfgg' sf] bl[ i6df ;dfg xg' ] 5g\ . s;n} fO{ klg sfgg' sf] ;dfg ;/+ If0faf6 jl~rt ul/g]
5g} . /fHon] sfgg' sf] ko| fu] df sg' } klg gful/s dfly wd,{ j0f,{ lnªu\ , hfthflt, pTklTt, efiff
jf jr} fl/s cf:yf jf tLdWo] sg' } s/' fsf] cfwf/df eb] efj ul/g] 5g} . dlxnf / k?' ifsf lar
kfl/>lds tyf ;fdflhs ;/' Iffdf eb] efj gul/g] s/' f ;dfgtfsf] xsdf k5g{ \ . To:t} kt} s[
;DklTtdf nª} l\ us eb] efj lagf ;a} ;Gtfgsf] ;dfg xs xg' ] 5 .

;~rf/sf] xs

ljbo\ t' Lo ks| fzg, k;| f/0f tyf 5fkf nufotsf hg' ;s' } dfWodaf6 sg' } ;dfrf/, ;DkfbsLo, nv] ,
/rgf jf cGo sg' } kf7o\ , >Jo, >JobZ[ o ;fduL| sf] ks| fzg tyf k;| f/0f ug{ jf ;r" gf kj| fx ug{
jf 5fKg kj" { kl| taGw nufOg] 5g} . sfgg' adfl] hd afxs] sg' } 5fkf, ljbo\ t' Lo k;| f/0f tyf 6l] nkmfg]
nufotsf ;~rf/ ;fwgnfO{ cj?bw\ gul/g] s/' fnfO{ ;~rf/sf] xsn] hf8] lbPsf] 5 .

Gofo ;DaGwL xs

sg' } klg JolStnfO{ kjm| fp ePsf] sf/0f ;lxtsf] ;r" gf glbO{ yg' fdf /flvg] 5g} . kjm| fp ul/Psf]
JolStnfO{ kjm| fp ePsf] ;doaf6 af6fsf] Dofbafxs] rfl} a; £f06fleq db' b\ f xg] {] clwsf/L ;dIf
pkl:yt u/fpgk' g{] 5 . kjm| fpdf k/s] f JolStnfO{ kjm| fp k/s] f] ;dobl] v g} cfkm" n] /fh] s] f] sfgg'
Joj;foL;u“ ;Nnfx lng kfpg] tyf sfgg' Joj;foLåf/f kk' I{ f ug]{ xs xg' ] 5 . To:tf] JolStn]
cfÇgf] sfgg' Joj;foL;u“ u/s] f] k/fdz{ / lghn] lbPsf] ;Nnfx ufK] o /xg] 5 .

ck/fw lkl8tsf] xs

ck/fw lkl8tnfO{ cfkm" lkl8t ePsf] db' b\ fsf] cg;' Gwfg tyf sf/afxL ;DaGwL hfgsf/L kfpg]
xs xg' ] 5 . ck/fw lkl8tnfO{ sfgg' adfl] hd ;fdflhs kg' M:yfkgf / Ifltkl" t{ ;lxtsf] Gofo kfpg]
xs xg' ] 5 .

oftgf lj?bw\ sf] xs

kjm| fp k/s] f] jf yg' fdf /xs] f] JolStnfO{ zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s oftgf lbOg] jf lgh;u“ lgdd{ ,
cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ gul/g] / To:tf sfo{ ePdf sfgg' åf/f b08gLo xg' 5] / To:tf]
Jojxf/ ul/Psf] JolStnfO{ sfgg' n] lgwf/{ 0f u/] adfl] hdsf] Ifltkl" t{ lbOg] Joj:yf o; xsdf
ul/Psf] 5 .

lgjf/s gh/aGb lj?bw\ sf] xs

gk] fnsf] ;fje{ fd} ;Ttf, efu} fl] ns cv08tf jf ;fjh{ lgs zflGt Pjd\ Joj:yfdf tTsfn vnn kg{]
kofK{ t cfwf/ geO{ s;n} fO{ klg lgjf/s gh/aGbdf /flvg] 5g} . lgjf/s gh/aGbdf /xs] f]
JolStsf l:yltsf af/d] f lghsf] kl/jf/sf ;b:o jf glhssf] gftb] f/nfO{ sfgg' adfl] hd tTsfn
hfgsf/L lbgk' g{] 5 . lgjf/s gh/aGb /fVg] clwsf/Ln] sfgg' ljk/Lt jf ablgotkj" s{ s;n} fO{
gh/aGb /fvd] f gh/aGb /xs] f] JolStn] sfgg' df tfl] sPadfl] hd Ifltkl" t{ kfpg] 5 .

86 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

5j' f5t' tyf hftLo eb] efj lj?bw\ sf] xs

sg' } klg JolStnfO{ lghsf] pTklTt, hft, hflt, ;db' fo, k;] f, Joj;fo jf zf/Ll/s cj:yfsf]
cfwf/df sg' } klg lghL tyf ;fjh{ lgs :yfgdf sg' } ks| f/sf] 5j' f5t' jf eb] efj gul/g] s/' f o;
xsdf pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 . sg' } j:t,' ;j] f jf ;l' jwf pTkfbg jf ljt/0f ubf{ To:tf] j:t,' ;j] f jf
;l' jwf sg' } vf; hft jf hfltsf] JolStnfO{ vl/b jf kf| Kt uga{ f6 /fs] nufOg] jf To:tf] j:t,' ;j] f
jf ;l' jwf sg' } vf; hft jf hfltsf] JolStnfO{ dfq lajm| L ljt/0f jf kb| fg gul/g] kf| jwfg o;
xscGtut{ /flvPsf 5g\ . ;a} ks| f/sf 5j' f5t' tyf eb] efjhGo sfo{ uDeL/ ;fdflhs ck/fwsf
¿kdf sfgg' adfl] hd b08gLo xg' ] 5g\ . To:tf] sfoa{ f6 lkl8t JolStnfO{ sfgg' adfl] hd Ifltkl" t{
kfpg] xs xg' ] 5 .

;DklTtsf] xs

kT| os] gful/snfO{ sfgg' sf] cwLgdf /xL ;DklTt cfhg{ ug,{] efu] ug,{] ar] lavg ug,{] Jofj;flos
nfe kf| Kt ug{] / ;DklTtsf] cGo sf/fa] f/ ug{] xs xg' ] 5 . t/ /fHon] JolStsf] ;DklTtdf s/
nufpg / ku| ltzLn s/sf] dfGotfcg¿' k JolStsf] cfodf s/ nufpg ;Sg] 5 .
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
wflds{ :jtGqtfsf] xs

wdd{ f cf:yf /fVg] kT| os] JolStnfO{ cfkm\ gf] cf:yfcg;' f/ wds{ f] cjnDag, cEof; / ;/+ If0f ug{]
:jtGqtf xg' ] 5 . kT| os] wflds{ ;Dkb| fonfO{ wflds{ :yn tyf wflds{ u7' L ;~rfng ug{] xs
xg' ] 5 .

;r" gfsf] xs

kT| os] gful/snfO{ cfkm\ gf] jf ;fjh{ lgs ;/fs] f/sf] sg' } klg ljifosf] ;r" gf dfUg] / kfpg] xs
xg' 5] . t/ sfgg' adfl] hd ufK] o /fVgk' g{] ;r" gfsf] hfgsf/L lbg s;n} fO{ afWo kfl/g] 5g} .

ufk] gLotfsf] xs

sg' } klg JolStsf] lhp, cfjf;, ;DklTt, lnvt, tYofªs\ , kqfrf/ / rl/q ;DaGwL ljifosf]
ufk] gLotf sfgg' adfl] hd afxs] cgltjm| Do xg' ] 5 .

zfi] f0f lj?bw\ sf] xs

kT| os] JolStnfO{ zfi] f0f lj?bw\ sf] xs xg' ] / wd,{ ky| f, k/Dk/f, ;:+ sf/, kr| ng jf cGo sg' }
cfwf/df sg' } klg JolStnfO{ sg' } lsl;dn] zfi] f0f ug{ gkfOg] s/' f o; xscGtut{ /flvPsf
5g\ . To:t} s;n} fO{ klg ar] lavg ug,{ bf; jf afwf agfpg gkfOg] s/' f / s;n} fO{ klg lghsf]
OR5f lj?bw\ sfddf nufpg gkfOg] kf| jwfg o; xscGtut{ k5g{ \ .

:jR5 jftfj/0fsf] xs

kT| os] gful/snfO{ :jR5 / :j:y jftfj/0fdf afR“ g kfpg] xs xg' ] 5 eGg] s/' fnfO{ o; xsn]
kT| ofet" u/s] f] 5 . jftfj/0fLo kb| i" f0f jf xf| ;af6 xg' ] Ifltafkt lkl8tnfO{ kb| i" fsaf6 Ifltkl" t{
kfpg] xs klg o; xscGtut{ xg' ] 5 .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 87

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |blzIff ;DaGwL xs

k|To]s gful/snfO{ cfwf/e"t lzIffdf kx'“rsf] xs x'g] 5 . k|To]s gful/snfO{ /fHoaf6
cfwf/et" tx;Ddsf] lzIff clgjfo{ / lgMzN' s tyf dfWolds tx;Ddsf] lzIff lgMzN' s kfpg] xs
xg' ] 5 . ckfªu\ tf ePsf / cflys{ ¿kn] ljkGg gful/snfO{ sfgg' adfl] hd lgMzN' s pRr lzIff
kfpg] xs xg' ] 5 . bl[ i6ljxLg gful/snfO{ an]| lnlk tyf alx/f / :j/ jf afn] fO ;DaGwL ckfªu\ tf
ePsf gful/snfO{ ;fªs\ l] ts efiffsf] dfWodaf6 sfgg' adfl] hd lgMzN' s lzIff kfpg] xs xg' ] 5
eg/] ;l+ jwfgdf pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 . gk] fndf a;fa] f; ug]{ kT| os] gk] fnL ;db' fonfO{ sfgg' adfl] hd
cfÇgf] dfte[ fiffdf lzIff kfpg] / To;sf nflu ljbo\ fno tyf zl} Ifs ;:+ yf vfN] g] / ;~rfng ug]{
xs xg' ] 5 .
ljm| ofsnfk
!= ædfl} ns xsn] gful/ssf] ;Ddfgkj" s{ afR“ g kfpg] clwsf/sf] kT| ofet" u5{ .Æ o; egfOnfO{

pbfx/0f;lxt kl' i6 ugx{' f;] \ .
@= ædfl} ns xsx¿ ;do ;Gbe{ cg;' f/ kl/jtg{ xb“' } hfG5gÆ\ , lsg < ;dx" df /xL ;dx" ut

lgisif{ k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .
#= ;l+ jwfgdf /flvPsf] lzIff ;DaGwL xssf] sfoG{ jog cj:yf tkfO“s{ f] ;db' fodf s:tf] 5 <

;db' fosf] hfgsf/ JolStnfO{ ;fw] L kf| Kt hfgsf/LnfO{ ;d6] L lgisif{ k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .
cEof;
!= dfl} ns xsnfO{ s;/L kl/eflift ug{ ;lsG5 <
@= :jtGqtf ;DaGwL xsdf s] s:tf :jtGqtfx¿ k5g{ ,\ ;r" L tof/ kfgx{' f;] \ .
#= ;l+ jwfgdf plNnlvt lzIff ;DaGwL xssf] ;DaGwdf rrf{ ugx{' f;] \ .
$= km/s Ifdtf ePsf JolStnfO{ lzIff ;DaGwL xsn] s;/L ;Dafw] g u/s] f] 5 < o:tf kf| jwfg

/flvg' Gofosf bl[ i6n] sltsf] ;fGbles{ 7fGgx' G' 5 < cfkm\ gf] ts{ k;] ugx{' f;] \ .

88 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf7 % dfl} ns xs / gful/s stJ{ o

efiff tyf ;:+ sl[ tsf] xs

kT| os] JolSt / ;db' fonfO{ cfÇgf] efiff ko| fu] ug{] xs xg' ] 5 . kT| os] JolSt / ;db' fonfO{ cfkm\ gf]
;db' fosf] ;f:+ sl[ ts hLjgdf ;xefuL xg' kfpg] xs xg' ] 5 . gk] fndf a;fa] f; ug]{ kT| os] gk] fnL
;db' fonfO{ cfkm\ gf] efiff, lnlk, ;:+ sl[ t, ;f:+ sl[ ts ;Eotf / ;Dkbfsf] ;j+ wg{ Pjd\ ;/+ If0f ug]{ xs
xg' ] 5 .

/fh] uf/Lsf] xs

kT| os] gful/snfO{ /fh] uf/Lsf] xs xg' ] 5 . /fh] uf/Lsf] ;t,{ cj:yf / a/] fh] uf/ ;xfotf ;ª3\ Lo
sfgg' adfl] hd xg' ] 5 . kT| os] gful/snfO{ /fh] uf/Lsf] 5gf6] ug{ kfpg] xs xg' ] 5 .

>dsf] xs

kT| os] >ldsnfO{ plrt >d cEof;sf] xs xg' ] 5 . kT| os] >ldsnfO{ plrt kfl/>lds, ;l' jwf tyf
ofu] bfgdf cfwfl/t ;fdflhs ;/' Iffsf] xs xg' ] 5 . kT| os] >ldsnfO{ sfgg' adfl] hd 68«] ol' gog
vfN] g,] To;df ;xefuL xg' ] tyf ;fdl" xs ;fb} fafhL ug{ kfpg] xs xg' ] 5 .

:jf:Yo ;DaGwL xs

kT| os] gful/snfO{ /fHoaf6 cfwf/et" :jf:Yo ;j] f lgMzN' s kf| Kt ug]{ xs xg' ] 5 . s;n} fO{ klg
cfsl:ds :jf:Yo ;j] faf6 jl~rt ul/g] 5g} . kT| os] JolStnfO{ cfÇgf] :jf:Yo pkrf/sf] ;DaGwdf
hfgsf/L kfpg] xs xg' 5] . kT| os] gful/snfO{ :jf:Yo ;j] fdf ;dfg kxr“' sf] xs xg' ] 5 . kT| os]
gful/snfO{ :jR5 vfgk] fgL tyf ;/;kmfOdf kxr“' sf] xs xg' ] 5 .
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
vfbo\ ;DaGwL xs

kT| os] gful/snfO{ vfbo\ ;DaGwL xs xg' ] 5 . kT| os] gful/snfO{ vfbo\ j:ts' f] cefjdf hLjg
hfl] vddf kg{] cj:yfaf6 ;/' lIft xg' ] xs xg' 5] . kT| os] gful/snfO{ sfgg' adfl] hd vfbo\ ;Dke| t' fsf]
xs xg' ] 5 .

cfjf;sf] xs

kT| os] gful/snfO{ pkoS' t cfjf;sf] xs xg' ] 5 . sfgg' adfl] hd afxs] sg' } klg gful/snfO{
lghsf] :jfldTjdf /xs] f] jf;:yfgaf6 x6fOg] jf cltjm| d0f ul/g] 5g} .

dlxnfsf] xs

kT| os] dlxnfnfO{ nª} l\ us eb] efjlagf ;dfg jz+ Lo xs xg' ] 5 . kT| os] dlxnfnfO{ ;/' lIft dftT[ j
/ kh| gg :jf:Yo ;DaGwL xs xg' ] 5 . dlxnf lj?bw\ wflds{ , ;fdflhs, ;f:+ sl[ ts k/Dk/f, kr| ng
jf cGo sg' } cfwf/df zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ofg} hGo, dgfj] 1} flgs jf cGo sg' } lsl;dsf] lx;+ fhGo
sfo{ jf zfi] f0f ul/g] 5g} . To:tf] sfo{ sfgg' adfl] hd b08gLo xg' ] 5 / lkl8tnfO{ sfgg' adfl] hd
Ifltkl" t{ kfpg] xs xg' ] 5 .

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 89

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bafn aflnsfsf] xs

kT| os] afn aflnsfnfO{ cfkm\ gf] klxrfg;lxt gfds/0f / hGdbtfs{ f] xs xg' ] 5 . kT| os] afn
aflnsfnfO{ kl/jf/ tyf /fHoaf6 lzIff, :jf:Yo, kfng kfi] f0f, plrt :ofxf/, vn] sb' , dgf/] ~hg
tyf ;jfª{ u\ L0f JolStTj ljsf;sf] xs xg' ] 5 eGGf] s/' fnfO{ jtd{ fg ;l+ jwfgn] kT| ofet" u/s] f]
5 . kT| os] afn aflnsfnfO{ kf| /lDes afn ljsf; tyf afn ;xeflutfsf] xs xg' ] 5 . sg' } klg
afn aflnsfnfO{ sn sf/vfgf, vfgL jf o:t} cGo hfl] vdk0" f{ sfddf nufpg kfOg] 5g} . sg' } klg
afn aflnsfnfO{ afn ljjfx, u/} sfgg' L cf;] f/k;f/ / ckx/0f ug{ jf aGws /fVg kfOg] 5g} .

blntsf] xs

/fHosf ;a} lgsfodf blntnfO{ ;dfgk' flts ;dfjz] L l;bw\ fGtsf cfwf/df ;xefuL xg' ] xs
xg' ] 5 . ;fjh{ lgs ;j] f nufotsf /fh] uf/Lsf cGo Ifq] df blnt ;db' fosf] ;zStLs/0f, kl| tlglwTj
/ ;xeflutfsf nflu sfgg' adfl] hd ljzi] f Joj:yf ul/g] 5 . blnt ljbo\ fyLn{ fO{ kf| yldsbl] v pRr
lzIff;Dd sfgg' adfl] hd 5fqjl[ Tt;lxt lgMzN' s lzIffsf] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 . kf| ljlws / Jofj;flos
pRr lzIffdf blntsf nflu sfgg' adfl] hd ljzi] f Joj:yf ul/g] 5 . blnt ;db' fonfO{ :jf:Yo /
;fdflhs ;/' Iff kb| fg ug{ sfgg' adfl] hd ljzi] f Joj:yf ul/g] 5 . blnt ;db' fonfO{ cfkm\ gf]
k/Dk/fut k;] f, 1fg, l;k / kl| jlwsf] ko| fu] , ;/+ If0f / ljsf; ug{] xs xg' ] 5 . /fHon] blnt
;db' fosf k/Dk/fut k;] f;u“ ;DalGwt cfwl' gs Joj;fodf pgLx¿nfO{ kf| yldstf lbO{ To;sf
nflu cfjZos kg{] l;k / ;f| t] pknAw u/fpg] 5 . /fHon] el" dxLg blntnfO{ sfgg' adfl] hd Ps
k6s hldg pknAw u/fpgk' g{] 5 .

Hoi] 7 gful/ssf] xs

Hoi] 7 gful/snfO{ /fHoaf6 ljzi] f ;/+ If0f tyf ;fdflhs ;/' Iffsf] xs xg' ] 5 .

;fdflhs Gofosf] xs

;fdflhs ¿kn] k5fl8 k/s] f dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL, yf¿, cNk;ªV\ os,
ckfªu\ tf ePsf JolSt, ;LdfGtLst[ , dl' :nd lk58f ju,{ nª} l\ us tyf ofl} gs cNk;ªV\ os, oj' f,
ls;fg, >lds, pTkLl8t jf lk5l8Psf] Ifq] sf gful/s tyf cflys{ ¿kn] ljkGg v; cfon{ fO{
;dfjz] L l;bw\ fGtsf cfwf/df /fHosf] lgsfodf ;xeflutfsf] xs xg' ] 5 . cflys{ ¿kn] ljkGg
tyf nfk] fG] dv' ;db' fosf gful/ssf] ;/+ If0f, pTyfg, ;zStLs/0f / ljsf;sf nflu lzIff, :jf:Yo,
cfjf; /fh] uf/L, vfbo\ fGg / ;fdflhs ;/' Iffdf ljzi] f cj;/ tyf nfe kfpg] xs xg' ] 5 .
ckfªu\ tf ePsf gful/snfO{ ljljwtfsf] klxrfg ;lxt dofb{ f / cfTd ;Ddfgkj" s{ hLjgofkg ug{
kfpg] / ;fjh{ lgs ;j] f tyf ;l' jwfdf ;dfg kxr“' sf] xs xg' ] 5 . kT| os] ls;fgnfO{ sfgg' adfl] hd
sl[ if sfos{ f nflu el" ddf kxr“' , k/Dk/fut ¿kdf ko| fu] / cjnDag ul/Psf] :yfgLo lap lahg
/ sl[ if kh| fltsf] 5gf6] / ;/+ If0fsf] xs xg' ] 5 . gk] fndf cuu| fdL nfs] tflGqs kl/jtg{ sf nflu
ePsf ;a} hg cfGbfn] g, ;z:q ;ª3\ if{ / jm| flGtsf jm| ddf hLjg pT;u{ ug{] ;lxbsf kl/jf/,
ak] Ttf kfl/Psf JolStsf kl/jf/, nfs] tGqsf ofb] w\ f, åGå lkl8t / lj:yflkt, ckfªu\ tf ePsf
JolSt, 3fOt] tyf lkl8tnfO{ Gofo Pjd\ plrt ;Ddfg;lxt lzIff, :jf:Yo, /fh] uf/L, cfjf; /
;fdflhs ;/' Iffdf sfgg' adfl] hd kf| yldstfsf ;fy cj;/ kfpg] xs xg' 5] .

90 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

;fdflhs ;/' Iffsf] xs

cflys{ ¿kn] ljkGg, czSt / c;xfo cj:yfdf /xs] f, c;xfo Psn dlxnf, ckfªu\ tf ePsf,
afn aflnsf, cfkm\ gf] x/] rfx cfkm} “ ug{ g;Sg] tyf nfk] fG] dv' hfltsf gful/snfO{ sfgg' adfl] hd
;fdflhs ;/' Iffsf] xs xg' ] 5 .

pkefS] tfsf] xs

kT| os] pkefS] tfnfO{ u0' f:t/Lo j:t' tyf ;j] f kf| Kt ug{] xs xg' ] 5 . u0' f:t/xLg j:t' jf ;j] faf6
Iflt ku' s] f] JolStnfO{ sfgg' adfl] hd Ifltkl" t{ kfpg] xs xg' ] 5 .

bz] lgsfnf lj?bw\ sf] xs

sg' } klg gful/snfO{ bz] lgsfnf ul/g] 5g} .

;j+ w} flgs pkrf/sf] xs

o; efuåf/f kb| Tt xssf] kr| ngsf nflu wf/f !## jf !$$ df nl] vPadfl] hd ;j+ w} flgs pkrf/
kfpg] xs xg' ] 5 .

gful/s stJ{ o

dfl} ns xs gful/ssf] ;du| JolStTj ljsf;sf nflu Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . dfl} ns xssf] pkofu]
ubf{ gful/sn] cfÇgf] stJ{ osf] kfngf ugk{' 5{ . ;l+ jwfg / kr| lnt sfgg' sf] kfngf ug{' ;a} gful/ssf]
stJ{ o xf] . sfgg' sf] kfngf ugs{' f cltl/St x/s] gful/ssf stJ{ ox¿ o:tf xG' 5g\ M
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
gl} ts stJ{ o sfgg' L stJ{ o

– cfdfafa,' u?' hg, hi] 7 gful/s, afn – bz] sf] ;l+ jwfgsf] kfngf ug,{' kr| lnt
aflnsfx¿nfO{ dfof / c;xfokl| t ;Ddfg sfgg' sf] kfngf ug,{'
ug'{
– sfgg' sfofG{ jogdf ;/fs] f/jfnfO{ ;xofu]
– ;a} dflg;kl| t dq} Lefj Pjd\ ;Ddfghgs k¥' ofpg,'
Jojxf/ ug{'
– sfg'gsf] cfjZos ;'wf/df ;xof]u
– s;n} fO{ cjxn] gf gug,{' cfbz,{ :jR5 k¥' ofpg' .
Pjd\ kljq hLjg latfpg' nufotsf
Jojxf/ ug{'

;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 91