Top Class Bio Tg 4

  Biology  Form 4  Chapter 5 Metabolism and Enzymes

10. Diagram 5 shows a graph Application of Enzymes in Antara yang berikut, yang
of the optimum pH of Daily Life manakah memadankan enzim
enzyme activity. 5.3 dan kegunaannya dengan tepat?
Aplikasi Enzim dalam Kehidupan
Rajah 5 menunjukkan graf pH Harian
optimum bagi aktiviti enzim. Enzyme Uses
Rate of enzyme activity 11. Which are the most
suitable enzyme and Enzim Kegunaan
Kadar aktiviti enzim temperature to clear a
blood stain on a shirt? I Lipase Ripening of cheese
A B CD
Antara enzim dan suhu berikut, Lipase Mempercepat
pH yang manakah paling sesuai kematangan keju
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 untuk membersihkan kesan
darah pada baju? II Amylase Remove fish skin
Diagram 5 / Rajah 5
Amilase Mengasingkan kulit
Which curves A, B, C or ikan
D represent the activity of
salivary amylase? Enzyme Temperature III Trypsin Extracts agar
Enzim Suhu from seaweed
Antara lengkung A, B, C atau Tripsin
D, yang manakah mewakili Mengasingkan
aktiviti amilase liur? A Lipase 37°C agar-agar daripada
rumpai laut
Lipase

B Protease 18°C IV Protease Tenderise the meat

Protease Protease Melembutkan
daging
C Lipase 18°C

Lipase A I and II

D Protease 37°C I dan II

Protease B II and III

1 2. Which of the following II dan III
correctly match the
C III and IV
enzyme and its uses?
III dan IV

D I and IV

I dan IV

Paper 2

Section A / Bahagian A
1. Diagram 1 shows the reaction catalysed by an enzyme.

Rajah 1 menunjukkan tindak balas yang dimangkinkan oleh suatu enzim.

Enzyme X +
Enzim X

AB C

Diagram 1 / Rajah 1 [3 marks / 3 markah]

(a) (i) Based on the diagram, identify molecule A, B and C.

Berdasarkan rajah, kenal pasti molekul A, B dan C.

A :
B :
C :

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 38

Biology  Form 4  Chapter 5 Metabolism and Enzymes 

(ii) From your answer in (a)(i), name the enzyme X used in the reaction.

Daripada jawapan anda di (a)(i), namakan enzim X yang digunakan dalam tindak balas.

[1 mark / 1 markah]
(b) Using the lock and key hypothesis, explain why the enzyme X used in the reaction is highly specific.

Dengan menggunakan hipotesis mangga dan kunci, terangkan mengapa enzim X yang digunakan dalam
tindak balas ini adalah sangat spesifik.

[2 marks / 2 markah]

(c) Orlistat is a drug designed to treat obesity. Its primary function is to prevent the absorption of
fats from human diet by acting as an inhibitor to enzyme X.

Based on the above statement, explain the effect of inhibitor on the rate of enzyme reaction.

Orlistat ialah sejenis ubat yang direka untuk merawat obesiti. Fungsi asasnya ialah menghalang penyerapan
lemak dari gizi manusia dengan bertindak sebagai suatu perencat kepada enzim X.
Berdasarkan pernyataan di atas, terangkan kesan perencat ke atas tindak balas enzim. HOTS Applying

[2 marks / 2 markah]

Section B / Bahagian B

2. (a) Many enzymes produced by a specialised cells are secreted outside Diagram 2.1 / Rajah 2.1

the cells as extracellular enzymes. Diagram 2.1 shows an animal cell

which produces and secretes extracellular enzymes.

Kebanyakan enzim yang dihasilkan oleh sel khusus dirembes keluar daripada
sel sebagai enzim luar sel. Rajah 2.1 menunjukkan suatu sel haiwan yang
menghasilkan dan merembes enzim luar sel.

Describe the production and secretion process of extracellular

enzymes.

Huraikan proses penghasilan dan perembesan enzim luar sel.

[6 marks / 6 markah]

(b) Diagram 2.2 shows the relationship between pH of Amount of
the reaction mixture and the amount of product product formed
formed by an enzyme-catalysed reaction per unit per unit time
time. Jumlah produk
yang dibentuk
Rajah 2.2 menunjukkan perhubungan antara pH bagi per unit masa
campuran tindak balas dengan jumlah produk yang (mg / s)
dihasilkan oleh suatu tindak balas yang dimangkinkan
enzim per unit masa.

Based on Diagram 2.2, explain the effect of pH on the 05 pH
amount of product formed by an enzyme-catalysed
Diagram 2.2 / Rajah 2.2
reaction per unit time.
Berdasarkan Rajah 2.2, terangkan kesan pH ke atas
jumlah produk yang dihasilkan oleh suatu tindak balas yang dimangkinkan enzim per unit masa. HOTS Analysing

[4 marks / 4 markah]

39 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

  Biology  Form 4  Chapter 5 Metabolism and Enzymes

(c) Biological detergents contain enzymes that help to break down tough stains from food, blood,
and sweat.

Pencuci biologi mengandungi enzim-enzim yang membantu dalam menguraikan kotoran dari makanan,
darah dan peluh.

(i) Suggest the types of enzyme that are required in the biological detergent which is effective to
remove different types of stains on cloth. State one function for each of the named enzymes.

Cadangkan jenis-jenis enzim yang diperlukan dalam pencuci biologi yang berkesan untuk menyingkirkan
pelbagai jenis kotoran pada pakaian. Nyatakan satu fungsi untuk setiap enzim yang dinamakan.

HOTS Applying

[6 marks / 6 markah]

(iii) The instruction on the packet of biological detergent used to recommend that clothes

were washed at low temperature (30 – 40°C). Explain why.
Arahan pada bungkusan pencuci biologi biasanya mencadangkan pakaian dicuci pada suhu rendah
(30 – 40°C). Terangkan mengapa. HOTS Applying

[4 marks / 4 markah]

Section C / Bahagian C

3. (a) Bromelain is an enzyme that can be harvested from all parts of the pineapple plant. It can be

used as a meat tenderiser. The reaction is shown below.

Bromelain ialah sejenis enzim yang diperoleh daripada semua bahagian pada tumbuhan nanas. Enzim ini

boleh digunakan sebagai pelembut daging. Tindak balas tersebut ditunjukkan di bawah.

Collagen protein (in meat) + water Bromelain amino acids

Protein kolagen (dalam daging) air asid amino

In an experiment, 1 cm3 of bromelain solution is added to 20 cm3 of collagen of varying
concentration. Diagram 3 shows the effects of increasing collagen protein concentration on
the rate of enzyme reaction.

Dalam satu eksperimen, 1 cm3 larutan bromelain ditambahkan ke dalam 20 cm3 protein kolagen yang
pelbagai kepekatan. Rajah 3 menunjukkan kesan penambahan protein kolagen ke atas kadar tindak balas
enzim.

Rate of reaction
Kadar tindak balas

Collagen protein concentration
Kepekatan protein kolagen (mol dm–3)
Diagram 3 / Rajah 3

(i) Explain why 1 cm3 of bromelain is sufficient for the reaction.

Terangkan mengapa 1 cm3 bromelain adalah cukup untuk tindak balas.

[4 marks / 4 markah]

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 40

Biology  Form 4  Chapter 5 Metabolism and Enzymes 

(ii) Assuming the water is present in excess and that the temperature and pH are optimal for

the bromelain activity, explain the shape of graph.
Andaikan air adalah hadir dengan berlebihan dan suhu serta pH adalah optimum bagi aktiviti bromelain,

terangkan bentuk graf. HOTS Analysing

[6 marks / 6 markah]

(iii) Bromelain powder is sprinkled on the meat for tendering effect. Suggest why bromelain

powder is not added during cooking instead.
Serbuk bromelain ditabur ke atas daging untuk kesan pelembutan. Cadangkan mengapa serbuk

bromelain bukan ditambahkan semasa masak. HOTS Applying

[6 marks / 6 markah]

(b) Protease and lipase are enzymes that are commonly used in baby food industry. Explain the

uses of enzyme in the production of baby food.
Protease dan lipase ialah enzim yang biasanya digunakan dalam industri makanan bayi. Terangkan kegunaan

enzim dalam penghasilan makanan bayi. HOTS Applying

[4 marks / 4 markah]

HOTS Challenge

Acarbose is a drug used for treating diabetes mellitus type SSuubbssttrraatte
II and it inhibits the enzyme pancreatic amylase in the AAckaarrbboosse
alimentary canal. The mechanism of action of acarbose is
illustrated in the diagram. APmanilacsreeaptaicnkaremayslase

Akarbos ialah sejenis ubat yang digunakan untuk merawat diabetes
melitus jenis II dan ubat ini merencatkan enzim amilase pankreas
dalam salur pencernaan. Mekanisme tindakan akarbos ditunjukkan
dalam rajah.

(a) With reference to the diagram, describe how acarbose
may result in a reduction in enzyme activity.

Dengan merujuk kepada rajah, huraikan bagaimana akarbos
dapat mengurangkan aktiviti enzim.

(b) In your opinion, is acarbose effective in treating diabetes mellitus type II? HOTS Evaluating

Pada pendapat anda, adakah akarbos berkesan untuk merawat diabetes melitus jenis II?

21PAK- Quiz 5
© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
41

CHA PTER Cell Division

6 Pembahagian Sel

SMART Notes

Mitosis Telophase / Telofasa

Prophase / Profasa Metaphase / Metafasa Anaphase / Anafasa

Chromosomes Sister 2 diploid
line up at the chromatids daughter cells
metaphase plate separate 2 sel anak diploid
Kromosom-kromosom Kromatid beradik
beratur di satah
khatulistiwa metafasa berpisah

Meiosis Cell Cycle / Kitar Sel

Prophase I Synapsis and crossing S Phase / Fasa S
Profasa I over occur
Sinapsis dan proses
pindah silang terjadi

Homologous chromosomes G G 2 phase / Fasa G
line up at metaphase plate 1 2
Kromosom-kromosom homolog
Metaphase I beratur pada satah metafasa Fasa Interphase
Metafasa I Homologous chromosomes Interfasa
Anaphase I pulled to opposite poles /
Anafasa I Kromosom-kromosom homolog
tertarik ke kutub bertentangan phase
1

G M phase /
Fasa M

Telophase I SCitytokoikniensiessis
Telofasa I TTeleloofpahsaase
Anaphase
Anafasa
MetMPeartpoaPfrhpaohafssaaasseae

Prophase II Sister chromatids M phase Mitosis
Profasa II separate
Metaphase II Kromatid beradik Fasa M Prophase, Metaphase,
Metafasa II berpisah Anaphase, Telophase,
Anaphase II 4 haploid daughter cells GFa1spa hGa1 se Cytokinesis
Anafasa II S phase
4 sel anak haploid Profasa, Metafasa, Anafasa,
Telophase II Fasa S Telofasa, Sitokinesis
Telofasa II
GFa2spa hGa2 se Growth

Pertumbuhan

– Synthesis of DNA

Sintesis DNA

– Duplication of chromosome

Penduaan kromosom

Cell prepare to divide

Sel bersedia untuk pembahagian sel

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 42

Biology  Form 4  Chapter 6 Cell Division 

Cell Division

6.1 Pembahagian Sel

1. Give definition for the following terms: TP 1 Definition / Definisi

Berikan definisi untuk istilah-istilah yang berikut:

Term / Istilah
(a) Haploid

Haploid

(b) Diploid

Diploid

(c) Chromatin

Kromatin

(d) Homologous chromosome

Kromosom homolog


Cell Cycle and Mitosis

6.2 Kitar Sel dan Mitosis

2. Label the phases of cell cycle in the following diagram. TP 1 (a)

Labelkan fasa-fasa kitar sel dalam rajah berikut.
(i)
(h)
(g) (b)
(f )
(e)
(d) (c)


3. What is mitosis? TP 1

Apakah itu mitosis?

4. The following diagram shows various phases in mitosis. Name each of the phases and describe the
important events in each phase. TP 2

Rajah berikut menunjukkan pelbagai fasa dalam mitosis. Namakan setiap fasa dan huraikan perkara penting
dalam setiap fasa.

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
43 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

  Biology  Form 4  Chapter 6 Cell Division Important events / Perkara-perkara penting

Phases / Fasa
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)


Meiosis

6.3 Meiosis

5. What is meiosis? TP 1

Apakah itu meiosis?

6. Complete the table below to show the stages in meiosis. TP 2

Lengkapkan jadual di bawah untuk menunjukkan peringkat-peringkat dalam meiosis.

Phases / Fasa Important Events / Perkara-perkara penting

(a) 1. paired up to form bivalent.

berpasangan membentuk bivalen.

2. occurs.

berlaku.

(b) Metaphase I Homologous chromosomes line up at .

Metafasa I Kromosom homolog tersusun pada .

(c) Homologous chromosomes separate and move to

.

Kromosom homolog berpisah dan bergerak ke .

(d) 1. disappear.
and / dan
menghilang.

2. reforms and reappears.

terbentuk semula dan

3. muncul semula.

haploid daughter cells are formed.

sel anak yang haploid terbentuk.

(e) Prophase II 1. is reformed.

Profasa II terbentuk semula.

2. Nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear again.

Nukleolus dan membran nukleus menghilang lagi.

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 44

Biology  Form 4  Chapter 6 Cell Division 

Phases / Fasa Important Events / Perkara-perkara penting

(f) Chromosomes with two sister chromatids line up at
.

Kromosom dengan kromatid kembar tersusun pada
.

(g) divides, sister chromatids separate and

move to .

membahagi, kromatid kembar berpisah dan

bergerak ke .

(h) Telophase II and 1. disappear.

cytokinesis menghilang.
Telofasa II dan sitokinesis 2.
reforms and reappear.

terbentuk semula dan

muncul semula.

3. haploid daughter cells are formed.

sel anak yang haploid terbentuk.

Issues of Cell Division on Human Health

6.4 Isu Pembahagian Sel terhadap Kesihatan Manusia

7. The diagram below shows the formation of tumour. TP 2

Rajah berikut menunjukkan pembentukan tumor.

NSoerlmnoarlmcaelll CSaenl ckeanr sceerll UnMcitoonsitsrotildlaabk lteermkaitwoaslis MTaulimgnoramntatgulimnaonur

(a) Explain the development of a malignant tumour.

Terangkan pertumbuhan tumor malignan.

(b) State three factors that can cause cancer.

Nyatakan tiga faktor yang boleh menyebabkan kanser.

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(c) Explain two methods to control the development of malignant tumour.

Terangkan dua kaedah untuk mengawal pertumbuhan tumor malignan.

(i)
(ii)

45 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

  Biology  Form 4  Chapter 6 Cell Division 6

SPM Practice

Paper 1

6.1 Cell Division 3. Which is the longest A Two identical diploid

Pembahagian Sel phase in the cell cycle of a cells

1. Which of the following is meristematic cell? Dua sel diploid yang seiras

true about cytokinesis? Apakah fasa yang paling B Four identical diploid
panjang dalam kitar sel suatu
Antara yang berikut, yang sel meristem? cells
manakah adalah benar tentang
sitokinesis? A Interphase / Interfasa Empat sel diploid yang
seiras
A Division of cytoplasm B Prophase / Profasa
C Two unique haploid
Pembahagian sitoplasma C Metaphase / Metafasa
cells
B Division of nucleus D Telophase / Telofasa
Dua sel diploid yang unik
Pembahagian nukleus
D Four unique haploid
C Occurs during 4. Diagram 2 shows four
cells
anaphase phases involved in
Empat sel diploid yang unik
Berlaku semasa anafasa
mitosis which takes place 6. How many pairs of
D Occurs during
in a somatic cell with homologous chromosomes
prophase
chromosomal number 4. does a human male liver
Berlaku semasa profasa Rajah 2 menunjukkan empat
fasa mitosis yang berlaku cell have?
dalam sel soma dengan Berapakah pasangan
6.2 Cell Cycle and Mitosis bilangan kromosom 4. kromosom homolog yang
dipunyai oleh sel hati manusia
Kitar Sel dan Mitosis I III lelaki?

2. Diagram 1 shows a cell A 21 C 22
cycle.
B 23 D 46
Rajah 1 menunjukkan satu
kitar sel. II IV 7. Diagram 3 shows an
animal cell during mitosis.
Mitosis How many chromosomes
are there in the daughter
GG cell?

S Diagram 2 / Rajah 2 Rajah 3 menunjukkan suatu
sel haiwan semasa mitosis.
Which of the following is Berapakah bilangan kromosom
the correct sequence of the dalam sel anak?
Diagram 1 / Rajah 1 phases?

What happens during S? Antara yang berikut, yang
manakah urutan fasa-fasa Diagram 3 / Rajah 3
Apakah yang berlaku semasa S? yang betul?
A 2
A Synthesis of protein A I ➝ II ➝ III ➝ IV B 4
and new organelles B III ➝ IV ➝ I ➝ II C 6
C I ➝ III ➝ II ➝ IV D 8
Sintesis protein dan D IV ➝ I ➝ III ➝ II
organel-organel baharu
5. What are the end products
B Replication of DNA of mitosis?

Replikasi DNA Apakah hasil akhir mitosis?

C Cell prepares to divide

Sel bersedia untuk
membahagi

D Cell growth

Pertumbuhan sel

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 46

Biology  Form 4  Chapter 6 Cell Division 

8. Diagram 4 shows cytokinesis What type of nuclear division I Leukemia

which occurs in a plant cell. has the cell undergone? Leukimia

Rajah 4 menunjukkan proses Apakah jenis pembahagian II Malignant tumours
sitokinesis yang berlaku pada nukleus yang dialami oleh sel itu?
sel tumbuhan. Tumor malignan
A Mitosis / Mitosis
Cell wall P B Meiosis / Meiosis III Thalassemia
Dinding sel C Cytokinesis / Sitokinesis
D Binary fission / Belahan Talasemia

dedua IV Hemophilia

Diagram 4 / Rajah 4 1 1. A pollen grain of a plant Hemofilia

What is P? is found to have 10 A I and II

Apakah P? chromosomes. How many I dan II

A Cell wall chromosomes does a leaf B II and III

Dinding sel cell of the same plant have? II dan III
Satu debunga bagi sesuatu
B Cell plate tumbuhan didapati mempunyai C III and IV
10 kromosom. Berapakah
Plat sel kromosom yang dipunyai oleh III dan IV
satu sel daun bagi tumbuhan
C Cell membrane yang sama? D I and IV

Membran sel A 5 C 10 I dan IV

D Centriole B 20 D 40
1 4. Which of the following
Sentriol 12. Which of the following
shows the chromosome is not true about Down’s
9. Which of the following number of cells in various syndrome?
processes does not involve parts of a flowering plant?
mitosis? Antara yang berikut, yang
Antara yang berikut, yang manakah tidak benar tentang
Antara proses-proses berikut, manakah menunjukkan sindrom Down?
yang manakah tidak melibatkan bilangan kromosom pada sel di
mitosis? pelbagai bahagian tumbuhan A There is an error in
berbunga? spindle fibre formation
A Repair of damaged skin in the meiosis of cells
tissue Anther Pollen Stem that give rises to the
gamete.
Membaiki tisu kulit yang rosak Anter Debunga Batang
Terdapat kesilapan dalam
B Growth of muscles A Diploid Diploid Haploid pembentukan gentian
gelendong dalam meiosis
Pertumbuhan otot-otot Diploid Diploid Haploid pada sel yang membentuk
gamet.
C Production of sperm cells B Diploid Haploid Diploid
B There is an extra X
Penghasilan sel-sel sperma Diploid Haploid Diploid chromosome in a
person suffering from
D Production of white C Haploid Diploid Diploid Down’s syndrome.
blood cells
Haploid Diploid Diploid Terdapat lebih satu
Pembentukan sel-sel kromosom X pada
darah putih seseorang dengan sindrom
Down
6.3 Meiosis
C A person suffering
Meiosis from Down’s syndrome
is physically and
10. Diagram 5 shows a cell D Diploid Haploid Haploid mentally retarded.
which has undergone
nuclear division to produce Diploid Haploid Haploid Seseorang dengan sindrom
four daughter cells. Down adalah terencat dari
segi fizikal dan mental
Rajah 5 menunjukkan satu
sel yang telah mengalami Issues of Cell Divison on D A person suffering
pembahagian nukleus untuk Human Health from Down’s syndrome
membentuk empat sel anak. 6.4 has 47 chromosomes.
Isu Pembahagian Sel Terhadap
n Kesihatan Manusia Seseorang dengan sindrom
Down mempunyai 47
n 1 3. Which of the following kromosom.
can occur as a result of
n uncontrolled mitosis? © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
2n
Antara yang berikut, yang
n manakah berlaku akibat mitosis
tidak terkawal?
n

n

Diagram 5 / Rajah 5

47

  Biology  Form 4  Chapter 6 Cell Division Interphase
Interfasa
Paper 2 S

Section A / Bahagian A
1. Diagram 1.1 shows the cell cycle in an animal cell.

Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan kitar sel dalam suatu sel haiwan.
Y

G1

G2 [2 marks / 2 markah]
X

Diagram 1.1 / Rajah 1.1

(a) Label X and Y in the Diagram 1.1 above.

Labelkan X dan Y dalam Rajah 1.1 di atas.

(b) Explain briefly process Y.

Huraikan secara ringkas proses Y.

[2 marks / 2 markah]
(c) Cancer cells are formed after the normal cells are exposed to factor W.

Sel-sel kanser terbentuk selepas sel-sel normal didedahkan kepada faktor W. HOTS Applying

(i) Suggest one example of factor W.

Cadangkan satu contoh faktor W.

[1 mark / 1 markah]

(ii) Explain the formation of tumour.

Terangkan pembentukan tumor.

[2 marks / 2 markah]

(iii) Explain one way to control the development of tumour.

Terangkan satu cara untuk mengawal perkembangan tumor.

[2 marks / 2 markah]

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 48

Biology  Form 4  Chapter 6 Cell Division 

Section B / Bahagian B

2. Diagram 2 shows the cell cycle.
Rajah 2 menunjukkan kitar sel.
G2 M
(a) (i) What is this type of cell division?

Apakah jenis pembahagian sel ini?

[1 mark / 1 markah] Interphase
(ii) Explain the type of cell division you mentioned in (a)(i). Interfasa

Terangkan jenis pembahagian sel yang dinyatakan pada (a)(i). S G1

[2 marks / 2 markah]

(iii) Explain why this type of cell division is important to an

organism. Diagram 2 / Rajah 2

Terangkan mengapa jenis pembahagian sel ini adalah penting kepada
suatu organisma.

[3 marks / 3 markah]

(iv) Discuss briefly each of the phase as shown in diagram above.

Bincangkan secara ringkas bagi setiap fasa yang ditunjukkan di dalam gambar di atas.

[10 marks / 10 markah]

(b) The cells must divide in a controlled and orderly manner. Explain what would happen if

mitosis occurs repeatedly and uncontrollably. HOTS Applying

Pembahagian sel perlu berlaku dalam keadaan yang mengawal. Terangkan apa yang akan berlaku jika
mitosis berlaku secara berulang kali dan tidak terkawal.

[4 marks / 4 markah]

Section C / Bahagian C

3. (a) Stem cell therapy, also known as Brain / Otak

regenerative medicine, promotes the repair Nerve cells
Sel-sel saraf
response of diseased, dysfunctional or

injured tissue using stem cells. Heart / Jantung
Terapi sel stem, juga dikenali sebagai perubatan
regeneratif, membangunkan gerak balas Cardiac cells
pemulihan tisu-tisu yang dijangkiti penyakit, tidak Sel-sel kardiak
berfungsi dan tercedera dengan menggunakan
sel-sel stem. Stem cells Muscle cells Muscle / Otot
Sel-sel stem Sel-sel otot
Diagram 3.1 shows the potential application
Intestinal cells
of human stem cells. Sel-sel usus
Rajah 3.1 menunjukkan aplikasi potensi sel-sel Intestines / Usus
stem manusia.
Liver cells
(i) Based on Diagram 3.1, define stem cell. Sel-sel hati
Berdasarkan Rajah 3.1, berikan definisi sel
stem. Liver / Hati
Diagram 3.1 / Rajah 3.1
[2 marks / 2 markah]

(ii) The following information is about leukaemia.
Maklumat berikut adalah mengenai leukemia.

Leukaemia is blood cancer where too many white blood cells are produced and these
white blood cells do not mature normally. They accumulate in the bone marrow
as well as in the blood and also suppress the formation of normal blood cells. The
production of excessive numbers of these cells in the blood and the lost ability to fight
infection is what makes leukaemia rapidly fatal if not successfully treated.

Leukemia ialah kanser darah di mana terlalu banyak sel darah putih dihasilkan dan sel-sel darah
putih ini tidak matang secara normal. Mereka terkumpul di dalam sum-sum tulang dan juga di dalam
darah dan menindas pembentukan sel-sel darah yang normal. Penghasilan sel-sel ini dengan
banyak dalam darah dan kehilangan keupayaan untuk menentang penyakit menyebabkan leukemia
membawa kematian dengan cepat sekiranya tidak dirawat dengan berjaya.

49 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

  Biology  Form 4  Chapter 6 Cell Division

By using your biological knowledge, justify whether stem cell therapy is suitable to treat

cancer like leukaemia.

Dengan menggunakan pengetahuan biologi anda, wajarkan sama ada terapi sel stem sesuai digunakan
untuk merawat kanser seperti leukemia. HOTS Evaluating

[4 marks / 4 markah]

(b) Diagram 3.2 shows a group of orchid plants which are genetically
identical.

Rajah 3.2 menunjukkan sekumpulan tumbuhan orkid yang mempunyai
genetik yang sama.

Based on the diagram above, describe the techniques used to Diagram 3.2 / Rajah 3.2
produce these plants.

Berdasarakan rajah di atas, terangkan teknik bagi menghasilkan tumbuhan
ini.

HOTS Applying

[6 marks / 6 markah]
(c) Diagram 3.3 shows a karyotype of a person with chromosome abnormality.

Rajah 3.3 menunjukkan kariotip seseorang dengan ketidaknormalan kromosom.

12 3 45

6 7 8 9 10 11 12

13 14 15 16 17 18

19 20 21 22 XY

Diagram 3.3 / Rajah 3.3

You are asked to explain the health issue on the chromosome abnormality shown in Diagram
3.3 to the pregnant mother. Explain this abnormality.

Anda dikehendaki menerangkan isu kesihatan tentang ketidaknormalan kromosom yang ditunjukkan dalam
Rajah 3.3 kepada seorang wanita yang hamil. Terangkan ketidaknormalan ini. HOTS Applying

[8 marks / 8 markah]

HOTS Challenge

Explain the need for meiosis to occur prior to fertilisation in sexual reproduction.

Terangkan keperluan untuk meiosis berlaku terlebih dahulu sebelum persenyawaan dalam pembiakan seks.

HOTS Evaluating

Quiz 6

21PAK-

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 50

CHA PTER Cellular Respiration

7 Respirasi Sel

SMART Notes

Cellular respiration / Respirasi sel
The metabolic processes in which organic molecules such as glucose are broken down in living
cells to release energy.

Proses metabolisme di mana molekul-molekul organik seperti glukosa diuraikan dalam sel-sel hidup untuk
menghasilkan tenaga.

Type of Cellular Respiration / Jenis Respirasi Sel

Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration Fermentation

Respirasi Aerob Respirasi Anaerob Fermentasi

Cellular Respiration / Respirasi Sel In Cytoplasm / Dalam Sitoplasma
In Mitochondrion Glucose / Glukosa

Dalam Mitokondria Glucolysis / Glukolisis

OO22 present Pyruvate / Piruvat
O2 absent / Tanpa O2
hadir
Anaerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration
Respirasi anaerob
Respirasi aerob
Fermentation / Fermentasi

Carbon dioxide + water Lactic acid Alcohol
+ 38 ATP fermentation fermentation

Karbon dioksida + air Fermentasi asid laktik Fermentasi alkohol
+ 38 ATP

Lactic acid + 2 ATP Alcohol + carbon
dioxide + 2 ATP
Asid laktik + 2 ATP
Alkohol + karbon dioksida
+ 2 ATP

51 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

  Biology  Form 4  Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration

Energy Production through Cellular Respiration

7.1 Penghasilan Tenaga melalui Respirasi Sel

1. (a) Define cellular respiration. TP 1

Berikan definisi respirasi.

(b) State the main substrate used in energy production in the cell. TP 1

Nyatakan substrat utama yang digunakan dalam penghasilan tenaga dalam sel.

Aerobic Respiration

7.2 Respirasi Aerob

2. Complete the table below on aerobic respiration. TP 2

Lengkapkan jadual di bawah mengenai respirasi aerob.

(a) Requirement of oxygen

Keperluan oksigen

(b) Break down of glucose

Penguraian glukosa

(c) Amount of energy produced per molecule
of glucose

Jumlah tenaga dibebaskan per molekul glukosa

(d) Number of ATP molecules produced per
molecule of glucose

Bilangan molekul ATP dihasilkan per molekul glukosa

(e) Products of respiration

Hasil respirasi

(f) Site of reaction in the cell

Tempat tindak balas dalam sel

(g) Word equation

Persamaan perkataan


Fermentation

7.3 Fermentasi

3. Briefly explain the energy production from glucose during fermentation in: TP 2

Terangkan secara ringkas penghasilkan tenaga dari glukosa semasa fermentasi dalam:

(a) Human muscle cells / Sel-sel otot manusia

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 52

Biology  Form 4  Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration 

(b) Lactobacillus
(c) Yeast / Yis
(d) Paddy plants / Pokok padi

4. State three similarities between aerobic respiration and fermentation. TP 2

Nyatakan tiga persamaan antara respirasi aerob dan fermentasi.

(i)
(ii)
(iii)

SPM Practice 7

Paper 1

Energy Production Untuk menghasilkan A Cellular respiration
through Cellular karbon dioksida kepada sel cannot take place
Respiration without oxygen.
7.1 B To produce energy for
Penghasilan Tenaga melalui Respirasi sel tidak dapat
Respirasi Sel the cell berlaku tanpa oksigen.

1. What is the main substrate Untuk menghasilkan B Cellular respiration
tenaga kepada sel is affected by
of cellular respiration? temperature as it is
C To increase the an enzyme catalysed
Apakah substrat utama reaction.
respirasi sel? concentration of
Respirasi sel dipengaruhi
A Fats glucose in the cell oleh suhu kerana respirasi
sel merupakan tindak balas
Lemak Untuk meningkatkan dimangkinkan enzim.
kepekatan glukosa dalam
B Glucose sel C Cellular respiration
involves break down of
Glukosa D To produce lactic acid glucose.

C Sucrose for the cell Respirasi sel melibatkan
penguraian glukosa.
Sukrosa Untuk menghasilkan asid
laktik bagi sel D Cellular respiration can
only occur in living cells.
2. What is the function of 3. Which of these statements
about cellular respiration Respirasi sel hanya berlaku
cellular respiration? is not true? di sel-sel hidup.

Apakah fungsi respirasi sel? Antara pernyataan berikut, © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
yang manakah adalah tidak
A To produce carbon benar tentang respirasi sel?

dioxide for cell

53

  Biology  Form 4  Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration

4. During anaerobic respiration in humans, what substance is 7. Which of the following
consumed and what substances are produced?
is produced both in
Semasa respirasi anaerob dalam manusia, apakah substrat yang
digunakan dan apakah bahan yang dihasilkan? aerobic respiration and

Consumed Produced fermentation?

Digunakan Dihasilkan Antara yang berikut, yang
manakah dihasilkan dalam
A Glucose Carbon dioxide and ATP kedua-dua respirasi aerob dan
fermentasi?
Glukosa Karbon dioksida dan ATP
A Water
B Glucose Lactic acid and ATP
Air
Glukosa Asid laktik dan ATP
B Lactic acid
C Oxygen Carbon dioxide and water
Asid laktik
Oksigen Karbon dioksida dan air
C Adenosine
D Oxygen Lactic acid and carbon dioxide
triphosphate
Oksigen Asid laktik dan karbon dioksida
Adenosina trifosfat

D Carbon dioxide

Karbon dioksida

5. Which of the following changes occurs to an organism during

cellular respiration? 8. What is the ratio of carbon

Antara perubahan berikut, yang manakah berlaku pada sesuatu dioxide to water produced
organisma semasa respirasi sel?
during aerobic respiration?
Dry mass Oxygen Apakah nisbah karbon dioksida
kepada air yang dihasilkan
Jisim kering Oksigen semasa respirasi aerob?

A Gain Release A 6:1 C 1:1

Bertambah Pembebasan B 1:6 D 6:5

B Gain Uptake

Bertambah Pengambilan

C Loss Release 7.3 Fermentation

Berkurang Pembebasan Fermentasi

D Loss Uptake 9. The following equation
shows the process that
Berkurang Pengambilan takes place in the muscle
cell of an athlete when
doing a vigorous activity.

7.2 Aerobic Respiration Persamaan berikut
menunjukkan proses yang
Respirasi Aerob berlaku dalam sel otot seorang
atlet semasa melakukan aktiviti
6. Diagram 1 shows an equation for an aerobic respiration. cergas.

Rajah 1 menunjukkan suatu persamaan bagi respirasi aerob.

V +W X+Y +Z


Diagram 1 / Rajah 1 Glucose P + 150 kJ

What are V and W? Glukosa

Apakah itu V dan W? W What is P?
Carbon dioxide / Karbon
V Apakah P?
A Glucose / Glukosa dioksida
A Ethanol
B Energy / Tenaga Glucose / Glukosa
C Carbon dioxide / Karbon Water / Air Etanol

dioksida Oxygen / Oksigen B Amino acids

D Glucose / Glukosa Asid amino

C Lactic acid

Asid laktik

D Carbon dioxide

Karbon dioksida

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 54

Biology  Form 4  Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration 

10. Which of the following C Lack of oxygen 15. What happens in the
takes place during muscles tissues during
strenuous exercise? Kekurangan oksigen
vigorous activity?
Antara yang berikut, yang D Gout
manakah berlaku semasa Apakah yang berlaku di
latihan lasak? Gout dalam tisu otot semasa aktiviti
cergas?
I Aerobic respiration 13. Which of the following
explains why an athlete A Glucose molecules
Respirasi aerob running the 100 m sprint break down partially
has an oxygen debt during
II Lactic acid the race? into ethanol.
fermentation
Antara yang berikut, yang Molekul glukosa terurai
Fermentasi asid laktik manakah menerangkan secara separa kepada
mengapa seseorang atlet etanol.
III Glycogen production yang berlari 100 m lari pecut
mengalami hutang oksigen B Glucose molecules
Penghasilan glikogen semasa perlumbaan? break down completely

IV Alcohol fermentation A Lack of haemoglobin in into lactic acid.
his blood.
Fermentasi alkohol Molekul glukosa terurai
Kekurangan hemoglobin sepenuhnya kepada asid
A I and II dalam darahnya. laktik.

I dan II B Accumulation of lactic C Glucose molecules
acid in his body. break down completely
B II and III
Pengumpulan asid laktik to produce carbon
II dan III dalam badannya.
dioxide.
C III and IV C The oxygen supply
is less than oxygen Molekul glukosa terurai
III dan IV demand. sepenuhnya kepada karbon
dioksida.
D I and IV Oksigen yang dibekalkan
kurang daripada oksigen D Glucose molecules
I dan IV yang diperlukan. break down

11. What are the end products D Shortness of breath incompletely to
of fermentation in yeast during the race.
cells? produce 150 kJ of
Sesak nafas semasa
Apakah produk akhir fermentasi perlumbaan. energy.
dalam sel yis?
Molekul glukosa terurai
I Carbon dioxide secara tidak lengkap untuk
menghasilkan 150 kJ
Karbon dioksida tenaga.

II Lactic acid 14. Which of the following comparisons between aerobic respiration
and fermentation in human muscle is correct?
Asid laktik
Antara yang berikut, yang manakah membandingkan respirasi aerob dan
III Methanol fermentasi dalam otot manusia dengan betul?

Metanol Aerobic respiration Fermentation

IV Energy Respirasi aerob Fermentasi

Tenaga A No oxygen is consumed Oxygen is consumed

A I and II Tiada oksigen digunakan Oksigen digunakan

I dan II B Large amount of ATP is Small amount of ATP is
produced produced
B II and III
Jumlah ATP yang banyak Jumlah ATP yang sedikit
II dan III dihasilkan dihasilkan

C III and IV C Lactic acid is produced Ethanol is produced

III dan IV Asid laktik dihasilkan Etanol dihasilkan

D I and IV D Glucose is oxidised No glucose is oxidised

I dan IV Glukosa dioksidakan Tiada glukosa dioksidakan

12. What does the build-up
of lactic acid cause to the
body?

Apakah kesan pembentukan
asid laktik kepada badan?

A Hypertension

Hipertensi

B Fatigue

Kelesuan

55 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

  Biology  Form 4  Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration

Paper 2

Section A / Bahagian A
1. Diagram 1 shows an organelle commonly found in human cells.

Rajah 1 menunjukkan satu organel yang biasanya dijumpai dalam sel manusia.

Diagram 1 / Rajah 1

(a) Identify the organelle in Diagram 1.

Kenal pasti organel dalam Rajah 1.

(b) The organelle is the “powerhouse” of the cell. [1 mark / 1 markah]
[1 mark / 1 markah]
Organel ini merupakan “tapak penjanaan tenaga” bagi sel.

(i) State the reaction that occurs in this organelle.

Nyatakan tindak balas yang berlaku dalam organel ini.

(ii) Explain the reaction stated in (b)(i).

Terangkan tindak balas yang dinyatakan dalam (b)(i).

[2 marks / 2 markah]

(iii) Write out the word equation for the reaction in (b)(i).

Tuliskan persamaan perkataan untuk tindak balas dalam (b)(i).

[1 mark / 1 markah]
(c) Where does the main substrate for the reaction in (b)(i) come from? HOTS Analysing

Dari manakah substrat utama bagi tindak balas dalam (b)(i) berasal?

[1 mark / 1 markah]
(d) What happens to the products of the reaction in (b)(i) in a human body? HOTS Applying

Apakah yang berlaku kepada hasil-hasil tindak balas dalam (b)(i) dalam badan manusia?

[3 marks / 3 markah]

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 56

Biology  Form 4  Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration 

Section B / Bahagian B OOkxsyiggeenn
2. (a) Diagram 2 shows a process of energy production in particular

organism.

Rajah 2 menunjukkan satu proses penghasilan tenaga dalam organisma
tertentu.

Based on the diagram, explain process P. GGlluukcoossae

Berdasarkan rajah, terangkan proses P.

HOTS Analysing 2898 kJ
energy
[5 marks / 5 markah]
2898 kJ
(b) (i) Explain how an oxygen debt is built up when the athlete tenaga
is running and how it is settled after he stops running.
‘Process P / Proses P’
HOTS Applying Diagram 2 / Rajah 2

Terangkan bagaimana hutang oksigen terhasil semasa seseorang atlet sedang berlari dan bagaimana
hutang oksigen diatasi selepas atlet itu berhenti berlari.

[10 marks / 10 markah]

(ii) Explain why an athlete usually has to perform warming up before a sports event and
cooling down exercise after a sports event. HOTS Applying

Terangkan mengapa seseorang atlet perlu melakukan aktiviti memanaskan badan sebelum bersukan
dan menyejukkan badan selepas bersukan.

[5 marks / 5 markah]

Section C / Bahagian C
3. Diagram 3.1 shows the processes of energy production in organism Q and R.

Rajah 3.1 menunjukkan proses-proses penghasilan tenaga dalam organisma Q dan R.

Glucose Glucose
Glukosa Glukosa

150 kJ 210 kJ
Energy Energy
Tenaga Tenaga

Organism Q / Organisma Q Organism R / Organisma R

Diagram 3.1 / Rajah 3.1

(a) Compare the processes of energy production in organism Q and R.

Bandingkan proses-proses penghasilan tenaga dalam organisma Q dan R. HOTS Analysing

[8 marks / 8 markah]

57 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

  Biology  Form 4  Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration Organism R
Organisma R
(b) Diagram 3.2 shows the uses of organism Q and R in industry.

Rajah 3.2 menunjukkan kegunaan organisma Q dan R dalam industri.

Yogurt
Yogurt

Organism Q Dough
Organisma Q Doh

Organism Q / Organisma Q Organism R / Organisma R

Diagram 3.2 / Rajah 3.2

Based on Diagram 3.2, explain the uses of organism Q and R in industry.

Berdasarkan Rajah 3.2, terangkan kegunaan organisma Q dan R dalam industri. HOTS Applying

[6 marks / 6 markah]

(c) Diagram 3.3 shows the young paddy plant in water logged soil.

Rajah 3.3 menunjukkan pokok padi muda dalam tanah bertakung air.

(i) Explain the process of energy production in the root cells of

young paddy plant.

Terangkan proses penghasilan tenaga dalam sel-sel akar pokok padi
muda.

[4 marks / 4 markah]

(ii) Explain one adaptation of the root cells of young paddy plant in
carry out the energy production effectively.
Water / Air
Terangkan satu penyesuaian sel-sel akar pokok padi muda dalam Soil / Tanah
menjalankan penghasilan tenaga dengan berkesan. HOTS Analysing
Diagram 3.3 / Rajah 3.3

[2 marks / 2 markah]

HOTS Challenge

The moon has no atmosphere, no weather and no water. Its surface is in a perpetual vacuum.

Bulan tiada udara, tiada cuaca dan tiada air. Permukaannya kekal vakum.

You are asked to be part of a team looking for life on the moon. If there were organisms living on
the moon, what type of respiration might they carried out? Explain your answer.

Anda dimasukkan dalam satu pasukan yang mencari benda hidup di bulan. Sekiranya terdapat organisma yang
hidup di bulan, apakah jenis respirasi yang dilakukan oleh organisma tersebut? Terangkan jawapan anda.

Quiz 7

21PAK- 58

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

CHA PTER Respiratory System in Humans and Animals

8 Sistem Respirasi dalam Manusia dan Haiwan

SMART Notes

Respiratory Structures in Human and Animals / Struktur Respirasi dalam Manusia dan Haiwan

Gills / Insang Moist skin Nostril
Kulit lembap Lubang
hidung
Water in Water out
Air masuk Air keluar Glottis
Glotis
Lung
Peparu

Respiratory structure of a fish Respiratory structure of a frog (amphibian)

Struktur respirasi dalam ikan Struktur respirasi dalam katak (amfibia)

Bronchiole Pharynx Air sac Muscle
Bronkiol Farinks Pundi udara Otot
Alveolus Nasal cavity (in some Tracheole
Alveolus Ruang hidung insects) Trakeol
Blood (dalam
capillaries Larynx / Larinks sesetengah Trachea
Kapilari darah serangga) Trakea

Trachea / Trakea

Intercostal muscle CO2 Spiracle
Otot intercostal Spirakel
Rib Bronchus
Tulang rusuk Bronkus O2
Lung
Peparu Respiratory structure of
Diaphragm
Diafragma an insect

Respiratory structure of humans Struktur respirasi dalam
serangga
Struktur respirasi dalam manusia

Breathing Mechanism of Humans / Struktur Respirasi dalam Manusia

Inhalation / Penarikan nafas Exhalation / Hembusan nafas

Air flows in • External intercostal Air flows out • External intercostal
Udara mengalir ke dalam muscles contract Udara mengalir ke luar muscles relax
Otot-otot interkosta luar Otot-otot interkosta luar
mengecut mengendur

• Internal intercostal • Internal intercostal
muscles relax muscles contract
Otot-otot interkosta dalam Otot-otot interkosta
mengendur dalam mengecut

• Rib cage moves • Rib cage moves
upwards and outwards downwards and
Tulang rusuk bergerak ke inwards
atas dan ke luar Tulang rusuk bergerak
ke bawah dan ke dalam
• Thoracic volume • Diaphragm relaxes
• Diaphragm contracts increases and curves upwards • Thoracic volume
and flattens Isi padu toraks meningkat Diafragma mengendur decreases
Diafragma mengecut dan melengkung ke atas Isi padu toraks menurun
dan meleper

59 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

  Biology  Form 4  Chapter 8 Respiratory System in Humans and Animals

Types of Respiratory System

8.1 Jenis Sistem Respirasi

1. Explain the general characteristics of respiratory surface in human and animals that are adapted
for efficient gaseous exchange. TP 2

Terangkan ciri-ciri persamaan umum pada permukaan respirasi manusia dan haiwan yang disesuaikan untuk
pertukaran gas-gas respirasi yang cekap.

(a)
(b)
(c)

2. State the respiratory surface in the following organisms. TP 1

Nyatakan permukaan respirasi pada organisma-organisma berikut.

(a) Insect / Serangga :
(b) Fish / Ikan :
(c) Amphibian / Amfibia :
(d) Human / Manusia :

Mechanism of Breathing

8.2 Mekanisme Pernafasan

3. The table below shows the comparison of changes occur between inhalation and exhalation.

Jadual di bawah menunjukkan perbandingan perubahan yang berlaku antara tarik nafas dan hembus nafas.

Complete the table. TP 2

Lengkapkan jadual ini.

Carbohydrates Inhalation Exhalation

Karbohidrat Tarik nafas Hembus nafas

(a) External intercostal muscles

Otot interkosta luar

(b) Internal intercostal muscles

Otot interkosta dalam

(c) Rib cage

Sangkar rusuk

(d) Diaphragm

Diafragma

(e) Volume of thoracic cavity

Isi padu rongga toraks

(f) Pressure in lungs

Tekanan dalam peparu

(g) Movement of air

Pergerakan udara

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 60

8.3 Biology  Form 4  Chapter 8 Respiratory System in Humans and Animals 

Gaseous Exchange in Humans
Pertukaran Gas dalam Manusia

4. Describe briefly how oxygen is transported in the human blood from lungs and later released to
the body cells. TP 2

Huraikan secara ringkas bagaimana oksigen diangkut dalam darah manusia dari peparu dan kemudian dilepaskan
ke dalam sel-sel badan.

5. By using the concept of partial pressure, explain the process of gaseous exchange between: TP 2

Dengan menggunakan konsep tekanan separa, jelaskan proses pertukaran gas antara:

(a) Alveolus and blood capillary / Alveolus dan kapilari darah

(b) Body cell and blood capillary / Sel badan dan kapilari darah

6. State three ways how carbon dioxide is transported in the blood stream. TP 1

Nyatakan tiga cara bagaimana karbon dioksida diangkut dalam darah.

(a)
(b)
(c)

Health Issues Related to the Human Respiratory System

8.4 Isu Kesihatan Berkaitan Sistem Respirasi Manusia

7. Complete the following table on the effects of respiratory diseases.

Lengkapkan jadual berikut tentang kesan penyakit respirasi. HOTS Applying TP 3

Diseases Effects

Penyakit Kesan

(a) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease (COPD)

(b) Emphysema

Emfisema

(c) Bronchitis

Bronkitis

(d) Asthma

Asma



61 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

  Biology  Form 4  Chapter 8 Respiratory System in Humans and Animals

SPM Practice 8

Paper 1

8.1 Types of Respiratory B Facilitated diffusion C I, II and III only
System
Jenis Sistem Respirasi Resapan berbantu I, II dan III sahaja

1. Diagram 1 shows the C Diffusion D I, II and IV sahaja
respiratory system of an
insect. Resapan I, II dan IV sahaja

Rajah 1 menunjukkan sistem 3. Where is gaseous 5. Diagram 2 shows part
respirasi serangga. exchange occurs in of the lining of human
respiratory structure of fish? trachea.

Di manakah pertukaran gas Rajah 2 menunjukkan
berlaku dalam struktur respirasi sebahagian dinding dalam
ikan? trakea manusia.

I II A Operculum

Operkulum X

Diagram 1 / Rajah 1 B Mouth Diagram 2 / Rajah 2

What are the parts labelled Mulut What is the function of cell
I and II? X?
C Filament
Apakah bahagian-bahagian Apakah fungsi sel X?
yang berlabel I dan II? Filamen
A Exchange of gases
I II D Gill arch
Pertukaran gas
A Air sac Tracheole Lengkungan insang
B Movement of mucus
Kantung Trakeol 4. Which of the following
udara are the adaptations to Pergerakan mukus
maximise the function of
B Spiracle Trachea alveolus? C Phagocytosis
Spirakel Trakea
Antara yang berikut, yang Fagositosis
C Trachea Spiracle manakah merupakan
penyesuaiannya untuk D Secretion of mucus
Trakea Spirakel memaksimakan fungsi
alveolus? Rembesan mukus

D Tracheole Air sac I Has moist surface 8.2 Mechanism of Breathing

Mempunyai permukaan Mekanisme Pernafasan
lembap
Trakeol Kantung 6. What will happen if alveoli
udara II Thin wall
are torn and punctured?
2. What process that occurs Dinding yang nipis
Apakah yang berlaku apabila
between the body cells and III Has a small surface alveolus koyak dan bocor?
area
the trachea of an insect? A Gasping
Mempunyai luas
Apakah proses yang berlaku permukaan yang kecil Tercungap-cungap
antara sel-sel badan dan
trakea di dalam badan IV Has a dense network of B Sneezing
serangga? blood capillary
Bersin
A Osmosis Mempunyai jaringan
kapilari yang banyak C Shivering
Osmosis
A I and II only Menggigil

I dan II sahaja D Coughing

B II and IV only Batuk

II dan IV sahaja

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 62

Biology  Form 4  Chapter 8 Respiratory System in Humans and Animals 

7. Which of the following III Abdominal muscles C By increasing the blood
statements about human contract
respiratory system is true? flow beneath the skin.
Otot abdomen mengecut
Antara pernyataan berikut, Melalui peningkatan
yang manakah tentang sistem IV Volume of abdomen pengaliran darah di bawah
respirasi manusia adalah decreases kulit.
benar?
Isi padu abdomen D By counter current
A The cartilage rings berkurang
in trachea increase flow of water and
the surface area for A I and II
gaseous exchange. blood.
I dan II
Gelang-gelang rawan Melalui tukar ganti lawan
di trakea meningkatkan B II and III arus aliran air dan aliran
luas permukaan untuk darah.
pertukaran gas. II dan III
8.3 Gaseous Exchange in
B The bronchioles C III and IV Humans
branch out to form Pertukaran Gas dalam Manusia
bronchus to reduce the III dan IV
air movement in the 11. Diagram 3 shows the
respiratory tract. D I and IV longitudinal section of
an alveolus and blood
Bronkiol bercabang untuk I dan IV capillary.
membentuk bronkus bagi
mengurangkan pergerakan 9. What happens to the Rajah 3 menunjukkan keratan
udara dalam salur respirasi. volume of the lungs and membujur alveolus dan kapilari
the air pressure inside the darah.
C The movement of lungs during inhalation?
oxygen and carbon
dioxide across the Apakah yang berlaku kepada
alveolar walls by isi padu peparu dan tekanan
diffusion. udara dalam peparu semasa
penarikan nafas?
Pergerakan oksigen dan
karbon dioksida merentas Lung Air Air flow
dinding alveolus melalui volume pressure
resapan. Gerakan udara
Isi padu Tekanan Blood flow
D During inhalation, the peparu udara Blood flow
volume in the lungs Aliran darah
decreases to allow more Aliran darah
air to enter the lungs.
A Decreases Decreases Y
Semasa penarikan nafas, X
isi padu dalam peparu Berkurang Berkurang
berkurangan untuk
membenarkan lebih banyak B Decreases Increases
udara memasuki peparu.
Berkurang Bertambah Diagram 3 / Rajah 3
8. Which of the following
occurs in inhalation of a C Increases Decreases What is the partial
grasshopper? pressure of oxygen at X
Bertambah Berkurang dan Y?
Antara yang berikut, yang
manakah berlaku semasa D Increases Increases Apakah tekanan separa
penarikan nafas seekor oksigen di X dan Y?
belalang? Bertambah Bertambah
XY
I Spiracles open
10. How is the efficiency A High Low
Spirakel buka
of gaseous exchange Tinggi Rendah
II Air pressure in trachea
decreases increased in fish? B Low High

Tekanan udara dalam Bagaimanakah keberkesanan Rendah Tinggi
trakea berkurang pertukaran gas ditingkatkan
dalam ikan? C Low Low

A By opening and closing Rendah Rendah

of operculum. D High High

Melalui pembukaan dan Tinggi Tinggi
penutupan operkulum.

B By decreasing the

mouth cavity.

Melalui pengurangan
rongga mulut.

63 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

  Biology  Form 4  Chapter 8 Respiratory System in Humans and Animals

12. Which of the following is Health Issues Related to I Bronchitis
the Human Respiratory
the effect of the formation System Bronkitis
8.4
of carboxyhaemoglobin in Isu Kesihatan Berkaitan Sistem II Decrease in heartbeat
Respirasi Manusia
the body? Menurunkan denyutan
13. What is the disease that jantung
Antara yang berikut, yang
manakah ialah kesan probably suffered by the III Increase in blood
pembentukan pressure
karboksihemoglobin dalam patient with damaged
badan? Meningkatkan tekanan
alveoli? darah
A Less oxygen is
Apakah jenis penyakit yang IV Cause addiction
transported to the body mungkin dihidapi oleh pesakit
dengan alveolus yang Menyebabkan ketagihan
cells. musnah?
Which effects are caused
Kurang oksigen diangkut A Lungs cancer by nicotine?
ke sel-sel badan.
Kanser peparu Apakah kesan yang
B More carbon dioxide is disebabkan oleh nikotin?
B Emphysema
produced in the body. A I and II
Emfisema
Lebih banyak karbon I dan II
dioksida dihasilkan dalam C Asthma
badan. B II and III
Asma
C The red blood cells are II dan III
D Bronchitis
destroyed in the body. C III and IV
Bronkitis
Sel-sel darah merah III dan IV
dimusnahkan di dalam 1 4. Some effects of smoking
badan. are listed below. D I and IV

D Blood cloting action is Sesetengah kesan merokok I dan IV
adalah disenaraikan di bawah.
inhibited.

Tindakan pembekuan
darah dihentikan.

Paper 2

Section A / Bahagian A

1. Diagram 1.1 shows a section of the thorax with lungs.

Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan satu bahagian toraks dengan peparu.

(a) Name the structures labelled S and T. S
T
Namakan struktur-struktur berlabel S dan T.

S : R

T :

[2 marks / 2 markah]

(b) Explain the characteristic of structure R which is Diagram 1.1 / Rajah 1.1
related to its function.

Terangkan ciri-ciri struktur R yang berkaitan dengan
fungsinya.

[2 marks / 2 markah]

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 64

Biology  Form 4  Chapter 8 Respiratory System in Humans and Animals 

(c) Diagram 1.2 shows the conditions of thorax during processes J and K in breathing mechanism.

Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan keadaan toraks semasa proses J dan proses K dalam mekanisme pernafasan.

Process J Process K
Proses J Proses K

Diagram 1.2 / Rajah 1.2

(i) State two differences between processes J and K.

Nyatakan dua perbezaan antara proses J dan proses K.

Process J / Proses J Process K / Proses K

[2 marks / 2 markah]
(ii) The diaphragm is unable to function. Explain how this affects the breathing mechanism.

Diafragma tidak boleh berfungsi. Terangkan bagaimana keadaan ini memberi kesan kepada mekanisme
pernafasan.

[3 marks / 3 markah]

Section B / Bahagian B
2. (a) Diagram 2.1 shows the respiratory system an insect.

Rajah 2.1 menunjukkan sistem respirasi seekor serangga.

Diagram 2.1 / Rajah 2.1

Explain how the body cells obtain oxygen from air.

Terangkan bagaimana sel-sel badan memperoleh oksigen dari udara.

65 [4 marks / 4 markah]

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

  Biology  Form 4  Chapter 8 Respiratory System in Humans and Animals

(b) Diagram 2.2 (a) and 2.2 (b) shows the respiratory organ of human and fish respectively.

Rajah 2.2 (a) dan 2.2 (b) menunjukkan organ respirasi manusia dan ikan masing-masing.

Water in Gills / Insang
Air masuk Water out
Air keluar

Rib Lung
Tulang rusuk Peparu

Diagram 2.2 (a) / Rajah 2.2 (a) Diagram 2.2 (a) / Rajah 2.2 (a)

Compare the structure of respiratory organ between human and fish.

Bandingkan struktur organ respirasi antara manusia dan ikan.

[10 marks / 10 markah]

(c) Diagram 2.3 shows the pressure changes in the lungs of a person during the period of one
breath at rest.

Rajah 2.3 menunjukkan perubahan tekanan dalam peparu seseorang dalam tempoh satu pernafasan dalam
keadaan rehat.

Pressure in lungs 1 Process P Process Q
Proses P Proses Q

Tekanan dalam 0
peparu

-1

Diagram 2.3 / Rajah 2.3

Explain the changes of pressure in lungs during process P and process Q.

Terangkan perubahan tekanan dalam peparu semasa proses P dan proses Q.

[6 marks / 6 markah]

Section C / Bahagian C

3. (a) Diagram 3.1 shows two types of lung diseases, bronchitis and emphysema.

Rajah 3.1 menunjukkan dua jenis penyakit peparu, bronkitis dan emfisema.

Healthy Bronchitis Normal alveoli Emphysema
bronchus Bronkitis Alveolus normal Emfisema
Bronkus
yang sihat

Healthy Lung Emphysema
Peparu sihat Emfisema

Bronchitis / Bronkitis Emphysema / Emfisema

Diagram 3.1 / Rajah 3.1

Explain the causes of bronchitis and emphysema and its effects to the health of an individual
respectively.

Terangkan punca bronkitis dan emfisema dan kesannya masing-masing kepada kesihatan seseorang individu.

HOTS Analysing

[10 marks / 10 markah]

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 66

Biology  Form 4  Chapter 8 Respiratory System in Humans and Animals 

(b) 25th of September is World Lung Day. It is a day for lung health advocacy and action, an
opportunity for us to unite and promote better lung health globally.

25 September merupakan Hari Peparu Sedunia. Hari tersebut merupakan satu hari untuk sokongan dan
tindakan terhadap kesihatan peparu, satu peluang kepada kita untuk bersatu dan menggalakkan kesihatan
peparu yang lebih baik secara global.

You are needed to produce a pamphlet about World Lung Day. In the pamphlet, suggest and
explain how to keep our lung healthy.

Anda dikehendaki menyediakan sebuah risalah tentang Hari Peparu Sedunia. Dalam risalah itu, cadang dan
terangkan cara-cara untuk memelihara kesihatan peparu. HOTS Creating

[10 marks / 10 markah]

HOTS Challenge

In addition to gases, the air that we breathe in is loaded with microorganisms and harmful air
particles like dust. These microorganisms and air particle will enter our body through respiratory
tract.

Selain daripada gas-gas, udara yang kita sedut dipenuhi dengan mikroorganisma, dan bahan-bahan bawaan
udara berbahaya seperti debu. Bahan-bahan ini akan memasuki badan kita melalui salur pernafasan.

(a) What are the adaptations of human respiratory tract to prevent the infection caused by
microorganisms and harmful air particles?

Apakah ciri-ciri penyesuaian dalam salur pernafasan manusia yang menghalang jangkitan mikroorganisma
dan bahan-bahan bawaan udara yang berbahaya ini?

(b) A heavy smoker is prone to persistent cough. Explain how this habit reduces the efficiency of
respiratory system to function.

Seseorang perokok biasanya akan mengalami batuk berpanjangan. Terangkan bagaimana tabiat merokok
mengurangkan kecekapan sistem respirasi manusia. HOTS Analysing

21PAK- Quiz 8
© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
67

CHA PTER Nutrition and the Human Digestive System

9 Nutrisi dan Sistem Pencernaan Manusia

SMART Notes

Human Digestive System Assimilation

Sistem Pencernaan Manusia Asimilasi

Synthesis of For cellular respiration
plasma proteins Untuk respirasi sel
Sintesis protein plasma
Glucose / Glukosa

Liver / Hati Pancreas Oesophagus Liver Glycogen / Glikogen
Pankreas Esofagus Hati Hepatic

Stomach Excreted Urea Glucose / Glukosa portal vein
Perut by kidneys Urea
Gall bladder Large intestine Dikumuhkan Vena portal
Pundi hempedu Usus besar oleh ginjal Amino
Small intestine acids hepatic
Duodenum Usus kecil Asid amino
Duodenum
Rectum
Colon / Kolon Rektum

Cecum / Sekum Anus Flow of blood Small intestine
Dubur carrying nutrients Usus kecil
Appendix Darah mengalir
Apendiks membawa nutrien

Digestion of carbohydrates Digestion of proteins Digestion of lipids

Pencernaan karbohidrat Pencernaan protein Pencernaan lipid

Mouth cavity, Polysaccharides / Polisakarida Disaccharides / Disakarida
pharynx,
oesophagus Starch Sucrose Lactose

Rongga mulut, Kanji Sukrosa Laktosa
farinks, esofagus
Salivary amylase

Amilase air liur

Maltose / Maltosa

Stomach Protein Caseinogen / Kaseinogen

Perut Pepsin Rennin / Renin

Small intestine Pancreatic amylase Polypeptides Casein Lipid
(Enzymes from Lipase
pancreatic juice) Amilase pankreas Polipeptida Kasein
Fatty acids / Asid Lemak
Usus kecil (Enzim Maltose / Maltosa Trypsin / Tripsin + Monoglyceride
dari jus pankreas) Peptides / Peptida
Monogliserida

Small intestine Maltase Sucrase Lactase Erepsin
(Enzymes from Amino acids / Asid amino
intestinal juice) Maltase Sukrase Laktase

Usus kecil (Enzim Glucose / Glukosa Glucose / Glukosa Glucose / Glukosa
dari jus usus) + +

Fructose Galactose

Fruktosa Galaktosa

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 68

Biology  Form 4  Chapter 9 Nutrition and the Human Digestive System 

Digestive System

9.1 Sistem Pencernaan

1. Identify the parts labelled below. TP 1

Kenal pasti bahagian-bahagian yang berlabel di bawah.

(a) (f )

(b) (g)

(c) (h)
(d) (i)

(j)

(e) (k)

9.2 Digestion
Pencernaan

2. Complete the following table that shows the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids in
human body. TP 2

Lengkapkan jadual berikut untuk menunjukkan pencernaan karbohidrat, protein dan lipid dalam badan manusia.

Structure Secretion Enzymatic reactions

Struktur Rembesan Tindak balas enzim

Mouth from breaks down starch into
glands. .
Mulut
dari kelenjar menguraikan kanji kepada
. .

Stomach juice from breaks down proteins into
glands. .
Perut
dari menguraikan protein kepada
Jus . .
kelenjar

converts caseinogens into
.

menukarkan kaseinogen kepada
.

69 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

  Biology  Form 4  Chapter 9 Nutrition and the Human Digestive System

Structure Secretion and its source Enzymatic reactions
Struktur Rembesan dan sumbernya
Tindak balas enzim

Duodenum from emulsify into
. smaller droplets.
Duodenum
dari mengemulsikan
. kepada titisan halus.

juice from breaks down starch into
. .

Jus dari menguraikan kanji kepada
. .

breaks down polypeptides into
.

menguraikan polipeptida kepada
.

breaks down lipids into
and .

menguraikan lipid kepada
dan .

Ileum juice from breaks down maltose into
glands. .
Ileum
dari kelenjar menguraikan maltosa kepada
. .

breaks down sucrose into
and .

menguraikan sukrosa kepada
dan .

breaks down lactose into
and .

menguraikan laktosa kepada
dan .

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 70

Biology  Form 4  Chapter 9 Nutrition and the Human Digestive System 

Structure Secretion and its source Enzymatic reactions
Struktur Rembesan dan sumbernya
Tindak balas enzim

breaks down peptides into
.

menguraikan peptida kepada
.


Absorption

9.3 Penyerapan

3. Describe three adaptations of villus in nutrients absorption. TP 2

Huraikan tiga penyesuaian vilus dalam penyerapan nutrien.

(a)
(b)
(c)

Assimilation

9.4 Asimilasi

4. Define assimilation. TP 1

Berikan definisi asimilasi.

5. Describe four functions of liver in human body. TP 2

Huraikan empat fungsi hati dalam badan manusia.

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

Defaecation

9.5 Penyahtinjaan

6. (a) What is defaecation? TP 1

Apakah itu penyahtinjaan?

71 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

  Biology  Form 4  Chapter 9 Nutrition and the Human Digestive System

(b) State of content of faeces.

Nyatakan kandungan tinja.

Balanced Diet

9.6 Gizi Seimbang

7. Plan the diets for individual with specific health problem as shown in table below. TP 2

Rancangkan makanan untuk individu dengan masalah kesihatan tertentu seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam jadual
di bawah.

Health problem Food should be eaten with Food should be avoided
examples with examples
Masalah kesihatan
Makanan yang perlu dimakan Makanan yang patut dielakkan
Obesity dengan contoh-contoh dengan contoh-contoh

Obesiti

Diabetes mellitus

Diabetes melitus

Cancer

Kanser



Health Issues Related to the Digestive System and Eating Habits

9.7 Isu Kesihatan Berkaitan Sistem Pencernaan dan Tabiat Pemakanan

8. Match the health issues related to the eating habits with its explanation. TP 2

Padankan isu-isu kesihatan berkaitan dengan tabiat pemakanan dengan penerangannya.

(a) Gastritis (e) Epithelial lining of stomach is inflamed.

Gastritis Lapisan epithelium perut mengalami keradangan.

(b) Muscle (f) Psychological disorder that causes a person to engage in
dysmorphia behaviours aimed at achieving the desired lean and muscular
physique with excessive exercise.
Dismorfia otot
Gangguan psikologi yang membuat seseorang cenderung membina otot
untuk mendapatkan tubuh binaraga dengan cara yang berlebihan.

(c) Anorexia (g) Psychological disorder which a person intentionally deprives
nervosa oneself of food to achieve a severe loss in body weight.

Anoreksia Gangguan psikologi yang mana seseorang sengaja mengelak daripada
nervosa makan untuk mencapai kehilangan berat badan yang melampau.

(d) Bulimia (h) Psychological disorder which is characterised by sequences of
nervosa excessive food intake and purging to counteract the effects of
a binge.
Bulimia
nervosa Gangguan psikologi yang dicirikan dengan urutan pengambilan dan
penyingkiran makanan untuk mengatasi kesan pengambilan makanan
secara berlebihan.

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 72

Biology  Form 4  Chapter 9 Nutrition and the Human Digestive System 

SPM Practice 9

Paper 1

9.1 Digestive System 3. Which of the following
does not produce enzymes
Sistem Pencernaan required for digestion?

1. What is the function of Antara yang berikut, yang A
manakah tidak menghasilkan C
alimentary canal? enzim-enzim yang diperlukan
untuk pencernaan? BD
Apakah fungsi salur
pencernaan? A Stomach

A To transport blood to Perut Diagram 2 / Rajah 2

all parts of the body B Small intestine Which of the labelled
part A, B, C and D is the
Mengangkut darah kepada Usus kecil site where absorption of
semua bahagian dalam digested food occurs?
badan C Pancreas
Antara bahagian berlabel A,
B To digest and absorb Pankreas B, C dan D, yang manakah
merupakan tempat berlakunya
nutrients from ingested D Gall bladder penyerapan makanan
tercerna?
food Pundi hempedu
9.4 Assimilation
Mencerna dan menyerap 4. Diagram 1 shows part
nutrien dari makanan yang of the human digestive Asimilasi
diambil system.

C To regulate body’s Rajah 1 menunjukkan
sebahagian daripada sistem
internal temperature pencernaan manusia.

Untuk mengawal suhu P
dalaman badan
Q 6. In which direction does
D To coordinate the
S R blood in hepatic portal
voluntary and
vein flows?
involuntary actions of
Ke arah manakah darah dalam
the body vena portal hepar mengalir?

Mengkoordinasi tindakan A From liver to pancreas
terkawal dan tidak terkawal
dalam badan Dari hati ke pankreas

Diagram 1 / Rajah 1 B From liver to heart

9.2 Digestion Which part has an acidic Dari hati ke jantung

Pencernaan medium? C From small intestine to

2 Which of the following Bahagian manakah yang liver
mempunyai medium berasid?
will be digested by Dari usus kecil ke hati
A P
enzymes in saliva? B Q D From small intestine to
C R
Antara yang berikut, yang D S pancreas
manakah akan dicerna oleh
enzim dalam air liur? Dari usus kecil ke pankreas

A Maltose 9.3 Absorption 7. The following statement
refers to a process in
Maltosa Penyerapan digestion.

B Starch 5. Diagram 2 shows the Pernyataan berikut merujuk
human digestive system. kepada satu proses dalam
Kanji pencernaan.
Rajah 2 menunjukkan sistem
C Protein pencernaan manusia.

Protein

73 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

  Biology  Form 4  Chapter 9 Nutrition and the Human Digestive System

A process of utilisation D Digestion of protein Volume of 20 cm3
of digested nutrient water 28°C
to form complex Pencernaan protein 76°C
compounds. Isi padu air 0.9 g
9.6 Balanced diet 4.2 J g–1 °C
Proses penggunaan nutrien Initial water
untuk membentuk sebatian Gizi Seimbang temperature
kompleks.
10. Table below shows the Suhu awal air
What is the process? results of an experiment to
determine the amount of Final
Apakah proses tersebut? vitamin C in lime juice. temperature
of water
A Assimilation Jadual di bawah menunjukkan
satu eksperimen untuk Suhu akhir air
Asimilasi menentukan kandungan
vitamin C dalam jus limau. Mass of
B Absorption cashew nut
Volume
Penyerapan required to Jisim kacang
decolourise gajus
C Deamination 1.0 cm3 of
0.1 % DCPIP Specific heat
Deaminasi capacity of
solution water
D Defaecation
Isi padu yang Muatan haba
Penyahtinjaan diperlukan tentu bagi air
untuk
8. Which of the following is Sample melunturkan

not the function of liver? Sampel 1.0 cm3 larutan
0.1 % DCPIP
Antara yang berikut, yang What is the energy value
manakah bukan fungsi hati? 0.1 % 0.4 ml
Ascorbic of the cashew nut?
A Form urea acid
Apakah nilai tenaga kacang
Membentuk urea 0.1 % asid gajus?
askorbik
B Produce bile A 1.45 kJ g–1
B 2.23 kJ g–1
Menghasilkan hempedu C 4.48 kJ g–1
D 9.83 kJ g–1
C Secrete digestive
Lime Health Issues Related to
enzymes juice the Digestive System and
2.0 ml Eating Habits
Merembeskan enzim Jus limau 9.7
pencernaan Isu Kesihatan Berkaitan Sistem

D Modify toxins into

non-toxic substances

Mengubah toksin kepada
bahan bukan toksik

9.5 Defaecation Pencernaan dan Tabiat Pemakanan

Penyahtinjaan What is the amount of

9. Which of the following vitamin C in lime juice? 1 2. A patient in a hospital
has had his gall bladder
is the main process that Berapakah kandungan vitamin removed, and needs a
C dalam jus limau? special diet. Which menu
occurred in human’s would be the most suitable
A 0.2 mg cm–3 for this patient?
intestine? B 0.3 mg cm–3
C 0.5 mg cm–3 Seorang pesakit di hospital
Antara yang berikut, yang D 5.0 mg cm–3 telah dikeluarkan pundi
manakah ialah proses utama hempedunya dan memerlukan
yang berlaku di dalam kolon 11. Table below shows an menu yang khusus. Menu yang
manusia? experiment to determine manakah paling sesuai untuk
the energy value of pesakit tersebut?
A Water absorption cashew nut.
A Boiled chicken meal
Penyerapan air Jadual di bawah menunjukkan (without skin) and a
satu eksperimen untuk fresh orange.
B Absorption of digestive menentukan nilai tenaga
kacang gajus. Daging ayam yang direbus
product (tanpa kulit) dan oren segar.

Penyerapan hasil
pencernaan makanan

C Digestion of cellulose

Pencernaan selulosa

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 74

Biology  Form 4  Chapter 9 Nutrition and the Human Digestive System 

B Fried fish fillet in C Fried fish fillet and D Chicken sausage and
cheese sauce and green boiled potato. cream cake.
salad.
Isi ikan goreng dan kentang Sosej ayam dan kek
Isi ikan goreng dalam sos rebus. berkrim.
keju dan salad hijau.

Paper 2

Section A / Bahagian A
1. Diagram 1 shows a section of the human alimentary canal.

Rajah 1 menunjukkan salur pencernaan manusia.
A

E
B

DC

Diagram 1 / Rajah 1

(a) Explain how the food bolus moves down from A to B.

Terangkan bagaimana bolus makanan bergerak turun dari A ke B. HOTS Analysing

[2 marks / 2 markah]

(b) Starch is digested in mouth but not digested in organ B. Explain.

Kanji dicernakan di mulut tetapi tidak dicernakan di organ B. Terangkan.

[3 marks / 3 markah]

(c) Organ C secretes juice which contains enzymes into structure D. Explain the digestion of two
nutrients in structure D.

Organ C merembeskan jus yang mengandungi enzim ke dalam struktur D. Terangkan pencernaan dua
nutrien di struktur D.

[2 marks / 2 markah]

(d) Explain the role of organ E in digestion of lipids.

Terangkan peranan organ E dalam pencernaan lipid.

[2 marks / 2 markah]
75 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

  Biology  Form 4  Chapter 9 Nutrition and the Human Digestive System

Section B / Bahagian B

2. (a) Diagram 2 shows the human digestive system.

Rajah 2 menunjukkan sistem pencernaan manusia.

A student takes white bread, butter and fresh milk for breakfast.

Explain how the foods are digested in parts R, S and T in the S R
system. T

Seorang murid mengambil roti putih, mentega dan susu segar sebagai
sarapan. Terangkan bagaimana makanan-makanan ini dicernakan di
bahagian R, S dan T di dalam sistem itu.

[10 marks / 10 markah]

(b) After digestion, the digested foods are absorbed in small Diagram 2 / Rajah 2
intestine and assimilated in the body. Describe the assimilation

of the digested food in breakfast taken by the student in the

body.
Selepas pencernaan, makanan tercerna diserap dalam usus kecil dan diasimilasikan di dalam badan.
Huraikan proses asimilasi makanan tercerna dalam sarapan pagi murid tersebut dalam badan,.

[6 marks / 6 markah]

(c) After absorption of nutrients in the small intestine, the undigested substances in the colon

result in the formation of faeces. Explain the formation of faeces in a human.
Selepas penyerapan nutrien dalam usus kecil, bahan-bahan tidak tercerna di dalam kolon akan membentuk
tinja. Terangkan pembentukan tinja dalam manusia. HOTS Analysing
[4 marks / 4 markah]

Section C / Bahagian C

3. (a) Malaysia government, particularly Nutrition Division of Ministry of Health Malaysia, is now
actively promoting the Malaysian Healthy Plate via various programs and channels, mainly
health promotion campaigns, radio talks and television advertisements. This is due to current
increasing trend in prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCD). Some examples of these
NCD are diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and even obesity.

Kerajaan Malaysia, khasnya Bahagian Nutrisi dalam Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia, sedang menggalakkan
secara aktif tentang Pinggan Sihat Malaysia melalui pelbagai program dan saluran, terutamanya kempen,
ceramah radio dan iklan televisyen. Hal ini adalah disebabkan oleh peningkatan penyakit tidak berjangkit
seperti diabetes melitus, hipertensi, hiperkolestrolemia dan juga obesiti.

Diagram 3.1 shows Malaysian Healthy Plate.

Rajah 3.1 menunjukkan Pinggan Sihat Malaysia.

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. Diagram 3.1 / Rajah 3.1

76

Biology  Form 4  Chapter 9 Nutrition and the Human Digestive System 

Based on Diagram 3.1, explain how the Malaysian Healthy Plate that was introduced through
‘Quarter-Quarter-Half” campaign can be used to promote healthy eating habits among
Malaysians.

Berdasarkan Rajah 3.1, terangkan bagaimana Pinggan Sihat Malaysia yang diperkenalkan melalui kempen
‘Suku-Suku-Separuh’ boleh digunakan untuk menggalakkan tabiat pemakanan yang sihat dalam kalangan
rakyat Malaysia. HOTS Applying

[10 marks / 10 markah]

(b) Diagram 3.2 shows several eating habits of human.

Rajah 3.2 menunjukkan beberapa tabiat pemakanan manusia.

Food is not taken Excessive intake Afraid to eat any Self-induced
at regular time of fats food vomiting after

Makanan tidak Pengambilan lemak Takut untuk taking meal
diambil mengikut yang berlebihan mengambil sebarang
waktu yang teratur Memuntahkan
makanan makanan selepas

makan

Diagram 3.2 / Rajah 3.2

Explain how the eating habits affect the human health.

Terangkan bagaimana tabiat pemakanan tersebut mempengaruhi kesihatan manusia.

[10 marks / 10 markah]

HOTS Challenge

Mariam has undergone a surgical procedure to remove part of her pancreas.

Mariam telah mengalami prosedur pembedahan untuk membuang sebahagian daripada pankreasnya.

The doctor prescribes a drug that contains hundreds of tiny pellets containing lipase enclosed

within a lipid coating as shown in the diagram below.

Doktor memberikan sejenis ubat kapsul yang mengandungi beratus-ratus butiran kecil yang mengandungi lipase
yang dibungkus dalam lapisan kulit lipid seperti dalam rajah di bawah.

Pellets of dry enzymes Lipid coating
Butiran-butiran enzim Lapisan kulit lipid
kering



(a) Suggest two advantages of this drug delivery system to ensure that the lipase reaches the small
intestine. HOTS Creating

Nyatakan dua kebaikan ubat ini untuk memastikan lipase dalam ubat ini dapat dihantar ke usus kecil.

(b) Suggest why the lipase in the pellets do not digest the lipid coating.

Terangkan mengapa lipase dalam butiran tidak menguraikan lapisan kulit lipid. HOTS Applying

21PAK- Quiz 9
© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
77

CHA PTER Transport in Humans and Animals

10 Pengangkutan dalam Manusia dan Haiwan

SMART Notes

Circulatory System in Insects, Fish, Amphibians and Humans

Sistem Peredaran dalam Serangga, Ikan, Amfibia dan Manusia

Aorta Ostia HeAaortrta Ostia Heart Right Lungs Left
Aorta Ostium JantAunogrta Ostium Jantung atrium Peparu atrium
Atrium Body Atrium
Gills Heart Heart BBaoddaBBynaoddayBnBaoddayn LungLsungs kanan Badan kiri
Insang JaGntiullsng JBanotdunyg PepaPrueparu Right Left
Haemocoel Insang Badan ventricle ventricle
Hemosel Ventrikel Ventrikel
Haemocoel kanan kiri
Hemosel

Conduction of Impulse / Pengaliran Impuls

SA node 1 SA node 2 Impulse
Nodus SA generates spread to
electrical both atria.
impulse. AV node Atria conract.
Nodus AV Blood is
Nodus SA forced from
menghasilkan atria into
impuls elektrik. ventricles.

Impuls
tersebar ke
atrium. Atrium
mengecut.
Darah tertolak
dari atrium ke
ventrikel.

Bundle of Purkinje tissue
His branches Gentian Purkinje
Berkas His Heart apex
Apeks jantung

3 Electrical signals reach Bundle of His 4 The electrical impulses spread to the
and Purkinje tissue, and finally to the ventricles, causing them to pump blood out
apex of the heart. into pulmonary artery and aorta.

Isyarat elektrik tiba di berkas His dan gentian Impuls elektrik tersebar ke ventrikel menyebabkan
Purkinje, dan akhirnya ke apeks jantung. darah dipam keluar ke arteri pulmonari dan aorta.

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 78

Biology  Form 4  Chapter 10 Transport in Humans and Animals 

Types of Circulatory System

10.1 Jenis Sistem Peredaran

1. Define the following types of circulatory system. TP 1

Berikan definisi jenis sistem peredaran di bawah.

(i) Open circulatory system / Sistem peredaran terbuka:

(ii) Closed circulatory system / Sistem peredaran tertutup:

(iii) Single circulation / Peredaran tunggal:

(iv) Double circulation / Peredaran ganda dua:

(v) Incomplete circulation / Peredaran tak lengkap:

(vi) Complete circulation / Peredaran lengkap:

Circulatory System of Humans (g)
(h)
10.2 Sistem Peredaran Manusia (i)
(j)
2. Label the structure of human heart in diagram below. TP 1 (k)
(l)
Labelkan struktur jantung manusia dalam rajah di bawah.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)



79 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

  Biology  Form 4  Chapter 10 Transport in Humans and Animals

3. State three cellular components of the blood and explain the function of each component. TP 2

Nyatakan tiga komponen sel dalam darah dan terangkan fungsi setiap komponen.

Cellular Component Function

Komponen Sel Fungsi

(i)

(ii)

(iii)


Mechanism of Heartbeat

10.3 Mekanisme Denyutan Jantung

4. (a) Name the muscle that made up the wall of heart. Explain the characteristics of the muscle for
its function. TP 2

Namakan otot yang membentuk dinding jantung. Terangkan ciri-ciri otot ini untuk fungsinya.

(b) Name the valves, when closed, produce the TP 2

Namakan injap, apabila tutup, menghasilkan

(i) lub sound / bunyi lub
(ii) dub sound / bunyi dub

Mechanism of Blood Clotting

10.4 Mekanisme Pembekuan Darah

5. Complete the mechanism of blood clotting below. TP 2

Lengkapkan mekanisme pembekuan darah di bawah.

Clumped (i) , damaged cells and (ii) in plasma

(i) yang tergumpal, sel yang rosak dan (ii) dalam plasma

From / Membentuk (viii)
Blood clot
(iii)
Bekuan darah
Ion (iv) Vitamin (v)
Prothrombin (vi)

Protrombin

(vii)

80

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

Biology  Form 4  Chapter 10 Transport in Humans and Animals 

Blood Groups of Humans

10.5 Kumpulan Darah Manusia

6. Complete the table below on the ABO blood group. TP 2

Lengkapkan jadual di bawah tentang kumpulan darah ABO.

Blood group Antigens on Antibodies Can donate Can receive
red blood cells present in the blood to blood blood from
Kumpulan darah blood serum blood groups
Antigen pada sel groups
A darah merah Antibodi dalam Boleh menerima
B serum darah Boleh menderma darah daripada
AB darah kepada kumpulan darah
O
kumpulan darah

Health Issues Related to the Human Circulatory System

10.6 Isu Kesihatan Berkaitan Sistem Peredaran Manusia

7. Match the cardiovascular disease and its explaination. TP 2

Padankan penyakit kardiovaskular dengan penerangannya.

(a) Atherosclerosis (e) The reading of systolic blood pressure excess 140 mmHg
or diastolic blood pressure excess 90 mmHg persistently
Aterosklerosis for 3 to 6 months.

Bacaaan tekanan darah sistolik melebihi 140 mmHg atau tekanan
darah diastolik melebihi 90 mmHg secara berterusan selama 3
hingga 6 bulan.

(b) Arteriosclerosis (f) Formation and deposition of plaques on the inner wall
of arteries. The plaque mainly consists of cholesterol and
Arteriosklerosis fats.

Pembentukan dan pemendapan plak pada dinding dalam arteri.
Plak ini terdiri terutamanya daripada kolesterol dan lipid.

(c) Hypertension (g) A condition which is also known as heart attack where
parts of the heart muscles are damaged or died due to
Hipertensi loss of blood supply to the heart muscles.

Suatu keadaan yang juga dikenali sebagai serangan jantung di
mana sebahagian otot jantung menjadi rosak dan mati akibat dari
kekurangan bekalan darah yang teruk ke bahagian tersebut.

(d) Myocardial (h) Formation and deposition of plague which cause
infarction hardening of arteries and decreased elasticity of the
arteries.
Penginfarkan
miokardium Pembentukan dan pemendapan plaque yang menyebabkan
pengerasan pada dinding arteri yang mengurangkan kekenyalan
arteri.

81 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

  Biology  Form 4  Chapter 10 Transport in Humans and Animals

Lymphatic System of Humans

10.7 Sistem Limfa Manusia

8. (a) Explain how lymph is drained back into blood circulatory system. TP 2

Terangkan bagaimana limfa dikembalikan ke sistem peredaran darah.

(b) Explain three necessities of lymphatic system. TP 2

Terangkan tiga keperluan sistem limfa.

(i)
(ii)
(iii)

Health Issues Related to the Human Lymphatic System

10.8 Isu Kesihatan yang Berkaitan Sistem Limfa Manusia

9. If the tissue fluid is not returned to the blood stream, the body tissues become swollen because of
too much fluid and cause oedema.

Sekiranya bendalir tisu tidak dikembalikan ke dalam sistem peredaran darah, tisu-tisu badan akan membengkak
kerana mengandungi terlalu banyak bendalir dan menyebabkan edema.

(a) What is oedema? TP 1

Apakah itu edema?

(b) What are the causes of oedema? TP 2

Apakah punca-punca yang menyebabkan edema?

SPM Practice 10

Paper 1

Types of Circulatory volume ratio? B Cockroach
System
10.1 Antara organisma berikut, yang Lipas
Jenis Sistem Peredaran manakah mempunyai nisbah
jumlah luas permukaan per isi C Rat
1. Which of the following padu yang paling besar?
organisms has the largest Tikus
total surface area to A Amoeba sp.
D Elephant
Amoeba sp.
Gajah

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 82

Biology  Form 4  Chapter 10 Transport in Humans and Animals 

2. The followings show the characteristics of haemolymph and 5. Table below shows the
blood. Which of the following is not correct? characteristics of blood in
blood vessel X of human.
Yang berikut menunjukkan ciri-ciri hemolimfa dan darah. Yang manakah
adalah tidak benar? Jadual di bawah menunjukkan
ciri-ciri darah dalam salur darah
Haemolymph Blood X pada manusia.

Hemolimfa Darah

A Transport medium in Transport medium in Pressure High
insects humans and mammals
Tekanan Tinggi
Medium pengangkutan dalam Medium pengangkutan dalam
serangga manusia dan mamalia Oxygen Low
concentration
B Fluid that fills the Fluids that are carried in Rendah
haemocoel blood vessels Kepekatan
oksigen High
Bendalir yang memenuhi Bendalir yang diangkut dalam
hemoselom salur darah Carbon Tinggi
dioxide
C Transport respiratory gases Transport respiratory gases concentration

only and nutrients Kepekatan
Mengangkut gas-gas respirasi Mengangkut gas-gas respirasi karbon dioksida
sahaja dan nutrien
What is blood vessel X?
D Colourless Red in colour
Apakah salur darah X?
Tidak berwarna Warna merah
A Aorta
Circulatory System of
Humans Aorta
3. Why a large multicellular 10.2
organism needs a Sistem Peredaran Manusia B Pulmonary vein
circulatory system?
4. Diagram 1 shows the Vena pulmonari
Mengapakah suatu organisma major components of
multisel yang besar the human blood after C Vena cava
memerlukan satu sistem centrifugation.
peredaran? Vena kava
Rajah 1 menunjukkan
A Simple diffusion is too komponen utama darah D Pulmonary artery
complex for their body. manusia selepas emparan.
Arteri pulmonari
Resapan ringkas adalah
terlalu kompleks untuk 6. Diagram 2 shows some of
badan mereka. the cellular components of
blood.
B Simple diffusion is too
slow for exchange of Rajah 2 menunjukkan beberapa
substances to sustain komponen sel darah.
cellular activities.
X P
Resapan ringkas adalah Q
terlalu perlahan untuk Y
pertukaran bahan bagi S R
mengekalkan aktiviti sel. Z
Diagram 2 / Rajah 2
C The total surface area
to volume ratio is large. Which of the following
Diagram 1 / Rajah 1 correctly matches the
Nisbah jumlah luas component to its function?
permukaan per isi padu What can be found in
adalah besar. region Z? Antara yang berikut, yang
manakah merupakan padanan
D The organisms can Apakah yang boleh didapati di yang betul antara komponen
obtain oxygen and bahagian Z? sel darah dengan fungsinya?
nutrients directly from
external environment. A Plasma / Plasma
B Platelets / Platlet
Organisma ini boleh C Erythrocytes / Eritrosit
memperoleh oksigen dan D Leucocytes / Leukosit
nutrien secara langsung
dari persekitaran luar.

83 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

  Biology  Form 4  Chapter 10 Transport in Humans and Animals

Component Function 8. Diagram 4 shows a section through the human heart.

Komponen Fungsi Rajah 4 menunjukkan keratan melalui jantung manusia.
XY
P Blood clotting
Q
R Pembekuan
darah Diagram 4 / Rajah 4
S
Phagocytosis

Fagositosis

Transport
of carbon
dioxide

Pengangkutan
karbon dioksida

Antibody
production

Penghasilan
antibodi

A P and Q What are the blood vessels labelled X and Y?

P dan Q Apakah salur darah yang berlabel X dan Y?

B Q and R X Y
A Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein
Q dan R
Arteri pulmonari Vena pulmonari
C Q and S
B Pulmonary artery Aorta
Q dan S
Arteri pulmonari Aorta
D R and S
C Vena cava Aorta
R dan S
Vena kava Aorta
7. Diagram 3 shows the cross
sections of three types of D Aorta Pulmonary artery
blood vessels.
Aorta Arteri pulmonari
Rajah 3 menunjukkan keratan
rentas tiga jenis salur darah.

X 10.3 Mechanism of Heartbeat A Blow flow increases.

Mekanisme Denyutan Jantung Aliran darah meningkat.

YZ 9. Diagram 5 shows the B Blood pressure
Diagram 3 / Rajah 3 longitudinal section of a
human blood vessel. increases.
What blood vessels are X,
Y and Z? Rajah 5 menunjukkan keratan Tekanan darah meningkat.
membujur suatu salur darah
Apakah salur darah X, Y dan manusia. C Blood flows in one
Z?
X direction.

Darah mengalir dalam satu
arah.

D Blood flows backwards.

Darah mengalir balik.

Mechanism of Blood
Clotting
Artery Capillary Vein 10.4
Mekanisme Pembekuan Darah
Arteri Kapilari Vena

AX YZ Diagram 5 / Rajah 5 1 0. Which of the following
substances cause
BY ZX What happen if structure prothrombin to become
X is not functioning? thrombin?
CZ XY
Apakah yang berlaku sekiranya Antara bahan-bahan berikut,
D Z YX struktur X tidak berfungsi? yang manakah menyebabkan
protrombin menjadi trombin?
84

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

Biology  Form 4  Chapter 10 Transport in Humans and Animals 

A Vitamin A and iron B P and R II The walls of arterioles

ions P dan R are permeable to some

Vitamin A dan ion besi C Q and S components of blood

B Vitamin K and calcium Q dan S Dinding arteriol bersifat
telap kepada beberapa
ion D R and S komponen darah

Vitamin K dan ion kalsium R dan S III The one-cell thick

C Hydroxyl ions and Health Issues Related to capillary wall
the Human Circulatory
calcium ions System Dinding kapilari darah yang
Isu Kesihatan Berkaitan Sistem setebal satu sel
Ion hidroksil dan ion 10.6 Peredaran Manusia
kalsium IV Active transport
1 2. Which of the following
D Vitamin C and Pengangkutan aktif
can cause a heart attack?
phosphorus ions A I and II
Antara yang berikut, yang
Vitamin C dan ion fosforus manakah boleh menyebabkan I dan II
serangan jantung?
10.5 Blood Groups of Humans B I and III
A Hardening of hepatic
Kumpulan Darah Manusia I dan III
portal vein
1 1. The table below shows C II and IV
the blood groups of four Pengerasan vena portal
people and the type of hepar II dan IV
blood each received in a
transfusion. B Blood clot in the brain. D III and IV

Jadual di bawah menunjukkan Darah beku dalam otak. III dan IV
kumpulan darah bagi empat
orang dan jenis kumpulan C Rupture of artery Health Issues Related to
darah yang diterima melalui the Human Lymphatic
pemindahan darah. renal. System
Isu Kesihatan Berkaitan Sistem
Arteri renal meletus. 10.8 Limfa Manusia

Blood type D Blocked coronary 14. What happens to the
received in
transfusion artery. human body if lymph

Kumpulan Arteri koronari tersumbat. nodes is malfunctioned?
darah yang
Blood group diterima dalam Lymphatic System of Apakah yang akan berlaku
pemindahan Humans kepada tubuh manusia jika
Kumpulan 10.7 nodus limfa gagal berfungsi?
darah darah Sistem Limfa Manusia
A Fats from small
PA O 1 3. Which of the following
QB factors contribute to the intestine will be
R AB AB formation of interstitial
SO fluid at capillary network? accumulated in lymph
O
Antara faktor-faktor berikut, nodes.
AB yang manakah mempunyai
kaitan dengan pembentukan Lemak dari usus kecil akan
Which of the following bendalir interstis di jaringan terkumpul dalam nodus
kapilari? limfa.
individual are at risk from
I A high hydrostatic B The concentration of
agglutination? pressure at the
arteriole end of the antibody in the body
Antara individu berikut, yang capillary network
manakah menghadapi risiko decrease.
aglutinasi? Tekanan hidrostatik yang
tinggi di hujung arteriol Kepekatan antibodi dalam
A P and Q pada jaringan kapilari tubuh berkurang.

P dan Q C The immunity level

increases.

Aras keimunan meningkat.

D The flow of lymph is

obstructed.

Aliran limfa akan tersekat.

85 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

  Biology  Form 4  Chapter 10 Transport in Humans and Animals

Paper 2

Section A / Bahagian A
1. Diagram 1 shows the circulatory system of three types of animals.

Rajah 1 menunjukkan sistem peredaran darah bagi tiga jenis haiwan.

X
X

Gills Body X

Insang Badan R

P Q [2 marks / 2 markah]

Diagram 1 / Rajah 1

(a) Name the type of circulatory systems of Q and R.

Namakan jenis sistem peredaran darah Q dan R.

Q :

R :

(b) Describe circulatory system P.

Huraikan sistem peredaran darah P.

[2 marks / 2 markah]

(c) State one difference between circulatory systems P and Q.

Nyatakan satu perbezaan atara sistem peredarah darah P dan Q.

[1 mark / 1 markah]

(d) (i) Name the part labelled X.

Namakan bahagian yang berlabel X.

[1 mark / 1 markah]
(ii) State one difference on the structure of X between organism Q and R.

Nyatakan satu perbezaan pada struktur X antara organisma Q dan R.

[1 mark / 1 markah]

(e) Explain one advantage of possessing circulatory system R.

Terangkan satu kebaikan mempunyai system peredaran darah R.

[2 marks / 2 markah]

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 86

Biology  Form 4  Chapter 10 Transport in Humans and Animals 

Section B / Bahagian B
2. (a) Study the statement below. / Kaji pernyataan di bawah.

Humans have a closed and complete double circulation.

Manusia mempunyai sistem peredaran darah yang lengkap tertutup dan dua hala.

Explain what is meant by double circulation. [4 marks / 4 markah]

Jelaskan maksud sistem peredaran darah dua hala.

(b) Diagram 2 shows two types of blood vessels X and Y.

Rajah 2 menunjukkan dua jenis salur darah X dan Y.

XY
Diagram 2 / Rajah 2

Explain the differences between blood vessels X and Y. [6 marks / 6 markah]

Terangkan perbezaan antara salur darah X dan Y.

(c) The statement below describe the lymphatic system

Pernyataan di bawah menerangkan sistem limfa.

Statement 1 / Pernyataan 1 Statement 2 / Pernyataan 2

Lacteals in intestinal villi transport digestive About 10% of tissue fluid returns to the
products of lipids. circulatory system via the lymphatic system.

Lakteal di vilus mengangkut titisan lipid. Lebih kurang 10% bendalir tisu akan kembali ke
sistem peredaran darah melalui sistem limfa.

Based on these statements, explain why the lymphatic system is considered complementary

to the blood circulatory system.

Berdasarkan pernyataan ini, terangkan kenapa sistem limfa dikatakan pelengkap kepada sistem peredaran
darah.

[10 marks / 10 markah]

Section C / Bahagian C
3. (a) Diagram 3 shows the three practices that can cause cardiovascular disease.

Rajah 3 menunjukkan tiga amalan yang akan menyebabkan penyakit kardiovaskular.

Smoking Taking unbalanced diet Unhealthy lifestyle

Merokok Pengambilan gizi yang tidak Gaya hidup yang tidak sihat
seimbang

Diagram 3 / Rajah 3

87 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.