Programme Book SKAM34

SYN09
A Combination of Experimental and Theoretical Approach for Conjugated
Ethynylated-Chalcones as Emissive Layer in Organic Light Emitting Diodes

(OLEDs) Application

Mas Mohammed, Wan Mohd Khairul Wan Mohamed Zin*
Faculty of Science and Marine Environment,

Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
Conjugated ethynylated-chalcones have attracted great interest among researchers as potential
framework with new hybrid moieties that can be used as active electronic components in extended
conjugated system (C≡C) and chalcone moieties with donor- -acceptor (D- -A) systems. Furthermore,
the presence of a -conjugated system ensures an increase of electron mobility resulting in outstanding
luminous characteristics. Therefore, in this study, four series of ethynylated conjugated chalcones with
general formula A−C2H2C(O)ArCCAr−D were successfully designed and synthesized which A consists
of naphthalene (C10H8) (a), anthracene (C14H10) (b), pyrene (C16H10) (c), triphenylamine (C18H15N) (d)
substituents, while D having of H (1), NO2 (2), CN (3), and CF3 (4) substituents. All compounds were
characterized via typical spectroscopic and analytical techniques such as Infrared Spectroscopy (IR),
Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis), 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), UV fluorescence, TGA
analysis, NLO as well as IV curve characterization and electroluminescence study. In turn, quantum
chemical calculation using Gaussian 09 and Gaussian 16 software were used to support and compared
with the experimental results. According to the results, they can be exploited as active materials in optical
applications since they produce a high number of Stokes' shifts in UV fluorescence analysis. Furthermore,
the Z-scan analysis results show an exceptional χ3 value of the representative compounds in the order of
10-5 esu. They also demonstrated an increase in current as the voltage increased up to 30V and output
light emitted through the thin films. As a results, these ethynylated-chalcone-containing molecular build-
ups have a high potential for use as active materials in microelectronic devices in the near future.
Keywords: Ethynyl; chalcone; conjugation; nonlinear optical; OLEDs
BIOGRAPHY

Mas Mohammed graduated with a Bachelor degree in Chemical Sciences from
Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) in 2018 and currently a master student
under supervision of Prof. Dr. Wan Mohd Khairul Wan Mohamed Zin. Her
research focus is on the synthesis of conjugated ethynylated chalcone as potential
emissive layer in OLEDs application.

149

SYN10
Synthesis and Application of Nickel(II)–Hydrazone Complex as Catalyst in

Suzuki Reaction

Aisyah Ahmad Fauzi1, Norul Azilah Abdul Rahman1,2 and Nur Rahimah Said1*
1School of Chemistry and Environment, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM),
Cawangan Negeri Sembilan, Kampus Kuala Pilah, 72000 Kuala Pilah,
Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
2School of Chemistry and Environment,
Faculty of Applied Sciences,
Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
Dichloro-N’-(3-chlorobenzylidene) benzohydrazide nickel (II) complex (Ni-L) was successfully
synthesized using 4-chloro-N’-(4-chlorobenzylidene) benzohydrazide ligand (L) with nickel (II) chloride.
The synthesized ligand (L) and Ni-L complex was characterized by various analytical techniques including
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and
UV-Visible spectroscopy. The preliminary complexation study between Ni2+ cation and ligand showed
stoichiometric of 1:1 formation corresponded to the metal-ligand ratio. The catalytic performance of Ni-L
complex was tested using Suzuki reaction between phenylboronic acid and four different aryl bromides
(1-bromo-4-nitrobenzene, 4-bromoanisole, 4-bromoacetophenone, and bromobenzene) at different
solvent and base. The percent conversion of reactant to product was determined using Gas
Chromatography Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID). The best catalytic performance was found in the
reaction between phenylboronic acid and 1-bromo-4-nitrobenzene by using 0.5% mmol catalyst loading,
methanol as a solvent, K2CO3 as a base and at temperature of 65°C within 2 hours reaction time gave
conversion rate of 81.86%.
Keywords: hydrazone ligand; nickel(II) complex; Suzuki reaction
BIOGRAPHY

Nur Rahimah Said is a Senior Lecturer and Head Centre of Postgraduate
Studies at Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Negeri Sembilan. She
received her B.A and MSc in Chemistry from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia and
Ph.D from University of Malaya. Her research is focused on the field of
Inorganic synthesis and its application as catalyst and as sensor.

150

SYN11

Synthesis, Characterisation and Structural Studies of Mixed-Linker Zeolitic
Imidazolate Frameworks (ZIFs) As Adsorbents for Adsorption of Crystal Violet

Mohamed Ibrahim Mohamed Tahir1,2*, Nazhirah Muhammad Nasri1, Thahira Begum S. A. Ravoof1,2 and
Abdul Halim Abdullah1

1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang,
Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.

2Foundry of Reticular Materials for Sustainability (FORMS), Institute of Nanoscience and
Nanotechnology (ION2), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang,
Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) is a subclass of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) consist of
imidazolate derivatives linkers and tetrahedral metal ions (Zn2+ and Co2+) with structures resembled to
aluminosilicate zeolites. Many researchers have successfully synthesise and developed new ZIFs but
only few mixed-linker ZIFs with three or two different imidazolate linkers have been reported. Three new
mixed-linker ZIFs consist of three different imidazolate linkers were synthesised under solvothermal
conditions with the general formula of Zn(bzIM)(IM)(4mIM), Zn(mbIM)(IM)(4mIM) and
Zn(cbIM)(IM)(4mIM) where the imidazolate linkers are imidazole (IM), 4-methylimidazole (4mIM), 5-
methylbenzimidazole (mbIM), 5-chlorobenzimidazole (cbIM) and benzimidazole (bzIM) with zinc nitrate
tetrahydrate as the metal center. These compounds were structurally characterised using physico-
chemical and spectroscopic methods. It is observed all the ZIF compounds have isoreticular frameworks
where they crystallised in the same space group and crystal system. The spectroscopic results revealed
that all imidazolate derivatives linkers are present in the framework. The frameworks are thermally stable
at higher temperature, and they are chemically stable materials in several types of organic solvents. It
was found that mixed-linker ZIFs are capable to work as adsorbent materials for the adsorption of crystal
violet (CV). In the first stage of adsorption studies, the adsorbent materials achieved equilibrium time
within 20 minutes and recorded high percentage of CV removal at pH 4 to 10. The uptake performance
of mixed linker ZIFs adsorbents could be attributed due to presence of imidazolate-based linkers in
mixed-linker ZIFs, thus, enhanced the interaction between CV and framework by strong π-π stacking
interactions.

Keywords: adsorbent; crystal violet; imidazolate; mixed-linker; zeolitic imidazolate frameworks

BIOGRAPHY

Dr. Mohamed Ibrahim Mohamed Tahir is a Senior Lecturer & Researcher at the
Department of Chemistry, UPM. He obtained his D.Phil. in Inorganic Chemistry from
the University of Oxford in 2002. His main research interest lies in coordination
chemistry. Coordination compounds of particular interest are those that show
biological activity such as anti-cancer, anti-microbial or anti-oxidant activity. These
metal complexes are also investigated for their potential as homogeneous catalysts.
Current interest lies in the synthesis and characterisation of metal organic
frameworks (MOFs) which includes zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) and
covalent organic frameworks (COFs)

151

SYN12

Synthesis, Characterization, and Antibacterial Study of 2-(4-
chlorophenyl)benzimidazole: Disc Diffusion and DFT studies

Nurul Aiman Najwa Kamarul Baharin1, Hadariah Baharon1, Amalina Mohd1 Tajudin, Norashirene
Mohamad Jamil2, Enis Nadia Md Yusof3, Nur Nadia Dzulkifli4,*

1Faculty of Applied Sciences UiTM Shah Alam, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor

2School of Biology,
Faculty of Applied Sciences UiTM Shah Alam, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor

3Chemistry Section, School of Distance Education,
Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia

4School of Chemistry and Environment,
Faculty of Applied Sciences, UiTM Cawangan Negeri Sembilan, Kampus Kuala Pilah,

72000 Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

A new compound could be the first step to developing various antibacterial medications with low human
toxicity. A new compound may prevent the multidrug resistance bacteria. Benzimidazole was chosen to
demonstrate its performance as an antibacterial agent against Gram negative and Gram-positive bacteria
because benzimidazole is useful for assessing antibacterial activity. This thesis reports the synthesis,
characterization, and antibacterial activity of 2-(4-chlorophenyl)benzimidazole. Benzimidazole, namely as
p-ClPheBen was successfully synthesized from the condensation reaction of o-phenylenediamine and 4-
chlorobenzaldehyde in a ratio of 1:1. This compound was successfully characterized through elemental
analysis, melting point, 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), UV-
Visible spectroscopy, and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). All physicochemical and spectral data supported the
proposed chemical structures. The product of the condensation reaction was formed with a yield of
76.95% and a melting point in the range of 295 - 297 ºC. Strong stretching bands of ʋ(N-H) and ʋ(C=N)
appear at 3361 and 1627 cm-1 respectively, in the IR spectrum. In NMR, a singlet peak at 13.0 ppm was
attributed to N-H and for aromatics at 7.21 – 8.30 ppm. p-ClPheBen has the transitions of → ∗ and
→ ∗. The X-ray shows the orthorhombic crystal structures with space group Pbca. The p-ClPheBen
was also tested against the bacteria B. subtilis, E. coli, P. Aeruginosa, and S. Aureus, but it had no effect
on the bacteria due to the bacteria's intrinsic resistance to the p-ClPheBen molecule. Based on the DFT,
the benzimidazole moiety has the highest electron density that is involved in the bacterial activity
inhibition.

Keywords: Benzimidazole, Antibacterial, Schiff Base, DFT

BIOGRAPHY

Dr. Nur Nadia Dzulkifli is Senior Lecturer UiTM Negeri Sembilan Branch Kuala
Pilah Campus. Research interest: Inorganic synthesis, corrosion study. PhD in
Chemistry (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia)-2018

152

SYN17

Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Spectroscopic Characterizations and
Photoluminescence Studies of an Iridium(III) Complex Bearing Pyridine-

formimidamide Ancillary Ligand

Noorshida Mohd Ali1,*, Nurul Husna As Saedah Bain1, Yusnita Juahir1, Suzaliza Mustafar1, Mohammad
Kassim2, Saifful Kamaluddin Muzakir@Lokman3 and Bohari Mohd Yamin2

1Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics,
Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia

2Faculty of Science and Technology,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

3Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology,
Universiti Malaysia Pahang

Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

A blue phosphorescent Ir(III) complex was excellently synthesised between 2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-
yl)pyridine and Ir(III) dimer, [Ir(2,4-F2ppy)2(µ-Cl)]2 where ppy denotes 2-phenylpyridine by reflux reaction.
The Ir(III) complex was fully characterised by spectroscopic methods: FTIR, NMR, UV-Vis absorption and
LCMS. IR analysis revealed the presence of bands in the 1600-1400 cm-1 range due to the C=C and C=N
aromatic ring stretching vibrations of phenyl and pyridine, and other one sharp peak at 2223 cm-1 due to
(C≡N). The 1H NMR spectrum showed well-resolved signals in the aromatic range of  7.00–10.00 ppm
corresponding to phenylpyridine protons. The UV-Vis spectrum displayed weaker and broader band (371
nm) in the visible region due to the spin-forbidden 3MLCT transitions. X-ray crystallographic study
revealed that the Ir(III) ion was coordinated to pyridine-formimidamide as ancillary ligand and two 2-(2,4-
difluorophenyl)pyridine as cyclometalating ligands in an octahedral geometry. Steady-state emission
spectroscopy demonstrated that the Ir(III) complex emitted blue-light in dichloromethane solution with the
emission maximum at 459 nm due to the admixtures of 3LC and 3MLCT character excited states.

Keywords: Iridium(III) complex; Formimidamide; Ancillary ligand; Phosphorescent; Metal-to-ligand
charge transfer

BIOGRAPHY

Noorshida Mohd Ali received her Bachelor of Science degree in 2002 and her
Master of Science degree in 2005 under the supervision of Professor Bohari M.
Yamin from the Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia. In 2013, she received her PhD from the University of Sheffield under the
supervision of Professor Michael D. Ward. She joined the Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris as a tutor
in 2004, a lecturer a year after, and was promoted to senior lecturer in 2014 until
now. Her current research interests are in coordination chemistry, photophysics
and luminescence, and theoretical chemistry.

153

ADV02P
Mini Review of Molybdenum Disulfide Preparation and Its Role as A

Photocatalyst to Degrade Organic Contaminants

Kavirajaa Pandian Sambasevam1, Izyan Najwa Mohd Norsham1, Nur Zatulhusna Zulkifli1, Siti Nor Atika
Baharin1*

1Advanced Materials for Environmental Remediation (AMER),
Faculty of Applied Sciences,

Universiti Teknologi MARACawangan Negeri Sembilan Kampus Kuala Pilah,
72000 Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
This mini review highlights synthesis and characterization of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) based
materials and its application as photocatalyst in mitigating organic pollutants. Photocatalytic degradation
appeared as a future alternative method for the removal of many organic contaminants with high
efficiency and energy saving technology. MoS2 as a photocatalyst exhibits good photocatalytic properties
due to great potential for organic contaminant degradation. It is ascribed that various approaches of the
MoS2 preparation serve a distinct number of exposed active sites that facilitate the efficiency of MoS2 for
photocatalytic reaction. Several methods have been extensively applied to improve MoS2 photocatalytic
efficiency, including tailor-made different surface morphology and heterojunction formation with other
semiconductors. Thus, by combining MoS2 with other semiconductors, it will enhance the photocatalytic
activities of the composites. The integration of MoS2 as binary or ternary photocatalyst will result a
synergic effect that hinders the recombination process and the enhancement of the surface areas.
Consequently, it will improve the conductivity of the nanosheets whereby it is believed to be able to deal
with the photocatalytic material challenges and provide efficient solution to deal with the degradation of
organic contaminants.
Keywords: Conducting polymer, metal disulfide, organic pollutants, photocatalytic degradation,
sustainable water management.
BIOGRAPHY

Kavirajaa Pandian Sambasevam (KP Sambasevam) will be the presenting author
in the 34th SKAM. KP Sambasevam was graduated from University of Malaya for
his Doctor of Philosophy and currently working as senior lecturer in UiTM Kuala
Pilah. KP Sambasevam’s research interests include conducting polymer-grafted-
chitosan based electrochemical sensor for environmental remediation.

154

ADV05P
Molybdenum Disulfide for Photocatalytic
Degradation of Methylene Blue Under Indoor Fluorescent Irradiation

Siti Nor Atika Baharin1, Nurul Izzah Hashim1, Izyan Najwa Mohd Norsham1, Kavirajaa Pandian
Sambasevam*

1Advanced Materials for Environmental Remediation (AMER),
Faculty of Applied Sciences,

Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Negeri Sembilan Kampus Kuala Pilah,
72000 Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
This work underlined the fluorescent light-driven photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue by using
cauliflower-like molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). MoS2 was synthesized using Teflon-stainless steel
autoclave via the hydrothermal method. The synthesized MoS2 were comprehensively characterized
using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and UV-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopies, X-ray diffractrometry
(XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermal gravimetry analysis (TGA). The
characterizations reveal that the composite has been successfully synthesized in which a black
precipitate was obtained. Degradation of methylene blue was conducted using the synthesized MoS2
under fluorescent light using response surface methodology (RSM) of three-factor-three-level Box-
Behnken design (BBD). The parameters studied were MoS2 weight loading, contact time under
fluorescent light, and methylene blue pH value. The results showed that the optimum conditions for the
degradation of methylene blue are 15mg of MoS2 weight loading, pH 6.5, which exhibited the highest
degradation percentage of 99.93% with 120 minutes contact time under fluorescent light for degradation.
Keywords: Box-Behnken, methylene blue, molybdenum disulfide, photocatalytic degradation, , response
surface methodology
BIOGRAPHY

Siti Nor Atika Baharin (SNA Baharin) is the presenting author at the 34th SKAM.
SNA Baharin was graduated from University of Malaya for her Doctor of
Philosophy and currently working as a senior lecturer in UiTM Kuala Pilah. SNA
Baharin’s research interests include conducting polymers and semiconductors for
photocatalytic application in environmental remediation.

155

ADV12P

Electrochemically Mediated Synthesis of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle With
Enhanced Performance Towards Photodegradation of Phenol

Muhammad Farhan Hanafi1 Nazatulshima Hassan1 Mohammed Danish2 Umar Kalmar Nizar3
Daniel Joe Dailin4 and Norzahir Sapawe1,*

1 Universiti Kuala Lumpur Branch Campus
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology,
Lot 1988 Vendor City, Taboh Naning, 78000 Alor Gajah, Melaka, Malaysia

2 School of Industrial Technology, Building G07, Persiaran Sains,
Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

3 Jurusan Kimia, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam,
Universitas Negeri Padang, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia

4 Institute of Bioproduct Development,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

In this study, titanium dioxide nanoparticle was prepared via electrochemical method using N,N-
dimethylformamide (DMF) solution containing tetraethylammonium perchlorate (TEAP) in presence of a
naphthalene mediator in a normal compartment cell fitted with a cathode and anode plate at constant
current density of 120 mA cm-2 under nitrogen atmosphere at 273 K. The time required for electrolysis
completion was calculated based on Faraday’s law of electrolysis. The mixture was then impregnated,
oven dried overnight at 378 K and finally calcined at 823 K for 3 h to give white powder of
electrogenerated titanium dioxide (EGTiO2) catalyst. The prepared catalysts were studied and
characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM),
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and ultraviolet–visible diffuse
reflectance spectroscopy (UV–Vis DRS). In addition, the photocatalytic experiments were conducted and
shows excellent degradation activity towards phenol in an aqueous solution.

Keywords: electrogenerated titanium dioxide (EGTiO2); electrolysis method; N,N-dimethylformamide
(DMF); tetraethylammonium perchlorate (TEAP); naphthalene

BIOGRAPHY

Muhammad Farhan bin Hanafi is currently semester three PhD student in
chemical engineering and working under the supervision of Associate Professor
ChM. Ts. Dr. Norzahir bin Sapawe at Universiti Kuala Lumpur Branch Campus
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology, Alor Gajah,
Melaka, Malaysia. His research is focused on the modification of semiconductor
metals oxide for enhancing the photocatalytic degradation process reaction. He
holds a Master of Engineering Technology (Chemical Engineering – by
Research), Bachelor of Chemical Engineering Technology (Bioprocess) with
Honours, and Diploma of Chemical Engineering Technology (Bioprocess) from
the Universiti Kuala Lumpur. His research is supported by the UniKL Excellent
Research Grant Scheme (UERGS).

156

ADV17P

Computational Investigation on UiO-67 Metal-Organic Framework as
Adsorbent for Carbon Dioxide Adsorption

Faisal Fadzil1,2, Mohamed Ibrahim Mohamed Tahir2, Mohd Basyaruddin Abdul Rahman1,2,3, Mohamad
Fariz Mohamad Taib5, and Muhammad Alif Mohammad Latif1,3,4*

1 Integrated Chemical BioPhysics Research, Faculty of Science,
Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science,
Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

3 Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology,
Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

4 Centre of Foundation Studies for Agricultural Science,
Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

5School of Physics & Materials Studies,
Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The immense quantity of CO2 emissions has resulted in serious environmental issues, such as global
warming, ocean acidification, extreme weather, and species extinction. Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change has predicted that atmospheric CO2 concentrations could reach 950 ppm by 2100.
Porous materials such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have demonstrated strong interactions with
CO2. Since MOFs are rapidly developed, they began to emerge as an option for CO2 separation
applications, mainly regarding the removal of CO2 from pre- and post-combustion carbon capture and
gas mixtures. The aim of this study is to investigate the behaviour of CO2 adsorption onto UiO-67 for
synthesis of value chemicals post-adsorption. This is achieved by simulating UiO-67 using grand
canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulation and observe the ability to adsorb CO2 in its pores. UiO-67
exhibited two distributions of pore sizes, at 8-8.5 Å and 11-12 Å. This distribution shows that the MOF
has a generally uniform pore size. The isotherms at varying pressures and temperatures suggest a Type-
1 adsorption with a maximum capacity of 359 mg CO2 g-1 at 298 K. It can be observed that adsorption is
better at lower temperatures and at higher pressures. This indicate that the pores of the UiO-67 are better
at higher pressures for CO2 adsorption. The calculated enthalpies suggest that the adsorption of CO2 is
endothermic. These results reveal the high potential for UiO-67 to serve as an adsorbent for CO2 gas.

Keywords: adsorption; carbon dioxide; grand canonical Monte Carlo; metal-organic framework; UiO-67

BIOGRAPHY

The author, Faisal Fadzil, is a chemist, practicing in analytical chemistry as well
as computational chemistry. He has a degree in Applied Chemistry from UiTM,
and has completed his masters at the same university. His professional chemistry
experience revolves around QA/QC in Petrochemical industry, and currently, he
is in the big data industry as a data scientist. Research interests are in adsorption
and conversion of gases, moving from previously aqueous adsorption of heavy
metals. Other professional interests are in computing as well as machine learning,
database engineering and cloud computing.

157

ADV19P
Experimental Study of X-ray Film for Non-destructive Testing (NDT)

Applications

Siti Amira Othman1,*, Farid Ismat Jomiul @Fazlan2, Clarence Billy3, Arion Ryan Justin2 and Leyreina
Merry AK Paul Vencent4

1 Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology,
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 84600, Pagoh, Johor

2Lott Inspection Sdn Bhd,
Lot 3, Lazenda Warehouse, Jalan Patau- Patau, 87000, Labuan, Sabah

3Lott Inspection Sdn Bhd,
Lot 504, Block 26, Kidurong Light Industrial Phase II, 97000, Bintulu, Sarawak

4Agensi Nuklear Malaysia, 43000, Kajang, Bangi
*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
Non-destructive Testing (NDT) has been an important technique to check the damage in steel surfaces,
especially in the pipeline industry. The technique of NDT includes ultrasonic testing, magnetic particle,
acoustic emission, dye penetrant, radiography and eddy current. NDT offers a relevant and safe method
for inspecting a component without damaging the equipment. Industry such as oil and gas, pipeline,
railway and aerospace used NDT. The problem in NDT is the type of material to be tested, the position
and location of the defect and the availability of qualified operators. Therefore, it will be affecting the
choice of the NDT method. This study used radiography testing using X-rays to examine the internal
structure of the plate. The objective of this study is to investigate the properties of steel images captured
on film. The steel will be interpreted based on the location marker, image quality indicator (IQI) and
specimen identification. The study found that the film shows a different view arrangement of identification.
Keywords: X-ray film; NDT; Identification;Film
BIOGRAPHY

The author is a staff at Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. The research field
includes nuclear science, material characterization and radiation safety.

158

ADV20P
Morphological and Electrical Properties of Butyl Palmitate Plasticized

Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Electrolytes

Sharil Fadli Mohamad Zamri1,2*, Famiza Abdul Latif1,2, Fazni Susila Abdul Ghani1,2,
Nurul Dhabitah Basri1, Nabilah Akemal Muhd Zailani3

1Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA,
40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

2Synthesis and Application of Conducting Polymer Research Group,
Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

3Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA,
Perlis Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

In this study, butyl palmitate (BP) was synthesized and used as plasticizer to improve ionic conductivity
and physical properties of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) electrolytes. BP was prepared via
esterification reaction by reacting palmitic acid (PA) with n-butanol and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) as a catalyst.
BP plasticized PMMA electrolytes (BPPE) were prepared by solvent casting method with lithium
tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4) as a dopant salt and BP as a plasticizer. BPPE films were characterized using
scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and electron
impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analyses. The morphological study of the BPPE films revealed that the
unplasticized PMMA electrolytes film is brittle, hard and agglomerate. Interestingly, BPPE films were
flexible, smooth and less agglomerate. SEM result showed that LiBF4 accumulated as big spots in
unplasticized PMMA electrolytes. Interestingly, the size of LiBF4 agglomeration was decreases and
almost disappeared when the weight percentage of BP increased. Meanwhile, it was noted that the
intensity of FTIR peaks corresponding to C=O and O-CH3 of PMMA decreases with the weight percentage
of BP increased. Furthermore, EIS analysis shows that the ionic conductivity of the PMMA electrolytes
films were increased with the addition of BP up to 5% with the highest ionic conductivity of 2.42 X 10-5 S
cm-1. However, the ionic conductivity of the PMMA electrolytes films were decreased when the percentage
BP beyond 5%.

Keywords: butyl palmitate; lithium tetrafluoroborate; plasticizer; polymethyl methacrylate; polymer
electrolytes
BIOGRAPHY

Sharil Fadli Mohamad Zamri obtained his PhD in Material Science (2018) from
Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor. Currently, he working with
Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor as a senior lecturer and attached
to UiTM Green Centre, Pejabat Pembangunan, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah
Alam, Selangor as a coordinator. His research interests include polymer
nanocomposite material, ionic conducting polymer and surface modification.

159

ADV26
Formation and Stability Study of Murdania Loriformis Mediated Silver

Nanoparticles in Aqueous Solution

Nazatul Nabila Mohamad1, Norain Isa1, *, Ainorkhilah Mahmood2, Nor Aziyah Bakhari2, Marlina Mohd
Mydin3 and Norhafiza Mohd Arshad4

1Centre for Chemical Engineering Studies,
Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang,

13500 Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
2Department of Applied Sciences,

Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang,
13500 Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
3Faculty of Health Sciences,

Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang Kampus Bertam,
13200 Kepala Batas,Pulau Pinang

4Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture,
Universiti Malaya, Jalan Profesor Diraja Ungku Aziz, 50603 Kuala Lumpur

*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Aggregation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is a serious problem in their applications. In this article
describes the synthesis of AgNPs using silver nitrate (AgNO3) as metal precursor and Murdannia
loriformis extract (MLE) as reducing agent. The stability of biosynthesized Murdannia loriformis mediated
silver nanoparticles (MLE-AgNPs) was initially studied with two different types of polymer which were
polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and sodium citrate (SC). The aggregation process was evaluated by the zeta
potential and UV/vis spectra measurements and finally confirmed by TEM. Among PVP and SC as
stabilizing agent, PVP exhibit superior stabilization of the AgNPs dispersions against the process of
aggregation. The selection of PVP as AgNPs stabilizer is simple and convenient for a variety of
applications compared with others.
Keywords: Murdannia loriformis; silver nanoparticles; stability; polyvinylpyrrolidone; sodium citrate
BIOGRAPHY

Nazatul Nabila Mohamad is a student who is currently undertaking her Master
study program under Centre for Chemical Engineering Studies, UiTM Cawangan
Pulau Pinang.

160

ADV29P

Surface Characterization of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Substrate After
Oxygenated Plasma Treatment Towards Potential Food Processing Application

Saiful Irwan Zubairi1* Noraziani Zainal Abidin2 and Haslaniza Hashim3

1,2,3 Department of Food Sciences,
Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor,

Malaysia

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The spray drying process causes the buildup of an unspecified and unique pattern of wall deposits on
the wall. The powder recovery of fruit juice by spray dryer is associated with stickiness problems because
of the nature of food which contains low molecular weight sugars and organic acids, which have a low
glass transition temperature (Tg). The surface properties of oxygen plasma treated-PTFE substrate are
evaluated by using the different parameters of Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapour Deposition (PECVD)
prior to spray drying analysis. In this study, we will use the fabrication method of nearly perfect
superhydrophobic surfaces through plasma treatment with oxygen gas. The plasma treated-PTFE were
deposited from a fixed flow-rate of oxygen gas with 30 standard cubic centimeters per minute (sccm) by
varying the deposition time from 1 to 15 minutes to induce the hydrophobic surface of the PTFE
substrate. The characterization techniques used to determine the morphology and chemical bonding of
the substrate are field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. The hydrophobicity of the glass samples was determined by the water
droplet contact angle. Sample prepared at radio frequency (RF) power of 90 W for 15 minutes duration
of treatment time showed porous and spongy like microstructure which correlates with the best
performance of a good contact angle and creates superhydrophobicity (171o). Surface morphology
analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed changes of roughness in the surface-treated
glass substrate. The success of this method has the potential to be scaled up to solve food processing
issues with powder stickiness that would otherwise struggle to produce the highest yield.

Keywords: Biofouling; deposition; hydrophobic; plasma; PTFE

BIOGRAPHY

Saiful Irwan Zubairi is a certified Professional Technologist (Food
Technology)/Associate Professor in Food Bioprocessing and Biomaterial at the
Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology (FST), Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), where he has been since 2022. He has been
working in public service with a pensionable scheme since 2002 (UTMalaysia) and
currently working in ACADEMIA@UKMalaysia with cumulative service tenure of
238/360 months (as of Aug 2022: 19 years, 09 months). Recently, he has been
appointed as Publons Academy Mentor (Clarivate Web of Science™ Peer Review
Training Course). He is also one of the editorial board members (review
editor/reviewer panel) for Bentham Science`s Web of Science™-JCR indexed
journals, Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems (WOSESCI & Scopus), Journal
of Pure and Applied Microbiology (JPAM) (WOS-ESCI & Scopus), Modern
Phytomorphology (WOS-ESCI) & Journal of Agricultural Studies (AGRIS/ERA)
since 2020. He served as an Assistant Dean/Head of Student Affairs & Alumni
(HESA), Faculty of Science & Technology, UKM Bangi, Malaysia and a Research
Fellow at the Advanced Medical & Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains
Malaysia (USM). He received a B.Eng. (Hons.) in Chemical Engineering
(Bioprocess) from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) in 2002 and M.Eng.
(Bioprocess) from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) in 2006. He received his
Ph.D/DIC in Chemical Engineering from Imperial College of London in 2013.

161

CHE07P
Voltammetric Detection of Cholecalciferol in Using Graphene Oxide Modified

Screen-Printed Carbon Electrodes

Mohd Azerulazree Jamilan1*, Balqis Kamarudin1, N Dalila Rizuan1 and Mohd Fairulnizal Md Noh1
1Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research Centre,

Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia,
No. 1, Jalan Setia Murni U13/52, Setia Alam, 40170 Shah Alam, Selangor D.E., Malaysia

*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Vitamin D (ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol) is important due to its role in promoting calcium absorption
for bone mineralization, which also prevent diseases that is related to calcium deficiency such as
osteoporosis and rickets. Thus, the detection of cholecalciferol is important to ensure sufficient
consumption of vitamin D. Graphene oxide (GO) contains several oxygen-based functional groups such
as carbonyl, carboxyl, epoxy and hydroxyl that can form hydrogen bonding with cholecalciferol. At first,
the bare screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) were drop-casted with GO (5 μL, 0.5 mg/mL)
containing 0.05% (v/v) nafion to fully cover the working electrode. Then, the SPCE was dried in oven at
90 °C for 15 minutes to form GO film modified SPCE (GO/SPCE). Several parameters of GO/SPCE have
been optimized including GO concentration, nafion concentration, scan waiting time and applied
potential. It was found that when the square-wave voltammetry (SWV) scan (0 – 1.0 V; 0.01V step
potential; 0.1V modulation amplitude; 10 Hz frequency) was applied at optimized condition, the
electrolyte of 0.1M lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) shows oxidation response at 0.52 V, where the response
peak was inversely correlated to the concentration of cholecalciferol (0.2 – 1.20 mg/L, R2=0.977) in 0.1M
LiClO4 medium.
Keywords: Cholecalciferol; Graphene Oxide; Square–Wave Voltammetry; Screen-Printed Carbon
Electrode; Vitamin D Supplement
BIOGRAPHY

The Author has degree in Analytical Chemistry (USM) and Master degree in
Sensor Technology (UPM), and currently working as a Researcher in the field
of new development of food micronutrient detections involving the technique
of electrochemical sensor and liquid chromatography. In recent years, the
Author has explored research related with the surface modification technique
of screen-printed electrodes for sensitivity enhancement of the sensors.

162

CHE10P

Synthesis of Supramolecular Group 11 Pyrazolate Complexes as Vapochromic
Chemosensors for Volatile Organic Compounds

Nur Fatiha Ghazalli1,* Nurul Husna Sabran2, Juan Matmin2, Mohamad
Azani Jalani3, Mohd Hayrie Mohd Hatta4,

1School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus,
Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia

2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia

3Kolej GENIUS Insan,
Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Kompleks PERMATA Insan, Bandar Baru Nilai,

71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

4Centre for Research and Development, Asia Metropolitan University,
81750 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Group 11 metal azolate complexes with phosphorescent properties have been widely investigated as
chemical sensors (chemosensors) using their weak supramolecular assembly interactions for the
detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). However, there is no study on molecular design of
ligands and metal ions from the complexes toward high sensing capability. Therefore, by using non-side
chain (1A), 3,5-dimethyl (1B), 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl) (1C), 3,5-diphenyl (1D) and 4-(3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)-
3,5-dimethyl (1E) pyrazole ligands and Group 11 metal ions (Cu(I), Ag(I), Au(I)), this lecture discuss the
systematic study on sensing capability of trinuclear pyrazolate complexes for vapochromic
phosphorescent chemosensors of methanol to hexanol. All complexes 2A-E(Cu), 2F(Ag) and 2G(Au)
showed emission bands centered in 553-644 nm (excitation at 280 nm) with a large Stoke shift (Δλ > 200
nm), green to red emission in the dark room and microsecond lifetime (7.4-8.8 μs), indicating
phosphorescent properties from a weak metal-metal interaction for light-emitting capability. Complex
2E(Cu) was found to be the best chemosensors for the detection of methanol and ethanol vapors (200
μL) in 5 mins with complete recovery of its blue-shifting in emission orange to green color changes,
autonomously in 15 mins. Such sensing capability cannot be observed using chemosensors 2F(Ag) and
2G(Au). These results indicate the presence of a weak intermolecular hydrogen bonding interaction of
the vapors to the oxygen atoms at dimethoxybenzyl side-chains of the pyrazole ring.

Keywords: Group 11 Azolate Complexes; Phospherescences Properties; Supramolecular Assembly;
Vapochromic Chemosensors; Volatile Organic Compounds

BIOGRAPHY

Dr Nur Fatiha Ghazalli is a lecturer at School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains
Malaysia, members of Malaysia Biomaterials Society. She obtained her Bsc. in
Chemical Sciences from UMT, 2007, Msc. in Chemistry from UKM, 2008 and PhD
in Chemistry from UTM, 2017. Her expertise is synthesis of organometallic
chemistry for chemosensor applications and currently, in materials sciences
where her research area involves biomaterials for dental and medical applications.
Her major research is the development of a new polymeric hydrogel towards
wound healing applications and tissues regenerative applications

163

ENV02P
Spatial Cluster Air Quality Monitoring Stations in Central Region of Malaysia

using Hybrid Clustering Method

Nurul Alia Azizan1 Asheila AK Meramat1 Ahmad Syibli Othman1 Siti Noor Syuhada Muhammad Amin2
and Azman Azid3, *

1 Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin
2 Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin Science and Medicine Foundation Centre,

Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin

3 Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry,
Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
Assessment of air quality pattern requires multiple variables to be analyzed. It becomes a multivariate
problem as agglomerative hierarchical cluster (AHC) is used primarily to determine cluster pattern.
Therefore, this study aimed to demonstrate the hybrid cluster framework in air quality monitoring stations
in Peninsular Malaysia in order to provide a better spatial cluster distribution with distinct verification. The
data set was given from the Department of Environment, Malaysia (DOE) for the years 2018 to 2019
(two years). Six air quality pollutants were involved in this study. Before clustering the data, multivariate
techniques such as principal component analysis (PCA) were used to summarize the information content
in huge data tables in order to gain a better understanding of the variables (to reduce dimensionality).
The AHC were then created using the PCA factor scores. The factor scores were employed in a
discriminant analysis (DA) to verify the clusters. PCA factor scores revealed that 10 of 11 stations needed
to be further investigated using AHC. High Polluted Region (HPR=five stations) and Low Polluted Region
(LPR=five stations) were established from AHC. Each class was distinguished using discriminant
analysis (DA). According to DA, the confusion matrix for the clusters is 94.58 % corrects. The framework
provided here offers a novel tool for identifying and classifying stations based on air quality variables.
This demonstrates that the hybrid cluster analysis technique utilized in this study is capable of producing
more precise pollutant distributions that are useful in air pollution studies.
Keywords: hybrid clustering; air quality; principal component analysis (PCA); agglomerative hierarchical
cluster (AHC); discriminant analysis (DA)
BIOGRAPHY

Assoc. Prof. Dr Azman bin Azid was obtained his PhD degree in Environmental
Science from UniSZA in 2015. He is currently a Deputy Director of Centre for
Research Excellence and Incubation Management (CREIM) in UniSZA since
2021 until now. Before this, he was a Director of Centralized Lab Management
Centre (CLMC) of UniSZA. His research interest include air pollution, water
quality, artificial intelligence, environmental toxicology and chemometrics. He
published more than 140 research articles, chapter in books with H-index 18.

164

ENV03P
Identification of the Most Significant of Air Pollutants Using Sensitivity

Analysis with Spatial Assessment using Clustering Method

Nurul Alia Azizan1,* Asheila AK Meramat1 Ahmad Syibli Othman1 Siti Noor Syuhada Muhammad Amin2
and Azman Azid3

1 Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin
2 Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin Science and Medicine Foundation Centre,

Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin

3 Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry,
Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
This study focused on the pattern recognition of Malaysian air quality based on the data obtained from
the Malaysian Department of Environment (DOE). Seven air quality parameters in 47 monitoring stations
in Peninsular Malaysia for two years (2018–2019) were gathered. The objective of this study was to
determine the most significant pollutant contributing to air quality problems and to look at the spatial
pattern specifically from the most significant pollutant in Peninsular Malaysia. Basically, air pollution
index (API) with six parameters such as PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, O3 and CO were involved in this study.
Therefore, sensitivity analysis (SA) method coupled with the artificial neural network (ANN) was applied
to identify the most significant variables based on six pollutants in the air pollution index (API). Seven
models (ANN-API-AP, ANN-API- LPM10, ANN-API-LPM2.5, ANN-API-LSO2 ANN-API-LNO2 ANN-API-
LO3 and ANN-API-LCO) were carried out in the sensitivity analysis test. Chemometric technique also
has been used such as Agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis (AHC) to perform three smaller
groups compared 47 stations which has a same characteristic. The cluster analysis of PM2.5 as the most
significant pollutants were classified into High Polluted Region (HPR), Moderate Polluted Region (MPR)
and Low Polluted Region (LPR).The mean concentration of PM2.5 recorded in HPR was significantly
higher with 27.289 µgm-3 followed by MPR (20.427 µgm-3) and LPR (17.897 µgm-3). As a result of using
the environmetric technique for analyzing data sets become a better way to identify significant air
pollutant parameters and more clearly in understanding air quality pattern.
Keywords: environmetric technique; sensitivity analysis (SA); artificial neural network (ANN);
agglomerative hierarchical cluster (AHC); air pollutant index (API)
BIOGRAPHY

Nurul Alia Azizan received BSc degree in Biomedical Science in IIUM (2009) and
MSc degree in Health Toxicology from Advanced Medical and Dental Institute
USM in 2011. She is currently pursuing PhD degree with UniSZA. Her research
interest include environmental toxicology, chemometrics and cognitive impairment
among communities.

165

ENV06P
Influence of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) and Firing Temperature on Brick of

Drinking Water Sludge (DWS)

Zulfahmi Ali Rahman* Nur Iffatul Hanisa Che Bakri Wan Mohd Razi Idris
and Tukimat Lihan

1Jabatan Sains Bumi dan Alam Sekitar
Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
Brick is one of important construction materials. Conventionally, it is developed from natural resources
such as clay, sand, cement, lime where high firing temperature has been adopted to improve the
mechanical quality of the brick. The processes are unsustainable which heavily consume natural
resources and emission of CO2 to the atmosphere. Wastes from industrial and agricultural by-products
have potential to be recycled as raw materials for brick. Drinking water sludge (DWS) and palm oil fuel
ash (POFA) are wastes generated from raw water treatment plants and the incineration process of by-
products from palm oil mills, respectively. This study aims to investigate the effect of addition of POFA
to the brick that developed from DWS and the influence of firing temperature of the mechanical properties
of the studied bricks. POFA was added at the range between 0 and 30% to the base material (DWS) and
different firing temperatures of 500oC and 900oC were applied (3 hours). Unfired bricks were also
prepared for comparison purposes. The results showed the prospect of recycling of DWS and POFA in
development of alternative brick. However further study is required to ensure the product can achieve
the recommended standard.
Keywords: brick; recycle; waste; sludge; mechanical properties
BIOGRAPHY

Dr. Zulfahmi Ali Rahman is a lecturer in UKM, Faculty of Science & Technology.
He got PhD in 2008 in Engineering Geology. His interest in research is related to
development of alternative/green brick, involving the use of wastes as raw
material. Other studies are related to adoption of wastes for improvement of
problematic soils and bioengineering slopes using plants.

166

ENV12P
Determination of illicit drugs in municipal wastewater using LC-MS/MS

Mohammad Azimuddin Izani1, Nurul ‘Azyyati Sabri1, Nurul Nadiah Hamidon1, Kooi Yeong Khaw2,
Iekhsan Othman3, Jochen Mueller4 and Joo Hui Tay1*
1Faculty of Industrial Sciences & Technology,

Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia
2 School of Pharmacy,

Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
3Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine & Health Sciences,

Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
4Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS),
The University of Queensland, 4102, Brisbane, Australia
*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
An analytical method based on solid-phase extraction (SPE)–liquid chromatography tandem mass
spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the determination of five illicit drugs (amphetamine, methamphetamine,
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine and morphine) in municipal
wastewater has been optimized and validated. Sample preparation was performed using Oasis MCX
SPE cartridges. LC separation was performed using a Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 RRHD column. The
linearity of calibration curve was between 5 ng/mL and 250 ng/mL, except for morphine. The recoveries
of target analytes ranged from 60.7 to 123%, and the method demonstrated good inter-day repeatability
(Relative standard deviation ranged from 5.39 to 23.6%). Instrumental detection limit (iDL) ranged
between 1.66 and 14.4 ng/mL for all compounds. The method was applied on municipal wastewater
samples collected from sewage treatment plants in Kuantan, Pahang.
Keywords: amphetamine, illicit drugs, LC-MS/MS, methamphetamine, municipal wastewater
BIOGRAPHY

Joo Hui Tay is a senior lecturer in Faculty of Industrial Sciences & Technology,
Universiti Malaysia Pahang. She graduated from Stockholm University, Sweden
with a PhD in applied environmental sciences. Her research interests focus on
environmental monitoring and characterization, human exposure assessment
and sewage epidemiology.

167

ENV13P

Geochemical Characteristics of Rock Samples and Their Potential to Generate
Acid Mine Drainage

Wan Zuhairi Wan Yaacob1,* and Jasni Yaakob2

1Program Geologi,
Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor

2 Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI),
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The most significant environmental problem related to mining is acid mine drainage (AMD). This study
was carried out to determine the geochemistry of rock samples and to determine the acid generation
potential. The geochemical investigation was conducted on rock samples from proposed gold mine
project in Tersang, Raub, Pahang. The minerals in rock samples were largely consists of quartz (78.66
%), illite (7.5 %) with small percentages of other minerals such as pyrite (3.93 %), arsenopyrite (1.83 %),
clinochlore (4.09 %) and cronstedtite (3.11). The results of XRF indicating major elements were
dominated by SiO2 (69.21 %), Al2O3 (19.50 %), Fe2O3 (4.53 %) and K2O (3.19 %). All samples contained
very small percentage of trace elements, less than 0.05% (<0.05%). The results of sulphur content (via
CHNS) in rock samples were given as an average value of 0.009 % with the maximum sulphur detected
in sample BH4 P5-D5 (0.073 %). The results of Acid Base Accounting (ABA) exhibited neutralization
potential (NP) with the values ranging from 6.1 to 52.62 kgCaCO3/t. The values of acid potential (AP)
ranged from 0.32 - 71.49 kgCaCO3/t. The Net Neutralization Potential (NNP) was calculated with the
values ranging from -49 to 32.92 kgCaCO3/t. The Neutralization Potential Ratio (NPR) was given as 0.3
to 81.7. Based on the NNP and NPR values, the rock samples at the proposed site were categorised as
non-acid producing, with 81.3 % of the samples was classified as non-acid, 6.2 % as uncertain and 12.5
% as acid producing.

Keywords: Geochemistry; acid mine drainage; acid-base accounting (ABA), minerals, gold mine

BIOGRAPHY

Wan Zuhairi is a lecturer of Geology at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia since June
2000. He teaches, among others, Environmental Geology, Engineering Geology,
Environmental Issues & EIA, Geology Field Mapping and Contaminant
Hydrogeology. As far as research is concerned, it focuses on geology materials as
natural contaminant sorbents, contaminants migration in soil and groundwater, acid
mine drainage, remediation of contaminated land, groundwater modelling
(MODFLOW FLEX) and slope stability modelling (OASYS Software). Thanks to his
high level of expertise and passion in teaching, he has been awarded the
prestigious Best Lecturer Awards twice by the university. He graduated and
received a B.Sc in Geology from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia before pursued
his Master's degree at Cardiff University, the United Kingdom in Applied
Environmental Geology and a Doctorate Degree in Environmental Geotechnique
focusing on the interaction of compacted clay liner with contaminants.

168

ENV16P
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Co And Pd Doped Tin Oxide Nanorods and Their

Photocatalytic Performance on Microplastics (Polypropylene) Removal

Vicinisvarri Inderan1,* Nur Aina Shahida Ahmad1 Nurizyan Amirah Mohd Zaidi1 Norain Isa1 Wan Zuraida
Wan Kamis1 Hooi Ling Lee2 Raseetha Vani3

1 Centre for Chemical Engineering Studies,
Universiti Teknologi MARA, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

2 Nanomaterials Research Group,
School of Chemical Sciences,

Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia

3Faculty of Applied Sciences,
Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
It has been reported that the wastewater treatment processes do not completely remove microplastics
(MPs) from wastewater and often bypass the treatment plants into water resources. Hence, in this study
cobalt (Co) and palladium (Pd) doped SnO2 are tested as photocatalysts to degrade the MPs. Co and
Pd were selected as dopants due to their high oxidation catalytic characteristics. The SnO2 nanorods
were synthesized using a facile hydrothermal route at a relatively lower temperature, 180 °C. The
photocatalytic reaction was executed at different durations (24, 48 and 72 hours) and pH of 5,7and 9,
under visible light irradiation. The as-synthesized SnO2 nanorods were analysed using X-ray diffraction
(XRD), Field emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR)
spectrometer and UV-Vis spectrometer. The broadening of XRD peaks in Pd and Co doped SnO2
nanorods is signifying a decrease in crystalline size supported by FESEM images with ~15 nm diameter.
The performance of the photodegradation of the polypropylene as MP is verified by using FTIR analysis.
The presence of strong vibration peaks of the carbonyl and hydroxyl bands confirmed the polymer chain
broke down via photo-oxidation reaction. Cracks and cavities have been found on the surface of PP
which is treated with undoped SnO2 photocatalyst. Overall, 10% Pd doped and Co doped SnO2 have
exhibited high performance after 72 hours of photocatalytic reaction at pH 9 and it has high potential as
a photocatalyst for degradation of microplastics.
Keywords: tin oxide, palladium doped; cobalt doped; microplastics; photodegradation.
BIOGRAPHY

Vicinisvarri Inderan obtained her MSc degree with a specialization in
nanochemistry from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, in 2008. She received her PhD
degree from Universiti Sains Malaysia, in 2019 by working on “Metal oxide/
biopolymer gas sensor”. Presently she is working as a senior lecturer in Centre for
Chemical Engineering Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. Her current
research interests are in synthesis and characterization of metal oxide doped metal
oxide and nanocomposite for environmental applications.

169

ENV18P

Distribution of Heavy Metals in Surficial Sediments of Straits of Malacca

Lavannia Ravikumar1 and, Adiana Ghazali1,2*, Kamaruzzaman Yunus3, Pradit Siriporn4,5,
Ong Meng Chuan1,2,6

1 Faculty of Science and Marine Environment,
Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia

2 Ocean Pollution and Ecotoxicology (OPEC) Research Group,
Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia

3 Kulliyyah of Science,
Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Malaysia, Kuantan Campus,
Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia

4 Marine and Coastal Resources Institute,
Faculty of Environmental Management,
Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand

5 Coastal Oceanogarphy and Climate Change Research Center,
Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand

6 Institute of Oceanography and Environment,
Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Present-day concern on environmental pollution in Straits of Malacca (SoM), caused by heavy metals,
is significantly increasing due to growing population, rapid urbanization and recurring shipping activities.
Therefore, the distribution and concentration of selected heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, T-Hg and Zn)
present in the SoM surface sediments were analysed to indicate their level of contamination using the
index of geoaccumulation (Igeo) and the pollution load index (PLI). A total of 47 samples were collected
using Smith McIntyre Grab and analysed with Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)
after digesting with mixed concentrated acid. Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to produce
a contour plot based on the spatial distribution maps of the concentration of studied metals. The average
concentrations were found to be in the following order; Zn > Cr > Pb > Cu > As > Cd > T-Hg with values
56.51±24.34 µg/g dw., 31.19±13.89 µg/g dw., 27.32±7.93 µg/g dw., 17.51±6.75 µg/g dw., 3.57±1.55 µg/g
dw., 0.09±0.04 µg/g dw., and 0.050±0.016 µg/g dw. respectively. The pollution status for all metals
showed low Igeo except for As and Pb which fall under the slightly polluted category. The overall PLI
value was 1.080, establishing that the area is polluted. Furthermore, analysis of the relationship between
heavy metal concentrations with sediment particle sizes shows metal concentrations increased with
decreasing mean size indicating their association with finer sediments. This data would be beneficial to
evaluate the hazards of heavy metal pollution and effects of human activities on aquatic ecosystems.

Keywords: Contamination; ICP-MS; index of geoaccumulation; pollution load index; Straits of Malacca

BIOGRAPHY

Lavannia Ravikumar is a Graduate Research Assistant doing her Master’s degree
in Marine Science at Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Her research interest
focuses on the heavy metal pollution in aquatic ecosystems with specific emphasis
on the interrelation between the sediments sizes and the metal concentrations on
pollution status of the aquatic environments.

170

ENV19P

Estimation of Aircraft Engine Emission of Peninsular
Malaysia Airspace From Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast

(ADS-B) Data

* Masnawi Mustaffa1, Nur Farahiyah Binti Mohd Roslan1, Shaharudin Ahmad2, Nazli Ahmad Aini1 and
Rosmadi Ghazali3

1Fakulti Sains Gunaan, UiTM Shah Alam, 40450 Selangor, Malaysia

2 Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal, UiTM Shah Alam, 40450 Selangor, Malaysia

3 Fakulti Senibina, Perancangan dan Ukur, UiTM Shah Alam, 40450 Selangor, Malaysia

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Air transport is one of the most important industries in the world. Its technological growth and service
success make it one of the most significant contributors to the progress of modern society. Air
transportation demand enhances the effects of air transport on the global economy, making it possible
for millions of people to travel quickly and for billions of dollars’ worth of goods to markets around the
world. The industry plays a critical role in millions of people working and enjoying life. It encourages a
better quality of life and helps raise standards of living. Peninsular Malaysia is among Asia's busiest
airspace. This fact shows that the Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) system received
an enormous volume of aircraft data over the region. This study gathered raw data of ADS-B from the
antenna, receiver, and decoder used in our laboratory. A Web-based application was then developed to
analyze the data and all data was stored in our database server. Using a data mining approach, the
information was then used to estimate emissions from the aircraft for 2018 covering peninsular airspace.
The data are recorded for 12 months which are analyzed as monthly, then followed by daily which the
selected month is chosen among the highest emission in that year. Analysis for estimation of aircraft
emission for emission types also were recorded to see the amount of each type of emission released for
a month. There are several parameters taken based on the aircraft emission daily such as aircraft type
and also type of emission. The average total number of aircraft for every month recorded and average
emissions per month was estimated and the range of the aircraft emissions that have been emitted to the
atmosphere of Peninsular Malaysia are also identified. This emission is analyzed based on the most
dangerous gasses emitted from aircraft engines which are hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and
nitrogen oxides (NOx).

Keywords: Aircraft Engine Emission; ADS-B Data; Chemtrail; Data Mining; Traffic Density

BIOGRAPHY

Masnawi Mustaffa is currently a senior lecturer in the Fakulti Sains Gunaan,
Universiti Teknologi MARA(UiTM) Shah Alam. He received his Master in
Information Technology from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia in 2001 and
Bachelor Science (Hons.) in Physic from Universiti Pertanian Malaysia in 1994.
Now he is pursuing his Phd of Mechanical Engineering in the area of Marine
Technology from Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM). He has teaching
experience of more than 26 years in the areas of Physics. His research interest
in big data analysis of marine on AIS data and also air traffics in ADS-B data.
He has published papers in many international journals such as Transactions
on Maritime Science(Hungary), International Journal of Engineering and
Technology(UAE). He has also co-authored a number of researches in
functional materials and photovoltaic.

171

ENV21P
Sediment-Water-Biota Linkage Mechanism of Anthropogenic Pollutant Marker

Elements From Gebeng Water Bodies, Pahang Malaysia

Nik Azlin Nik Ariffin*, Noor Aziatul Aini Hamzan,
Sabarina Md Yunus & Zitty Sarah Ismail

Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA,
40450 Shah Alam, Selangor

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
A study was carried out to determine the non-radioactive and radioactive elements in sediment, water
and biota from Gebeng industrial water bodies. The purpose of the study was to investigate the linkage
mechanism of anthropogenic pollutant marker elements in sediment, water and biota in Gebeng water
bodies. The water and sediment samples were taken from 28 sampling points along Sungai Balok,
Sungai Tunggak, coastal water area and Gebeng industrial area. For sediments and biota, the samples
were oven-dried, pulverized and acid digested prior to be analysed. The pollutant marker elements were
analytically characterized using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The
assessment of the degree of pollutant in sediment were done based on sediment quality indices include
pollution load index, enrichment factor and geo-accumulation index. The elements that show significant
pollutant elements are Cd, As, Cu and Pb. The sources of the most significant pollutants, that are As and
Cd could be from industrial activities in Gebeng. While U, Th, Al and K most likely from natural sources.
The distribution of significant elements in sediment also was potrayed in the form of map. Linkage
mechanism of pollutant marker elements in sediment-water-biota is in the sequence of water to sediment
> water to fish > sediment to fish.
Keywords: Non-radioactive, radioactive, water, sediment, biota
BIOGRAPHY

Nik Azlin Nik Ariffin is a senior lecturer in Universiti Teknologi MARA Shah Alam.
She holds BSc and MSc in Environmental Science and PhD in Marine Science.
Her expertise on Environmental chemistry, water resource, and radiochemistry.

172

ENV34P
The Effects of pH on Polypropylene Microplastics Removal by

Electrocoagulation Process using Nickel Electrodes

Nor Ku Nazatul Husna Mohd Jackariya1, Norain Isa1,*, Nor Aimi Abdul Wahab1,2, Vicinisvarri Inderan1
and Nur Fadzeelah Abu Kassim1

1Centre for Chemical Engineering Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, 13500
Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.

2Department of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, 13500
Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
This study investigates the influence of the initial pH on the removal of polypropylene microplastics
(PPMPs) from artificial wastewater using electrocoagulation (EC) process utilizing nickel as electrodes.
The influence of the initial pH has been investigated by commencing several sets of continuous flow
experiments at five different initial pH values (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10) keeping the concentration of PPMPs,
size of PPMPs, type of electrodes and electrodes distance at 250 ppm, 250 µm, nickel electrodes and 2
cm, respectively. The obtained results showed that the removal efficiency increased gradually as the
initial pH increased from 25% at pH 2 and reach its maximum level at the pH 8 with 67% removal, then
it slightly decreased to as the initial pH increased to 10. This change of the removal efficiency with the
initial pH could be attributed to the predominant species of nickel ions as coagulants, where in acidic
conditions; the prevailing species have low adsorption capacity for PPMPs as pollutants. While, in the
alkaline range of pH, the predominant species have high adsorption capacity for PPMPs as pollutants. It
can be said that the most favorable supporting pH for PPMPs removal utilizing nickel as electrodes in
this EC treatment technique is pH 8.
Keywords: Electrocoagulation Process; Microplastics; Nickel electrode; pH; Removal wastewater
treatment plants
BIOGRAPHY

Nor Ku Nazatul Husna Mohd Jackariya is a student who is currently undertaking
her Master study program under Centre for Chemical Engineering Studies, UiTM
Cawangan Pulau Pinang.

173

ENV35P
Determination of Mineral Content of Tachypleus gigas from Johor,

Malaysia

Nazikussabah Zaharudin1,* and Nashrin Iszhan Ishak1
1Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology,

Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia
*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
In this study, horseshoe crabs (Tachypleus gigas) were collected at Pusat Ternakan dan Penetasan
Belangkas (Horseshoe Crab Hatchery and Breeding Centre), Sedili Kechil, Kota Tinggi, Johor, Malaysia.
T. gigas was analyzed for the mineral content of the different parts of its body (roe and muscle) using two
different drying methods (oven-drying and freeze-drying method). The mineral analysis was determined
using AOAC standard method and the mineral contents were determined by atomic absorption
spectrophotometry for Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn and Mn. The results showed that the oven dry and freeze
dry of the roe of T. gigas contained Na (1.52 and 1.47 mg/kg dry weight), K (27.27 and 27.28 mg/kg), Ca
(11.92 and 9.85 mg/kg), Mg (0.79 and 0.84 mg/kg), Fe (5.94 and 5.63 mg/kg), Zn (2.05 and 1.74 mg/kg)
and Mn (2.68 and 2.29 mg/kg), respectively. While for the muscle, the oven dry and freeze dry of T. gigas
contained Na (1.17 and 1.25 mg/kg), K (26.42 and 27.30 mg/kg), Ca (1.65 and 1.65 mg/kg), Mg (0.37
and 0.55 mg/kg), Fe (1.38 and 1.28 mg/kg), Zn (0.58 and 1.06 mg/kg) and Mn (0.24 and 0.28 mg/kg),
respectively. These results demonstrate that the roe has better mineral contents than the muscle and
there is no significant difference on the two drying methods used.
Keywords: freeze drying; horseshoe crabs; minerals; oven-drying, Tachypleus gigas
BIOGRAPHY

Nazikussabah Zaharudin is a senior lecturer at Universiti Malaysia Pahang,
graduated with a Ph.D. in Bioactive Foods & Health from University of Copenhagen,
Denmark. She is specialized in the analysis of chemical compounds of food and
plants, as well as the interaction of bioactive compounds in the human body. Apart
from these specializations, she also works in halal food and animal feed areas.

174

FAT01P
Study of Cooking Methods Impact on Elements of Pulses by Using EDXRF

B.Aruna1*, Srinivasulu A1, A. Jayasree1, P.V. Lakshmi Narayana1, A. D. P. Rao1
1Department of Nuclear Physics,

Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India, 530003
*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
By adopting the Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Technique, concentrations of eleven elements (S,
K, P, Ca, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ni, Cr, and Pb) present in a few varieties of pulses that contain nutritional
components (Turdal, Masoordal, Moonjdal, Green gram, Urddal, Black gram and Bengal gram)
undertaking as raw, cooked with aluminium utensil, and clay pot cook ware were determined (EDXRF).
The purpose of the present study is to determine the impact of vessel type on nutritional components
owing to leaching and other such related factors during cooking of these pulses. Cooked pulses are
greatly influenced by the cooking procedure and vessels used for cooking purpose. The concentrations
of obtained nutritious elements due to raw and cooked pulses with two different vessels are compared
with one another. The obtained results show that the concentration levels of some metals such as Zinc,
Manganese, Copper, and Nickel elements in pulses cooked with aluminium utensils are higher when
compared with earthen pot cook wear, which might be understand on the basis of metals leaching in the
utensil. Cooking with an earthen pot on a regular basis helps to prevent significant health problems. The
obtained results will be presented in the full length paper along with their interpretation.
Keywords: Pulses, Nutritional elements, Toxic elements, cooking methods, EDXRF
BIOGRAPHY

I am B. Aruna, currently working as a Research scholar (Ph.D.) in the
Department of Nuclear Physics, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India. I am
presently working on the “Study of Cooking Methods Impact on Elements of
Food Grains by Using EDXRF”. I did my M.Sc in Nuclear Physics, in the
Department of Nuclear Physics, and completed M.Ed. in the Department of
Education, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam. My research interests are
Elemental analysis using Nuclear Analytical Techniques and Environmental
studies. I worked as a faculty of physics in Pydah degree college, and also
worked as a junior lecturer in A.S.Raja mahila junior college, Visakhapatnam,
India.

175

GRE03P
Continuous Transesterification of Fish Waste Oil to Biodiesel in

Supercritical Methanol

Hajar Rastegari1,*, Hassan S. Ghaziaskar2, and Simin Espootin2

1Higher Institution Center of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries,
Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
2 Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology,
Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
An alternative energy source for traditional fossil fuels is biodiesel. However, the most important
challenge for its production is the high cost in comparison with conventional diesel fuels. One strategy to
decrease production costs is using low-quality feedstocks such as waste oil. However, for conventional
transesterification, low-quality feedstocks need costly and time-consuming pretreatments that led to
environmental pollution. Under supercritical conditions transesterification of low-quality feedstocks
without any pretreatment is possible. This study evaluates the continuous and non-catalytic
transesterification of fish waste oil to biodiesel in supercritical methanol. The packed-bed reactor used in
this study was filled with Crushed Pyrex Glass in order to increase the surface area and contact time
between reactants inside the reactor. Fish waste oil was used as the feedstock without any pretreatment
and transesterification was performed under methanol supercritical conditions. Response surface
methodology (RSM) was applied to analyze the effect of four variables including the weight ratio of
methanol to fish waste oil (W), temperature (T), pressure (P), and the feed flow rate (F) on the yield of
transesterification reaction. Using this continuous reactor, the highest biodiesel yield of 95% was
obtained for methanol to fish waste oil weight ratio of 22, at 270oC and 112 bar with a flow rate of 2
mL.min-1. The experimental yield was the same as the theoretical yield which suggests that the proposed
setup under supercritical conditions has a promising potential for the production of biodiesel from waste
oil that contributes to achieving mainly SDG 13 (climate action) and SDG 7 (affordable and clean energy).
Keywords: Biodiesel; Continuous transesterification; Fish waste oil; Marine waste; Supercritical
methanol
BIOGRAPHY

Hajar Rastegari has joined Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) on May 2021
as senior lecturer. Her academic background covers mainly on green chemistry
and technology focusing on waste valorization. She graduated from Isfahan
University of Technology (IUT) in 2015. During her MSc and Ph.D., her research
was focused on the valorization of different biomass under sub/supercritical
conditions. Then she joined IUT as a Postdoc researcher till 2017 working on the
synthesis of oxygenated fuel additives from waste biomass. In 2017 she started
to manage her own startup on the valorization of marine waste in her home
country, Iran till May 2021.

176

GRE11P

Photocatalytic Degradation of Phenol Using Mesoporous Zinc Nanoparticle
Under Visible Light Irradiation

Muhammad Farhan Hanafi1 Nazatulshima Hassan1 Mohammed Danish2 Umar Kalmar Nizar3 Daniel Joe
Dailin4 and Norzahir Sapawe1,*

1 Universiti Kuala Lumpur Branch Campus Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering
Technology, Lot 1988 Vendor City, Taboh Naning, 78000 Alor Gajah, Melaka, Malaysia

2 School of Industrial Technology,
Building G07, Persiaran Sains, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

3 Jurusan Kimia,
Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Universitas Negeri Padang,

Sumatera Barat, Indonesia

4 Institute of Bioproduct Development,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The semiconductor metals oxide provides a great interest among scientists to overcome water
contamination via photocatalytic reaction under advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). The AOPs
mainly used the hydroxyl radicals to attack and destroy a wide range of harmful molecules into non-toxic
products, CO2 and water at ambient temperature. In this study, mesoporous zinc nanoparticle (MZN)
catalyst was used to degrade the phenolic compound in aqueous solution. A simple microwave-assisted
electrosynthesis method of MZN were studied and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field
emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-
Teller (BET), and ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–vis DRS). Nearly complete
degradation was achieved (~96%) under 10 mg L–1 of phenol concentration when using 1.25 g L–1 of
MZN catalyst at pH 3 with less than 2% of phenol was degraded due to long exposure to light irradiation.
Good photoactivity towards degradation of phenolic compound promises the catalyst to be used in water
treatment and other applications.

Keywords: mesoporous zinc nanoparticle (MZN); phenol; advanced oxidation processes (AOPs);
hydroxyl radicals; electrolysis method

BIOGRAPHY

Muhammad Farhan bin Hanafi is currently semester three PhD student in
chemical engineering and working under the supervision of Associate Professor
ChM. Ts. Dr. Norzahir bin Sapawe at Universiti Kuala Lumpur Branch Campus
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology, Alor Gajah,
Melaka, Malaysia. His research is focused on the modification of semiconductor
metals oxide for enhancing the photocatalytic degradation process reaction. He
holds a Master of Engineering Technology (Chemical Engineering – by
Research), Bachelor of Chemical Engineering Technology (Bioprocess) with
Honours, and Diploma of Chemical Engineering Technology (Bioprocess) from
the Universiti Kuala Lumpur. His research is supported by the UniKL Excellent
Research Grant Scheme (UERGS).

177

GRE17P
Comparative Study of Microwave-assisted Acid and Alkali Hydrolysis on

Xylose Extraction from Lemongrass Leaves

Norazlina Idris1,* Gan Ming Choh1, Norakma Mohd Nor1, Noor Fazreen Dzulkafli1,
Rodiah Mohd Hassan1 and Nurhafizah Ibrahim1

1 Faculty of Engineering and Life Sciences, Universiti Selangor,
45600 Bestari Jaya, Selangor

*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Lemongrass leaves is a plant waste rich that is rich in lignocellulose material. Xylose, a major component
of lignocellulose is a sucrase inhibitor which is very useful as a functional sugar complement to inhibit
increment of blood glucose levels in diabetic patients. The aim of this study is to compare the highest
xylose extract from lemongrass leaves between acid (sulphuric acid) and alkali (NaOH) hydrolysis via
microwave-assisted. Preliminary study on lemongrass leaves shows that it has 5.38 pH, 27.41%
moisture and 24.05% ash. Further study reveals that lemongrass leaves contain 29.91% of α-cellulose,
15.89% of hemicellulose and 3.40% of lignin. The comparison of H2SO4 and NaOH hydrolysis of
lemongrass leaves were carried out at different hydrolysis times (10-50 min), acid/ alkali concentration
(1%-5% v/v), solid to liquid ratio (1:30-5:30) and hydrolysis temperature (100-150 °C). The results
indicate that the highest xylose extract via H2SO4 hydrolysis microwave-assisted is 31.9g/L which is
significantly higher than NaOH hydrolysis (2.2g/L) with optimum conditions of 40 minutes of hydrolysis
time, 2% of H2SO4 concentration, 4:30 of solid to liquid ratio and 140 °C of hydrolysis temperature.
Meanwhile, the optimum conditions of NaOH hydrolysis microwave-assisted were 120 minutes of
hydrolysis time, 2% of NaOH concentration, 2:15 of solid liquid ratio and 125°C of autoclave temperature.
Consequently, microwave-assisted H2SO4 hydrolysis has significantly higher competence in the
production of xylose extract compared to NaOH hydrolysis.
Keywords: acid hydrolysis; alkali hydrolysis; lemongrass leaves; microwave; xylose
BIOGRAPHY

Norazlina Idris started her career as an engineer and in 2016, she received her
PhD in Chemical Engineering (UiTM). Currently, she is a lecturer in Universiti
Selangor, holding a position as Program Coordinator (BSc (Honours) Industrial
Technology). She is also a Managing Editor of Asian Journal Life Sciences and
a reviewer of Journal of Oil Palm Research and Malaysian Journal of Chemistry.
In addition, Norazlina is the Principal Investigator of research grants, namely
(FRGS) and one from Selangor State Government. Her research interests are
fermentation technology, waste management, enzyme technology and
bioprocess. She is a member of (BEM) and (MBOT).

178

NAT02P
Probing the anti-SARS-COV-2 potential of Carica papaya leaves via LC-MS

bioactive-based molecular networking

Adlin Afzan1, * Norazlan Mohmad Misnan1, Amirruddin Muhammad2, and Mohd Ridzuan Mohd Abd
Razak2

1 Phytochemistry Unit, Herbal Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research,
National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Setia Alam, 40170 Shah Alam, Malaysia

2 Bioassay Unit, Herbal Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research,
National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Setia Alam, 40170 Shah Alam, Malaysia

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
In natural products, bioassay-guided fractionation is the typical workflow in discovering bioactive
constituents. One common limitation is that although the initial extract had positive bioassay results, the
following bioassay-guided purification often failed to identify the bioactive compound(s). The bioactive
molecular-networking (MN) concept, which involves concomitant analysis of tandem mass spectrometry
(MS) and bioassay results was recently proposed to systematically target bioactive compounds. Herein,
we aimed to identify potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 compound(s) from Carica papaya leaves as part of our
natural products drug discovery efforts. By using a cytopathic effect-based assay, we tested three
preparations (FLV, HAD, and AHE) against SARS-CoV2 virus infected Vero E6 cells. Their cytotoxicity
was evaluated by MTT assay. The comprehensive chemical profile of all samples containing 1184 m/z
features was established from the high-resolution MS. Bioactivity score prediction was calculated as the
Pearson correlation coefficient (r) between the relative abundance of the m/z features and the selectivity
index (SI) values obtained from bioassays. The FLV and AHE inhibited the wild-type virus with SI>2.81
and 8.66 respectively, while HAD was inactive. The MN visualization of all these samples showed four
m/z features corresponding to three compounds (CPX1, CPX2, and CPX3) that had statistically
significant bioactivity scores (r=0.99, p<0.05). Following this, the in-vitro test of CPX1 against wild-type
and delta strain virus exhibited potential activity with SI=45.64 and 10.5, respectively. The remaining
compounds have yet to be isolated and tested. Overall, the bioactive molecular-networking approach
positively identifies the bioactive compounds from C. papaya, as worthy of further investigations.
Keywords: Anti-SARS-CoV2; bioactive constituents; LC-MS; molecular-networking; papaya leaves
BIOGRAPHY

Adlin Afzan is a chemist researcher for the Institute for Medical Research, National
Institutes of Health Malaysia since 2004. She obtained her PhD from the
University of Geneva, Switzerland for her research on the quality control of
herbals. Her current research interest includes discovering bioactive natural
products from Malayan Flora, with the emphasis on the development of innovative
MS metabolomics and molecular networking-based dereplication strategies. She
is also keen to apply these approaches to human intervention studies with
phytotherapeutic agents, dietary supplements, and functional foods.

179

NAT08P

Physical and Chemical Characterizations of
Malaysia Pepper Starch

1Nurasyikin binti Abdul Rahman & 1Mohd. Khairul Nizam bin Bakri

1Research and Development Department
Malaysia Pepper Board
Kuching Sarawak

Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

A study on the physical and chemical characterization of Malaysian Pepper Starch (MPS) was conducted
particularly to determine moisture content, swelling power, moisture sorption capacity and starch gel
clarity. The topography and functional groups of MPS were determined using SEM and FTIR which
revealed the structure of MPS. Based on the study, the MPS has lower moisture content and swelling
power but higher moisture sorption and hydration capacity than commercial corn starch.

Keywords: Malaysian Pepper Starch; pepper starch; starch topography, physical & chemical
characterization

BIOGRAPHY

Ms. ChM. Nurasyikin binti Abdul Rahman is a Malaysian chemist. She obtained
her first Degree in Oleochemistry in 2004 and Master Degree in Chemistry in 2009
from National University of Malaysia. Currently, she’s working as research officer
in Malaysian Pepper Board, Kuching, Sarawak. Her field of specialization covers
extraction of pepper oil, piperin and identification of therapeutic properties of
pepper extracts such as anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant. She also involved in
chemical modification of pepper industrial waste for green industrial applications.
Despite that, she is also responsible for creating and developing pepper based
products from pepper extracts. Her main innovations from pepper extracts are
cosmetics and personal care products. She received bronze medals in Malaysian
Technology Expo 2020 for her innovations. She is also a member of Institute
Kimia Malaysia since 2010.

180

NAT09P
A Review on Piper betle Extract and Hypochlorous Acid towards

Insecticidal Activity

Muhammad Imran Hakimi Chairul1, Wan Zuraida Wan Mohd Zain1, Nur’Amira Hamid1, Aishah Nailla
Che Musa1, Nurul Wahida Ramli1 & Norhazana Nor Izan2
1Faculty of Plantation and Agrotechnology,

Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Melaka, Kampus Jasin,
Merlimau, Melaka, Malaysia
2Bubbles O2 Quarters,

7-51-02, Jalan Medan Pusat Bandar 8A, 43650 Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
Piper betle L. is a well-known medication plant that originated from the Asian region. This crop was
implemented by the older generation for daily usage as a natural medicine to cure a certain type of
disease. The extract of Piper betle was proven to contain essential phytochemicals through a series of
phytochemical screening procedures including tannin, saponin, flavonoid, and alkaloid which possess
the insecticidal activity potential towards a wide range of insects. These studies conducted by
researchers led to the implementation of betel extract in the agriculture sector as a pesticide or major
constituent in the production of novel insecticides. The effectiveness of using betel extract as a pesticide
was quite promising and can be used as a better alternative to replace the commercial use of harmful
chemical pesticides. Similar to betel extract, hypochlorous acid shows antimicrobial and insecticidal
effects but its true potential was not being studied thoroughly as its current usage was mainly focused in
the healthcare sector as a disinfectant or to aid the wound healing process. Both betel extract and
hypochlorous acid can be beneficial to the agriculture sector, especially in pest management procedures
if its true potential were studied thoroughly in the future to validate their mechanism or mode of action
towards insects.
Keywords: hypochlorous acid; insecticidal activity potential; Piper betle L.; phytochemical screening
BIOGRAPHY

Wan Zuraida Wan Mohd Zain is a Senior Lecturer at Biotechnology Department at
Faculty Plantation and Agrotechnology, Universiti Teknology MARA. She received
her Ph.D. in Universiti Technology MARA specializing in Natural Product
Chemistry. She has been awarded many research grants and actively published
several articles.

181

NAT10P
Analysis of the Imino Sugar Deoxynojirimycin In Selected Plants of the

Moraceae Family

Wan Nurul Izzati Wan Mohd Fadzli1, Nursyaza Syazwani Yasjar1, Edison Eukun Sage1
and Mukram Mohamed Mackeen1,2,3*

1Department of Chemical Sciences,
Faculty of Science and Technology

2Polymer Research Centre (PORCE),
Faculty of Science and Technology

3Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS),
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. 43600 Bangi, Selangor

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
The α-glucosidase inhibitor 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) is a polyhydroxylated alkaloid and an imino sugar
that is analogous to D-glucose in which the oxygen atom in the ring is replaced with nitrogen. In this
study, extracts from the leaves of selected plants belonging to the Moraceae family: Morus alba (white
mulberry), Artocarpus heterophyllus (jackfruit), Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit) and Artocarpus integer
(cempedak), were screened for the presence of DNJ using high-pressure liquid chromatography with a
fluorescent detector (HPLC-FD). The DNJ standard and leaf extracts of the above plants were labelled
with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC-Cl) for the HPLC-FD analysis because DNJ lacks a
chromophore. FMOC-Cl reacts with DNJ to produce a stable fluorescent derivative. In this study, DNJ
was detected only in the mulberry leaf extract at the retention time of 9.83 minutes and the analytical
method was supported by validation data. Screening of other plants found in Malaysia for the presence
of DNJ can be carried out using the above HPLC-FD method.
Keywords: 1-deoxynojirimycin; 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC-Cl) derivatisation; HPLC-FD;
Moraceae; white mulberry
BIOGRAPHY

Mukram Mohamed Mackeen obtained undergraduate and Master’s degrees from
Universiti Pertanian Malaysia/Universiti Putra Malaysia and his DPhil in chemical
and structural glycobiology from the University of Oxford. Appointed as
Postdoctoral Researcher at the Sub-Department of Chemical Biology,
Department of Chemistry and Senior Research Fellow at the Oxford Glycobiology
Institute, University of Oxford. Currently Professor at the Department of Chemical
Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, and Principal Research Fellow at
the Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. His research
interests are in chemical and structural biology, bioorganic and natural products
chemistry, glycomics and proteomics.

182

NAT11P
Effectiveness Of Spices to Control Of Rice Weevil, Sitophilus oryzae L. In

Stored Rice Grains

Muhammad Zainulariffifn bin Ramlee1, Nur ‘Amira Binti Hamid2*, Wan Zuraida Wan Mohd Zain3

1Faculty of Plantattion and Agrotechnology, UiTM Campus Jasin, Melaka

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
In rice industry, there are a lot of problems in maintaining the rice grain in long period of time. One of
problem is infestation by insect pest which can reduce the quality of rice grain. Insect is small organism
but it have ability to damage the rice grain in widely infestation while it also effect farmers’ loss in their
production. Insecticide is usually use among farmers to control population insect in rice stored-grain. But
it gives bad effect to consumer when the application of insecticide is overdose and residual effect left on
rice grain. The main purpose of this experiment is to examine the plant product (spices) powder to control
Sitophilus oryzae. Spice from aromatic plant which contain phytochemical has the ability to enhance
mortality rate of this Sitophilus oryzae. The spice stuff that use in this experiment were Cinnamomum
verum, dried Capsicum annum, Curcuma longa L, and Cymbopogon citratus. Aromatic powder has been
tested on Sitophilus oryzae with different concentration and mortality has been recorded for every 24
hours within 2 weeks. Then, determination the amount of treatment residue towards rice and hedonic
test for identify the total acceptance also been tested. The results showed that there were 3g Curcuma
longa L, 4g Cinnamomum verum + 3g Curcuma longa and 4g of Cinnamomum verum + 5g Curcuma
longa had been recorded caused 100% mortality rate of Sitophilus oryzae . Hence, the best concentration
was 4g Cinnamomum verum added with 5g Curcuma longa L which higher mortality rate within 96 hours
until the end. In different aspect of study, the resulted shows that the treatment by Cymbopogon citratus
helped to retain antioxidant in rice while the hedonic test shows there are not significance difference
between the treatment which P-value (P>0.05). The aroma that produces from Curcuma longa powder
which contain Cucurminoids (Curcumin) had better competency in reduce population of Sitophilus oryzae
in rice grain and contribute with several compound that have in Curcuma longa which have high bioactive
element where, it influences primary compound to produce toxicity odour towards the pest. This
combination spices is able to solve farmer’s problem to protect the rice and exposed them to implement
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) as the best system to control insect. Besides, it has ability to maintain
the quality of grain in rice stored-grain without harmful to consumer.
Keywords: Rice; Insecticide; Sitophilus oryzae; Spice, Mortality rate, Residue and Hedonic test
BIOGRAPHY

Nur'Amira is a plant entomologist is a lecturer at Faculty of Plantation and
Agrotechnology uitm jasin. She is a graduated from uitm in master of entomology
focus on stored product insect and urban entomology. Now, she is doing research
with her team in finding and producing the potential of plant based product as
insecticide.

183

SEP13P

Characterization & Desorption Analysis of Inorganic Trace Elements in
drinking water storage-clay potteries from Pahang, Malaysia

Nurlin Abu Samah 1* Ezra Raymond Marcelino 1, Muhammad Hafiz Mazwir 1, Mohd Hasbi Ab Rahim1,
Muhammad Nubli Abdul Wahab 2, Muhammad Halim Paboh 1, Mohd Zamani Mohd Nor Peah 3 &
Muhammad Jaafar 4

1Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology,
Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Gambang, Pahang

2Centre for Human Sciences,
Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Gambang, Pahang

3Institute of Teacher Education,
Kampus Tengku Ampuan Afzan, 27200 Kuala Lipis, Pahang, Malaysia

4Temin Kraf Enterprise, Jerantut, Pahang, Malaysia.

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The whole ecosystem, as per the World Health Organization (WHO), is continuously been threatened
due to excessive exposure to inorganic trace elements especially in drinking water. The objective of this
study was to investigate the inorganic trace elements concentration for desorption process in the clay
potteries especially in Terenang potteries originated from Pahang, Malaysia. In this experiment, clay
potteries were used as a storage for the desorption process of the trace elements within 3 days and 5
days by using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). In this study, characteristics
such as pH effect and the percentage of analytes leached out during desorption process using different
media and materials has been determined. In the temporal investigation, Fe and Se had the greatest
percentages of desorbed elements at 99.99% and 100%, respectively, after 5 days. During 3 days of
storage, most elements adhere strongly to the surface of the active site of clay. However, on the 5th
days, the desorption was easier to occurred due to the weaker bonds between elements and the surface
of the potteries especially for Na (81.40%), Mg (69.22%), K (80.74%), Cr (74.48%), V (85.09%), Fe
(99.99%), As (73.54%) and Se (100.00%). Al species was not desorbed at the 3rd or 5th day, which led
experts to believe that none of Al was contained. Al species was found in research comparing Pasir
Biasa with Pasir Durian, albeit it may have come from tap water. When comparing soil types, Al was the
highest proportion in Pasir Biasa, consistent with Al's function as a coagulant in pottery for storing
drinking water. From this result, it can be seen that the desorption rate is slow, the surface reaction rate
is high, and the pore volume is small due to the large cation exchange capacity and large surface area.
Finally, the temperature dropped at an average of 0.33 °C / day. There was slightly different in
temperature changes on 5th day. The temperature of P1, which represents the thinnest ceramic, varies
at a rate of 0.4 °C / day. The longer the drinking water stored in the thin-walled clay container, the colder
the resulting water. Further research is needed to better understand the mechanism of desorption
analysis.

Keywords: clay potteries; desorption; inorganic elements

BIOGRAPHY

ChM. Dr. Nurlin Abu Samah is the corresponding author for this work. Dr. Nurlin
Abu Samah is a senior lecturer from the Faculty of Industrial Sciences and
Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang. She obtained her PhD in Universitat
Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain. She graduated in Master of Science at Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM). She completed her undergraduate study in
Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). Recently, she works in the development of
sorbent for the removal of organic – inorganic contaminants.

184

SEP17P
Optimization of Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction (HS-SPME) on the
Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Stingless Bee Honey

Siti Raihan Zakaria1*, Wan Noni Afida Binti Ab Manan1, Zurhana Mat Hussin1, Mardhiah Ismail1
and Nor Lailatul Wahidah Musa1
1Faculty of Applied Sciences,

Universiti Teknologi MARA Pahang, 26400 Jengka, Pahang, Malaysia
*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
Isolation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from stingless bee honey (Tetrigona apicalis) was done
by using headspace solid phase microextraction (HSSPME) separation with gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry (GC-MS). Among three different types of SPME fibers examined, the mixed fiber coating,
DVB/CAR/PDMS presented the maximum efficiency in extracting VOCs in which 22 compounds were
identified and with the total peak area of 1.23x 108 . Prior to the best extraction efficiency using the
selected fiber, GC oven temperature programming with the use of hold time recorded a total numbers of
47 VOCs were detected compared to without the use of hold time. SPME significant factors was
optimized with the use of multivariate analysis by employing Response Surface Methodology combine
with Central Composite Design (RSM-CCD). The experimental design for RSM-CCD method was
generated through Design-Expert version 12.0.3.0 (Stat Ease Software). From the result attained through
CCD experiments, the value of coefficient of determination (R2 ) for the total peak area of all of the
compounds analysed was 0.8043. Extraction temperature, extraction time and salt addition at 60°C, 15
minutes and 45 %w/w respectively showed to be the best optimum conditions in extracting VOCs in
stingless bee honey with desirability of 0.956.
Keywords: ANOVA; HS-SPME; GC-MS; RSM-CCD and Tetrigona apicalis
BIOGRAPHY

Siti Raihan Zakaria holds a PhD in analytical chemistry from Universiti Teknologi
Mara as well as a Master's degree in the same field from the University of Malaya.
She is currently employed as a senior lecturer in the chemistry department at UiTM
Pahang's Faculty of Applied Sciences. Her research interests include analytical
chemistry method development, authentication studies, and chemometrics.

185

SEP20P

Rapid Selective Removal of Thorium Via Electrosorption Towards Efficiently
Managing Rare-Earth Extraction Residue

Aznan Fazli Ismail1,2* and Eli Syafiqah Aziman1

1Nuclear Science Programme, Faculty of Science and Technology,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

2Nuclear Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Rare-earth (RE) extraction activities in Malaysia produces 64000 to 75000 tonnes of low-level radioactive
residue annually which contains thorium concentration above the regulatory clearance limit. Since
thorium is considered as non-economic element, large volumes of these RE processed residues are
commonly disposed of without treatment. This research aims to investigate the separation capability of
thorium from aqueous waste through an electrosorption technique using a carbon-based electrode. The
leachate solution obtained from the digestion of RE extraction residue was treated with the
electrosorption technique. Several parameters such as the applied voltage potential (0.2V - 0.8V vs
Ag/AgCl), ion competition, and initial concentration were investigated. The results showed that the
adsorption of thorium ion was dominant at higher positive voltage with the trend of Kd value was Th>
Pr> Nd> La> Ce. The specific adsorption capacity obtained in this study ranged from 1.0 to 8.4 mg-Th/g-
Carbon. The adsorption of conforms to the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorp- tion isotherm models, while
first and second pseudo order kinetic models were well fitted for the separation of by carbon electrodes.
Characterization of the electrode carbon after treatment reveals that the migration of to the surface of
the carbon electrode was due to the electrostatic forces followed by diffusion into the pores and bonding
with the C1s group through ion exchange and chemical non-reaction profile. In general, this study found
that the application of electrosorption technique with carbon-based electrode may reduce up to 40%
volume of the radioactive residue.

Keywords: Radioactive waste; Thorium separation; Carbon-based electrode; Electrosorption

BIOGRAPHY

Aznan Fazli Ismail, PhD is a Senior Lecturer at the Nuclear Science Program,
Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM). He
obtained his PhD in Nuclear and Quantum Engineering from the Korea Advanced
Institute of Science And Technology (KAIST). He is currently active in
Uranium/Thorium extraction research through electrosorption techniques and
solvent extraction, development of thorium fuel design for high-temperature thorium
reactors, radioactive waste management, radiological impact assessment and
environmental radioactivity as well as hydrogen production through
photoelectrochemical separation of water molecules. In the aspect of management
and administration, he is currently taking on the role of Program Coordinator for
both the Master of Science Radiation and Nuclear Safety as well as the Master of
Science in Nuclear Safety, Security and Safeguard (3S) programs.

186

SYN06P
Catalytic Activities of Symmetrical Tetradentate Pd(II) Schiff Base Complexes

Nur Husnina Nasaruddin1, Shahrul Nizam Ahmad1*, Hadariah Bahron1, Nor Mas Mira Abd Rahman2 and
Nor Saadah Mohd Yusof2

1 Faculty of Applied Sciences,
Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor

2 Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
Five symmetrical Schiff bases were successfully synthesized from the condensation reaction between
salicylaldehyde and its derivatives (X= H, F, Cl, CH3 and OCH3) with 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine.
The synthesized ligands were reacted with palladium(II) acetate in 1:1 ratio, yielding palladium(II) Schiff
base complexes. They were characterized through elemental analysis CHN, melting point, molar
conductivity, infrared, UV-Vis, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and magnetic
susceptibility. All Pd(II) complexes were tested as catalysts in the Sonogashira reaction. The optimization
of reaction conditions was done by varying the type of bases and the amount of catalysts. The bases
used for optimization were triethylamine (C6H15N), potassium carbonate (K2CO3), pyridine (C5H5N) and
potassium hydroxide (KOH) where the latter was found to be the optimum base. The amount of catalyst
was varied at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mmol%. The 2.0 mmol% of catalyst was found to be the best amount
of catalyst indicated by the highest percent conversion of iodobenzene in 12 hours monitored using GC-
FID. Pd(AD1F) showed the highest percent conversion of iodobenzene with 100% conversion after 3
hours of reaction.
Keywords: Aldehyde; Palladium; Schiff base; Sonogashira; Synthesis
BIOGRAPHY

Nur Husnina Binti Nasaruddin is currently enrolled as a third-year PhD student
at UiTM Shah Alam. Husnina does her research in inorganic chemistry or more
specifically in coordination chemistry. Her research interests were Schiff base,
metal complexes, catalyst and kinetic study for the Sonogashira coupling
reaction. Over these 3 years, Husnina has successfully produced three indexed
or Scopus papers.

187

SYN07P
Green Synthesis Approach for Mono- and Dinuclear Ni(II) and Pd(II) Schiff

Complexes, Characterization and DNA Binding Studies

Siti Solihah Khaidir1,* Hadariah Bahron1 , Shahrul Nizam Ahmad1 and Nurul Huda Abd Karim2
1Faculty of Applied Sciences,

Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
2 Department of Chemical Sciences,

Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
A polydentate Schiff base ligand 3,3'-((1E,1'E)-(propane-1,3 diylbis(azaneylylidene))
bis(methaneylylidene))bis(benzene-1,2-diol) and its mono- and dinuclear Ni(ii) and Pd(ii) metal
complexes were successfully synthesized via microwave-assisted synthesis technique. The ligand and
complexes were characterized by elemental analysis (CHNS), molar conductivity, magnetic susceptibility
(MSB) as well as spectral techniques such as FT-IR, 1H-NMR, UV-Vis, and thermogravimetric analysis
(TGA). From CHNS analysis, it is found that the ligand acts as polydentate ligand coordinating metal ion
with 1:1 metal ligand ratio for mononuclear and 1:2 metal ligand ratio for dinuclear complexes. IR spectra
of the complexes shows a shifting of n(C=N) and n(C-O) peak to a lower frequency as well as the
appearance of new M-N and M-O peak indicated the metals ion was bonded to ONNO donor atoms. The
disappearance of phenolic proton in 1H NMR spectrum of the complexes proof that deprotonation of
hydrogen proton occurred due to coordination of oxygen donor atoms with metal ion. The binding mode
and interaction of ligand and complexes with porcine and Calf DNA was determined by UV–Vis DNA
titration technique. The investigation revealed that the dinuclear complexes shows a higher binding
constant, Kb, compare to mononuclear complexes.
Keywords: Green synthesis; Schiff base; Polynuclear Metal complexes; DNA binding
BIOGRAPHY

Siti Solihah Khaidir obtained her First Class Degree in Bachelor of Science
(Hons.) Chemistry in 2015 with her final year project in Organic synthesis field
and Msc in Inorganic chemistry in 2018. Her MSc research involves synthesis of
polynuclear Schiff base complexes via conventional and microwave heating
method: Anticancer and Antibacterial studies. She is currently in her third year
PhD at Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM), Shah Alam doing a research with the
title of microwave assisted synthesis of mono- and polynuclear schiff base
complexes as porcine DNA detectors. She have published 6 journal in indexed
publications (WoS/Scopus) so far.

188

SYN13P
Studies on The Synthesis of β-Carboline via Pictet-Spengler Condensation

Ruwaida Shamsujunaidi2,3, Aimi Suhaily Saaidin1,2*, Noor Hidayah Pungot2,3
and Mohd Fazli Mohammat2,3
1Centre of Foundation Studies,

Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor,
Kampus Dengkil 43800 Dengkil, Selangor, Malaysia
2Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Institute of Science,
Universiti Teknologi MARA Puncak Alam Campus,

42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
3School of Chemistry and Environment,
Faculty of Applied Sciences,

Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

β-carboline constitutes a tricyclic pyrido[3,4-b]indole ring structure and widely recognized for its prevalent
biological activities. In recent years, numerous studies have been reported on the excellence of biological
activities particularly on anti-cancer, anti-fungal, anti-malarial and many more. Thus, a collective of β-
carboline derivatives were synthesized in widening the exploration of its pharmacological properties. The
synthetic approach towards β-carboline derivatives has been constructed via 2 steps of Pictet-Spengler
condensation reaction and iodine-mediated oxidative dehydrogenation reaction. Pictet-Spengler was
carried out through treatment of aldehyde bearing different substituents with tryptamine in the presence
of trifluoroacetic acid. The synthesized intermediates were then aromatized to give the desired β-carboline
derivatives. All of these synthesized intermediates and β-carboline derivatives were analyzed and
confirmed by NMR, FTIR and GC-MS spectroscopy.

Keywords: β-carboline; oxidative dehydrogenation reaction; pictet-spingler condensation; tetrahydro-β-
carboline; trifluoroacetic acid
BIOGRAPHY

Ruwaida Shamsujunaidi is a postgraduate student of M.Sc. degree in Chemistry
at Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Malaysia. She
received her B.Sc. (Hons) Chemistry (Forensic Analysis) in UiTM, Shah Alam
(2022). Her research interests are in the field of organic synthesis. Currently, she
has been working on the design and synthesis of natural anthraquinone: Cassiarin
A as a Potential Plasmodial New Lead Anti-Plasmodial Agent at Organic
Synthesis Research Laboratory, Institute of Science, University Teknologi MARA
(UiTM).

189

SYN14P
Preparation and Comparison Studies of Physicochemical Properties of Fresh

and Calcined MgAl Hydrotalcite Catalyst

Munirah Zulkifli1,2, Noor Hidayah Pungot1,2*,Nazrizawati Ahmad Tajuddin1, Mohd Fadhlizil Fasihi Mohd
Aluwi3, Nor Saliyana Jumali4 and Zurina Shaameri1,2

1School of Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Applied Sciences,
Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

2Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Institute of Science,
Universiti Teknologi MARA Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

3Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology,
Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia

4Department Chemistry, Kulliyah of Science,
International Islam University Malaysia, 25200 Bandar Indera Mahkota, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Hydrotalcite is defined as a layered double hydroxide with the chemical formula, Mg6Al2(OH)16CO3.4H2O
which having the remarkable basic properties and high surface areas. MgAl hydrotalcite with molar ratio
of Mg/Al 4:1 was synthesized using co-precipitation method is described. This study was developed for
the purpose of comparing the fresh and calcined MgAl hydrotalcite based on their physicochemical
studies. The product of co-precipitation underwent thermal treatment at 450°C for 12 h to acquire the
calcined MgO. The samples were characterized using Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA), X-Ray
Diffraction (XRD), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and
Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) to identify their structural and textural properties.
The properties of fresh MgAl hydrotalcite are significantly different from those of calcined catalyst in
several key aspects which are in crystallinity, surface area and morphology. The crystallinity of both
catalysts reveal that it retained the well-ordered crystalline structure through XRD. This study proved that
the surface area of calcined MgO tend to be higher than fresh catalyst. In terms of morphologies, the
samples indicate the platelet-like structure using FESEM. Additionally, the results obtained from this study
will be applied in the synthesis of 5-arylidene Meldrum’s acid derivatives via Knovenagel condensation
reaction in the next studies.

Keywords: Characterization; co-precipitation; MgAl hydrotalcite; molar ratio; physicochemical properties

BIOGRAPHY

Munirah Zulkifli is a postgraduate student of M.Sc. degree in Chemistry at Faculty
of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Malaysia. She received
her B.Sc. (Hons) Applied Chemistry in UiTM Shah Alam. Her research interests
are in the field of layered material and organic synthesis. Currently, she has been
working on the synthesis of 5-arylidene Meldrum’s acid derivatives via
Knoevenagel condensation using MgAl hydrotalcites at Organic Synthesis
Research Laboratory, Institute of Science, Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM).

190

SYN15P

An Approach Towards the Synthesis of Key Intermediate of Codinaeopsin Derivatives
as Active Tryptophan-Polyketide Antimalarial Type Compounds

Ummu Umairah M. Hatta1, Fatin Nur Ain Abdul Rashid2, Mohd Fazli Mohammat2,*
1Faculty of Applied Sciences,

Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia
2Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Centre of Chemical Synthesis & Polymer Technology,
Institute of Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Codinaeopsin (1) is an antimalarial and reported to have bioactivity against Plasmodium falciparum with
an IC50 value of 2.3 μg/mL. In the present work, a new synthetic method towards a key intermediate in
the total synthesis of codinaeopsin is developed. The key intermediate, 5-((1H-indol-3-yl)methyl)-3-
(hydroxy(naphthalen-2-yl)methyl)pyrrolidine-2,4-dione (7) is synthesized in five steps starting from L-
tryptophan (2). The steps involve esterification of L-tryptophan (2), condensation, Dieckmann cyclization,
decarboxylation of tetramic acid (5) and aldol condensation with 1-naphtaldehdye to furnish compound
7 in a moderate yield. All the compounds were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared
spectroscopy (FT-IR), 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and CHN elemental analysis.

Keywords: Antimalarial, Codinaeopsin, Dieckmann cyclization, Plasmodium falciparum, Pyrrolidine,
Tetramic acid
BIOGRAPHY

Ummu Umairah M Hatta is a postgraduate student of M.Sc. degree in Chemistry
at Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Malaysia. She
received her B.Sc. (Hons) Chemistry in UiTM, Shah Alam (2020). Her research
interests are in the field of organic synthesis. Currently, she has been working on
an approach toward synthesis key intermediate of Codinaeopsin derivatives as
active tryptophan-polyketide antimalarial type compounds at Organic Synthesis
Research Laboratory, Institute of Science, University Teknologi MARA (UiTM)

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