145 2)\ * ."ff fl( $ ff ) fl.%fl "5 fi) fl, /! !$ )4% \ i fi. "%, fl4 ) . \ 3)\ (."4 ' *0 ( fi ! )fl ! fi . i ( fffi ) ' fi) \ " fi . #" fi \ "" ,fi * % ) fflffl. "% $ \ 4)\ . " fi !(( ." fifi4" 0,003-0,03 fi i ff fi " "flff -fi 2%ff fl $ ff%\ """fl -fi 2%ff fl) $ fi. , * % # 2%ff fl" $ $ ffl2%ff flfl( $ fi/$ff %)" ! fiff$ fi *& (x-rays)\ ff $fl 19.10 5). fi4 % ' 2 . " fi fl " fi fifi *0 " )ffi fi i $"fi i\\\ 6)\ . "2 fi ffi fi2 " fl ,- - ffl ffl\ 7). fi. % fi)fl 1 fifi ,$\ . fi fi, % fl. 4! i fl 1" 2 fi* " )""ffifl . 4! " % fi * & \ ffl 1\ )",-- % 3 2\ ffifl ,-- % ) " ,-- % )",-- 3. 2,-- % )fi , ' 3 4\ ,#2)25,-- % %fi 3 5\ fl * % 25 ,-- % 6\ . fi % 3 ! "") fi. 3 fi 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 150 7/30/2015 3:08:42 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
146 20 1ffl fi'fl)(ffiflfflffiff* fi ffiff!)ff*ff"fi#)"ffifi$" *ff) "% ( +fl'"+) ,ffi fi(ffffl"ff-)ffRffiff +)ff fflff+.'& ff +*)%( !"o/+!)ff*ff"i )ff*))0ffi Rffl* )! * 1fifl'+2 %#"ffifffi$+ &+ fi1 ) fifl'+)* Rhumkoffi fl"'+ fi"+!)$&1 20.1\2()*ff) "% ( + !'ffi$&ffifflff fiflfflff ' fi3 ffi +(ffiff.%& 'fflff +ffl"ff-)ffR ffiff + +fl,ff 4 ff) 5 3 10 V/m fi*," ," fi +* )ff(*ffffi*1 * , +"+fi012 ffi*1,*)3# ffl,i "fi +"+* ffffl fi),ffi fflff cp"ffiff\ )ff*2)*( ff) "% ( +fi#))+/ '5-1"ffifflff ff*ff".ff(! & 0fiffi+')3 ffR "ff ,.& !)1R%#fiffl) +(ffifffi1+#flffl, fffi3ffi &+ * ffR ff"fi4)fiffl"%ffi)ffRffiff"ffi\ fi!' 1*ffi ffi+ff ff($1& ,flffl, ffffl +& ff ff(p"ffiff.ff +% *" fi% ff ff(.ff +0R fi)'+0#"0R*) (1fflff cp"ffiff1 fiR4)fi ffi)%" p,fi + ,0 fiR )'+*)i fi0 )%,* ) fi4)fi"fi + fi1+#fifl') ,.ff +fflfflfffl'*1fflff )"ffi3,"fi4)%" p,fi +!)%( )ffi2fi%ffiffl*R "i )ff*))*ffi fiR )fi"fi + , +i fi"fi + , ff0#"2*)4\ 3 1ffl)*ff)ff)ffiff!)$&1fi113+p"ffiffi )*)ff**ff)*!'R fiffi*,"fi4) , (+(ffi)*ff)0ffR*) ff(!0*ffi ff)* 13( + +(ffiff ,flffl, fffi3ffi &+fi%ffl(ffi +,*ff) *!'R fiffi*,"fi4), (+(ffi)%+ ,0ff 2 ,fi2 *ff!)p"ffiff,*\ 2ffl % % ! 2.1ffl ffiff2ff fi )4ff* ("*ff)p"ffiff3 off"!'(fi1 +*# )ff(*ff)ff**- fi* +* - ,1)) - ffiff0ff +1 )#"*) '5'% 'fflff +*fi - **1off"ffi )# \ 2()%(1% "1 ffiff% 'fflff +*fi - * + + '5'% 'fflff +*fi - **1off"ffi )# ,*!'R fiffi*,"ffiff2ff fl,ff 4 ff) 8 9 10 10 V fi% flfflfffi3ffi * fi ffifffl,ff 4 ff) 4 5 10 10 A \ *ff)* )ff(p"ffiff)ff*ffiff2ff fi$"!'flfflff ffi ")3 +ff*ff"!)1R%#fiffl)))ffifi ,3/).ffi ff +* $1 20.1\ *ff)* )ff(p" 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 151 7/30/2015 3:08:42 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
147 )')* !'R fiffi*," *+"+fi$+ fi),ffi fflff 0 # !)*%R ),*ff)* )ff(p"ffiff% 'fflff +*fi - * +*- fi% fi*,"ffiff2ff! )*%R ),% 'fflff +*- fi**1off"ffi )# i "+ $&1 20.2 fi% $&1 20.3 0ff%ff"R 1\ 2.2ffl ! * fi(fffi +ff ff) + )0R ! 1 Rffiff , ,2()%(1% "1ffiff4 ff) 40 50V fi1'ffi+0)(ffifi(ff )3(ffi +fi +ff ff) + + ff)-*)i '5+)ff*))ffi'(1ffl* )!'ffi *'ff + )ff**)fi%*)( " ffi + $&1 20.4\ +fi*"2()\ fi * fi ' )3(ffi +fi +ff ff) + +ff)-*)i .1& )0#"fi4 *)) )ffi fi*,"flfflff , 0ffiff) ffiff ,fl,ff +& i fi'* fi ffifffi%)2 ff ) )+/ fi*,"*ff)fi2flfflff $ffi) &+ (flffl)*ff\ fi'( ' 1 + )3(ffi +fi +ff ff) + +* )ff**)i 1)"fffifi%*0++.( & )3(ffi +fi +ff ff) ,!1fiffi4)3ffl%(ffi (1"ffi$1 %++ ff)fi",) fifl') (ffi)flfflff$ffi))+/'5-"*ff fi%ffifflfifl') ,4'ff3 (ffiffl1ffl*\ fi'fifi%*0+(+ 40ffR*1 )3(ffi +fi +ff ff) ,!1fiffi4)3(ffiffl1ffl* fi$"!'3 ( ffi ffiffl1ffl*$ffi)3)/ffi ffi +fi4 +fi + 'fflff + fi% fi2 -)' & &+4 ff) 400 C *ff fi%ffl ffi )3(ffi +fi +ff ff))+/ fi4'((-1%(+\ 1)"ff,+1( ffl*fifl') ,)ff*3(ffiffl1ffl*4'ff3 (ffl%ffi (1i fi'40ffR*13 ffl%(ffi (1 fi$"!'3 ( ffi ffl%ffi (1$ffi)3)/ffi ffi*14 (fifi%*0+(+*ff\ fiffl%ff),ffffi *ff".%& 'fflff + + )3(ffi +fi +ff ff) + +"ffi*ff(fi4)fiffl"%ffi)ffRffiff\ ,*"ffiff)o/+i !)3 ) ,*ffR %+fi2* )ff(fi +.)& )ffi ff*ff".%& 'fflff + + )3(ffi + )ff ff)*ffR '*fi2(ff!'ffi$ffi)3)/ffi \ ff*ff"$ffi)"ffi")3 )/ffi fi #+fi$"!'fiffi%(fffi + ,fi2 *ff)+*/ +(fl'*)* 1"ffl+**ffl \ 4ff* (" *ff)fi2* )ff(fi + 'fflff +*ffflfi')ffl))ffi fi,ffi)fflff ! ffl $&1 20.2\ fi"+*ff)fi*,"ffiff$ffi+ $&1 20.3\ fi"+*ff)fi*,"ffiff2ff $&1 20.4\ *ff)fi*,"4ff* ("*ff)ffifffi'5'ffi 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 152 7/30/2015 3:08:42 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
148 ffifffi'5'ffii )*)ff*fi*,"3/).ffi %& 'fflff + +3(ffiffl ffiff fi,$""ffl(ffi ff ff)fi%ffiffl (+fi*,"3/)ffi % 'fflff + +3(ffiffl ffiff fi,$""ffl(ffi 6%' \ -)' &ffifffi'5'ffi3/)*ffi 1fl-) %* ) 3+ ff" ,!1fiffi$"3 (ffifflffiffi 6"( ffl(4fl,ff 4 ff) 250 C 800 C \ 2.3. 4ff* ("*ff)ffifffi'5'ffi"ffi)ff!R 1fiffi3(ffiff!)*ff))"6%' "ffiffl(ffiffi !1fiffi4)1R flfflff$ffi)!)*ff)'56%' i )ff!R 1fiffi3(ffiff!)*ff)*!'R fiffi*,"4 0*# #%#(fffifli, !1fiffi4)1R fi + 'fflff +*ff%R +ffifffi$+ &+i6 3. fi0 -4 *) "% ( +0,'5" )& (ff *ff" 1 )i 1Rffiff* fi * (+ 2 1Ri fifl'+fi *ffR fi4 1 ) fi% ff(ffiff)ffR)ffl)o/+\ 1) fi'0R1Rffiff E1 ! 3 ( fflff ffi 6)" fi% 3 (ffiffl*ff60"3+'5"fi*ffl ffi )& (ff*ff" '5' '5"fi*ffiffl ,"&"ff*ff"*) ()p"( fi),ffi fflff i 6"(0R )1(ffi ffl*3+1Rffiff ! * 13 fflff (ffi 6)" fi% )(ffi%(1! * 13 (ffiffl*ff60" "+ $&1 20.1 * fi ffiff ,fi%) 2ff )ffl(+))fi4)fi)ffl!"7 * fi'3 (ffiffl*ff60"(+1 R )ff'*fi2(ff$ffi)i fifi%*0+(+!)6%' , !1fiffi$" ffi'5" a3 (ffiffl*ff60"b (+1 R ), %++ ff)*+R ,) '5-"*ff)ff*3(ffiffl*ff 60""ffi )+1/ R ,* fi fifi%*0+(+fifl') ,!)'5"",6"\ ))ffii )+1/ R ,* fi ffiff fi%) !)ffl(+))\ fi1+# +fi*"fi')"ffi)ff*fi3fifl'+fi *fffiR 41! ,ffi fi%* &) '5'fiffl(ffiff,* fi11o/+*flR & ')(ff*ff"fi4)fiffl"%ffi ,*)ffiff"ffi" ,, "- \ 2) fi'fi2(ff3 (ffiffl*ff60"3+'5"",6"!'ffi$ffi)3)/ffi "ffiffl( 1Rffiff E2 i 4ff* ("fflff fi*,",* fi ffifffi%) !)ffl(+))i fi1+# +fi*"fi')"ffi)ff*fi3fifl'+fi *fffiR 4 1,1,ffi *flff!" o/+i "+ $&1 20.2. $&1 20.1\ E1 A C $&1 20.2. E2 A C E1 $&1 20.3. E2 A C 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 153 7/30/2015 3:08:42 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
149 * fi'3 (ffiffl*ff60"ff'*fi2(ff!'ffi$ffi)i fifi%*0+(+!)3(ffiffl*ff60""ffi $1 %++ ff)fi ,3/)ffi fi% '5-"*fffi%ffifflfifl') ,4'ff3 (fflff ffi 6)"ff(!0*ffi ff)* 13( +flfflfffi$+)ff* +(ffiff E1 fi$"!'fiffi*,",* fi fifi%*0+(+fifl') ,4'ff3 (ffiffl ff6)"\ "+) )ffii )+/fi*,",* fi ffifffi%) !)ffl(+))\ 3) 4("fi(ff1Rffiff E1 *fi%ffiffl0Rffl(+))fl')!pfl "'+ $&1 20.3 * fi ffiff , fi%)2 ff )ffl(+))fi4)fi)ffl!"7 * fi'4("1Rffiff E1 *!)'5"",6"1 R ,+(ffiffi fiff+#fflff , fifi%*0+(+'5-"*ff)ff*3(ffiffl*ff60"(ffi)ff'*fi2(ff$ffi)*0R ffi 1)"fffifi%*0+(+fi'5(ff ))*ffi )R fi0(ffiff6$.ffi& 3 (ffiffl*ff60"fi (ff))ffi fi% 1R ffff"fifl') ,4'ff3 (fflff ffi 6)""ffi\ "+ ) )ffii )+1/ R ,* fi ffifffi%) !)ffl(+))\ 4) fi$' * ffffl(+))ffifffl'"+ $&1 20.2i fi00 R3 (ffiffl *ff60"3+'5"",6"! 3 ( ffiffl1ffl* fi% 3 (fflff ffi 6)"! *13 ffl%(ffi 13( +1Rffiff fi%ffifflfi2(ff3 (ffiffl*ff60""ffl(ffi 1Rffiff E2 "+ $&1 20.4 * fi ffiff ,fi%)2 ff )ffl(+))fi4) fi)ffl!"7 * !)*%R ), ,0R3 (ffiffl*ff60"3+'5"",6"! * 13 (ffiffl1ffl* fi% 0R 3 (fflff ffi 6)"! * 13 ffl%(ffi 13( +1Rffiffi +(ffiff!)'5"",6" ,#"fi03 ( ffiffl*ff60"'ff 3 (fflff ffi 6)"i fiff+#fflff fi,fi%*0+(+'5-"*)ff*3(ffiffl*ff60" fi0* 1R R ffff"fifl') ,4'ff 3 (fflff ffi 6)""ffii )+1/ R ,* fi ffifffi%) !)ffl(+))\ 5) *ff)fi$"!'fiffifi%*0+(+'5-"*)ff*3(ffiffl*ff60" )*)ff*!1flfflffi ff$ffi)fi%ffiffl (+(1fflff 3 (ffiffl*ff60" fi,$" "ffiffl(6%' 1ff+1 )" ff # ff"fi$"!'fiffifi%*0+(+'5-"*ff "ffi"ffiffl(*ff)fi('+fi +! \ *ff)* 0-)ffi !'fiffifi%*0+(+'5-" *)ff*3(ffiffl*ff60""ffl(ffi fi + fi),ffi fflff 'fi "+ $&1 20.5\ 0 ff"fi *ffi fi ffiff!) &)(ff*ff" fi )* fi *ff)fifl') ,3+1)"fffifi%*0+(+)ff*3(ffiffl*ff60"4'ff3 (fflff ffi 6)"\ fi%(fffi + 3 (ffifflC 3 (ffifflA A +- $1& 20.5\ $&1 20.4. E1 E2 A C 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 154 7/30/2015 3:08:42 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
150 4ffl *ff) /* ff**ffl *1* ff)ffl( )% 'fflff +2()%(1% "1 ffiff U .%& 'fflff +3fflff (ffi 6)" fi% 3 (ffiffl*ff60"!) '5" )& (ff*ff"*1flfflfffi3ffi * fi ffiff I ,fi%) 2ff ) &)(ff*ff"i *ff)ffl( )% 'fflff + U fi% I !) *%R ),3+'5" )& (ff*ff"fi )1 R "ffifi4)40ff* ("fi*) 6 a ff%R 1 ff()ffRffiff fi,$""ffl(ffi 6%' bi fi#) "( %+6"(0Rffl(+))ffifffl"'+ $&1 20.6 2() "% ( +"ffi "+) 0,ffi l fi%' "1ffiff.3 ( & fflff ffi 6)"0ffR*fflff% "1ffiff.& 3 (ffiffl*ff60" "ffi2()%(1% "1ffiff% 'fflff +3fflff (ffi 6)" fi% 3 (ffiffl*ff60")(ffi *fflff )& U 0 i !)ffl(+))1 R ,* fi ffiffi "+ $&1 20.7. l fi%' "1ffiff.3 ( & fflff ffi 6)" +*& fflff% "1ffiff.3 ( & ffiffl*ff60" "ffi2()%(1% "1 ffiff.%& 'fflff +3fflff (ffi 6)" fi% 3 (ffiffl*ff60"!'(* fflff )& U 0 ,* fi ffiff fi%) !)ffl(+))\ 2()%(1% "1ffiff!'(fi (ff!" flfflfffi3ffi * fi ffiff*!'( R fi (ff ))ffi fi% * (+*)3 ffiff\ l fi0fi '2()%(1% "1ffiff U fi ,3/)ffi $"flff!" o/+fi%ffiffli fiff+#) fi ,flff U 3/)ffi ,*fi0fl ff * fi ffiff I *)R 1 fiR ,3/)0ffi ffi "+ $&1 20.8\ fi#)fi),ffi flff * fi ffiff!)3 ) ),ffifflff &i )( %*"ffiffl( I)\ * fi ffiff)fffflfi*," 3/)ffi fi'3 (ffiffl*ff60",'- & &+ "- .fl& ff!" o/+i fiffl%ff))ffi fifi%*0+(+ ,'5-"*ff)ff*3(ffiffl*ff60"fi , (ff!"0 (ffl*)R fifl') ,4'ff3 (fflff ffi 6)""ffi +p"(fi (ff))0ffi ffl(\ ))ffii fiff+#fflff) fi ,flff 2()%(1% "1ffiff U 3/)ffi i )ffR)ffl)fifi%*0+(+!p* 1R fiR*," fi ,3/)ffi 0' ,*\ fi ' 10' fiR ,-)' &.3 ( & ffiffl*ff60"3/)ffi 4fi%'ffi(2 ' T T i flfflff ffff"4( fifi%*0+(+*ff3+3(ffiffl*ff60"*fiR ,3/)ffi ,* fi$"!'ffi ,* fi ffiff)fffflflff! pfi*," A V A C $1& 206\ I U T 0 T’ >T $&1 20.8. U I) $1& 20.7\ I) I) 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 155 7/30/2015 3:08:42 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
151 3/)ffi ,* )( %*"ffiffl( I)i "+ $&1 20.8\ !)0ffl)( +#ffffiff0ffi+*ff)* fi ffiff ,fl,ff +& fi#)!1ffiffl# ,)((*1#"6%' 1ff+1 )#"fi1 )0 (*1#"1fffi1+,, i (*1" # 0+0, i (*1#"*ff)1, i \\\ 'ffi- 3 (ffiffl*ff60"\ fi'ff'*fi2(ff$ffi)(*1""# +* ffffl) 4(fifi%* 0+(+*ff!))ffR)ffl)'5ff(*fflff *%R ),!16ffi%' 1R%# "- fi$"3 (ffiffl*ff60"\ ))ffii fi' U fi ,3/)*ffi )R "ffiI fl,ff +& \ 5ffl 5.1ffl ,+! fl -)%* ) *ff))ffRffiff!) #" ff+"*ffl3+'5" )& (ff*ff" a)ff* 3 (ffiffl*ff60"'ff3 (fflff ffi 6)"b fi#)"ffi2 %#"'5"fifi%*0+(+ +3(ffiffl '5'fi),ffi fflff '5"", 6"3/)ffi fi'fi$"offiff ,4*)* fi ffiff '51fi4)ffiff* fi * (+\ '5"",6"fi$""ffl(' ffi 5"fi*ffl ' ffi 5''5" 6%' i 6"(""ff & *ff"ff(!)'5"fi*ffl ffi * !'pffi "(i flfflff")ff(!)'5"fi*ffiffl* , +4 ff) 6 7 10 10 mmHg \ 3 (ffiffl*ff60"fi$""ffl(ffi 6%' $&1 R* (i ff+!)3(ffiffl*ff60"fi, ffi)%ffl" 6%' !1ffi ff%R 1fi2(ff$ffi)*ff60"\ 3 (fflff ffi 6)" 6"(4(** 0fi#$""ffl(ffi 6%' $&1 R* (6"(0#"0+ffi!'fiffi ffi)fi*)3+3ffl(ffi ff6)".!&)%ffl+ "*ffl*)* 1fi ffi)fi*)3+$&1 R fi,$"3 (ffiffl*ff60"\ !)fi2)fflff"ffl(+))ffiff fi#)*ffR ) (" )( %*3 +",6"fl'"+ $&1 20.9\ 5.2ffl *ff)fl)(ffiflfflffiff3+)*ffl# (ff ff"(1fflff ffffiff3 (fflff ffi 6)"3+'5"",6"fi4)$&fi'fifi%* 0+(+fifl') ,)ff*3(ffiffl*ff60"4'ff3 (fflff ffi 6)") fi,fi%*0+(+)ffR)ffl)o/+%"2ff )$&"+* ffffl fi% 4 *1fi4)fi%(ff* fi fifi%*0+(+\ (ffi)fifi%*0+(+fi4) )-ff*ff ' ffiff1))\- ))ffi i fi%(fffifi%*0+(+)+/ff*4' *)fi4+ #" ff+ fi'fifl') ,42ff ) +(ffiff '5' +(fi fi'5*\ $&1 20.9\ H C A B )"- fifl#+*ff+ N S $&1 20.10\ 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 156 7/30/2015 3:08:43 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
152 fiffl(ffiff*., ff +o/+i ffff"!1 ffi+(ffiff '5' +(fi fi'5*fi'1)1ff #" ff+*ff)fifl') , 3+fi%(fffifi%*0+(+!'ffi40ff%ffl+ fi% #" ,0ffi+*ff)\ 6"()ff!R 1ffifl-)%* ) 3+fi%(fffifi%*0+(+i "+* ffffl ff3ffiff+fi #+i fi#)"ffi2 %#"'5"ff1fi4)fifl'+$1 )(ff)$&1ff1\ '5"ff1fi4)'5" )& (ff*ff"i off'ffi 5" ff1"ffiff)!)a)ff R 1b ff'*fifl'1"ffiffl( ff" , ffff"fi4 +fi +"ffifi1 )0 1&)ffl ( +* , (ZnS)\ .1& )*ffl,3+'5"ff1fi', 5+* )ff(fifi%*0+(+i ff((fi2(ff3 (ffiffl*ff60"i 3 (ffiffl*ff60"i 3 (fflff ffi 6)" fi% ff* ffl )flffl1fl - #" ff+3+fi%(fffifi%*0+(+fi' fifl') ,4* 1*( 1)ff R 1 "+ $&1 20.11 fi'0#"0+ffi!'ffifl&3 ( ffifflffiff + +, 2()%(1% "1ffiff fi,pff (i fi%(fffifi%* 0+(+) fifl') ,40ff! R o ff'ffi 5"ff10ff )"- ,0ffi+*ff) fi% !)3 ) "*ffl*) ff" * )ff(fi + fi,fl'1! o ff'ffi 5"ff1*fiR4 + fi +* fi% 4 *1fi4)$&1ff1*ff\ 1. p"ffifffi*,"3/)ffi "ffifi)ffl!"7 2. (ffi)'(+fi (ff4ffi+*)ffiff2ff) +/ ffff"*ff)R "1R!'fiffi*,"ffiff2ff 7 3. ffifffi'5'ffifi*,"3/)ffi "ffifi)ffl!"7 4. p"ffiff fi% ffifffi'5'ffifl'*) fi% 0ff +*)fi)ffl!"fi"7 5. ffiff1", '5'ffiff%"ffl (+)))"fi3(ffiff!)4ff* ("*ff)p"ffiff '5' 4ff* ("*ff) ffifffi'5'ffi7 6. ff"fi 3ffi +* fi ffiff!) &)(ff*ff"fi )'(+7 7. )+( ( *1* fi ffiff!) &)(ff*ff" fi% * fi ffiff!)*ff \ 8. )+( #1ff(*ff)4 *1 ffiff+ fi% '5** ff)fi$"ffl**3+'5"",6"\ 9. )+( #1ff(*ff)4 *1 ffiff+ fi% '5** ff)fi$"ffl**3+'5"ff1\ 10. )+( #1ff(flfflfffl'*)i flfflfffi0*0ff +*)% 'fflff +'5"",6" fi% '5"ff1\ fi ffi)(fi2(ff3 (ffiffl*ff 60" 3 (ffiffl*ff60" 3 (fflff ffi 6)" fl&3 ( ffiffl41fi%(fffi fi%* 0++0( ff ffi fl&3 ( ffiffl41fi%(fffi fi%*0+(+ )ff R 1 $&1 20.11\ 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 157 7/30/2015 3:08:43 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
153 flffi#21 fl$ffi,fflffl*ff%ffl#ffffi& +fifflff,,fflffl*ff 1 #ffffi& +fifflff,,fflffl*ff ff"fifl#+)ff%ffifffi4) ff" ,flfflff , 0ffiff)ffiff'5ff(*fflffflfflff 0ffiff)ffiff3+ 6%' fi04 (ffi *fflff 6%' \ flfflfffi0*0ff + , fffl% )% 'fflff + ff"fifl#+)ff%ffiff fi% 6%' fi )*ff)4*)fi4+flfflff0ffiff)ffiff)ff%fiff ρ 0ff-)' & 5ff(flfflff fflff fi' -)' &fi ,3/)ffi flfflff0ffiff)ffiff)ff%fiff 3+6%' fi# 3/)ffi ffl )flfflff0ffiff) ffiff)ff%fiff 3+ ff"fifl#+)ff%ffiff%"%- (+"+ fi"+!)$&1 21.1\ )) .ffi & -)' & 0 %ff ff"fifl#+)ff%ffifffl,-)%* ) 1%) %ffffiff fi0fi '.& -)' & &+") %ffffiff"ffi "fl,'*)* 16 %' \ ff"fifl#+)ff%ffiff ,1%%# "- "ffifi*ffl *1%# ,*) (Si), fi),ff)* (Ge)i fffi1)*# (As), fi %&+*(Te) 1%,,)* (Se). )*)ff*),ffi(+ ,ff"fifl#+)ff%ffifffi114 fi1 ( ) (*1#"3+6%' 0ff +2i fi1fi%))ffl(i 1&)ffl( fi% fi0%&+ffl(3+6%' 1ff+1 )#"\ 2 fl$ffi,fflffl*ff!#ffffifl,"fiffi#ffi& +fifflff,,fflfflff* 1%# ,*) (Si) fi4) ff" ,) %ff!1ffi'5ff(fi3(ffiff!)*ff) 2 %#"ffl"fffi-fl#+)ff%ffiff\ 1%# ,*)fi4) ff")& ,fl,ff fiflfi , (ff 4i 5ff(flfflfffflff .ffl& +6( fl)) 1 ))ffi * "- 3+1%# ,*)fi,fi%*0+(+ 4 0 (ffl\ 6fl+ ffiff+4ff + ), 3+1%# ,*)fl'"+ fi"+!)$&1 21.2\ !)4ff + ),3+1%# ,*) fi0% ff60 ff% ) $ffl *1 4 ff60ffi3ffiff+ ,.!&*fl*ffi +*1 ) , ""- ffl(ffi ffl# ,$ffl fl&fifi%*0+(+ fi% $ffl flff fifl,) %ff*) fi),ffi fflff 0 &$+ !&"%ff "+) )ffii fi0% ff 60)+/,4 fifi%*0+(+ ff% ) '5'fi,fi%*0++.( & 1 ))ffi * "- 8 0 (ffl\ !)$&1 21.2i fi0% fl& )1' 0%% 'fflff + +ff60fi ) fi"+fiff+#4/+fl&fi fi%*0+(+ ff% )\ ρ T o $1& 21.1\ Si Si Si Si Si Si Si $&1 21.2 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 158 7/30/2015 3:08:43 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
154 l fi'.& -)' &0 %ff fl ff fifl ,ff% )$ffl 3+1%# ,*) ,1%%# ")- flfflff , 5)ffifl(+ fiff fflff 1)"fffifi%*0+(+ +5"(ff*.' /") +fflffi.ff +fi4)ffi 4ff*14ff + ),i ))ffi)+/ 1% fi,fi%*0+(+fi %,1+/fi4) fffi'" fi,$"!'1ffi %# ,*)1%) %ffffiff\ l fi' -)' & &+3)/ffi i 1)"ffff601%# ,*) ) *fflfi$+3)/ffi i ) ()fi$"!'*ffi ff) ff% )!)4ff + ),)ff%)ffl)4/+ff'*ffiff+i fi$"!'ffi fi,fi%*0+(+)ff%)ffl)4/+'5-"*ff )ff*ff60fi%ffiffl*ff(fi4)fifi%*0+(+fi %,\ fi' -)' &(#+ &+i )ff%)ffl)fl&fifi%* 0+(+ ff% ) ff, '*ffiff+*(# % +'5ff( fi% )ff%)ffl)fifi%*0+(+fi %,*%(#+fi ,'5ff(3/)ffi fi%'ffi(2 ,*"ffiff)4/+i fi'fifi%*0+(+'5-"*)ff*fl&fifi%*0+(+ ff% )!"4/+i .1& )))ffi) fi*,"fi4)3- i fi),ffi fflff 0 fl aelectron-holeb '5'fiffl(ffiff*., ff +4/+fl'.1& )))ffi ff ' ffiff1))-1ffl* ,fl,ff ff%1)& fi (ff*1flff ffiff1))-3+fifi%*0+(+ fi% !) ) , )!"*%) fi,fi%*0+(+)ff*fl&fifi%*0+(+ ff% )')fi3(ffifffffi ) ,ffi +4 3-fflffi fi% fi4)fi11),ffi4fi%'ffi(2i fi*,"*ff)fifl')(ffiff(3+3fi - fi%*0+(+ a'5'*ff)fifl') (ffiff(3+ffiff1))-1ffl*b 1+/ ,#"* (+ *)3 ffiff*1 #"*ff)fifl')(ffiff(3+fifi%*0+(+ l fi'4ff + ),3+ ff"fifl#+)ff%ffiff1% ,+(ffiff* (1! i 1)"fffifi%*0+(+ fi% 3-fifi%*0+(+ fifl') ,.ff + ()% ffl()fi111 % ,#" ff+)+1/ % ,* fi ffiff\ fi', +(ffiff* (1! i 1)"ff3-fifi%*0+(+) fifl') ,0ff #"3+ +(ffiff fi% 1) "fffifi%*0+(+) fifl') ,0ff #"* (+*)3 ffiff*1 #"3+ +(ffiffi!) ff"fifl#+)ff%ffiff )+/fi*,",* fi ffiff3/)ffi ff\ "+) )ffii * fi ffiff!) ff"fifl#+)ff%ffiff1%%# "- fi )* fi *ff)fifl')(ffiff( , , %ffl+ fi% ,#")fi)) )3+1)"ff3-fifi%*0+(+ fi% 1)"fffifi%*0+(+ff(!0ffi *ff)* 13( + +(ffiff\ 3 , fl , fi)'+)ff* ff"fifl#+)ff%ffiff1%%# "- %, "1* ff))ff%ffiff0 %ff i fi'fi$"!'ffi% "1 ) %ffffiff"ffi",3/)ffi fi#))+/"ffifi(ff ff"fifl#+)ff%ffiff1%%# "- 4 (*1 ff"!"4/+fi%ffiffl*ff( fi4) ff"fifl#+)ff%ffifffi114 (\ % "1) ff%ffiff3+ ff"fifl#+)ff%ffifffi114 ( 3/)*ffi 1% "1) ff%ffiff3+ ff"fifl#+)ff%ffiff1%%# "- fi% % "1) ff%ffiff3+ ff" , 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 159 7/30/2015 3:08:43 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
155 fi(ffff4 (\ ff"fifl#+)ff%ffifffi114 (fi1+ *fi4) 2 4 fi"fl'0 4 fi" n anegative0 %(1 '5'n-typeb fi% p apositive0 1ffl* '5'p-typeb\ l ff"fifl#+)ff%ffiff4 fi" n fi*,")ff**ff)4 (*)% 'fflff +fffi1)*# (As) ,),ff%)ffl)fifi%*0++.( 1 & ))ffi * "- 5 0 (ffl *11%# ,*) Si ,fi,fi%*0++.( 1 & ))ffi * "- 4 0 (ffl 0ff"0ff ffl ) fi,5ff (\ fi$"!'ffi4 fifi%*0+(+ ,.1 & ))ffi *3+ As 4 ff% )$ffl flff fifl,*1 4 fifi%*0++.( 1 & ))ffi *3+ Sii ffl )fifi%*0+(+4/+0ffl( , fi'5'3+ ,*ff) ff% ) ) , "- *1ff603+ )i )++/ ff( 0%*ff)'5-"*)ff* ff60fi%ffiffl*ff(fi4)fifi%*0+(+fi %,i *ff))ff%ffiff0 ()0ffi %)+/fi )fifi%*0+(+\ "+) )ffi )+/fi),ffi ff"fifl#+)ff%ffiff4 fi"),ffifflff 0 , %fl% , n\ l ff"fifl#+)ff%ffiff4 fi" p fi*,")ff**ff)4 (*)% 'fflff + ff"61+) (B) ,fi,fi%*0++.( 1 & ))ffi * "- 3 0 (ffl *1fi),ff)* (Ge) ,fi,fi%*0++.( 1 & ))ffi * "- 4 0 (ffl0ff"0ff ffl ) fi,5ff (\ *ff) ff% )$ffl fifl%, 'fflff +ff603+ B fi% Gei B 3ff"fifi%*0++4( *1!)*ff) ffiff+ ff( ff% )$ffl *1 4 ff60 Ge ,.!&**ffi 1 )\ ff( ff% ) ,3ff" 1 fifi%*0++3( + B "ffi(ff"fi(ff 1 fifi%*0+(+)ff*ff60 3+ Ge )ff* ff( ff% ))' ,!**ffi 1 ) , "- fi$"!'fiffi*," 3-3/)ffi !) ff( ff% )fi4)%ff% "14\ ))ffii )+/fi$"!'ffi)ff% )ffl)3- !)4ff + ),3+ Ge fi ,3/)ffi '5ff( , "- \ "+) )ffii % "1) ff%ffiff3+ ff" Si Si Si As Si Si $&121.3\ 6fl+ ffiff+4ff + ),3+ ff"fifl#+)ff%ffiff4 fi" n Ge Ge Ge Ge Ge B Ge Ge Ge $&1 21.4\ 6fl+ ffiff+4ff + ),3+ ff"fifl#+)ff%ffiff4 fi" p 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 160 7/30/2015 3:08:43 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
156 fifl#+)ff%ffiff4 fi"),ffi)+/ &+*fflff% "1) ff%ffiff3+ ff"1%%# "- fifl#+)ff%ffiff'5ff( fi (ff\ ff"4 fi ( fl#+)ff%ffiff4 fi" p fiff+#fflff ),ff%)ffl)3fi - ,3/)ffi fi0) ff%)ffl)fi fi%*0+(+fi %,1% "ffifi ,3/)ffi \ "ffiffl(fi'"))ffi flfflff4fffi4)3ffi +3- )+/ &+*fflffflfflff 4ff fi4)3ffi +fifi%*0+(+fi %,'5ff(fi (ff\ "+) )ffii fi#))+/fi),ffi ff"fifl#+)ff%ffiff4 fi"),ffi fflff 0 , fl% fl% , p\ ff"fifl#+)ff%ffiff 4 fi" p, fi"1)) - ffiff0 ()0ffi %fi )3- i ffl )fifi%*0+(+fi )fi"1)) - ffiff ff$ % + 4 , ffi P-n 4.1 ffi ffl , p n !) ff+4 01# "i fi'fi$"!'ffi% "1* ff))ff%ffiff"(# ,+3)/ffi fi#))+/fi(ff ff"fifl#+)ff% ffiff4 fi" n fi% p 0%! * )\ fi'fi(ff ff"fifl#+)ff%ffiff4 fi" p fi% n ff0%! * )i .1& )0%*)% 'fflff +ffl* )fi*,"1 ,)ffi4/+3)/ffi fi),ffi fflff 0 1 )0ffi "fi# 4 i "+ fi"+!)$&1 21.5 *\ .!&)1 )0ffi #"fi4 fi*,",* fi *ff)fifl')(ffiff(3+ffiff1))- 2ff )1 )0ffi "fi# 4 \ * fi *ff)fifl')(ffiff(3+ffiff1))-2ff )1 )0ffi #"fi4 0 ()0ffi %fi )* fi fifi%*0+(+fi %,)ff* ff"fifl#+)ff%ffiff n 'ff p fi% 3-)ff* p 'ff n "- ff(ffi . & +4ffiff3+1 )0ffi "fi# 4 1)) - ffiff0ff +1 )#"*) 4ffiff0"fi# 4 fi1'ffi+ n 0#"ffiff 1))-1ffl* fi% 4ffiff0"fi# 4 fi1'ffi+ p 0#"ffiff1))%- (1 fi% fi*," ,+(ffifffi),ffi fflff 0 ,i "+ fi"+!)$&1 21.5 3\ 4.2 , ffi pn fi'0% + )(ffi ,(+fi'5'3+ + )fifl#+)ff%ffiff! +3(ffiffl3+1%ffiff , , 2()%(1% "1ffiff*+% ,) *%!'fiffi*," +(ffiff ,fl,ff! '(* fflff +(ffiff3+1 )0ffi #" fi4 i 6"(0%3 (ffiffl1ffl*3+1%ffiff! * 1 )3(ffi + ff"fifl#+)ff%ffiff4 fi" p fi% 3 (ffl%ffi 13( +1%ffiff0%! * 1 )(ffi ff"fifl#+)ff%ffiff4 fi" n "+ fi"+!)$&1 21.6 3 n p + + - - E $&1 21.5\ 1 )0ffi "fi# 4 ff"fifl#+)ff%ffiff4 fi" n-p n p * 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 161 7/30/2015 3:08:43 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
157 3 ) ),.ffi 1 & )0ffi #"fi4 fi*," ,+(ffiff E ,#")ff* p 'ff n 5ff(flfflfffflff ,#"* (+*) 3ffiff*1 #"3+ +(ffiff1 )0ffi #"fi4 n-p. "+) )ffii +(ffiff E )+/4'*%ffiff+*1 +( ffiff3+1 )0ffi #"fi4 \ * fi ffiff fi,*,"3/)ffi !)*%% ),),fiffi),ffi fflff 0 , fi% 2()%(1% "1ffifffi),ffi fflff 0 ff fi fi, i $&1 21.6*\ ffffiff0%3 (ffiffl1ffl*3+1%ffiff! )3(ffi + ff"fifl#+)ff%ffiff4 fi" n fi% 0%3 (ffl%ffi (1 3+1%ffiff! )3(ffi + ff"fifl#+)ff%ffiff4 fi" p "+ fi"+!)$&121.63 !)* % ),),ffi 1)"fffifi%*0+(+fi %, ,.!&) ff"fifl#+)ff%ffiff n ff'*"&"4'ff3 (ffiffl1ffl*3+1%ffiff fi% 1)"ff3- ,.!&) ff"fifl#+)ff%ffiff p ff'*"&"4'ff3 (ffl%ffi 13( +1%ffiff\ "- ff(ffi 1)"fffifi%*0+(+fi %,fi% 3-1% ffff"fi%)2 ff )1 )0ffi #"fi4 n-p i5ff(flfflfffflff 1% , * fi ffifffi%) !)ffl(+))\ ff%% 11 )0ffi #"fi4 fi11 p-n *%fl,-)%* ) *ff))ff% ffiff40ff #" ff+"*ffl*)fl)ff' * p'ff n. 5 fl , , 5. 1. ! (Diode) ",6"fi4)fifl'+ff'5fifi%*60+)*# ,2 %#")ff* ff"fifl#+)ff%ffiff1 )#"4/+i ",6"fl,-)%* ) !'*ffi fi ffifffi%)2 ff )4"ffifi0 #" ff+"*fflfi (ff))ffi\ "+) )ffii ",6")+/ff*)' ff!% 1ffi"!,)ffl(+))""* fi ffiff '51!'*ffi ff(fi4)ffiff* fi * (+i ffl(+ ))fi(*fl'ffi)i \\\\ $&1%* ) 3+",6"fl'"+ fi"+!)$&1 21.7 fi% $&1 21.8 fi"+fi2)fflff"ffl(+))""* fi ffiff '51fi4)* fi ffiff* (+\ n P $&1 21.6\ fi"+*ff))ff%ffiff.&1 )0ffi #" * n P E 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 162 7/30/2015 3:08:43 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
158 5.2. ! "Transistor# fl%! +ff) # fi0,fi4)fifl'+ff'5fifi%*60+)*#1 )#"4/+ fi,$""ffl(ffi ff"fifl#+)ff% ffiff4 fi" p fi% 4 fi" n 6"(fi(ffff4 *1fi3(ffiff*)0 ff 2 fi11fl' +ff) # fi0,fi11 n-p-n fi% +ff) # fi0,fi11 p-n-p "+ fi"+!)$&1 21.9\ +ff) # fi0,4 *1"ffiffl( 3 3ff 3ff ,0%! * 1 ffl )*ff+fi),ffi fflff 3ff'ffi) aBasebi )( %*"ffiffl(* ) B\ 3ff ,0%! fi1'ffi+4/+fi),ffi fflff 3ff4( '5'3ff!'ffiaEmitterbi )( %*"ffiffl(* ) E\ ffl )3ff ,0%! fi1'ffi+ ,(+fi'5'fi),ffi fflff 3fffi*1 '5'3ff$1 aCollectorbi )( %*"ffiffl(* ) C\ ffl# ,0% +ff) # fi0,fi3(ffiff!)ffl(+))ffifffl'0ffi+0%3ff E fi% 3ff B ! * 11 %ffiff E1 !"4/+ fi% 0%3ff C fi% B ! * 11 %ffiff E2 6"(fi%'*!'2()ffi %(1% "1ffiff E B C n p n E B C p n p E C B E C B $&1 21.9\ * 3 fl *b )( %* +ff) # fi0,fi11 n-p-n. 3b )( %* +ff) # fi0,fi11 p-n-p flb +ff) # fi0, ,!10 ( ffi ffl)+# • • 3 (ffiffl*ff60" 3 (fflff ffi 6)" n p $&1 21.7\ ",6" ∼ *% ff( ffi 0 ()ffi *% ff( ffi ff% A B X Y $&1 21.8\ fi2)fflff"ffl(+))""* fi ffiff 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 163 7/30/2015 3:08:43 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
159 3+1%ffiff E2 !'(* fflff 2()%(1% "1ffiff3+1%ffiff E1 4 ff) 5-10 fi (ff fi% ) 0ffi+0%fi)ffl!"!'*ffi fi ffiff2ff )1 )0ffi #"fi4 E-B fi4)* fi % + ffl )* fi 2ff ) 1 )0ffi #"fi4 C-B fi4)* fi 4,ffi)"+ fi"+!)$&1 21.10* fi% 21.103\ * fi ffifffi%)2 ff ) +ff) # fi0,)4/+fl#"%0 ff &"0 E C B I I = + I fi0fi)'+ )ff*fflff C B I I ))ffi ff"ff'"ffifflff C B I ≈ I fi'fi$"!'2()ffi %(1% "1ffiff (UEB) .4& ffiff0"fi# 4 E-B 4*)fi4+i * fi ffiff IE ) 4*)fi4+ fi% '5+)ff*))*ffi )% fi$"!'ffiIC 4*)fi4+4)ff%\ ffffifffifl'+0ffiff) ffiff RC fl,ff!'( i 2()%(1% "1ffiff. & + )(ffififl'+0ffiff) RC *%) !'(\ ffffiff UCB !'(* fflff UEB fi (ff!"fi ' fi ) +ff) # fi0,*%) 3 '(ff(3/)ffi "ffifi (ff))ffifi '\ .!&)fi0*)*# , ) 5i +ff) # fi0,"ffiff*)' ff!% 1ffi!)ffl(+))0ff +2fi1 )0 ffl(+ ))3 '(ff(i ffl(+)) ) *ffli ffl(+))1)1ff"0 6) " ic7 UEB UBC EI e BI CI e ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° 3- aholeb P - emitter n-base P - collecter UEB UBC EI BI CI • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Electrons n-emitter p-base n-collecter $&1 21.10\ * RC RB ° ° ° UCB UEB B E C IB IC fi3(ffiff * ° 3 C B RE Rc ° ° UEB UCB ° E IB Ic fi3(ffffi * ° 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 164 7/30/2015 3:08:43 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
160 $fl 1\ ff"fifl#+)ff%ffifffi ) ff"flfi')ffl!"7 2\ )+)( ff!% 16ffifl+ ffiff+ff603+ Si fi' #1ff(%* ) *ff))ff%ffiff3+ ff" 1%%# "- fifl#+)ff%ffiff\ 3\ ff"fi 3ffi +* fi ffiff!) ff"fifl#+)ff%ffifffi )'(+7 fi+')3 ,ff!'fiffi*,", * fi ffiff!) ff"fifl#+)ff%ffifffi )'(+7 4\ ff"fifl#+)ff%ffiff n-p fi )fi)ffl!"7 5\ )+( #1ff(*ff)fi*,"1 ,)0ffi #"fi4 n-p fi% fl-)%* ) ) %ffffiff40ff #" "*ffl3+ )\ 6\ )+1( *flfflff5ff( fi% *ff))ff!% 13ffi +",6" fi% +ff) # fi0,\ 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 165 7/30/2015 3:08:43 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
161 ff V: *!% ( 22. *(&fi - & %fi ffi "! & fi 1. ff %fi $" & 1.1. &) # fl fi # $" & "2 * & &*$ &" 0 flffl 5. $" & & * ' $ 1 & *) 2 *ff(: $ - 1 & *) ! $ ) 1 & *) & fl % . * % ' $ 1& * ) &: ffl *" , *$1-fi,... &* ' $ 1 & *) & fl % * &: fi # , (#,... "0 flffi fifi & "ffl " *fi*fi " & $1 & *) $1- &) . "0 2 fl ' ) "+ ) & * &: *fi, " - &* *$2 (- &) $ & 1 & *) $" *ff " & * & fi, ", - $" ' "ffl *" & !" fi 2 ffl * & . "0 flffl 5* & &: (, , ! , ffl # ! fi &5 - &) & &) * *$"0 flffl!fi & # *ff " ) ' & &) 2 "& 0 fl! " fi 2 ffl * & . 1.2. ! 4 ! *! 1) ! 4 & ffififi ' & &) +& ' fifi #fl fififi &) , ffl & !*(&* &-& %fifi ' &) #ffl *(&fi - & &%fi *fi - " ! & 4 +& . ! ! 4 fi": *( &* & -fi !"*( &fi - & %fi , !/ fi2* &- fi *(&fi - & %fi . 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 166 7/30/2015 3:08:43 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
162 2) *! 2 *ffl # ) " *! & * fl!& 4 $1 fi fi*% * &: # *&fi* - fi2 - & , ffl *" - ffi ffl & /& fi3*% 2*fi,.. - *! '* 3 *ff(: *! - %+ , *! ! *! fl $" . 1.3. %+ %fi&) 1) &) * fi # $1- "& 3/# & (", * * *$ " & % + fi5. &) %+ fi( " - *fi " & &) *. 2) &) 2$ & "ffl *" , "#' fi#,... &) ffl 5 & & %+ 2$ *& &fi - 2 "& 0 fl %fi $ 1 *&- fi*fi" & &) 2$& . 2. * *( &fi - & %fi $" & 2.1. *(&fi - & &%fi - *( &fi - & %fi " !fi* &2 fi # ffi & /fi3 & / 2ffi*' & 2 ffi & !$" ffl ! & fi # & : 2 *' &*' /fi 2 ffi(& : ffi - & 1 !$" ffl ! fi # ! & " ffi *' & ' *$ 2 fi # . *"! 2 fi # , /fi%fiffi *' & 1 ! ffl 3 & / & -. ' *fi ffi*' & 2 " #"!$" ffl ! & ffi*' & 1, !" ffi *' & 2 ' *$2 fi # . " 2 & fi # , /fi3 ffi& / *' & 1, 2 ! / 22.2 / 22.3 / 22.4 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 167 7/30/2015 3:08:43 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
163 ffl 3* & / &" - . ' !fi( - & "*ff & & '& $ fl 1" : 3 & 2"! & / fi2 , !"! ! *4 $" *( & &fi - & &. - 2.2. *(&fi - & %fi ffi " & 0flffl 5 & 2$ *( &fi - & ffi " & 0 flffl 5 *$ & " & "0 fl' "+ ) & ffi # & , ' ) "+& ffi # & + fi ! fi ' "+ ) & &) ffi # & *! . 2 *ffl *ff & ) " 0 flffl 5ffl ffi & %fi & & : - "0 fl& ffi # & *fi " "& 0fl2 . "0 2 fi fl : "2 , 1 ffl 2 , 2 , fi ,... ) - "0 fl& ffi # & ' "+ ) & *fi" " & 0fl " . "0 fl" fi : " ", " , *' # ,... - "0 fl& ffi & &) # *fi " " & 0fl . "0 fl fi : # , *$ 1 , ffi*' & + ,... 2.3. * * * *&fi- "0 fl ffl *( &fi - & %fi 3& / $ 1%fi" 0 fl * * %fi" 0 fl* &*$ # &"# * &: * ffl # , * ( , * $ 1 ,... * fl %fi"0 2 fl ) / ( & -" 0 fl. 2 !) * %fi" 0 fl+& fi2 ! ( : * - ! * - ". * - & ) !*"& &) $" & 2 & , * " & ) !*"& $" & "2 & "+ & & 2 & . "0 fl fi " " ' &) ffl & * * ffl & & : 1) * * ' &) *+ & fi " "& 0fl *&fi' - &) %+ fi5 (*+ & ) ! $" ' " & fifi # fl . & , * &fi- "0 fl ffl *(&fi - & %fi , & 2 "& 0 fl0 - #" * 2$* * 3- $ & / 1" 0 *fl '". / / 22.5 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 168 7/30/2015 3:08:43 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
164 0 2 ffi " ffl %fi '"'# / * %fi" - 0 fl & / 22.5. 2) * * ' &) 2$ "& "& 0fl ! ) &) %+ 2$ "& "& 0 fl , * %fi" 0 fl * 2 ff " & (: ff - " & (* - ) ! ff - " & & fl & "5. ff " & & " & ff & "* & " & / 22.6. 3) * * ' &) & %+ * & " 0fl ! ) &) %+ * & " 0 fl , * - &* % * & %+ %fi "0 . fl "* & "%$ " fifi " & ! ) &) 2$ "& "& 0 fl / 22.7. 4) ' ( ! fl! ( . ' ( ( * fi) - ' ( * % !$" * & fi% - 14 ( $ &) 2 ( . &) * % * &fi+- "! ('fi 3 & & / 2!$" ffl *" & ! " *fi, 4 (" " - ffl *" & , +"! ! "* & fi3 - 2* & / &" - * 2$ ffl *" &) fi2 & "* & fi. - ! ) "* fi3 - 2*%* & / %fi+ - "! & 4# *fi " : & * fi*ffl - ", (3 2* & / %'*$ - . / 22.6 / 22.7 À¤¾ö´¸ö Î¸È ¨Âì¡ ©¸¤¥ñ À¤¾ö´©õ ª¾À¸ñ / 22.8 ' ( 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 169 7/30/2015 3:08:43 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
165 %. fl! ( ( ffl *" ) fl! ( , * ' "* fi('fi 3 - !$" & / ffl *" & !+"! , 4 (" " & ffl *" & , " *fi ! + - "! 3 & 2* & / &" - . * 2$"* fi - ffl *" ff 2$* * ! * - "* + + "! . ( & & 3/*%* & * - + + "! ' & &) *$ "2 & "+ & & %fiffl *" *! ; "( & & &) 3/2*%* & - ! * "%fi"* fi'*$ - ffl *" * . 2 ) ' fl " ( #! *"! * & ' ( ! fl! ( 3& / fi2 & fi+ & & %fi+ + "! # & *'. 2.4. (" #"%fi 2"!fiffl 5 & fi2 *( & &fi - & &%fi $" - & " # * !fi $1 3 *ff & &- fi (" #"2"! fiffl 5. & & " "{ & * #* !fi *ff &- fi (" #"%fi 2 #! 9 km, ff" & (" #" *0 / 8 2,99792 10 m/s . ffl2 ( & #! (" & #"%fi 2fi *ff& ) *fi 8 3 10 m/s ! " c. 2%+" " 2 $ "+ "" & #! !$" & " "ffl 5* & . +& #! & & $" *( & &fi - &##2 *"! 1 (365 ). - #! (1 ) = (" #"%fi 2fi x *"! 2 1 . 8 11 8 3 10 (365 24 60 60) 94608 10 m 94608 10 km S ct 3. 2 ) * *( &fi - & %fi $" & 1) 2 *% 2 fi & fi *ff&- fi #!$ ffl & 5 & 3 *& / + , fi , + *!, !" ) %fi" / 0 ,… fl ª¾À¸ñ / 22.9 fl!( 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 170 7/30/2015 3:08:44 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
166 2) ! & fi2 ) $" *ff & &- fi ) (" ! (" & &$-1% & %fi" 0 ,… fl 3) 2 2 * 3/ 2 & / ! # - ff fi0 & 2 / 'fl &'# fi 2ffl &) #. ( 0 ! ) *{ $ 1. '& ffl "3 & &) ! ) &) & fl % ! 5 fi. 2. 'fi (" ffl ffl & !$" & ! & 4 ! *! . 3. &) 2$ffl& ' & &) *"2? 4. * *$"0 flffl 5* & &: , ) , ffl, ffl& , 4 *ff& / &- fi,....#"2? 5. fflfi* & * *$ " " & 0 flffl 5 & * " fflfi* & ! fflfi , & 'fi "2? 6. * *( &fi - & &%fi $" - & * fi2"2? 3 - "/ *( & &fi - & &- '" !fi"2? 7. * ! * - "* % # "2? 8. *&fi* - * "' " * fl & 1/2 fi . "/ #!$ & ' + & + "! & $ "' 8 38 10 km . 0 " "' & ' * ffi 2' * & & 2? 2$/ tg(1/ 2) 0,0087 . 9. &) *) S # & 2 "& 0 fl AB &* /' ! 4 5 cm #!$ ffl & & &) S $ "0 fl AB & 1 m !$ ' " & 0 fl AB #! 2 m *ff& *fi ') E 2 & . 0 " * & ffi 2' %fi* & A’B’ 3'& / ) E * & 2? 10. (ffi +/ & 3- 3$& / ' * & fl 20 m *&* fl " fl 50 fi ffl ffl& fi * , ffl fl %fi! "3/$& ' + & 1,6 m. ' fi $ !" & %fi* / . fl 50 / 22.10 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 171 7/30/2015 3:08:44 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
167 23 fi ! $ %fi 1. fi ! $ %fi 1.1 fi 1) fi 3/ +& " 0fl *&fi* - fi*! - $1- ! 4 ' fi 2 +& $) 1-+ " 0 2 fi fl &5 - & *$ " *! & $1- ! 4 "+ & & ffi *% & #2 $) 1- "0 2 fl & ". & fi "+ & & *% 2fi (. *ff - & *fi*! $1- ! 4 " & & fi /& (- " * & ! fi $ 1- ! 4 fi. 2) * fi *&fi 2 - +& " 0 fl fi 2 & / 23.1 ! / 23.2, 2$ ˆi & fi, fl ˆi & fl fi; I 'fl fi, IN * ffl ; SI !& 4 fi ! IS’ !& 4 fi ffi &# ( : - ! 4 fi, ! 4 fi ! * %fi+ fi 3'fl & / fifi2+ ff" . flfi*& fl fi ( ˆi = ˆi ). ˆi ˆi ˆi ˆi / 23.2 fi ˆi ˆi rˆ S S ' I R N / 23.1 fi 3 +& / " 0 flffl 5 & 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 172 7/30/2015 3:08:44 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
168 $1 / %fi $" : & 0 2$ ! 4 fi#ffl S’I ! 4 fi'#ffl IS. & , * fi 3 +& / " 0 *fl $1 / %fi $" & & / 23.2. 1.2 $ %fi . $ %fi & & *(&fi - & 3 & $ 3 +& / % !$" "! & fi2 +& #$ "!fi2 fi &*fi - " & $ . *&fi#%%fi $ - : - *(&fi - & ffi "! & fi fi . - * % &+ % % %fi fi"! fi ! *%fi ffl fi &) ffl + % % %fi fi"! fi . *$&* 2$ * $ *ff " (" #"%fi 2"! & fi fi &) *& (" #"%fi !$" +& % % %fi"! fi & &)fffi . ! $ %fi * &fi *( - &fi - & ' "!fi & (" + ++ fi ((" #" $ 1 ) #$ "!fi & (" + + $ 1 ((" #" +fi) '$ *% $ * ffl ! 2 % 0 *( &fi - & ' "!fi & (" + + $ 1 *% $ "!fi & (" + + + fi '$ fifi ' * ffl . *&fi * - $ " fi%fi 2"! & fi fi & & (" #" ! (" "( & , - "(" 0 & &%fi ' &) & . (" #" ! (" "(- & #ffl ffi & : 1 1 2 2 v v ffl ffl (23.1) / 23.3 $ %fi! 4 ffi fi ff "! & fi ˆi ˆi rˆ S S ' I R N 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 173 7/30/2015 3:08:44 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
169 %. * $ !fi 0 ) 2$ ˆi & fi, fl rˆ & $fl ; I 'fl fi, IN * ffl ; SI !& 4 fi ! IR !& 4 $ $fl 1* * $ # & : (1) ! 4 fi, * &ffl- + % % !$" "! & fi fi ! ! 4 $ fi3 2+ & / ff" . (2) fiffl "!$" & & %fi fi2"! fl fi 1 %fi $fl 2"!fi 2 * ! (( +& & , ! (( & *fi " fi & ffl $ %fi "!fi 2 2 "! & fi 1. 2 1 2 1 ˆ sin ˆ sin sin ˆ sin ˆ ni n in r r n (23.2) fi $ fiffl $ n %fi"0 2 2+ fl & *ff& 2 fi ffl "!$" & (" & #"%fi 2fi (" #"%fi 2" 0 fl & : c n v (23.3) * & c (" #"%fi 2fi , & v (" #"%fi 2 & "!fi2 ! n *fi " fi& ffl $ % ffl " (Absolute index) %fi" !fi2 . $ %fi $" 2"! & fi2 & fiffl $ ffl & 3 ffl& / , (" #"%fi $" 2"! & fi2 ff "ff & : 21 1 12 2 ˆ sin sin ˆ i n v rn v ffl ffl (23.4) 1.3 $ ffi "! & fiffl 5 & . $ ffi & & + %+ "!fi2 * ffi & / &!& + ff%+ * ( /& *fi " & & + %+ . & + %+ * " " $ 1- 1 ffl . * &fi - "2 +& 1, ! 4 fi SI , ! 4 $ 2 I I' fi+ 2 !" ' '$ ff fifi ˆi ˆi rˆ rˆ d / 23.4 $ %fi! 4 ffi & + & %+ 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 174 7/30/2015 3:08:44 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
170 ' + 2 & I'R *fi" !& 4 ff. 2 / 23.4 0 & + %+ " #"2"! fi" , ! 4 fi IS '%+ ! 4 ff I'R . & , fi' fl &* & fffl ˆ ˆ i i ' ! fl$ 2* & flfi2 r r ˆ ˆ ' . ' / ˆ IH=I I' sin( ') i rˆ ffl"& & I I'= cos ˆ d r , ! %+ !$" ! & 4 fi ! ! 4 ff( #! & " /: ˆ sin( ') ˆ IH cos ˆ d ir r (23.5) %. $ ffi & " $ 1 " $ 1 "! & fi2 & fiffl $ n 2$ "& & 1 ' ) " 3 + ff &) %+ 2 2 + ff & ffl *fi " +& %fi " !; + & ff & ffl 2 + *fi " ff & - %fi " ! ; * & ffl %fi+ fi *fi" !& ; & fi fl "+ fi*fi " & fl'fi%fi " ! . & ' / 23.5, SI !& 4 fi+ 1; I I' ! 4 $ 2 "; I'R ! 4 ff (! 4 ff *"! 2 ) !& $ ff -; fl ˆi & fl fi+ 1; fl rˆ & $fl + 1; fl rˆ'& fi+ fl 2 ! ˆi ' & fffl . ' ff"ff %fi fflfl 52 & '( / #! #& & : - 'fi fl Aˆ %fi " ! & : & . r r ˆ ˆ' - fl & Dˆ %fi " ! & : & ˆ ˆ Dii ' . - ff"ff !$" & fi ! fl $fl : - ffl * $ 2 1 ˆ sin sin ˆ ni r n - ff"ff !$" & fi2 fl ! fl$ ff ffl * $ : . D ˆi ˆi ' rˆ rˆ' / 23.5 $ %fi! 4 ffi & "! & 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 175 7/30/2015 3:08:44 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
171 3 2 sin ' ˆ ˆ sin ' r n i n - *&fi- & ( %fi & fi, fl fl & D ( & & # . ) , *&fi- fi* fl & fffl ˆ ˆ ( ') i i ! fl$ 2* & fi fl 2( ') r r ˆ ˆ fl & D ( & fi fl . ' . r r ˆ ˆ' %* . 2rˆ ! ˆ ˆ Dii ' . % * min D i 2ˆ . . 2 ! ) , 0 " ! " 2fi fi & ffl $ %fi " ! ( & #! #& & : ˆ sin ; sin ˆ i n r ˆ min 2 D i . ; ˆ 2 r . , min sin 2 sin 2 D n . . (23.6) (. fi ( 0 " *&fi *( - &fi - & ffl"! & fi & fiffl $ 2$ *%& $ "!fi & fiffl $ fi " & (n1 > n2) ffl / (23.2) '#. 2 1 ˆ sin sin ˆ ni r n ˆ sin sin ˆ i r < 1 $1- ˆi r # ˆ - *&fi(- fi5*ff & & fl ˆi %, fl rˆ () fi5*ff & & %; * &fi*ff - & fl ˆi fi( 2+ & & & rˆ '*& 2 $ , fl ˆi 0 ˆi *fi" : & fl %fi*% (Critical Angle). - *&fi!- 4 fi fi * " fi* fl & %fi*%, fl ! 4 $ ) *ffl + % !$" fi"! & fi . fl ˆi ! rˆ ( & ' ) %fi*%ffl & 0 *0 $ / 2 *& . «É¾-À² † ´ ˆi / 0 ˆi ìñ©-¦½-Ïó-Á¦¤¹ñ¡-¥½-«õ¡-©ñ®-´º©, Ͼ¨£¸¾´-¸È¾ìñ©¦½ÏóÁ¦¤ »º©-¥½«õ¡-¦½-êɺ-êñ¤-Ïö© ¯¾-¡ö©-¡¾-š-Ä©É-Àºš-¸È¾: ¡¾¦½-êɺ-Á¦¤-£ö®-«É¸. 0 ˆi N 1 n ) 1 n ) 90 / 23.6 fi (0 " ! %fi*% fl 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 176 7/30/2015 3:08:44 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
172 $fl 1!"!" fi ( 0 "* % # ffl) &) *&fi: - (1) fflfi*( &fi - &#ffl"! & fi & fiffl $ 2$ *%& $ "!fi & fiffl $ fi. (2) ´÷´»º©Ã¹¨ú¡¸È¾ Íõ Àê ‰ ¾¡ñ®-´÷´-¢º®À¢©. . "0fl ! / ffi + & ff%fi"! fi2 *&fi - * " 0 fl3/2" & !fi2 ffl 5* & &: ffi & ", 2 ) ffi / * 3 2fi *$ & / " "& 0fl % 3 2 & / ffl $ 1 % $ 1- *$3 2 & / % ( / 23.7. ) ffl& *&fi - * " 0 fl3/2fi ffi & / * 3 2"! & / fi2 fi &* - &: " $ 1- 2 ff ) *$ " "& 0 fl fifi # ' ffl $1- *$3 # % & / ( / 23.7.%). * ' fi /& '*$ ) %fi" / 0 fl3/'fl & A’ 2 ffl " * & & /* !" ! " / 0 flffl"' 3& & / A. #! AH h * #!"0 fl', #! A'H ' h * #!!" / * *$ " & h h '. *&fi - * ' ) fi /& '*$%fi" / 0 fl3/'fl & A’ # ffl " * & & / * !" ! " / 0 flffl"' 3& & / A. #! AH h * #!"0 fl', #! A'H ' h * #!/!" * *$" & h h # '. 2 2 ! ) fi $ ( %fi & h ! h' 2 & / " ( : - ffl / 23.6 , IH IH ˆ ; ˆ ' tgi tgr h h ˆ ˆ ' sin cos ' ˆ ˆ ˆ sin cos ˆ tgi h i r h tgr h r i h ffl"& & 2 1 ˆ sin sin ˆ ni r n 2 1 cos ' ˆ cosˆ n r h n h i (23.7) 2 ! ) $ * &" 0 2 fl * fiffl - + *% %& fi" !fi' #: ˆ ˆ ri i r ˆ ˆ 0; 0 cos 1, cos 1 2 1 h' n h n (23.8) ˆi rˆ 2 n 1 n ˆi rˆ 1 n 2 n / 23.7, . * & ; %. * & 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 177 7/30/2015 3:08:45 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
173 ffl"3 & 1: (ffi +/ & * * & 3 2 & / , 3 ) *!& / ' + ffl) "' 40cm, (ffi / *$ " fl 30o ffl. 0 " ! "'*$ & 3*!& / ' + ) *& 2? ) 2$ / : o oo 1 2 sin 22 0,37; 22 0,4; 30 0,58; 4 / 3; 1 tg tg n n & & /: " 2 ) / 1 2 ˆ n in r sin sin ˆ ( & 4 sin 1 sin 30 ˆ 3 r sin 0,37 22 r r ˆ ˆ 2 ) / 2 1 cos ' ˆ cosˆ n rh n h i 1 cos 22 ' ' 27cm (4 / 3) cos30 40 h h 2. "ff & 2.1 fi 3/ +& " ff & 1) ff %fi"ff & "ff & +& ff fi * fi - / 4 * &: ", & fi + ff%fi" 0 flfi&5 - & ! *$ 1-fi. + ) ( &) () - 0) "- & * "ff# & ffl & &) (/ -" *ff & &) fi # * & ". & 2) ! " ff & *ff& ! " ff & "* &+- & * & *( fi3 - & / $ 1*fi " " & & & / 23.9 . fi 3 +& / " ff* & #ffl * fi $" & & / 23.9 % ! / 23.9 (. o o o 1 2 HA=40cm; sin 22 0,37; 22 0, 4; 30 0,58; 4 / 3; 1 tg tg n n ˆi ˆi ' S N S’ I I S M S’ + fi $ 1 &*fi" " & & "ff & ( ) (%) (() / 23.9 1 n ˆi rˆ 2 n / 23.8 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 178 7/30/2015 3:08:45 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
174 2.2 * * /3/2" & ff & 3& / + " ff* & * " 0 flffl 53 & +& / " '*$ & " 0 fl ! /. *$"0 *fl &fi' - fi' " 0 2 fl ffl * & , " *$ & %fi" / 0fl2"& fi" & ' " 0 # fl " ! & " fi 2 ffl fi & * &- fi +& ( -" ' ' & +fl & 3$& / 1" * & &*fi " : ' & fl %fi" / 0 flffi " & . & " fi $ /%fi* $ 1- *" 0flffi " & ff & "fl & " ff & MM , * A 3*& / -fi+ %fi" ! $ & & ' "ff#! & S. " ffl *ff &- fi fi $ & ffl %fi / A ffi " & ff & & / 23.10. ! 4 fi AH 0 MM 0 - fi ( * - & HA. ffl! 4 fi AI " fl fi i. ffl * fi # ! 4 fi IR ! fl i i . %* "! & 4 fi HA ! IR # $ 1%fi" & ff" ffl 3 'fl& / A * &' fl A & %fi / A ffi " & ff & MM . * ' / AIA *$" & i i ffl * fi . & , / ' AIA & ' / & IA = IA ! IH * & 'fi * * 'fi %fi AA * & H * & *( & %fi% AA 4 (" " & HA = HA 0 2$ HA ; HA' ' S S '# S S ' . 2 S #!$ & ffl & & "0 fi" fl $ & 1- *fi" # & !"0fl ; S '#!$ & ffl & / & fi" $ & 1- *fi" & #!/. ' ffl /% * $fl 1# /%fi" ff & & : - / ! "0 fl&# ' " ff & %+ * & *4 A'B' 1 AB - !%$ %fi" ff & ' 1 S k S - #!ffl"& 0 $ " fl ffl& fi* & #!ffl / & $ " & S S ' ˆi ˆi ' / 23.10 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 179 7/30/2015 3:08:45 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
175 *(&fi4 ! - 2$ / " : 0 & " 0 fl' / &# ffl fi* !", 0 / * "0 !" fl / &# ffl fi* '/ . 3. " & & 3.1 " & & ff & "+ & & %fi+ + " & & fi # . " & & fi ( :- " & $& fl 1 ! " & " & . 1) " & $& fl 1: " & $ fl 1 " & & & + fi 3 *& / fi2 $ - 1- &2 'fl2' C %fi" & ! %fi" & $& fl 1 & / 23.11. 2)" & ": & " & " & " & & & & + fi 3 *& / fifi $ - 1- &fifi ' '2' fl C %fi" & ! %fi" & " & & / 23.12. 3.2 " fiffl & 5%fi" & & & * &ffi- & CO *fi" ffl & %fi" ; * & &ffl- 5ffi & & C fi"ffl & & &) ffi ' & 'fi fl O %fi"*fi & " & fi; ) F * '*( fl & %fi fi & &-CO *fi" ' & fl %fi" fl & . #!$ & ffl & & OF FC / 2 f R , f *fi" #! & fl %fi" & ! & R *fi" ! & 4 %fi" & . & C C C O F O O F F R / 23.11 C O C F O F R O F C / 23.12 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 180 7/30/2015 3:08:45 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
176 3.3 fi %fi" & & 1) " & $& fl 1 (/ 23-13) - ! 4 &#ffi ' & 2' fl C %fi " & $& fl 1 *&fiffl- " ) ' & fi( * - & #ffi & 'fl2' C %fi"* & 4 *! 1. - ! 4 & %+ ffl %fi " & $& fl 1,*&fiffl- " ) ' & fi#ffl ffl 3 'fl & / F * 4 *! 2. - ! 4 &#ffl ffl 3 'fl & / F *&fi - ffl " ) ! & "' fififi %+ ffl %fi "* & 4 *! 3. - ! 4 &#ffl 2 ) 'fl & 'fi O %fi "' & fififi ffl * fi . 2) " & " ( & / 23-14 - ! 4 & ffl 2 ) "& & " & * "#ffi & ' & 2' !"%fi" fl & C & 3/ * & fi$ - 1%fi" , * & &fiffl- " ) & ' fi( * - & * 4 *! 1. - ! 4 & %+ ffl %fi" & ", * & &fiffl- " ) ' & fi+ #' ffl ffl & * "#ffi & ' & fl F 3/*& fi$ - 1%fi" * & 4 *! 2. - ! 4 & ffl 2 ) "& & " & * "#ffi & ' & fl !" fl %fi" & F & 3/ * & fi$ - 1%fi" , * & &fiffl- " ) ' & fififi %+ ffl%fi" * & 4 *! 3. - ! 4 & ffl 2 ) 'fl'fi & O %fi"' & fififi ffl * fi * 4 *! 4. 4 *$: 2 ! ) fflfi fi2$ ) "& & * & # & : C F O / 23.13 O F C / 23-14 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 181 7/30/2015 3:08:45 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
177 - % 5* fl &-&# ffi ' & 2' fl C %fi" & ! ffi " & !& "ffl *fi& " & fi%fi" ) . & - !) ' fl fl fi ) 2$ % * &' ' - fl fl %fi"%+ & " & 'fl&* &-ffl ) fi*fi" ' & fl fl fi. ) - " ffl & ! 4 2 & fi ) ffl ) ( - ffl ! 4 2 & ffl. 4. (fl! ! /( #! & & ffl/%fi" 0flffi " & & & 4.1 (fl! /%fi" 0flffi " & & & 1) " & $& fl 1 !) " 0fl' - *&fi"- 0 fl AB" 3$& / ' & " & $& fl 12!$" & F $ C #/ ' " 0 ! 2$ fl "& "& 0 fl & / 23.16 . - *&fi"- 0 fl AB 3/#!ffl & & C $ fi #%# / ' fi " "& 0 fl & / 23.16 %. - *&fi"- 0 flABffl3 'fl& / C 2' %fi"# & / ' %+ * & "0 fl & / 23.16 (. - *&fi"- 0 flAB3/#!$ & ' & " & $& fl 1!$" & F $ ''fi fl O %fi / 23.15 / 23.16 (%) ( ) C F O A A' fi ) fi ) 'fl fl fi ) 'fl fl fi ) F1 F2 C O F A A’ F2 F1 fi ) fi ) 'fl fl fi ) 'fl fl fi ) (%) C (') F A B A’ B’ O C ( ) F A B A’ B’ O C (%) F A B A’ B’ O C (() F A B A’ B’ O C () F A B A’ O B’ ( ) C F A B O A'B' ff 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 182 7/30/2015 3:08:45 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
178 O F C O F C O F C O F C C O F C O F A'B' ff / 23.17 "# & / !"" & ! %+ 2$ "& "& 0 fl & / 23.16 . - *&fi"- 0 flABffl3 'fl & / fl F %fi" & $& fl 1#/ %fi"0 fl3/fi & #% ff &/ 23.16 '. !) " 0fl!" /%fi"0 !" fl &# ' " & $& fl 1* '/ *4 , %+ fi " & "0 , fl " & " 0 fl ! /'ffl3 !$" & / ' & fl fl F $ ''fi fl O %fi" & & / 23.16 . 2) " & " & !) " 0fl' : - %fi" / 0 fl' &# ' " & "* & !" *4 / , %+ fi " "& 0 , fl " & " 0 fl ! /'ffl3 !$" & / ' & fl fl F $ ''fi fl O %fi ". & & / 23.17 . !) " 0fl!": - *&fi"- 0 !" fl AB 3/!$" & & 'fl fl F $ ''fi fl O %fi"# & / ' ! 2$ "& "& 0 fl / 23.17 %. - *&fi"- 0 !" fl AB 3/!$" & ' & fl fl F $ '2' fl C %fi"# & / !" " 0 , 2$ fl "& "& 0 fl / 23.17 (. - *&fi"- 0 !" fl AB 3/#!ffl & & C $ fi #%# / !"fi " "& 0 fl / 23.17 . - *&fi"- 0 !"ffl fl 3 'fl2' & / C #/ !"%+ * & " 0 fl ! " 0 fl / 23.17 '. - *&fi"- 0 !"3 fl 'fl & / F %fi" # & / %fi"0 fl AB 3/fi & #% ( ff ) & / 23.17 . 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 183 7/30/2015 3:08:45 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
179 4.2 /(#! & & ffl/%fi" 0flffi " & & & ) 2$ : S BO#!ffl & "& 0 fi" fl , & S ' B'O #!ffl & /& fi"& , AB %+ %fi"0 , fl A'B' %+ %fi. / OF FC 2 R f & #! %fi" fl . & ' / 23.18. * ' / A'B'F ( ( -FOM. %# A'B' B'F OM OF (23.9) / ' ABO ( ( -A'B'O %# A'B' B'O AB BO (23.10) *ff " & OM AB . , B'O B'F ' ' BO OF S Sf S f $ fi 2$ S ' # : ' ' 111 '' ' S Sf SS S f S f S 111 f S S ' (23.11) / (23.11) & (/ #! #! & ! #!" / 0 . ' fl / (23.10); A'B' B'O ' AB BO S S * & (" 4 ! & %$ . / ! k ! & %$ %fi" / , # & ' A'B' AB S k S (23.12) 4 *$: ) *( &fi4 - (fl( ffl& 5 " & & $& fl 1 " & " & ! 4 + & R + - #! fl f + - #!"0 fl S ' +; !" - ' +; !" - #!"0 fl S ' ' +; !" - ' +; !" - / 23.18 C F O 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 184 7/30/2015 3:08:46 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
180 4.3 2 ) " & & 1) " & $& fl 1 - 2 * " & fi %fi# , * fi %fiffl ! ,(* fi - ! fi&5. - -2 * "*ffl & (" fi%fi ffl *" * &0 "- & & ' "ffl *" * %+ ffl %fi" & . & *&fi - fi '# 3fl 'fl & / fl F, * 2$'fl & " & (" fi / 2 ) (" fi3 'fl & / & "* & ff! 2 ffi! ffl 5. & - 2 * " & fi ! *ff &- fi*fi %fi" / 0 fl& 3/# * & &: *fi, " - ",...2 " & $ & fl 1fl #%2$ * & " & fi *fi $" ' " " & & 3/# . & 2) " & " & - 2 * "*ff & &- fi*& 3/ *& / fi$ - 1%fi( % ! (" 3& %& / ! ) ! fi&5. - - 2 * "* & fi3 - & / $ 1- & & & *ff &- fi*&*$ ! $ 1- & %" ffl 53 & fi& / * fi+ - & . ( 0 ! ) *{ $ 1. *fi2 - * fi fi " "2? & 2. ' & ffl ! fi $ ! %fi! 4 fi*"! &"' & & ffl 1 *0 & ffl 2 " fl fi +& . 3. '%* & fi2 - * $ . 4. ! ) 2 fl %fi & " ! * & fl & fi ? fl 5. flfi%fi*%* "2? fl 6. *&fi ! - 4 ' fi *% 2 +& $ 1" + & fiffl $ n 3 #! 4 fi ! ! 4 $ ffl . ' (& #! $ & flfi%fi! 4 . 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 185 7/30/2015 3:08:46 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
181 7. ! 4 +& *% 2 +& ffi & "+ 3 cm & " 2fi " fl 60 . '(& #! #!$ & !$" & ! & 4 fi ! ! 4 $ fl . 2$/ fi ffl $ %fi " : & n 1,51. 8. " ! fi & + & fl 'fi 60 , fiffl $ %fi " n 2 , 0 2 +& + & " fi fl i ˆ 45 . '(& #! fl & ff ˆi ' ! fl & D . 9. ffi & "fi + & (" + 10 cm ! fiffl $ n 2 " ffl "+ . - 0 " * & '*&*$ ffl"+ - & "*! & &- fi% ' & ffl* * & 2? . 0 * $1"*&2 fi * ffl * fl 450 . %. 0 * $1"*&2 * fiffl - ffi & ". 10. ff-fi *! & ' + ) 80 cm, *&fi* - *&ffl ffl ffl 3 $& / ' + & ) 100 cm '*$ff-fi 3 & *!& / ' + *) & 2 ! 3$& / ' ffl * & & 2? 11. ffl+& 32 & / '*$ ) 3 2fi $ & / ' + & *) & 2? 2$/ " ffl& "' 3 / & / ' + #! ) 60 cm. 12. "0 fl AB 3ffl& / &)+ %fi" & $& fl 1 ffl ffl . !"%fi" / 0 fl & A’B’ 2$ "& "& 0 fl AB fi*&- fi. "/ & A’B’ 3/$& ' & AB & 15 cm. ' & ) #! %fi" fl & $& fl 1. 13. " & $& fl 1! 4 + & 1 m. ' fi $ & & ffl%fi/ *&fi"- 0 fl'3 $& / ' & "#!: & 1,5 m; 0,8 m ! 0,25 m. 14. *ff& *fi*! - 2 fl "& & " *$ & " '& fflfl %fi* "%fi*! & flffl ffl %fi" 3& $& / ' " & #! & 0,2 m, "! & 4 fi ffl 3 ffl & / * fi+ - " * & #! 0,6 m. '(& #! #! & %fi" fl . & 15. " & $& fl 1fi+ & ! 4 & R 20cm , "0 fl AB = 60 cm. ffl * ffl. ' & ) ! %fi , / & ffl%fi , %+ %fi / / !"ffl / ffl fi ! ) & : . "0 fl3/ + & " ! $ & ' " & & 20 cm. %. "0 !" fl & * *$ 3& / 2%fi" ! $ & ' " & #! & 40 cm. 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 186 7/30/2015 3:08:46 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
182 24. *(&fi - & %fi ffi *! & 1. ff " & *! *! ffi & & &* "/ , , * "" 0 2 , fi+ fl $ & 1- + + & ! + & + & ff. *!2 *ff(: *! " ! *!$ - fl 1. 1.1 *! " * *!& ff "*( & & + " ff & "%fi & & / 24.1 . 1.2 *!$fl 1 * *!& ff "*( & & " ff & "%fi & & / 24.1%. 2. " fi & () %fi*! 1) 'flO,O 1 2 *fi" 'fi%fiffl & & !+ , & C,C 1 2 *fi" '& 2' fl %fi+ . & fi0 "- *! & , & ' flO,O 1 20#- " * & fi - '& " fl & O * &*fi " ' & fl / %fi*! ! * &-&#ffi & C,C 1 2 ! O,O 1 2 *ff& *fi" & ffl%fi *!. 2) * &fi-&5 - &#ffi ' & fl / O %fi*!ffl& &) #ffi ' & fl C,C 1 2 *fi" & fi%fi*!. ) 3) fi & &-C,O 1 1 ! C,O 2 2 * & &-& ffl&) ffl'fl & 2' %fiffl!+ & & *0+ %fi & *fi " : ! & 4 %fi+ &. 4) #!$ ffl & & O $ F ! #!$ ffl & & O $ F’ ( *& & *fi " : & #! fl %fi*!. - !) *! "#! * fl ( " & OF = OF ' = 0 f - "#! & %fi*!$ fl fl 1( * & ! OF = OF ' = 0 f # / 24.2 ! %fi*! "!*!$ fl 1 ! ( ) ! (%) / 24.1 ! %fi*! 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 187 7/30/2015 3:08:46 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
183 3. ! %fi ffi *! & 1) *! " - ! 4 &#ffi ' & fl %fi / *! " ff" '*( &fi - & &ffl-&) #&) * $ & / 24.3 * 4 *! 1. - ! 4 &*(&fi - & %+ ffl %fi*!, * &fiffi- *! ' & $ #ffl ffl 3 'fl & / F’ & / 24.3 * 4 *! 2. - ! 4 &*(&fi - &#ffl ffl 3 'fl & / F *&fiffi- *!#! & "! 4 '%+ ffl # & / 24.3 * 4 *! 3. 2) *!$fl 1 - ! 4 &#ffi ' & fl / %fi*!$fl 1 ff" '*( &fi - & &ffl-&) #&) * $ & / 24.4 * 4 *! 1. - ! 4 &*(&fi - & %+ ffl %fi*!, * &fiffi- *! '$ & + ' ffl, ffl & * " ffl & ffl %fi*! & 'fl F’ *fi fi * - & *ff& *fi' fl F’ " '& fl fl !"%fi*!$ / fl 1 & / 24.4 * 4 *! 2. - ! 4 &*(&fi - &#ffi *! & * "#ffl & ffl 3 'fl & / F !"! 4 $ #%+ ffl & / 24.4 * 4 *! 3. 3) ! ) ffl /%fi" 0fl fi2$ ) *!* & # & : - % 5* fl &-&#ffi ' & fl / O ffl& &) #ffi ' & fl C1, C2 %fi*! !"ffl *fi& " & fi%fi*!. ) - !) ' fl fl fi2$ ) % * &' ' - fl fl%fi*!%+ *! ' fl & * &-ffl fi*fi ) " ' & fl fl fi. ) - " ffl & ! 4 2 & fi ) ffl ) ( - ffl ! 4 2 ffl & . / 24.4 ffi *!$ & fl 1 / 24.3 ffi & 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 188 7/30/2015 3:08:46 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
184 4. (fl! ! /( #! & & ffl/%fi" 0flffi *! & 4.1 (fl! /%fi" 0flffi *! & 1) *! " !) " 0fl' : - *&fi"- 0 fl AB 3/!& $" & F $ 2F. #/ ' " 0 ! 2$ fl "& "& 0 fl / 24.6 . - *&fi"- 0 flAB 3/#! & ffl& 2F $ fi #%. # / ' " 0 fl ! fi " & "0 fl / 24.6 %. - *&fi"- 0 fl ABffl 3/'fl & $ ' *!#! & 2F. # /' " 0 fl ! %+ * & " 0 fl/ 24.6 (. - *&fi"- 0 flAB3/'fl & "fl 0 fl F #/ 3fi & / #% / 24.6 . - *&fi"- 0 flAB3/!$" & ' & fl "fl 0 fl F $ ' fl / O %fi*! # /!"" & ! %+ 2$ "& "& 0 fl / 24.6 '. F A A' F1 ' F1 O F F1 O F' F' ' F1 / 24.5 ffl ffi/ *! " ! *!$ & fl 1 2 fi ) A'B' 1 ff / 24.6 ffl ffi/ *! " & 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 189 7/30/2015 3:08:46 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
185 !) " 0fl!": /"0 !" fl AB &# ' *! "'* '/ *4 &) " '" " & 0fl!"3'fl & / 2 ffl , ) / &# %+ fi " "& 0 , fl " & " 0 fl ! ffl 3/!$" & ' & fl fl / F’ $ ' fl / O %fi*! / 24.6 . 2) *!$fl 1 !) " 0fl' : /"0 fl' AB &# ' *!$ fl 1'* !" *4 / &) " '" " & 0fl'3 'fl & / 2 ffl , ) / &# %+ fi " "& 0 , fl " & " 0 fl ! ffl3 & / !$" ' & fl fl !" / F’ $ ' fl / O %fi*! / 24.7 . !) " 0fl!": - *&fi"- 0 !" fl AB3/& !$" ' & fl "fl 0 !" fl F $ 'fl / O %fi*! # '/ , 2$ "& "& 0 fl ! " & & / 24.7%. - *&fi"- 0 !" fl AB 3/& !$" ' & fl "fl 0 !" fl F $ 2F. #/ !" " 0 fl ! 2$ "& "& 0 fl & / 24.7 (. - *&fi"- 0 !" fl AB3/& #!ffl& 2F $ fi #%, # / !"fi " "& 0 fl & / 24.7. - *&fi"- 0 !" fl ABffl3 'fl & / 2F #/ !" " 0 fl3/'fl & 2F’ % + *& " 0 fl & / 24.7'. *&fi"- 0 !" fl AB 3/'fl & fl F %fi*!#/ !"3& / fi #% / 24.7 . F’ F A B A’ B’ O (%) F’ F A B A’ B’ O ( ) F’ F A B A’ B’ O (() 2F’ 2F F F’ A B A’ B’ O () 2F 2F’ F F’ A B A’ B’ O (') 2F 2F’ F F’ A B O ( ) A'B' 1 ff / 24.7 ffl ffi/ *!$ & fl 1 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 190 7/30/2015 3:08:47 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
186 4.2 /(#! & & ffl/%fi" 0flffi *! & 2$ fi & &-AB "& 0 " ffl fl ffl %fi*! " !3 $& / & ' *!#! S /%fi"0 fl AB &# ' *! " & fi & &-A’B’ * &3 & / $ ' *!#! & S '. & / 24.8 * / ' ABO ( ( - ' / A’B’O & %# : A'B' ' AB S S (24.1) *&fi' - ' / F’OP ! / ' F’A’B’ ( ( -, & %#: A'B' ' AB S f f (24.2) ' ffi (24.1) ! (24.2) %#: S Sf ' ' S f S f S S Sf ' ' 11 1 S S ' f (24.3) / (24.3) 2 # *! " ! *!$ fl 1, "*( & &fi4 %fi - S ! S ' ) & : 1) S *( &fi4 * - " ( ) 2 ! ) * "0 fl' ! S *( &fi4 - * ! ( ) 2 ! ) * "0 !". fl 2) S '*( &fi4 * - " ( ) 2 ! ) * '/ ! S '*( &fi4 * - ! ( ) 2 ! ) * !". / 5. fiffl fl ! ! %$ %fi*! 5.1 fiffl fl%fi*! fiffl %fi*!* fl fiffl " & #! fl %fi*!. ! " D. 1 D f (24.4) 2 / (24.4) #! fl f * (m) ! D * fi ( dp ), * & 1dp 1/ m . & , + & fi (1dp) fi& ffl %fi! fl + & * & #! fl 1 3/ 2"! & fi & fiffl $ * & 1. !) *! " D > 0 ! !) *!$ fl 1 D < 0. / 24.8 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 191 7/30/2015 3:08:47 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
187 /(#! fi& ffl fl !) "! fl fi : & 0 " *!#" 2fi 1 2 1 11 ( 1)( ) n f R R (24.5) 0 " *!#" 2"! fifi &5- 1 1 12 1 11 ( ) n n f n RR (24.5) n fiffl $ %fi*!, 1 n fiffl $ %fi"! fi, R1 ! R2 !& 4 + %fi*!. & 5.2 !%$ ! & fiffl "!$" & (" & %fi / / ! (" /%fi"0 fl $1- fiffl "%fi#!/ & ! #!"0 *fffl & *fi" ! & %$ %fi*!. ! " k ! / (#! & & : A'B' AB k $1- S ' k S (24.6) 5.3 !*! *&fi" " - 0 fl O #"3/ *& fi+ - %fi! fi " fi*! & " ffl & ! " $ & #! . ) & ffl%fi ffi/ ! & *!# ffl % fflfi & : 2$*! & 3/2 & "0 *fl *!2 ! *! & 3/# " & 0 *fl *!# . 1). 2$ 1 S * #!"0 %fi*!2 fl , fi #! / & ffi *!2 & " . / ' 11 1 111 SS f (24.7) 2). 2$/ & ffi *!2 & * "0 2$fl *!# ! & #!$ ' *!# & ' 2 1 S S (24.8) 0 ' 1 S 3/& + %fi*!# '# 2 S * " . 0 ' 1 S 3/& $ 1%fi*!# '# 2 S * !. 3). fi & ffl%fi / fl ffi *!# 2 & / ' 222 111 SS f (24.9) 4 *$: 1). & *!# "" 'ffl & fi ( - ! fi*!, ffl & /&#' " ' & * "0 %fi*!2 fl fi * &- fi+& . 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 192 7/30/2015 3:08:47 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
188 2). *!2 ! *!# 0 "- #!$ & %fi fi*!* & & / ( 0 ), ! 0 "- * & *!fi" ! #! (fl #! & & : 1 2 111 f f f (24.10) 0 f 0 !*! * *! " 0 f # 0 !*! * *!$fl 1 3). *!2 ! " & 0 "- #!$ & %fi*! ! " & * & & /( L 0 ). ! 0 "- * & "fi& " ! #! (fl #! & & : 211 f f f ¡ ¸ (24.11) 0 f 0 !*! " * & " & $& fl 1. 0 f # 0 !*! " * & " & ". & 0 f ff !*! " * & "ff. & ffl"3 & 1: *! "fi+ & #! fl 10cm. . *&fi" " - 0 fl3/$& ' *!#! & 30cm. %fi" / 0 *fl / 2 ! 3/$& ' *!#!* & & 2? %. 0 " " 0 fl3/$& ' *!#! & 6cm, / &* % * / 2 ! 3 & / $ ' *!#!* & & 2? 'ffl & / fi ! ) . " : . 2 ) / 11 1 SS f ' ( & 111 30 ' 10 S 30 10 ' 15cm 30 10 S S ' 0 " & %fi" / 0 *fl '/ . %. 2 ) / 11 1 SS f ' ( & 11 1 6 ' 10 S 6 10 ' 15cm 6 10 S # S ' 0 " & %fi" / 0 *fl !". / & & /: f 10cm . S 30cm, fi $ : ? / S ' ? %. S 6cm, fi $ : ? / S ' ? 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 193 7/30/2015 3:08:47 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
189 fflfi: . %fi * / '/ , 3 $& / ' *!#! & 15cm %. %fi * / !", 3 / $& / ' *!#! & 15cm ffl : / ffl"3 & 2: "0 fl+& " ffl ffl %fi*!$ fl 1& #! fl 40cm, " # & "* / & *(+ & %fi"0 . 0 " fl "& 0 flffl3 $& / ' *! & 2#!*& 2? ' & "" ffl / ! (#! & . " : 2 ) / : A'B' ' 1 ' 0 AB 2 2 S S S S # *ff %fi" / 0 flffi *!$ & fl 1&#' " 0 fl '* !". / 2 ) / : 11 1 SS f ' ( 2 & #& : 12 1 40 cm 40 S S S fflfi: fflfi" " 0 fl3/$& ' *!$ & fl 1#! 40cm. ffl"3 & 3: *! fifi L1 ! L2 ffl " & ,#! fl 1 f 20cm; 2f 15cm ffl ! ) . fi" $ & 30cm."0 fl AB " ffl&)+ *! L1 ffl ffl #! 40cm.' & ) & ffl%fi / &# ' ! , !%$ ! ffl %fi" / 0 fl AB ffi ! & . & & /: f 40cm < 0 *ff * *!$fl 1 AB A'B' 2 fi $ : ffl ; / S ? / 24.10 ffl /: / 24.9 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 194 7/30/2015 3:08:47 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
190 " : fi $ & ffl%fi / A1B1 ffi & L1 2 ) / *! : ' 11 1 111 SS f ' 1 1 1 1 1 40 20 40cm 40 20 S f S S f - A1B1 * "0 2$ fl *! & L2 ! 3/$& ' & L2 #! ' 2 1 S S # 30 40 10 cm 0 " & A1B1 * "0 !" fl !) L2 - fi & ffl%fi / A2B2 * &* %fi / A1B1 ffi & L2 ! * / fl %fi!. 2 ) / *! ' 222 111 SS f ' 2 2 2 2 2 10 ( 15) 30cm 10 ( 15) S f S S f " & ffi/ ! & * '/ ! 3 $& / ' *!#! & 30cm - !%$ : '' ' ' ' ' 11 2 2 1 2 1 2 ' ' 11 1 2 AB AB 40 30 3 AB A B 40 10 S S kkk S S !%$ k # 0 4 (" " & / " 0 fl & & /: 1 2 f f 20cm, 15cm S 40cm, 30cm fi $ : ' 2 S k ? ? ffl ? / F1 ' F1 ' F2 F2 O1 O2 A2 B2 A1 B1 / 24.11 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 195 7/30/2015 3:08:47 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
191 ( 0 ! ) *{ $ 1. ) *fi 'fl C ! C’ * ffl%fi*! "fi + & & #! fl f 2$ 2 C S f ! ' 2 C S f & %/ ! fl. ' & & ffl %fi" / 0 fl AB ffl * ffl%fi*!ffi *!! & "2$ % ) * " & 2 / ! ) ffl 5 & & : . "0 flffl3 fi & / fi & OC. %. "0 flffl3 & / & 'fl C. (. "0 flffl3 !$" & / & C $ F. . "0 flffl3 & / & 'fl F. '. "0 flffl3 !$" & / & FO. 2. *! "* " " fiffl $ n =1,5. #! %fi fl & +10cm *&fi3- 2fi . 0 & / *fi *!#' fl!& 2 #! ) %fi fl ' * & 2? ( ) 2$ n ) = 4/3) 3. *!fi+ & fiffl $ n 1,5. . '(& #! #! & %fi*!2 fl ! ) & : - *!& 2 + ", ! 4 + & 10cm ! 30cm. - *!& + !& 4 10cm ! + $ fl 1! 4 30cm. %. ' fi $ #! & %fi*! fl fi & "2% & ) * &fiff" - 0 '- fl3& 2 & / ) & fiffl $ n 4 / 3. 4. "0 fl' AB = 2cm " ffl * ffl%fi*! "fi + & & #! fl 20cm ! " $ ' *!#! & x . ' fi $ : ! & %fi ; / & ffl%fi /; %+ %fi/ fffi ffl /ffl ! ) & : . 1 x 30cm ; %. 2 x 20cm ; (. 3 x 10cm 5. "0 !" fl AB * 3 & / 2 ! ffl * ffl%fi*!$ fl 1fi+ & & #! fl f 20cm $ ' *!$ & fl 1#! x . ' fi $ : ! & %fi ; / & ffl%fi ; ! / %$ %fi ff / fi ffl /ffl ! ) & : . 1 x 30cm ; %. 2 x 20cm ; (. 3 x 10cm C C F O F’ ’ /24.12 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 196 7/30/2015 3:08:47 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
192 6. fi* 1 2 S S, " $ & 24cm. $1' " *! " & #! fl f 9cm 3/2$" & & 1 2 S S, 2$* 1 2 S S, fi* ffl%fi*!. ' & fi $ & ffl%fi*! &2$/ %fi fi* *ffl ff fi ffl . / 7. 2 !/ fl& xy * ffl%fi*!; S * "0 fl'; S '* * /. 2ffl! & ! ) ' fi $ : & . * / / 2? %. *!* *!*ff2? 8. 2!/ fl& xy ffl & %fi*! L; F * ' fl ; fl / A’B’ * / !"%fi AB. ' fi $ & & ffl%fi" 0 fl" ffl / ffl! & ff/ fi fi " ffl. 9. " "0 fl+& #"ffl&)+ *! "fi + & # '/ 2$ "& "& 0 fl 2 *&- fi. ' *(&fi - " 0 *%fl $ *!ffl&fi- #! 10cm # 2$ / "& "& 0 fl 2 *&- fi fi *4 - fi*. ' fi $ #! & %fi*!. fl 10. "0 flfl & AB +& " ffl ffl %fi*! "# / A1B1 "! %$ k 3. *(&fi - " 0 flflfifi # ' *!ffl & &fi- #! L=5cm # / A2B2 "! %$ k 2 . . (#! #! & %fi*!. %. fl ) & ffl fi) %fi" 0 flfl; & (. ) ( %fi & L *ff&- fi2$/ A2B2 *& *(&+ & A1B1. x y x y x y S S S S’ S’ S’ 1 2 3 x y x y x y S S’ S S’ S S’ 4 5 6 /24.13 x y A’ B’ F’ x A’ y B’ F’ / 24.14 ( ) (%) 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 197 7/30/2015 3:08:47 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
193 11. "0 flfl & AB " ffl ffl %fi*! " ! ffi * &$ & #! 175cm. *ff& *$" & fi & ffl%fi*!# ' / * ffi * & fi & ffl $ & 75cm. . fi $ fiffl %fi*!. fl %. %+ %fi3/ fi & / & ffl . 12. " "0 fl AB ffl ffl %fi*!3 'fl & / A 3/ + & %fi*! " L1. . / A1B1 * '/ 2$ "& "& 0 fl 3 *&- fi ! $ ' " & 0 fl 160cm. ' fi $ #!ffl & 'fl & A $ *! " ! #! fl%fi*!. %. " 0 fl AB ! *! " L1#"( * - & ! "*fi *! L2 & ( - L1 fl 3 " #" & ffl& " 2$ - *! fi " ffl & fi " ; #!ffl & AB *0*! L2 & 10cm. 'ffl & *ff / &- fi fi $ / fl %fi AB ffi & !*! fi. 13. *ff& " "0 fl AB #"* fi+ - %fi! fi*! " ffl & . *! 1 ! *! 2 #! fl 1 f = +24 cm ! 2f = +9 cm ffl ! ) . *! fi " 3$& / & #! L = 10 cm, "0 fl AB 3$& / ' *! & 1 #! 6cm. 0 " & / & ffi ! & *!'3 & / fi2? & 14. " "0 fl+& ffl * ffl "%fi*! " ! *!$ & fl 1 & #! fl 5cm ! 10cm ffl ! ) * &" $ & 5cm ffl#" * fi - %fi *! ""#! 10cm. ' fi $ & & ffl ! ! / fl &* ' *! fi. 15. " *" 0 fl+& * ffl "%fi*!$ & fl 1 ! " & $& fl 1& #! fl 10cm, *" 0 fl3/$& ' *!$ & fl 13*& / fi - #! 10cm. *&fi2$ - #!$ !$" & & *!$fl 1 ! " & $& fl 1 & 15cm / fl %fi! *!$ fl 1 ! " & $& fl 13'fl & / " & ffl" 0 fl3/& . '(& #! #! & %fi*!$ fl fl 1. 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 198 7/30/2015 3:08:47 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
194 25. fifl fi 1. "%$ & 1.1 fi "%$ fi & % "*! "fi +& & #! fl 3-20cm, 2 *ff &- fi%$ *&" 0 fl& %+ fi * &: ffl"fi fi%+ fi5, # fi5, " 0 flfi5,… & / 25.1. 1.2 fi* & &" 0flffi " & %$ & " "%$ 2$ & $ ' & & & fi* & &3 ! & / $" ' & fl fl F $ ' fl / O %fi" ! 2$ & ffl $ ' " & %$ & 20cm*0 30cm #! & "*! & +fi*ff &- fi2$*$ "0 fl& fflfi * *'. /%fi"0 fl&#' " %$ * & !", / " & " 0 ! * fl fi*$ & 2"%$ & & / 25.2. !%$ %fi" (& #! ffl & : / D k f (25.1) D #!*$2 fl ( 25cm-30cm) f #! %fi" fl %$ . & 2. fi0 / & fi0 & / fi& fi fl + & 2 *ff &- fi*fi '/ fi " "& 0 , fl /& fi0 & / # '3 2ffi & / & " $ 1- ffi& *(fi - 3 ' ) . 2.1 fi fi %fi fi0 & fi / "$ fi * - &* fi + & & + 2 *ff) &- fifi ' ff fi ! " ! fi 3 & / / 25.1 ! " %$ & A' B F B' / 25.2 fi* & &" 0 flffi " & %$ & 2_TB Physics M6.pdf 199 7/30/2015 3:08:47 PM ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ