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Published by Kayeng Vang, 2023-08-08 01:41:10

ປື້ມແບບຮຽນ ຟີຊິກສາດ ມ6

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ຟີຊິກສາດ

Keywords: ຟີຊິກສາດ

95 ffl12ffl ' !((ff), )ff 1. ff(ff)fi) ff-ff !*ff%+!%ff s u s u tu A 12.1. uflffiffi u Va b V U \ ffl Va Vb \ ffiui ffffiufflffff a fl b vfi uffl fl !ffl uffi fl us\ "fi u #ffi u s $ u R ffl%u U IR ffl U E U E E ff fi # u u ffiui #&%u E IR ff I J A % u E JA ( )R J E E RA σ (12.1) RA σ ' ff ( ffff,, )ff&ff,'ff! fltff S/m ('ff sff b " u ρ )ffi ) u# σ fl! 1 ρ σ u ff(ff)&ff,'ff! ** fl ρ ff R ( #&$ff %u R A ρ (12.2) fi #ffi u u R flt) + a b, u tu#ffi A flt) ff s ffi am2 b, fi #ffi flt )ff amb ff fi ffl u * s a ρ b+- # s ()ffis u flt) + ff a\.b\ (ff( 1* ffi s u $ u t/ \ ffl fi ( flfi fi $ u s * fi #ffi ff u tu ffiff$\ E I A a U b 12.1 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 100 7/30/2015 3:08:38 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

96 " ffl+*) l afb fi #ffiff u % R1 A ρ fl! R1A ρ l (2) "*u fi #ffis u) 2 ff u tu \ fi #ffiff u % 1 2 2 1 2 2 RA RA R R l (3) "*u u tu) 2Aff \ fi #ffiff u % 1 3 3 1 2 1 2 R A R A R R 2. ff(ff)fi) ! &" !ff,* ffi/ffi#) &ff)fl* $flfi u fi #+fl u )&ff)fiff$0 * )( %u $' u +- ( s su#t 12 V ffu sfiff ff)$ffi s $ ffl 12.2\ l ) ffi # #fiff ff) s ffu /\ l $'u &flu! 90 $fl u u fi# ( +- ( \ ffi # #fiff ff u /\ l ffis +- $fl ( u ff u ffi # fiff ff *u u /\ $ s 1), 2) ff 3) ) # #fiff s ff)'fi u ff i s # #fi ff fi )'fi u $ t/ i $'u & +- # ( #fiff fi )'fi u $ t / ffl s 1) ff ffi s$fl u +- ( ff u fiff 's fi u * #/u \ ffl uffifffl +- ( ufi * u #/u $fl u fl* $ffi *s #/u ff u $flfi u $ffi u *s #) /u s\ A 12.2 +- ( K 12V A 2 (2) A (1) 2A (3) 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 101 7/30/2015 3:08:38 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

97 "$fl u ffffi u uff ffi s u1ffl fi # u $ffi /u $fl u fl* $ffi *s # ff /u *$fl u fi u u u* #) /u s\ ffiui fi u u#/u fl* \ "u s $fl u Rt )fi #+fl2 u t C i R0 )fi 2 u fl* 0 C ** fl fi ff u fl* ffi %u 0 (1 ) R R t αt (12.3) α u ffi )ffi s ( fl* # " s u flt 1/ C 12.1 fi fi ffl u * ff ffi s )ffi s ( fl* ρ fi ffl u * s a\mb 2 20 C α ffi)ffi s (fl* a1/ C b 2 0 C l100 C ( ff & ff fl! ffiff ffi (+- 1,47 x108 1,72 x108 2,63 x108 6,38 x108 9,9 x108 5,51 x108 44 x108 49 x108 100 x108 3,5 x105 3,80 x103 3,93 x103 3,90 x103 6,60 x103 5,00 x103 4,50 x103 0,00 x103 0,002 x103 0,40 x103 -0,50 x103 (ff( 2* ffi s uffiut / ff u fi 100m ff ffiu #ffi 0,05cm\ " ffi s uffiu u fi u $0 " ffl+*) ffi( %u 4 100m, 0,05 cm 5 10 m d , -8 ρ=1,72 10 m 'fl% R ? 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 102 7/30/2015 3:08:38 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

98 $' s ffi u % R A ρ a1b 'fl u t A fflfi( u 2 2 4 2 8 5 10 2 3,14 19,625 10 m 2 2 d A r π π ff fi , ρ ff A $ffi (1) u 8 8 100 1,72 10 8,76 19,625 10 R (ff( 3* ffi u ffi ( ut / fl* 20 C fi u u 5 " ffi ffi ( u u fl* 0 C ffl fi u $0 " ffl+*) ffi( %u 20 C, 5 , t t R 3 α 3,80 10 1/ C 'fl% 0 R ? $' s ffi u % 0 (1 ) R R t αt 0 3 5 4,646 (1 ) 1 3,80 10 20 R R αt 3. ff(,( ' !((ff)+' - 3.1ffl ff(,( ' !((ff)+# $sfi ff& u f3\4 \ l ffffiu fi ff u fi \ I 123 I I I (12.4) l u ff # uff fi u \ U UUU 123 (12.5) R1 R2 R3 U1 U2 U3 U A I B R A B I 12.3 sff& 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 103 7/30/2015 3:08:39 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

99 + U IR \ ffi #&%u 123 IR IR IR I R (12.6) fl ffi#ffi (12.6) $flu I %u R RRR 123 (12.7) ffiff fi ff u #fi #ff u fi u \ 3.2ffl ff(,( ' !((ff)+!*ff $sfi u ufl! # t f3\5 \ l u#fi ff u fi v\ U UUU 123 (12.8) l ffffiu $ffl ff #ffffi u )ff fi u \ I 123 I I I (12.9) $' s u + U I R \ ui ffi #&%u 123 U UUU RRR R (12.10) fl ffi#ffi (12.10) $flu U %u 123 1 111 R RRR (12.11) ffiff fi & u ff ffi fi #ff u fi u \ R A B I R1 R2 R3 I1 I2 I3 U3 U2 U1 U A I B 12.4 sff#t 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 104 7/30/2015 3:08:39 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

100 (ff( 4* fi u u 5 fi u 15 2 3 RR R R 6, 4, 8, 4 R 10 s)ffl 12.5. u2ffiffi u AB ff 40V. ffl 'flfi # ffffi u u ff u2ffiffi #fi u u R1 \ " ffl+*) ffi( %u 1 5 R R 6 , 2 3 R R 4; 8 , 4 R 10 , U 40 V 'fl% I ? , 1 U ? l'flffffiu I fflffi% U I R l'fl R ff ) ( %u ffl fi u 2 3 R R // \ ui %u 23 2 3 1 11 R RR 113 488 ffl fi u 23 4 R R // \ ui %u 234 23 4 1 11 R RR 3 1 38 8 10 80 234 80 2,10 38 R ffl fi u R1 s& R234 ff R5 \ ui %u RR RR R 12345 1 234 5 6 2,10 6 14,10 ff fi R ff U $ffi (1) ffffi u u % 40 2,83 A 14,10 I l'fl U1 $' s ffi u % U IR U I 1 1 R 2,83 6 16,98 V R1 R2 R3 R4 A R5 B 40V 12.5 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 105 7/30/2015 3:08:39 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

101 4. ff( ,( ,(, )ff+' - 4.1. ff( ,( ,(, )ff+# ffl , !fflffl1 ) ,(, )ff,"# l sff% fffi u u fffi u#suff \ E EEE 123 (12.12) l fi *$ u fi u u*$# su\ r *$ 123 r r r (12.13) l fi & u R #ffl fi *$ ff * u % R Rr r 123 r (12.14) l ffffiu$ffl% 123 123 EEE I Rr r r (12.15) -ff-'* s n sui fffi E ff s &\ l fffi u % E n E1 l fi *$ % u 1 r nr l ffffiu$ffl% 1 1 nE I R nr (12.16) ffl , !fflffl2 ) ,(, )ffffl)" l sff% fffi u u ()ui (#ffffius ) (#ffffiu# su #t$fl fl ! 1 23 E EE ( ) l fffi u 1 23 EE E E ( ) (12.17) l fi & u *$ % r *$ 123 r r r (12.18) l fi & u v ffl R Rr r 123 r (12.19) E1 E2 E3 R 1 r 2r 3r - + + - + - I 12.7 E1 E2 E3 R I 1 r 2r 3r + - + - + - 12.6 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 106 7/30/2015 3:08:39 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

102 l ffffiuff$ ffl% 1 23 123 E EE ( ) I Rr r r (12.20) -ff-'* s n sui fffi E i fi *$ u r ff $ u x su )s uv\ l fffi u % 1 E nx ( )E l fi *$ % u 1 r nr l ffffiu$ffl 1 1 ( ) n xE I R nr (12.21) (ff( 5* ffl)fi u u R 12 s u 3 s fffi u fi 5 V ff fi *$ u fi 1 12.8\ ffl 'flfi & u $ffl ff ffffiu ff ffl \ " ffl+*) ffi( %u R 12 123 EEE 5 V 123 r r r 1 'fl% R ? , I ? l 'fl R % $' s ffi u % R rrr 123 R ff fi$ffi %u R 1 1 1 12 15 l 'fl I % $' s ffi u % i i E I R r 123 123 EEE I Rr r r ff fi$ffi %u 555 5 0,33 A 12 1 1 1 15 I 4.2. ff( ,( ,(, )ff+!*ff s sufffflffi u /ffiffi*s u fffi E ff fi u *$su r 12.9\ R 12.8 1 5V 5V 5V 1 1 R 1 1 1 I E1 E2 E3 - + + + - - R E,r E,r 12.9 E,r I 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 107 7/30/2015 3:08:39 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

103 l fffi u fffi #ff s EE E E 123 l fi *$ & u % 123 1111 rrr r (12.22) " u n su fl! n ff" fi *$ & u ff 1 111 ... n r rrr r (12.23) l ffffiu$ffl% nE I r nR (12.24) 4.3. ff( ,( ,(, )ff+! ffi/ffiffi* s su fffi E ff fi *$ u r #ff fi s \ l fffi u v #ffff"% 1 2 E E EE 2E l fi *$ u fi *$# u su2$ff ff" u %u 1 2 r r r 2r l fi *$ u v% 1111 3 2 2222 3 r r r rrrr l ffffiu$ffl% 2 2 3 E I r R -ff-'* "$ff u ff" su x s ff fflff" s v y ff" ffl % fffi u E x E i fi *$ u xr r y ff ffffiu$ffl% xyE I Ry xr R E,r E,r E,r E,r I 12.10 E,r E,r 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 108 7/30/2015 3:08:39 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

104 ff,ff%+!%'/" 1. ffl #&ffifi u u* u fl t ** fi i u tu ff fi ffl u *# s \ 2. fi # u /u fl* ff ff$ ff ffi)ff$0 3. ffffiffiu fi fi 10 ff i ffiu#ffi u 1 0,2mm ff ffiu 2 0,1mm ffl fi ( fi #ffi ff u ffi u0 ff )& &ffi ffiffi uu\ 4. ffi ffffiut / fi i ffiuffi d ff fi u R \ "u u $flffi ff u ffi ut / ffiuffi 2d fi u R ffl ffi ffffi u u u $0 5. fffl !t / ff 5m i u 2m ff ffi 0,2m " ff fl! fi u $0 6. ffi s u A ff B u t us $ffi \ ffi $fl ffffi u u I ff ffi s ffi\ ff u #ffi s u 12.11\ffl 'fl ffi #fi ffl u *# s ffi \ 7. ffl 'flfi $ u ffl 12.12 'fi ( ff u fi fi u 6Ω\ U(V) (m) B A 1 3 3 4 0 12.11 12.12 R3 R1 2 R4 R 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 109 7/30/2015 3:08:39 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

105 8. fflfi u 12.13\ fi ff u fi fi ff u 12Ω. " fi u fi $0 9. fflut /) u suffi s fffi 8 V , 6 V ff fi $# u fi s s i s$ffi fi u 48Ω\ " u s s( fi% # s u $ffi fl!$ffi \ ff u ffffi uff $ ffl 0,04 ff) s \ "u s s" ffl u ffffiuff ffl $0 10. su 4 s fffi u E ff fi $ u r s fi u 2Ω\ "u svfffiff# t fl ffffiuff $ffl 1,5A #ffffiu$ s& a 2 1 I 1,5I b\ " fi $# u suffl fi $0 12.13 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 110 7/30/2015 3:08:39 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

106 13 1. uu u u E fl u ffi r fflff fi fl u u R fflff ! " ! # 13.1\ $ % $ u fi fl u a &% b,c,d fi e\ u$' ( \ !!ui fi ! u % a fl u fflff \ $ $fi ff ! u)#%fl*+ fiu ! % a fi! u % a \ $ !ui & fifi ! u% a !, a $! # a 0 Uaa b\ !!ui ff+(-u Uaa ab bc d UUU e fl Uab E . Ubc Ir . U I de R $!ui $uffi - () E IR Ir I R r ,/ E I R r (13.1) 1 uffl! ff fl u u R 5,2 flffi$u " E V5,1 fi flffi u r 5,0 \ fi ' + $u fi& ffi u\ $' "#-u R 5,2 . E V5,1 . r 5,0 0,- I ? ffi0$# u - R r E I 1,5 0,5A 2,5 0,5 2. flffi fflfffiffl (Wheatstone’s Bridge) u 1,), /,/ ffi'fi,fl u u+ fl u u "# u u " ! # 13.2 R1 fi R2 fl u "#u R E r a b c e d "# 13.1 uu I R E r 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 111 7/30/2015 3:08:39 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

107 i R3 ! fl u fl0, u i R4 fl u !fl u u\ $ ! ' S fi fiu ! R4 fiu* fl aAb 0 u 0 (I3 = 0b\ $!ui % d fi b fi ! u !\ 'fi ' abda - 13 21 0 IR IR ,/ 13 21 IR I R 1 1 2 3 I R I R (13.2) 'fi ' 2342 - 14 22 IR IR 0 ,/ 1 2 2 4 I R I R (13.3) (($& (13.2) fi (13.3) -u 1 2 3 4 R R R R ,/ 1 3 2 4 R R R R (13.4) ffi00,fl u u "# u u + $' fl5 '(Wheatstone). 2 0,&fi fi ! ufi, % AB ffi u " ! # 13.3. $' "#- " u #13.3 $ u !ffi6 u 0,- AB U ? ffi0$# u - AB 1 AB U I R (1) l 0, AB R - fl u R1 fl+ffl! R2 \ AB 1 2 AB 1 1 1 11 3 12 6 12 12 4 3 R RR R l 0, I E r 12V; 0 A B 1 R 12 2 R 6 3 R 4 4 R 8 1I 2 I I "# 13.2 8 4 12 6 12V A B "# 13.3 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 112 7/30/2015 3:08:39 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

108 ffi0$# u - E I R r (2) l 0, R - fl u RAB flfi(! R3 - AB3 AB 3 R RR 448 fl u RAB3 fl+ffl! R4 - AB3 4 1 1 1 11 2 4 88 8 R RR R E, R fi r ffi$ (2) -u 12 3 4 0 I l $ ! flu AB3 4 R R 8 \ $!ui $u,/ + u !\ 1 2 3 1,5A 2 2 I I I 1I fi RAB ffi$ (1) -u AB U 1,5 4 6V 3. ! (Kirchhoff’s Law) (0 ffi0$ u fi! ' u $ !$ i 1 !0 , $uffi " u u fi fl, u /! 0 ' ffi u ! -u 1 )#+ffifflffffi u & ff0+ $ ' u)+ # !u $#\ 1 0 n i i I (13.5) IIII 1234 0 ,/ III I 123 4 ff"#$% & $u + u,+ &! $ u +\ 2 ffi 'ffifflff & ff0+ " ' u &! ff0+& ' fi fi ! u\ 1I 2 I 3 I 4 I o "#f7\8 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 113 7/30/2015 3:08:39 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

109 , 1 1, 1 n m p i j k i jk E R I (13.6) fl $fl u u flffl + i '+ flfiflffl (Loop), '+ $uffi flfi + \ ffi + $ u u '(! '+flffl ! fi !+ u !fi \ " u E &fi' $ufl'+flffl afl' $u + u+fi u + + u !b 6 fi +! u 6fi \ u + $ u 'fi u fi i $ ' &!u 'i ' fl u ' +! u ! ' u fi $ fl fi u u \ 3 ffi u" ! # 13.5 1 E 12V . 2 15 V E fi 123 22 RRRR fi ' , $u 1 2 I I fi 3 I \ $' "#-u 1 E 12V . 2 15 V E 123 22 RRRR 0,- $u 1 2 I I fi 3 I \ l $ ffi, % $ u u 12 3 I I I fiffi '" ! # 13.5\ ffi0$# u - 1 0 n i i I %" A 123 III 0 (1) ffi0$# u - , 1 1, 1 n m p i j k i jk E R I fl ' 1: E IR I 13 1 R 1 3 1 E I R I R (2) fl ' 2: E IR I 22 3R E1 A B 1 2 "# 13.5 E2 R3 R2 R1 1I 3 I 2 I 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 114 7/30/2015 3:08:39 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

110 3 2 2 IR E I R (3) 1 2 I I ffi$ (1) -u 13 3 2 3 0 E IR IR E I R R 1 2 33 3 0 E E II I R R 1 2 3 3 0 E E I R R 1 2 3 3 E E I R (4) 1 2 E E; ;R ffi$ (4) -u 3 12 15 27 9 3 22 66 22 I 3 I ffi$ (2) -u 1 12 9 12 9 3 A 22 22 22 22 I 3 I ffi$ (3) -u 2 9 15 6 3 A 22 22 22 11 I ,! $u 2 I !fi $ ' &!u 'i ' fl u ' +! u ! ' u fi $ fl fi u u \ fl &' ("% )ffl#* 1. uu ffi9 2. ' fi fl fl ffi9 ! 3. ffi u (0 1 fi 2\ 4. ffi,$ ! u fl"# 13.6\ 0, flfifi, u AB fi flu fi, CD ffi9 5. u" ! # 13.7\ fi ' , $ u fi& ffi \ 6 4 4 4 8 8 12V "# 13.7 1 3 2 6 A 9 B "# 13.6 D C 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 115 7/30/2015 3:08:40 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

111 6. uffl! fffl u u 12 fi u V9,V3 fi flffi u 5,1,1 flfi ! " ! # 13.8. 0, $u fi& ffi \ 7. fi ' $ u fi& ffi "# 13.9- 8. $ ' ufi fi $u fi& ffi fl fi "# 13.10\ 9. ' fi $ u fi& fl fi ffi "# 13.11: 100 200 V5,1 V9 1 J 2 J "# 13.10 12 68 5 30 100V 5 5 "# 13.9 2 2 E ;r R "# 13.8 1 1 E ;r 100 3V "# 13.11 200 300 4V 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 116 7/30/2015 3:08:40 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

112 14. *(&fi# - 1. !" *ffl (Galvanometer) !" *ffl * *(&fi# - fi" %!" # ) " 2&# *$& 1. !" *ffl : 0 2$ # !ffi& *% & #2%!" * 2$% !" & !" 2 *%& *ffl *( &fi - (fi) & / 14.1. fi #+fi $ 1- $1 %& 3 & / ! # & ! & ffi . & 2. fi*ffl (Ammeter) fi*ffl 2 (" *% # 2"'fi ffl&) !" 'fi# & / 14.2. 0 # ffi fi & *ffl $1 *#'* 2$ 2 ) fi*ffl fi ! #4 . fi *ffl . 0 ffl fi (" *% # & / *ff& fflfi *ff & *(&fiffl - " ffl &) %+ . *( &fiffl - & ffl ) &) %+ *fi " “* & (shunt)” *ff&- fi2$# " + & & # & shunt. 2 / 14.3 2$Ig # & & ffi ! & " *ffl ! "* 2$*% &* + , IS & # & #ffi * & , RS (" ffl & %fi * &*fi ffl&) 2 *ff& &- fi* 2$ " # #$ 1 * fl & I , Rg (" ffl & %fi !" *ffl , ' fl A ! B '& fl & ffl&) * 2 & ! I # & !"& fflfi " . I A B g I I s I Rg Rs / 14.3 fi*ffl G Shunt G ammeter / 14.2 2 fi *ffl G / 14.1 !" *ffl ! %fi !" *ffl 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 117 7/30/2015 3:08:40 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

113 # & fflfi : g s I I I (14.1) fi$ (" ffl %fi* : g g gg S s g I R IR R I I I (14.2) fi$ (" ffl * & 111 g s g s gs R R R R R R RR ffi! ! # !$" fi' & fl AB: ABR R g s UUU (14.3) ffl *fi%# : gg ss I R I R IR ( ) g s g s R R I R R ( ) (1 ) g g S g g S S I RR R I I R R (14.4) 3 2$ g I I 'fflfi Rs <<Rg . ffl"3 & 1: *(&fifi - *( ) &fi+ - & (" ffl 40% . *&fi# - 1/1001 A *% *(&fifi# - 1 %. 0 " '* & "2 2$ *(&fi( - # & 1A 3/2+ & & %. : & & /: 40 Rg % ; 1 A 1001 g I ; I 1A fi$ : ? RS 2 ) / : g g ss I R IR * &" & g ss g I I I I II ( 2 & #& : ( ) g g gs I R IIR 1 40 1001 0,04 1 1 1001 g g s g I R R I I % " ffl & fi" 0 fl& (" ffl 0,04% "( # & 1A 3/& 1 %. I g Is I G Rg S R 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 118 7/30/2015 3:08:40 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

114 3. "*ffl (Voltmeter) "*ffl 2 ffi ! ! # !$" & fi%"%fi*( &fi2 - # 2"'fi# ffl&) %+ " 'fi# & / 14.4. " *ffl : *ff&- fi* 2$" *fflfi ( & ffi& ! ! # #$ 1 %ffl fi*ff & (" ffl 2 ffl& &- " ffl &) ! !" *ffl. *0 " '*ff & & (" ffl 2 & ffl *% ) *ffl + * & * & / 14.5. U U IR À©ó´ g g g U UUU ÃÏÈ v gs ( ) g v gg s I R IR R Rv gs R R (14.5) v s g g U R R I (14.6) Rg (" ffl %fi !" *ffl , g I # * & ffi !" & *ffl . Rs (" ffl # %fi*(&fiffl - &*fi ffl&) !*ff& fi; RV (" ffl *& %fi"*ffl ; Ug ffi! ! # %fi !" *ffl ; Uv ffi! ! # %fi"*ffl 4 ; Us ffi! ! # *(&fiffl - & ffl&) 2ffl& &. - ffl"3 & 2: *(&fi"fi - + & (" ffl # 1000% ! # ! & ffi & 50A. 0 " & fiffl & &) *(&fiffl - *ff & 2 ffi & ! ! # / * fl & 2 ! ffl&) *(&fiffl - *ff & 2fi& "( *& & 2 *ff&- fi'ffi !! # V15 . : & & /: Rg 1000% ; I g 50A A1050 6 ; UÃÏÈ 15V fi$ : ? Ug ; ? Rx 2 ) / : U U IR À©ó´ g g g UÀ©´ó 6 50 10 1000 0,05 V / 14.5 "*ffl g I Rs Rg Uv Rs G g I Rx G g I Rg / 14.4 2 " *ffl 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 119 7/30/2015 3:08:40 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

115 2 ) / : U U IR ÃÏÈ g g x 2 6 15 5 10 299k 50 10 g x g U U R I % ÃÏÈ 4. fi*ffl (Ohmmeter) 2ffi ff"* & fi$ ( *( & &fiffl - " fi ( & %fi0 & . , *ff &- fi(" ", (" *', *ff & 2 fi *ffl ( & (" ffl & &) (/ & & / 14.6 ( (" & ffl &*% fi* + ' ) (& (" ffl & ' & #. fi *ffl : *ff& !" *ffl 2$* fi*ffl * # " ffl&) *(&fiffl - & ( # & ( R0 ) 2& &) # & & / 14.6. 'fl A ! B '& fl & ffl&) !$" fi & *ffl Rx Rx (" ffl & & &) (/ $ & 1- (" ffl &* fflfi . 0 Rx ( $& 1 # 2"'fi'+ fi *% fi+fi. 0 Rx ( & fi # 2"'fi$ 1 *% fi$1 . 2' fl !" *ffl 2$ * fi*ffl , " *ffl ! fi *ffl2*( &fi" - *fi " : & !ffl *ffl (Multimeter). & / 14.7. fi !fi ~ !ffl *ffl 'fi! !ffl *ffl / 14.7 !ffl *ffl "'fi !ffl *ffl Ohm mA+V R2 R1 100 mA 10 mA 1 V 10 V Ohm R0 R3 R4 Rx / 14.6 fi*ffl G A B Ohmmeter R0 Rx G G 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 120 7/30/2015 3:08:40 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

116 ( 0 ! ) *{ $ 1. * $ *ff & '&ffl &) (" ffl fi2 ) *(& &fifi - , " ! fi?. ) 2. * $*"! (" ffl ffl fi*fi *(&fi - fi%fifi *ffl fi? & 3. 0 *% %fi*(&fi - &) &*! - 0 fflfi* "2? 4. !" *ffl *( &fi+ - & (" ffl 10% ( # & / %fi !" fl *ffl* & 500mA . 0 ffl fi * fi*ffl 2 (" *% # /fl 2A 'fflfi* "2? 5. !" *ffl *( &fi+ - & (" ffl 10% ( # & / %fi !" fl *ffl* & 500mA . 0 ffl fi * "*ffl 2 ffi ! ! / fl 100V 'fflfi* "2? 6. *ff&- fi# & (" *% !$" & A100 . *ff& 2 *( &fifi - fi ) +& & (" ffl ff 2%fi *fi 10% . '& ) (" ffl fi ) & ' ffl&) 2*(& &fi# - *ff &- fi2$# !ffi& # & / fl ,5A2 . 7. *(&fifi - fi ) + & (" ffl 5% *&fi- # 15mA !ffi& & *% ( & / . 0 fl ffl fi 2$ *( &fi - ( & / fl 1,5A 'fflfiffl &) (" ffl # & ( *& & 22& *( &fi? - 8. *(&fifi - fi ) + & & # # / fl 50 fi * ) &fi- *fi (" ffl # 119000% ffl&) * "'fi *( &fi" ! - " #ffi ! ! # / fl 6V. 0 ffl fi & *(&fi"* - *(&fifi *ff ) &- fi# #/ fl 50 ! fi 'ffl ) fiffl &) (" ffl # 2 & ( *& & 2 ffl&) 2*(& &fifi - . ) 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 121 7/30/2015 3:08:40 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

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130 2 ffl # "." fi ff% *" A " B fi \ ." && fi 1 i ! A n && ) 1." A " B n && 1 2 ! B\ ! A B n > n i " flff i 1 fi." A " fi ,." B " 1 fi." B fi , Ai 1 fifi % % A , B " ffl% fi % % B , Ai ff ." B ffl 1 2 ,-- fl ! fli A fi1fl # a) 1b ' 2,-- fl fl ! " /$ fl " ." A " B ' fi fi ,-- fi fi A , Bi ff$fl 17.2\ fi /$ " ." fi fi(fl "fl,-- ) ' fi ( fl" fl,-- "\ (fl" fl,-- ") ' fl )." " "# ! /$ $ a" ff " / b ) ff ,-- \ !"#/$ fl $ aT T 1 2 = bi "fl,-- / $ fi fi +% ) i ffff ,-- ff fi $i +%fl fi",-- \ "# ! /$ fl $ aT T 1 2 ≠ bi "fl,-- / $ fi i ff,-- ff fi fl( fl" fl,-- "/fl $ fi fi A B + + - - ff$fl 17.2. ),-- /$ )." A " B A B A + - +- ff$fl 17.3\ " fi fl,-- "/ $ fl " ." A " B ) 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 135 7/30/2015 3:08:41 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

131 ",-- ff) ' i ff$fl 17.3\ ff,-- ff ff,-- , $ fi 0 2 1 (-) ln A B kT T n E e n = (17.1) fi 1 2 T , T "# ! /$ $ ) ff,-- , A B n n && 1 fi." A " B fl\ 23 k 1,38 10 J/K − = × .fl" aBoltzmannb\ 3 fflfffi ! l ff ,-- ) ,-- ff* ' fi ."#ffi &' $ fi % ffl%\ i ff ,-- fi fi $ i ' * fi ffl%flflffi $ +\ l ( fl" fl,-- "/ $ &' ) ,-- ff) ' fl "# ! $\ 2 ff$ ( fl" fl,-- "" " ! #$\ i ,-- ff ' * " ! "# ! $i ff$fl 16.8 ffl" 1\ ",-- ff % 3 2\ )ff,-- ff) ' fl ,% 3 3\ " fl% ff fi ,-- ff % " fi 1\ mV A B ff$fl 16.8\ " "# ! ) $ ffl."fi ff% ff,-- 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 136 7/30/2015 3:08:41 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

132 18. # 2 "*( # 1. " *( # !fi: . fifi fl !fifi " fi0 & & 2 , & &) # 1 &) , *(&fifi - ( ) Ampere meter) 1 *(&fi, # - ' "+ ) & ! 0' fl *) &-fi* & & *) &-fifi fl fi (Cuso4) +& fi. %. ffl&)fi0 & 2 & & &) # ! *( &fifi - ) " # & / 18.1.' ' fl& fi0 & & fi !20 ' fl *) &-fi & / 18.2*"! ' **$" *% & %fi*(&fifi - ) &) *( &fi - *+, " & &) # !2& " 'fi $1- *" fi+ & () - ) & &) # ) . (. *&fi*fi - *fi ffl - ! 1 ) !" (NaCl) $1- *fi - fi & - ! 2 ) , *"! & *% %fi*(&fi - fi ) *( &fi*+ - !" 2 (& 2+ & & , " & 2"'fi# * # . & "2$ & *$ " * & fi! - ! , fi , * , ... * # ) . 0 * !fi2! " ffl & & *fi!! * - ! ! / fi (Cuso4), fi' '* # !2" & 'fi! " (* & *# ' *( &fifi - ), ) **$ fi 5fi3 %& / "# ! (%" ffl). & "*fi & " & " *( # ! fi fl fi *fi " & "*( # . 2. %fi# 2 "*( # ffl , * &fi*fi - *fi, fi - , * !! 2 *! ) %fi fl & "'* & fifi ( ion) 0*(- &fi4 ffl - & * &: *!%fi fl *fi - (NaCl) * fifi" Na ! fifi! Cl &* *fi! ffl&) . /18.2. " *( # %"" %"! + A ) ) ) + A /18.1. "'fi !fi fi0 & & 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 137 7/30/2015 3:08:41 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

133 ff $1* fifi! ", fi *( &fi - & 3 & !" %fi fi fi; fi fi " ! fifi! ' "+ ) & 'ffl ) ! " !"ffl " *% * *!' "# fl $1- -(. - !) !! 2+ & * & ! & ' ) , 3 2fi & / $ fl fffl& fi2+ & & ' "*! ) fl & 0 - ( & fi2+ & & ! 2*"! *! fl & 0* - & 2& *! fl -(* - & . *"! &) &# 2 & , *(&fi - & 3 & !" %fi fi fi & fi(" fiff3 ", ' & & &) &2$) * # %2 !! . *&fi- 'flfi & fi0 & & fi &2 * %"# !2 !! , !$" & fi0 & & ffi! ! # ! 2 !! &# . fi fi* &fi0- (" - # 2 & , fi fi"* & Na *(&fi - &#ffl !" ! %fi& # (#$ % - "! (% " ffl). "fi & fi! * &: Cl *(&fi - &#ffl !" %fi&# ffl& % &# #$ %"" (% "fi ). *(&fi - &* & !" ! fi fi%fi & fi fifi* # 2 "*( # . # 2 "*( # *( & &fi - & !" ! & fi%fi & fi fi"ffl %fi&# ! %fi fi fi! ffl % %fi&# . *&fi' " - * & &fifi- $ff fl / & , ' / "*! ) 2 " fl *( # & 0- * fifi ) &$ 1 . & , ! # ) %fi "*( # ) & $ / 1- (" ffl # %fi "*( # ) &+ fi. 3. ffl ! fi2 ) " *( # 2%& fi fi*( &fi - #$ % "# , fi fi*$ & 1 # & fi# ' 2$fl %& "# . 4 (" " & fi fi! ' & fi*fi*!ffl2$ %& " fi , "fi & fi"' *fi *fi*!ffl' % " ffl! " * fi ffl $1- *!' "# fl . fi ffl $1- *!' "# fl &*% 24 3/ & 2ffl & !& %"# ' "+ ) & 'ffl3 & / % "# , ' "+ ) & !*$ fifi#' fi " & *( # ! fi' "+ ) & ffl ! % "# $1- ffl ! " 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 138 7/30/2015 3:08:41 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

134 *( # * ffl ! *(24 & . ffl ! *(&*% 24 & *fi " & ffl ! fi. ) ffl ! fi ) ffl ! "'* ffl ! & *ff % $ 1 #'* &: % %fi &2 * %"# , % " *( # ! % * &fi#%fi - &$- 1 3 . & 4. % ""$ ffi ! ) ffl ! fi ) &*% * &fi2 - Cuso4 * "*( # ! 2 fi Cu * %"fi , *ff & # **$ " * & &fi- # !ffi& " & *( # fi fi"%fifi Cu *(&fi - #$ % " ffl ! fififfl !ffl & "' *fi *fi*!fflfiffl "! " * fi fflfiffl 3/& % " ffl, "fi & fi! %fi 4 so *(&fi - #$ % "fi ! "* ffl ! fi fflfi Cu 3/%& "fi * *!%fi fl Cuso4 ' 0) - !! 2 !! !. ffi fl % "fi &* "fi# ( fi5$ & *% , ffl& % 3 & / & %" ffl fi ' *ff & $1 %*! fi5. 4 (" " - & # % 0 fi' % & "fi #$ % " ffl. & "*fi & " & % ""$ . ff "ff !$" # & I & !ffi& " & *( # ffi! ! # 3fi & / % "# ff" * & &fi* - % ""$ (" *% # I % ffi ! ! # U. & , # 2 " *( # '&* #ffl *fi. 5. * # ( Faraday’ Law) (. 1834, ( fi & - # # & ( (" ff "ff ! $" ! & # ' fl& !ffi& " & *( # " %fi!$ & ffl 3/%& " ffl%fi*( &fi" - *( # !"$ fl 1* *#" & : " %fi & & fififi3ffl& / !% & "# %fi*(&fi" - *( # * fiffl "ff & "ff ! (M/n) ! ! # ' (fl q) & !& ffi " & *( # & " & . 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 139 7/30/2015 3:08:41 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

135 M mk q n (18.1) 2M " fi ffl; & n (& *( & (' "*fi*! ) ffl! & ); k '& "fifi ) ffl ", & & 1 F 96500C/mol k *fi" & ' "( ) ( #. & & , / (18.1) %24#& * 1 M m q F n 1 1 96500 M M m It It Fn n (18.2) 2I (" *% & # & !ffi& *( & &fi" - *( # ; t & #!*"! & # !ffi& *( & &fi" - *( # . ffl"3 & 1: *(&fi" - *( # fi+ & ' !! fl ffl * AgNo3 . fi %fi*(&fi" - *( & "* & "* , (" ffl # %fi*(&fi" - *( # R %2 , ffi! ! # !$" fi% & "%fi*( &fi" - *( # U 10V . '(& #! " %fi* & &#ffl3 %& / " ffl, *&fi2$ - # !ffi& *( & &fi" - *( # ff 2*"! 2 &". " : 2$/ : M = 108g/mol ! n = 1 2 ) / : 1 M m It F n - (" *% # & !ffi& *( & &fi" - *( # (#! ffl & : / 10 5A 2 U I R - " %fi* & ffl3 %& / " ffl( #! ' & : / 1 1 108 5 7200 40,3g 96500 1 M m It F n 6. # 'fl%fifi fi ffl / (18.2), *ff&- fi3 & fi (g) M n %fi 2+& ffl& fi ! # q = F *(&fi - & ffi *( & &fi" - *( # . 0 ffl fi & fi 2 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 140 7/30/2015 3:08:41 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

136 +& ' " ) M (g) ffl& fi ! # nF n 96500 *(&fi - & ffi *( & &fi- "*( # . ! # & " & & '! " &() ffi-"# ' fl%fi fi fi & 3/ 2 & & " & & !ffi& *( & &fi" - *( # . *&fi' " - & M (g) %fi 2+ / & ' "fi ffl* ) & ' "fi ) " 23 N 6,023 10 fi ffl/mol . & , ( #! # & ' %fi fl ffl!fi & fi & ( *( & * & 1 (n=1) # & : 19 0 23 96500 1,6 10 C 6,023 10 F q N ( & 19 0 q 1,6 10 C %+ # & ' fl/0 $1- (& # & ' fl %fi*fi*!ffl 19 e 1,6 10 C . ' , $ fl 1#3 & " & # & ' %fifi fl fi & ( *( & * & 2 & 2e , fifi & ( *( & * & 3 & 3e ,… & , ! # %fi fi fi2 !! %fi*( &fi" - *( # *& ' "0 ) "* &- fi%fi# ' fl/". & 7. 2 ) " *( # 7.1. 2 ) % ""$ *ff & !$ %fi 2+ & fifi' %fi & # . ffl "3 0 & ffl fi fififi' fi * & & fi 3 ( & / fi & ), *ff& ffl&) %""%fi &) # 2& fi & & "*ff & &- fi* * %"fi %fi*( &fi" - *( # , "% & "! %fi &) # ffl&) 2%& " ffl%fi*(&fi" - *( # ! 2 !! / fi Cuso4 * "*( # . *&fi- & fi2$# !ffi& *( & &fi" - *( # , fi2 & fi'0 fifi ! - "#ffl 3 & / %" ffl (% "! ) %fi*( &fi" - *( # , 2 & /18.3. 7.2. *(fi!$ - 2 ) " *( # *(fi!$ - & *fi) !$& fflfi *(fi2 - * %" ffl, *fi !$& '2 * *( fi* - %"fi %fi*( &fi" - *( # ! 2 !! * fi!$ - &* *( fi* - "*( # . CuSo4 fi & fi)!fl / 18.3 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 141 7/30/2015 3:08:41 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

137 ffl"3 & 2: *ff&- fi*(fi - "*$ & 1"* *ff & 2 * & * %"fi , 2 "*$ & 1* %" ffl ! 2 !! ffl * AgNo3 * "*( # %fi *(&fi" - *( # , & / 18.4. 7.3. $&1) / "!$ $&1) / "!$ *) 2 ) " *( # & %fflfiffl ( ( - *( fi!$ ffl - & %" ffl 5 & & : ) fi*ff & "/ 0 fl& fflfi $ &1) "% *ffi $1- "" 0 fl& *fi & " : & * $&1) . $1' 2 0 ( & ) * 52$ &"+ %fi* *ff&- fi2$* "0 fl ) # !"2 * %" ffl%fi*( &fi" - *( # . *fi !$& fflfi $ &1) / 2 * %"fi ! 2 !! * fi%fi!$ - & '$&1) * / * " *( # . *&fiffl- &) fi%"%fi*( &fi" - *( # 2& &) # , !$ &2 * %"fi '$ *% !"#fi2 %& " ffl (* $&1) ). *&fi - !$ &fi* $&1)+ %*0 ! & fflfi ! "' & fifi' *( &fi" - *( # , $1' ) %*ffi $1- "0 fl& * * $&1) fifi'# ) / ffl & fflfi . ( 0 ! ) *{ $ 1. "*( # $ & ? 2. %fi$# 2 "*( # $ & ? 3. $ 3 %& / ""%fi*( &fi" - *( # *% # "2? 4. * # " & " *( # * fi2"2? - 5. *(&fi" - *( # fi+ & %""* " , % "! * "!$ *fi- &4 2 30cm . *&fi2$ - # !ffi& *( & &fi" - *( # & "ff & 2*"! 30 , " & #$ 3fl %& / "! + 0,05 mm. '(& #! & (" *% # & !ffi& *( & &fi" - *( # , "/ & " ' ) *ff *& 3 3 * 8,9 10 kg/m , " fi ffl M=58 ! ( *( & n=2. * & No2 Ag / 18.4 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 142 7/30/2015 3:08:41 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

138 19. 1 l !""fl % ,--fi* ,-- i . "2 i %,-- " fl%,--\ l %)) ,-- fl ."2 ,-- ) ,-- i ) ) ."2 "*fl fi ( fl" fl,-- ( ,-- " 4' " *fi fi/$ " ffl,i ff $fl 19.1. *fi ,-"ffiffl 90 ( /" $ ( ,-- ff ) ' i )). "2"5 $ ffl! * fi $ fi\ " )""fi ,-- , %,--fl !fi, ,( ff fi/$" ( ,-- \ 5% 2 ( ff. ) ! fi/$" ( ,-- fi fi " fiff/ " $ ( ,-- % ,-- % i ,--fl !fi"/ $ ,-- fi % %( ,-- " 5 % ,fi! ff $fl 19.2. "i fi2(ff "% fi,-- % ,\ 2 ffi%*" ff ffi (fi,ff fl"% % fl" % fifi * \ fi flffi 2 ff fi/$" ( ,-- ff) ' % fi ( ffl* % fi i 1fi i\\\ "fl i . ffl. ff$fl 19.1\ " ! ff$fl 19.2\ ,-- % 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 143 7/30/2015 3:08:42 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

139 !,--4 % ')"%1 . ffl. ! , % fi fl\ 1 fi2%i 4 % ' fifi" fi4 % '",fl. ffl.,-- ! % fi fl\ , % fi / $ ,-- i fl 1 " fi 2' " fl %ff,-- i ff# fi, " ),-- ffl% fi,\ 1 " fi fl fi,)fl a) . bi fi fl fi,) fl a) .b '% fi ",-- fi ( \ i ",-- " %% fi )fl fi fl ),-- " % %, ) fl ,- -)fl fi fl " 1\ 3 fflff ffifi 3.1 %fl%,--" fifi(fl" fl,-- $ ) ) ffl fflfi ffl"%,--fifi%% % fl $ #ffi )ffl i ff $fl 193\ (" ffl!fl, 0fi l ) ffl"%,--fl )/ $ ) i "fl%fi",--( ffl \ ff$fl 193\ "# ' )",-- \ A C A C )ff! ) ff$fl 19.4\ "fi) " ) ff! ffl"%,--%\ 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 144 7/30/2015 3:08:42 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

140 l $ ffl"%,-- / #% $ ffl" %,--! % ffl" 100 mmHg i /$" ) . " ) ." fi fi )fi ' i " fi",--( ffl"%,--\ 2 fl%ffl! ffl"%,--i fi )"%%,,%) % ffl"%,--\ l ) ffl"%,--ffl! ffl" 10 mmHg i ) fi "% fl ) . fffl % fl). )\ l fl%! ffl"%,-- % ffl/" $ " 1 0,001 mmHg " )""ffi ( fl" fl,-- /" $ ) ) ffl"%,--fi" 200V -300V i fi ")"%% , ffl"%,-- " fl )0 ) ) . (C) ) fi ff fi " %) 2 ) . (A) ")ff ! fflfi !" ff i ff $fl 194\ fi 0 #ffi ("fl,-- /! $ %)ffl"%,--#fl /$) ) . " fl,-- ffl! ffl%fi! afi(fl" fl,-- $ fi !b " /$)ff )! . " fl,-- ! 4 % fi! afi(fl "fl,-- % fi!b\ 3.2. $ % / ) $ ) . fi(fl" fl,-- $\ "i ' fi ff,-- $\ %2 " fl %ff ,-- fifi fl$ fi fl/$ fl% ' #" fi fi $i % ) .ff 1 )."\ fl fi 1 fi" " fi ,). i / ,%" $ #" fi )fl 1 % fl %$i fi4 '% ) % a%.) ! 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 145 7/30/2015 3:08:42 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

141 fi4% b fl 1 ' fi,.%fl%2% fl. ) ! fl' %fi \ "i 'fffl % ). fi ) fi ) . \ fl 1 fi#fl % )) . fi#"fi fi )$ ' \ , % fl. ) ! i "ff. ) ! %fi " )""ffi fi% ff % fi /fl$ % ). ffl)ff. ! \ 3.3 & # , * % 2,-- )#(" ffl,--\ fi) fiffl"%,--) ' fl*" ) fifl ! ffl *0 "%fi fflfl""% fi-i\\\ ffl,-- fi* .%, !fl fl%,fl ! * ) i fl fl ! " ) ffl,--# , %ff \ ff , ff fl ) fi fi- "( fi)* % flfi)fi( \ *ffl ,--% fflffl""/ #" ,-- ,fi *,-- #" % ) ffl,--% % % ) ,--" 3 4 \ "#fi /ffl ,-- ffffi" %)) ffl,-- flfl%,--" " fl # ,%fl %,--""ffl flffl,-- ff % ffi, i ff $fl 19.5fl " fl% 0fi %)) ffl,-- flfl%,- -""ffl fli ) "" ffl fl ff4 fi) . " ) . "/, " "5"5 % fi\ ff$fl 19.5\ % ffl,-- S (Starter) Balart ffl,-- fl%,--"ffl fl ff$fl 19.6. fi"% ffl 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 146 7/30/2015 3:08:42 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

142 2" fi ffl flffi fi $ " 50 % fia" % fifi fi fl %,--"ffl flfifi2fi50 Hz bi *ff fl%)ff % . ! " )., \ "iff' ) fi fi"%, ffl,-- \ # ,) fi 2 ,-- fl i! # *%,%." )) ffl,--\ ",-- ( %,%." ff $fl19.5i % ,%.""ff) ' %1 \ ffl "fi(S) " ",--fi( %,%." ff /$ " ) ) ffl,--fi fi(fl" fl,-- fflfi fi,-- * % fi ff,-- fi "fl fl 1i ff 1 fifi, % . ffl .,-- ! ) ff #" fi fi # fl \ )"") fi ) ffl,--fl%,ff 4 fi"%1ff fii # ff4 fi). " ) ." ffl fl "),-- ""ffl fl\ #fl",-- ! ffl,-- fi# ' %flflflffi flffl,--\ fl %,-- % fi* ffl i fi(" ff,-- " ##fi( fl" fl,-- ffl ,-- %",--),ffl,--\ 4 fflff ffi # ' ffi fl2,-- / $ fifi i # , 0fi *ffl fflffl"%,--fifl ! \ /$ ) ffl"%,--fi) . (A) " ) . (C) fiff%." \ % ),-- )ffl"%,-- flfl%,--" fifl ( fl "fl,-- ,i ff $fl 19.7i (, 0fi A V ff$fl 19.7\ "# ' )",-- A C 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 147 7/30/2015 3:08:42 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

143 l ( fl" fl,-- /) $ ffl U 0 i fl%fi",--( ffl I 0 \ ( fl" fl,-- /) $ ) ffl"%,--fi4 ' aU 0 b fi %i ffl"%,--fi ",-- fi a I 0 b )' i " ,-- I ffi # # fl( fl" fl,-- U\ # fi (fl" fl,-- ),2 ' 4 'U (fl" fl bi 2 " fl%#fi( fl" fl,-- )' U (fl" fl$! 4 'bi ",- - I "fl%#fi)' %\ fl " fi fi )fl%ffi ffl fifl ,-- ! fi)fi ' % fi fl ,-- ! #ffi fi fi,2) ,- -)ffl"% ,--\ ",--fi fi ffl ' ff ( I ). ff $fl 19.8 l #%ffl ",--,fl 2! ",-- 4 ' i 2 fl% #fi( fl" fl,-- ), ' %i # fi)' 2 4 'i )",-- fl# fi), ' fi! ffiflfl# fi)) ' U\ fi 2 "/ " ! fl! %fi fi fi % i 2,-- % % fl %)fi ' %,\ " fl%, 0fi U U i ) ,-- / $ fi% fi !i 1 fifi#" fi $ % fl. ), ! / % i ff. !% fi ffl%) ' " fi$/, \ )"flfi fi 0 %#ffi( % fi ffi 25,-- .%" " fi %i #" fl 1 % . ! ffl % flfi fli fl . ! fflfi flffl, ff fl#"# fi)' \ fl #" $ " # % %#" fiffl,fffl $ \ U U I ff$fl19.8\ ## " I U 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 148 7/30/2015 3:08:42 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

144 5 ffi( fi 51 ) ffi( fi fi, ) i ffi fl",-- fi( ffl "%,--#fl i ) ffl"%,--ffl!% ffl" 0,01 0,001 mmHg )) .""%, ffl afl%fi)ff! fi%b /$ ) ffl fi/$ *4 ) ." fi fi)ffiffl \ " fl% 0 #% fi " fl) ,-- ffl "%,--i fl 1 fiffl!). ff ffl"fl) fi " fi).,2 ) . .%fl%, % fl. ) ! fi%\ "1 fi"% ) . fi 0 ffi( fi 5.2. ffl" ffi ffi( fi ' ! "") fi.% fiff ""ffl!fl , 0fi 1)\ *( ."ff fl $ 5%flff ). .%/*$ 4 " )"4fl) . \ (fi)fi ' /$ % ) ffl* 4 fl) .fiff$fl5%fl fl( ." fi*ff ). i ff $fl 19.9\ " 2 fl %2"fl ,-- ffl ffli ." fi fi*\ ff$fl19.9\ "" fi) . fi ff$fl19.10\ "")fffl2$ % % fi 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 149 7/30/2015 3:08:42 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ

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