GRE02
New Designs of Paper-based Analytical Devices (PADs) Based on Microfluidic
and Non-microfluidic Behaviours
Woi Pei Meng,1* Kanokwan Kiwfo,2,3 Chalermpong Saenjum,2,3 and Kate Grudpan2,3,4
1 Chemistry Department,
Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
2 Center of Excellence for Innovation in Analytical Science and Technology,
Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
3 Cluster of Excellence on Biodiversity-based Economic and Society (B.BES-CMU),
Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
4 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science,
Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Paper-based analytical devices (PADs) with four new designs could be fabricated using commercially
available home-based scan-and-cut printer. They serve for miniaturized platforms for chemical analysis
based on microfluidic and non-microfluidic behaviors. With the four designs, colorimetric determinations
of iron, phosphate, and hardness using 1,10-phenanthroline and simple aqueous guava leaf extract,
molybdate, and EBT-EDTA complexometric titration, respectively, were developed for microliter scale
operation, with calibration: B value = 88.24 log[Fe] - 80.83, R² = 0.989; B value = 1.754[Fe] + 0.198, R²
= 0.999; I value = 1.769[Fe] – 1.223, R2 = 0.997; R value = 16.13 log[PO43-] + 8.950, R² = 0.999; H value
= 43.3log[Ca2+] + 233.1, R2= 0.994, respectively. For the hardness, using one of the PAD designs, true
titration was also possible. Replication analysis of a sample together with the calibration (using the
analyte standard of different concentrations) can be completed in a single run, with a smartphone as the
detector. Applications of the proposed devices and procedures were demonstrated for real world
samples with validation.
Keywords: Paper-based devices; colorimetric; single-run with replication
BIOGRAPHY
Woi Pei Meng is currently attached to Universiti Malaya as a researcher,
specializing in electrochemistry and electroanalytical studies. She is focusing on
electrode surface modification via electrochemical techniques such as
electropolymerization and electrodeposition using materials such as carbon-
based polymer, first and second row transition metals and 2D materials. Presently
she also delved into the green analytical chemistry using natural reagents to
perform analysis on analyte of interests, which is closely associated with
sustainable chemistry.
99
GRE04
Microwave-Assisted Synthesis and Structural-Activity Relationship Studies of
Halogenated Coumarin-azo Derivatives for Antimicrobial Potential
Nur Arif Mortadza* and Zainab Ngaini
Faculty of Resource Science and Technology,
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Antibiotics are widely used in modern medicine to enable many surgical procedures and to manage
immune-compromised patients. Infectious diseases are a leading cause of mortality due to the rapid
emergence of drug resistance. As a result, there is an urgent need to develop new antimicrobial agents.
Nowadays, the search for an effective pharmaceutical drug is time-consuming and expensive.
Coumarins, a naturally occurring compound with promising pharmaceutical value, have led to the
development of synthetic coumarin derivatives in the medicinal field. Coumarin structural hybridization
with a high biological active moiety, such as azo, is aimed to increase existing biological properties or
discover new medicinal potential as an antibiotic. The synthesis involved several steps, including diazo
coupling, Knoevenagel, and hydrolysis reactions. Microwave-assisted organic synthesis was applied in
several reaction steps to reduce reaction time and increase product yield. In vitro evaluation of the
synthesized compounds revealed no inhibition of bacterial growth against Escherichia coli or
Staphylococcus aureus. However, an in-silico study revealed that halogenated azo coumarin derivatives
could form a variety of interactions with the active site of the DNA gyrase enzyme in bacteria protein with
potential as antibacterial drugs.
Keywords: Diazo coupling; In silico; Knoevenagel; MAOS; SAR
BIOGRAPHY
Nur Arif Mortadza received B.Sc. (Hons) in Resources Chemistry and M.Sc. in
Organic Chemistry from Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) in 2016 and 2018.
He is currently pursuing a Ph.D. at UNIMAS under Prof Dr. Zainab Ngaini's
supervision. Organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry are two of his research
interests. His work focuses on the modification or incorporation of organic
compounds such as aspirin, coumarin, and azo derivatives.
100
GRE06
Potential Lignin From Oil Palm Biomass As Carbon Fibre Precursor
Afiqah Liana Sazali, Siti Khadijah Amran, Khairul Faizal Pa’ee, Mohd Razealy Anuar
and Tau-Len Kelly Yong*
Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology (UniKL
MICET), Taboh Naning, Alor Gajah, Melaka, 78000 Malaysia
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Carbon fibres is an important component in the production of modern composites due to their extremely
durable and lightweight materials that have a high tensile strength, resistance to fatigue, and can
withstand high temperatures. Thus, researchers are looking into using lignin from biomass as a more
environmentally friendly and cost-effective precursor for carbon fibre. Oil palm biomass is categorized as
a lignocellulosic, content high levels of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. However, isolating lignin from
lignocellulosic presents challenges due to its complicated structure and the multiple connections between
its monomeric components. Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) are a new generation of green solvents which
are easy to prepare, high biodegradability, low manufacturing cost and low toxicity. The amazing ability
of DES to dissolve and extract lignin without condensation has sparked significant interest in lignin
valorisation. Therefore, this review provides a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the most recent
studies regarding lignin valorisation by deep eutectic solvent and its potential as carbon fibre precursor.
Keywords: deep eutectic solvent; carbon fibre; lignin, oil palm biomass, precursor
BIOGRAPHY
Afiqah Liana binti Sazali is a master candidate in chemical engineering at
Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering
Technology (UniKL MICET). She has obtained a Bachelor Degree in
Chemical Engineering Technology major in Process in 2021. Her final year
project is based on characterisation of epoxy composite filled with glass fibre
and inorganic filler. Her current research is on extracting the lignin from oil
palm biomass using Deep Eutectic Solvent method.
101
GRE07
Influence of Deep Eutectic Solvent on Cleavage Specificity of Lignin-Derived
Oil Palm Biomass
Siti Khadijah Amran, Afiqah Liana Sazali, Khairul Faizal Pa’ee, Mohd Razealy Anuar
and Tau-Len Kelly Yong*
Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology (UniKL
MICET), Taboh Naning, Alor Gajah, Melaka, 78000 Malaysia
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Carbon fibre is extensively utilised in industry, although the expensive cost of the precursor limits its
usage. Interestingly, lignin has the potential to serve as a precursor for carbon fibres with characteristics
comparable to PAN and pitch-based precursors. DESs are eutectic mixes of hydrogen bond acceptors
(HBA) and hydrogen bond donors (HBD), having a melting point considerably lower than their
constituents. ChCl and glycerol were chosen as HBA and HBD in this research since they are easily
prepared, have low toxicity, are biodegradable, and are ecologically benign. This research, therefore,
assessed the feasibility of extracting lignin from oil palm biomass (empty fruit brunch and oil palm frond)
using a different molar ratio of ChCl: Glycerol. The molar ratios of DESs were investigated to ascertain
their impact on DES-L yield. The reaction is conducted at a solid loading ratio of 1:10, 150C and 6 hours.
The DES-L form OPF and EFB were further analysed for phenolic content, FTIR, and NMR spectroscopy.
Increasing glycerol molar ratio showed decreasing yield for both OPF and EFB. The high yield was
ascribed to the chloride ions present in ChCl, which target β-O-4 bonds. Despite this, DES-L had a low
phenolic concentration, indicating a low degree of reactivity. However, the FTIR assignment for DE-L
showed significant alteration as compared to FTIR spectra of OPF and EFB before the pretreatment.
Keywords: carbon fibre, lignin, deep eutectic solvent, oil palm biomass
BIOGRAPHY
Siti Khadijah Amran is pursuing her master's degree in chemical engineering
at the Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology at
Universiti Kuala Lumpur (UniKL MICET). In 2022, she received her bachelor's
degree in process engineering technology Her senior thesis is focused on the
extraction of lignin from oil palm biomass is the focus of her senior thesis. She
is now researching the extraction of lignin-derived from oil palm for use as a
precursor to carbon fibre.
102
GRE08
Development of Highly Stable Ni Doped Zeolitic Imidazole Framework (ZIF-67)
Based Catalyst for CO2 Methanation Reaction
A.F.A Jassim1,2,4, Y.H. Taufiq-Yap1,2,3, MI Saiman1,2, S. Sivasangar 1,2,4*
1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science,
Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
2Catalysis Science and Technology Research Centre (PutraCat), Faculty of Science,
Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
3Faculty of Science and Natural Resources,
Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
4Department of Science & Technology,
Universiti Putra Malaysia Kampus Bintulu, Bintulu 97008, Sarawak, Malaysia
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The conversion of CO2 into synthetic natural gas via methanation reaction gains more attention as the
route has the potential to solve long-term energy storage problems and reduce CO2 emissions. The
development of active and stable catalysts at relatively low reaction temperatures is the key issue to be
addressed to achieve effective CO2 conversion to methane. Highly porous metal-organic framework
(MOF) material, ZIF-67 doped with 1-12 wt% of nickel was prepared via the wet-impregnation method
and the catalysts were characterized using BET, XRD, TGA, FTIR, HRTEM, and XPS. The catalytic test
was started with in situ reductions of 0.05 g of catalyst and the reaction is performed at the temperature
range of 200-400 °C, with a flow rate of 108,000 mL.g-1.H-1 using a feed gas mixture (CO2:H2) ratio 1:4.
Physicochemical characterization shows that a highly porous and uniformly dispersed Ni added ZIF-67
based catalyst is obtained and exhibits excellent catalytic activity in CO2 conversion. Preliminary catalytic
testing shows that the 8wt%/ZIF-67 catalyst is very active in methanation reaction with CO2 conversion
of ~56% and CH4 selectivity of ~96% at 300 °C. Furthermore, the catalyst was found to be very stable
and maintained high catalytic activity (conversion ~54, selectivity ~95%) without any sign of deactivation
for 500h of methanation reaction. Hence, the MOF-based Ni/ZIF-67 catalyst shows great potential to be
explored as an effective methanation catalyst and further investigation of the reaction parameters could
lead to exceptional catalytic performance.
Keywords: Sabatier process, MOF, Dopant, CO2 conversion, Nickel, Porosity
BIOGRAPHY
Ali Faris Aldoghachi is a master’s candidate in the Chemistry Department of the
Universiti Putra Malaysia. He has a bachelor’s degree in Chemical Engineering
from the same university. His main area of research is on the application of
metal−organic framework catalysts in gas phase reactions such as carbon
dioxide methanation and methane dry reforming.
103
GRE09
Nano-composite Cotton-derived Cellulose Nanocrystals-Fe2O3 for Efficient
Removal of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate
Norhusna Mohamad Nor*, Nur Anina Asmira Asmuri, Norain Isa
Centre of Chemical Engineering Studies,
Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Permatang Pauh Campus,
13500 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The main objective of this research is to study the effect of synthesis parameters of cellulose nanocrystals
(CNC) modified with Fe2O3 nanoparticles in reducing linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) concentration.
The effects of synthesis parameters (synthesis temperature, synthesis time and Fe2O3 weight ratio) were
carried out in a batch adsorption study. The synthesized nano-composite of CNC/Fe2O3 adsorbent was
characterized by using FTIR, TGA and N2 sorption-desorption analyses. From the batch adsorption
study, the highest removal of LAS was found at 2:1 ratio of CNC:Fe2O3, 70°C of synthesis temperature
and 90 min of synthesis time. The highest removal of LAS was found at 89.42%. There were several
functional groups observed in the CNC and CNC/Fe2O3 adsorbent by using the FTIR analysis. The CNC
shown the existence of hydroxyl group and aromatic ring present in lignin around the spectrum of 3000
– 3400 cm-1 and 1640 cm-1, respectively. The broad shoulder for the hydroxyl group in the CNC was
reduced to small peak due to the formation of iron oxide. Thermal analysis from the TGA analysis, shown
a significant weight loss around 50 – 200°C due to destruction of cellulose structure. As for the N2
sorption-desorption analysis, the CNC/Fe2O3 adsorbent exhibits larger surface area compared to the
CNC, in which the porous structure can be observed in the CNC/Fe2O3 adsorbent from the SEM
morphology. Overall, the addition of Fe2O3 nanoparticles onto the CNC structure enhance the properties
of the CNC/Fe2O3 as a potential adsorbent for LAS in laundry wastewater application.
Keywords: Adsorption, Cotton waste, Cellulose nanocrystals, Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, Laundry
wastewater
BIOGRAPHY
Dr. Norhusna Mohamad Nor is currently a senior lecturer in the Centre of
Chemical Engineering Studies at UiTM Cawangan Pulau Pinang since February
2016. Dr. Norhusna received her undergraduate degrees as well as her MSc
degree from Universiti Teknologi Petronas, and her PhD from Universiti Sains
Malaysia. She published a number of technical papers in indexed Journals and
presented various academic as well as research-based papers at several
national and international conferences. Her research activities are currently
focusing on air pollution control & monitoring, adsorption & separation
technology, wastewater, biomass conversion, nanomaterials, and material
sciences.
104
GRE10
Eco-friendly Natural Rubber-Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone (NR-PVP) Films Strewn with
ZnO@MIL-101(Cr) Nanoparticles for enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of
Phenanthrene
Usman Abubakar Adamu 1,2 and Noor Hana Hanif Abu Bakar 1,*
1 Nanoscience Research Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences,
Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
2 Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Sciences, Gombe State University, P.M.B. 127, Gombe, Nigeria
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
An eco-friendly, low cost and effective film has been prepared from the blends of natural rubber latex and
poly-vinylpyrrolidone using the strewn technique. The strewn method was used to develop a low-cost,
environment-friendly and also effective natural rubber polyvinylpyrrolidone supported ZnO@MIL-
101(Cr) photocatalysts. The prepared photocatalysts were characterized using FTIR, TGA, XRD, AAS,
SEM-EDX, UV-Vis DRS, and PL analyses. The thermal properties of the films were also investigated.
The NR-PVP film with or without ZnO@MIL-101 showed a Tmax of 387.7 ºC whereas the ZnO@MIL-
101(Cr) exhibited a Tmax of 444.6 ºC. The FTIR technique was used to confirm the formation of the
prepared NR-PVP films. The FTIR spectrum shows a strong band at 838 cm-1 and 1290 cm-1 which
indicate the presence of NR and PVP in the film respectively. The prepared photocatalysts NR-
PVP/ZnO@MIL-101(Cr) exhibited a low band gap in the range of 3.10-3.20 eV. The results confirmed the
successful immobilization of ZnO@MIL-101(Cr) onto the NR-PVP films. Furthermore, the effects of
ZnO@MIL-101(Cr) loading, pH, irradiation time, and temperature were also studied. The optimal removal
efficiency for the degradation of phenanthrene was achieved with 5% wt. of ZnO@MIL-101(Cr) at pH 7
under 180 min of visible light exposure. The photocatalysts can be easily recovered, and the
photocatalytic activities were found to be sustained after six consecutive runs with >90% efficiency.
Furthermore, the applicability of the films to photodegrade other PAHs (Acenaphthene) was also
investigated.
Keywords: Metal-organic framework; NR-PVP film; Photocatalytic degradation; phenanthrene; zinc
oxide nanoparticle
BIOGRAPHY
Usman Abubakar Adamu received his B. Sc. (Hons) from the Department of
Chemistry, Gombe State University, Gombe, Nigeria in 2012, and his M.Sc.
degree (Pure Chemistry) from the Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry,
Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria in 2017. At present, he is a PhD
student at the Nanoscience Research Lab, School of Chemical Sciences,
Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Penang, Malaysia. His current research
activities include the green synthesis of ZnO, Synthesis of metal-organic
frameworks (MOFs), material characterization, photocatalytic degradations, and
wastewater treatments.
105
GRE14
Effect of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (SC-CO2) Extraction Parameters on
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis leaves (HRSL) Oil Yield and Antioxidant Activity
A’tiqah Abdul Hadi, Nur Riana Anis Mohd Razali and Nor Fariza Ismail*
Center for Chemical Engineering Studies,
Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang,
13500 Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (HRS), also referred to as "Bunga raya," is a representative of the Malvaceae
family. This plant originated from south-east China. Traditionally HRS has been used as a medicine for
the treatment of a variety of diseases such as fever, digestion, regulating the menstrual cycle, and
diarrhea. Solvent extraction has been applied in the extraction of HRS which can obtain extract with
bioactivity. However, this method required a large amount of solvent. The supercritical carbon dioxide
(SC-CO2) extraction method is a clean technology that offers advantages by using green solvent which
is carbon dioxide (CO2), minimal amount of co-solvent, operating at low temperature, and minimum
extraction time. The effect of SC-CO2 extraction parameters on HRS oil yield was studied by varying the
temperature from 40 to 80°C, pressure from 150 to 350 bar, and particle size from 45 to 2000 µm. The
antioxidant activity of the extract was characterized based on the measurement of the colour change of
2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Based on the result, the optimum condition for the HRS extract
was at 50°C, 300 bar, and 45μm. The extract gives a high potential for antioxidant activity. The
antioxidant could be due to the chemical constituent especially the phenolic compound in the sample.
The results of this study may be used to obtain an optimum extraction parameter that will result in
increased extraction yields and quality.
Keywords: Supercritical carbon dioxide; Hibiscus rosa-sinensis; Antioxidant activity
BIOGRAPHY
A’tiqah Abdul Hadi is a postgraduate student of Chemical Engineering at Universiti
Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pulau Pinang. She graduated from the same
university with a Bachelor of Engineering (Hons.) Chemical with Environmental in
2019. Now, she is conducting research on Hibiscus rosa-sinensis extraction using
supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). She has been joining the 5th International
Conference of Green Chemical Engineering and Technology (GCET 2021) in
December 2021 and is now in the publishing stage.
106
GRE15
A Review of the synthesis and modification of PVA-alginate
as the binder of metal atom
Norul Azilah Abdul Rahman1,2*, Mazni Musa1, Karimah Kassim3, Nur Rahimah Said1*
1School of Chemistry and Environment, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM),
Cawangan Negeri Sembilan, Kampus Kuala Pilah, 72000 Kuala Pilah,
Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
2School of Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Applied Sciences,
Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
3Institute of Science (IOS), Level 3, Block C, Kompleks Inspirasi,
Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
PVA-alginate (PVA-a) hydrogel is formed by mixing PVA and alginate with a simple method and then
dropping it into a cross-linking agent leads to rapid gelation. The PVA-a can be synthesized in water due
to the high solubility of starting material. Both compounds have hydroxyl group (-OH) in their structure
that helps in terms of solubility and is consequently classified as an inexpensive, safe, and
environmentally friendly synthesis method. Although its starting material has the property of being soluble
in water, the PVA-a hydrogel is lessened. This is because the formation of hydrogen bonding -OH in the
PVA-a structure reduces its ability. Meanwhile, the presence of carboxyl ion (-COO-) in the PVA-a
structure act as an active site for metal ion binder. Some researchers modified the PVA-a due to improve
the binding effect to metal by increasing the active site of metal. PVA-a hydrogel can act metal ion binder
to remove heavy metals such example from transition metals elements in wastewater that are considered
harmful to the ecosystem.
Keywords: PVA-alginate; metal binder; transition metal
BIOGRAPHY
Norul Azilah Abdul Rahman is a PhD student at Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah
alam and Cawangan Negeri Sembilan. She received her B.A and MSc in Applied
Chemistry form Universiti Teknologi MARA. Her research is focused on the field
of Inorganic synthesis and its application as a catalyst, dye and dyeing process,
and food chemistry.
107
GRE20
Green Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles for Fabric Coating and Its
Antibacterial Activities
Hartina Mohd Yusop, and Wan Norfazilah Wan Ismail*
Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology,
University Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak,
26300 Gambang Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Conceptually, the present work leads to the synthesizing of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) using
pomegranate (Punica granatum L) rind extract for antibacterial fabric coating. The antibacterial
performance of CuO NPs on cotton, polyester and blend wool types of fabric were evaluated towards
three species of gram-positive bacteria; Staphylococcus epidermidis, Brevibacterium linens and
Propionibacterium acnes. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed the
success of the green synthesis process with the presence of flavonoid compounds in CuO NPs solution.
The breaking load test were run for all fabric samples, while for tearing strength test, it was carried only
for cotton and polyester fabrics. Air permeability test device was used to determine the air permeability
of all fabric samples to ensure the ventilation of the fabric after the coating process. The CuO NPs
produced from green synthesis method established a good antibacterial activity against gram-positive
bacteria in all types of fabric samples.
Keywords: Antibacterial fabric; copper oxide nanoparticles; fabric coating; green synthesis; pomegranate
rind extract
BIOGRAPHY
Hartina Mohd Yusop received her Bachelor’s degree in Industrial Biotechnolgy from
University Industry Selangor in 2009. She started her career (2010) as Research
Officer in Algaetech International Sdn Bhd. Her research activities focus on
capitalizing the R&D projects for commercialization include bio-diesel production
from microalgae, bio-remediation, CO2 sequestration, and the production of High
Value Products (HVP) such as astaxanthin, phycocianin, and beta-carotene. In
2018, she obtained her Master degree in Aquaculture from QUEST International
University, Perak. She is currently doing her PhD in Industrial Chemistry at
University Malaysia Pahang.
108
GRE21
Direct formic acid fuel cell: The effect of catalyst layer fabricated by ultrasonic-
spray
A.M. Zainoodin1,* , T. Tsujiguchi2, M.S. Masdar1,3 and S.K. Kamarudin1,3
1 Fuel Cell Institute,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
2 School of Mechanical Engineering,
Kanazawa University, 920-1192, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa-shi, Japan
3 Department of Chemical Engineering,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
This paper reports the performance of a direct formic acid fuel cell (DFAFC) consisting of a catalyst layer
prepared by different coating techniques- direct paint (DP), ultrasonic-spray on diffusion layer (US-D)
and ultrasonic-spray directly on membrane (US-M). For the performance test, diluted formic acid is
provided as the fuel, and palladium and platinum are used as the anode and cathode catalysts,
respectively. Several characterization techniques are utilized to study the effect of the different coating
techniques. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is used to evaluate the physical morphology of the
catalyst particles. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) is performed to study the activity of the electro-catalyst and
to calculate the electrochemical surface area (ECSA) of the anode electrode of the DFAFC. For the
performance test, US-M shows the best power output. Based on the characterization results, the US-M
fabricated catalyst layer gives the most uniform particle distribution, lowest ohmic resistance, lowest
anode potential and the highest ECSA which is well matched with the DFAFC performance test. This
study presents an impressive power output by adoption of the US-M technique with only a low catalyst
loading (2 mg cm-2). The maximum power density of the DFAFC achieved in this study was as high as
245 mW cm-2 using 5 M formic acid.
Keywords: Catalyst layer: Coating Technique; Direct formic acid fuel cell; Membrane electrode assembly:
Ultrasonic-spray
BIOGRAPHY
Azran Mohd Zainoodin, Ph.D has been a tenured senior lecturer at the Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia in Fuel Cell Institute for the past 5 years. He is currently
teaching Fuel Cell Technology subject as well as several graduate courses
focusing on Fuel Cell & Hydrogen Technology, while not teaching, he focusing
in research and development on Direct Liquid Fuel Cell. His contributions to the
field has appeared in many high impact journal such as International Journal of
Hydrogen Energy, Applied Energy and Energy Conversion & Management.
109
GRE22
Synthesis and Characterization of DBU-Based Hydroxyl Ionic Liquid Coupled
with Thiocyanide, Dicyanamide and Bistriflimide Anions
Syarafana Ong Amat and Cecilia Devi Wilfred*
Centre of Research in Ionic Liquids, Fundamental and Applied Sciences Department,
Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Tronoh-31750, Perak, Malaysia
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
DBU ionic liquids was synthesized by reacting DBU with bromoethanol to give [HyEtDBU]Br and then
subjecting the intermediate ionic liquids with various salts via metathesis reactions to give DBU hydroxyl
ionic liquids with thiocyanate, dicyanamide and bistriflimide anions. The new ionic liquids were
characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (NMR) and Fourier-transform infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR). The 1H and 13C NMR results confirmed the structure of the ionic liquids and this
has been supported by FTIR result. The thermal behavior of these ionic liquids was studied using
thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The CO2 adsorption was
measured at 10, 20, 30 and 40 bar at 25 °C by using gas adsorption cell.
Keywords: DBU; bistriflimide; dicyanamide; ionic liquid; thiocyanate
BIOGRAPHY
Syarafana binti Ong Amat @ Amat was born on 29 August 1999 in Saratok,
Sarawak, Malaysia. She is currently pursuing her study in University of
Technology Petronas after finishing her study in Bachelor of Resource
Chemistry at University of Malaysia Sarawak. She is currently working on
Ionic Liquids project under Yayasan University Technology Petronas
Fundamental Research Grant.
110
GRE23
Synthesis of Lignosulfonate-based Ionic Liquids for Asphaltene Removal
Ariff Mahtar1, Cecilia Devi Wilfred1 and Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon2
1 Centre of Research Ionic Liquids,
Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Seri Iskandar, 32610, Tronoh, Perak, Malaysia
2 Department of Petroleum Engineering,
Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Seri Iskandar, 32610, Tronoh, Perak, Malaysia
Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Heavy and extra heavy crude oils containing asphaltene are expected for declining oil production in the
upcoming days. Asphaltene aggregation occurs due to the formation of emulsions and may lead to the
blockage of wellbores which is detrimental to petroleum processing. Conventionally, petroleum-based
volatile organic solvents are being used for asphaltene dilution to overcome these challenges. However,
these solvents are hazardous, carcinogenic, and thermally unstable. Ionic liquids (ILs) can be utilized as
green chemistry alternatives to the solvents to mitigate asphaltene aggregation. ILs are environmental-
friendly with low volatility and tunable physico-chemical and rheological properties. Lignosulfonate, a by-
product of the pulp and paper industry which is derived from the lignin; a major component of terrestrial
plant biomass called lignin, is highly potent for its renewable reagents as well as hydrophobic and
hydrophilic properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ILs-based lignosulfonate in
the prevention of asphaltene aggregation problems in crude oil. Lignosulfonate-based IL was synthesized
with cation: pyridinium, with alkyl chain: dodecyl with yield 70.19%. Synthesized IL was characterized by
using Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and
thermogravimetric (TGA). The effects of the extraction yield, stirring time, temperature, and the amount
of the IL on asphaltene aggregation were investigated. Analyses were conducted using UV-visible
Spectroscopy and Particle Size Analyzer. The analysis displayed that extraction yield of IL is directly
proportional to stirring time, temperature and the amount of IL. Sigma profile IL-based lignosulfonate and
asphaltene model were investigated using Conductor like Screening Model for Real Solvents (COSMO-
RS). LS anion and dodecyl-pyridinium cation possessed hydrogen bond acceptor and hydrogen bond
donor properties respectively towards asphaltene model. Analysis of results show that the investigated
green IL-based lignosulfonates have the potential to control asphaltene aggregation.
Keywords: Ionic liquids; lignosulfonate; pyridinium; asphaltene; COSMO-RS
BIOGRAPHY
Muhammad Ariff Bin Che Mahtar. Academic Qualifications: BSc. Industrial
Chemical Technology (Honors), Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (2018-2021).
Master of Science (Full-Time Research), Universiti Teknologi Petronas (2022-
Present): Research Interest: Ionic liquids, computational chemistry
111
GRE24
The Effect of Inorganic and Bokashi Fertilization on The Growth and Quality of
Sweet Corn (Zea mays sacchata sturt) and Jupiter (vitis vinifera) Grape Cultivar
Bohari M Yamin1,* Noorshida Mohd Ali2,, Wiwik Hadaningsih3 and Vintania Elfariani3
1Faculty of Science and Technology,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
2Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics,
Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia
3Program Studi Budi Daya Tanaman Pangan,
Politenik Pertanian Negeri Payakumbuh, Indonesia
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The Ukraine-Russian war is a good lesson for the public and the governments to understand how
important and relevance the concept of sustainability and food security. The shortage of food supply and
multiple increase in price of goods became a global issue. In addition, the long use of conventional
fertilizer has affected the biology of the soil and environment as well. Therefore, organic farming is being
promoted worldwide to cater both problems. In this study the use of locally prepared Bokashi fertilizers
based on fermented chicken and sheep dungs on the growth and yield of corn grown in the ground. It
was found that both chicken and sheep based bokashi and inorganic fertilizer gave more or less the
same yield. The combination of bokashi and rice husk in the medium for growing grape in the pots is
very promising not only providing good porosity but also on the growth of the plant. The success of
harvesting the jupiter grape cultivar within eight months or less in our tropical environment is a big
achievement compared to longer time needed in their originally temperate countries due to dormancy
period during the winter season. The abundance of sheep dungs certainly make it a popular and cheap
fertilizer for growing vegetables and some grape varieties. Other animal dungs and plants based organic
fertilizers are now became a popular topic of study.
Keywords: Bokashi; Corn: Growth; Jupiter grape; Yield
BIOGRAPHY
Bohari M Yamin obtained his BSc from Universiti Malaya in 1974. He was
appointed as lecturer at universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia after completing his Phd
from King’s College, London University in 1977.His research interests cover a
wide area in chemical synthesis, X-ray Crystallography and application chemistry.
Mandatory retirement in 2006 at the age of 56 but served as contract professor
until 2017. He has collaborated with many scientists in many different countries.
His joint research on organic farming with the Indonesian, Philippine and Thailand
through the SAFE network has brought him to work on the grape farming in the
house backyard. Two e books on growing grape for beginners have been
produced from the work. In 2019 based on his continuing effort on chemistry
education and collaborative research he was awarded an Emeritus Professor by
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
112
GRE25
Effect of Andrographis paniculata Extracts as Seed Treatments to Control
Bakane Disease of Rice
Nurul Wahida Mohd Ramli, Wan Zuraida Wan Mohd Zain, Nur’amira Hamid, Siti Aisha Na’illa Che
Musa, Siti Nur Dhuha Mohd Kalit
Faculty of Plantation and Agrotechnology,
Universiti Teknologi MARA Jasin, 77300 Merlimau, Melaka, Malaysia
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Bakanae is one of the most important diseases of rice (Oryzae sativa L.) and it was first reported caused
by Fusarium moniliforme and later, Fusarium proliferatum was also found on rice and responsible for
causing Bakanae infection and disease development. Major rice-growing areas in Malaysia affected by
Bakanae disease showed a significant decrease in yield and quality. The most common management
practice for Bakanae is seed treatment using fungicides such as thiram, thiophanate-methyl, or benomyl
which is effective. However, the resistance of fungal pathogens to the fungicides has been reported and
these fungicides also cannot prevent Bakanae infection after transplanting. In this review, the possible
non-chemical methods for Bakanae disease are the addition of antagonistic microorganisms to the soil
and the use of plant extracts. Based on this review, the extracts were done on the cold extraction method
with three different solvents like methanol, hexane, and dichloromethane. The potential plant extracts
were tested for their efficacy against the pathogen by using the well diffusion technique. The effectiveness
of the extract as a seed treatment was identified by soaking the seed with A. paniculata extracts (5 %-25
% concentration), soaking seeds in water, dusting seeds with fungicides, and no treatments.
Andrographis paniculata extracts have been reviewed that shown positively able to inhibit the growth of
Fusarium proliferatum and serve as a fungicide for disease suppression in rice. Moreover, the extracts
also have been used as seed treatment and as natural fungitoxicants with broad-spectrum activity. As a
result, Andrograhis paniculata extracts can be used as a seed treatment to control Bakanae disease due
to its ability to inhibit Fusarium proliferatum.
Keywords: Bakanae disease, Fusarium proliferatum, Andrographis paniculata extracts, seed treatment,
antifungal activity
BIOGRAPHY
My name is Siti Nur Dhuha binti Mohd Kalit and I am a Master student in Science
at Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Melaka Branch Jasin Campus. I am
responsible for being the main presenter for this study. I have a research interest
in the scope of natural products.
113
GRE26
Nitrogen Availability Following Application of Urea and Frass Produced From
Black Soldier Fly Larvae and Decanter Cake
Deborah Renting Jimmy1, Rafeah Wahi1,*, Latifah Omar2,3 and Nathaniel Maikol4
1Faculty Resource Science and Technoogy,
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia.
2 Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Bintulu Campus,
Universiti Putra Malaysia, Bintulu 97008, Malaysia
3 Institut Ekosains Borneo (IEB),
Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Sarawak Campus,Nyabau Road, 97008 Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia
4Faculty of Science and Natural Resources,
Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS ,88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
In a tropical climate with high temperatures and rainfall all year, tropical acid soils are heavily weathered,
which has an influence on the availability of nitrogen. Certain subsistence and low-input farming methods
still rely heavily on soil organic N, which is crucial in giving N nutrients to crop production. An attempt in
this study was to use black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) frass produced from decanter cake to retain N from
urea application. Soil incubation was carried out for 30 days to determine the effects of different rates of
BSFL on N retention from different rates of urea. The treatments in soil incubation were T0 (300g soil
only), T1 (300g soil and 4g urea), T2 (300g soil and 40 g frass), T3 (300g soil + 30g of frass + 3g of urea,
T4 (300g of soil + 20g of frass + 2g urea). The treatments were arranged in complete randomized design
(CRD) with three replications. The application of BSFL frass increased the soil pH and electrical
conductivity (EC), BSFL frass has a significant number of base cations. The addition of BSFL frass to a
mineral soil improved pH and EC. Although pH appeared as an important regulator of net nitrification, the
effects of other factors are yet to be established. The findings of this study found that BSFL increased in
soil pH and EC however, field trials are essential to consolidate the findings of this study.
Keywords: Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL); decanter cake; urea; frass; fertilizer
BIOGRAPHY
Deborah Renting is a 1st year postgraduate student (Masters) at UNIMAS in
environmental science. Currently, her research project is to produce an
organic based fertilizer from Black Soldier Fly Larvae from agriculture wastes
from decanter cake and sago hampas.
114
GRE27
Characterization of Sago Bark as Potential Renewable-Source of Graphene
Oxide
Saffrullah Iqhram, Rafeah Wahi*, Zainab Ngaini
Faculty Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak,
94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
*Corresponding e-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The sago industry in Malaysia produces an abundance of agricultural wastes during sago starch
production. It is estimated for every ton of sago starch produce, 0.75 tons of sago waste is generated.
The aim of this study is to investigate the possibility of carbon-derived from sago waste a good candidate
to produce graphene oxide. Using this unwanted agricultural waste could offer a low-cost carbon-based
products. However, whether this environmental-approach is viable is still unexplored. Chemical treatment
using Hummer’s Method was conducted to synthesis the graphene oxide from the sago bark.
Carbonization techniques were used to purify the sago bark into biochar. The amount of moisture, ash
content, volatile matter and fixed carbon in the sago biochar were also analyzed to determine the
elemental compositions of the sago bark biochar. The findings suggested the sago bark contained 29.7%
of carbon. This indicate that sago bark has good potential to become a renewable-source precursor in
graphene oxide production.
Keywords: biomass, Metroxylon sagu, pyrolysis, carbon content, surface area
BIOGRAPHY
Saffrullah Iqhram is a postgraduate student at Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
(UNIMAS). He is an Analytical Chemistry major with specialization in Environmental
Chemistry. His research work focuses on the processing of agricultural waste like
sago for utilization as useful products.
115
GRE28
Optimization of Kaolin as an Effective Green Adsorbent for Phenol Removal
using Response Surface Methodology and Insight into the Adsorption
Mechanism using DFT Calculations
Nurul Huda Zuhaidi, Erna Normaya Abdullah, Aisyah Zubir and Mohammad Norazmi Ahmad*
Experimental and Theoretical Research Laboratory, Kulliyyah of Science,
International Islamic University Malaysia,
Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota,
25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The discharge of pollutants, specifically phenol, into aquatic environment has caused detrimental effects
on the human health and aquatic ecosystem. Hence, it has been a global concern to remove phenols
from the polluted water bodies. In this study, a natural and low-cost adsorbent, kaolin, was used to
remove phenol from aqueous solutions and was optimized by using response surface methodology
(RSM). The parameters involved in the adsorption are the pH (pH 1-3), contact time (20-60 min), phenol
concentration (30-70 mg/mL), and adsorbent dosage (1-3 g), which were optimized using Central
Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) of Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Based on the RSM
findings, the optimum conditions found were at pH 2, 40 mins, 50 mg/L and 2 g with 92.2% maximum
percentage removal. Tukey’s test was carried out and shows no significant differences between the
predicted and the experimental value. Furthermore, difference in surface morphology of the adsorbent
surface before and after adsorption as seen from the SEM micrographs signifies the successful
adsorption of adsorbates onto the adsorbent’s surface. The response peaks of the hydroxyl groups of
phenol (OH) and the siloxane groups (Si-O) of kaolin were altered, indicating the formation of a hydrogen
bond between the kaolin and phenol during adsorption, as characterized using 1D and 2D IR
spectroscopy. To gain deeper understanding on the adsorption mechanism of phenol onto kaolin, DFT
calculations were used to support the experimental results.
Keywords: adsorption; DFT calculation; kaolin; phenol; RSM
BIOGRAPHY
Aisyah Zubir is a PhD candidate in science from International Islamic University
Malaysia. She obtained her BSc in applied chemistry in 2021. Her research focuses
on the development of sustainable alternative for pollutants removal from the
environment.
116
NAT01
Evaluation Of Four Plant Essential Oils In Terengganu: Compositions, Total
Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents
Tay Karh Yan, Wahizatul Afzan Azmi, Azila Adnan, Faizatul Shimal Mehamod,
Nor Omaima Harun and Hazlina Ahamad Zakeri *
Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Plant metabolites play important role in their defense mechanism as well as human benefits. In this study,
the essential oil composition, total phenolic and flavonoid contents from four plants in Terengganu were
evaluated. Essential oil from lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), gelam (Melaleuca cajuputi), vitex (Vitex
rotundifolia) and pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius) were extracted through hydrodistillation process.
Lemongrass provided the highest total yield of essential oil which is 0.424±0.04g/ 100g of plant, followed
by gelam (0.243±0.03g), vitex (0.04±0.0g) and pandan (0.02±0.0g). Gas chromatography- mass
spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed the presence of at least four compounds with the major
constituents for each plant, while Vitex consists of the greatest number of compounds (24), followed by
Gelam (23), lemongrass (11), and pandan (4). Folin-Ciocalteu method and Aluminium chloride method
were conducted for total phenolic and flavonoid determination respectively. The highest phenolic and
flavonoid contents were detected in gelam which is 12.26±0.36 mg GAE/ g and 10.85±0.03 mg QE/ g,
respectively. The results demonstrated variety of chemical constituents and bioactive compounds in
these plants, and it is worthy to be recorded for further applications and comparison across different
regions.
Keywords: Essential oil; Cymbopogon citratus; Melaleuca cajuputi; Vitex rotundifolia; Pandanus
amaryllifolius
BIOGRAPHY
Tay Karh Yan. Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) Postgraduate Student.
Research interest: Entomology (red palm weevil)
117
NAT02
Antioxidant Evaluation of Garcinia macrantha Extract
Rifaldi*, Arif Fadlan, Sri Fatmawati and Taslim Ersam
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Data Analytics,
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Garcinia macrantha was an endemic plant from Maluku with no report about phytochemical properties
and their biological activities. This research is conducted to investigate total phenolic content (TPC), total
flavonoid content (TFC) along with their in vitro antioxidant activity. Spectrometry was used to determine
the TPC and TFC content. Antioxidant evaluations were evaluated with DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assay.
The highest TPC content was from methanolic extract with 147,07 mg GAE/g while the highest TFC
content was found from EtOAc extract with 28,83 mg QE/g extract. The methanolic extract exhibited the
most potent antioxidant activity on DPPH and ABTS assay with IC50 3.26 μg/ml and 6,78 μg/ml and FRAP
assay with 106,01 μM Fe2+/g. The methanolic extract was the most potent extract to further research and
exploring its phytochemical content.
Keywords: Garcinia macrantha; antioxidant; DPPH; ABTS; FRAP
BIOGRAPHY
The author was a doctoral student on PMDSU scholarship in the Natural product
and synthetic laboratory, department of chemistry, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh
Nopember. The author has a research interest in Natural product isolation,
especially for the Garcinia along with their in vitro activity such as antioxidant,
antiplasmodial, antidiabetes, and anticancer activities.
118
NAT03
Antioxidant Potential of Garcinia celebica and Study of Correlation
Yenni Pintauli Pasaribu1,2* Arif Fadlan1 Sri Fatmawati1 and Taslim Ersam1
1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Data Analytics,
Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology
2Department of Chemistry Education,
Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Musamus University
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Antioxidant potential of the extracts and fractions from Garcinia celebica root bark based on radical
scavenging activity (DPPH and ABTS) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) had been
evaluated. Also, total phenolic and flavonoid content (TPC and TFC) of the extracts and fractions had
been determined. Ethyl acetate extract showed high TPC (180.06 mg GAE/g extract) and TFC (35.73
mg QE/g extract). Also, ethyl acetate extract showed potential antioxidant activity (IC50 DPPH 7.55
μg/mL, IC50 ABTS 6.01 μg/mL, and FRAP 66.36 μM Fe2+/g). Furthermore, the fourth fraction (D) of ethyl
acetate extract exhibited strongest antioxidant activity by DPPH (IC50 1.73 μg/mL), ABTS (1.87 μg/mL),
and FRAP (49.09 μM Fe2+/g). The Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to describe the
relationship between DPPH and ABTS, FRAP, TPC, and TFC. Radical scavenging activity showed a
strong positive relationship comparing the assays (r = 0.999, sig < 0.001). Antioxidant activity exposed
by DPPH assay was stronger positively connected with FRAP (r = 0.684, p < 0.05), TPC (r = 0.618, p <
0.1), and TFC (r = 0.521, p < 0.15). Antioxidant activities of the ethyl acetate extract and D fraction was
proven by obtaining polyprenylated benzophenone compounds (-)-cycloxanthochymol,
isoxanthochymol, and xanthochymol. Xanthochymol had the most antioxidant potential with IC50 values
of DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP were 3.87 μM, 0.88 μM, and 44.28 μM Fe2+/g, respectively; compared to
gallic acid, quercetin, and ascorbic acid as positive controls. These results revealed that G. celebica can
be more explored as a natural source of antioxidant.
Keywords: antioxidant; correlation; ferric-reducing, Garcinia celebica; radical scavenging
BIOGRAPHY
The author is a lecturer in Musamus University in Papua Indonesia and a doctoral
student in Natural Products and Synthesis Chemistry (NPSC) Laboratory,
Chemistry Department, Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology in Surabaya
Indonesia. The author is interested in isolation of secondary metabolites from the
higher plants of Indonesia’s tropical forests in the Cluciaceae family, especially
Garcinia genera. Also, she is concerned about structure and bioactivity of the
phenolic compounds include but not limited to antioxidant, antimalarial, and
cytotoxicity.
119
NAT04
Toxicological Evaluation of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. Fruit Extract
Using Brine Shrimp Lethality Bioassay (Artemia Salina) Method
Najat Nabilah Noor Ezzuddin1, Siti Salwa Abd Gani1,2,3*, Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan4
and Mohd Izuan Effendi Halmi5
1Halal Products Research Institute, Putra Infoport,
Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
2Department of Agriculture Technology, Faculty of Agriculture,
Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
3Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience,
Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor, Malaysia
4Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science,
Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
5Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture,
Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
*Corresponding author : [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Toxicity test is one of the method that can be considered as important in herbal medicine. As for Phaleria
macrocarpa, brine shrimp lethality assay was carried out, and within 24 hours, mortality rate was
recorded. The extract also used to determine the trace elements presence using ICP-MS. The results of
the analysis shows that mortality rate for the extract only 10% at the highest concentration which was
1000 ppm, and the IC50 for the extract was at 125 ppm. As for trace elements, it found that although
there were heavy metals existed in the extract, the amount of the metals were below permitted value by
World Health Organization (WHO). Hence, it can be conclude that aqueous extract of Phaleria
macrocarpa fruit was non-toxic.
Keywords: brine shrimp assay; heavy metals; Phaleria macrocarpa ; toxicity
BIOGRAPHY
Assoc. Prof. Dr SIti Salwa Binti Abd Gani is a Lecturer at Faculty of Agriculture,
Universiti Putra Malaysia. her interest are in agricultural technology,
phytochemistry, medicinal chemistry, agronomy, halal products Development
120
NAT05
Lethal Concentration Determination of Fermented Garcinia mangostana
Pericarp on Zebrafish (Danio Rerio) Embryo using Probit Regression
With Arbitrary Slopes
Mohamad Sufian So’aib1,*, Huey Ling Tan2 and Norafiqah Latip1
1School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering,
Universiti Teknologi MARA, 13200 Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
2School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering,
Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Garcinia mangostana pericarp (GMP) is known for its antioxidant property and numerous therapeutic
values. Its derivative product in fermented form was never attempted thus became the subject of toxicity
evaluation in this study. Here, the toxic and teratogenic effects of fermented GMP on zebrafish (Danio
rerio) embryos were evaluated. The eggs from spawning of the adult male and female zebrafish were
collected and exposed to different concentrations of fermented CPL; 250, 125, 62.5, 31.25, 15.625 and
0 µg/mL for six to 72 h postfertilisation (hpf). The survival and sublethal effects of these treatments on
zebrafish embryos such as mortality and hatchability were calculated using microscopic observation
while the heartbeat rate was measured using DanioScope. The toxic effects of fermented CPL on
zebrafish embryos was found to be concentration dependent. The median lethal concentration (LC50)
was 100.2 µg/mL as calculated from the probit-log (concentration) regression model using Microsoft
Excel. This value fell into the category of less than toxic according to OECD guideline. Total phenolic
content (TPC) of the fermented GMP was also higher at the end of the fermentation as compared to
onset of fermentation.
Keywords: Garcinia mangostana pericarp; toxicity; zebrafish embryos; lethal concentration; probit
BIOGRAPHY
Mohamad Sufian So’aib (PhD) is a senior lecturer at the Universiti Teknologi
MARA, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. His main research interest is in bioprocess and
biotechnology field, and has been a frequent recipient of national grants in the
related field. He is also the main and corresponding authors in numerous scientific
publications in the field of bioprocess, applied microbiology and biocatalyst.
121
NAT06
Characterization of Artocarpus altilis Powder as a Potential Health-
supplementary Ingredients
Noorazwani Zainol1*, Harith Syahmie Zulfikree1,2, Nor Farahiyah Aman Nor1 Harisun Yaakob1,3,
Dayang Norulfairuz Abang Zaidel1,4
1Food and Nutraceutical Unit, Institute of Bioproduct Development,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
2Faculty of Medical Sciences,
Newcastle University Medicine Malaysia, 79200 Iskandar Puteri, Johor, Malaysia
3 Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
4 Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of
Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Processing of Artocarpus Altilis (breadfruit) powder with desired texture and nutrient dense gain lot of
attention due to its characteristic heavily influence its usage in food as an ingredient. This study was
initiated to ascertain the breadfruit characteristic concerning its functional properties, thermal behaviour
and physicochemical analysis. The grounded breadfruit (BG) was envisaged for their functional
properties while the spray dried breadfruit (BFP and BFP+MD) was submitted to thermal behaviour and
physicochemical analysis. The physical properties of the breadfruit juice for both BFP and BFP+MD were
also determined. The results of BG for water and oil absorption were 9.08±0.20 g and 2.26±0.15 g,
respectively while the gelation properties observed at the concentration of 13% and 20%. The results of
breadfruit juice for both BFP and BFP+MD were as follows: 6.39±0.20 for pH, 10.40% and 18.85% for
TSS and 40 cP and 20 cP for viscosity, respectively. The IC50 value of antioxidant activity was 58.51±0.34
μg/mL, and total phenolic content was 369.74±18.41 μg GAE/g for breadfruit juice. Results of
physicochemical for BFP and BFP+MD were moisture content (%) (5.67±0.81, 4.23±0.11),
hygroscopicity (%) (4.72±0.18, 4.04±0.26), water soluble index (%) (50.74±1.14, 70.78±2.31) and bulk
density (g/mL) (0.55±0.02, 0.48±0.01), respectively. BFP+MD shows lower melting point (28.29°C ±
0.20) than BFP melting point (28.64°C ± 0.20). The nutritional value of BFP+MD determined were protein
(1.7±0.15 %w/w), crude fibre (5.02±0.03 %w/w), fat (3.27±0.11 %w/w), ash (3.80±0.017 %w/w) and
carbohydrate (86.90 ±0.03 %w/w). Observed characteristic enables it to be incorporated into wide range
of supplementary food promoting health.
Keywords: breadfruit powder, functional properties, thermal behavior, physicochemical analysis
BIOGRAPHY
She is currently a senior researcher at Food and Nutraceutical Unit, Institute
Bioproduct Development (IBD), UTM. She obtained her PhD in Biosciences at
Nottingham University, UK. Her research focus on in-vitro analysis involving oil-
in-water emulsion mimic gastrointestinal tract, phytochemical characterization,
and colloid studies. She also has more than 15 year’s experiences in food
analysis which includes determination and characterization activities and
nutraceutical product development. She has published more than 25 journals
and 5 book chapter at local and international level.
122
SEP03
Determination of Residues of Indaziflam and Its Metabolite in Oil Palm Matrices
from Four Residue Field Trials at Oil Palm Plantations in Malaysia
Norizah Halim* Mohd Hefni Rusli and Maizatul Suriza Mohamed
1 Lembaga Minyak Sawit Malaysia,
6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang Selangor
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
In an oil palm plantation, there are four methods of weed control that have been practiced which are
biological, cultural, mechanical and chemical control. Chemical control techniques by spraying weeds
with herbicides is widely used in oil palm plantations because the herbicides are economical, effective
and practical as compared to other methods in terms of reducing weed problem, production cost and
crop losses. The chemical residues are found to be accumulated as trace residues in the food chain
system that are hazardous to human health. In this study, the active substances of pesticide residues
were analyzed from five oil palm matrices namely crude palm oil, crude palm kernel oil, palm mesocarp
fibre, palm kernel cake and palm fresh fruit. The analytical method of extraction was developed based
on modified QuEChERS method and analysis of the extracted residues was performed using Liquid
Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The limit of quantification (LOQ) was
0.005mg/kg for both compound and accuracy from spiked samples (n=8) showed that the recoveries
ranged from 81-95% for indaziflam and 74-101% for diaminotriazine. The regression linear (R2) for both
compounds were > 0.999. The method accuracy and precision complied with the SANTE/11312/2021.
The single laboratory single validated analytical method with high sensitivity, selectivity and throughput
was used for analysis of wide range of oil palm matrices from the residue field trials at four oil palm
plantations. Results showed both residues were not found in the analyzed oil palm matrices.
Keywords: diaminotriazine; indaziflam; LC-MS/MS; LOQ; QuEChERS
BIOGRAPHY
Master Degree in Chemistry from UKM in 2016 and served Malaysian Palm Oil
Board (MPOB) for 22 years in conducting R&D research projects. The research
interests are on methods development for analysis of pesticide residues and
chemical contaminants in palm oil products. She has published research findings
at international journals and presented at many local or international conferences.
123
SEP04
Development and Optimization of The Liquid Chromatography-Mass
Spectrophotometer Triple Quadrupole (LCMS-QQQ) and An Efficient Low-cost
Microextraction Methods of Carbamazepine
Siti Sabrina Kasri1, Hannis Fadzillah Mohsin2, Wan Nurhayati Wan Hanafi1, Wardah Tahir3,
Chia Chay Tay1*
1Faculty of Applied Sciences,
Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor,40450, Malaysia
2Faculty of Pharmacy,
Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor, Puncak Alam, Selangor, 42300 Puncak Alam,
Malaysia
3School of Civil Engineering,
College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor,40450, Malaysia
*Corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Sensitive and specific analytical methods have become a tool for measuring and analyzing emerging
contaminants found in wastewater, especially carbamazepine. It is a tricyclic compound and is persistent
in the environment. Thus, the development of the method for optimization using liquid chromatography-
mass spectrophotometry triple quadrupole (LCMS-QQQ) and an efficient microextraction method was
investigated. The optimization of gas flow, nebulizer, fragmental voltage, and collision energy in LCMS-
QQQ were examined. Microextraction methods optimization on extraction tools, various solvents, and
solvent volume ratios were investigated. The optimized LCMS-QQQ conditions for carbamazepine
analysis were 11 l/min for gas flow, 25 psi for the nebulizer, 80 V for fragmental voltage, as well as 35
eV (179.1 m/z) and 15 eV (194.1 m/z) for collision energy. In the microextraction method, LLE yielded a
higher average recovery percentage of carbamazepine at 100 ±10% compared to SPE at 4 ±0%.
Sonicator and separatory funnel showed average recovery percentage for carbamazepine at 96 ±26% -
100 ±10%. However, a sonicator saves time and human resources compared to a separatory funnel.
The average recovery percentage for carbamazepine in solvents at 100 ±13% was higher compared to
water at 26 ±4%. The optimized solvent volume-ratio for methanol and acetonitrile, methanol and ethanol,
and methanol and acetone in LLE was 1.25. This study is vital for the detection of low concentrations of
carbamazepine in the environment.
Keywords: carbamazepine, liquid chromatography-mass spectrophotometry triple quadrupole (LCMS-
QQQ), method development and optimization, microextraction method, solvent volume-ratio
BIOGRAPHY
Chia Chay Tay is an Assoc. Prof. in Environmental Technology Program, Faculty
of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA. She is involved in multiple
disciplines and multi-institutional research projects crossing from science,
technology and engineering focusing on sustainability, especially in water
technology processes, management and society interactions. Her interests
include solid waste and water pollutants, plastic waste and emerging pollutants,
eco-friendly treatment technology and human aspect of water security. She has
published more than 30 peer-reviewed journals and is active in reviewing journals.
She received the best paper award in international conferences and a few
innovation prizes.
124
SEP05
A Modified Quechers Method for Determination of Indaziflam and Its Metabolite
in Oil Palm Matrices Using Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass
Spectrometry
Norizah Halim*, Mohd Hefni Rusli and Maizatul Suriza Mohamed
1 Lembaga Minyak Sawit Malaysia,
6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang Selangor
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
A simple multiresidue method was developed and evaluated for determination of pesticide residues in oil
palm matrices using liquid chromatography coupled with a triple quadropole mass analyzer (LC-MS/MS)
for the analysis of indaziflam and diamonotriazine. A modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective,
rugged, and safe) method was evaluated in the coloured matrices such as crude palm oil (CPO),
mesocarp fibre (MSCRP) and palm fresh fruit (PFF) while the developed method also fit for other matrices
such palm kernel cake (PKC) and crude palm kernel oil (CPKO). This extraction method involves sample
extraction with acetonitrile, 5.0 mL for three times on vortex mixer for 2 minutes and centrifuged at
4000rpm for 10 minutes. The 15.0 mL of aliquot was transferred into new test tube following the salt-out
liquid-liquid partitioning step using mangnesium sulfate anhydrous and sodium chloride. After mixing and
centrifugation, the clean-up of 3.0 mL of extract is done by adding 100 mg PSA and 150 mg C18. The
extract (3.0 mL) was evaporated to dryness, and reconstituted in 1mL MeOH and 1mL NH4CO3 (2.0 mL).
The method was evaluated in terms of recoveries, reproducibility, limit of detection, and matrix effect for
both compounds. Some significant matrix effects observed for some matrices were eliminated using
matrix-matched calibration. The linearity was studied in the range from 0.001 to 0.010 µg/mL and the
correlation coefficients higher than 0.999. The recovery data were obtained by spiking the untreated
samples at two concentration levels (0.005 and 0.05mg/kg) yielding recoveries in the range from 71-
106%. The precision values expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD,%) were lower than 20% for
the intraday precision. The limit of detection (LOD) and Limit of quantification (LOQ) were established at
0.001 μg/mL and 0.005 mg/kg respectively
Keywords: multiresidue; indaziflam; diaminotriazine; LC-MS/MS; QuEChERS
BIOGRAPHY
Master Degree in Chemistry from UKM in 2016 and served Malaysian Palm Oil
Board (MPOB) for 22 years in conducting R&D research projects. The research
interests are on methods development for analysis of pesticide residues and
chemical contaminants in palm oil products. She has published research findings
at international journals and presented at many local or international conferences.
125
SEP06
A review on extraction of lipid from microalgae using
microwave-assisted extraction
Tan Yeong Hwang1* Chai Mee Kin1 and Wong Ling Shing2
1College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional
2 Faculty of Health and Life Science, INTI International University
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Lipids produced by microalgae are regarded as suitable feedstock for biofuel due to their high growth rate
and lipid content. Besides that, the physiological functions of microalgal lipids also make them as high
value bioactive compounds in pharmaceutical and health supplement industries. Extracting the stored
lipid from microalgae is a major challenge for industrial applications as their tough cell wall is difficult to
break down. Therefore, extraction solvent and cell disruption techniques are key procedures for high lipid
extraction. Traditional methods used for cell disruption and extraction are effective but non-
environmentally friendly and time consuming. Hence, different innovative cell disruption techniques such
as microwave-assisted extraction are developed. This paper is a review of traditional method and
microwave-assisted extraction used for lipid extraction from microalgae biomass. The advantages,
challenges and future trends of microwave-assisted extraction are also discussed.
Keywords: Biofuels; Cell disruption; Lipid extraction; Microalgae; Microwave assisted extraction
BIOGRAPHY
Tan Yeong Hwang is a PhD student from Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN). He
graduated from INTI International University with bachelor of biotechnology
(Honors) and master of Industrial Science in research from UNITEN. He has
worked as a research assistant from 2016 to 2018 and held a position as research
officer from 2019 until present. To date, he has published 11 Scopus or ISI-indexed
scientific papers and 1 book. His interested research area includes extraction,
analytical chemistry, microalgae and biomass energy.
126
SEP08
Purification of Potent Angiotensin-1-Converting Enzyme (ACE)-Inhibitory
Peptide Derived from Red Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) By-product
Abdul Wahab, N.S.1, Sabri, M.Z.2, Anak Yaji, E.M.1, Abd-Talib, N.1, Kelly Yong, T.L.3, and Pa’ee. K.F.1,*
1Food Engineering Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Branch Campus Malaysian Institute of
Chemical and Engineering Technology, 78000 Alor Gajah, Melaka, Malaysia.
2Bioengineering Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Branch Campus Malaysian Institute of Chemical
and Engineering Technology, 78000 Alor Gajah, Melaka, Malaysia.
3Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Branch Campus Malaysian Institute of
Chemical and Engineering Technology, 78000 Alor Gajah, Melaka, Malaysia.
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The conversion of an enzyme known as angiotensin-1-converting enzyme (ACE) into angiotensin-
converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which promotes blood pressure rise, causes hypertension. Diet and lifestyle
changes are essential alternative treatments for hypertension. Consumers are increasingly more
interested in the health-promoting compounds included in many foods. Many investigations on
Oreochromis sp. by-products have been conducted during the previous decade due to their biological
features, including antihypertensive effects. As the need for fish filleting rises, fish output has increased
rapidly, creating a surplus of by-products that can be profitably exploited in the current market. Thermoase
PC10F was used in this study to hydrolyse red tilapia by-products (Oreochromis sp.). After hydrolysis,
the RTBP hydrolysate was purified via ultrafiltration (UF), ion exchange (IEX), and reversed-phase high
performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Two molecular weight cut-offs (MWCO) were used for
ultrafiltration: 3kDa and 1kDa. The ACE-inhibitory activity of 1 kDa is higher, accounting for 85.42%. The
1 kDa RTBP hydrolysate was then purified further, and it demonstrated significant ACE-inhibitory activity
on the positively charged fraction (72.32%). The positively charged fraction was further separated based
on hydrophobicity, with the hydrophobic fraction exhibiting more ACE-inhibiting activity. It also produced
two peaks with corresponding ACE-inhibitory activity levels of 90.44% and 95.28%.
Keywords: ACE-inhibitory activity; Hydrophobicity; Red Tilapia By-product hydrolysate; Surface charges;
Ultrafiltration (UF)
BIOGRAPHY
At present, Nur Suraya Abd Wahab is pursuing her master's degree at Universiti
Kuala Lumpur Malaysian Institute of Chemical & Bioengineering Technology,
(UniKL MICET). Her research is based on the molecular interaction of a Red
Tilapia antihypertensive peptide with Angiotesin-1-Converting Enzyme (ACE).
Nur Suraya Abd Wahab had a Bachelor of Science (Hons.) in Molecular Biology
and Diploma of Microbiology from Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM). She is
always impressed by the efforts made to treat and prevent disease. Perfecting
experimental methodologies is gratifying, and the ability to conduct research
frees one from mundane daily tasks.
127
SEP09
Development of Poly(Ionic Liquid) Coated with Magnetic Nanoparticles for
Magnetic Solid Phase Microextraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon
in Selected Food Samples
Faizah Yunus1, Yatimah Alias1,2 , Muggundha Raoov 1,2*
1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
2University of Malaya Centre of Ionic Liquids, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science,
University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
This study aims to develop and investigate new nanomaterials, namely, (poly(MMA-IL)@Magnetic
Nanoparticle, Fe3O4) and their applications in the microextraction of 16 types of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs) that have been listed as priority pollutants by the European Community (EC) and
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). In the first part of the study, poly(MMA-IL)@Fe3O4 was
successfully synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, FESEM-EDX, NMR, BET, TEM, XRD, TGA and
VSM techniques and the results were compared with native MNP and MMA-MNP. Thereafter, the
material was applied in the magnetic solid-phase microextraction (MSPME) technique to determine 16
types of PAHs using gas chromatographic-flame ionization detection (GC-FID). The influence of several
experimental variables (sorbent dosage, extraction volume, extraction time, ionic strength, desorption
solvent, desorption volume, desorption time, and pH) has been considered in depth in the optimization
process. The developed method, which has been analytically characterized under its optimal operation
conditions, allows the detection of the analytes in the samples with linearity, the limit of detection (LOD)
and quantification (LOQ), enrichment factor (EF), recoveries of real samples with relative standard
deviation (RSD). The optimized method was applied for the determination of 16 types of PAHs in a variety
of food samples. These results signified the potential of (poly(MMA-IL)@Fe3O4) as an efficient, sensitive
and environmentally friendly approach for analysing PAHs.
Keywords: Food Samples; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; Gas-Chromatography Flame Ionization
Detector; Poly-Ionic Liquid Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles; Magnetic Solid Phase Microextraction
BIOGRAPHY
Faizah binti Mohammad Yunus MSc. Student at Department of Chemistry,
University of Malaya (UM), Malaysia. The first author of a scientific publication
and co-author of 1 publication. She received her bachelor’s degree in Pure
Chemistry from University Technology Mara (UiTM). She is a Registered Chemist
from Institute of Chemistry (IKM,Malaysia). Besides, she has experienced
working as a chemist in Food and Environmental laboratory for two and half
years.
Research interest: Analytical chemistry, environmental chemistry, separation,
development material, food chemistry and others.
128
SEP10
Development of Tea-waste Coated with Magnetic Nanoparticle for Magnetic
Solid Phase Micro Extraction (MNP-TW-µ-MSPE) of Non-Steroidal Anti-
Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) in Environmental Water Samples
Yagulan Muniandy1, Sharifah Mohamad1,* and Muggundha Raoov1
1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
Presenting author: 010-2551027; [email protected]
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
In this study, a green production method was used to obtain magnetic nanoparticles impregnated onto
tea waste (MNP-TW) from kitchen waste. The new material was used as an adsorbent for the magnetic
solid-phase extraction (MSPE) of Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as Ibuprofen,
Diclofenac and Naproxen in Environmental wastewater samples prior to UV-VIS spectrophotometry
analysis. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNP-TW) was prepared by the chemical precipitation of Fe2+ and Fe3+
salts from an aqueous solution by ammonia solution. Experimental variables affecting the extraction
efficiency of NSAIDs such as pH of sample solution, amount of adsorbent, extraction time, ionic strength,
the volume of sample, eluent type, desorption time and desorption volume were studied and optimized
in detail. The characterization studies for the MNP-TW were carried out by Fourier Transform Infrared
Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction spectrometry (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron
Microscopy (FESEM), elemental analysis, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Vibrating Sample
Magnetometer (VSM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis.
The study shows that the combination of MSPE with UV-VIS spectrophotometer provided a simple and
rapid method for the extraction and determination of NSAIDs.
Keywords: Magnetic Nanoparticle; Magnetic Solid Phase Extraction; Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs; Tea waste; UV-Vis spectrophotometer
BIOGRAPHY
Yagulan Muniandy M.Sc. student at Chemistry Department of University of
Malaya (UM), Malaysia. He received his bachelor’s degree in Pure Chemistry from
the University of Malaya in 2018. Yagulan is a Registered Chemist from the
Institute of Chemistry (IKM, Malaysia). He has attended a few trainings such as
ISO17025, General QAQC procedures and Measurement uncertainty organized
by IKM, Malaysia.
Research interest: Analytical Chemistry, Green Chemistry, separation sciences,
material development, NSAIDs determination, environmental analysis,
129
SEP11
Adsorption Characteristics of H2S at Ambient Temperatures using Ni-carbon
nanocomposite modified with Nitrogen Functional Groups
Norfazilah Abdullah1, Abdul Rahman Mohamed2, Norhusna Mohamad Nor1*
1Centre of Chemical Engineering Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang,
Permatang Pauh Campus, 13500 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
2School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong
Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The main objective of this research is to investigate the adsorption characteristics of palm shell activated
carbon adsorbent impregnated with nickel nanoparticles (Ni nps) and urea (Ni-N-PSAC) towards
hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas removal at ambient temperature (30°C). The impregnation of Ni nps is
expected to enhance the oxygen functional groups onto the adsorbent’s structure, whereas the
impregnation of urea will contribute to tailor the nitrogen functional groups. High removal of H2S is
anticipated at ambient temperature condition by using Ni-N-PSAC adsorbent. The H2S adsorption was
tested at various operating conditions such as different feed flowrate (100 – 250 ml/min), relative
humidity, %RH (0 – 80 %RH) and H2S feed concentrations (1000 – 4000 ppm). The adsorption
characteristics of H2S onto Ni-N-PSAC adsorbent was analyzed using adsorption isotherms and kinetics
studies. The highest H2S adsorption capacity calculated was 114.66 mg H2S/g Ni-N-PSAC, where the
adsorption parameters were at 100 ml/min, 30°C, 3000 ppm H2S and 40 %RH. The removal of H2S at
low temperature using Ni-N-PSAC showed that Temkin isotherm represent the best adsorption
characteristics with R2 = 0.9653. The kinetic study suggests that Pseudo second-order give the best
result (R2 = 0.9967). The outcome of this work is expected to provide new knowledge on the adsorption
characteristics of H2S using Ni-N-PSAC adsorbent at ambient temperature.
Keywords: Activated carbon, Adsorption at ambient temperature, H2S removal, Nickel nanoparticles,
Nitrogen functional groups
BIOGRAPHY
Norfazilah Binti Abdullah is a postgraduate student currently doing her master’s
degree in Chemical Engineering at Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan
Pulau Pinang. She obtained Bachelor of Engineering (Hons.) Chemical with
Environmental in 2019 from the same university. Her research involves the
synthesis of Nickel nanoparticles and modification of palm shell activated
carbon adsorbent for H2S removal. Throughout her research studies, she
presented two papers at local conference and participated in an international
innovation exhibition. She published one paper in Journal of Applied Science
and Engineering and one proceeding paper in IOP Conference Series: Earth
and Environmental Science.
130
SEP12
Synthesis & Characterization of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer in Oleic Acid
Isolation from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate Wastes
Siti Maizatul Ameera Azhar, Brody Sambang Muyang, Gaanty Pragas Maniam and Nurlin Abu Samah*
Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Gambang, Pahang.
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Oleic Acid (MIPOA) and Non-Imprinted Polymer (NIP) were synthesized
using oleic acid as the templates; acetonitrile as the porogenic solvent; allylthiourea as the monomer;
and EGDMA as a cross-linker via bulk polymerization. The non-imprinted polymers (NIP) as a control
were prepared with the same procedure, but with the absence of template molecule. The synthesized
MIP and NIP were characterized using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) which results
showed that MIP is capable of isolating oleic acid from PFAD sample. Next, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller
(BET) analysis proves that MIPOA display type I isotherms and according to International Union of Pure
and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) classification, it indicates that the MIPOA was microporous. Lastly, the
thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that although MIPOA was less thermally stable than NIP at
higher temperature, the higher % weight loss of MIPOA than NIP ensured the presence of an organic
network. MIPOA have higher porosity due to high surface area and external energy via heating easily
degrading the material compared to NIP. These results suggested that the molecularly imprinted
polymers can be employed as a potential adsorbent for the selective adsorption and removal of oleic
acid from PFAD waste.
Keywords: molecularly imprinted polymer; oleic acid; palm fatty acid distillate waste
BIOGRAPHY
ChM. Dr. Nurlin Abu Samah is a senior lecturer from the Faculty of Industrial
Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang. She obtained her PhD in
Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain. She graduated with a Master of
Science at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM). She completed her
undergraduate study in Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). Recently, she works in
the development of sorbent for the removal of organic – inorganic contaminants.
131
SEP14
Magnetic Effervescent Tablet-Assisted Ionic Liquid Dispersive Liquid Phase
Microextraction for Pre-Concentration of Multi Pharmaceutical Drugs: Method
Development, Validation and Green Profile Assessment
Wan Mohd Afiq Wan Mohd Khalik*, Sarveishwhary Rajendran,
Saw Hong Loh, and Marinah Mohd Ariffin
Faculty of Science and Marine Environment,
Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
This study discovered the extraction procedure of pharmaceutical drugs from water samples using the
magnetic effervescent tablet-assisted ionic liquid dispersive liquid phase microextraction method.
Effervescent tablets comprised of precursor citric acid and sodium bicarbonate, iron oxide nanoparticles,
and ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluoro- phosphate were used for the extractant
dispersion in the aqueous phase. A flat face radius edge tablet was formulated using the wet granulation
method. Tablet properties were characterized through organoleptic, friability, Carr’s index, morphology
(SEM & TEM), magnetism (VSM), and identification functional group analysis (FTIR). Pharmaceutical
drugs, namely acetaminophen, atenolol, metoprolol, gliclazide, metformin, lovastatin, nifedipine, and
caffeine, were used as model analytes. Seven factors, namely the weight of the tablet (1-2 g), the volume
of ionic liquid (100-500 µL), adjustment of pH solution (5-9), the effect of extraction temperature (15-75
°C), no. of the effervescent tablet (2-4 pieces), the effect of solidification time (3-13 min), and effect of
reconstituting solvent (250-1250 µL) affecting the extraction efficiency were screened and optimized using
27-Plackett-Burman Design and 25-Central Composite Design, respectively. The optimum extraction
condition was set up at the weight of the tablet (1 g), the volume of ionic liquid (500 µL), adjustment of pH
solution (pH 9), the effect of extraction temperature (45 °C), no. of the effervescent tablet (2 pieces), the
effect of solidification time (7.5 min), and effect of reconstituting solvent (750 µL). Developed method
combined with HPLC-DAD analysis gave good linearity (r2 > 0.990), extraction recovery range (88-96%),
detection limits (4-65 ng mL), respectively. The intra- and inter-day precision expressed as relative
standard deviation (RSD, n = 3) were calculated below 10%, respectively. The developed method was a
green methodology, which falls under an excellent score, 84 (analytical eco-scale) and 0.61 (AGREE with
metric score), respectively.
Keywords: CO2-effervescence; emerging contaminant of concern; green assessment profile; green
solvent; pharmaceutical drugs
BIOGRAPHY
Dr. Wan Mohd Afiq Wan Mohd Khalik is a senior lecturer in Analytical Chemistry
Program at the Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia
Terengganu. He earns his bachelor degree from Universiti Malaysia Terengganu,
Master and Doctorate degree from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. He also
serve as research fellow for Microplastic Research Interest Group (UMT) and
Centre for Water Research and Analysis (UKM). His research focuses on
development of microanaytical method for detection contaminant of emerging
concern in environmental water.
132
SEP16
Application of Response Surface Methodology on Analysis of Caffeine in Tea
and Coffee Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Ibrahim Ali Al-Seade1, Fouad Fadhil Al-Qaim1,2*, Zainab Haider Mussa3 and Nurfaizah Abu Tahrim4
1 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science for Women, University of Babylon, Hilla, Iraq
2 College of Medicine, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Karbala, Iraq
3 College of Pharmacy, University of Al-Ameed, Karbala, Iraq
4 Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
A rapid and simple extraction method was developed for the analysis of caffeine in tea and coffee
samples using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The important independent factors are
extraction method, temperature and residing time were optimized using response surface methodology
(RSM) followed by Box-Behnken Design (BBD). All samples have been analysed using HPLC and
separated on C18 (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5μm particle) column. The mobile phases were (A) water and (B)
acetonitrile at flow rate of 1 mL min-1 under ultra voilet (UV) detection at 273 nm. Good linearity was
obtained in the range of 1–60 mg L-1 (regression coefficient (R2) > 0.995). The limit of quantification
(LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) were 1.0 and 0.4 mg L-1, respectively. Precision was ranged between
3.11 and 11.37 as relative standard deviation (RSD%). Accuracy was ranged from 92% to 98%. The
highest concentration of caffeine was 366 mg L-1 in Mahmood green tea while it was 334 mg L-1 in
Mahmood coffee. The proposed method exhibited good results and easy to quantify caffeine in different
samples using HPLC.
Keywords: Box-Behnken Design; coffee samples; extraction of caffeine; HPLC; tea samples
BIOGRAPHY
Academic Qualifications: Doctor of Philosophy (Chemistry)-Analytical Chemistry,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Master of Chemistry (MChem), Oxford
University . Currently a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Chemical Sciences,
Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Research
Interest: Analysis and removal of emerging pollutants in aquatic environments.
133
SEP17
Ultrasound - Assisted Extraction and Quantification of Flavonoids from
Leucas zeylanica
Muhammad Luqman Selahudden*, Marouane Dhia Eddine Bouguerra, Mohammad Yadiy Fikriy
Mahathir, Sarah Nizar and Faizuan Abdullah
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science,
81310 Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru, Johor
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Extraction has been the primary method of concentrating and obtaining a crude essence of plants, and
to an extend fruits and nuts. In modern times, there are many methods of extraction developed from
simple maceration to using Soxhlet extractor to microwave assisted extraction and ultrasound assisted
extraction. This research explores ultrasound assisted extraction of flavonoids from Leucas zeylanica.
One at a time optimization was done on parameters of sonication time, water bath temperature, volume
of solvent and solvent concentration. Based on total flavonoid content measured using aluminium
colorimetric method followed by UV visible spectrophotometry, the highest flavonoid yield was achieved
on time 30 minutes, temperature 50°, solvent volume 40 ml and solvent concentration of 80%. An extract
obtained using these parameters was then analysed using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
(LC-MS/MS) to further elucidate its flavonoid content. It was found to have luteolin, apigenin, and phthalic
acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to quantify the
apigenin content of the extract against the apigenin standard, showing 8.73 ± 0.19 µg/ml of apigenin.
Keywords: chromatography; flavonoids; leucas zeylanica; mass spectrometry; ultrasound – assisted
extraction.
BIOGRAPHY
A graduate of Bachelor of Science (Biology) from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
(UTM). Worked as Quality Control Analyst in a pharmaceutical company and
currently completing Master of Philosophy (Chemistry) in UTM. Research interests
include analytical chemistry, natural products, biotechnology, molecular
modelling, and material sciences.
134
SEP18
Correlating Chromatographic Profile, Sensory Analysis and Chemometric
Technique for the Authentication Study of Harumanis Mango
Siti Raihan Zakaria1* and Rozita Osman2
1Faculty of Applied Sciences,
Universiti Teknologi MARA Pahang, 26400 Jengka, Pahang, Malaysia
2Faculty of Applied Sciences,
Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Harumanis mango is highly valued for its exotic aroma and delicious taste, making it a prime target for
economic adulteration through substitution and misinterpretation. A comprehensive tool is required for
the authentication study of Harumanis mangoes, and three techniques were investigated in this study:
sensory analysis, chromatographic fingerprinting, and chemometrics. Prior to the chromatographic
analysis, sensory analysis was used to gain insight into the ability of the respondents to differentiate
between authentic and unauthentic Harumanis, as well as after the analysis to identify the potential
chemical marker of Harumanis. 72 compounds with a quality greater than 80% were identified from the
chromatographic fingerprints. This observation was further investigated using chemometric techniques,
with cluster analysis (CA) successfully classifying the mango samples into two clusters. Furthermore,
principal component analysis (PCA) successfully identified three ocimene compound loadings, as well
as beta-myrcene and heicosene, as significant parameters that contributed to the discriminative
tendencies of the mango samples. Further investigation into the significant compounds in the
discrimination of authentic and unauthentic Harumanis mangoes using partial least squares-discriminant
analysis (PLS-DA) revealed that all three ocimene compounds provided variable importance in projection
(VIP) scores greater than 1.5, demonstrating these compounds as chemical markers.
Keywords: chemometrics; chromatographic fingerprint; Harumanis mango; sensory analysis and
volatile composition;
BIOGRAPHY
Siti Raihan Zakaria holds a PhD in analytical chemistry and Master’s from Universiti
Teknologi Mara and Master's degree in the same field from the University of
Malaya. She is currently a senior lecturer in the chemistry department at UiTM
Pahang's Faculty of Applied Sciences. Her research interests include analytical
chemistry method development, authentication studies, and chemometrics.
135
SEP19
Evaluation of Volatile Profile Variations of Harumanis Mango at Different
Conditions for the Quality Control Purpose
Siti Raihan Zakaria1* and Rozita Osman2
1Faculty of Applied Sciences,
Universiti Teknologi MARA Pahang, 26400 Jengka, Pahang, Malaysia
2Faculty of Applied Sciences,
Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Variations in volatile composition of Harumanis mango was studied under various conditions such as
maturity stages, harvesting years, grades, physical conditions, and origins for quality control. Ripe fruit
was found to have higher levels of most volatiles as harvest maturity progressed (more than 56 days).
Harumanis mango harvested within 56 days resulted in not only a lack of mango flavour, but also no
sweet aroma of the Harumanis mango, as the allo ocimene level was too low for humans to detect.
Sesquiterpene was identified as the most abundant chemical class in Harumanis from both Surabaya
and Perlis. Other chemical classes (alcohols, esters, aldehydes, and heterocyclic) had different
compositions in both locations. The ester group showed the greatest variation in Harumanis between
these two locations, with 21 percent esters recorded in Harumanis Surabaya and only 1 percent ester
composition in Harumanis Perlis. Meanwhile, there was no significant difference in the volatile
compositions of Harumanis mangoes harvested in 2016 and 2017. Finally, the highest grade of
Harumanis mango, grade (A), with weights ranging from 450 gm to 650 gm, had the highest total peak
area of VOCs detected. The investigation of how these factors influence the variations of volatile
compounds in Harumanis mango is useful for quality control purposes, as the aroma often becomes the
significant parameter in perceiving consumers' trust.
Keywords: aroma; chromatography Harumanis mango; quality control and volatile composition;
BIOGRAPHY
Siti Raihan Zakaria holds a PhD in analytical chemistry and Master’s from
Universiti Teknologi Mara and Master's degree in the same field from the
University of Malaya. She is currently a senior lecturer in the chemistry
department at UiTM Pahang's Faculty of Applied Sciences. Her research interests
include analytical chemistry method development, authentication studies, and
chemometrics.
136
HAL01
Intermittent Frying Effect on French Fries In Palm Olein, Sunflower, Soybean
and Canola Oils on Quality Indices, 3-Monochloropropane-1,2-Diol Esters (3-
MCPDE), Glycidyl Esters (GE) and Acrylamide Content
Raznim Arni Abd. Razak1*, Azmil Haizam Ahmad Tarmizi1, Ainie Kuntom1, Maimunah Sanny2 and Intan
Safinar Ismail3
1Product Development & Advisory Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board
2Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science & Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia
3Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to determine the effect of intermittent frying of French fries using four different
types of frying media on the media quality as well as 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPDE)
and glycidyl esters (GE) in frying oils and acrylamide contents in finished product. A total of 80 h of heating
(control) and frying experiments at 180°C was conducted, from which the heated and frying oil samples,
as well as French fries were collected every day for 10 consecutive days. The oil samples were subjected
to oil quality assessment as well as 3-MCPDE and GE in oils and acrylamide content in fried foods. A
significant reduction of more than 80% in the 3-MCPDE content of palm olein was observed as compared
to the other oils. The final 3-MCPDE levels in all oils were below 0.5 mg kg-1; whilst the GE levels were
between 0.5 and 2.0 mg kg-1. For acrylamide analysis, oil type and lipid oxidation profile play an important
role in the acrylamide concentration in the fried products. As for oil quality parameters, palm olein showed
better frying performance due to the fact that it contains balanced proportion of saturated and unsaturated
fatty acid composition. Edible oils with high unsaturated fatty acid are more susceptible to oxidation. In
general, frying conditions affect the formation of 3-MCPDE and GE in all oils under extended frying time.
Keywords: Acrylamide; French fries; Glycidyl esters; Intermittent frying; 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol
esters
BIOGRAPHY
Dr. Raznim Arni Abd. Razak is a Senior Research Officer under the Product
Development and Advisory Services Division of Malaysian Palm Oil Board
(MPOB) and has been working since 2006. Dr. Raznim holds a Bachelor degree
in Analytical Chemistry from Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), a Master’s degree
in Analytical Chemistry and Instrumentation from Universiti Malaya (UM) and a
Ph.D. in Food Science from Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). She is currently
working in the area of food safety and quality related to palm oil. Her research
interest covers the application of GC-MS, LC MS/MS, GC-HRMS, NMR, GC-Q-
TOF and LC-Q-TOF analyses.
137
HAL02
The Production of Red Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) By-Product Hydrolysate With
Angiotensin-I-Converting Enzyme (ACE)-Inhibitory Activity
Using Thermoase PC10F
1Anak Yaji, E., 1Abdul Wahab, N.S., 2Sabri, M.Z., 1Shaharuddin, A.S., 1Abd-Talib, N., 3Kelly Yong, T.L,
and *1Pa’ee. K.F.
1Food Engineering Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Branch Campus Malaysian Institute of
Chemical and Engineering Technology, 78000 Alor Gajah, Melaka, Malaysia
2Bioengineering Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Branch Campus Malaysian Institute of Chemical
and Engineering Technology, 78000 Alor Gajah, Melaka, Malaysia
3Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Branch Campus Malaysian Institute of
Chemical and Engineering Technology, 78000 Alor Gajah, Melaka, Malaysia
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Revalorization of red tilapia by-product has heightened interest as a source of ACE-inhibitory peptides.
Thermoase PC10F is a commercial proteolytic mixture (EC 3.4.24.27) which specifically catalyses the
hydrolysis of peptide bonds containing hydrophobic amino acids leading to plausible potent ACE-
inhibitory peptides. Thus, the main aim of this study was to produce red tilapia by-product hydrolysate
(RTBPH) with ACE-inhibitory activity using Thermoase PC10F. Hydrolysis was carried out at pH 7, the
temperature at 65°C and enzyme to substrate ratio of 1:150 at different hydrolysis times (0, 2, 4, 6, 8
hours). The highest degree of hydrolysis (DH) was observed at 6 hours of hydrolysis (73.80%). Similarly,
high ACE-inhibitory activity was observed in RTBPH at 6 hours of hydrolysis (89.52%) with IC50 of 0.74
mg/mL. Hydrophobic amino acids were dominant in the RTBPH. Gly-Leu-Pro (GLP) was molecular
simulated to have potent ACE-inhibitory activity through competitive inhibition.
Keywords: Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), Red tilapia by-product, Enzymatic hydrolysis,
Thermoase PC10F, Bioactive peptides.
BIOGRAPHY
Emmy Liza Anak Yaji is a novice to the Food Technology industry. Her research
is centred on the production of an antihypertensive peptide from Red Tilapia
utilising Thermoase PC10F. Emmy Liza Anak Yaji holds both a Diploma in
Pharmacy and a Bachelor's Degree in Chemical Engineering Technology in
Bioprocess. She has a strong theoretical and empirical foundation in the field of
pharmacy. Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysian Institute of Chemical &
Bioengineering Technology additionally granted her a Master's in Engineering
Technology (UniKL MICET). She has an eye for pharmaceutical bioprocessing
research topics and a fondness for the hands-on approach.
138
OLE01
Renewable Diesel Production From Palm Fatty Acid Distillate Residue Over
Mesoporous Ni-, Co-, Ni/Co-SBA-15 Catalysts
Darfizzi Derawi1,* Muhammad Fadhli Kamaruzaman1
1Laboratory for Biolubricant, Biofuels and Bioenergy Research, Department of Chemical Sciences,
Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor
Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Global warming and energy security have emerged as significant problems due to increasing greenhouse
gas emissions from fossil fuel combustion. The utilization of non-edible and low-cost feedstock in
bioenergy research has been getting attention in recent decades. Catalytic deoxygenation of fatty acids
from waste oil feedstocks is a promising route to produce diesel-like hydrocarbons. Here we report the
conversion of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), a physical refining byproduct of crude palm oil, into green
diesel using a solventless and hydrogen-free deoxygenation (DO) reaction using catalytic deoxygenation
over solid acid catalysts (Co/SBA-15, Ni/SBA-15, and Ni–Co/SBA-15) with total metal loadings of 5 wt%.
Metal precursors (Ni, Co, Ni–Co) were doped on the mesostructured catalyst supporter, SBA-15 by wet
impregnation. The catalysts were characterized by nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm analysis, X-
ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, infrared spectroscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron
microscopy with elemental mapping. The DO reaction was carried out in a semi-batch reactor with a
catalyst loading of 10 wt% at 350 oC for 3 h. The use of Ni/SBA-15 and Ni-Co/SBA-15 afforded products
with high contents of liquid hydrocarbons (C8–C17) with yields of 85.8% and 88.1%, respectively, and
selectivity for diesel-range hydrocarbons (C13–C17) above 85% were achieved. Cobalt seems to have
a larger particle size, then associates with the carbon formation and introduces coke formation. It blocks
some pores and deactivates the catalyst's active sites, thus reducing the catalytic activity.
Keywords: deoxygenation; palm fatty acid distillate; palm oil; renewable diesel; SBA-15
BIOGRAPHY
Dr. Darfizzi Derawi is the Head of Cluster (Oleochemical Technology) at the
Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia. His Ph.D. in Chemistry (2012) and BSc (Hons.)
Oleochemistry (2008) were obtained from UKM. He served as a Post-Doctoral
Researcher in 2016 at the School of Chemical Engineering, the University of
Birmingham, in catalysis for bioenergy. Previously, he was awarded Newton
Advanced Fellowship by The Royal Society, UK, and Akademi Sains Malaysia /
MIGHT. His research niche is within oleochemistry and bioenergy research. He
is the founder of the Oleochemicals and Bioenergy Research Group.
139
OLE02
Exploring the Potential Use of Palm Oil and Rice Bran Oil as Feedstocks in the
Synthesis of Biopolymer for the Mitigation of Plastic Pollution
Sabiqah Tuan Anuar1,2* Hui Ying Wong1, Alyza A. Azmi1,2 and Jonathan M. Curtis3
1 Faculty of Science and Marine Environment,
Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
2 Microplastic Research Interest Group,
Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
3 Lipid Chemistry Group, Agricultural,
Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Canada
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
This study reported a green approach of producing biopolymer material from epoxidation of vegetable
oils such as palm oil and rice bran oil. The epoxidation of vegetable oils converts from carbon double
bonds into oxirane oxygen and achieves by using the conventional method of in situ generated formic
acid for 6 hours. Citric acid acts as green curing agent to cross linked the synthetic bio-based polymer.
In Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, oxirane oxygen in epoxidized rice bran oil
(ERBO) is shown at the wavenumber of 773 cm-1. Through direct titration, oxirane oxygen content (OOC)
for epoxidized palm oil (EPO) and epoxidized rice bran oil (ERBO) were both determined as 2.89% and
3.05% respectively. Surface morphological studies were carried out for both EPO and ERBO bioplastic
films by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Energy Dispersive Xray (EDX) analysis were shown
68.93% and 78.80% of carbon mass percentages for EPO and ERBO films respectively. Oxygen mass
percentages were exhibited in EPO and ERBO as 31.07% and 21.20%. EPO film is degraded to
approximate 50% at 223 °C whereas ERBO at 225 °C from thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). This green
initiative of creating bioplastic film is desired to be a substitution for current plastic product which is mostly
non-degradable. In long term prospect, it is also hoped to answer to the global plastic issues such as
land dumping site and ocean plastic pollution that brings adverse effect to the marine organisms.
Keywords: biofilm, bioplastic; fatty acid modification; epoxidized edible oil, plastic pollution
BIOGRAPHY
Sabiqah T.Anuar is an associate professor at the Faculty of Science and
Environment, UMT. She completed her PhD from the University of Alberta,
Edmonton, Canada in the field of Analytical Lipid Chemistry. Prior to her PhD she
received her MSc (Chemistry) from UKM and a Bachelor degree from KUSTEM
(Analytical and Environmental Chemistry). She is an active member of the IKM,
ANALIS, American Oil Chemist’s Society (AOCS) and Malaysian Biomaterial
Society. Her current research focuses on physical and chemical methods for
microplastic analysis as well as fatty acid/oleochemical modifications.
Internationally, until the present date, she has been invited to be part of the
scientists in IOC-Westpac, COBSEA and KASA for microplastic research and
monitoring network/program in the Western Pacific, focusing on Malaysia context.
140
OLE03
Recent Progress on the Use of Nanoparticles in Improving the Quality of
Recycled Waste Oils: A Short Review
Abdul Hadi* and Muhammad Zahiruddin Bin Ramli
School of Chemical Engineering,
College of Engineering,
Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang
13500 Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Used oils or waste oils are generally defined as any petroleum-based or synthetic oil that has been used
in industrial processes or daily usage. The presence of impurities, such as dirt, metal scrapings, water,
and chemicals, in the mixture of used oils, significantly degrades the quality of the used oils. Due to this
reason, the used oils cannot be directly re-used without performing the treatments. Recently there is a
great interest to generate low quality used oil to be a more valuable recycle fuel oil. It will give the benefits
because it can be used as the alternative fuel to replace the fossil fuels and in another view, it will also
reduce the environmental pollution. Many promising methods to regenerate the used oil, such as thermal
degradation, oxidation or pyrolysis have been implemented to produce a high quality of recycled fuel oil.
Cleaner or improver materials are commonly used in the process to improve the quality of the recycled
fuel oil produced. This review focuses on the comparison of the different process conditions and different
types of improver materials in the re-refining of the recycled waste oils. It is found from the latest
literatures that the fuel properties of the recycled used oils change with varying operating conditions. The
trends are influenced by the type of catalyst or additive used, as well as the type of waste oil used. In
overall, the catalysts or additives nanoparticles significantly improved the properties of the recycled
waste oils.
Keywords: Desulphurization; Lubricant; Magnetic nanoparticles; Recycle used oil; Waste Oils
BIOGRAPHY
Degree: Departement of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala Banda
Aceh, Indonesia. Master of Engineering Science in Catalysis/Advanced
Materials, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. PhD in Nanomaterials,
Universiti of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Career: (Dec 1995 – Sept 2010)
Lecturer. Polytechnic of Lhokseumawe, Aceh, Indonesia. (Oct 2010 – July 2015)
Senior Lecturer Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA
Shah Alam, Malaysia. (August 2015 – Present) Associate Professor Center of
Chemical Engineering Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau
Pinang, Malaysia. More than 42 scientific publication in international referred
journals and conferences proceeding. Area of Research: Biofuels,
Environmental Catalysts, Nanomaterials, Fuel Oils
141
SPT02
Conformational Studies of Flexible Amide Ligands
Using DFT Studies and 2D NMR
Nur Shuhaila Haryani Abd Haris1, Maisara Abdul Kadir1,2,*, Mohd Sukeri Mohd Yusof1,2 and Fazira
Ilyana Abd Razak3
1Faculty of Science and Marine Environment,
Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus
2Advanced Nano Materials Research Group, Faculty of Science and Marine Environment,
Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus
3Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The flexibility in the structure of molecules allows the compounds to exhibit more than one conformation
to be adopted, such as in a cis-cis or cis-trans conformations. In these studies, the conformations of five
new series flexible amide compounds namely 1,2-bis[N,N’-6-(4-pyridylmethylamido)pyridyl-2-
carboxyamido]ethane (L1), 1,2-bis[N,N’-6-(4-pyridylmethylamido)pyridyl-2-carboxyamido]propane (L2),
1,2-bis[N,N’-6-(4-pyridylmethylamido)pyridyl-2-carboxyamido]butane (L3), 1,2-bis[N,N’-6-(4-
pyridylmethylamido)pyridyl-2-carboxyamido]pentane (L4) and 1,2-bis[N,N’-6-(4-
pyridylmethylamido)pyridyl-2-carboxyamido]hexane (L5) were investigated via Density Functional
Theory (DFT) study, 2D Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and X-ray Crystallography. To understand
whether there is a preference for one conformer over another, the computational study was used to
determine the stability of the two conformers by the relative energy of the conformers. The calculations
revealed that in the gas phase, L1 and L5 were more stable in cis-trans conformer, compared to the L2,
L3 and L4 which were stable in cis-cis conformation. However, given that the difference in energy value
between cis-cis and cis-trans conformers is not significant. From the 2D NMR of NOESY shows that
these ligands (L1 – L5) are formed in cis-trans conformations. Meanwhile, X-ray Crystallography of L1
and L3 revealed that these molecules formed in the cis-trans conformations due to the interaction with
the solvent molecules and the rotation at C-C of alkyl spacer. This suggests that rotation of 2,6-pyridine
dicarboxamide entity with respect to the other can be easily influenced by rotations and interactions with
solvent molecules.
Keywords: amide; conformation; DFT; flexible ligand; 2D NMR
BIOGRAPHY
Nur Shuhaila Haryani Abd Haris graduated with a Bachelor degree in Chemical
Sciences from the Universiti Malaysia Terengganu in 2018. During her
undergraduate degree she undertook an industrial placement at TopGlove
working as a researcher. Then, she worked as research assistant under the
supervision of Associate Professor Dr. Maisara Abdul Kadir for seven months
before her further study. She is currently working towards her PhD at the Universiti
Malaysia Terengganu focus on anion binding studies of flexible amide ligands.
142
SPT03
Geographical Origin Traceability of Crude Palm Oil using FTIR Spectroscopy
Combined with Chemometrics
Nurul Liyana Rozali1,2, Kamalrul Azlan Azizan2, Rajinder Singh1, Sharifah Nabihah Syed Jaafar3,
Abrizah Othman1, Wolfram Weckwerth4,5 and Umi Salamah Ramli1*
1 Advanced Biotechnology and Breeding Centre (ABBC),
Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
2 Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS),
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
3 Faculty of Science and Technology,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
4 Molecular Systems Biology (MOSYS), Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology,
Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
5 Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
To ensure sustainable palm oil production, it is crucial to develop robust and accurate traceability
methods to monitor palm oil back to its source within the palm oil supply chains. In this study, the potential
of FTIR combined with chemometric classification methods to trace the origin of crude palm oil (CPO)
samples was investigated. A total of 354 CPO samples, collected for six consecutive months from
February until July 2019, from four different regions in Malaysia were subjected to FTIR and multivariate
analyses. The orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) with the preprocessing
method of Standard Normal Variate (SNV) and Pareto scaling showed that the collected CPO samples
were separated according to their respective regions. The separation of the CPO samples based on
geographical origin was most achieved at the latent variable 1 (LV 1) versus latent variable 2 (LV 2)
score plot that explained 95.8% of the total variance in X (R2X(cum):0.958). The loading plot results
revealed that the absorbance band at 1764-1700 cm-1 was mainly responsible for the separation of CPO
samples along LV 1. The absorbance band was associated with the stretching vibration of (-C=O), ester
linkage of triacylglycerols. Meanwhile, absorbance that ranged from 2858-2845 cm-1, 2949-2900 cm-1
and 3016-3004 cm-1 was associated with stretching symmetric and asymmetric vibration of -CH2
aliphatic and =CH- (cis) double bonds and was responsible for the separation of CPO samples along LV
2. Overall, the results demonstrate the feasibility of FTIR to trace the geographical origin of CPO sourced
at different production months.
Keywords: Crude palm oil (CPO); Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR); Geographical origin; Orthogonal
partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA); Palm oil traceability
BIOGRAPHY
Nurul Liyana Rozali received her MSc in Science (Chemistry) from Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) in the field of Mass Spectrometry in 2013. She is
now pursuing her studies in a doctoral programme (PhD) at the Institute of
Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), UKM. The study was funded by the Malaysian Palm
Oil Board (MPOB) and scholarship awarded to N.L.R. She is currently working as
a research officer at the Advanced Biotechnology and Breeding Centre, MPOB.
Her research area is focusing on palm oil traceability and authentication using
metabolomics and chemometrics techniques.
143
SPT04
Novel approach in forensic document analysis: Black gel inks discrimination
using self organizing map features (SOFM) neural network
Nur Atiqah Zaharullil1, Wan Nur Syuhaila Mat Desa1, Dzulkiflee Ismail1,a)
1Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia, 16150
Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Gel pens, which were initially introduced to the consumer market by the Sakura Colour Corporation of
Japan in 1982, have become one of the most widely used writing implements for both formal and
informal document preparations. Gel pens are affordable, offer smooth writing performance and come
in a broad range of colour options. They differ from ballpoint pen inks in the sense that they
predominantly contain pigments as their colourants, which give written documents permanence and
resistance to fading from light, water, and chemicals. Due to its widespread use and popularity, its
emergence in criminal cases involving questioned documents is therefore anticipated. Current forensic
analysis of gel inks involves the use of non-destructive techniques of either attenuated total reflectance
infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) or Raman spectroscopy in tandem with the chemometrics technique
of principal component analysis (PCA). The primary issue with PCA is that as sample sizes increase,
the clusters formed within PCA become convoluted, making the discrimination of samples impossible
or extremely difficult. This study's main objective is to demonstrate the efficacy of a novel Self-
Organizing Map Features (SOFM) neural network in distinguishing black gel inks for forensic document
analysis. Different brands of black gel inks (n=30) procured from 23 different manufacturers were
analysed using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and their IR spectra were preprocessed prior to chemometrics
and SOFM analyses. The outcomes displayed that SOFM has effectively discriminated the black gel ink
samples by forming 20 clusters in the U-Matrix mapping in accordance with the number of
manufacturers. Additionally, it has also successfully distinguished between pigment-based and dye-
based black gel inks. The findings indicate the potential of the SOFM neural network as an alternative
powerful discriminating tool for forensic document analysis purposes.
Keywords: attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy; black gel inks; forensic science; Self-
Organising Feature Map neural network; questioned document.
BIOGRAPHY
Atiqah is a third-year PhD student in Forensic Science at Universiti Sains
Malaysia, Kampus Kesihatan Kubang Kerian Kelantan. She graduated from
University Teknologi Malaysia with a Master of Science in Chemistry. Her
research focuses on classifying and dating black gel ink pens. She uses ATR FTIR
spectroscopy to analyze fresh ink and aged black ink samples and analyzing their
spectrum profiles. In addition, she utilizes a novel data processing technique to
develop the discriminating model and aging model for black gel ink.
144
SYN03
Microwave-Assisted Synthesis and Structural-Activity Relationship studies of
Halogenated Coumarin-azo Derivatives for Antimicrobial potential
Nur Arif Mortadza* and Zainab Ngaini
Faculty of Resource Science and Technology,
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Antibiotics are widely used in modern medicine to enable many surgical procedures and to manage
immune-compromised patients. Infectious diseases are a leading cause of mortality due to the rapid
emergence of drug resistance. As a result, there is an urgent need to develop new antimicrobial agents.
Nowadays, the search for an effective pharmaceutical drug is time-consuming and expensive.
Coumarins, a naturally occurring compound with promising pharmaceutical value, have led to the
development of synthetic coumarin derivatives in the medicinal field. Coumarin structural hybridization
with a high biological active moiety, such as azo, is aimed to increase existing biological properties or
discover new medicinal potential as an antibiotic. The synthesis involved several steps, including diazo
coupling, Knoevenagel, and hydrolysis reactions. Microwave-assisted organic synthesis was applied in
several reaction steps to reduce reaction time and increase product yield. In vitro evaluation of the
synthesized compounds revealed no inhibition of bacterial growth against Escherichia coli or
Staphylococcus aureus. However, an in-silico study revealed that halogenated azo coumarin derivatives
could form a variety of interactions with the active site of the DNA gyrase enzyme in bacteria protein with
potential as antibacterial drugs.
Keywords: Diazo coupling; In silico; Knoevenagel; MAOS; SAR
BIOGRAPHY
Nur Arif Mortadza received B.Sc. (Hons) in Resources Chemistry and M.Sc. in
Organic Chemistry from Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) in 2016 and 2018.
He is currently pursuing a Ph.D. at UNIMAS under Prof Dr. Zainab Ngaini's
supervision. Organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry are two of his research
interests. His work focuses on the modification or incorporation of organic
compounds such as aspirin, coumarin, and azo derivatives.
145
SYN04
Synthesis, Spectroscopy, and Conductivity Studies of 4-
(Diphenylamino)Benzaldehyde-4-(4-nitrophenyl)Thiosemicarbazone and Its
Copper (II) and Nickel (II) Complex
Zuliana S. Zulkifli1, Uwaisulqarni M. Osman1,2,*, Khadijah H. Kamarudin1,2
1Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu,
21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
2Advanced Nano Materials Research Group (ANOMA), Ionic State Analysis (ISA) Laboratory,
Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
*Corresponding author’s email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
4-(diphenylamino)benzaldehyde-4-(4-nitrophenyl)thiosemicarbazone ligand (L2) was derived from the
reaction between 4-diphenylamino benzaldehyde and 4-nitrophenyl thiosemicarbazide (L1). Then, the
CuL2 and NiL2 complex containing L2 ligand was further synthesized using copper (II) bromide and nickel
(II) bromide. All compound were characterized using CHNS elemental analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy,
NMR spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, TGA spectroscopy, molar conductance and magnetic
susceptibility. Furthermore, L2 ligand was characterized via 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The FTIR
spectra show that the L2 ligands behave as mono-negative bidentate, which coordinates through nitrogen
and sulphur atoms to the Cu (II) and Ni (II) metal ion. The CuL2Br complex has been expected to have
square planar geometry while complex NiL2Br has been expected to have octahedral geometry based
on the results of the electronic spectra and magnetic moments. The conductivity studies L2, CuL2Br and
NiL2Br polymer electrolyte (PE) films composed of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) polymer, propylene
carbonate as a plasticizer were prepared by a solution casting technique. The conductivity of the prepared
PE films was studied using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The conductivity was
observed for both L2 ligand, CuL2Br and NiL2Br complex at 1.67 x 10-8 Scm−1, 2.16 x 10-8 Scm−1 and 8.10
x 10-7Scm−1, respectively.
Keywords: Carboxymethyl Cellulose; Nickel (II) complex; Conductivity; Copper (II) complex
Thiosemicarbazone
BIOGRAPHY
Siti Zuliana binti Zulkifli. A Master’s Science in Chemistry student from Universiti
Malaysia Terengganu under supervision of Prof. Madya. Dr. Md. Uwaisulqarni Bin
Osman. Finished my Bachelor’s Degree in Science (Chemistry) in 2019 at
Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. My research title is Synthesis and
Characterization of Thiosemicarbazides Derivatives Containing Co-ligands and
Their Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) Complexes for Biopolymer Electrolytes Application.
146
SYN05
Synthesis and Characterization of Tridentate Hydrazone Schiff Base
Complexes and Their Antibacterial Activity
Arif Naim Rosnizam1,2, Muhamad Azwan Hamali2, Anis Low Muhammad Low1,3, Amalina Mohd
Tajuddin1,2*
1Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Product Discovery (AuRIns),
UiTM Kampus Puncak Alam, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
2Faculty of Applied Sciences,
Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
3Faculty of Applied Sciences,
UiTM Kampus Kuala Pilah, 72000 Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
A tridentate ligand, 2‐hydroxy‐N′‐(pyridine‐2‐methylene)‐2‐benzoylhydrazine (HL3a) was synthesized
from condensation of 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde and 2-hydroxybenzohydrazide in 1:1 ratio. Three Co(II),
Cu(II) and Ni(II) complexes were characterized using elemental analysis, spectroscopy methods i.e. IR,
1H and 13C NMR, UV-Vis, magnetic moment as well as crystallographic method. Cu(II) complex
crystalized in a monoclinic system and the P1(21)/n1 space group, with a= 90°, b = 113.808(10)°, c = 90°,
V = 2673.57 (14) Å3, and Z = 4, where the two ligands coordinated in tridentate manner to CU(II) centre
via azomethine (C=N), carbonyl oxygen in enol form and acetylpyridine ring nitrogen, manifesting in an
octahedral geometry. Based on spectral and magnetic moment data, Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes exhibited
six coordinated structures, indicating the octahedral geometry. All synthesized compounds were tested
in-vitro to evaluate their antibacterial activity against Gram-positive (MRSA ATCC 43300) and Gram-
negative (S. flexneri ATCC 12022) bacteria. The results revealed that all complexes exhibited higher
activity against bacteria than the free ligand.
Keywords: Hydrazone, Schiff base, Complexes, X-ray, Antibacterial
BIOGRAPHY
Arif Naim is a postgraduate student at Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM),
pursuing his Master’s degree in inorganic chemistry (inorganic synthesis and
minor application on antibacterial activity). He is a research assistant since 2020
at Coordination Chemistry Lab (CCG), Faculty of Applied Sciences. Currently,
he’s assisting the undergraduate students for their FYP projects. He has
published one (1) indexed journal, and his target is to have more publications
before end of this year. Last but not least, he is now working hard to finish up his
thesis writing, and aiming to continue his PhD after this.
147
SYN08
Palladium(II) complexes bearing N,O-bidentate Schiff base ligands:
Experimental, in-silico, antibacterial, and catalytic properties
Muhamad Azwan Hamali1 Arif Naim Rosnizam1, Anis Low Muhammad Low2, El Hassane Anouar3, Hany
M. Youssef3,4, Hadariah Bahron1, Amalina Mohd Tajuddin1,2,*
1Faculty of Applied Sciences,
Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
2Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Product Discovery (AuRIns),
UiTM Kampus Puncak Alam, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
3Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities,
Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia
4Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egyp
t
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Two N,O -bidentate ligands (1, 2), and their Pd(II) complexes, (1a, 2a) were synthesized and
characterized via elemental analysis, IR, 1H and 13C NMR, magnetic moment and UV-Visible
spectroscopy. Single crystal X-ray diffraction revealed that 1a crystallized as a monoclinic system in
P2(1)/c space group, where two ligand 1 moieties coordinate to one palladium(II) centre through imine
N and phenolic O donor atoms in a bis-bidentate manner, manifesting in a square planar geometry. The
experimental spectral data of 1 and 1a were in good agreement with the calculated ones obtained in gas
phase and polarizable continuum model (PCM) at the B3LYP/LANL2DZ level of theory. The experimental
spectroscopic and Z-matrix data were also well reproduced with high correlation coefficients. The
intercontact between 1a complex units was determined through Hirshfeld surface analysis and
electrostatic potentials (ESP) maps, showing that the most predominant interactions were H…H (53.4%),
C…H (25.3%) and O…H (12.6%). 1 and 1a were screened in-vitro to evaluate their antibacterial activity
against two Gram-positive (S. aureus, S. haemolyticus) and two Gram-negative (P. aeruginosa, S.
sonnei) bacteria. The antibacterial results revealed that 1a exhibited slight activity against Gram-negative
bacteria, while the free ligand displayed no activity. The catalytic efficiency of 1a and 2a was evaluated
in Mizoroki-Heck reaction of iodobenzene and methyl acrylate, and Suzuki-Miyaura reaction of
iodobenzene and phenylboronic acid. Both catalysts resulted in good conversion percentages with 1a
showing a more superior performance.
Keywords: Bidentate Schiff base, Palladium(II), X-ray, Catalysis, Mizoroki-Heck, Suzuki-Miyaura
BIOGRAPHY
Muhamad Azwan Hamali received his Bsc. in Chemistry (Forensic Analysis) in 2016
and MSc. in Applied Chemistry in 2021 from Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM). He
is currently pursuing his PhD in the field of Coordination Chemistry, focusing in the
synthesis of azomethine metal complexes. Despite his interest in synthesizing and
characterizing inorganic compounds such as Schiff base complexes, he is also
fascinated in the area of X-ray Crystallography.
148
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