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9 $ '2 fflfi fitu' ' AB " ,'fi' AB ff = 50 mm = 0,05 m σ 0,04 N/m ' ) ' AB ffi 0fi fflfi fitu'"'fi u su t ,'fi u* \ P F 2σ 1 2(0,05 0.04) = 4.10-3N %ff su t,'fi* AB P 1 4.10-3N 2. %$ %ff% 30%$ 2.1 l *' ' * su fi tu ffl(! u\ fi ' ffl su fiu '* ) fi a - ,ub ffl(! u u (#tu,'fiffl(! u0 u \ l '' ) su ' su sfflfi u '* ) fi' \ fi ' ffl"'' su ' u 'u +fi#u " ( #tu,'fi' ffl" ' ) ) ' u * " s , u ' su ) ffl* ' s0\ u # uff %$ # 32 0 42%%0 30%$ (fl 2.2 ff$! " # 0 ffl* "# s 0,-u fflfi fi - * fi$ * ffi ,'fi fl ffl,fi ffi $ * ,'fi ffi fl fflffi \ fl fflfi u fi - ,'fi$ * ,'fi ffi fl ffi ffl,fi fflfi fi - $ * ,'fi ffi fl fflffi ffl )ff %$ fl fi, u fflfi fi - $ * ,'fi ffi fl ffl,fi ffi ' u fflfi -fi $ * ,'fi ffi fl fflffi ffl )ff 30 %$ fl fi " s " su 0 # ffl( ! ffl"u "# s 0ffl( ! u' ) su \ fiui flfflffi (s fl ffl,fi% ffi " # 0 ) s ffl u , -u *ffi ,'fi$ * ,'fi ffi fl fflffi ffl* flffiffl,fiu\ 2.4 " # 0 /\2 ffl(! u ' 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 14 7/30/2015 3:08:32 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
10 " # 0 ffl* "# s 0 '#! $ ' u fi # fi s ffl* s " u %fi# fi \ l * s "# 0ff ' su ' ffl u fi su ffl ,' ,'fi' ffl% u * fi su s*#%fi' ffl u fi 2.4 ' u fflfi fi - * fi$ * ,'fi ffi fl ffl,fi ffi fl fflffi \ $ *,'fi ffi flffiffl,fi fi - ' $ *,'fi ffi fl fflffi a sub ,-!" , u fi,'fi u ' fflu\ flffi ffls*#%fi' fflu ffi*fi\ l * s "# s 0ff ' su fi! u u a! !(u i ! ' u i\\\b "u \ fi * su ,'fl u ) ffi ''%,fi u fi u )u'fi fl fflffi utu,'fi fl fflffi u fi ) ,-u \ fflu ' u fflfi fi - ,'fi$ * ffi su fflfi fi - * fi$ * ! ffi u$ *ffi su fi 2.5\ " # 0 ffl* "# s 0 fi ffi ffl fl fflffi %ffi s tu" 'u \ 2.3 (* 3 2 ' ffi s # s u " # 0) 'ffl fi # #)u'''% ffl i u ffl ffi u *'0 ffl*fl'* u fi su su ffl* u ,u u\ * fi 'fi fl fflffi 3' ' ffi u s u u su \ ffl "# 0 u su %. ,-u ' u 3' ' i #fi )u'%% * fi )u\ (*# *s $* # ' fl ffi"# 0$* \ 3. *ffi(30 3.1 sfflu ')u tu" '+ ' u uff 30 +30 !,fl 2 sfflu ' u fi 'fi % u *ffi fi' fi " *fi" su fi u tu su\ " 'fi* fi su sfflu 2.5 "# s 0 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 15 7/30/2015 3:08:32 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
11 ffl* ' su fi" 'fi u * 0 & ffl" , -u sffl* usfflui * su sfflu fi* ' su fi ffl* fl u u sfflu ')u tu" ,'fi ffl"" fi fi 2.6 \ % fi sfflu ')u tu" ' u % * su fi \ flu *'fi ) ,fi u #fi ffl"' sffl%u *ffi fi' fi % ffi ' aHgb fi 2.6 ,\ % fi * ' sfflu ')u tu" ,'fi #fi' u * su sfflu fi" # s ,fi u #fi' u ff *ffi(30 fl # %s - sffl* ff ,'fi - , su u" u ! '()u u u )u'(0 u i ,'fi - %! su u,-* u "s u $ '! s ! * (Xylem) ) s fi','fi) \ 3.2 &ffl$4ff &ffl ( 0 30 ' fi # ffl* ( *'fi # fi u !* # * fi h,'fi flfflffi sffl* fi ff u 4 h gd σ ρ (2.2) σ ffl s # fitu' t N/m ii ρ ffl tffltu,'fi flffiffl t 3 kg/m i g ffl *fiflfi t ffl* d ffl ( u fi,'fitu" ffl* s t m\ * s flfflffi "# s 0, fi,'fi u si # !*" a2.2b * ,'fi fl fflffi sffl*" s * ,'fiffl 'fi fi 2.7,\ , h 2.7 2.6 - sffl* \ su ,\ su 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 16 7/30/2015 3:08:32 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
12 4. ! ! 2 (Viscosity) ' ) u fi fl fflffi ff sui su #ffl* su , ffiu \ su , ffiu fflfi u su #ffl* su # fflfi u su\ fi , -u 'u su , ffiu i su #ffl* su u at0b " fi )ff flfflffi # u fi % fflfi" u ) ' \ fflfi" u ) ' ,'fi fl ffi fl fflffi % ,'fi u fl fflffi ' u ff ! !2 ff fl' su )'fi sffl u u t - fi' ffl% fi 2.8\ * u su , 0 %' u v ,v u( %fi 1mm '*fi tu su ffl* u % * )'v (, 5, 10, 15, 20, fi%u # !* ! * ' ) ,'fiv ffl"*!* 5cm \ # ' !,'fiv !*'s # ,-u a' ) * fib fi% !,'fi u v s 0fflfi a' ) ) v b ' ! u u 4 ! ( t v ) u ffl fi ,'fi ! * fi 2.8,\ *v su ) 'fii 3 fflfi ff fflfifl ) fi t a P b ,'fivi fflfi,'fi u su ) 'fi ) fflfi' u ffl a FB b ffl* fflfi,'fi u su ) 'fi a F b fi 2.9. !,'fiv ' ) #%* fflfifi u su t,'fi v ffl* fflfi u s 0fflfi\ fiui 0fflfi !%fi - % fflfi u fi 0\ ffl" ** " u ' ) v !"si fflfi,'fi u su 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 (cm) 2.8 b ,b v(m/s) t v t(s) o , 2.9 \ * ") ' u PFF B ,\ )' v F F B F F B P PFF B P 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 17 7/30/2015 3:08:32 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
13 ) 'fi , t ' u ( * * fi su t fflfi ' u ffl fi 2.9\ )'v ) ' !, fflfi -u u % s , -u ( u ,'fi fflfi v cv ) ' u ! s 0fflfi fi 2.9,\ %( *'fi ) fi ffi! u ff ! ! 2 0 ff (& - 0 00"ffl( 0 ffi 0 2 4 ( -00 fl ( - 0 ,'fi u fl fflffi fi ff fl fflffi # t- fii )' 'ffi 0fflfi % u 0fflfi!s\ $ !ffl* u ,'fi u fl ffi ffl%ffi *fi '' ) ffi fi, -u \ $" (Sir George Stokes) ! u *'fi ' fflfi u flffit *' fl fflffi ! u ff fflfi u 0fflfi" !,'fi fl " ffi ( * ffi ff u F r 6πη v (2.3) ( (2.3) ' u &fffi% +Stokes’ law, F ffl fflfi ,'fi u fl fflffi t " # # a N b& r ffl * v ,'fit tffl amb v ffl !,'fi fl ffi t am/sb ffl* η a'"bffl s # ,'fi u fl fflffi t aNs/m2 )Pa s # b\ ""*fi 2.2 s # ,'fi u fl fflffi fi # 'ffi 20 C \ ) flfflffi s # u η aPa sb su 1,005×10-3 u'ffl" 1,192×10-3 su ffl' fi 0,649×10-3 su v' 84×10-3 ' # ffi.4# 22×10-3 su 'fi ) 986×10-3 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 18 7/30/2015 3:08:32 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
14 % "0 2' 'v * v 1 mm * fi su\ % fi # !* !,'fi v fi \ $ ff * 2 fi v ' ) ! ( u ,'fi fflfi 0i fi ,0 # ( ,'fi fflfi! u fiff u PFF B mg mrv g πη B 6 rvVg Vg ρ πη ρ B 6 r Vg v B πη ρρ 6 )( (1) m ,'fi & mB ,'fi fl fflffi ρ tffltu,'fi (7,8×103 kg/m3 ) ρ B tffltu,'fi su (1×103 kg/m3 ) 3 4 3 r V π ffl s*# ,'fit v \ r ffl * v ,'fiv (1×10-3m) 3 η 10 Pa s ffl (1) %! u 2 6 3 3 2( ) 2 9,8 10 (7,8 1) 10 14,8m/s 9 9.1.10 B gr v ρ ρ η ff 3 % .$ 1. fflfi fitu'ffl fi5 2. % fi'# " # 0 ffl* "# s 0\ 3. sffl* ffl ffl 5 4. fflfiffl u fi5 5. fflfi,'fi u fl fflffi # t - fi,-u fiffl 5 6. 'fi * ffl% fi, # fiu AB "* F F B PFF B P 2.10 2.11 A B F 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 19 7/30/2015 3:08:32 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
15 !! u fifi % *ffi fi' fi.'fi fi 2.11. ffl*u '+ '' \ flu -fi,fiu AB '' fflfi u 0,021 N \ % fi !* # s # fitu' ,'fi.'fi \ u !* u fi, fiu AB 0,05 mm 7. sffl*t - fi u(%fi 0,2mmi %ffi *fi' fi su ' \ % fi !* # * " s ,'fi' s& u s # fitu','fi' 0,47N/m& t ffltu,'fi' 13600kg/m3 ffl* "# s 0 sffl*fi #u fi\ 8. 'sffl*!% *ffi fi' fi sui * su sffl*, -u fi 146 mm '' ) !% ffi ' fiu* u, -u fi 55 mm\ % fi !* # s # fitu','fiu\ u ffu ffl su * u ffl fl fflffi " 0 # fi #u fi &s tffltu,'fiu ffl* ffl su 800kg/m3 i ffl* 1000 kg/m3 " * s i s # fitu' ,'fiffl su 0,0775N/m. 9. t t - fi # fitu','fi "# s 0 fl su fi* ) fi tu su\ % fi !* # fflfi fitu' fi ,'fi ffi su t \ u * v ,'fit ffl 0,1mm ffl* s # fitu'ffl 0,073N/m. 10. ffl($* fi u(%fi 10cm fl)fiffl(#tu su s i % fi ' fflfi fiffl( - $* u ffi u %(# su s 5 'ffl( ) $* 25g i s # fitu','fi su 0,07N/m\ 11.* t t - fi * v 1mm " su #\ % fi# !* ! ffi u,'fi * & s u tffltu,'fi 3 7800kg/m i tffltu,'fi su # 3 1600kg/m ffl* su # s # u 0,1Pa s. 12. ' su * v 0,1mm " ' \ % fi# ! ffi u ffl* fflfi,'fi' u ' su\ u tffltu,'fi su 3 850kg/m i ,'fi' u 6 18 10 Pa s \ 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 20 7/30/2015 3:08:32 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
16 3 % % 1. flffifl fl ffi ffffl fi ffiffl s! " s #" \ 1.1 flffifl fflff " #" $fflffl%& %!' ( ) % ffl i t i *i i !w *ffi + fi ffl +ffl ,# " ! #" fi s t ' %, ffi( + !"fi s \ ) fi +ffl A ' AB $ffl + ' ffl +ffl B % ffl F 3.1, F - . + ' AB +ffl A ' ffl ffi + ' fi +ffl A $iffl ffiffl ' + F -ffi +ffl A (! F F ' + i #i '! + ffl * ' ffi + flfi* ffl fi fl , %ffi* ' ffl + ffiffl "# i % , ffl ffl &+ \ "#" ffl ffl flffifl fflff ' aHookeb ' ( ! $ ! ffl'+ # * ff fl+ - &" + ffl) ! " fflff# flfflff" $ % &fflff $ ! ffl) F k (3.1) " #" % (m) k " s !fl+ - &- / k ffl t ' +fl-\ k - t *ffl , ffl % ' s ! ffl\ $ ! ffl) 0 A k E (3.2) E ' ' + +t%" " Pa &- 2 N/m / A ' -ffl t *ffl +t%" * a 2 m b F A B F 3.1 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 21 7/30/2015 3:08:32 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
17 o % ' s !+t%" a mb\ 1.2 fi fl %fi - $ ffl 'fi + , % i fl, %ffi , , ffl - * " ffl # " ' fi , % P ' 'ffi + 3.2\ ffl %& *% s i flffl , %ffi %fi - '+ % ' ffl t ' + t , % ffifflfl , %ffi %& , ffl\ ffl ffl fi fl '' ' + ffl ' ffl * ' + !* ffl ' -ffl t *ffl fi %fl v s v '! ' -ffl t *ffl ffl\ ffl F " '' + i A " ' -ffl t *ffl % \ * ' ' * + s ' -ffl t *ffl % ffl ) fi \ % %ffl E \ #$ffl) F E A (3.3) E ' ' + +t%" N/m2 \ '' + fi , %ffi ' ,% % * ffl sffiffl "#" fl& %", ( ! ffl , % ' 'ffi + \ - , % ' ffi + ffiffl "#" $" \ "#" fi"#" * % &- fi"#" * s ! \ 1.3 "fi ffi ffl i % %ff, ffl' - t %ffl \ - %ffl a sffl t P t %ffl bi ffl " #" fl+ - , - ffli sffl t ,s ffl ffi t ffi " ffl #" ffl" fl- ffl , fiffiffl ffl ,s \ 3.2 P P F A A 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 22 7/30/2015 3:08:32 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
18 "! * ff' ,+, " #" ffl ) F σ A (3.4) * F -ffl ' t *ffl A ffl ffl ) "fi / % %ffl σ '" + * , ,+ + ffl α " s ! fl+ - ffl \ #"$ ffl ffl σ α G a3.5b G " s ! fl+ - ffl + t%" " aPab 1.5 "'( )Shear* + ' t ' -ffl t *ffl " fi % ffl ffl fi sffl 3.4 -'+ % ffl F ffl ffiffl " #$"\ "! ' "#$" fflfi'% ffl φ i %'$" + " ffl %ffl \ ffli #$ffl) 0 tan sin x φ φ 0 x φ (3.6) φ ffl "'(\ +t%" 0 # arad). x $% ' "# +t%" m 0 % ffi'!* ffl +t%" \m 2. + ffi fflff fl+ - " ' ffi(,ffl - s + ' ' + * ' ' + + \ 2.1 + ffi ffl (Young’ modulus) fl ' + * ' ' * % + F E A " s !fl-% ε \ % %ffl Y \ #$ffl) 1\2 x F F 0 φ * * 3.1 " s !fl+ - ffl ' (-' G (Pa) # 10 2,5 10 &ffl 10 7,8 10 & 10 4,9 10 ' 10 4,1 10 ffl 10 3,2 10 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 23 7/30/2015 3:08:32 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
19 E Y ε 0 0 / / F A F A (3.7) Y fl +t%" N/m2 \ 2.2 + ffi "'((Shearing modulus) % ffl ' + * ' ' + % \ffl % ffl% YA \ #$ffl) 0 / / A E FA Y φ x F 0 A x (3.8) YA % fflN/m2 \ 2.3 + ffi ( (Bulk modulus) + ffi ( %& %, $% fi # ( fi ! "s ffi ' ' ' + ' *s \ % %ffl B \ #$ffl) 0 0 0 / / / FA E EV B VV VV V (3.9) B ffl +t%" N/m2 * * 3.2 fl+ - ' fi s t (-' Y 1011 N/m2 YA 1011 N/m2 B 1011 N/m2 # 0,7 0,24 0,70 ' &- 0,91 0,36 0,61 ' 1,1 0,42 1,4 ffl 0,55 0,23 0,37 (- 0,16 0,056 0,077 2,1 0,77 2,6 &ffl 2 0,84 1,6 3. # fi % " flffi fflfl fffi !"# $ %#& # ' fi fflfl($ ) ffl ffi * ffi%ffi )ffl + ffl fi& 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 24 7/30/2015 3:08:32 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
20 3.1 fi 55( t t ffl t +t% s ! ffli % ffl% ρ \ $ ! ) m V ρ (3.10) ρ +t%" 3 kg/m $ ffl 1) sffl 1 ! 1kg\ fi + $ ! t tffl 3sffl &() ' ! ffl) 3 V 1 0,001m m =1kg ffi( s ffl) 1 3 1000kg/m 0,001 m V ρ 3.2 fi %fi fl ' + * ' '*+ st +t% ' -ffl ( ' ! + % ffi ffl '! s * ffl ' -ffl flv !$ ffl) F P A (3.11) ffi+ SIi +t%" N/m2 &-" (Pa) *ffi' *!% + !'% !% +ffi(ffl+t% " (Bar) (! 1 Bar = 105 Pa, ffl s " 4 (atm); 5 1atm = 1,013×10 Pa - fi ' % " ' fi % ( ! ' + sffl t ffi( ffl % ' ffi + ' -ffl 1 m2 % %ffl Pa; 5 1atm 1,013 10 Pa ; 6 1Pa = 9,871×10 atm * * 3.3 t t ' fi ffl s t (-' , C t tffl kg/m3 0 1,29 sffl 20 998 # 20 2700 & 20 7860 ' 20 8920 (- 20 11340 0 1360 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 25 7/30/2015 3:08:33 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
21 - fi ' fi sffl t &fl( ffl'! t ffi + t ffl &( ffl ffl &\ &* ** # ' + \ - + ' " ' -ffl t *ffl A h " % ffi + ' + s ' fi & 3.5. &' 'ffi + t 'ffl ! PA t ffl PB ( . ! *+ t ffl ffl ) PP g B A = ρ h PP g B A ρ h (3.12) ffi ffl PA Pa a % b/ ρgh sffl t ffifi B &- fi agauge pressure: Pg b/ P g A ρ h + fl fi B\ $ ffl 2) - s sffl st flffi ' sffl % ffl ! 100 m\ fi + $ ! sffl t ffi - s \ ffifflffl t t ffl ' sffl 1024 kg/m3 / % 101300 Pa 2 g = 9,8m/s . &() l ( sffl t ffi '- ! h \ ffi( s ffl) P g g ρ h = 1024 9,8 100 = 1003520 Pa ( + \ ffi( s ffl) P P gh P A A ρ Pg = 101300 + 1003520= 1104820 Pa 3.3 " (Pascal ’s law) , - ffi fiffit ffiffl &' fi$ ffl ffi, ("!a fibi ' , ffl fi + $" 'fffi &ffl\ ' " $fflffl fi - $0 ! % $ & , -ffl ) ffi ffl (ffl' ffl s %' ' -ffl t *ffl a * s ' sffi%' ' -ffl t *ffl A ffi' ffl s %' m ffi' sffi%' M %' * ' - $fflfl ffi' + s * 3.6 - ' fl !ffl + fl a A ' + fi$ ,ffl 3.5 A B H h PA PB A a A m M 3.6 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 26 7/30/2015 3:08:33 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
22 Pa ff$ffl PA ff$ffl a a mg Mg P P a A (3.13) ffl + t W $'ffl ! ffi% fi* ffi( ffl ffl ffi ffl %$ffl fi fiffiffl' flffl fl!ffl ffi # \ 3.7 - ' fl fi$ !ffl ffl) a a mg F Mg W P P aa A A (3.14) + .+ + (3.14) +.+ + (3.13) , *s, fi$ffl, FW W A aA F a (3.15) 3.4 " . (Archimedes’ Principle) ' ( $ ffl # ' ffi + ' fi flffi & ffl &"& ffl) / fflffi! ( $ ff fi fl'ffi(0( $ $ ( 5fi fl'ffi( " 5 %(5 ff ( \ F m B g (3.16) %ffl m V ρ ' ffi (3.16) fi$ffl) F V B ρ g (3.17) m & +t%" kg V s! ' fi flffi & +t%" m3 fi & ( ffl $ 4 - &- fi + $ ffl ffl) l s fi + % ( ffl % ffl sffl t \ l s 4 % ( ffl ffi% &-' + sffl t \ 4. , $% " ff% % , ffi 4.1 1 fi $& fi - & - ' (( ffl " - ' +ffl ffifi% ' s (! \ ffli , - , ! fi - $&" $ & + *!aIdeal fluidb ( ! ffl) FB mg 3.8 3.7 a A F W 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 27 7/30/2015 3:08:33 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
23 1) " &' $&v \ v % $ $&fl'fffi s '+ *& \ 2) " &' $& s v as$& +b\ 3) " &' t s$vffl % t tflffl fi* ff + \ 4) ffi $& s * , %ffi' ffl ffi + &\ 4.2 " ( &' $&v , &fi * - ffl ' fflt ffl ) " ( aStreamlineb % $ , '!* ffl *! ffl 3.9 ffl * , * s \ ffl ffiffl ffl fi s t fl# " 3.9 fi ffl ffl ffl ) 1aTube of flowb & $&"#v- "' ' s $ &$& +ffl ' +fflt $& +fflt \ 4.3 , $% " ff (Equation of continuity) + & t tffl ρ1 ' - v ffl% $ 1 v . ' -ffl t *ffl A1 *s . ' -ffl t *ffl A2 ffl% $ 2 v + 3.10. &' . ' -ffl t *ffl A1 ' + m1 1 11 ρ A v t &' . A2 ' + m2 1 22 ρ A v t \ - &$&ffi, v i , %ffit +t% " ! &' . ' -ffl t *ffl A1 A2 ' + m1 2 m ) ffl 11 2 2 Av Av cont (3.18) +.+ (3.18) ffl ) , $% " ff\ .+ ' -ffl t *ffl $ &' $". ' fi * & $& " s #" \ A B C VA VB VC b 3.9 b 3.10 A1 A2 2 v 1 v 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 28 7/30/2015 3:08:33 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
24 Q Av cont ffl ) $ 1# +t%" m3 /s 4.4 , ffi(Bernoulli’s equation) ,!fi $& &ffi' s 3.11 ( ! fi ' ( % ffl -' ' -ffl t *ffl v s v A1 i fi ffl 1 h i $&ffi t $"$$% ffl ' 1 $&*s - $" ! ffi% +ffl ' s' - ' ' -ffl t *ffl v s v A2 i fi ffl 2 h $&ffi t #$"$ $%' ffl 2 % &' . ' -ffl t *ffl ' ' + \ ffl ffiffl'fffiffi &ffi' ffl s ( % ffl P1 $ 1 v fi$) ' ffl ffl % ffl ffi & P A1 11 , ' * ffl & m 1 gh \ , - & 2 1 1 2 mv ffl ffiffl'fffiffi & ffi' ffl s - P2 $ 2 v fi$ffl) ' ffl % ffl ffi & P A2 22 \ , ' * ffl & m 2 gh \ , - & 2 2 1 2 mv fi ffl - , ) ' fi ffl '+*sffi + t ' + , ffi - + ' ffl "#" $" ( ffi ! ffl &' +ffl ffl fl ffi s \ ) ffl 2 2 1 11 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 P A mgh P A mgh mv m v (3.19) fi - A1 1 A2 2 "s! &ffi* ' ' s * s i & m t tffl ρ ' + \ ffli 1 1 m A ρ 2 2 m A ρ + 'ffi +.+ (3.19) fi$ffl) 2 2 1 12 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 m m P mgh P mgh mv mv ρ ρ 2 2 1 1 12 2 2 1 1 2 2 P v gh P v g ρρ ρρ h (3.20) 3.11 1 v 2 v A2 A1 1 h 2 h P1 P2 1 2 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 29 7/30/2015 3:08:33 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
25 ffi.+ + (3.20) v % ) . + i , * - s s! , ' * * ffl s s! fl'fffi , %ffi' ' s & ' - " '+ \ 1 2 2 P v gh con ρ ρ st (3.21) +.+ (3.21) ffl , ffi 4.5 %!.( , ffi +. + '! %" * + ff' # ffl - ' &( ) - fi i " - !i +i "i - -ff "fiff 2 ) " 3.12 - a +b . 's$" + i $ ' . + fi $ ' . * 's\ %ffl + t % ffl ' & s %\ ffli s! + fi % ffl sffl flffi"5 \ ffli ' - ffi' ' s s!+ fi - ' + .fi % $" % $ ffl \ " ' ffi(ffl& # -) + ffi sffl - fi +i " ffl sffl i "i fl % iw "flff& ) " ! - ! % ffi +. + \ ffi ffl ffl '! " + & % ffl 3.13 - - ! ' - - ' . " flffl '! fi - ' ffi$%' ' $ $ flffl " a 2 v 6 1 v b flffl " fl ffl '! " a P1 2 P b ffiffl % + F 'ffi + " - !\ ffli - !fi - ' ffl$\ffl 1 v 2 v P1 F P2 3.13 3.12 + sffl + 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 30 7/30/2015 3:08:33 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
26 fi % % % "3& 1. fi + fi " s # fl+ -\ 2. ffi -ffl + , ! +ffl ffi3 fi # + \ 3. * "* + ! &fi+ sffl i *" % '- fi &fi fi + s 3sffl 4. ffi + a, %bi %ffl % & fi - &"! $" 3+ 5. fi* ffl t ' ' + ffi3 ,- ffiffls(sfl- 10cm. ffl s "!fl+ - s(s 100N/m 6. %' fflt "' + s % 1,8m ffl . ffifi t *ffl ' + 0,8mm. - %ffl 25 N %' fl- *- 1mm. fi + $ ! " s ! +fl-fi , ' s \ 7. fflt ' -ffl t *ffl 0,8cm2 i % 4 mi ffl ffi( ffl 16.103 N i ffl fl ffl - $ffl0,04 cm\ fi + ( ) \ '' + ffl " ffl N/m2 . \ " s !fl-% \ \ fl \ 8. - $0 ! - t ' -ffl t *ffl ffi% ' + 100 ' + ' -ffl t *ffl %ffl \ ffl * % ffl + '+ 2 000kg fi* ffi( ffl ffl + + ffi % ffl ' + ffi3 affifflg = 10m/s2 ) 9. - s sffl st ffi - ffl'+ , % s 1 000 000 Pa - s ffl s + ! ' + ffii ffl t t ffl '' sffl + 1025 kg/m3 ? 10. $ffl' t " ffl ffl '+ 20cm - + $" fi + " sffl + ' fi + s! 3/4 s! ' v + 3.14. fi + !$ ' ffi + ffl ' $/ % ffl ( ffl t t $ ffl \ffl ffl ) P0 1,013.105 Pa, ρ= 1000kg/m3 g = 10 m/s2 . 11. ' s "" sffl $sffl &. *+ '% ffl * $ &40 !*s ' \ ffl ' s sffl ffl . ffifi 2 cm, $ $sffl &. 's' + ffi3 20cm 15cm 3.14 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 31 7/30/2015 3:08:33 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
27 12. $ ' $&. ffl " - !'+ 100 m/s ffiffl % + 900N/m2 . fi + $ ! $ ' $&. ' ffl ! " i ffl t t ' ffl + 1,2 kg/m3 . 13. 's M ' -ffl t *ffl 0,003 m2 , *sffi 's N ' -ffl t *ffl 0,001 m2 ' ffl s ' $ffl,-ffl,# # \ ffl $sffl & +ffl 's M ffl% $ 0,3 m/s, fi + !$ * $& ffi' sffl ' s $ ffi' sffl s N\ 14. sffl t ffi% +! 10 m '#ffit ffl sffl i ffl " !fi fl ' ! .!t ffl sffl ' + 300000 Pa\ fi + $ ! $ sffl ' $& + i ffl t t ffl sffl 600 kg/m3 . 15. $ , % + ' ,. & - 30m/s, fi + $ ! ** ' flffl & ' fl'! & / ffl & - ' -ffl 175 m2 , %'+ 'ffi + & ' + ffi3 ffl t t ffl ' + 1,3 kg/m3 . 16. ' s sffl t fl* t ,# ffl ffl . ffifi 25cm, s! ! % ' s ffl . ffifi 5cm, ffl * $ & ffi' sffl s' + 0,1 m3 /s. fi + $ ! ** ffi' sffl sffi% ffi' sffl ffl s %\ 17. + fl ,-fflt t '+ 2000000 N/m2 , ffl % '+ 100000 Pa\ fi + !$ ! ffisffl t ' + ffi3 ffl t t ffl 'sffl + 1000 kg/m3 . 18. - $0 ! t ' -ffl t *ffl ffi% ' + 50 ' - -ffl ' t *ffl %ffl i ffl * % ffl + ' 10 * fi '+ffi %' ffl + ffi3 19. ffl t t tffl 800 kg/m1 4flt ffl sffl is! ' 44 m3 . % ffl 'sffl 'ffi + ' + ffi3 s! ' fi + + ' + ffi3 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 32 7/30/2015 3:08:33 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
28 4 ! %fi 1. * - fi " ( fi * & (Robert Boyle, 1627-2691) * !fi fi $ ff "ff !$" & ) ! ! (" %fi . !fi 2 fi/ + & ! *(&fi" - (" ffl &) 2 & . ffi !fiff " 0 & fi$ff fl !! / %fi (( , (" & * fiffl "ff & "ff ) ! . * & ff "ff & " # & ffl * & / 4.1 ! / & : V P 1 $1- PV const (4.1) V & ) ! %fi , P (" & ' / (4.1) 0fi# & 2 1 1 2 V P V P (4.2) 2. * *! *! & (Jacques Alexandre-Cesar Charles ( 1746-1823) " ( { * & ( fi) &2 #*' ' 2 fl * fl fi fi * 2$fl * !fi% # / . fi ' ff " & !) 20 ' ) ! (V) (( , (" & ( P) %fi '& ff"ff fi $ff fl / ) (fi / $ fl ff/2 $ "+ "(" & Kelvin: K) %fi $1- fi % ff"ff # & P T 0 V (( & (4.3) * & % ff "ff & " & & !/ fl& const P T $1- 2 2 1 1 T P T P (4.4) ff"ff !$" (" & ! fifl $ff / * #ffl & / 4.2 ' ffi !fi *! & $fl 1* * & : 2 *&fi- ) ! ! ! %fi 0 / 4.1 P 1/V / 4.2 0 P T(K) 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 33 7/30/2015 3:08:33 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
29 (( , fi & ffl "!$" & (" & ! fifl$ff/* ! (( . & & %fi(" ffl fifl $ff2* / &fi- ) ! (( *ff& & *fi" : % & " ) ! . ffl & (" ffl fifl $ff2 / $"+ "" & fi fifl ( Celsius degree: C ), 2 & / 4.3. !) ! %fi " ffl & ) ! ffl & , * & (" ffl fifl $ff'ffl / & & / 4.4. ' / 4.3 ! 4.4 0 $ fl 1fi$ff fl !/ *0 273 C (" %fi * & . 4 (" " / & 3/fifl & $ff / 273 C ! %fi 3 fl *( fl &fi - &. fi + & 3fifl & / $ffffl/ " &) & 273 C (" %fi '* ( !& . (" * ( & ! & &) * ##. fi*$ffi & " & & " ( Kelvin 1824-1907) '& ) *fi 'flfifl$ff/ 273 C * % / / $ ) 1- % /% ffl ". fi$ff fl ffl/ 52! & ! "! "ffl & * ( " , ffl & " & *fi " fi & fl$ff/ / $ ) 1- fifl$ff/ ". fifl$ff " / ! "fi fi T, $"+ "* & " ( Kelvin: K). ff"ff !$" fi & K ! fi C * #ffl / & T t C 273 (4.5) ffl"3 & 1: 0+ "+ & & ' fl + & *&fifi- $ff fl $/ fl 1! 8C * 2$(" $ fl 1!' * 10%. 0 " fi & $ff fl / fi) %fi 20 * & 2? 0 ) ! (( . & . fi ffl ffi : 2 ) / : 2 2 1 1 T P T P 1 1 1 2 2 2 273 ( 8) P P T T P P 273 C t C P / 4.3 o / 4.4 273 C o t C V1 V2 P 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 34 7/30/2015 3:08:33 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
30 1 100 273 8 294, 4 100 10 T K t = 294,4-273 = 214 C 3. * # !fl (Gaylussac’s law) # ! & fl ( Gaylussac 1778-1850) " "{ # & * !fi " & ff "ff !$" & ) ! ! fi$ff fl . * / &ff " 2* & &fi(" - %fi * ! & &) & , 0 fi $ff fl / & ) ! ' ) & ffl ff & "ff ! fl& : TV 0 P (( & (4.6) * & % ff "ff & " & & !/ fl& : const V T $1- 2 2 1 1 T V T V (4.7) * ff "ff ffl * & / 4.5 ' ffi !fi # ! & fl ' & $ fl 1* * & : 2 *&fi(" - ! ! %fi &) & , fiffl "! & $" & ) ! ! fifl$ff/%fi ! & (( . & %" & ff "%fi " fi2+ & & , * &2 ) ! ! fifl$ff/ & ffl(" & &) & *fi" % & " (" . 0 2$ Vt & ) ! 3fifl & / $ff / t C V0 & ) ! 3fifl & / $ff / 0 C *&fifi- $ff fl *ff / & % t C ) ! *ff& %* & : t VV 0 (4.8) 2ffl!fi & , ) ! *ff& %* & : t t VV 0 (4.9) 2ffl!fi & ! 2ffl !$ & "+ " & ) ! *ff& %* & : / 4.5 V T(K) 0 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 35 7/30/2015 3:08:33 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
31 0 0 V V t V t $1-VV t t 0 1 (4.10) (Gamma) *fi" : & ) 3 - fi%fi 3/ 2%" & (" , ffi !fi%fi # ! fl 2$ / " & fl ! "ffl & ) 3 - *& ! * & 1 273 . , 0fi# 1 273 (4.11) 4. 3/ 20 & " 2 ! ) *fi ffl & 2$ N * ' "*! ) , fl n * ' " ! ) t * fi$ff fl %fi . / fl A, B ! C ' " ) *! fl ! NA , NB ! NC, ' " ) & nA, nB ! nC, 3fifl & / $ff / TA , TB ! TC ffl ! ) . 0 *fi 20 + "+ & & & ) ! V *ff& # ) ffl $ 1 & : 1) ) ! ffl! & ffl fi* & ! * & ) ! %fi0 VA = VB = VC = V (4.12) 2) ' "*! ) fl * & ffi " %fi' "*! ) %fi fl : N = NA + NB + NC (4.13) 3) (" %fi * & ffi " %fi(" 0 P = PA + PB + PC (4.14) 4) fifl$ff%fi / ( #! ffl & !/ /& CBA CCBBAA NNN TNTNTN N NT T (4.15) $1- CBA CCBBAA nnn TnTnTn n nT T (4.16) ffl"3 & 2: '(& #! fifl & $ff / &* ' A ' " ) 4 3& / & fifl$ff / 30 C B ' " ) 6 3fifl & / $ff / 34 C 20" . 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 36 7/30/2015 3:08:33 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
32 : ffl fi & fi$ff fl 2$ / * fi$ff fl / ) ( / -TA = 273+30 = 303 K; TB = 273+34= 307 K 2 ) / : BA BBAA nn TnTn n nT T ( 2 & '# & : 64 30763034 T = 305,4 K $1- fi fifl '#: o t 305,4 - 273 32,4 C 5. * !"%fi *&fi - !" * - fi, *! ! # ! fl *% '# ffi ff"ff !$" (" & , ) ! ! fifl$ff%fi / & " (( 2+ & & . 2$ fl 3 ff " & / 1 : P1 , V1 , T1 & #3ff " & / 2 : P2 , V2 , T2 * &" '& ) " $1- ' "*! ) %fi fl &) & . fi $ ff"ff %fi ff " * fi%fflfi( : - %fflfi 1: & (" ! ) ! ' ff " 1 #$ ff " 2’ ffl %" ) ! (( & & / 4.6, fi$ff fl / *ff& %' T1 * T2 fiffl * *! '#. 2 1 2 1 T T P P ' 2 2 1 1 T P P T (4.17) %fflfi 2: 2$ & ' ff " 2’ $ ff " 2 ffl %" fifl$ff ( / T2 &) & ) ) ! *ff& ' V1 *0 V2 , ffl * - ! fi '#: 221 ' 2 VPVP (4.18) ( & ' P2 ' / (4.17) 2 & (4.18) ! $ fiff 2$ T2'# 0 / P2 T1 P P1 P2 1 2’ 2 V1 V2 T2 V / 4.6 ff " & %fi . 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 37 7/30/2015 3:08:33 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
33 2 22 1 11 T VP T VP $1- PV const T (4.19) " 2$: PV R T , ffi !fiff " & fl 3 2* & / &fi#% - ffl 0 : fi$ff fl / T = 273K, (" P = 1,01 105 N/m2 ' " ) 1 ') ! 22,4 ! , * &" & 22,4 = 22,4 103 m3 . & , ffl "( ( & R %fi 1 *& 5 3 1,01.10 22,4.10 8,314 273 PV R T J/mol.K 0 ! ' " ) n '# ff "ff & nR T PV $1- nRTPV (4.20) *&fi' ' - "*! ) %fi fl ff "ff ' " ) (mol) n %fi fl ' " ) 1 mole 6,02.10 23 *! fl (molecule) ( & & "*fi & " ' & "fi " ) (Avogadro number) ! " NA & , 23 1 6,02.10 mol NA * &" & nNN A $1- NA N n (4.21) ( ' & / (4.21) 2 / & (4.20) '# / 24& & NT N R RT N N PV A A (4.22) * &" & 23 23 8,314 J/mol.K 1,38.10 J/K 6,02.10 1/mol B A R k N ( & 23 kB 1,38 10 J/K *fi" ffl & "( ( ! & (Boltzmann constant). *&fi' ' - " ) n ff "ff " m %fi & : A N m n N M (4.24) 2 M *fi" & " . , / (4.22) %24#& m PV RT M (4.25) 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 38 7/30/2015 3:08:33 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
34 ffl"3 & 3: + & ) ! 1 dm3 3/fifl & $ff / 25C (" 1atm, *&fi- * 2$ ) ! $fl 1! 2 1 *&- fi%fi) ! * ! fi $ff fl *ff / & % * 50C. '(& #! (" & %fi &*ff& %. . fi ffl % ) / *! 2$ * 2 1 2 V V ; T1 = 273+25= 298 K; T2 = 273+50 = 323 K 2 ) / : 2 22 1 11 T VP T VP ( 2 & / & '#: 1 2 1 . 1. 2 298 323 V P V P2 = 2,17 N/m2 ffl"3 & 4: *ff& CO2 & " 11g N2O & " 5,5g 3/20 & ) 2dm3 ! fi$ff fl $/ 1' ! " & 27C. '(& #! (" & %fi 20 . . fi ffl % ) / *! 2$ * : T1 = T2 = 273+27= 300 K; R = 8,314J/mol.K; 1 m 11g ; 2 m 5,5g ; 2 1 12 32 44 MM g CO ; 2 2 28 16 44 MM g N O 2 ) / : A N m PV RT RT N M (" %fi CO2: 1 1 1 3 1 1 11 8,314 300 44 2.10 m RT P M V = -2 3,12.10 N/m2 (" %fi N2O: 2 2 2 3 2 2 5,5 8,314 300 44 2.10 m RT P M V = -2 1,56.10 N/m2 (" %fi $ 1 P = P1 +P2 = -2 4,68.10 N/m2 ffl"3 & 5: fi 2$fi+ & 3fifl & / $ff / 21C (" 1,01.105 Pa. '(& #! & ' "*! ) %fi 2 fl ) ! 1m3 . . 5 P 10.01,1 Pa = 1,01.105 N/m2 ff V = 1 m3 ; T = 273+21 = 294 K 2 ) / : A R PV NT N PV k NT B B PV N k T ( 2 & / & #: 25 23 5 2 3 10.49,2 )K(294)J/K(10.38,1 )m(1)N/m(10.01,1 N ' "*! ) fi 2 fl V = 1 m3 2,49.10 25 *! . fl 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 39 7/30/2015 3:08:34 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
35 ( 0 ! ) *{ $ 1. '& ffl "3 2ffl & "' & 2$*$ " 2! & (( ' & ) ! $fl 1! *&fi(" - %fi *ff & %fi $ff fl / &) & . 2. '& ffl "3 2ffl & "' & 2$*$ " 2! & (( & ) ! &) & , *&fifi- $ff fl *ff / & % (" '*ff ) & %ffl . 3. '& ffl "3 2ffl & "' & 2$*$ " 2! & (( & (" &) & , *&fifi- $ff fl $/ fl 1! $ 1- *ff& %, ) ! %fi '$ ) fl 1! $ 1- *ff& %. 4. 'ffl & ff"ff !$" & P ! T 2%" ) ! . 5. 'ffl & ff "ff !$" & V ! T 2%" (" . 6. ff 2ffl(" 30 atm ) ! 30 ! . '(& #! & ) ! %fi & "* & &fi- 3/ff 2ffl & (" 500 atm fi$ff fl (/ ( . & 7. 0+ "+ & & ) ! 10 ! ' fl + & 3(" & / 10atm. '(& #! & ) ! %fi0 & ' fl & "3 & 2* & / &fi#%(" - 1atm, fifl$ff/(( . & 8. + & 3fi& / $ff fl / 0C ) ! %fi* & 10 ! . '(& #! & ) ! %fi & "0 & fi $ff fl $/ fl 1!* -273 C, ffl$1fi & fifl$ff/# (" #" ( * - & . 9. + & 3fifl & / $ff / 546C ) ! %fi* & 10 ! . '(& # !& ) ! %fi & "0 & fi $ff fl * / 619C, ffl$1fi & fi$ff fl # / (" #" ( * - & . 10. + & ' 2fi fl & & '(" 5 cmHg, 3fifl & / $ff / 0C. '(& #!(" & %fi 2fi * & * &fifi- $ff fl *ff / & %* & 400 C. fflfi: P1 = 12,3 cmHg 11. ) ! %fi 20 1 cm3 3/fifl$ff/ & 27C (" 1atm. '(& #! '& " ) *! %fi fl & ". & fflfi: N = 4,2.1019 *! . fl 12. + & *&fi3- fifl & / $ff / 27C ) ! 1.103 m3 (" 1 atm, 0 ) ! %$ ffl"* 1,5.103 m3 (" 1,1 atm. '(& #! fifl & $ff2* / &fi- ) ! *ff& %. 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 40 7/30/2015 3:08:34 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
36 fflfi: t = 222C. 13. 2*&fi#% ffl 0 , fi - ) ! 1 ! " * & 1,293 g, *&fifi - ) ! 20 ! 3fifl & / $ff / 27C '" * & 12,93 g. '(& #! (" & %fifi ?. 14. 0 3 +" & ) ! *& 2 ! , 3 ! ! 5 ! ffl ! ) . 0 + "& +& ' flfi (O2) (" 1atm, 0+ " & fi' fl (H2) (" 2atm ! 0+ " & ' flffl (N2) (" 3atm. 0 ffl &) 02 & " &)& fi ~ -*#, * &fi* - fi ' ' # 0 * & , 0 fi $ff fl (/ ( . ' & (& #! (" & $ 1' * fi ~ 4 ?. 15. *fi ! fifi (He) ' " ) 2 mol 3fifl & / $ff / 60C fi (O2) ' " ) 1 mol 3/fifl & $ff / 30C. '(& #! fifl & $ff$/ 1' ?. 16. + & ) ! 2 cm3 3/fifl & $ff / 17C (" * & 2 *&- fi(" . ' (& #! '& "%fi ) & "?. & 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 41 7/30/2015 3:08:34 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
37 5. ff! %fi 1. ff! 2! 1.1 ! &"#! (system) fi" &ffl 5 * & &3 2%fi*% & / & fflfi * &: 2 ' 0fl "+& %fi$ 1fi/ ) ' fl , ! fi " $1fi ! / ; 2 ffl ) %fi4 !$ fi+ ", ! & fi"4 fi+ " & . & , ) " ! & 2+ & ' fi" $ %& 3 & / & &* fflfi . 1.2 ff! ff 2! %fi fifl (ffl fifl(ffl *! %fi fl 3 # & / $ 1 * & 0 #- " ! $" & & *! fl &) (" ! (" / , 4 " / : ff! & ffl& %fi*! fl%fi fifl(ffl * & . / & , ff! ff 2%fi fi fl(ffl * & ff ! * *( &fi%fi - *! %fi fl . 2 ff! %fi*! fl 2ff fi'fi + & , ! fi"*! fl 4 3 2ff & / . & , ff! %fi*! %fi fl * ff! ff 2! ( Internal Energy of System). ((" $ ff! ff 2! 'ffl # & : * &fi' ff! - **( &fi *! - %fi*! & fl ff) fi $ff fl / ) %fi ffl / : / BTkE 2 3 (5.1) 0 ! fi " N *! , ff! fl %fi 4 *! 2! fl $ 1- ff! ff 2! ' ( & & : C BTkNENU 2 3 $1- BNTkU 2 3 (5.2) ' / (5.2) $fl 1#" : & & ff! ff 2%fi * fiffl "ff & "ff ' "*! fl ! fifl ) $ff / ) %fi . / ' / A nNN ! A B N R k 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 42 7/30/2015 3:08:34 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
38 ( %fi & N ! kB 2 (& 5.2) '#: nRTU 2 3 (5.3) 2. %fi fifl(ffl 2 + 32 & / / & / 5.1, / fifl$ff / %/ ( fi% ). " ff! & ff 2!*ff & %. 0 2! &) # ff! (" fi*% $1- & fifi , ff! ff 2! &*ff& %'* & & ffi!fifi 2$ ! . 2 + 32 & / , * / &fi - (" F 2 !/ & 2$ / *( &fi - & !# #! h &) 2$(" & . & (" F ffi! fifi $1-*" 3 +& & " & & ffi! fifi 2$! ( & & : W Fh fi F = PA (P (" %fi , A * *fi- & !/ /). & : W PA h P A h *&fi' - A. h V : W PV (5.4) 2 % , 0 * 2$ 2 %$ ffl / "*ff &- fi ! / 2$ / *( &fi - & % & / 5.2 0"- & &) 0fl / !$" ! & / / /. 2 ! ) fifl$ff%fi! / $ fl 1!*ff 2 2$ !/ *( / &fi - & % , ffl !*! & %fi fl & ffl 2 ) !/ & / ' * ff! / # * 2$ fi "ff! * *(&fi - &$fl 1!. ffi fl ff! ff 2 ! fifl$ff/ %fi!$ fl 1!. *&fiff- ' ! ! ) & $1- & ff! (" fi*% $1-fifi ' !! " * 2$ff! ff 2 A h F fififi 2*"! fifi & / 5.1 / 5.2 !/ *( / &fi - &% !/ *( / &fi - &% / 5.3 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 43 7/30/2015 3:08:34 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
39 ! fifl$ff%fi! / & * &: 2$ff! (" fi & & ' fl 2 * / &! / *( / &fi - &# ' 0fl /& / 5.3 ffl * ff! , ff! (" fi & +fi2$ ! & ' * 2$ff! ff 2 ! fifl$ff%fi! / %/ ! * 2$! * " ! / *( / &fi - &. ' * ff! * *" #" : & ff! (" fi 4 & +fi2$ ! & ( *& & ffi " %fiff! 2! &*ff& % & ! ffi! fifi . 0 2$ Q* ff! (" fi & +fi2$! U * ff! ff 2! &*ff& % ! W * & !ffi! fifi , % ff/ " ff!$" & Q, U ! W # & : WUQ (5.5) / (5.5) , 2 ff ' ! & %fi!# fl ! ) . ! ) & &) $1- & ff! (" fi*% $1-fifi ! (Q 0 ) / (5.5) %(24 - #& : 0 WU $1- WU (5.6) $1- WU (5.7) *(&fi4 " (+) - ! ! (-) %fi U ! W 3 0$-1 2 ff ' ! & : - ! ) + 2 /, *&fi2 - (" ! / *% / , ) ! %fi 2 / fi! , fifl$ff/%fi 2 / %/ 4 (" " : & ff! ff 2!$ 1 % . ! ) (- & "& *ff& ) 2$ U ( * & " ( ) U , " & W ( & * ! ( W ). & , '#: WU - ! ) ff 2 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 44 7/30/2015 3:08:34 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
40 !%$ ffl " 2$ !/ *( / &fi - & fifi , fifl$ff$/ fl 1! 4 (" " : & ff! ff 2! $ fl 1!, ! ) & "& *ff& ) 2$ U ( * & ! U , " & W ( * & " ( W ) & : WU ffl"3 & 1: fi/ + & !/ *( / &fi -  " , & ff 2' 2! fl +& & ) ! 1,5.10-3 m3 3/ff 2ffl & (" 105 Pa ( ) ! fifl$ff/ 27C. 0 2$ # (" fi ' fifl $ff/ 57C (" &) & . ' fi $ : & ) ! &*ff& %%fi ! & ffi! fifi . " : & & /: fi ) ! &*ff& %. 2 ) / 2 22 1 11 T VP T VP 112 2 2 1 PV T V PT fi PP 21 , %#: 1 21 2 T TV V ( 2 & #& : 3 3 3 2 1,5.10 330 1, 65.10 m 300 V ) ! &*ff& % : & VVV 2 1 1,65.10-3 -1,5.10 -3 = 0,15.10-3 m3 fi & !ffi! fifi 2 ) /: W = PV ( 2 & #& : W = 105 ×0,15.10 -3 =15 (Pa.m3 ) = 15J ffl"3 & 2: *&fi - & ! (" fi 1,5 J 2$ & 3/2 & fi/ + & & " 3 ffl !"fi, 3- fifi ! /!/ 2$ / *( &fi - &###! 5cm. ' fi $ ! & & ff! ff 2%fi . 2$/ (" 0fl !$" / ! & / ! / * / & 20 N. fi U = ? fi *fi (" fi ! ffi! . : Q 0 ! W 0 : 2$/ Q = 1,5 J = 5cm =0,05m F = 20N V = 1,5.10-3 m3 P = 105 Pa T1= 273 + 27 = 300 K T2= 273 + 57 = 330 K fi : V ? ; W=? 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 45 7/30/2015 3:08:34 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
41 2 ) / : WUQ $1- WQU ffi! & fifi *ff&- fi*fi 0fl /& : W F . ! # U QF. 1,5 20 0,05 0,5J ffl"3 & 3: *&fi2$ - (" fi & + & * & ' " ) 2 mol. (" 105 Pa ) ! 5.10-2 m3 ! fi$ff fl / 300K '2$ fifl $ff / 400K. ' fi $ : & . ff! ff 2%fi & & . %. ! (" fi &2$ 2 & 2 ! ) : ! ) ) ! %fi &) & ! ! ) (" %fi &) & . & & /: . fi $ U 2 ) / : nRTU 2 3 (1) ! &) & . & , & %fi U % %fi & T 123 456 (1) 1789: 3 2 U nR T ( '# & : 3 2 8,31 (400 300) 2 U 2,49 3 .10 J %. fi Q: 2 ) / : WUQ (2) 1) ! ) / V = const $1-V = 0, ! &) # $ 1-ffi! fifi (W = 0). & , % (2) #: UQ 3 2, 49.10 J 2) ! ) P = const 2 ) ;< =: WUQ >?6 W @=A9B5C>D;<=: W PV . (3) 2 ) ;< =: nRTPV 2 2 2 nRT V P 2 5 2 8,31 400 6,65.10 10 m3 ) ! *ff& %: VVV 2 1 22 2 6,65.10 5.10 1,65.10 m3 n = 2 mol P = 105 Pa 2 1 10.5 V m3 T1 300 K R = 8,31 J/mol K fi : . U=? E. Q = ? *&fi: - 1) V = const 2) P = const 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 46 7/30/2015 3:08:34 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
42 ( %fi & P ! V 2 & (4) #: 5 23 W 10 1,65.10 1,65.10 J ( & U ! W 2 & (2) #: 33 3 Q 2, 49.10 1,65.10 4,14.10 J 3. ff! 2%" %fi & 3.1 %" ) ! &) & 2!* *( PV * &* *( ffl & %fi(" ( P). * *( fi & %fi) ! (V) ! %" ) ! &) & "* &ffl- * *( ) ! & / 5.4. 2*&fi - & ' ff " 1 $ ff " 2, (" *ff& %' P1 * P2 ffl"& & ) ! &) & " : & V 0 W 0 ' * ff! % ff/ "ff !$" & Q ! U # & : Q U (5.8) fi" 3 & 2ff " & / 2 fifl $ff / " / ff " & (1). & , *ff &- fi' & ff " (1) $ ff " (2) 'fflfi# *fi ! (" fi (Q 0) ! ff ! ff 2%fi *ff & % (U 0). 4 (" " ! & (" fi & *fi ffffl*& 2$ff! ff 2%fi *ff & %* & . 3.2 %" (" &) & 2!* *( P, V %" (" &) & "* &ffl- * *( (" . 2%" & ff "' ff " 1 $ ff " 2, ffi! : W PV . . * & * fi- & %fi/ &' & % ! & / 5.5. ffl * ff! (" fi %# : Q UW (5.9) ' ( / 5.9) 2$/ " ! & (" fi & *fi ff "+ & & * 2$ff! ff 2*ff & % ! fi ff "+ & & ffi! . / 5.4 1 2 V1 V P1 P2 P o / 5.5 P V1 V2 V W o 1 2 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 47 7/30/2015 3:08:34 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
43 3.3 %" fifl$ff/ &) & %" fi $ff fl / &) & %fi 4 (" " ff! & ff 2%fi &) & U = 0. 2*&fi- & ff " 1 $ ff " 2 ffi! +& fifi & ( *& & * fi- & %fi/& %! & /5.6. ffl * ff! (" fi* %#: WQ (5.10) / (5.10) 2$/ " ! & (" fi 4 & *fi !"ffl #& * . 3.4 %" fi" %" fi" %" & &* % * "'fi'fi (ff " fl *ffl ff " fi) ). * & ffl & / 5.7 * %"fi" %fi ' ff " 1 & * ff " 2 " 3 - fifi 32%" & / fi $ff fl / &) & ffi! W1; ' ff " 2 $ ff " 3 "%" ) ! &) & ; ' ff " 3 $ ff " 4 "% " + fi $ff fl / &) & ffi! W2 ! ff " 4 ($ ff " - 1 "%" ) ! &) & . 3/2%" fi" & &# " % & * %fi W *& ffi " ff- (!$" & W1 ! W2 & . WWW 1 2 ( %fi & ) "* fi- & %fiff "% & ! & / 5.7. *&fi' " - & ( - ff " /& fi) . , U = 0 & : Q = W. 4. $1 * " %fi*(&fi' - (" fi 4.1 $1 * " ff" * *( &fi' - & & fi " &) / ! , ! 2+& & 3/2 & &) / *fi" & ffl fi. / 5.7 1 2 3 4 P O V V1 V2 P o P1 P2 V1 V2 V 2 1 / 5.6 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 48 7/30/2015 3:08:34 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
44 ff " fi) %fi ) "' fl 1 2!* *( P, V (/ 5.8) *ff&- fifflfi 2$ 2 &) /3- fifi !"ffi! fflfi# 2$ *fi (" fi' &) (" fi & fifl $ff/ / " & . fi% ! 3 - fifi ffl %" 2+& * & " * 1a2 * . 2%" , *fi ! (" fi Q1 ' &) (" fi ! ffi! W1 (( & ) "* fi- & %! & / 5.8 ) ffl * ff! (" fi: Q UW UU W 1 11 21 1 (5.11) *ff&- fifflfi 2$ *( &fi' - (" fi ffl- &) *(&fi#$" ffl - fi* 2$ ' ff " 2 ( $ ff " - 1. *ff&- fi3 #" ffl fi# 2 (" ff fi + ! / / ( $ ff " - fi) 4 " ffl & fi# * W2 . 0 " & W2 *& W1 & 4 2fi"* & . / 0 * " 2 ) *( &fi' - (" fi &) #ffi $ . *ff&- fi3 #ffi $ , W2 fflfi fi " & W1 .3 #" + 'fflfi# ffl 3 ff 2ffl & / fifl $ffffl/ " &) fi& $ fl ff/%fi 3- (ffl ffl %" & "* 2b1 & 3/!fl & * & 1a2). *ff&- fiffl 2$ ( -& & " & , + 2&) /fflfi# 2$ & (" fi fifi (2$&) /32 & / &) (" *3 ). 2%" & & ! (" fi Q2 2$&) (" *3 ! *fi W2 ' (" ff fi ( %fi & W2 "* fi- & %! 2/ 5.8%. ffl $1 %fi(" / fi* *( &fi: - Q UW UU W 2 22 12 2 (5.12) ' ( / 5.11) ! (5.12) %: 2121 WWWQQ (5.13) / 5.8 P P P V V V V1 V1 2 V1 V V2 V2 A1 A2 A 1 1 1 2 2 2 F F o o o a b ) %) () 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 49 7/30/2015 3:08:34 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ