ABSTRACTS BOOK YOUNG SCIENTISTS SYMPOSIUM UNIKL MESTECH 2023

Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) of Leptospirosis Awareness Among DBKL Animal Handlers 1 Student : Mohd Hambali Bin Zainal Supervisor : Dr. Khairul Nizam Mohd Isa Introduction: Animal handlers, such as those working for the Pest and Vector Control Unit, Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur (DBKL), are at a higher risk of contracting the disease due to their frequent exposure to animals. Objective: Therefore, it is essential to assess the level of knowledge, attitude and practice of Leptospirosis among these animal handlers to prevent its spread. Method: The study utilised a cross-sectional design, where a structured questionnaire was distributed to 60 animal handlers from DBKL staff in Vector and Pest Control Unit. The questionnaire assessed the participants' knowledge about Leptospirosis, their attitudes towards the disease, and their practices in preventing its spread. Results: The study's findings shows that the level of knowledge (91.7%), attitude (63.3%) and practice (68.3%) related Leptospirosis. Another finding shows that there was significant relationship between (knowledge vs. age, education level, service experience), (attitude vs. education level, service experience, employment grade); (practice vs. ethnicity). Conclusion: The findings provide valuable insights into the current level of Leptospirosis awareness among DBKL animal handlers. Additionally, they can contribute towards the development of effective interventions aimed on increasing awareness and preventing the spread of the disease. Keywords: Leptospirosis, KAP, Animal handler, Malaysia YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 92

A Study on Food Safety Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP) among Food Providers at Bazar Ramadan in Jalan Radin Bandar Sri Petaling, Kuala Lumpur 1 Student : Mohamed Faudzahimin Syukur Bin Mohamed Supervisor : Dr. Khairul Nizam Mohd Isa YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 93 Introduction: Foodborne diseases pose a significant global public health challenge, contributing substantially to the burden of illness and mortality. This cross-sectional study examines the food safety knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of food providers at the Jalan Radin Ramadan bazaar in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Objective: The study aims to assess their awareness, behaviors, and potential correlations with factors such as demographics or experience. Method: Employing a simple random sampling method, the study recruited 91 food providers (92% response rate) from Ramadan bazaar located in Jalan Radin, Kuala Lumpur who completed an online questionnaire. Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the data. Results: Food handlers below 50 years old, those employed in government sectors, and male food handlers demonstrated significantly higher food safety practice scores compared to other groups (p < 0.05). A strong positive correlation (r = 0.556, p < 0.001) was found between knowledge and attitude scores. Further, a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.243, p < 0.05) existed between attitude and practice scores. Conclusion: Findings from this research offer valuable insights into the KAP of food providers in this specific setting, informing practical recommendations for improving food safety practices and promoting responsible behavior among vendors and consumers alike. Ultimately, the study contributes to a safer Ramadan dining experience for all.

The Implementation and Maintenance of Grease Trap in Food Premises in Kajang 1 Student : Sayyidatul Adawiyah binti Sulaiman Supervisor : Dr. Masyita binti Mamot Introduction: Fat, oil and grease (FOG) are generated from the production of edible oils, the food processing sector, butcheries and discarded food. The FOG can be found in the wastewater due to improper disposal. Large portion of FOG disposal was produced from the food premises. Hence, a proper installation of grease trap at the kitchen premise can curb this issue. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate knowledge, practices and barrier of grease trap implementation and maintenance among the food premise workers. Method: A survey was conducted among 60 food premise workers to assess on their knowledge, practices and barriers toward implementation and maintenance of the grease trap. Observation on the grease trap installation and maintenance was done on a set of validated checklists. The data was analysed by using descriptive and spearman correlation test on SPSS version 26. Results: The median knowledge score of respondents was 4.00 (1.00) while median practice score was 3.00 (2.00). The main barrier that the respondents face is the lack of knowledge of the staff cause it hard to maintain the grease trap (48.3% strongly agree and 50.0% agree). The observation of this study is 68.3% of the food premises have proper maintenance of the grease trap. There is no correlation between knowledge score and practice score with grease trap maintenance (pvalue=0.908 r=-0.015, p-value=0.224 r=-0.159 respectively). P-value > 0.05 shows that the result is not significant and has no correlation. Conclusion: There is no correlation between knowledge and practice score of respondents toward implementation and maintenance of grease trap with the grease trap maintenance of the food premises from observation. However, this study can be improved by conducting longitudinal study so that the practice on maintenance of grease trap can be follow up so that the result can be more accurate. Keywords: Fats oil grease (FOG), maintenance, grease trap, food premise YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 94

Water Quality at Silt Trap and Sediment Basin and It's Associated Environmental Source of Pollution at Construction and Completion Earthworks for Elmina West 1 Student : Rohaini binti A Rahim Supervisor : Dr. Masyita binti Mamot Introduction: Construction activities, particularly grading and demolition, pose a significant threat to the quality of our rivers through the release of pollutants. Among these, sediment is a major contaminant of concern. During rainfall, storm water washes across building sites, collecting and carrying away chemicals, trash, loose soil, silt, and spilled fluids. Contaminated runoff reaches rivers, harming aquatic habitats. Construction equipment pollutes more. Many large projects require long-term construction machinery, which pollutes the air. To solve these issues, site water quality monitoring is essential. Objective: This study investigates the water quality at the silt traps and sediment basins as well as identifying potential pollution source points. Method: Water quality assessment was conducted at four points WQ 8, ST 4, ST 8, and SB 5. To collect the sample, wade into the middle of the stream or river and face the flow. This ensures that any potential contamination from substrate disturbance flows away from where the sample is taken. Water quality assessments include Turbidity, Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Oil and Grease, Ammoniacal Nitrogen, Escherichia coli, pH and Temperature. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS Version 20. Results: A one-way between-groups analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to investigate the mean differences in two key water quality parameters namely Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and turbidity. The Welch ANOVA results were insignificant for both turbidity (F (3, 3.359) = 1.551, p = 0.35) and TSS (F (3, 3.698) = 0.471, p = 0.720), indicating no statistically significant differences among the four sampling points. Conclusion: The investigation found that the water quality met or exceeded the DOE and Standard B guidelines. Poor maintenance and building operations along the temporary drainage influenced the results of the water quality and data analysis. Keywords: Construction, Pollutants, Water, Turbidity, Total suspended solid, Pollution, Parameter, Silt trap, Sediment Basin, Sampling, Sources YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 95

Assessment of Heat Stress and Health Impact among Heavy Engineering Industry Workers at Pasir Gudang, Johor 1 Student : Nurfarhana Binti Rasli Supervisor : Dr. Masyita binti Mamot Introduction: Heat stress is defined as a state in which the body receives more heat than it should. Heat stress in a workplace is caused by employee’s exposure to heat and high humidity for a long period of time. Heat stress can increase the physiological heat stress experienced by workers which leads to health problems including dehydration, absenteeism and the risk of kidney injury. Objective: The aim of this study to evaluate the workplace heat stress exposure as well as assessing risk of heat-related stress and heat-related symptoms. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Heavy Engineering Industry at Pasir Gudang, Johor. Heat stress level was assessed using Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT). The assessment was carried out in 1 hour with 5 minutes interval at the high heat exposure area. A set of questionnaire that assessed worker’s are on heat-related symptoms, work productivity and coping mechanisms was distributed to 50 workers who worked at the fabrication yard. Data gathered was analysed using SPSS software. Results: The range of WBGTin results in the fabrication yard area was between 27.3°c to 28.5°c. At minutes 40 and 55, heat level had exceeded the Threshold Limit Value (TLV) limit (28.2°c and 28.5°c respectively) of which higher than 28°c as recommended by the ACGIH standard. In addition, the risk of heat-related stress is on average at a medium level. The Binary Regression Logistic Analysis showed there is no significant association between heat stress-related symptoms with work productivity of the workers (p>0.005). Conclusion: Heavy industry workers pose a high risk of being exposed to heat stress. Hence, control measures should be implemented in order to reduce heat stress factors and heat-related symptoms among heavy industry workers. Keywords: Heat stress, WBGT, ACGIH, Heavy industry workers, TLV YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 96

Identification of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in Food Sold at Hawkers and Restaurants and Assessment of Food Handler's Knowledge and Practice of Food Hygiene in Taman Kajang Sentral Area 1 Student : Intan Nurul Syafiqah Binti Abdullah Supervisor : Dr. Azizah Mat Husin Co-Supervisor : Dr. Masyita Mamot YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 97 Introduction: Limited knowledge and practice among food handlers regarding food hygiene and safety aspects may contribute to food poisoning outbreaks. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli contamination in food was due to cross-contamination from the food handler itself in the aspects of personal hygiene and fecal contamination. Objective: Therefore, this study aimed to identify the presence of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in food sold at restaurants and hawkers in Taman Kajang Sentral area and assess the food handler knowledge and practice of food hygiene. Method: A total of 6 food samples collected from the hawkers and restaurants were brought to the laboratory to be cultured on Mannitol Salt agar for detection of Staphylococcus aureus and Eosin-Methylene Blue agar for detection of Escherichia coli. Further biochemical testing such as gram staining, catalase and coagulase test were conducted when presumptive colonies were seen grown on the agar. For the questionnaire survey, a total of 30 food handlers from hawkers and restaurants around Taman Kajang Sentral area were physically approached and given the device to answer the questions in Google form. Results: There were no green metallic sheen colonies grew on the EMB agar while for the MSA agar, 2 out of 3 agar turned yellow as an indicative of presumptive colonies but further confirmatory tests done showed negative results. It can be said that Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were not detected in the cultured agar. In the part of assessing knowledge and practice of food handlers, it was found that the level of both knowledge and practice were at low levels. Positive correlation was found between knowledge and practice of food handlers with their working experience while oppositely, negative correlation with their educational levels. This proves that practical experience contributes to a better understanding of food safety principle and higher educational attainment does not always translate into improved knowledge and hygiene practices. Conclusion: Although the targeted studied bacteria were not detected in this study, but there might be presence of another types and species of bacteria contaminate from other external factors such as surrounding air and utensils used. For the food handler, high educational level did not justified the importance of working experience duration in mastering knowledge and transforming it into the correct practice of food hygiene and safety. Keywords: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Food Handler, Restaurant, Hawkers

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) of Rabies Awareness among DBKL Dog License Applicant 1 Student : Ahmad Faris Bin Ismail Supervisor : Dr. Azizah Mat Hussin Objective: This study investigates the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) of rabies awareness among 100 dog license applicants in the DBKL region. Method: The research employed a quantitative methodology, where structured questionnaires were distributed to a strategically chosen sample of applicants. The questionnaire was designed to gather comprehensive data on the participants' demographics, their knowledge about rabies, attitudes towards its prevention, and their actual practices in dealing with the disease. The responses were analyzed using SPSS, focusing on identifying any significant correlations between the respondents' demographic characteristics and their KAP scores. Results: The analysis revealed a moderate level of knowledge about rabies among the applicants. However, a notable discrepancy was observed between the respondents' knowledge and their practices. The study found that despite a reasonable awareness of rabies, there was a significant lack of proactive practices in its management, particularly in urban settings. Educational background and occupation emerged as significant factors influencing the levels of rabies awareness. Conclusion: The study concludes that while the awareness of rabies is relatively good among the DBKL dog license applicants, there is a critical need for more effective public health interventions to translate this awareness into practical actions. Keywords: Rabies awareness, KAP study, Public health, Dog license, DBKL region YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 98

Abundance and Characteristics of Microplastics in Blood Cockles, Tegillarca granosa, from Selangor, Malaysia. 1 Student : Ain Sofea Nabila Binti Aidy Ajmer Supervisor : Ts. Dr. Noor Arniwati Mat Daud Introduction: Oceans are one of the areas that are mostly dumped with pollution, be it purposely or unintentionally. Therefore, the marine ecosystem that consist of various species such as fish, shellfish and cockles are exposed to the pollutions such as microplastics. Due to the sizes of microplastics that is typically sized less than five millimetres, these marine species may have ingested some amount of microplastics into their body systems and it may pose a significant threat to the organisms and the ecosystem. Objective: In this research, the abundance and characteristics of microplastics in blood cockles or scientifically, Tegillarca granosa, were investigated. Method: The results were obtained by using digestion, separation and filtration method. In the digestion process the usage of 10% Potassium hydroxide (KOH) were used, along with either Tween-20 or 10% of Sodium chloride (NaCl) for separation of microplastics. The samples then are vacuum filtered through cellulose nitrate filter membrane before sent for Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) analysis. Keywords: Microplastics, Blood cockles, Tegillarca granosa, FTIR, Tween-20, Potassium hydroxide, Sodium chloride YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 99

Abundance and Characteristics of Microplastic in Commercially Shrimps from Kajang Market, Selangor 1 Student : Mohamed Rashdan Bin Rosiee Supervisor : Ts. Dr. Noor Arniwati Mat Daud Co-Supervisor : Dr. Leong Chean Ring Introduction: Microplastics are common in marine ecosystems and can be found in numerous coastal areas as well as vast bodies of water such as the Pacific, Atlantic, and Arctic. Millions of metric tonnes of plastic are produced worldwide each year. Microplastic have been detected in the marine ecosystem and have been reported in variety marine species such as shrimp. As shrimp are an important protein source for humans, the prevalence of microplastics in shrimp and their impact on ecotoxicity may have implications for aquatic food security. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to investigate the abundance and characteristics of microplastic in commercially shrimps in Pasar Kajang, Selangor. Objective: The main objective of this study was to investigate the abundance and characteristics of microplastic in commercially shrimps in Pasar Kajang, Selangor. Method: One of the common marine ecosystems which is shrimp was selected in this study. The shrimp was treated with the water and 10% of Potassium hydroxide at (60°C) which later were filtered using 0.45µm membrane and observe under microscope. All experiments were performed in duplicate with two replicates for each treatment by use different types of shrimp which is fresh and frozen. Control groups were similarly subjected to the same procedures to avoid from any inadvertent procedural contamination. Result: The occurrence and abundance of microplastics in commercially shrimp from Kajang Market were compared. In total, 12 particles were identified in both treatments. In the frozen shrimp sample, the predominant type of microplastic found was fragments (75%), followed by films (25%), with no pallet and fibers detected. Meanwhile, in the fresh shrimp sample, only three types of microplastics were found which is fibers (62.5%), fragments (25%), and films (12.5%), with no pellets detected. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study indicates that both treatments showed the presence of microplastic. However, the source of the materials used, and the composition of the solution mixture play a significant role in determining the specific varieties of microplastics detected in shrimp. Keywords: Microplastic, Commercially shrimp, Temperature YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 100

1 Bachelor of Occupational Safety and Health (Honours) YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 ABSTRACTS 101

Study On Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WRMSDs) In Relations to Physicals Factors Among Office Workers of University in Malaysia 1 Student : Ahmad Afiq Faqrullah bin Saidi Supervisor : Ts. Dr. Sabrina Karim Co-Supervisor : Ts. Dr. Nur Azma Amin Introduction: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) were a significant concern in occupational health, as they could have had detrimental effects on the well-being and productivity of individuals in the workforce. The impact of WRMSDs extended beyond individual suffering, as they also imposed a substantial burden on organizations through increased healthcare costs, absenteeism, and reduced productivity. Numerous physical factors contributed to the development of WRMSDs. Poor ergonomics, such as incorrect workstation setups and repetitive movements, were recognized as primary risk factors. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) in relations to physicals factors among office workers of university in Malaysia. Method: The cross-sectional study was conducted by 49 office workers from various universities in Malaysia. The questionnaire was structured into four sections, socio-demographic, job factors, general questions and Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) to identify the physical factors that cause the WRMSDs. Results: The results revealed that the majority of the respondents were exposed to WRMSDs problems when working at the office. The study showed the prevalence of WRMSDs among office workers in the last 12 months, where knees had the highest rate (63.3%), followed by upper back (30.6%) and lower back (22.4%). There was a significant association between one of the job factors, which was insufficient breaks, with WRMSDs in the last 7 days (0.004). One more significant association was working near physical limits with WRMSDs in the last 12 months (0.004). Conclusion: In conclusion, this study shows there was a significant association between physical factors and the development of WRMSDs among office workers of the university in Malaysia. Based on these results, specific measures can be identified and put into practice to help prevent and reduce WRMSDs, resulting in a healthier and more positive work environment for the university’s office workforce. Keywords: Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WRMSDs), Prevalence, Ergonomic, Office workers YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 102

The Effect of Technological Changes on Employees’ Work Performance in Electronic Manufacturing Industry 1 Student : Amir Hazim Bin Jawari Supervisor : Ts. Dr. Sabrina Karim Introduction: Technological changes are defined as changes to industrial production methods or techniques. Machines, mechanization, automation, technology, invention, and innovation are some of the concepts that make up this semantic field, which many thought were key to the "progress" of modern societies. The Industrial Revolution that led to Industrialization brought unprecedented technological changes in various types of industries, including manufacturing industries that aimed to boost the company's productivity and competitiveness. As organizations embrace these technological changes, understanding their effect on the work performance of production line workers becomes paramount. Despite the widespread adoption of new technologies, there exists a gap in our understanding of how specific dimensions of technological change, such as acceptance, training, and new working methods, influence the work performance of production line workers. Objective: Hence, the purpose of this study is to determine the most affecting dimensions of technological change among full-time production line workers and to identify the relationship between technological change dimensions and employees' work performance. Method: Quantitative data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire that consisted of items with a five-point Likert scale. A total number of 43 respondents from production line workers were gained from one electronic manufacturing company in Malaysia. Result: The result of the findings showed that the New Working Method is the most affecting dimension of technological change that affects production line workers. It was also found that Acceptance and New Working Method have moderate positive linear relationships with employees’ work performance. However, Training has no relationship with employees’ work performance. Conclusion: The study provides insights for electronic companies looking to improve employee performance through workplace technological optimization. However, the current assessment model has flaws. Future research should develop a new model for the independent variable to enhance understanding in this area. Keywords: technological changes, employee work performance, relationship, production line workers, Electronic Manufacturing Industry YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 103

Feasibility of Mobile App Sound Level Meter on Measuring The Occupational Noise among Aircraft Manufacturing Areas 1 Student : Fatin Nuraishah Binti Mahbub Supervisor : Ts. Dr. Sabrina Karim Introduction: In Malaysia, noise at work has risen, affecting workers' physical and mental well-being. The manufacturing industry has long been influenced by occupational hearing loss. Several countries have implemented laws requiring employees to recognize and reduce loud noise levels. Objective: This study evaluates whether mobile applications are feasible and computable to replace noise monitoring in the manufacturing sector. Method: Sound level meters (SLMs) are designed for this purpose, but these are technical instruments that typically require proper training. Mobile technology has made such sound-level measurements more feasible for even inexperienced users. We conducted this by using NIOSH Sound level meters downloaded on iPhone XR and standard Sound level meters (SLMs) to compare the feasibility of the mobile application. We analyse a one-hour noise measurement where both types of meters were used. Results: The average level from the standard SLM might seem safe. The high dose measured by the NIOSH SLM reveals significant periods of high-level noise, potentially exceeding safe exposure limits. The accuracy and feasibility of smartphone sound level meter applications (apps) for noise monitoring in an aircraft manufacturing plant tested for one hour. Although the normal SLM measured 88.7 dBA, the NIOSH SLM measured LAeq 101.0 dBA. The results indicate a 12.3 dBA difference in significant result sound levels as assessed by the NIOSH SLM app. The difference raises doubts about NIOSH SLMs' potential to replace standard SLMs. Also the characteristics of the job being carried out, such as not using an external microphone, the distance from the source of noise, and how long the task takes to complete, are all factors to consider. Conclusion: Additional research is needed to identify the potential causes of the difference and evaluate the accuracy and reliability of NIOSH SLMs in various noise conditions. Keywords: Occupational hearing loss, Sound level meters (SLMs), dBA, LAeq, NIOSH, Feasibility, Accuracy, Reliability, Noise, Monitoring, Manufacturing, Dose. YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 104

Study on Level of Awareness of Aircraft Manufacturing Workers on Occupational Noise and Its Health Effects 1 Student : Intan Noor Zulaikha Binti Zulkifli Supervisor : Ts. Dr. Sabrina Karim Introduction: Aircraft manufacturing exposes workers to excessive noise, a major health hazard leading to hearing loss, tinnitus, and other detrimental impacts on well-being and productivity. Understanding the contributing factors and implementing effective preventive measures based on workers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices are crucial to safeguarding their health and ensuring the industry's success. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the manufacturing workers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding occupational noise exposure and its health effects. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 165 aircraft manufacturing workers in Composite Technology Research Malaysia (CTRM) in Batu Berendam, Melaka. Self-administered questionnaires via Google Forms and physical interviews were used in this study. Four (4) sections in the survey will include the socio-demographic information, knowledge of occupational noise exposure, attitude towards NIHL and health effects, and practices towards occupational noise in the workplace. The collected data has been analyzed by using ‘Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27. Results: The knowledge section shows that 95.2% recognized that hearing deteriorates when aircraft manufacturing workers are exposed to hazardous noise. Almost all the participants (97.6%) agree that it is important to take action to prevent hearing problems caused by loud noise. For the last section, many workers (91.5%) use the right equipment such as personal protective equipment (PPE) to protect them from noise at the workplace. And it also shows that some workers regularly check their hearing health and attend training and educational programs. Conclusion: Overall, this study shows that while workers demonstrated good knowledge and positive practices in some areas, there is still a gap in knowledge and attitudes towards noise and its health effects. Targeted interventions should address these gaps and promote a culture of safety and proactive hearing health protection in the workplace. Keywords: Noise-Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL), Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP), Aircraft Manufacturing Workers YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 105

Occupational Heat Exposure and Heat-Related Illness among Local Authority Enforcers 1 Student : Mohamad Solehin Bin Zulkarnain Supervisor : Ts. Ilyas Syafiq Darul Ridzuan Co-Supervisor : Ts Dr. Ismaniza Ismail Introduction: Persistently high temperatures due to climate change and El Nino phenomenon in Malaysia, pose serious risks that may increase the severity of heat stress and its impacts, especially for those working outdoors. Objective: This study assessed the exposure to heat among the local authority enforcers and the heat-related illnesses associated with heat stress. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 53 local authority enforcers of Majlis Perbandaran Kajang (MPKJ) Selangor in charge of outdoor tasks despite the hot weather. Modified survey questionnaires adopted from High Occupational Temperature Health and Productivity Suppression (HOTHAPS) were distributed among the workers and a Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) was used according to the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) guidelines to identify the effect of heat stress exposure towards health and to assess the WBGT index exposure from the work activities, respectively. Results: The enforcers were exposed to excessive heat stress, especially when the outdoor tasks spanned from morning to afternoon. From 17 sampling locations, the highest intensity of exposure was at Taman Suntex with WBGT values of 31.8°C and the lowest at Seksyen 4 Bandar Baru Bangi with WBGT values of 27.5°C. From the assessment, it shows 12 locations at high risk and another 5 locations at medium risk. Heat stroke was one of the heat-related illnesses reported correlated with heat stress exposure (p-value<0.001). The nature of the job of enforcers in the medium work category correlated with heat stress exposure among enforcers (p-value<0.006) and perception of uniform clothing material was factors that increased heat stress among enforcers (p-value<0.026). Conclusion: From the research findings, there was a history of heat-related illness among the workers due to heat stress exposure among enforcers. Out of 17 sampling locations, the adjusted WBGT value for 12 locations was between 27.5°C – 31.8°C which was high risk. Keywords: heat stress, heat-related illness, local authority enforcers, WBGT YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 106

The Effect of Vibration Exposure Towards Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome among Local Authority Fogging Machine Operator 1 Student : Muhammad Amin Hafeezi Bin Mohd Asri Supervisor : Ts. Ilyas Syafiq Darul Ridzuan Introduction: Hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) has been increased tremendously among general worker especially in the developing country. Hand arm vibration syndrome may be caused by prolonged and intensive exposure that is associated with an increased occurrence of symptoms and signs in the vascular, neurological, and musculoskeletal. Objectives: To determine the effect of vibration exposure towards hand arm vibration syndrome among local authority fogging machine operator. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 5 thermal fogging operators among local authority. Vibration meter was used to measure the HAV frequency. The measurement HAV consist of three axes on accelerometer which is X, Y and Z. Questionnaire adopted by Team prevent UK have been distribute among 5 fogging operators. Data collection sheet was used to collect the demographic data among operators. Statistical Mann-Whitney test was performed to identify the assosiation between HAV and HAVS. Results: Out of 5 participants, 1 participant have shown the symptom of Hand-arm vibration syndrome. There was no significant association between vibration exposure and Hand arm vibration syndrome with p>0.001. The Daily Vibration Exposure A (8) reading are still below the Exposure Action Value. Conclusion: Although Handarm vibration syndrome caused by multiple risk factors, but HAV may one of the contributing factors. In order in this study, there are no effect of vibration exposure towards hand arm vibration syndrome among local authority fogging machine operators. Keywords: Thermal fogging operator, Hand Arm Vibration, Hand grip strength force, Hand-arm vibration syndrome YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 107

The Assessment of Noise Exposure Towards the Risk of Hearing Loss Among Fogging Machine Operators at Local Authority 1 Student : Muhammad Ammar Syafiq Bin Md Jani Supervisor : Ts. Ilyas Syafiq Darul Ridzuan Introduction: Occupational hearing loss has emerged as a significant hazard since 2019, impacting workers exposed to loud noises, particularly those operating machinery. This study was conducted among fogging machine operators under Majlis Perbandaran Kajang (MPKj). Objective: This study aimed to assess the risk and impact of noise exposure towards the possibility of hearing loss. Method: A cross-sectional study had been carried out among fogging machine operators under Majlis Perbandaran Kajang (MPKj) with total of 5 operators in 5 different areas. The data had been collected throughout the noise risk assessment as well as hazard identification during fogging activity. Additionally, Extech SL335 dosimeter was used to measure the sound level at the vector control area until the end of the shift. Results: An average equivalent sound level (Leq) from five different areas 107.3 dB, 110.5 dB, 109.1 dB, 111.5 dB, 108.2 dB, has surpassed daily exposure limits outlined in the Industry Code of Practice (ICOP) for Management of Occupational Noise Exposure and Hearing Conservation 2019. Despite this, MPKj's effective measures in noise reduction were evident, showcasing a commitment to worker safety. The hazard, primarily mitigated through Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), was found to be under control, with all assessments considered safe and within daily exposure limits. Conclusion: While noise exposure levels were notably high, the proactive interventions by MPKj proved successful in maintaining a safe working environment. However, the reliance on PPE as the primary control measure underscores the need for continuous monitoring and further exploration of engineering controls is needed to enhance overall hazard reduction strategies. Keywords: Fogging machine operators, Equivalent Continuous Sound Level (Leq), Hearing Loss, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 108

The Assessment of Lighting Among Local Authority Office Workers and Its Impact on Safety and Health at Workplace 1 Student : Muhammad Amin Fitri Bin Johari Supervisor : Ts. Ilyas Syafiq Darul Ridzuan Introduction: Effective workplace lighting is crucial for employee safety, health and productivity. It is not only helps in hazard identification but also influences worker well-being, performance, safety and job satisfaction. Room lighting, particularly in the visual system, is crucial in affecting overall health. Adequate lighting not only ensures safety but also creates a pleasant environment, enhancing productivity and efficiency. Objective: The general objective of this study to identify the lighting requirement at the workplace among local authority office. Method: This research involves a cohort of 25 office workers and uses three different instruments to collect comprehensive data on workplace lighting conditions. The primary instrument is a questionnaire adapted from Office Lighting Survey (OLS). A walkthrough inspection is also performed to identify and evaluate lighting conditions, and a lux meter, specifically the HD450 model, is used to conduct a thorough assessment of illumination at 25 number of measurements points throughout the open office area and 4 points within office room. Result: According to the collected data, 25 office workers voluntarily participated in this study, and (48%) of respondents disagreed with visual symptomssuch as eye strain, heavy eyelids, headaches, difficulty seeing objects on the screen and double vision, while only (4%) agreed. The walkthrough inspection assesses office lighting conditions, with priority given to dark curtains, flexible lamps, and the replacement of blown out or reduced brightness light bulbs and tubes.The data shows 25 measurement points for generallighting in an open office, with an average reading ranging from to 364.6 lx 385.6 lx. There are several numbers of measurement pointis not compliant and low compared to the guidelines is 350 lux. The average reading is 222 lux for the office room, which is four measurement point that is not compliant and low compared to the guidelines. Conclusion: In conclusion, this research aimed to identify the lighting requirements of local authority office workers in the workplace. Keywords: Workplace lighting, job satisfaction, lighting requirement, lux meter, general lighting YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 109

Satisfaction Using an E-Learning Mobile Application for Basic Fire Safety Training among UniKL MESTECH Students 1 Student : Mior Ahmad Zahirul Bin Mohd Lot Supervisor : Ts. Arvind Balakrishnan Introduction: E-learning mobile applications enable students to access safety training materials anytime, anywhere, giving them flexibility and convenience in their learning. Objective: This study aimed to assess trainee satisfaction in using a mobile-based e-learning fire safety training application. Method: In this crosssectional study, 69 students from UniKL Mestech students were given a questionnaire via Google Forms following their usage of a self-paced fire safety awareness training via an e-Learning mobile application. The questionnaire assessed the participants experience for usability, satisfaction, engagement, intention to recommend, and asked for feedback following usage of the application. Results: Of the 69 respondents, 33 (47.8%) rated the application as easy or very easy to use, 44 (63.8%) found the application informative or very informative and useful, and 40 (58.0%) stated the application was engaging or very engaging. 50 (72.5%) respondents indicated that they were likely or very likely to recommend the application to their peers. Pearson correlation coefficient was computed to assess the relationship between usability, satisfaction, engagement, and intention to recommend. Positive correlations were found between usability and intention to recommend (r(67) = 0.52, p = 0.000), satisfaction and intention to recommend (r(67) = 0.38, p = 0.001), and engagement and intention to recommend (r(67) = 0.53, p = 0.000). Factors that influenced intention to recommend include ease of use (72.5%), content quality (56.5%) and engagement level (52.2%). 60 (87.0%) participants felt that using the application raised their awareness and knowledge of fire safety. Conclusion: Mobile fire safety e-Learning proves engaging and effective for students, complementing traditional training methods. Further development towards increased interactivity could enhance the learning experience even further. Keywords: Satisfaction, Mobile E-learning, Fire Safety, Occupational Safety Health, Training. YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 110

Relationship Between Work- Related Musculoskeletal Disorders and Work-Related Risk Factors Among Hotel Workers in Klang Valley 1 Student : Alyaa Hanani Binti Amran Supervisor : Ts. Arvind Bala Krishnan Co-Supervisor : Ts. Dr. Nur Azma Amin Introduction: The hotel workers are a high burden of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WRMSDs) and at greater risk due to nature of tasks including physical and psychosocial factors. Objective: This research aimed to identify the relationship between WRMSDs and work-related risk factors among hotel workers in Klang Valley. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 310 hotel workers (response rate: 91.29%) in the Greater Klang Valley using Malay version of self-administered questionnaire. Symptoms of WRMSDs was assessed using validated Malay version of Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (M-NMQ) while the Work-related risk factors were identified using Malay-validated Job Content Questionnaire (M-JCQ). Personal profile (Eg: socio demographic, health information) and job information were also documented from participants. The data were entered, managed, and analysed using IBM SPSS for descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Overall, the 12- months prevalence of WRMSDs was 79.00% (n=215) with most prevalent body region were neck (54.00%), followed by lower back (50.20%) while the least prevalent in the knees (41.90%). Those affected agreed that the discomforts decreased their quality of life including required medical attention, movement limitation and work absenteeism. The participating workers experienced high job demands (72.1%), low job control (53.70%), poor job supports (55.10%) and high physical demand (61.40%) at work. Psychosocial factors of job control, job support and physical demands has significant association with WRMSDs (p<0.05). Conclusion: More than half of hotel workers experienced WRMSDs for the past one year. Significant associations were reported between unsustainable work-related risk factors and WRMSDs. The findings offer intervention strategy to reduce decrease WRMSDs among hotel workers in future. Keywords: WRMSDs, work psychosocial , physical demands, hospitality YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 111

Effectiveness of an E-Learning Mobile Application for Basic Fire Safety Training Among UniKL MESTECH Students 1 Student : Muhammad Nur’ Afeez Bin Mohd Zaidi Supervisor : Ts. Arvind Bala Krishnan Introduction: Knowledge regarding fire safety among university students is a critical concern that should be addressed to ensure the well-being of students and prevent potential disasters on campus. Objective: This research aims to assess the effectiveness of a mobile-based e-learning fire safety training application to enhance basic fire safety knowledge among UniKL Mestech students. Method: In a quasi-experimental study, 69 students from UniKL Mestech were given a pretraining questionnaire via Google Forms to determine their baseline knowledge on fire safety and confidence level in handling a fire emergency. They were then asked to complete a self-paced training on fire safety awareness via an eLearning mobile application. The participants were then tested post-training for knowledge and confidence. Effectiveness of the training with the e-Learning mobile application was calculated by comparing the knowledge and confidence level of respondents pre and post training. Results: Of the 69 respondents, 36 (52.2%) reported increased knowledge scores post-training, 14 (20.3%) respondent’s scores remained unchanged, and 19 (27.5%) had decreased knowledge scores. A paired-t test revealed that there was a significant increase in the knowledge score on fire safety after completing the e-Learning training (=10.74, = 2.19) compared to before using the application (µ=10.28, =1.89); [T(68)=-1.9809, p=0.026]. Following the training, 16 (23.2%) participants reported higher confidence levels, 16 (23.2%) reported lower confidence levels, and 37 (53.6%) reported no change. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed that the training with the e-Learning mobile application did not elicit a statistically significant change in participants confidence levels regarding handling a fire emergency (Z=0.476, p=0.633). Conclusion: While the e-Learning application did show improved fire safety knowledge among some of the participants, confidence levels were mostly unchanged. Examining the factors influencing post-training confidence levels could help boost the confidence alongside knowledge acquisition. Keywords: Fire Safety Knowledge, E-learning, University Students, Mobile-based training app, Knowledge assessment YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 112

Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorder in Relation to Psychosocial Workplace Factors in Female Workers of Hospitality Industry 1 Student : Noorasyikin binti Abd Kadir Supervisor : Ts. Arvind Bala Krishan Co- Supervisor: Ts. Dr. Nur Azma Amin Introduction: Workers in the hospitality industry in Malaysia perceived various workplace risk factors including psychosocial factor. Objective: This study investigates the relationship between work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) in relation to psychosocial workplace factors among female workers in the hospitality industry. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 777 hospitality workers (response rate: 70.91%) in the Greater Klang Valley. The Malay-translated self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographics, job information, health, and lifestyle. The Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (M-NMQ) was used to assess the symptoms of WRMSDs while the Job Content Questionnaire (M-JCQ) was used to evaluate perceived workplace psychosocial factors. The data were entered, managed, and analysed using IBM SPSS for descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Total of 551 participants returned the complete survey, of these only 256 (46.36%) eligible for further analyses. 94.50% (n=242) sustained of WRMSDs previous 12- months, with most prevalent body region reported at the feet (86.0%), and least in the elbow (21.1%). The Cronbach's value of psychosocial workplace factors demonstrated acceptable consistency for job support (α=0.90), job demand (α=0.67), and job control (α=0.73). Significant associations were documented between job support and job demands with various anatomical areas (p<0.05). Conclusion: Female hospitality workers hotel exhibits high prevalence of WRMSDs, most reported in the feet. Therefore, interventions to improve workplace psychosocial environment are crucial to reduce risk of WRMSDs. Keywords: Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders, Psychosocial Workplace Factor, Hotel Food and Beverage Industry, women YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 113

Perceived Workplace Psychosocial Factors in Relation Job Satisfaction Among Hotel Workers in Klang Valley 1 Student : Nur Haziqah Binti Mohammad Zaidi Supervisor : Ts. Dr. Nur Azma Amin Co-Supervisor : Ts. Arvind Bala Krishnan Introduction: In Malaysia, turnover rates issue in hotel industry has risen tremendously. Poor perceived workplace psychosocial hazards have adversely affected the workers motivation and performance for laboring. Objective: This study aimed to assess the relation between job satisfaction and perceived workplace psychosocial factors among hotel workers. Method: This crosssectional study was conducted among 310 hotel workers in Klang Valley region with a response rate of 91.3%. Data for job satisfaction and psychosocial factors was retrieved by using Malay validated questionnaires of Job Satisfaction Survey (M-JSS) and Job Content Questionnaire (M-JCQ), respectively. IBM SPSS was applied for inferential and descriptive statistics analyses. Results: Total of 283 respondents were passable further analysis. The hotel workers felt ambivalent with their work (56.18%, n=159). Meanwhile, 53.70% (n=152) experienced high job demands, 44.20% (n=125) for low job control and 49.80% (n=141) perceived poor job support. It was found that there were significant association between level of job satisfaction and workplace psychosocial factors of job demands, job control and job support (p<0.05). Conclusion: The level of job satisfaction among hotel workers was categorized as ambivalent. Significant associations were evident between the level of job satisfaction and all domains of perceived workplace psychosocial factors. These findings reflected current situation in the hotel industry where appropriate actions should be taken, hence, improve hotel workers’ quality of work and well-being. Keywords: job satisfaction, hospitality, job demands, job supports, job control YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 114

Stress in Relation to Work Performance Among Workers in Klang Valley 1 Student : Nurainan Batrisyia Binti Aidil Rashdan Supervisor : Ts. Dr. Nur Azma Amin Co-Supervisor : Ts. Arvind Bala Krishnan Introduction: Stress among hotel workers is a significant issue and it is taxing for employers and employees in such to meet customer’s demands. Objective: This study investigated the level of work performance domains in relation to stress perceived among hotel workers in the Klang Valley. Method: This cross-sectional study involved 310 hotel workers (response rate: 91.30%) working in the Klang Valley. The stress status was assessed using Malay validated Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (M-DASS21), while work performance domains used the Malay validated of Individual Work Performance Questionnaire (M-IWPQ). The socio – demographic and occupational information were also retrieved from the participants. The descriptive and inferential statistics were analysed by using SPSS. Results: Total of 283 hotel workers are eligible for further analysis. The results reported approximately three of four workers of the hotel workers encountered poor work performance for task performance (74.90%), contextual performance (73.90%) and adaptive performance (62.50%). Meanwhile, 50.20% of the workers experienced symptoms related to stress. There was significant association between work performance domains for task performance (pvalue=0.001), contextual performance (p-value=0.003) and adaptive performance (p-value=0.044) and perceived stress among hotel workers in the Klang Valley. Conclusion: The findings evidence that stress symptoms associated with the risk of poor work performance in the studied hotel workers. This can be served as benchmark for the future research in ensuring the mental well-being and work performance among workers in the hotel industry. Keywords: stress, task performance, contextual performance, adaptive performance, and hospitality industry YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 115

Association Between Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders and Mental Health Among Hotel Workers in Klang Valley 1 Student : Siti Nur Sakeenah Binti Zamberi Supervisor : Ts. Dr. Nur Azma Amin Co-Supervisor : Ts. Arvind Bala Krishnan Introduction: The hotel workers are a high burden of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WRMSDs) and at risk due to nature of tasks including poor mental health. Objective: To determine the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) and its relation to mental health among hotel workers. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 283 hotel workers (response rate: 91.29%) in the Greater Klang Valley using Malaytranslated self-administered questionnaire. Validated Malay version questionnaire of Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (M-NMQ) was used to assess the prevalence of WRMSDs while the mental health status was assessed using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (M-DASS 21). Personal profile (Eg: socio demographic, health information) and job Information was also documented from participants. The data were entered, managed, and analyzed using IBM SPSS for descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: A total of 283 hotel workers returned survey form. For past 12-months, four out five participating hotel workers sustained discomfort in at least one body area (62.75%). Neck was the most prevalent (41.3%), followed by low back (38.9%) and the least in the knees (32.5%). The prevalence of mental health was reported (56.2%). The Cronbach's values of mental health demonstrated acceptable consistency for depression (a=0.88), anxiety (a=0.86), and stress (a=0.83). The analysis also discovered statistically significant differences between depression, anxiety, and stress with WRMSDs at the workplace among hotel workers (p<0.05). Conclusion: The study explored the connection between WRMSDs and mental health. The findings revealed a statistical association between mental health and work-related musculoskeletal disorders at the workplace among hotel workers. Therefore, future studies can be done to assist workers in improving job satisfaction aspects to reduce the risk of mental health. Keywords: WRMSDs, Mental health, hotel Industries, Depression, Anxiety, Stress YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 116

Association of Perceived Workplace Psychosocial Factors on Mental Health Among Hotel Workers in Klang Valley 1 Student : Jasreen Qistina Bt Johari Supervisor : Ts. Dr. Nur Azma Amin Co-Supervisor : Ts. Arvind Bala Krishnan Introduction: Hotel workers experienced high demanding working environment in delivering acceptable services to the customers. This includes irregular work hours, and poor coordination between co-workers, lack of supervisors’ support which affected workers’ mental health. Objective: This research assessed the mental status and its relation to workplace perceived psychosocial factors among the hotel workers. Method: This cross – sectional study involved 310 participants (response rate: 91.29%) in Klang Valley. The participants were briefed and consented to participate in the study by responding to the Malay translated survey questionnaire. The Depression stress and anxiety scale (M-DASS21) assessed the mental health status, while Job content questionnaire (M-JCQ) was used to analyse the workplace psychosocial factors perceived by the participants. IBM SPSS was applied for the inferential and descriptive statistics analyses. Results: The results reported approximately three out of four hotel workers (73.9%) experienced symptoms of poor mental health. Of these, anxiety (70.3%), depression (60.1%), and stress (50.2%). Meanwhile perceived workplace psychosocial of high job demands (33.57%), low job control (55.12%) and poor job supports (56.18%). Further analysis demonstrated that job demands was significantly associated with all symptoms of poor mental health (p<0.05) in contrast with job control. Significant association was also observed between anxiety and low job supports. Conclusion: Three out of four workers sustained at least one symptoms of poor mental health. Poor perceived workplace psychosocial factors of high job demand, and low job supports were significantly related to deteriorating of mental health status among hotel workers. These findings can be reference for future research in the hotel industry to ensure the health and wellbeing of hospitality workers specifically. Keywords: Emotional health, hospitality, job demands, job supports YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 117

The Effectiveness of OSH Committees: Result of A Survey of The Education Sector 1 Student : Muhammad Danish Bin Dzol Kar Nain Supervisor : Ts. Nur Faiza Abdul Razak Introduction: The establishment of a safety committee is important in a workplace or institution. Hazard and control procedures should be established for workplace inspections to identify hazards. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the safety committee’s effectiveness in the education sector. Method: A cross-sectional is used for the study and the results obtained are from the source of the questionnaire that has been given. It enables the delivery of the survey to the different branches. The study aims for the safety committee UniKL because that committees exceed 40 employees. The sample size participating is 90% of the population equals 45 safety committees. The data was analysed using SPSS version 27. Percentage and frequency distribution were calculated to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP). Chi-square is used for inferential statistics to determine the association between the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) and the effectiveness of the safety committee in UniKL and to evaluate the association between the effectiveness and the performance of the safety committee in UniKL. The P-value was set at 0.5 (p<0.05) which is statistically significant. Results: The chi-square test result demonstrates a significant relationship between committee members' levels of knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding safety standards. With a p-value of 0.044, which is less than the standard significance level of 0.05, the observed link between KAP and effectiveness is less than 5% likely to be due to chance. Conclusion: In conclusion, the poll confirms the important role safety committees play in bolstering safety and well-being in the education sector. Although the impact of these committees is positive, the study highlights the need for ongoing enhancements and resolution of recognized obstacles. Keywords: Occupational Safety and Health (OSH), Safety and Health Committee, Education Sector, Awareness factor, Safety Practices YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 118

The Study on Prevalence and Factors Associated with Lower Back Pain Among General Workers at Construction Sites 1 Student : Muhammad Ashraf Bin Zainal Abidin Supervisor : Ts. Nur Faiza Abdul Razak Introduction: Construction workers face a high risk of Lower Back Pain (LBP) due to various sociodemographic, work-related, and psychosocial factors. This not only affects their daily job performance but also leads to long-term health issues. The prevalence of Lower Back pain in this industry poses a significant challenge for organizations, as workers tend to neglect the issue until it becomes severe. Objective: This study aims to assess the prevalence of LBP among Sunway Development project site construction workers and identify potential risk factors contributing to its occurrence. Method: Using a quantitative research design, 60 rebar workers at the Sunway Development Project in Kuala Lumpur were selected. The study used online questionnaires consisting of 4 sections: demographic information, occupation factors, knowledge of LBP, and LBP symptoms to determine the prevalence of LBP among the workers. In addition, time-motion studies using specifically the Initial Ergonomic Risk Assessment (ERA) were used to determine the factors associated with LBP. Data collected were analysed using the Chi-Square test in SPSS version 27. Results: Of the 60 respondents, 76.6% developed varying degrees of lower back pain during daily work, and 38.4% experienced it off work. Contributing factors included awkward posture, sustained work, forceful exertion, repetitive motion, as well as environmental factors such as lighting, temperature, ventilation, and noise. The Chi-Square test revealed that there was a significant difference between the prevalence of LBP and associated factors among general construction workers (P=0.040). Conclusion: LBP among construction workers arises from a combination of physical, work routine and environmental elements. To mitigate its impact, preventive measures should be emphasized, addressing factors like posture, work routine, and optimizing the work environment. This approach is crucial for enhancing the overall occupational health of construction workers. Keywords: Lower Back Pain (LBP), Initial Ergonomic Risk Assessment (ERA), construction workers. YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 119

Occupational Noise Exposure and Hearing Loss : A Study of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Among Construction Workers 1 Student : Mohammad Shazwannaim Bin Shaharuddin Supervisor : Ts. Nur Faiza Abdul Razak Introduction: Excessive noise exposure in modern society poses significant threats to hearing and overall well-being, causing auditory and non-auditory issues, including isolation and dementia. Objective: This study explores the association between excessive noise exposure and the knowledge, attitude, and practice of workers regarding noise exposure. Method: A cross-sectional study in Alam Impian, Shah Alam, involved 89 construction workers. Data were collected through a Google Form survey utilizing a validated questionnaire from previous studies, covering socio-demographic data, questions for knowledge, questions on attitude, and questions on practice. Additionally, a Larson Davis Sound Level Meter (SLM) measured noise levels emitted by machinery at multiple locations on the construction site. Statistical analysis used the Chi-Square test in SPSS version 27. Results: The average noise levels (LAeq) of 98.8 dB (A), 98.6 dB (A), 89.8 dB (A), and 88 dB (A) surpassed the Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) specified in the Occupational Safety and Health (Noise Exposure) Regulations 2019. The Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) which is 85 dB(A) establishes the maximum allowable noise exposure levels to protect workers from adverse health effects related to occupational noise. Respondents demonstrated low knowledge, attitude, and practice levels regarding occupational noise exposure, with no significant difference found between knowledge, attitude, and practice (p=0.909). Conclusion: To address low knowledge, attitude, and practice levels, it is recommended to organize training sessions and seminars specifically targeting occupational noise exposure for construction workers. Future efforts should prioritize strict law enforcement to ensure compliance with noise exposure regulations, ultimately safeguarding the health and well-being of workers. Keywords: Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL), Construction workers, Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL). YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 120

Assessment of Noise Exposure Level and Health Impacts Among Heavy Industry Workers at Pasir Gudang, Johor, Malaysia 1 Student : Muhammad Khaleedi Bin Johari Supervisor : Dr. Masyita Mamot Introduction: Noise is an unwanted sound which is considered loud, unpleasant or disruptive to hearing. Exposure to noise especially in the workplace can cause various risks to the safety and well-being of the workers. Without applying any prevention method, the prevalence of risks such as hearing loss will grew rapidly time by time. Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the noise exposure level and related health impacts among heavy engineering industry workers at Pasir Gudang, Johor, Malaysia. Method: A survey was carried out among 39 heavy industry workers in Pasir Gudang, Johor assessed socio-demographic, knowledge of noise exposure, health impacts of noise exposure and perception of noise. An 8-hour personal noise assessment was conducted on two workers who work at Mega Workshop using noise dosimeter. Descriptive analysis was employed to investigate noise exposure level, health impacts of noise exposure and compare the workplace noise exposure with PEL set by DOSH while binary logistic regression was used to determine the relationship between noise exposure and health impacts. Results: Mean SPL for subject 1 is 99.10 and subject 2 is 98.86. Both subjects were exceeding the 85 dB PEL of noise exposure set by DOSH. 23.1% of respondents reported experiencing ears ring or buzz daily. Wearing earplugs and hearing protectors showed significant predictors in lowering the symptoms of ears ringing or buzzing (OR = 5.050, CI = 0.990, 25.748; OR = 0.167, CI = 0.038, 0.728). Conclusion: The noise exposure level of heavy engineering industry workers is high and the related health impacts is low. Wearing earplugs and hearing protectors were shown to reduce the impact of noise exposure on workers’ hearing. Keywords: Noise exposure, permissible exposure limit, health impacts YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 121

1 Diploma in Medical Laboratory Technology ABSTRACTS YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 122

1 Student : Alayna Dania Bt Faeildzull Supervisor : Dr. Nor Isnida Ismael Introduction: In Malaysia there are two species mosquitoes responsible for dengue transmission which are Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse). Aedes larvae are usually found breeding in both natural and artificial containers, and they do not necessarily breed independently. The study involved laboratory identification of larvae according to their species and thus provided valuable data in predicting dengue in UniKL MESTECH. Objective: This surveillance aims to provide early detection of mosquito breeding sites, enabling timely and targeted mosquito control measures to reduce the risk of vector-borne diseases in the UniKL community. Methodology: This case review, over 10 ovitraps were used placed in Unikl MESTECH Building. Five ovitraps indoor and five ovitraps outdoor. In this case review, a thorough ovitrap surveillance method was implemented, utilizing 10 ovitraps strategically placed in UniKL MESTECH Building. The ovitraps consisted of a water-filled container with a substrate, like a wooden paddle, where female mosquitoes preferentially deposited their eggs. The collected eggs were then examined and counted during subsequent surveillance activities. Results: Mosquito breeding was detected. Conclusion: To sum it up, our investigation using ovitraps in the UniKL area has revealed some important information – we have found the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus. This discovery is worrisome because this mosquito species can carry and spread different diseases. By strategically using ovitraps indoors and outdoors, we've gained valuable knowledge about where these mosquitoes are hanging out and where they like to lay eggs around UniKL. Keywords: Aedes aegypti (Linnaues), Aedes albopictus (Skuse), Dengue YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 123 Ovitrap Surveillance of Aedes Mosquito Species in UniKL MESTECH Building

Ovitrap Surveillance of Aedes Mosquito Species at UniKL MESTECH Building 1 Student : Alia Natasya Binti Mohd Azmi Supervisor : Dr. Nor Isnida Ismael Introduction: This study described on tracking and comprehending the presence and dynamics of the Aedes mosquito vector in the university dorm environment through ovitrap surveillance for Aedes mosquito species in UniKL dorms. The investigation's goals are to identify Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes and assess the efficiency of ovitraps. Objective: The general objective is to conduct mosquito surveillance at UniKL MESTECH Hostel using ovitrap to determine mosquito density and species distribution at UniKL MESTECH hostel. Methodology: The ovitrap was placed at UniKL MESTECH hostel for 5 days, with five ovitraps positioned indoors and the remaining placed outdoors. Identify Aedes mosquito larvae species involves microscopic examination of key morphological features, such as the presence of distinctive hairs, size, and observed at the tail of larvae. Results: The results showed a significant presence of Aedes mosquito eggs in 5 ovitraps, indicating that the outdoor unikl hostel was actively breeding and most of them is Aedes albopictus and one container is aegypti. Five ovitraps were put indoor Unikl Hostel, but no mosquitoes laid eggs there. The study also noted differences in population density and temperature between various parts of the dormitory. Conclusion: This study was successful in locating and tracking these vectors in the dorm setting, particularly Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. These results show that Aedes mosquitoes are actively reproducing in the dorm environment, raising the possibility of a health risk to students and other residents. of these vectors, which are known to spread illnesses like dengue, highlight the significance of ongoing surveillance and focused intervention techniques. Keyword: Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Ovitrap, Larvae, Surveillance YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 124

1 Student : Umie Najwa Binti Irwan Supervisor : Dr. Nor Isnida Ismail Introduction: Dengue is transmitted by two Aedes mosquito species; Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) the primary mosquito vector, and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) the secondary vector. The use of ovitraps is a cost-effective and efficient method of detecting Aedes mosquitoes, particularly in locations with low infection rates. Objective: The purpose of this study was to conduct mosquito surveillance at the UniKL MESTECH administrative building with an ovitrap to determine mosquito density and species in this study area. Method: For 5 days, an ovitrap tool was placed in the target research area, both indoors and outdoors of the UniKL MESTECH administrative building to induce mosquito breeding. The larvae were reared until they reached maturity level, making them ideal for species observation. The larvae tail is observed to determine whether they are Aedes aegypti or Aedes albopictus species. The data will be recorded based on the total number of aedes species and their distribution within the research area. Result: Larvae reproduce from 3 ovitraps placed outdoors in the administrative building, UniKL Mestech. There are 55 mosquito larvae in total from the 3 discovered ovitraps. Out of 55 mosquito larvae, 90% were Aedes albopictus, and the rest 10% were Aedes aegypti. To justify this, there is a high possibility of Aedes mosquitoes spawning in this target research region due to environmental factors that entice mosquitoes to breed. Conclusion: The ovitrap surveillance method provides valuable information on the mosquito population, abundance, and distribution of Aedes species, potentially aiding in dengue prevention and control efforts. Keywords: Ovitraps, Density, Species Aedes, Aedes albopictus, Aedes aegypti, Larvae, Dengue YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 125 Ovitrap Surveillance of Aedes Mosquito Species in UniKL MESTECH Administrative Building

Determining the Efficacy of a Single Dose Albendazole on Ascaris lumbricoides 1 Student : Izz’ Daniel Iskandar Bin Abdullah Pirus Supervisor : Dr. Mehru Nisha Introduction: Soil transmitted helminth (STH) infections are caused by parasites Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworm (Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale) that have significant socioeconomic and public health consequences. Approximately 2 billion individuals, or 24% of the global population, currently carry at least one STH species infection. The number of people who died each year from STH infections is thought to range from 12,000 to 135,000 globally. Malaysia has seen tremendous advancements in its infrastructure, both socioeconomic and development since obtaining independence about 67 years ago. However, several parasitic diseases remain widespread among the indigenous community (Orang Asli) due to low-income and socioeconomically disadvantaged. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of single dose albendazole among indigenous villagers at Kampung Orang Asli Broga, Lenggeng, Negeri Sembilan. Method: Firstly, demographic data that include number of family member, gender, age and family income was collected from the villagers. Next, stool samples were collected randomly among volunteers from the villages. Then, single dose albendazole was administered to those infected with Gastrointestinal Parasites (GIP). Post treatment one week, stool was recollected, and stool examination was carried out. Results: For pre-treatment, a total of 13 samples obtained. Out of this, 23% were positive with Gastrointestinal Parasites (GIP) that include Cryptosporidium spp., Blastocystis hominis, and Giardia Lamblia. For post treatment a total of 12 samples obtained. Out of this, 50% were positive with Gastrointestinal Parasites (GIP) that include Cryptosporidium spp., Blastocystis hominis, and Giardia lamblia. Ascaris lumbricoides egg was found in one of the respondents during pre-treatment stage. Conclusion: Despite low number of helminths, higher number of GIP was recorded in this village. Health education campaign on basis hygiene and water safety should be given to this Orang Asli community at Kampung Orang Asli Broga, Lenggeng, Negeri Sembilan. Keywords: Albendazole, Ascaris lumbricoides, Orang Asli, Soil transmitted helminth (STH) YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 126

Determining the Efficiency of Single Dose Albendazole on Trichuris trichiura of Indigenous People in Kampung Orang Asli Broga, Lenggeng, Negeri Sembilan 1 Student : Ruhillizzati Binti Abd Rahim Supervisor : Dr. Mehru Nisha Introduction: According to NIH, despite proactive socioeconomics development initiated by the Malaysian Government in upgrading the quality of life of the indigenous people (Orang Asli) since 1978, they still remained poor with current poverty rate of 76.9%, In West Malaysia, commonly the indigenous people is prone to be infected with gastrointestinal parasitic infection (GIP). Albendazole (400mg) is an antihelminthic drug used for over 3 decades to cure gastrointestinal parasite infections. Objective: Hence, this study aimed to ensure the effectiveness of single dose albendazole on soil-transmitted-helminth Trichuris trichiura of indigenous people in Kampung Orang Asli Broga, Lenggeng, Negeri Sembilan. Method: Samples were collected from patients who volunteered in the study. Pre- and post-treatment stool samples underwent basic parasitology lab techniques and stained by Gomori Trichrome for gastrointestinal parasite detection. A single dose albendazole (400mg) was administered to all whom participated in the study. Results: For pre-treatment, a total of 13 samples obtained. Out of this, 23 % were positive with gastrointestinal parasites as present of helminths (Cryptococcus, Cryptosporidium, Blastocystis & Ascaris lumbricoides) and protozoa (Giardia lamblia) but unfortunately absent of Trichuris trichiura. Meanwhile for post-treatment a total of 12 samples obtained recorded 50% were positive. Also, there recorded increases percentage assumed because of some force expel of the parasites which indicate the medication were effective to the villagers. By this project, we knew that medication could prevent from life threatening parasitic infections diseases. Our study showed that even though Malaysia is well developing but some citizen especially indigenous people are lagging without desirable facilities and have poor health status. Conclusion: Gastrointestinal parasite infections still hovering between indigenous people and interrupt their health status. However, continuously distribute of medication should be implant by Malaysian Government via the health ministry department by reserving a provision for the indigenous people village for the entire Malaysia. Keywords: Gastrointestinal parasite infections, Stool samples, Orang Asli, Soiltransmitted-helminth, Trichuris trichiura, Albendazole. YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 127

Evaluation of Electronic Device Usage and Cardiometabolic Factors in Male Diploma Students 1 Student : Alya Natasha Binti Yuhanif Supervisor : Mdm. Azlina Muhsin Introduction: Sedentary behaviour has emerged as a major public health concern during the last decade. The extensive use of digital gadgets in modern culture has significantly increased screen time for people of all ages. They may have a significant negative impact on their health. Prolonged screen time can lead to chronic disorders such as obesity, decreased fitness, malnutrition, and sleep issues due to sedentary behaviour. Objective: The objectives of this study were to determine screen time and to measure the cardiometabolic factors such as body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, and fat distribution in male diploma students. Method: This quantitative study uses a questionnaire form to collect data. 30 participants of male students with diplomas from UniKL MESTECH were recruited as participants. Participants were needed to fill out a consent form, demographic information, and cardiometabolic data, and answer screen time and background screen data. Results: The study found that of the average body mass index (BMI) was 23.1 kg/m2 and blood pressure was 120/73 mmHg. Total body fat was 18.1%, visceral fat was 6.6%, and skeletal muscle fat was 34.7%. The average academic weekday screen usage was 5.3 hours and leisure screen time was 9 hours. On a weeknight, academics used 4.5 hours of screen time, while leisure was 7 hours. On weekends, academic screen usage was 4.2 hours and leisure was 11.2 hours. The average weekday background screen time was 6.1 hours, weeknights were 3.3 hours, and weekends were 6.5 hours. Conclusion: In conclusion, these results indicated that most college students have prolonged daily screen time. Use of electronic devices increases during weekends and leisure is the most frequent purpose for prolonged screen time. Keywords: Screen time, Cardiometabolic factors, Body mass index (BMI), Blood pressure, Total fat distribution. YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 128

Evaluation of Screen Time and Cardiometabolic Risk among Female Senior Diploma Students 1 Student : Anis Najwa Binti Shairi Supervisor : Mdm. Azlina Muhsin Introduction: Screen time is defined as: “Time spent passively watching screenbased entertainment such as TV, computer, mobile devices. Numerous studies are connecting excessive and obsessive screen usage to detrimental consequences on physical, psychological, social, and neurological health and raising the likelihood of risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Objective: The objectives of this research are to determine screen time in female senior students and cardiometabolic variables and to provide a thorough knowledge of the potential effects of extended screen time on cardiovascular health. Method: The target population for this study consists of 30 female senior diploma students at UniKL MESTECH. Students from the same semester, age, academic program, and institution are selected. The questionnaire was used to collect data about demographic characteristics and screen time. Laboratory screening is held to measure cardiometabolic variables such as Body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, and fat distribution. Specific materials like weight and height scales, blood pressure monitors, and body composition analyzers were used. Results: The results revealed that the total mean for screen time is divided into two categories; leisure and academic usage. For weekdays, the total mean is 10.62 and 8.20 hours, weeknights = 7.84 and 4.95 hours, and weekends = 12.24 and 6.05 hours. For background screen usage, on regular weekdays is 6.16 hours, weeknight = 4.02 hours, and weekends = 6.57 hours. While total mean for BMI is 23.11 kg/m2, blood pressure = 108/74 mmHg, and body composition; total body fat = 29.91%, visceral fat = 4.7%, and skeletal muscle = 24.06%. Conclusion: Screen time for leisure is higher than for academic purposes during weekdays, weeknights, and weekends. Despite a high screen time, the cardiometabolic variables in the majority of the students were within normal limits. These results highlight the necessity for students to take precautions to reduce any possible health risks and to be aware of their screen-related behaviors. Keywords: Screen time, Cardiometabolic variables, Body mass index, Blood pressure, Fat distribution YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 129

Screen- Based Sedentary Behaviour & Cardiometabolic Variables among Bachelor’s Degree Female Students 1 Student : Nuraliya Syuhada Binti Normannudin Supervisor : Mdm. Azlina Muhsin Introduction: The preferred method by students to achieve success involves using technology and gadgets. However, excessive screen time can have adverse effects on physical appearance, lifestyle, and overall health. Objective:The purpose of this experiment was to look at the relationship between female degree students' screen-based sedentary behaviour and cardiometabolic variables. It also investigated how these students’ used screens, and how it correlated with their metabolic component. Method: Blood pressures were taken using blood pressure monitor (automated), subcutaneous fat, visceral fat, total body fat was measured using body fat analyser, and BMI were taken using weight & height scale. The target population for this study consists of 20 female senior degree student of UniKL MESTECH. Students are from the same institution, while semester, age and academic programme were differentiated. A questionnairebased research methodology that included demographic of the screen-time and cardiometabolic variables such as, BMI, total body fat, visceral fat, subcutaneous fat, and blood pressure data was used for this project. Results: For academic objectives, the data obtained shows that these students spend, on average, 10.1 hours during the weekdays, 6.8 hours on weeknights, and 6.8 hours on the weekends. These students spend 8.3 hours on weekdays, 5.1 hours on weeknights, and 7.5 hours on weekends for leisure activities. For percentage for subcutaneous are 25% while visceral 4.6% and total body fat is 29%. The blood pressure of these students is 103/67 and the BMI are 23. Conclusion: This senior female degree student tends to spend their time most frequently on screen for leisure more than for academic purposes, for visceral and subcutaneous fat, these are still in the normal range for their age, while for total body fat its quite high but still in normal range. The BMI and blood pressure also shown a normal range. Keywords: Screen-time, Cardiometabolic factor, Blood pressure, Subcutaneous fat, Visceral fat, Total body fat, Body mass index (BMI) YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 130

Efficacy of Disinfectant With Different Concentration against Staphylococcus aureus 1 Student : Aqmyl Farhin Bin Azlan Supervisor : Dr. Azimah Binti Abdul Wahab Introduction: This experiment was carried out to investigate the efficacy of one disinfectant with different dilution on Staphylococcus aureus. The correlation between dilution factors and efficacy has been a question for quite a long time. A clean environment is very important to prevent infections from spreading. Thus, the efficacy of disinfectant is crucial. In our country, there are many types of disinfectants sold in the marketplace. Disinfectant is one of the products commonly used to sanitize any high surfaces that could be contaminated with pathogenic diseases. However, some disinfectants are required to be mixed with water as a dilution. This created a question whether different dilution or concentration might give a different result of antimicrobial activity. To answer this question, two tests were performed using Staphylococcus aureus as experimental bacteria. Method: Disinfectant dilution is made into three (3) different concentrations which are Low (1:36), Normal (1:18) and High (1:9) concentration. The efficacy of the disinfectant on S. aureus was determined using disc diffusion and microdilution broth technique. For disc diffusion technique, blank discs were soaked into the dilutions and transferred onto MHA agar that were spread with S. aureus. Meanwhile for broth microdilution technique, the test was conducted by mixing S. aureus inoculum with different concentrations of disinfectant. Media control is also used to confirm the result. Results: As a result, dilution that is made based on recommendation gives the best antimicrobial activity against the S. aureus, while lower dilution gives almost no results. This test resembles real life situation where people might be using a lack amount of disinfectant to save cost, without knowing the consequences waiting from the action. Conclusion: Lastly, this experiment might raise awareness on the importance of using right dilution for disinfectant products to public, in a way of preventing pathogens from keep spreading and causing contagious diseases. Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA), nutrient broth (NB), Optical Density (OD). YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 131

Isolation and Identification of Bacteria on Make-Up Brushes 1 Student : As Emilyana Balqis Binti As Jan Jan Supervisor : Dr. Azimah Abdul Wahab Introduction: Sharing makeup brushes that have been contaminated with various bacteria and fungus poses a significant risk to the user's chance of developing skin infections, and sharing cosmetic tools with other people might potentially transmission of fungal or skin diseases. Using contaminated cosmetic brushes it increases potential for harmful bacteria, fungi, and other pathogens to be transferred from one person to another is heightened, particularly with skin abrasions. Limited research on microbial contamination of makeup brushes highlights the gap in understanding skin infection risks. Method: In this study, materials were collected from the surfaces of three different makeup brush by gently rolling sterile cotton swabs across the hair of brushes that had been soaked with 5ml of sterile normal saline. Following a 24-hour of incubation period at 37°C, the materials deposited on the cotton swab were cultured on Mac Conkey Agar, Blood Agar,Mannitol Salt Agar and Sabouraud dextrose Agar plates. Bacterial isolates were examined under a microscope using Gram's staining technique and biochemical tests (eg. coagulase, catalase, oxidase, motility, MRVP, and citrate) were performed. Results: The outcome revealed that bacteria isolated from the cosmetic brushes were Gram-positive bacteria, specifically, Bacillus spp., Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus spp. The existence of several fungus and Gram-negative bacterial species, including Pseudomonas spp. and Salmonella spp., on cosmetics brushes that can be possible health risks associated that linked to poor hygiene habits. Conclusion: This investigation highlights a significant risk of bacterial organism transmission, involving pathogens and skin flora, via cosmetics brushes in community. The moderate possibility of detrimental health effects for makeup brush users due to microbial contamination. Therefore users should be aware of potential health risks and prioritize regular cleaning and avoid sharing of makeup brushes and other skinapplied tools to protect themselves against potential health risk. Keywords : Make up brush contamination, Cosmetic brushes, Skin microflora, Skin infections, Bacteria transmission. YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 132

Isolation and Identification of Bacteria on Mobile Phones 1 Student : Siti Quzwatun Hasanah Binti Rossfa @ Abdul Ghaffar Supervisor : Dr. Azimah Abdul Wahab Introduction: Microorganisms such as bacteria are capable to survive on formites such as mobile phones surface for a very long time. The mobile phones can be a big potential transport for microorganism or bacterial amongst handlers. Objective: This research was focused on isolation and identification of bacteria on mobile phones of students from Universiti Kuala Lumpur Institute of Medical Science Technology. The analysis of a total of 5 samples was done to identify fungal and pathogenic bacteria isolated from mobile phones. Method: Sterile cotton swabs were used to collect samples from front camera, the screens of mobile phones and charging dock. It was then transferred into test tubes that containing transport media (nutrient broth). The swabs were streaked on the surface of Bacterial (Blood agar and MacConkey agar) and fungal (SDA agar) culture media. The cultures were then incubated for 24 hours at 37°C. The isolates were subcultured before performing Gram’s staining (for bacteria) and Lactophenol Cotton Blue staining for fungal. Results: The research showed the presence of both Gram’s positive and Gram’s negative bacteria on isolates samples. Morphological observation showed presence of Bacillus sp., Chlamydia sp., Acinetobacter sp., Enterobacter sp., Serratia sp. and Pseudomonas sp. and Gram’s negative rod shape bacteria. This research also revealed the presence of fungal on SDA agar. Conclusion: This research proved that it is necessary to sterilize mobile phones at least twice a week to prevent the bacterial from spreading and also can cause health implication. If care is not taken, they could be vehicles for transmission biological weapons that could bring a lot of diseases that can effect the quality of life. Keywords : mobile phones, fungal, bacteria, microorganism, pathogenic bacteria. YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 133

Characterization of Schwann Cell in Cell Size Analysis 1 Student : Farah Hanini Binti Zuraimey Eyzal Supervisor : Dr. Muhammad Fauzi Daud Introduction: This study focused on cell characterization of Schwann cells, with a particular focus on cell size analysis. Cell characterization is to identify the specific cell lines within a group of the same origin, selected cell strains, or hybrid cell lines. This study also looks at cell confluency to observe how fast the cells may grow over time. Schwann cells have an elongated and tubular shape that makes it easier to observe the size and shape of the cells. Moreover, the cells can grow continuously despite the normal limits of the cell cycle, making them incredibly useful for long-term research. Method: Therefore, a basic cell culture technique was conducted to observe the morphology of the cells. Cell culture is maintaining multicellular organisms' cells outside their natural body in an artificially controlled environment. Thus, to analyze the size of the Schwann cells, a cell culture needs to be performed to observe the cell size from the lowest confluency to the highest confluency. Thus, the result was observed at different time points as the Schwann cell grows a bit slower. Results: Cell counting was performed after the cell culture technique. It was to determine the cell concentration of the Schwann cells and also to know the seeding cell number for the next subculture. Cell size can be analyzed by observing the size at different time points. Therefore, a graph can be made based on the results obtained. Conclusion: The study of Schwann cell morphology was conducted so that it can be differentiated from the other cells. The cell culture technique that is used to study the morphology of the cells was important because cells cannot be observed with bare eyes. Keywords: Cell characterization, Cell size analysis, Cell culture technique, Schwann cell YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 134

Comparison of Cell Size Analyses in Rat Fibroblast and Colon Carcinoma Cells 1 Student : Siti Shahnan Binti Osman Supervisor : Dr. Muhammad Fauzi Bin Daud Introduction: Cell size is a fundamental parameter reflecting the intricate interplay of genetic, environmental, and pathological factors within biological systems. In this study, a comparative analysis of cell sizes between rat fibroblast and colon carcinoma cells is undertaken to unravel the morphological distinctions inherent to these two distinct cell types. Leveraging advanced cell culture techniques, the investigation focuses on elucidating key dimensions, including length, width, perimeter, area, and aspect ratio, to discern nuanced features contributing to cellular diversity. Objective: The primary goal is to comprehensively analyze and compare the cell sizes of rat fibroblast and colon carcinoma cells. Through meticulous cell culture methods, the study aims to discern specific morphological variations, shedding light on potential implications for cellular behavior and function. Method: Established cell culture methods cultivated rat fibroblast and colon carcinoma cells under precisely controlled conditions. Rigorous experimentation and advanced image analysis facilitated quantitative measurements of key cell dimensions, capturing a comprehensive view of the cellular morphological landscape for robust comparative analysis. Results: Findings reveal intriguing differences in cell sizes between rat fibroblast and colon carcinoma cells. Rat fibroblast cells exhibit larger average length, width, perimeter, and area, contrasting with the higher aspect ratio observed in colon carcinoma cells. This trend suggests that while rat fibroblast cells generally possess larger overall dimensions, colon carcinoma cells display a greater propensity for elongation. Conclusion: The research reveals key differences in shape between normal and cancerous colon cells, enhancing our understanding of cell behavior in growth and migration. This groundwork offers potential for impactful applications in cancer research and therapy. Keywords: Rat fibroblast, Colon carcinoma, Cell size analyses, Cell culture technique YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 135

Characterization of Hep-2 Cells in Cell Size Analyses 1 Student : Wan Izzati Nadhirah Binti Azman Supervisor : Dr. Muhammad Fauzi Bin Daud Introduction: Nowadays, the Human Epithelial Cell Tumor (Hep-2) cell line is frequently used in biological research. The purpose of using Hep-2 cells as a model in order to detect autoimmune diseases and viral infections that are currently a quite common condition across the nation. Therefore, this study is very crucial to medical research in order to get accurate characteristics of cell size for understanding morphology and the effects of various stimulations that can contribute to a better understanding of Hep-2 cell dynamics. Objective: Indeed, this research aims to study the properties of Hep-2 cells, including the morphology and cell size analyses. Method: The morphology of the Hep-2 cell was characterized by performing a comprehensive cell size analysis that included length, width, aspect ratio, perimeter, and area measurements. In this study, the Hep-2 cell was observed by three main confluency levels from low confluency to high confluency (40%-50%, 60%-70%, 80%) to examine possible differences in cell morphology and size throughout the various stages of development. The cultured Hep-2 cells were utilized by standard conditions for the development cell and the characteristics of the cells were obtained at 40%-50%, 60%-70%, and 80% confluency. This observation of the morphology cell and cell size was done by using capturing and imaging techniques. Results: The data findings were done via different range confluencies (40%-50%, 60%-70%, 80%). In this study, a high confluency which is 80% indicates a larger average in length, width, aspect ratio, and perimeter than a low confluency which is 40%-50%. Conclusion: In summary, this research involves a detailed characterization of Hep-2 cells by variations in confluency levels which are identified as different variations in parameters of the cell size. This study provides a significant new understanding of the dynamic properties of Hep-2 cells and enhances the significance of involving the Hep-2 cell confluency in analyzing the cell size. To conclude, identifying these differences is essential for appropriately interpreting laboratory data and has significance for research via using Hep-2 cells in autoimmune and virological studies. Keywords: Hep-2 cells, Cell size analyses, Morphology, Confluency, Cell culture techniques. YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 136

Effect of Pep-Ternatin Conjugated on A549 Cell Proliferation 1 Student : Farisah Binti Azizi Supervisor : Dr. Pang Jyh Chyang Introduction: As we know, ternatin is a new emulsion and still unknown. Exploration about it's also still not satisfactory. This thesis describes my odyssey with ternatin, a fungus-born bane that kills cancer cells. Objective: Study was carried out to determine the effect of pep-ternatin conjugated on (A549) cell proliferation. Ternatin extract are contain butterfly pea flowers which are a rich source of phenolic mixes (30 mg gallic acid) and it were got from UniKL MFI. In the present study the possible mechanisms of gallic acid anticancer parcels were explored in A549, a mortal lung adenocarcinoma cell line. We examined the gastrointestinal immersion of ternatins in rats after oral administration of the excerpt of the butterfly pea petals. Ingested ternatins were absorbed fleetly in the gastrointestinal tract in their original acylated forms. Method: Antiproliferation conditioning of ternatin towards A549 cell were determined by using cell viability assay and antimigration conditioning was determined by using scratch assay. The antiproliferative effect of pepμ- ternatin excerpt on A549 were observed at volume 30μ, 40μ, 50μ, and 60μ. Results: Cell viability showed that, the advanced the volume of ternatin excerpt, the lower the cell viability (%). Our study shows that it inhibited the A549 cell growth and dropped cell viability covered at 24 hours. A549 cell line were downgraded in 24 and 48 hours after treated with ternatin extract. Conclusion: Morphological examination of the cells after treatment showed the typical point of cell death similar as cell loss and rounding up of the cells. From this, it showed that ternatin extract affected in reducing the proliferation exertion and the migration exertion of A549. Keywords: A549, Ternatin, Cells, Cancer YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 137

A Study of Topical Metformin on Burn Wound Healing Rats 1 Student : Hafizi Bin Rahimi Supervisor : Dr. Pang Jyh Chyang Co-supervisor : Mr. Hanan Kumar S/O Gopalan Introduction: Burn wounds pose a substantial medical challenge, arising from exposure to thermal, chemical, electrical, or radiation sources. These injuries disrupt the skin's protective barrier, triggering intricate physiological responses. While the immediate consequence of burns involves tissue damage and functional loss, subsequent complications can have profound and widespread repercussions. Complications associated with burn wounds encompass infection, impaired wound healing, scarring, contractures, and systemic responses such as sepsis. A comprehensive comprehension of the mechanisms underpinning burn injuries and their potential complications is imperative for efficient clinical management and the enhancement of patient outcomes. Objective: This study seeks to elucidate the potential therapeutic and reparative effects of topically applied metformin on burn-induced wounds in rats, aiming to contribute to the scientific understanding of burn wound management and potential treatment modalities. Method: In this investigation, male Sprague-Dawley rats were utilized as experimental subjects. Thermal injury was induced by applying a heated coin onto the shaved torso, resulting in burn lesions measuring approximately 2.35 cm in diameter following therapeutic intervention involving the topical application of metformin, administered twice daily over a 21-day period. Systematic documentation of changes in lesion dimensions were recorded. Upon completion of the treatment period skin tissue samples from the burn sites were collected for histopathological analysis. Results: Histopathological examination reveals a comprehensive analysis of both tissue architecture and cellular morphology. Notable alterations in tissue architecture, collagen deposition, and angiogenesis are evident, suggesting excellent tissue perfusion. Microscopic findings align with the macroscopic assessment of skin lesion measurements. Conclusion: The outcomes of this research elucidate that topically administered metformin manifests therapeutic efficacy in mitigating adverse tissue damage resultant from burns. These findings suggest its potential inclusion within the burn treatment modality. Keywords: Burn wounds, Thermal injury, Sepsis, Metformin, Tissue architecture, Angiogenesis, Skin lesion. YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 138

Effect of Pep-Ternatin Conjugated on A549 Cell Proliferation 1 Student : Mohamad Adam Aliuddin Bin Mohd Azhar Supervisor : Dr. Pang Jyh Chyang Introduction: Metformin is a medication that is often used to treat a variety of illnesses, most notably diabetes, although it is not used to treat malignancies of the lung, breast, prostate, colon, endometrial, ovarian, or glioma. Metformin can lower tumor incidence and tumor-related mortality. It has been used extensively in hypoglycemia treatment. Objective: This study looked at the possibility of metformin preventing lung cancer cells from proliferating. It was discovered that taking metformin prevented several types of lung cancer cells from proliferating. Consequently, the goal of this test is to gain a better knowledge of how metformin extreme affect cancer cells. Finding antiproliferative effects on lung cells was the goal of this investigation (A549). Method: Metformin was produced during this investigation in UniKL MESTECH's own facility by manufacturing metformin using metformin tablets. The A549 cell line was used to measure the antiproliferation of metformin using the cell viability test, and the Starch test was used to measure the antimigration properties. This test is analyzed with the ANOVA test. The antiproliferative effects of metformin on A459 cells were studied using different ratio that were in the mood after dilution 30, 40 and 50 µL. Results: Results for this test showed higher metformin had more impact on cell cancer reproduction, Experimental findings showed that larger metformin measurements matched a lower percentage of reproducing cells. This is where the cell part falls following metformin therapy. Finally, metformin can influence A549 cell processes to reduce migration activity and viability. Keywords: Metformin, Antiproliferation, A549, Cell viability test and starch test, Ratio YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 139

Microbial Investigation of Pool Water 1 Student : Husna Syazwani Binti Zakaria Supervisor : Dr. Mahjanah Hussein Introduction: A swimming pool is a common area where bacteria can easily spread especially for public swimming pools. Basic pathogens that are commonly found in swimming pools are coliform bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Shigella, and Salmonella. Most coliform bacteria are not harmful. However, some can make you sick. A person who has been exposed to these bacteria may have vomiting, fever, or diarrhea. It is concerned if the bacteria can cause health threats particularly gastrointestinal disease for instance diarrhea. The bacteria can be transferred from the mucus, saliva, blood, or skin of swimmers to the swimming pool which can cause pool water to be contaminated. Pool water can be more harmful and unsafe if it is not cleaned and disinfected properly. Objective: The study aimed to investigate the presence of coliform bacteria in a swimming pool before and after cleaning, as well as the effectiveness of chlorine in reducing bacterial contamination. Method: A pool water sample was taken at 10.00 am and 10.00 pm for 2 days, which is before and after cleaning the pool and chlorine addiction into the pool. Two checkpoints have been taken for each adult and children pool a total of eight samples per day. The sample was cultured on MacConkey in triplicate, 100μL were dropped on each MacConkey and then incubated for a day in a 37°C incubator. If there are colonies have grown on MacConkey, gram staining will be carried out. Results: Based on findings, showed that there are present coliform bacteria in the pool before cleaning and chlorine treatment. Conclusion: In conclusion, the study highlighted the importance of proper pool maintenance and disinfection to prevent the spread of harmful bacteria. The presence of coliform bacteria before cleaning and chlorine treatment emphasizes the need for effective sanitation measures to ensure the safety of swimmers and reduce the risk of gastrointestinal diseases associated with waterborne pathogens. Keywords: Bacteria in pool water, Coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli, Gastrointestinal disease, Chlorine YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 140

Antimicrobial Activity of Cananga odorata (Ylang Ylang) Hydrosol to Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli 1 Introduction: Infectious disease are the second largest cause of death for humans worldwide. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are the microbes that are the most dangerous to humans. Objective: The main objective of this study was to determine the antimicrobial properties of Cananga Odorata (Ylang ylang) hydrosol towards Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Method: The method used in this study was disc diffusion method by using different concentration of Cananga odorata (Ylang ylang) hydrosol. The concentration used were 100%, 80%, and 60% respectively. Gentamicin was used for positive control while distilled water was used for negative control. The disc diffusion method was done in triplicate for 3 days. Results: The results showed that Cananga odorata (Ylang ylang) hydrosol can inhibit growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The greatest mean zone of inhibition that was obtained for Staphylococcus aureus was 7.33 mm at 100% concentration while for 80% concentration was 7mm. Next, for Escherichia coli, the greatest mean zone of inhibition obtained was 8.33mm for 100% concentration while 7.67 mm for 80% concentration. For 60% concentration, the hydrosol did not have any reaction towards both of the bacteria. From the results observed, Cananga odorata (Ylang ylang) hydrosol exhibits a greater reaction with Escherichia coli than Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusion: In conclusion, Cananga odorata (Ylang ylang) hydrosol showed antimicrobial properties against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The hydrosol exhibited a lower level of reactivity compared to Gentamicin that act as positive control in this experiment, however it still gives the positive results throughout the experiment. Therefore, Cananga odorata (Ylang ylang) hydrosol have some antimicrobial properties against the bacteria. Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Cananga odorata, Ylang ylang, Hydrosol, Antimicrobial activity, Disc diffusion method YOUNGSCIENTISTSYMPOSIUMUniKLMESTECH2023 141 Student : Insyirah Binti Zahid Sofian Supervisor : Dr. Mahjanah Hussein Co-Supervisor : Dr. Teh Rasyidah Ismail