ABSTRACTS BOOK YOUNG SCIENTISTS SYMPOSIUM UNIKL MESTECH 2023

Antimicrobial Activity of Citrus hystrix essential oil to Staphylococcus aureus & Klebsiella pneumoniae 1 Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae are pathogenic bacteria that can pose a serious threat to human health, causing infections to the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems of humans. Citrus hystrix traditionally used in daily life has antimicrobial properties, with its essential oil providing antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer benefits, derived from the peel of kaffir lime fruits. The essential oil extracted from the peel of Citrus hystrix (kaffir lime) fruits is a colourless liquid with a strong citrus aroma. Objective: The purpose of this research is to determine the effectiveness of Citrus hystrix essential oil in suppressing the growth of bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia. Method: The disc diffusion method was used to determine if different concentrations of Citrus hystrix (100%, 75%, and 50%) interact synergistically or additively with amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin. The agar disc diffusion method was used to assess antibacterial activity in vitro. Results: The inhibition zone based on the antibacterial activity test using the disc diffusion method revealed that Citrus hystrix essential oil was more sensitive to Staphylococcus aureus than Klebsiella pneumoniae (ranged; 11.10 mm- 16.77 mm vs. 1.67 mm- 9.11 mm). Conclusion: The current study concludes that Citrus hystrix essential oil has the potential to be developed as an antibacterial agent to treat developing antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Keywords: Essential oil, Citrus hystrix, Kaffir lime, Microbial inhibition, Disc diffusion method, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 142 Student : Norfarisya Yasarah Binti Zalizan Supervisor : Dr. Mahjanah Hussein Co-Supervisor : Dr. Teh Rasyidah Ismail

Comparison of Fasting Blood Glucose and Random Blood Glucose among UniKL Students 1 Introduction: Breakfast is the most crucial meal of one’s daily routine. However, the habit of breakfast skipping is becoming more prevalent in modern day lifestyle among younger generations particularly students where tight schedule in the morning leaving them little to no time to sit down for breakfast. Breakfast skipping, improper meal timings and insufficient nutrient intake may pose a danger onto one’s health condition. Many research and studies has proven that these habits not only affect the physical health, inducing conditions such as hypoglycaemia, low lipid profile, unhealthy body weight, it also develops mental health conditions such as eating disorders, anorexia and many more. Objective: This study was conducted to determine the random and fasting glucose levels among students during the day. This study was also aimed at the observation of students’ eating pattern and habits and how it affects their levels of blood sugar. Method: Blood glucose test was conducted on UniKL students through finger pricks. Each person was pricked twice a day, once in the morning for the fasting blood glucose test and another test was done 2 hours after lunch. The results were monitored to see if the glucose levels fall within the normal range. Results: In a sample of 30 students, more than 90% are considered to be low in random blood sugar levels. In addition, for the fasting blood glucose levels, mostly in normal range, despite being on the slightly lower side of the spectrum, typically 5.2 or lower. Conclusion: Eating habits and breakfast skipping among students are negatively impacting their blood glucose levels which contributes to the low blood glucose level. Keywords: Breakfast skipping, Random blood glucose, Fasting blood glucose, Eating habits. YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 143 Student : Maisarah Liyana Hishamshah Supervisor : Mr. Muhammad Taufiq Badaruddin

Isolation and Identification of Bacteria From Table Chicken Eggs 1 Introduction: Microbial contamination of table chicken eggs could adversely affect the eggs’ quality and potentially resulting in outbreaks and placing the public health at risk. Objective: The general objective of this research is mainly to investigate the presence of the bacteria in the chicken egg and on the surface of the egg shell. Method: Four egg samples from two different stores were used in this study. The two eggs from the different store were then isolated and cultured from the surface of egg shell and the egg yolk on nutrient agar, MacConkey agar and blood agar and incubated for 24 to 48 hours at 37°C. Gram-staining and biochemical tests including catalase, coagulase, oxidase, indole, MRVP, motility and citrate tests were carried out for identification of the bacteria species. Results: The biochemical tests consist of coagulase, oxidase, indole showed negative results whereas motility, catalase, citrate and MR-VP tests showed positive results. Conclusion: It was found that the bacteria from identification were concluded as Gram-positive including coagulase-negative Staphylococcus cocci-shaped and diplococci-shaped. Another species that has been isolated was Enterobacter spp. which is Gram-negative bacteria. This research provided valuable insights into the microbial environment of table chicken eggs, but more tests and techniques need to be done in future to provide a more definitive identification of the bacteria. Keywords: Table chicken eggs, Microbial contamination, Bacteria species, Bacteria isolation YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 144 Student : Nurul Qistina Izzatti Binti Mahadi Supervisor : Mr. Muhammad Taufiq Badaruddin

Isolation and Identification of Bacteria from Multiple Drinking Water Vending Machines 1 Introduction: Water vending machines are popular among Malaysians as it is easy and affordable for consumers to obtain clean drinking water. These machines require service maintenance including filter replacement or sterilization. However, lack or improper maintenance can cause contamination due to bacterial growth which can increase the risk of waterborne diseases and water quality deterioration. Objective: To investigate the presence of bacteria in the different water samples from different vending machines by isolation and determination of the morphology. Method: Water samples were collected from different vending machines in Kajang and Bandar Baru Bangi area for isolation and identification of bacteria. The water was flushed and let it run for 1-2 minutes then collected in Bijou bottles. Then, 200 µl of water sample was dropped onto nutrient agar using a micropipette and streaking technique was done for each sample. The nutrient agar then is incubated for 24 hours at 35°C to 37°C. The colonies that grew on the nutrient agar are sub-cultured onto a new nutrient agar and incubated for another 24 hours. Gram-staining was performed, and later the morphological observation was done. Biochemical tests, such as oxidase and catalase tests were performed to identify and specify the bacteria that is present in water samples and the result was recorded. Results: During the observation, rod shaped bacteria was found in the two water samples from two different vending machine. It is a purple-coloured which is a Gram-positive bacteria and catalase positive as well as oxidase negative. Conclusion: The bacteria found in the water samples can be concluded as Listeria spp. and Bacillus spp. Even though this species is not often associated with waterborne diseases, but it’s essential to take appropriate precautions as it can still cause disease and poisoning. Keywords: Listeria spp., Bacillus spp., Bacteria isolation, Bacteria identification YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 145 Student : Siti Khairursyifa Binti Anuar Supervisor : Mr. Muhammad Taufiq Badaruddin

Wound Healing Assessment in Rats Treated with Tropical Metformin 1 Introduction: Wound healing is a complex process that restores tissue integrity and function. However, complications and delays can impede this process. Factors like underlying health conditions, infections, and chronic diseases can impede the healing process, leading to prolonged recovery times and increased susceptibility to complications. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for effective intervention and preventing adverse outcomes. Objective: This study aims to refine strategies to expedite healing and prevent complications, ultimately improving wound care efficacy. Method: A total of 12 healthy male Sprague Dawley rats were included in this study. Acclimatization was carried out over a week with unrestricted access to food and water. Subsequently, rats were subjected to wound infliction on the dorsal torso using an 8mm biopsy punch. Following wound haemostasis and management, the wound bed was then treated with topical metformin preparation once daily for 21 days. At the end of the 21-day period, rats were euthanized, and skin biopsies were obtained for histological analysis and evaluation. Results: Histopathological observation of cutaneous specimens treated with topical metformin reveals noteworthy regenerative and structural restitution. The assessment delineates discernible enhancements in pivotal histological parameters pertinent to wound healing. Augmented collagen deposition underscores heightened extracellular matrix synthesis, augmenting tissue structural integrity. Concurrently, the escalated prevalence of microcapillaries signifies a pronounced angiogenic response, fostering improved vascularity within the reparative milieu. These histopathological observations collectively substantiate the salutary effects of topical metformin on the comprehensive landscape of wound healing dynamics. Conclusion: The obtained results highlight the therapeutic effectiveness of metformin in stimulating tissue regeneration and vascularization. These findings suggest that the topical application of metformin shows promise as a beneficial intervention for expediting and enhancing outcomes in wound healing. Keywords: Wound healing, Topical metformin, Tissue integrity, Sprague-Dawley rats YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 146 Student : Muhammad Afiq Bin Riduan Supervisor : Dr Ahmad Najib Hasan Co-supervisor : Mr Hanan Kumar S/O Gopalan

Optimization of Intraperitoneal Injection of Streptozotocin to Induce Diabetes Mellitus in Rodents 1 Introduction: Diabetes is a chronic endocrine disorder characterized by absolute or relative reduced insulin secretion, which results in hyperglycemia. Diabetes comes in two types: Type1 and Type 2. The most well-known diabetogenic substance is streptozotocin (STZ), which is frequently used in animal studies to produce type 1 and type 2 diabetes models. Objective: The objective of this study is to observe the blood glucose level in diabetic rats and non-diabetic rats with Streptozotocin (STZ) agents. Moreover, the objective is also to quantify and contrast the pre- and post-STZ alterations in rats between normal and diabetic rats. Method: Twenty-eight male Wistar rats with body weight between 200 grams to 300 grams. To induce all the rats, a single intraperitoneal (IP) injection of STZ (65 mg/kg) was used. The rats will experience experimental diabetes mellitus and Langerhans islet beta cell degeneration after 2 to 4 days of pancreatic swelling. The plan starts with the induction of experimental diabetes mellitus to purify pancreatic Langerhans islet cells from normal rats for subcutaneous transplantation under the testis of diabetic rats. Streptozotocin induces a form of diabetes mellitus-like hyperglycemia without ketosis in some animal species. After receiving STZ treatment, the body weight, food and water consumption, urine volume, and blood glucose level of the diabetic and nondiabetic rats will be ascertained. Results: The result shows that after the following induction of diabetes, the diabetic animals consumed more food and water, had higher urine volumes, and higher glucose levels than the normal animals. However, the diabetic animals’ body weight, insulin and C-peptide volumes, and insulin volume all decreased. Additionally, it alters the typical metabolism of diabetic rats relative to healthy rats. Conclusion: The most optimal diabetic rats were male rats given regular feed and administered a dose of 65 mg/kg of STZ injection. Keywords: Diabetes, Glucose, Rodents YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 147 Student : Syuhada Syahirah Binti Mohd Zahri Supervisor : Dr Ahmad Najib Hasan

Antibacterial Activity of Isoeugenol 1 Introduction: Bacterial infections are still a major worldwide health problem. The increasing issue of antibiotic resistance has sparked an ongoing search for new antimicrobial compounds, with natural products emerging as promising options. Isoeugenol is a phenolic molecule in numerous essential oils such as ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata). It is also used as an antioxidant, preservative, and sweeter in the food and pharmaceutical industry. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate isoeugenol antibacterial activity against a variety of pathogenic bacteria. Method: The antibacterial activity of Isoeugenol was tested on disc diffusion assay on 4 Gram-positive and 3 Gram-negative bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of Isoeugenol were tested on broth microdilution assay. Tetrazolium violet salt was used as a bacterial growth indicator. Results: On-disc diffusion assay, the diameters of inhibition zones for Isoeugenol were ranged from 8.0 to 22.0 mm, while Chloramphenicol ranged from 22.0 to 26.0 mm. Isoeugenol inhibited X Gram-positive and X Gram-negative bacteria. The antibacterial activity was a broad spectrum. On broth microdilution assays, the MICs of Isoeugenol ranged from 25-40%, while the MBC ranged from 25-50%. The MBCs recorded were significantly higher than MICs for most of the test bacteria. Conclusion: In conclusion, Isoeugenol showed significantly broad-spectrum antibacterial activity of Isoeugenol on animal models. Keywords: Antibacterial activity, Isoeugenol, MIC, MBC YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 148 Student : Nicol Tan Mei Ying Supervisor : Dr. Tong Woei Yenn

Antimicrobial Activity of Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Starch based Film with Sabinene Coating 1 Introduction: Foodborne infections resulted from the failure to control microbial growth at different phases of the food chain, from raw products to consumption of the final product. It is a worldwide health issue that has yet to be resolved, and outbreaks can result in both health and economic losses. Each year, approximately 7.69% (600 million) of individuals suffer from foodborne infections, and 7.5% (420,000 million) of individuals die due to foodborne infections. To control this global health concern from getting out of hand, packaging with antimicrobial compounds has been made to extend the shelf life of food by preventing microbial growth. However, the currently available antimicrobial packaging is known to cause several side effects like irritation, allergy and sometimes it can change the texture and odor of the food product. Objective: This study was aimed to develop cellulose-starch based food packaging with sabinene as antimicrobial coating. Method: The film was developed by using citric acid as a cross linker and glycerol as a plasticizer. The antimicrobial activity of the film was tested on various foodborne pathogens on Parallel Streak Test and Hohenstein Challenge Test. Results: On Parallel Streak Test, the film with sabinene coating inhibited 5 foodborne bacteria, which include both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The diameters of inhibition zones ranged from 24.0 to 28.0 mm. On Hohenstein Challenge Test, the average percentage growth reduction after exposed to film with Sabinene coating are 93.34%. The highest percentage of growth inhibition was observed on Enterococcus sp. Conclusion: In conclusion, carboxymethyl cellulose-starch with sabinene coating showed a significant antimicrobial activity on foodborne pathogen. Further investigations should be conducted to perform physical and chemical characterization of the developed film. Keyword: Antimicrobial activity, Sabinene, Foodborne pathogen, Outbreak, Foodborne infection YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 149 Student : Nurshamimi Aufiyah Binti Shazlean Supervisor : Dr. Tong Woei Yenn

Efficacy of Household Disinfection Methods on Domestic Dishcloths 1 Introduction: Foodborne disease is an illness contracted from eating contaminated food or beverages. Most foodborne illnesses are caused by improper and poor handling of food. Kitchen dishcloths have been proven to be as the most contaminated item in the domestic kitchen, it has been proven that dishcloths can contain high levels of bacteria up to 109 bacteria per dishcloth. Due to the bacteria load on the dishcloth, it has become one of the chief reasons for cross-contamination to occur and leading to foodborne infection. Objective: The general objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of household disinfection methods on domestic dishcloths. Method: Twp test bacteria, namely Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Dishcloth samples were immersed in the broth culture of test bacteria and then directed to 4 disinfecting methods, (i) tap water, (ii) dishwashing soap, (iii) 5.25% sodium hypochlorite solution and (iv) microwave. Results: The results revealed that dishcloths that have been immersed in S. aureus treated with tap water showed 96.40% reduction, while treatment with dishwashing soap showed 98.58% growth reduction, whereas 5.25% sodium hypochlorite showed 99.39% growth reduction and treatment with microwave showed 100% growth reduction. On the other hand, for E. coli, the percentage of growth reduction reported were tap water (94.83%), dishwashing soap (84.41%), 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (100%) and microwave (100%). Conclusion: In conclusion, microwaving dishcloths on high power for 1 minute proven to be the most effective method to eliminate the bacterial load on kitchen dishcloths and will reduce cross-contamination risk within the household. Keywords: Dishcloths, Disinfection, Cross-contamination YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 150 Student : Nur Sabrina Binti Shamsul Rodzi Supervisor : Dr. Tong Woei Yenn

Antibacterial Study Between Ginseng and Cordyceps militaris against Common Pathogens 1 YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 151 Student : Muhammad Syahmi Bin Sofian Supervisor : AP Ts. Dr. Reezal Ishak Introduction: Panax ginseng and Cordyceps militaris are two well-known traditional herbal medicines that plays a protective role against microbial attack. Several studies have revealed that Panax ginseng have antibacterial effects of ginseng against pathogenic bacterial infections while for the cordyceps militaris its shows antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. Objective: This study was conducted to run an antibacterial study between Panax ginseng and Cordyceps militaris against the common bacteria which are Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Keywords: Panax ginseng, Cordyceps militaris, E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia, P. aeruginosa

Efficacy of Different Brand of Anti-Microbial Shower Gel Against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans 1 YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 152 Student : Nur Qistina Aliah binti Muhammad Firuz Supervisor : Mdm. Nabilah Hanim Mohd Sabri Introduction: The normal flora may be agents of disease and can cause endogenous disease if they reach a site or tissue where they are not restricted or tolerated by the host defenses. Many of the normal flora are potential pathogens and if they gain access to compromised tissue from which they can invade, disease may result. Antimicrobial shower gel is one of the easiest ways to eliminate normal flora on a human’s skin. Sodium laureth sulphate is one of the main ingredients in most of the antimicrobial shower gels on the Malaysian market and it has antibacterial and antimicrobial properties, making it effective in inhibiting the growth of harmful, disease-causing pathogens. It is used in mouth rinses, hand soaps, and various other oral care products to eliminate microbial agents (protozoans, fungi, bacteria, and viruses). Objective: This study focuses on determining the efficacy of different brands of antimicrobial shower gel against common bacteria on humans' skin, which is Staphylococcus aureus and common fungus which is Candida albicans. There is research about the efficacy of antimicrobial shower gel, including research from Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) but there is still no research about the comparison between different brands of antimicrobial shower gel in Malaysia. Method: The study had been done by measuring the diameter of the zone of inhibition using the well diffusion method. Each brand's pure shower gel was placed in a well surrounded by normal flora for testing and Ciprofloxacin disk and Amphotericin B solution act as control. Results: Clarification of the best brand of antimicrobial shower gel against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans has been done by having the biggest diameter of the zone of inhibition. Conclusion: All the results show a positive result but have different diameter that describe the different efficacy of each brand towards Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Keywords : Normal flora, Antimicrobial shower gel, Well diffusion method

Histological and Sperm Analysis In Diabetic Rats 1 Introduction: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a prevalent chronic condition characterized by insulin resistance and disrupted glucose regulation. Despite extensive documentation of its systemic effects on metabolism, recent research has illuminated its potential influence on specific reproductive outcomes, particularly the impact of T2DM on sperm count which is a critical determinant of male fertility. Objective: This study aims to investigate the intricate correlation between T2DM and deviations in sperm count in order to unravel the complex nexus between T2DM and male fertility. Method: Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing between 250-300 grams, were rendered diabetic through a single intraperitoneal (IP) injection of Streptozotocin (STZ) at a dosage of 65 mg/kg. Rats that were included in this study were rats that manifested elevated blood glucose levels exceeding 15mmol/L. Blood glucose monitoring persisted for a 21-day duration to ensure the maintenance of their diabetic state. Following this observational period, euthanasia was administered, facilitating the collection of testicular samples for subsequent histological analysis and the evaluation of sperm count. Results: Microscopic examination unveils the deleterious impacts of hyperglycaemia on rat testes, elucidating conspicuous structural alterations in the testicular architecture, accompanied by a notable reduction in sperm presence within the testicular lumen. Sperm count analysis aligns cohesively with these anticipated histopathological findings, reflecting the adverse impact of hyperglycaemia on the testicular microenvironment and its consequential effect on sperm production in diabetic rats. Conclusion: The decline in sperm counts underscores the adverse impact of hyperglycaemia on the testicular microenvironment, emphasizing a potential correlation between elevated blood glucose levels and compromised sperm production. Further research is warranted to delve into the underlying mechanisms and explore potential interventions for mitigating these effects on sperm counts. Keywords: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Sprague-Dawley, Streptozotocin YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 153 Student : Muhammad Nur Hakimi Bin Muhammad Hisan Supervisor : Mr Hanan Kumar s/o Gopalan

Morphological Assessment of Topical Metformin Efficacy in Psoriasis Treatment using Rat Models 1 Introduction: Psoriasis, a chronic autoimmune dermatological disorder, is distinguished by hyperproliferation and aberrant differentiation of keratinocytes, leading to the formation of thickened, erythematous, and scaly plaques. The pathogenesis involves dysregulated immune responses, influenced by a complex interplay of genetic predisposition and environmental factors. The clinical spectrum varies, necessitating a nuanced approach to management, incorporating topical agents, systemic therapies, and lifestyle modifications. Despite the availability of diverse treatment modalities, the ongoing necessity to explore novel options persists. Objective: Hence, this study investigates the potential repurposing of metformin, a widely used drug in diabetic mellitus, for the treatment of psoriasis. Method: This study utilizes rat psoriatic model whereby healthy male Sprague Dawley rats were made to manifest psoriatic lesion by the topical application of 1% of Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) on the torso dorsum of the rats back over a 7-day period. Test animals were left to exacerbate manifestations of psoriatic lesion and were included in the study. Subsequently topical metformin preparation was applied daily onto the animals that manifested psoriatic lesion for over a period of 21 days followed by photographic documentation. Upon completion of the 21-day period rats were euthanized and cutaneous samples were collected for histology analysis. Results: Examination of histological specimens from rats subjected to topical metformin reveals compelling therapeutic effects in the context of psoriasis. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining demonstrates a distinct reduction in inflammation, coupled with a pronounced restoration of skin architectural integrity. These microscopic observations align coherently with the notable healing properties attributed to topical metformin. Conclusion: The findings provide histopathological validation for the potential efficacy of this treatment modality in addressing psoriatic lesions in the rat model. Keywords: Psoriasis, Erythematous, Scaly plaques, Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), Toro dorsum, Metformin, Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E) YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 154 Student : Muhammad Ridzman Aqasha Bin AhmadYusri Supervisor : Mr Hanan Kumar s/o Gopalan Co-supervisor : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yanti Binti Rosli

Wound Healing Assessment in Diabetic Rats Treated With Metformin 1 Introduction: Diabetes represents a metabolic disorder marked by dysregulated glucose metabolism. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic ailment distinguished by heightened blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) resulting from impaired insulin utilization resulting in microvascular complications, neuropathy, compromised immunity, and altered collagen synthesis, contributing to delayed wound healing. A profound understanding of the intricate interplay among these factors is imperative for discerning the impediments to wound healing within the framework of diabetes. Objective: The current study seeks to assess the effectiveness of metformin in enhancing wound healing specifically in rats afflicted with diabetes mellitus (DM). Method: In this investigative study, a group of 12 healthy male Sprague Dawley rats, weighing between 250-350 grams and devoid of any abnormalities, served as experimental subjects. After one-week of acclimatization phase, the rats were weighed and grouped accordingly. Diabetes was induced through a single intraperitoneal (IP) injection of 65 mg/kg Streptozotocin (STZ). Fasting blood glucose levels were assessed four days postinjection, with inclusion criteria set for rats exhibiting values exceeding 15 mmol/L. Subsequently, precise wound excision was performed on the dorsal torso of the rats using a medical-grade biopsy punch with an 8 mm diameter and 2 mm depth. Metformin preparation was topically applied directly onto the wound bed once daily for a duration of 21 days. At the conclusion of day 21, euthanasia was perform with an overdose of Ketamine to facilitate the extraction of biopsy specimens for subsequent histological staining and analysis. Conclusion: The current investigation furnishes compelling evidence that the direct application of topical metformin preparation exerts a profound influence on wound healing dynamics in diabetic rats. Moreover, microscopic examination of tissue specimens unveils noteworthy improvements in histological architecture, underscoring metformin positive impact on the reconstructive mechanisms within the diabetic wound microenvironment. Keywords: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), Streptozotocin (STZ), Wound healing, Metformin YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 155 Student : Muhammad Haziq Zikry bin Jamil Supervisor : Mr Hanan Kumar s/o Gopalan

Histological Study of Lungs Exposed to Citrus hystrix DC. Aromatherapy in Adult Male Sprague Dawley Rats 1 BIntroduction: Citrus hystrix DC., commonly known as kaffir lime, is renowned for its aromatic properties and potential therapeutic effects. Aromatherapy, a noninvasive method utilizing essential oils, has gained popularity for its purported health benefits. However, the specific impact of Citrus hystrix DC. aromatherapy on lung histology remains underexplored. Objective: This research investigated the histological alterations in the lungs of adult male Sprague Dawley rats following exposure to Citrus hystrix DC. aromatherapy. Method: Adult male Sprague Dawley rats (n=10) were randomly divided into the experimental group exposed to Citrus hystrix DC. Aromatherapy (CA), and the non-exposed control group. For fourteen days, rats in the CA group were subjected to one-hour aromatherapy with 50 μL of Citrus hystrix DC essential oil. After 14 days, all rats were sacrificed, and lungs were collected and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for 48 hours. The well-fixed lungs were grossed and placed in standard tissue cassettes. Leica HistoCore PELORIS 3 Premium tissue processor was used to dehydrate, clear, and infiltrate the well-fixed lungs. Next, lung specimens were blocked in paraffin wax, thinly sectioned (4-5 μm) by microtome, and mounted on frosted glass slides. All lung sections were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E). Microscopic evaluations of pulmonary alveoli, blood vessels, and bronchioles were conducted on all stained lung sections. Results: No major histopathological changes were observed in all H&E-stained lung sections indicating the Citrus hystrix DC. aromatherapy did not impose pulmonary toxicity. All H&E-stained lung sections revealed no fluid accumulation in alveolar sacs, no inflammatory infiltration in the alveolar walls and bronchioles, and most of the alveolar pneumocytes were normal. Conclusion: The Citrus hystrix DC. aromatherapy did not induce histopathological changes in the lungs of adult male Sprague Dawley rats. Keywords: Citrus hystrix DC., Kaffir lime, Aromatherapy, Essential oil, H&E staining, Histopathological changes YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 156 Student : Nurul Alia Nafissa Yusri Supervisor : Dr. Teh Rasyidah Ismail Co-Supervisor: Dr. Dwiarso Rubiyant

Assessment of Lung Histology in Adult Male Sprague Dawley Rats Following Aromatherapy with Cananga odorata 1 Student : Nurul Fatini Binti Aziz Supervisor : Dr. Teh Rasyidah Ismail Co-Supervisor: Dr. Dwiarso Rubiyant Introduction: Aromatherapy has been defined, with some emphasizing its holistic approach, while others concentrate on its medicinal properties. Aromatherapy is also considered a complementary therapy or a form of alternative medicine. The ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata) flower is widely known for its captivating scent and is frequently used in aromatherapy and fragrance. Ylang-ylang aromatherapy has a distinctive aroma, full of natural substances, and has relaxing effects. Although it has great potential for aromatherapy, the cumulative effects of repeated inhalation of essential oils on lung tissues have not been adequately studied. Understanding how these organs respond to continuous exposure is crucial for evaluating overall safety. Objective: This study aimed to assess the histology of haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained rats’ lung sections following aromatherapy with Cananga odorata. Method: Ten adult male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into the control (non-expose) and Cananga odorata aromatherapy-expose (COA) groups. Rats in the COA group were subjected to one-hour aromatherapy with Cananga odorata (50 μL) for fourteen days. On day 15, all rats were sacrificed, and lungs were collected and preserved in formalin for 48 hours. The well-fixed lungs were grossed and placed in tissue cassettes. Dehydration, xylene clearing, and paraffin infiltration were performed on the wellfixed lungs by using the Leica HistoCore tissue processor. Next, all lung specimens were blocked in paraffin wax, thinly sectioned (4-5 μm), and mounted on frosted glass slides. All lung sections were stained with H&E. Microscopic analysis was performed on all stained lung sections. Results: No histopathological changes were observed in all H&E-stained lung sections indicating that COA did not impose pulmonary toxicity. The H&E-stained lung sections of COA group exhibited normal alveolar sacs, alveoli and thin interalveolar septum lined by normal pneumocytes. Conclusion: Fourteen days of exposure to Cananga odorata aromatherapy did not induce pulmonary toxicity. Keywords: Aromatherapy, Cananga odorata, Ylang-ylang, Lung, Histology, Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining. YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 157

A Histological Evaluation of the Liver in Sprague Dawley Rats Exposed to Aromatherapy With Blends of Citrus hystrix DC. and Cananga odorata Essential Oils 1 Student : Tiara Ayu Putri Sahar Supervisor : Dr. Teh Rasyidah Ismail Co-Supervisor: Dr. Dwiarso Rubiyant Introduction: Essential oils derived from Citrus hystrix DC., commonly known as kaffir lime, and Cananga odorata, also known as ylang-ylang, have been traditionally used for various purposes, including aromatherapy. Aromatherapy, utilizing essential oil blends, is increasingly recognized for its potential physiological impacts. However, the specific effects on liver histology following exposure to blended essential oils remain underexplored. Objective: This research was conducted to evaluate histological features of the liver in Sprague Dawley rats subjected to aromatherapy with blends of Citrus hystrix DC. and Cananga odorata essential oils. Method: Sprague Dawley rats (♂; n=10) were randomly divided into the control (non-aromatherapy) and aromatherapy with blends of Citrus hystrix DC. and Cananga odorata essential oils (AB-CHCO) groups. The AB-CHCO-exposed rats were subjected to one-hour aromatherapy with blends of Citrus hystrix DC. and Cananga odorata essential oils (50 μL: 50 μL) for 14 days. At the end of the experimental study, all rats were sacrificed and livers were excised and preserved in 10% formalin for 48 hours. The well-fixed livers were grossed and placed in tissue cassettes. The tissue cassettes were processed in Leica HistoCore PELORIS 3 Premium tissue processor. Next, all processed liver specimens were blocked in paraffin wax, thinly sectioned (4-5 μm) by microtome, and mounted on standard histological glass slides. All liver sections were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) and analyzed microscopically by using a digital microscope. Results: All H&E-stained liver sections of the AB-CHCO group exhibited normal hepatic lobule with central vein, normal hepatocyte with hepatic sinusoids, and prominent nucleus without any sign of toxicity. This result indicated that AB-CHCO did not impose hepatic injury. Conclusion: In conclusion, the inhalation of aromatherapy with blends of Citrus hystrix DC. and Cananga odorata essential oils does not induce hepatic injury. Keywords: Citrus hystrix DC., Cananga odorata, Essential Oil, Aromatherapy, H&E staining, Histological Evaluation YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 158

The Effect of Serum Deprivation on Cell Viability of HEp-2 Cells 1 Student : Nur Adila Binti Abd Razak Supervisor : Dr. Jalilah Idris Introduction: Cell viability is defined as the quantification of viable, or healthy, cells present in a given sample. In order to create a complete medium, cultured cells necessitate additional nutrients such as serum and L-glutamine. Serum comprises bioactive growth factors that encompass vital components for promoting cell viability. Serum starvation refers to the cultivation of cells in conditions without serum or with reduced serum levels. This practice is frequently employed to investigate cell death, cellular stress response, and to conduct cell cycle arrest to achieve synchronisation of cells in the same phase of the cell cycle. Nevertheless, the effects of serum deprivation on cell survival remain poorly comprehended. Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the impact of serum deprivation on the survival of cells. Method: Human larynx carcinoma (HEp2) cells were cultured in four T25 flasks containing penicillin/streptomycin media in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM) under the specified conditions: grown for either 24 or 48 hours (with or without serum), at a temperature of 37°C in a 5% CO2 incubator. Cell viability was assessed using a hemacytometer. Results: i) After 24 hours, the cell count was 60,000 (without serum) and 100,000 (with serum); ii) After 8 hours, the cell count was 60,000 (without serum) and 140,000 (with serum). This implies that serum is critical for the survival of cultured cells. Conclusion: This study demonstrates insufficient serum may result in suppression activity against cell growth and proliferation, which halts HEp-2 cells’ specific cycle plus decreases its viability. Keywords: Cell viability, Serum deprivation, HEp-2 cells, Cell counting. YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 159

Optimization of the Cryopreservation Protocol for HEp-2 Cell Line 1 Student : Nur Sufya Binti Muhammad Safuan Supervisor : Dr. Jalilah Idris Introduction: Cryopreservation is the process of conserving organelles, cells, tissues, and other biological structures by cooling them to extremely low temperatures. However, freezing is harmful to most living animals because it generates both intra- and extracellular ice crystals and alters the chemical makeup of cells, resulting in cellular mechanical constraints and damage that limits cell survival at low temperatures. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is one method for cryopreserving cells that reduces the electrolyte concentration in an unfrozen solution. It is widely utilised due to its low cost and comparatively low cytotoxicity. However, evidence indicate that DMSO may cause cell death. Method: Hep-2 cells were initially placed in a culture dish with a starting population of 100,000 cells. They were then incubated for a period of 5 days under conditions of 5% CO2 and at 37°C. When the cell culture reached a confluency of over 80%, the cells were harvested using trypsin-EDTA and placed into cryovials. These cryovials contained either 0%, 10%, or 20% (as a control) of DMSO and Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), which was used for cryopreservation. The cryovials were subsequently placed in the "Mr. Frosty" cooler with sufficient isopropanol, and then kept in a -80°C freezer overnight. The cells were thawed and subsequently revived in full medium overnight. Afterwards, they were quantified using a hemacytometer. Results: The number of viable cells is as follows: i) 0% DMSO = 0; ii) 10% DMSO = 20,000; iii) 20% DMSO = 40,000 (n=1). Results suggest that the number of cells increased as the percentage of DMSO increased. However, there were more cell death occurring at 10% than 20% DMSO indicating that higher percentage of DMSO may be needed to prevent cell death. Conclusion: DMSO is essential for maintaining cell viability during cryopreservation process. The outcome of this study is important to maximize the number of viable cells following cryopreservation. Keywords: DMSO; Cryopreservation; Cell viability, Cell death; Hep-2 cells YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 160

Phytochemical Screening of Aqueous and Methanolic Extract of Citrus hystrix 1 Student : Nur Farah Syifa Binti Roslan Supervisor : Dr. Norhaida Che Azmi Introduction: Phytochemical analysis is conducted to determine the chemical composition of plant. Each Citrus spp. leaves contains a different type of chemical composition. The chemical compound that contains in the plant can prove the pharmacological actions of the plant. In the previous study, Citrus hystrix shows a various difference result for the presence of the chemical compounds like tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids and saponins for each different extraction solvent. Objective: To perform a phytochemical screening of Citrus hystrix leaves and to differentiate the outcome of phytochemical analysis between two different extraction solvent which is methanol and aqueous. Method: Methanol and aqueous extraction of Citrus hystrix leaves need to be prepared. Then four phytochemical tests were performed which are ferric chloride test for detection of tannins, Mayer’s reagent test for determination of alkaloids, alkaline reagent test for flavonoids while froth test for indication of saponins. Results: There are presence of tannins and flavonoids in methanolic extraction of C. hystrix leave, meanwhile, in aqueous extraction there are presence of tannins, alkaloids and flavonoids. Conclusion: In this present study, phytochemical examination indicated the existence of tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids and saponins in the Citrus hystrix leaves extract also has proven the pharmacological action of Citrus hystrix. Keywords: Phytochemical analysis, Chemical compounds, Citrus hystrix, Extraction solvent, Methanol, Aqueous YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 161

Phytochemical Screening of Aqueous and Methanolic Extract of Murayya koenigii 1 Student : Nur Fatin Annisha Binti Rozali Supervisor : Dr. Norhaida Che Azmi Introduction: Murraya koenigii, commonly known as Daun Kari in ancient times and is a tropical to subtropical tree of the rutaceae family. Murraya koenigii leaves of this plant have been analyzed for their medicinal characteristics in addition to its culinary usage and its most common uses in Indian country due to their distinct scent and aroma. Objective: The aim of study was to perform phytochemical screening of Murraya koenigii leaves extract in aqueous and methanol. Method: The method of identifying the presence of different chemical compounds in plants is known as phytochemical screening by using standard methodologies to test the phytochemical analysis of tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids and saponins of Murraya koenigii. The phytochemical screening of Murraya koenigii showed the presence of these phytochemical properties in anti-fungal, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidative, anticancer, anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory. Results: Phytochemical analysis was done by using several chemical tests which are ferric chloride test for tannin, Mayer’s reagent test for alkaloids, Alkaline reagent test for flavonoid and froth test for saponins. Murraya koenigii aqueous and methanol revealed the absence and presence of these phytochemical properties which are tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids and saponins. Conclusion: To sum up, the presence of phytochemical properties plays important roles in Murraya koenigii activity. Keyword: Murraya koenigii, phytochemical screening, chemical compound, methanol, aqueous YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 162

Isolation and Identification of Bacteria on Unwashed Strawberry 1 Student : Nur Ain Fatihah Binti Azman Supervisor : Mr. Ammarul Zaki Rahman Introduction: The promotion of healthier lifestyles has resulted in an increased consumption of fresh produce, including strawberries. Nonetheless, the consumption of these fruits may pose an increased risk of foodborne diseases since they frequently undergo insufficient processing steps to effectively eliminate or neutralize pathogenic microorganisms before being consumed. Consequently, various pathogenic microbes have found their way into fresh fruits, despite their overall recognition as a beneficial element of a nutritious human diet. Objective: This study aimed to observe the presence of bacteria on unwashed strawberries originating from two distinct regions, Malaysia, and Australia. Both samples were purchased from the same supermarket in Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, and were enclosed in clamshell packaging, where the lid was affixed to the container. Method: The samples were analyzed by swabbing the surface of the strawberries and culturing them on agar plates (Nutrient Agar, Blood Agar, MacConkey Agar, and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar) using the four-quadrant streaking method. The plates were then incubated at 37°C for 24 hours to enhance bacterial growth. Streaking techniques were employed to isolate three different colonies of bacteria, ensuring the production of single colonies. Subsequently, the colonies underwent Gram staining, and further identification was conducted through biochemical tests for each isolated bacterium. Results: Results from this study indicated the presence of only Gram-positive bacteria and fungi, with further biochemical testing identifying Bacillus spp, Bacillus subtilis, Listeria monocytogenes, and fungi in both strawberry samples. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study has highlighted the presence of pathogenic bacteria and fungi in strawberry. It emphasizes the importance of taking precautions before consuming raw strawberries to reduce the potential risk of foodborne diseases linked to the fruit. Keyword: Ready-to-eat fruit, Strawberry, Bacterial contamination, Foodborne Disease, Listeria monocytogenes YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 163

Isolation and Identification of Bacteria From Spoiled Banana 1 Student : Nur Irdina Faqihah Binti Hassan Basri Supervisor : Mr. Ammarul Zaki Rahman Introduction: Bananas are a type of fruit from the Musa genus. Quality depends on color, smell, ripeness, and cooking. Microorganisms can spoil bananas and cause health problems. Contamination during culturing can occur if not handled properly. Fruits are ideal for microorganisms to grow due to high concentrations of sugars, minerals, vitamins, and amino acids. Method: Firstly, collect fresh banana samples, and allow them to spoil for a few days. Then, prepare agar plates, including MacConkey agar and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA), and use a sterile cotton swab to streak the different agar plates (MacConkey, SDA, and blood agar) with the samples. Incubate the plates for 24-48 hours and observe the colony morphology. Next, select representative colonies and streak them on the different agar plates (MacConkey, SDA, and blood agar). Follow this up with gram staining, biochemical tests, and identification of isolates based on morphological, gram staining, lactophenol blue stain, and biochemical tests. Results: After incubating the culture media for 24 hours, bacterial growth was detected on the blood agar and MacConkey. Following one week and two days of incubation, fungal growth on the SDA was identified as Fusarium spp. To determine the bacteria's identity, both Gram’s stain and biochemical tests were performed. Results showed Staphylococcus aureus on the blood agar and Escherichia coli on the MacConkey. Conclusion: Properly disposing of overripe bananas is crucial as they can harbor harmful bacteria that pose a risk of food poisoning and other unpleasant symptoms. It's advisable to refrain from using them in culinary endeavors. Adhering to food safety protocols, such as cooking food to its safe internal temperature, keeping hot dishes at 140°F or higher and cold ones at 40°F or lower, storing cooked meals in broad, shallow containers, and following the four steps to food safety - namely, clean, separate, cook, and chill - will ensure optimal safety and health. Keywords: Spoiled banana, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Fusarium spp. YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 164

Comparison of Unwashed and Washed Grapes Using Five Salt Solution Concentrations 1 Student : Zarith Sofia Binti Mohd Zamri Supervisor : Mr. Ammarul Zaki Rahman Co-Supervisor: Mr. Mohd Shazwan Shazdee Introduction: This study examines the efficacy of washing grapes, focusing on bacterial contamination. While fruits, particularly grapes, are integral to a nutritious diet, concerns about bacterial presence necessitate a closer look at common household cleaning practices. The investigation explores the effectiveness of washing grapes with different salt solution ratios and a commercial fruit and vegetable washer, considering both convenience and health implications. Objective: The primary goal is to evaluate various salt solution ratios' efficacy in eliminating bacterial contamination on fruits, specifically grapes. Specific objectives include assessing existing bacterial growth on unwashed fruits, benchmarking commercial washers, exploring salt solution ratios' bacterial elimination capabilities, and proposing practical recommendations for effective fruit-cleaning methods. Method: The study involves preparing nutrient agar plates and salt solutions with varying ratios, ensuring meticulous sterilization. Washing processes include salt solutions and a commercial washer on grapes, followed by sample collection, bacterial extraction, and nutrient agar inoculation. The results undergo thorough documentation, colony counting, and statistical analysis for a comprehensive evaluation. Results: The average results is unwashed grapes had 7.33 CFUs, washed grapes with various salt ratios result, 1:1 (0 colony), 1:2 (1.83 CFUs), 1:4 (3.17 CFUs), 1:8 (2.83 CFUs), 1:16 (1.33 CFUs), and commercial washer (0 colony). The 1:1 ratio and the commercial washer were most effective, emphasizing the need for a balanced fruit-cleaning approach. Conclusion: Higher salt concentrations (1:1) and the use of a commercial washer prove effective in eliminating bacterial presence on grapes. The study recommends adopting fruit and vegetable washers for enhanced food safety, acknowledging their reliability and convenience. Practical considerations and the necessity for a balanced approach are highlighted, advocating for informed choices in fruit-cleaning practices. Keywords: Fruit cleaning, Bacterial contamination, Salt solution ratios, Commercial washer, Food safety YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 165

Isolation and Identification of Microorganisms on Contaminated Tomatoes 1 Student : Nurin Ilyana Melissa binti Khairu Nizam Supervisor : Mr. Ammarul Zaki Rahman Introduction: Tomatoes is supposed to be free from any contamination, either bacteria or fungi. However, the possibility of contamination is higher due to the moisture of surrounding areas. High humidity can contribute to the spoilage of tomatoes by promoting the growth of mold and even bacteria. Objective: This study was aimed to isolate and identify the bacteria and fungi that presence on contaminated tomatoes. Due to some people proceed to eat of half spoiled tomatoes, the contaminated tomatoes sample was taken and analyzed. Method: Fresh tomatoes were kept in refrigerator for 5 days and grow some cottony texture on the surface. The sample was cultured on the Blood Agar, MacConkey Agar, and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar by using streaking technique and were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours to growth the bacteria and 4 days to growth the fungi. Subculture media with streaking technique was done to isolate two different colonies of bacteria to produce a single colony. Both colonies on Mac Conkey agar were subjected to Gram’s staining and further identification was done by the biochemical test of each colony. For fungi, the growth of colonies was observed macroscopically for morphology and microscopically by lactophenol cotton blue staining. Results: Result showed that both Blood agar and Mac Conkey agar were gram negative with bacilli type. Biochemical test revealed the presence of Citrobacter freundii and Shigella sonnei on the sample. While lactophenol cotton blue staining revealed the presence of Rhizopus stolonifer. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study concludes that there's the presence of pathogenic bacteria and fungi on contaminated tomatoes. However, precaution should be taken before consuming any fruits that already have a sign of spoilage and emphasize the potential health risks associated with their consumption. Keywords: Tomatoes, Microorganisms Contamination, Gram negative Bacteria, Health risk YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 166

Isolation and Identification of Bacteria on Raw Lettuce 1 Student : Nur Ainul Mardhiah Binti Daud Supervisor : Mr. Ammarul Zaki Rahman Introduction: Lettuce, which is frequently ingested raw, is prone to microorganism contamination, which can result in food-borne diseases. This can be due to direct bacterium interaction throughout the cultivation, organising, and distribution procedures. Objective: This study aims to determine any microorganisms that can lead to foodborne disease that have the potential to be present on the surface of lettuce samples collected from two distinct locations, which are farm market in Salak Tinggi, Selangor, and a supermarket in Kajang, Selangor. The lettuce was obtained straight from the Salak Tinggi farm market, preserving its natural and unaltered nature, while lettuce from a supermarket in Kajang was wrapped as part of the retail packing. Method: The sample was taken by using a sterilised cotton swab by gently rubbing it on the surface of the lettuce leaves. The collected samples were isolated on media plate, including Blood agar, Mac Conkey Agar, and Saboured Dextrose Agar using the streaking technique to produce the small individual colonies. The agar was incubated at 37 ℃ for 24 hours to grow the bacteria. Gram staining was performed on the agar colonies, followed by biochemical tests to identify the isolated bacteria. Results: In this research, Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria were isolated from the lettuce. The result showed the presence of gram positive bacteria that include Staphylococcus spp., while for gram negative bacteria, the results showed the presence of Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp, and Pseudomonas spp. in the lettuce collected. Conclusion: This study proved the presence of microorganisms on the surface of the lettuce sample, and precautions must be taken before the consumption. Keywords: Lettuce, Microorganism contamination, Food-Borne disease, Gram positive bacteria, Gram negative bacteria YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 167

Changes in Body Weight in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats With Wound and Without Wound Induction 1 Student : Nur Humaira Binti Mohd. Yusuff Supervisor : Mdm. Zainie Aboo Bakkar Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a disease in the body, which is unable to produce or respond to insulin, a hormone that is needed to breakdown body weight and blood glucose. Insulin is a growth hormone, and any growth hormone will mean putting on more weight. The effect of diabetes is lost a lot of weight in a short space of time. Objective: This study aims to investigate the changes in body weight in streptozotocin diabetic rats with wound and without wound induction. Method: Twelve male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups which are (A) negative control rats, (B) diabetic rats without wound, (C) diabetic rats with wound. Diabetic condition in rats were induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of 65 mg/kg streptozotocin dissolved in sterile water injection. Data were presented as mean ± SD and statistically analysed by two independent T Test. Results: The result showed no significant difference (p>0.05) in body weight measurements between diabetic with and without wound. There is difference in average of body weight after streptozotocin induction during week one until week three, but the comparison is not significant. Conclusion: These findings suggested that wound induction may not directly affect the changes of body weight of diabetic wound healing. Keywords : Diabetes Mellitus, Streptozotocin, Wound, Body weight YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 168

Changes in Blood in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats With Wound and Without Wound Induction 1 Student : Nurul Izzah Binti Azlan Supervisor : Mdm. Zainie Aboo Bakkar Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is the most prevalent chronic disease and often occurs when blood glucose is elevated as well as when insulin production is inadequate by the pancreas leading to hyperglycemia. Diabetes mellitus is also frequently associated with poor wound healing for a number of reasons that may cause extended periods of recovery. Objective: This study intended to investigate the blood glucose level in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats with and without wound induction. Method: Twelve male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly separated into three groups consists of four rats in each. (A) Negative control rats, (B) Diabetic rats without wound, (C) Diabetic rats with wound. Rats in diabetic group were induced with a single intraperitoneal injection of 65 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) dissolved in sterile water. Tail blood sample was obtained for the measurement of blood glucose every week after STZ administration. Data were presented as mean ± SD statistically analyzed by T Test. Results: The results obtained revealed that there were no significant differences (p>0.05) in the mean of blood glucose level at all-time between the diabetic group with and without wound. However, there is difference in average of blood glucose after STZ during week one until week three, but the comparison is not significant. Conclusion: These findings suggested that, in this experimental model, wound induction may not directly affect changes blood glucose regulation of diabetic wound healing. Keywords: Hyperglycemia, Insulin, Wound, Streptozotocin (STZ), Blood glucose YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 169

Bacteria Isolation Open Rat Wound 1 Student : Nur Alia Maisarah Binti Mohd Saidi Supervisor : Mdm. Nur Shukriyah Mohamad Hazir Co-Supervisor: Mr. Mohd Shazwan Shazdee Wahab Introduction: Infection is a major causative factor in delayed and nonhealing wounds. Indiscriminate and routine wound cultures are not recommended, but a culture is indicated to identify the causative organisms and to guide antibiotic therapy when clinical suspicion of an infection exists. Although tissue biopsy is considered the gold standard for diagnosing infection, it is rarely used in clinical settings. Swab cultures are useful for determining the bacteria present in wounds. Early detection of infections through wound culture swabs allows for timely intervention, reducing the risk of complications such as cellulitis, abscess formation, or systemic infections. Aggregated data from wound culture swab tests contribute to research on wound infections, helping to understand trends in microbial flora, antibiotic resistance, and treatment outcomes. Objective: A wound swab culture was performed to observe the presence of microbial agents on wounds in rats treated with different herbs formulations and also to identify the type of microbial agent that is present in the wound. Method: Rats were divided into five groups of treatments which were positive control, negative control, Lawsonia inermis, Calendula officinalis and Lawsonia inermis mix Calendula officinalis. Using the wound swab technique, the wounds of five rats were cultured on three different agar which were nutrient agar and isolates the bacteria in blood agar, and Mac Conkey agar, the wound was taken from one rat of each group of treatments. Results: These findings discovered that the swab cultures from five wounds included two species of Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus but also contained additional micro-organisms. Conclusion: This research provides initial findings from the systematic sampling of infected wounds. Based on the results, it appears that utilizing the swab method could offer a more thorough depiction of the microbial population present in wounds. Keywords: Wound culture swabs, Wound, Bacteria, Wound infection and Rats YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 170

Liver Histology Observation Toxicity Upon Topical Herbal Formulation 1 Student : Nur Diana Rizwana Binti Mohamad Azmi Supervisor : Mdm. Nur Shukriyah Mohamad Hazir Introduction: This investigation present into liver histology to assess potential toxicity resulting from the topical application of herbal formulation (henna & calendula). Assessing histological alterations enables the identification of possible harmful effects on liver tissue, including necrosis, inflammation, and other indications of hepatotoxicity. Objective: To observe the morphological changes in liver treated with the herbal formulation. Method: Topical herbal herbal formulation is prepared using plant extracts. Wound are induce on the rat skin, and the herbal formulation is administered, with regular monitoring and recording of wound healing progress. In the period of 14 days is allotted for the herbal formulation (leave powder henna, calendula with 70% ethanol, henna mix calendula) and control treatment (Bepanthen & Vaseline) to influence wound healing. Liver tissue sample are collected from each group of rat for histological analysis. Then, the tissue is immersed in 10% formalin to maintain its structure. Tissue sectioning continued by tissue processing and converting the tissue into solid medium after processing. Tissue is embedded using paraffin wax to generate blocks. Tissue slicing carried out using a microtome to cut the tissue into ribbon sections. Ribbon section are moved into the floatation bath and affixed to the glass slide. All the tissue were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E). The tissue sections are mounted with a coverslip using DPX and subsequently observed under a light microscope to evaluate the changes occurs in liver tissue following the topical application of herbal formulation. Results: The nucleus and cytoplasm were consistently coloured purple and pink under a light microscope following histological staining and mounting. In other terms, no discernible changes in the liver, no inflammation were detected in the liver from the application of herbal. Conclusion: The detailed histological analysis performed in this study revealed no observable changes in liver tissue morphology subsequent to the application of the herbal formulation. Keywords: Toxicity, Rat, Wound healing, Herbal formulation, Henna, Calendula, H&E Staining YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 171

Kidney Histology Observation Toxicity Upon Topical Herbal Formulation 1 Student : Nurul Najiha Binti Dzulkifli Supervisor : Mdm. Nur Shukriyah Mohamad Hazir Introduction:This laboratory investigation delves into the potential impact of a topical herbal formulation on kidney tissue morphology in Sprague-Dawley rats. The study explores the effects of various herbal concoctions, including henna, calendula, henna mixed with calendula, vaseline, and bepanthen. Objective: The objective of this study is to scrutinize the histological changes in kidney tissue following induced wounds in rats treated with topical herbal formulations. Specifically, we aim to evaluate the impact of henna, calendula, henna mixed with calendula, vaseline, and bepanthen on the healing process and overall kidney tissue morphology in Sprague-Dawley rats. Method: The experimental approach involves the preparation of topical herbal formulations using plant extracts. Rats undergo wound induction, followed by the administration of herbal preparations, and wound healing progress is meticulously recorded. Herbal formulations are applied over a defined period to assess their effects on wound healing. Kidney tissue samples are then extracted for histological analysis. The tissue preservation process includes immersion in 10% formalin to maintain structural integrity. Subsequent steps involve cutting, processing, and embedding the tissue in paraffin wax to create blocks. Microtome-assisted tissue cutting produces ribbon sections, which are floated in a bath, mounted on glass slides, stained for histological examination, and covered with coverslips. Observation under a light microscope is conducted using objective lenses ranging from 4x to 40x. Results: The methodology yielded 15 tissue blocks and corresponding ribbon sections. After histological staining and mounting, observations under the light microscope revealed consistent purple and pink colors for the nucleus and cytoplasm. However, no discernible changes in kidney tissue morphology were noted, suggesting a lack of observable impact from the applied herbal formulation. Conclusion: Despite the meticulous histological analysis conducted in this study, there were no apparent changes in kidney tissue morphology following the application of the herbal formulation. This indicates the necessity for further exploration to comprehensively understand the systemic effects of the topical herbal formulations on kidney tissues. The study underscores the complexity of herbal interactions with tissues and highlights the importance of extended research in this domain. Keywords: Tissue, DPX, Topical herbal, Sections, Histological, Cutting, Wound, Staining YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 172

Comparison Antimicrobial Activity of Cedarwood and Eucalyptus Essential Oil Against MRSA and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1 Student : Nur Atiqah Binti Ahmad Mokhtar Supervisor : Mdm. Noor Eszrezad Juferi Introduction: Essential oils are extracted from plants. Cedarwood and Eucalyptus are the essential oil used in this research. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a common bacterial pathogen that causes a range of illnesses. Pseudomonas is renowned for its metabolic variety and genetic adaptability. Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the antibacterial activity of cedarwood and eucalyptus essential oils against MRSA and Pseudomonas, which will provide vital information on their potential as alternative medicinal agents. Method: MRSA and Pseudomonas are culture on culture plates that contain nutrient agar. The bacteria are then culture on different plates that contain Mueller-Hilton Agar (MHA) and antibiotics disks that contain the essential oils and specific antibiotic then placed on top of the culture plates. MIC is performed using 96 wells. Results: Result obtains determine that MRSA is sensitive towards the essential oils Cedarwood and Eucalyptus, but Pseudomonas show no reaction on toward them. Conclusion: The findings suggest that both Cedarwood and Eucalyptus essential oils exhibit antimicrobial activity against MRSA. However, Pseudomonas show no sensitivity towards both the essential oil. Further studies are warranted to explore the underlying mechanisms of action and to optimize their use as alternative antimicrobial agents in the context of combating multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. Keywords: MRSA, Pseudomonas, Antimicrobial activity, Essential oils, Cedarwood, Eucalyptus, Sensitivity, MICs YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 173

Comparative Antimicrobial Activity of Pine Needle and Anise Star Essential Oils Against MRSA and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1 Student : Nur Najwa Fariha Binti Azman Supervisor : Mdm. Noor Eszrezad Juferi Introduction: The specter of antibiotic resistance casts a long shadow over modern medicine. Pathogens like Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa cause concerns in hospitals and communities, leaving clinicians with dwindling therapeutic options. In this climate of desperation, the search for alternative antimicrobials has turned to the natural world, with essential oils emerging as promising candidates. Pine needle and anise star oils, both boasting a rich history of traditional medicinal use, have shown promise in recent studies. Method: The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) was performed by diluting the MRSA and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in normal saline. Then, the preparations of 5 concentrations for each essential oils are prepared by diluting it with corn oil. The concentrations that were observed started from 1.0, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125 and 0.0625. Results: After 24 hours incubations, the result was observed. The result shows that none of the concentration shows negative result which shows that the essential oils did not act as antimicrobial on both Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conclusion: The results that were observed determine that there was no antimicrobial activity for both Essential oils on both type of bacteria. However, the research is done under a short period of time and there are many dilutions methods that can be observed to compare the effectiveness and working mechanism for the essential oils. Further research can be done in the future to obtain more information on the antimicrobial activity of both of pine needle and anise star essential oils to help in the treatment for these multiple antibiotic resistance bacteria. Keywords: Pine needle, Anise star, MRSA, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, MICs YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 174

Comparison Antimicrobial Activity of Clove and Palmarosa Essential Oils Towards Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1 Student : Nur Nasfati Binti Ahmad Mustain Supervisor : Mdm. Noor Eszrezad Juferi Introduction: Essential oils have been extensively studied worldwide for their potential to treating infectious diseases. Clove and palmarosa oil expected able to be a good antimicrobial agent. Objective: The aim of this study to identify the antimicrobial effect of clove and palmarosa oil towards MRSA and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This important to select the most suitable oil for microbial targets. Method: Disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration test (MIC). In disc diffusion method, discs soaked with clove and palmarosa oil. Agar was spread with bacteria suspension. Gentamycin and Tigecycline were used as positive control for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and MRSA while distilled water used for negative control. In MIC, concentration prepared (100%,50%,25%,12.5%, 6.25%,3.125%) using corn oil as a solvent. Mueller Hilton Broth, microbe broth and essential oil added to the column of 96 well microplate. Both methods incubated at 37C for 24 hours. Results: Zone inhibitory of both essential oil discs towards MRSA was presence while for Pseudomonas aeruginosa not presence. The mean of zone inhibition for clove and palmarosa oil towards MRSA are 0.87cm and 1.07cm while for Tigecycline is 1.8cm. Average of zone inhibitory Gentamicin towards pseudomonas is 1.9cm. Next, MIC test for clove oil towards Pseudomonas aeruginosa and MRSA are 100% and 50%. While MIC for palmarosa oil towards Pseudomonas aeruginosa is not available and MRSA at 100%. Conclusion: Both of essential oil able to kill MRSA. Then, clove oil has the potential to kill Pseudomonas aeruginosa while palmarosa oil does not. MIC test more accurate than disc diffusion method, therefore clove oil able to inhibit Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth. Keywords: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, MRSA, Essential oil, Clove, Palmarosa, disc diffusion, MIC, Antimicrobial sensitivity test YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 175

Antimicrobial Potential of Endophytic Fungi for Healing Perineal Wound Infection 1 Student : Nur Syamimi Izzati Binti Mohd Razi Supervisor : Ts. Dr. Sabrina Karim Co-Supervisor : Dr Tong Woei Yenn Introduction: Bacteria that are found at the perineal wound infection are Staphylococcus aureus which is a Gram-positive bacteria, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae a gram-negative bacteria and Candida albicans a type of fungi. Antimicrobial used for this study is phomopsidione, which is a novel ketone derivative isolated from Diaporthe flaxinnii. This compound was selected as it has a broad spectrum antimicrobial activity. Objective: This study is aim to determining the antimicrobial potential of endophytic fungi for healing perineal wound. Method: Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done to measure of bacterial response to the antimicrobial. Minimal inhibitory concentration and Minimal bactericidal concentration testing was also been done to evaluate the lowest concentration of the antimicrobial to be used to inhibit the growth of bacteria. Minimal inhibitory concentration of the antibiotic were range from 0.4mg/ml to 50mg/ml. Results: On the disc diffusion assay, the inhibitory only showed effect on one gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and one gram-negative Escherichia coli. Where as Klebsiella pneumonia and Candida albicans shows no inhibitory reaction. Minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration were done with only 2 bacterias which are Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The results for both minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum inhibitory bactericidal were ranged from concentration 25 to 50 mg/ml. Conclusion: Phomopsidione shows a significant results on inhibiting microbials found in perineal wound infection. However, there are some microbials that are resistance to the phomopsidione, in addition fungal is resistance to the antibiotic. Keywords: Perineal wound, Phomopsidione, Endophytic fungi, Diaporthe flaxinnii YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 176

Toxicity Test of Antibiotic for Perineal Wound Healing using Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay (BSLA) 1 Student : Ainnur Farahain Binti Mohd Ramlan Supervisor : Ts. Dr. Sabrina Karim Co-Supervisor : Dr. Tong Woei Yenn Introduction: The use of antibiotics, phomopsidione, treatment of infectious perineal wounds after pregnancy are concerned its toxicity to humans. Throughout this study, the potential toxicity of Phomopsidione has been evaluated using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay (BSLA). Objective: The main objectives of the study were to determine the lethality concentrations in phomopsidione using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay (BSLA) and to compare the toxicity values of acute and chronic BSLA. Method: This study began with the preparation of antibiotic solutions at various concentration, by diluting the antibiotics in seawater, followed by brine shrimp hatching, followed by the toxicity evaluations. The species being used for this experiment was Artemia Salina, and the duration for brine shrimp to hatch took approximately 18 to 36 hours. The water pH, temperature, and luminescent are modified to accommodate to the brine shrimp habitat. Brine shrimp species is a phototropic, which is a species that are attracted to light. The animal with phototropic characteristics is a type of organism that strongly reacted to light throughout the wide range of intensity. The used of the light to hatch brine shrimp is necessary in this experiment. Results: As for the lethality value concentrations of antibiotics were obtained by plotting the best fit line graph of percentage mortality correlated with the log10 antibiotic concentrations. The lethality of concentrations of the antibiotic have been determined by plotting the best fit line graph of percentage mortality versus the log10 concentration of antibiotic solution. The 24-hour antibiotic assay demonstrated significant effects against brine shrimp at the LC50 value. The brine shrimp lethality indicates toxicity for acute toxicity of antibiotic solution as the LC50 was 3.5276 mg/ml, while for the LC50 for chronic toxicity of antibiotic solution was 0.2292 mg/ml, indicating vigorous reaction against brine shrimp. As for the negatives control showed 100% mortality for Acute toxicity and 66% mortality for Chronic toxicity. Keywords: YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 177

1 Diploma in Environmental Health ABSTRACTS YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 178

The Link between Knowledge, Attitude and Practices in Relation to Atmospheric Haze Pollution Among UniKL MESTECH Students 1 Student : Adam Hafifie Bin Jawari Supervisor : Dr. Nurulshyha Md Yatim Introduction: Haze is the presence of fine particles (0.1-1.0 µm in diameter) distributed at a high concentration across the atmosphere. The primary cause of the smoke that crosses the country's borders is large-scale forest fires. Haze generates air pollution, which can impair individuals through a variety of channels of contact, includes inhalation and direct absorption through their skin. The presence of health symptoms such as bronchial inflammations, allergic reactions, and irritation of the mucous membranes of the eyes and nose indicates air pollution. Objective: To investigate the link between knowledge, attitude and practices in relation to atmospheric haze pollution towards health impact among UniKL MESTECH students. Method: The cross-sectional study participated by 141 students of University Kuala Lumpur Medical Science Technology (MESTECH). This study is to understand the perceived risk and severity of health hazards related to haze exposure among UniKL MESTECH students and distributed via Google Form. Results: The result revealed that 52.5% of the respondents answered agree and 47.5% strongly agree that haze has long-term health effects on the lungs and heart. The study also found that exposure to unhealthy Air Pollution Index (API) value of 270 have significant relationship with short-term health effect on the respiratory system (p-value = 0.001). Other than that, this study also showed the significant relationship (p-value < 0.002) between regularly practice outdoor activity and haze primarily occurs in Malaysia during the rainy season. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study shows there is association between knowledge, attitude and practice in relation atmospheric haze pollution. The study emphasized the importance of improving awareness of haze pollution through public education and environmental protection campaigns, particularly among students has the less exposed on knowledge and practice on haze. Keywords: Haze, Air Pollution, Allergic Reactions and Irritation, Health Hazards, Long-Term Health Effects YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 179

The Link between Knowledge, Attitude and Practices in Relation to Atmospheric Haze Pollution in Peninsular Malaysia Among Academicians in UniKL MESTECH 1 Student : Dinie Insyirah Binti Ahmad Tajuddin Supervisor : Dr. Nurulshyha Md Yatim Introduction: Transboundary haze episodes caused by seasonal forest fires have become a recurrent phenomenon in Southeast Asia, with serious environmental, economic, and public health implications. Here we present a cross-sectional survey conducted among academicians in UniKL Mestech and surround assess the links between knowledge, attitudes, and practices in relation to the transboundary haze episodes. However, before all else, their current level of knowledge, attitude, and practice on haze issues should be known, in order to create a suitable preventive measure for them. Method: A cross-sectional study design was used to determine the knowledge, attitude, and practices on haze. A set of modified questionnaires was administered , and a total of 35 respondents were involved. This is to determine their sociodemographic characteristic, knowledge about haze, attitude towards haze, and practice during haze. Furthermore, ‘Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 22.0 was used to analysed the results. Results: The result revealed that 51.5% of the respondents answered strongly agree and 39.4% s agree that haze has long-term health effects on the lungs and heart. The study also found that exposure to an unhealthy Air Pollution Index (API) value of 270 have a significant relationship with short-term health effect on the respiratory system (p-value = 0.001). Other than that, this study also showed the significant relationship (p-value < 0.002) between regularly practice outdoor activity and haze primarily occurs in Malaysia during the rainy season. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study shows there is an association between knowledge, attitude and practice in relation atmospheric haze pollution. The study emphasised the necessity of raising awareness of haze pollution through public education and environmental protection initiatives, particularly among students who have had less exposure on haze knowledge and practice. Keywords: heat stress, heat-related illness, local authority-enforcers YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 180

The Study of Knowledge and Attitude towards Healthy Lifestyle Among UniKL MESTECH’s Students 1 Student : Fatini Rauhah Binti Fairuz Zamer Supervisor : Mr. Zakaria Hamid Introduction: Living a healthy lifestyle is deciding to engage in activities that either raise or lower one’s risk of diseases. Maintaining an active physical routine, eating a balanced diet, taking good care of oneself, getting enough sleep, and engaging in supportive social activities are all essential components of a healthy lifestyle. Objective: To identify the knowledge and attitude of healthy lifestyle among students at UniKL Mestech and to examine the associated factors. This study also aims to ensure that students refrain from becoming unwell while raising awareness of the advantages of maintaining good health. Method: A crosssectional study was conducted by distributing questionnaires to all students in UniKL Mestech. The data collected is then analyzed using the SPSS Software. A descriptive and chi-square test was performed to assess respondent’s activity in their daily lives. Results: A total of 73 respondents for this study, 80.8% are female respondents while 19.2% are male respondents. 97.2% of students are concerned about their lifestyle in everyday lives while another 2.7% take lightly. 89% of students agree that skipping meals will affect their ability to do well in the day. It shows that most students are aware of the importance of nutritious meals and take care of them while another 11% of students disagree with the statement. A chi-square test shows that there was no significant association between the gender of the students and their current eating habits, (p>0.05). Conclusion: All that is needed for someone to develop good habits is the right method of guidance. A consistent, peaceful mind eventually results in a wealthy life and health is an invaluable gift to human life. Our ability to secure the public’s health through education improves with our understanding of the effects that environmental hazards have on health. The environment and health are interrelated. Encouraging sustainable practices in the environment can enhance human health and well-being. Keywords: active, balanced diet, lifetsyle YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 181

The Prevalence of Smoking among UniKL MESTECH Students 1 Introduction: Smoking prevalence among university students is a significant public healthissue that requires attention. Additionally, smoking cigarettes can cause addiction, which can be challenging to overcome. Smoking can also have a negative impact on academic performance, mental health, and social relationships. Objective: This study aims to assess the percentage of smokers among students and the awareness of UniKL Mestech students towards smoking. Method: This study used a cross-sectional design and a questionnaire to collect data on smoking behavior, attitudes, and awareness, as well as social and environmental factors, from a representative sample of students. The study population comprised 70 respondents enrolled in various courses at UniKL Mestech. The questionnaires were distributed randomly and designed by a bilingual in English. Results: The data was analyzed using the descriptive and chi-square tests in SPSS version 26. The study analyzed data from 70 students, and the rate of current student smokers was 37.1%, with 31.4% among males and 5.7% among females. According to this sample, about 97.1% of respondents believe that smoking is addictive, while about 2.9% disagree. In addition, around 62.9% of respondents were aware of the anti-smoking campaign, while only 37.1% of respondents were not aware of it. Conclusion: The findings underscore the urgent need for targeted smoking prevention and cessation interventions among UniKL Mestech students to address the high prevalence of smoking and its associated health risks. Keywords: Smoking, Cigarettes, Anti-smoking campaign YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 182 Student : Iman Aqilah Binti Azman Supervisor : Mr. Zakaria Hamid

Study on Respiratory Symptoms and Geographic Information System Among High School Students in Malaysia 1 Introduction: Environmental management is becoming increasingly significant and challenging as environmental health in Malaysia enters a critical stage. There is mounting evidence that outdoor air pollution exposure is harmful to the general public’s health, especially in the case of respiratory disease. Investigating the connection between air quality and respiratory symptoms is necessary, as it is believed that air pollution has a role in the growth in the prevalence of respiratory conditions. Objective: The purpose of this study is to plot the pathophysiology of respiratory severity in children in the Hulu Langat areas, based on the knowledge of the area of the study, which can reveal the high-potential and high-risk of respiratory severity in the area of the research. The aim of the study was to determine if there is a relationship between indoor air pollutants, fungal diversity, respiratory and allergenic symptoms, as well as airway inflammation (FeNO and ADM expression) in the urban and suburban areas among school children. Method: This study employed descriptive test analysis with the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 25.0 for data collection. The 2-Level Hierarchic Multiple Logistic Regression was used to examine the relationships between respiratory symptoms and personal characteristics and indoor pollution concentrations. Results: In the study area, we can see and evaluate of high and low potential areas that can approach to respiratory symptoms among school students in Hulu Langat area. There are possible factors that can impact respiratory system of students residing in Hulu Langat such as indoor at outdoor allergens, environmental conditions, poor ventilation, respiratory infections and others. Conclusion: With this intricate system, researchers will be able to create a mapping system to pinpoint precise locations and areas that produce high incidence rate of respiratory symptoms. Keywords: GIS, Environmental, Respiratory, Air pollution, infection YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 183 Student : Hydheer Natakusuma Akson Supervisor : Dr. Khairul Nizam Mohd Isa

Asthma Score: Geographical Distribution Based on Asthma Score 1 Introduction: Asthma is still a major health concern among school-aged children, hurting both their overall well-being and academic performance. This abstract provides a succinct overview of asthma prevalence, impact, and intervention methods in the school-age population. By using Geographical Information System (GIS), we can find out the probability of asthma in the district of Hulu Langat of the study area which is Semenyih, Kajang, Ampang, Cheras, Ulu Langat, Ulu Semenyih, and Beranang. The issue is more than just the frequency of asthma among schoolchildren, it also includes the broader repercussions of poorly controlled asthma in urban and suburban areas. Objective: This study is to map the morbidity pattern of asthma severity among children in the district of Hulu Langat areas by knowing of the study area which can detect of high potential and high risk of the research area on asthma severity. The goal of this study was to see if there was a link between indoor air pollution, fungal variety, respiratory and allergy symptoms, and airway inflammation levels (FeNO levels and adhesion molecule expression) in urban and suburban area among school children Method: This study employed descriptive test analysis with the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 25.0 for data collection. The 2-Level Hierarchic Multiple Logistic Regression was used to examine the relationships between allergy symptoms and personal characteristics and indoor pollution concentrations. Results: In the study area, we can see and evaluate of high and low potential areas that can approach to asthma symptoms among school students in Hulu Langat area. There are possible factors that can impact the astha score in Hulu Langat such as indoor at outdoor allergens, environmental conditions, poor ventilation, respiratory infections, etc. Conclusion: - Keywords: Asthma, Georaphical Information System, GIS YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 184 Student : Muhammad Syahmie Wafiq Bin Naszeri Supervisor : Dr. Khairul Nizam Mohd Isa

Effect of Educational Module on Knowledge and Practices of Food Safety related to High Risk Food and Spoiled Food Identification Among UniKL MESTECH Students 1 Introduction: Food poisoning has been regarded as an important public health concern. The World Health Organization Southeast Asia region was identified as the second highest food poisoning magnitude burden after the Africa region with 175 000 death reported annually. As repeated outbreaks related to food poisoning have been documented recently, focus on the food poisoning education need to be prioritized as compared to other food and waterborne diseases. Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of food prevention intervention on students’ knowledge related to high risk food and spoil food identification. Method: This was a pre-experimental design of one group pre-post test. A total of 30 students from UNIKL MESTECH were sampled to be subjected to intervention. A set of questionnaire were given before and after the intervention to assess the knowledge on high risk food and spoilt food identification. Results: Data were analyzed using paired t-test. There was a significant difference between pre and post knowledge score on high risk food with a mean of 3.13 (s.d 2.78) respectively, p = 0.0001. Nevertheless, intervention showed no significant difference between pre and post score for spoilt food detection. Conclusion: This current study emphasized the need of education among consumers as most study nowadays are being done on food handlers while prevention and awareness from the consumers are also crucial. For future research, the study could be conducted on random students from different courses to observe if there is any variance in the outcomes. Keywords: Food safety intervention, High risk food, Spoilt food detection, University students. YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 185 Student : Sarah Umaira Binti Badrul Hisham Supervisor : Dr. Masyita Mamot

A Study on Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice on Food Hygiene Among the Hawkers in Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 1 Introduction: Food hygiene and safety are really important in humans’ daily life. Poor knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) on food hygiene and safety, may cause food-borne diseases to people, and worst it may cause death. Statistically, there are huge numbers of food-borne diseases cases happening worldwide including in Malaysia. Objective: The purpose of this descriptive cross-sectional study was to analyze the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) among the Sungai Besi hawkers. The standard of the food that hawkers serve has a significant impact on society. Method: A survey was conducted using a Google questionnaire form distributed to 14 hawkers of Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur. The survey consisted of questions designed to assess hawkers’ and have 3 sections such as knowledge, attitude and practice towards food hygiene and gather information on their sociodemographic influences on their KAP. Results: This study involved 14 respondents from various educational studies and the majority are from diploma level 42.9%(n=6). The respondents are all females 100%(n=14) and the majority of them occupation is self-employed 64.3%(n=9) and others are students 35.7%(n=5). The respondent’s knowledge based on the educational level is low (p-values<0.050) because the score is 0.033 and the practice score is 0.032. The majority of the respondent’s ethnicity is Malay 64.3%(n=9) while others are Chinese 14.3%(n=2), Indian 14.3%(n=2) and others are 7.1%(n=1). Based on ethnicity they are all well informed about KAP regarding food hygiene because (p-values>0.050) the Knowledge score is 0.079, Attitude score is 0.078 and Practice score is 0.254. Conclusion: This study aims to contribute valuable insights into the current level of awareness regarding food hygiene among hawkers and the factors influencing their food handling. The results of this survey will enable to make recommendations for promoting food hygiene awareness and encouraging healthier eating choices in the community. Keywords: YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 186 Student : Muhammad Aiman Akmal Bin Fazly Azuan Supervisor : Dr. Azizah Mat Hussin

A Study on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on Food Hygiene Among Food Handlers in Restaurants in Kajang, Selangor 1 Introduction: This study evaluates the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of Kajang food handlers with concerning on food hygiene. Food-borne illnesses is now a common worldwide issue that could have a negative impact on both country economies and public health. Food handlers have been recognized as a significant component in the problem of food poisoning. Therefore, this study was done to investigate the relationship between food hygiene among food handlers in restaurants in Kajang, Selangor. Objective: This research aimed to evaluate the level of knowledge and attitude on food hygiene among food handlers in restaurants in Kajang, Selangor. Method: In this study, fifteen food handlers in the Kajang, Selangor, and area were given a Google form to complete. The survey’s questions were designed to assess food handlers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices about food hygiene and to gather information on the sociodemographic factor that influence their KAP. Results: This study involved 15 respondents from various food handlers which were 9 male (60%) and 6 female (40%) that (n=14) 93.3% run halal restaurants. For raw food that may contain dangerous germs, there was a correlation (p-values>0.008) between knowledge and attitude toward food hygiene and food safety and the probability of food contamination in freezers. Then, there was a correlation (p-values>0.024) between food handlers’ knowledge and attitudes regarding food hygiene and safety, suggesting that those who have a foodborne illness can carry on with their jobs without taking precautions to ensure their health. Conclusion: The purpose of this study is to provide insightful information about the current state of food handlers’ knowledge about food hygiene and the factors influencing their food handling. Based on the survey’s results, this study will provide helpful guidance to the community on how to adopt healthy eating habits and increase awareness of food hygiene. Keywords: Food borne illness, Food Safety, Food handling YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 187 Student : Muhammad Ammar Hasif Bin Abdul Razak Supervisor : Dr. Azizah Mat Hussin

A Study of the Association between Physical Activilty Level and Screen Time Among UniKL MESTECH Students 1 Introduction: WHO defines physical activity as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure. Physical activity refers to all movement including during leisure time, for transport to get to and from places, or as part of a person’s work. Both moderate and vigorous intensity physical activity improve health. In today’s digital era, college students are spending an increasing amount of time engaged with screens, whether it be for academic purposes, social interactions, or entertainment. While technology offers numerous benefits, excessive screen time can have significant effects on college students’ well-being. It is important to understand the potential consequences and find strategies to maintain a healthy balance. “Screen time” can be defined as the amount of time someone spends looking at an electronic device with a screen, such as a computer or television. Objective: To investigate the association between physical activity patterns of college students and screen time. Method: The WhatsApp application email was used to send an online survey using Google Forms, which was used to gather data via social media. Results: The result of physical activity section shows that, 6.7% (n=2) had vigorous physical activity, 20% (n=6) had moderate physical activity, 46.7% (n=14) had once per week of physical activity, and 23.3% (n=7) with no physical activity. As for the screen time, 40% (n=12) of students spend 5-8 hours per day on screen, and the highest percentage of screen time activity was spent on social media which is 86.7% (n=26), for educational purposes was 6.7% (n=2), and 6.7% (n=2) spend on entertainment. Majority of the students 76.7% (n=23) agreed that screen time habits have impacts on their physical health. There was a correlation (pvalues>0.049) between physical activity level and screen time among students. Conclusion: From this survey, most students were spending less time doing vigorous physical activity compared to their screen time. Keywords: Physical activity, screen time, university students YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 188 Student : Nurul Ain Binti Abdullah Supervisor : Dr. Azizah Mat Hussin

A Preliminary Survey on Knowledge and Attitudes of Universiti Kuala Lumpur Institute of Medical Science Technology (UniKL MESTECH) Students Regarding Microplastic Pollution and its Impact on the Environment 1 Introduction: Microplastic contamination is caused by the public’s daily use and inappropriate handling of plastic products. It is undeniable that lowering the amount of microplastics released into the environment requires a combination of knowledge and attitudes. Microplastic pollution has drawn attention from all around the world as a serious environmental concern because of its potential harm to ecosystems as well as human health. Therefore, improving students’ comprehension may be crucial to their ability to come up with innovative solutions and their preparedness to take particular action to safeguard the environment. Objective: This study aims to assess the attitudes and knowledge of Universiti Kuala Lumpur Institute of Medical Science Technology (UniKL MESTECH) students about microplastic contamination and its consequences on the environment. The understanding, opinions, and knowledge of students about the origins, distribution, and effects of microplastics in the environment were investigated in this study. Method: An online questionnaire was used in this cross-sectional study to evaluate the knowledge and attitudes of UniKL Mestech’s students on microplastic pollution. The data obtained was analyzed by using SPSS Version 26, Pearson’s Chi-square. Results: The results showed that students’ attitudes and knowledge on microplastic pollution are moderate (2.517) and (2.013), respectively. Age, gender, CGPA, or the course they were taking did not, however, significantly correlate with their level of knowledge and attitudes (p>0.05). The respondents’ reported levels of knowledge and attitudes suggest that the only ways to overcome this gap are to replace conventional plastics, enforce regulations strictly, and provide education through mass media and structured education. Conclusion: All that is needed for someone to develop good habits is the right methodof guidance. A consistent, peaceful mind eventually results in a wealthy life and health is an invaluable gift to human life. Our ability to secure the public’s health through education improves with our understanding of the effects that environmental hazards have on health. The environment and health are interrelated. Encouraging sustainable practices in the environment can enhance human health and well-being. Keywords: attitudes, knowledge, UniKL Mestech, microplastic pollution YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 189 Student : Nur Hajar Humairah Binti Rushmadi Supervisor : Ts. Dr. Noor Arniwati Mat Daud

Heat Stress Assessment among Local Authority Landscape Workers at Kajang 1 Introduction: Heat stress was a physical hazard that had an impact on human health and productivity. Heat stress were develop when the body’s cooling mechanisms unable to dissipate heat efficiently leading to an elevated core body temperature. This condition caused by exposure to high temperatures, especially when combined with high humidity environmental conditions or during intense physical activity. Thus, this study aims to investigate the level of heat stress among local authority landscape workers at MPKJ Kajang, Selangor. Objective: To identify the heat hazards and risks that might occur to the local authority landscape workers at MPKJ Kajang. Method: The method used in this study included Job Safety Analysis (JSA) to identify the hazard presence at workplacr, heat stress assessment by using WBGT, and heat index to determine the risk rating of heat stress with prolonged exposure or strenuous activity. Results: The result shows out of 9 sampling location in Kajang, the landscape workers was working under high-temperature exposure. Jalan Reko was the highest record of WBGT which was 33.5 °C, while the lowest temperature recorded by TTDI Glove is 26.3 °C. The heat index level of risk from the asseessment showed majority of the sampling location were in danger. This indicates that landscape workers employed by the local authority are at risk of heat stress at their workplace. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study shows that there is an association between heat stress hazards and local authority landscape workers at Kajang, Selangor. To reduce the number of individuals at risk of heat stress, the study emphasized the importance of mitigating heat stress hazards among landscape workers employed by local authorities under the guidelines. Keywords: heat stress, humidity, high-temperature exposure, JSA, WBGT, heat index, association YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 190 Student : Muhammad Emirul Fahmi Bin Zakariya Supervisor : Ts. Ilyas Syafiq Darul Ridzuan

Evaluation of the Heat Stress on the Tasks performed by Landscape Workers in Bandar Baru Bangi. 1 Introduction: Heat stress was one of the physical hazards that impact the environment. When the body is subjected to high temperatures, especially when paired with excessive humidity, this can occur. This poses health hazards, particularly for vulnerable populations such as the elderly, children, and people with pre-existing health disorders. Certain industries and outdoor vocations, such as construction and agriculture, face increased hazards of heat stress for workers. Thus, this study aims to investigate the level of heat stress among local authority landscape workers at Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor. Objective: To identify the hazards and risks that might occur to the local authority landscape workers at Bangi. Method: There were three methods used in completing this study which are Job Safety Analysis (JSA), Outdoor WBGT and Heat Index in order to analyse the risk and hazards possessed in working areas of the landscape workers. WBGT and Heat Index to identify heat stress levels and JSA to identify risk levels at their workplaces. Results: Based on the method used in this study, the result shows that all 10 sampling locations in Bangi, Selangor where the local authority landscape workers used to work possess high temperatures. Seksyen 7 has the highest outdoor WBGT rating, measuring 31.6°C, while Seksyen 8 has the lowest reading, measuring 27.5°C. This shows that heat stress hazard is associated with the local authority landscape workers at their workplace. The heat Index level shows the level of danger and the likelihood of heat disorder with prolonged activity or strenuous activity is in extreme caution. The workers were exposed to physical hazard which came from the hot environment. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study shows that there is an association between heat stress hazards and local authority landscape workers at Bangi, Selangor. Keywords: heat stress, WBGT, JSA, Heat Index, risks, association YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 191 Student : Muhammad Afiq Arsyad Bin Aladin Supervisor : Ts. Ilyas Syafiq Darul Ridzuan