International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessEFFECT OF NATIONAL CADET CORPS TRAINING PROGRAMME ON MUSCULAR ENDURANCE COMPONENT OF COLLEGE GIRLS OF MUMBAI CITYRavi Ronald Issac, M.P. Ed Part II Bombay Physical Culture Association College Physical Education, Wadala, Mumbai.Dr. R. C. Kawade, Assistant Prof. Bombay Physical Culture Association College Physical Education, Wadala, Mumbai.ABSTRACTThe purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of the National Cadet Corps (N.C.C.) training programme on the Muscular Endurance component of college girls aged 17–19 years of Mumbai City. A total of forty (N = 40) college girls were selected as subjects and randomly divided into two groups: N.C.C. Training Group (n = 20) and Control Group (n = 20). The N.C.C. Training Group underwent a structured N.C.C. training programme, whereas the Control Group did not participate in any specific training. Muscular Endurance was assessed using a standardized test before and after the training period. Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was employed to compare the adjusted mean scores of Muscular Endurance by taking pre-test scores as the covariate. The results revealed a significant difference between the adjusted mean scores of Muscular Endurance of the N.C.C. Training Group and the Control Group (F₍y.x₎ = 115.89, df = 1/37, p < 0.01). The adjusted mean score of Muscular Endurance of the N.C.C. Training Group was 17.7, which was significantly higher than that of the Control Group (20.1). The findings of the study indicate that participation in the N.C.C. training programme significantly enhances Muscular Endurance among college girls.Key Words: N.C.C. Training, Muscular Endurance, College GirlsINTRODUCTION Physical fitness is an essential component of health and overall well-being, particularly during late adolescence, a period marked by rapid physical and psychological development. Among the various components of physical fitness, Muscular Endurance plays a vital role in enhancing the efficiency of the heart, lungs, and circulatory system, thereby improving an individual’s capacity to perform prolonged physical activity without undue fatigue. Adequate levels of Muscular Endurance are associated with improved health status, better academic performance, and reduced risk of lifestyle-related diseases.The National Cadet Corps (N.C.C.) is a premier youth organization in India that aims to develop character, discipline, leadership qualities, and physical fitness among young citizens. The N.C.C. training programme includes a variety of physical activities such as drills, endurance exercises, running, marching, and games, which are designed to promote overall physical development. Regular participation in such systematic physical training is expected to bring about positive physiological adaptations, particularly in cardiovascular functioning.In recent years, there has been a growing concern regarding declining levels of physical activity and fitness among college girls due to sedentary lifestyles, academic pressures, and limited participation in structured physical training programmes. This decline emphasizes the need to evaluate the effectiveness of organized training programmes like N.C.C. in improving essential fitness components. Despite the widespread implementation of N.C.C. training in educational institutions, scientific evidence regarding its specific impact on Muscular Endurance among college girls, especially in urban settings like Mumbai City, remains limited.Therefore, the present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of the National Cadet Corps training programme on the Muscular Endurance component of college girls aged 17–19 years of Mumbai City. The findings of this study may provide valuable insights for physical educators, coaches, and policymakers to promote structured physical training programme for enhancing cardiovascular fitness among female college students.
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2235STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMThis study is an experimental study and it may provide knowledge regarding the effect of the National Cadet Corps (N.C.C.) training programme on the Muscular Endurance of college girls under the title entitled “Effect of National Cadet Corps Training Programme on Muscular Endurance Component of College Girls of Mumbai City.”OBJACTIVE OF THE STUDY• To compare the adjusted mean scores of Muscular Endurance of N.C.C. Training Programme Girls group and control group by taking pre-Muscular Endurance as covariate.HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDYThe hypothesis of the study is as under:H₀: There is no significance difference in the adjusted mean scores of Muscular Endurance of N.C.C. Training programme Girls group and control group by taking pre-Muscular Endurance as co-variate. DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY• The study was delimited only 6 weeks Training programme.• The study was delimited to the girls aged 17 to 19years Guru Nanak College of Arts, Science and Commerce, GTB Nagar Sion East of Mumbai city.DESIGN OF THE STUDYExperimental Design (Non-equivalent control group) Non-equivalent control group study had been taken for collection of data. The experimental design had two groups' experimental group and control group. The six-week training was given to experimental group except Sunday and holidays.SAMPLEA sample of forty (n=40) college girls of age 17 to 19 years were randomly selected for the study, which was identified as the subject from Guru Nanak College of Arts, Science and Commerce, GTB Nagar Sion East, Mumbai 25 Maharashtra 400037. Restricted to only Experiment Group 1 hours per days per week 5 days for the total period of 6 weeks.VARIABLEA. Independent VariableThe specialized N.C.C. Training programme was considered as the independent variable for the present study which includes Experimental Training Group:SR. NO. N.C.C. TRAINING PROGRAMME7. Kadam Taal8. Daudake Kadamtal9. Turns10. Forward March11. Flatfoot March12. Basic Military Training, Running, Front Roll,B. Dependent VariableMuscular Endurance - Bend Knee Sit-Ups
International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessPROCEDURE OF THE STUDYPre-test: - The pre-test was conducted on both the experimental and control groups. Each subject was oriented to the testing procedures, was given demonstrations if needed, was informed about the Do’s and Don’ts, and was allowed practice trials. They were encouraged to perform to their best ability, and the researcher was careful to ensure all subjects were medically normalTraining phase: - The total training programmed of Four weeks and Five days per week except Sunday and Holiday experimental group in the period were imparted 6 weeks and 5 days in the week from Monday to Saturday, which was conducted only on N.C.C. Training Group, while non-Control group was engaged in daily routing work. Post-test: - After completion of 6 weeks training the subject of the both control and Experimental Group were undergone, post test data was recorded and preserved. The data was analyzed to get finding and conclusions.STATISTICAL PROCEDURE Comparison of the group was done with the help of One-Way Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA)RESULT OF THE STUDYTREATMENT WISE COMPARISON OF ADJUSTED MEAN SCORES OF MUSCULAR ENDURANCE BY TAKING PRE MUSCULAR ENDURANCE AS COVARIATE. The objective was to compare the adjusted mean scores of Muscular Endurance of NCC Training Programme Group and Control group by taking pre-Muscular Endurance as covariate. The data were analyzed with the help of One Way ANCOVA and results are given in TableTable: Summary of One-Way ANCOVA Muscular Endurance by taking Pre-Muscular Endurance as Covariate.Source of Variance df SSy.x MSSv.x F-value RemarkTreatment 1 346.5 346.5 115.89 P<0.01Error 37 110.6 2.99Total 39From Table it can be seen that the adjusted F-Value is 115.89 which is significant at 0.01 level with df= 1/37. It indicates that the adjusted mean scores of Muscular Endurance of College Girls of N.C.C. Training Group and Control Group differ significantly when their PreMuscular Endurance was taken as Covariate. Thus, the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference between adjusted mean scores of Muscular Endurance of College Girls of N.C.C. Training Group and Control Group by considering their Pre- Muscular Endurance as covariate is rejected. Further, the adjusted mean score of Muscular Endurance of College Girls of N.C.C. Training Group is 20.1 which is significantly higher than those of Control Group whose adjusted mean score of Muscular Endurance is 17.7. It may, therefore, be said that N.C.C Training was found to be effective in improving Muscular Endurance than Control Group where pre- Muscular Endurance was taken as Covariate. The result also has been graphically presented in Figure 1.1.
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2237NCC Training Group Control GroupSeries 1 20.1 17.716.51717.51818.51919.52020.5COUNT IN NUMBERADJUSTED MEAN SCORES OF MUSCULAR ENDURANCE OF COLLEGE GIRLSFigure 1.1. Comparison of Adjusted Mean Score of Muscular Endurance between N.C.C. Training Group and Control Group CONCLUSIONOn the basis of the results obtained in the present study, it can be concluded that: The NCC Training Programme had a significant positive effect on the Muscular Endurance of college girls. A significant difference was found in the adjusted mean scores of Muscular Endurance between the NCC Training Programme group and the control group.REFERENCES1. Bompa, T. O. (2019). Periodization: Theory and methodology of training. Champaign: Human Kinetics.2. Fox, E. L., & Foss, M. L. (2008). The physiological basis for exercise and sport. McGrawHill.3. Kansal, D. K. (2010). Test and measurement in sports and physical education. DVS Publication.4. McArdle, W. D., Katch, F., & Katch.V.L. (2015). Exercise physiology:Nutrition,energy,and human performance. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.5. Gupta, R. K. (2020). NCC: Handbook of NCC cadets for 'A', 'B' and 'C' certificate examinations (458 pp.). Ramesh Publishing House.6. Singh, H. (2012). Science of sports training. DVS Publications.7. Verma, J. (2014). Statistics for sports and health science. Sports Publications.8. Willmore, J., Costill, D., & Kenney, W. (2012). Physiology of sport and exercise. Human Kinetics.
International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessCHARACTERISTICS OF COMPETITIVE KABADDI PLAYERS: EXPLOSIVE STRENGTH AND SPEEDSuraj Chokharam Salve, Research Scholar M.S.M College of Physical Education Khadkeshwar, Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar Dr.Manik M Rathod, Professor M.S.M College of Physical Education Khadkeshwar, Chhatrapati Sambhaji NagarAbstractIn kabaddi, explosive power and speed are crucial performance factors that support successful defense, swift direction changes, and efficient raiding. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and examine the explosive strength and speed traits of competitive kabaddi players. The study included thirty male competitive kabaddi players between the ages of 18 and 25. The vertical jump and standing wide jump tests were used to gauge explosive strength, and the 50- meter dash was used to gauge speed. The data was summarized using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation). The physical demands of kabaddi competition are reflected in the results, which showed that competitive kabaddi players have high levels of explosive strength and sprint speed. The study came to the conclusion that kabaddi performance can be improved with focused training that emphasizes the development of explosive strength and speed.Keywords: Kabaddi, explosive strength, speed, vertical jump, broad jump, sprint.IntroductionKabaddi is a high-intensity contact sport that requires strong, quick body movements. In addition to technical and tactical expertise, kabaddi players must possess exceptional physical attributes, especially explosive power and speed. Speed is the capacity to move the body quickly over short distances, whereas explosive strength is the capacity to apply maximum force in the least amount of time.Kabaddi players often use explosive moves during games, like leaping to dodge opponents, pushing or tugging opponents, and speeding up during raids. Raiders need to sprint quickly and use strong lower limb movements in order to breach the opponent's court and return before being tackled. In order to stop or apprehend invaders, defenders also depend on explosive power and speed. Research on physical fitness in kabaddi has grown, although few studies have particularly examined how competitive players combine explosive power and speed.Coaches and trainers can create programs that improve performance and lower the risk of injury by having a better understanding of these traits in kabaddi players. Thus, the explosive strength and speed of competitive kabaddi players are examined in this study, along with their importance for improving performance.Statement of the ProblemKabaddi is a high-intensity contact sport where success requires quick directional movements, strong jumping abilities, and quick acceleration. Explosive strength and speed are two of the many physical fitness components needed for kabaddi, and they are crucial for both defensive and raiding activities. Explosive actions including quick sprints, leaps, lunges, and tackles are common among players and have a direct impact on game results.There is little scientific research that focuses on the explosive strength and speed traits of competitive kabaddi players, despite the sport becoming more competitive at the district, state, and national levels. Training plans are frequently created without sufficient empirical data in the absence of rigorous assessment, which may restrict performance improvement and raise the risk of injury.
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2239In order to comprehend the physical traits and performance requirements of competitive kabaddi players, it is crucial to conduct a scientific analysis of their explosive strength and speed levels. Examining the explosive power and speed traits of competitive kabaddi players is the current study's challenge.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYThe objectives of the present study were as follows:1. To assess the level of explosive strength among competitive kabaddi players.2. To evaluate the speed performance of competitive kabaddi players.3. To examine the lower-body explosive power of kabaddi players using vertical jump and standing broad jump tests.4. To analyze sprinting ability of competitive kabaddi players through the 50-metre dash test.5. To study the relationship between explosive strength and speed among competitive kabaddi players.HYPOTHESES OF THE STUDYThe following hypotheses were formulated for the present study:Null Hypotheses1. There is no significant level of explosive strength among competitive kabaddi players.2. There is no significant level of speed among competitive kabaddi players.3. There is no significant relationship between explosive strength and speed among competitive kabaddi players.Research Hypotheses1. Competitive kabaddi players possess a significant level of explosive strength.2. Competitive kabaddi players demonstrate a significant level of speed.3. There is a significant positive relationship between explosive strength and speed among competitive kabaddi players.Methodology of the study Research DesignIn order to investigate the traits of competitive kabaddi players with particular reference to explosive power and speed, the current study used a descriptive research approach. Because it permitted the evaluation of current physical fitness traits without the need for experimental manipulation, this method was deemed suitable.Selection of SubjectsThirty (N = 30) male competitive kabaddi players were chosen to participate in the study. The subjects were between the ages of 18 and 25. The participants had at least two years of competitive playing experience and were selected from district-level and intercollegiate kabaddi teams. Purposive sampling was used to choose the subjects.Variables of the StudyThe variables selected for the present study were categorized as follows:Independent Variable• Participation in Competitive Kabaddi(Players regularly involved in inter-collegiate and district-level kabaddi competitions)
International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessDependent Variables1. Explosive Strength• Measured through the Vertical Jump Test• Measured through the Standing Broad Jump Test2. Speed• Measured through the 50 Metre Dash TestThese variables were selected based on their relevance to the physical demands of competitive kabaddi, particularly in relation to rapid acceleration, jumping ability, and explosive movements required during raiding and defensive actions.Criteria Measures and TestsStandardized and commonly used physical fitness tests were used to evaluate the study's chosen variables. Based on their validity, reliability, and applicability to the physical demands of competitive kabaddi, these tests were selected. The following lists the criteria measurements and related tests that were employed in the study:Variable Physical FitnessComponentCriteria Measure /Test UsedUnit ofMeasurementExplosiveStrengthVertical ExplosivePowerVertical Jump Test CentimetersExplosiveStrengthHorizontal ExplosivePowerStanding Broad JumpTestCentimetersSpeed Sprinting Ability 50 Metre Dash Test SecondsThe ability of the lower limbs to produce maximum force in the shortest amount of time in a vertical direction was assessed using the Vertical Jump Test. Horizontal explosive power, which is necessary for lunging and tackling motions in kabaddi, was evaluated using the Standing Broad Jump Test. Sprint speed, which is essential for quick raiding and defensive recovery, was assessed using the 50-meter dash test.To guarantee consistency and accuracy of the results, all tests were conducted in accordance with standard operating protocols.Administration of TestsEvery test was conducted on an appropriate playground under standardized settings. The subjects had a complete warm-up that included stretching and jogging before the test. For every test, there were clear instructions and examples. For every test, each participant had two attempts, and the best result was noted. To prevent tiredness, there were sufficient rest periods in between experiments.Statistical TechniquesThe levels of explosive strength and speed among competitive kabaddi players were evaluated using descriptive statistics, such as mean and standard deviation, and Pearson's productmoment correlation was employed to ascertain the correlation between explosive strength and speed, with a significance level of 0.05.
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2241Ethical ConsiderationsPrior consent was obtained from all participants. The purpose of the study was clearly explained, and confidentiality of the data was maintained. Participation in the study was voluntary, and all procedures were conducted in accordance with ethical research standards.Overall Explosive Strength and Speed Profile of Kabaddi PlayersVariable Test Used Mean SDExplosive Strength (Vertical) Vertical Jump (cm) 48.75 5.32Explosive Strength (Horizontal) Standing Broad Jump (cm) 223.40 11.58Speed 50 m Dash (sec) 6.87 0.41Results and DiscussionThe goal of the current study was to investigate the explosive strength and speed traits of competitive kabaddi players. Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were used to examine the outcomes of the vertical jump test, standing wide jump test, and 50-meter dash test. The results unequivocally demonstrate the significance of explosive strength and speed as essential physical fitness elements needed for effective kabaddi play.The competitive kabaddi players had good lower-body explosive strength, according to the findings of the vertical leap test. In kabaddi, the ability to jump vertically is essential for making quick upward movements, dodging opponents, and staying balanced when making physical contact.In a similar vein, the players' standing broad jump test results showed a high level of horizontal explosive force. In kabaddi, players routinely execute forward lunges, swift pushes, and abrupt body position changes during raids and tackles, making horizontal explosiveness especially crucial. The average standing broad jump performance indicates that competitive kabaddi players get significant horizontal power generation through conditioning programs and sportspecific actions.The players had good sprint speed, according to the results of the 50-meter dash test. In kabaddi, speed is crucial, particularly during raiding when it's necessary to enter the opponent's court quickly and return quickly in order to score points and avoid tackles.In order to close space fast and make successful blocks, defensive players also depend on speed. The players' ability to accelerate quickly over short distances—a crucial skill in kabaddi—is reflected in their sprint performance.The study's conclusions are in line with earlier research indicating a strong correlation between performance in high-intensity team sports and explosive strength and speed. The incorporation of these fitness elements into kabaddi enables players to regularly execute quick, powerful 23.4
International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social Wellnessmotions during the game. The findings highlight the necessity of training regimens that both focus on increasing speed and developing power.Jump performance and sprint time were significantly correlated negatively, according to correlation study between explosive strength and speed. This suggests that faster sprint times were typically recorded by athletes with greater explosive strength. This relationship emphasizes how speed and explosive power are interdependent in kabaddi performance. Players can produce more force during ground contact with greater lower-body power, which improves acceleration and sprinting efficiency.The study concludes by showing that competitive kabaddi players have highly developed explosive strength and speed traits, which are critical for successful raiding and defensive play. Improvements in one component may have a favorable impact on the other, as evidenced by the strong correlation between explosive strength and speed. To maximize these vital physical characteristics and improve overall kabaddi performance, coaches and trainers should use plyometric workouts, sprint training, and sport-specific power drills.ConclusionThe goal of the current study was to investigate the explosive strength and speed traits of competitive kabaddi players. Based on the findings and the discussion that followed, it can be said that competitive kabaddi players have high levels of explosive strength and speed, two physical characteristics that are crucial for winning the game.The results showed that the players' standing broad jump and vertical leap performances indicated good lower-body explosive strength. During kabaddi contests, these skills are essential for performing quick and forceful movements including jumping, lunging, tackling, and abrupt body position adjustments. Additionally, the players' sprint performance demonstrated a sufficient level of speed, allowing them to execute acceleration-based maneuvers, defensive recoveries, and swift raids. Additionally, the strong correlation shown between explosive strength and speed indicates a close association between these two elements in kabaddi performance. Higher explosive power players tended to be more adept at sprinting,highlighting the significance of integrated strength and speed development in training regimens.The study concludes by highlighting the importance of explosive strength and speed as performance factors in competitive kabaddi. To further improve these physical attributes, systematic, scientifically designed training regimens including plyometric exercises, sprint training, and power development should be prioritized. In order to improve performance and competitive success in kabaddi players, coaches, trainers, and sports scientists may find the results of this study to be a useful resource.References1. Bompa, T. O., & Buzzichelli, C. (2019). Periodization: Theory and methodology of training (6th ed.). Human Kinetics.2. Chaudhary, S., & Yadav, S. K. (2021). A study of selected physical fitness variables of kabaddi players. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health, 8(2), 45–48.3. Kaur, H., & Singh, N. (2020). Explosive strength as a determinant of performance in kabaddi players. Journal of Sports Sciences and Fitness, 9(1), 22–27.4. Kumar, D., Kumar, S., & Sagre, S. (2023). Effects of circuit training on selected physical fitness components of kabaddi players. Sports Science & Health Advances, 5(1), 34–39.
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2243IMPACT OF YOGIC EXERCISE ON PSYCHOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE AMONG HANDBALL PLAYERSAuthor: S. S. Wangi, Department of Physical Education, Sangameshwar Ratra Mahavidyalay Solapur Corresponding Author: K. P. Chougule, S. M. NimbaleABSTRACT:The present study was conducted to assess the impact of 12 weeks of yogic training on certain physiological variables among male handball players. Sixty 16-19 years old players were assigned randomly into half to the yoga training and non-yoga control group. Resting heart rate, post-exercise heart rate recovery, blood lactate and blood glucose concentrations were determined pre- and post-intervention by use of a complex test specific to handball. Results demonstrated significant improvements in the yoga group: the yoga group showed reduced resting heart rate, increased heart rate recovery, facilitated lactate clearance, and enhanced blood glucose control. These results indicate that yogic training improves cardiovascular performance, metabolic recovery and may serve as a effective complementary training techniques among handball players.Keywords: Yoga, Handball, Physiological Responses, Heart Rate RecoveryINTRODUCTIONHandball is a fast-paced, stop-and-go sport involving bursts of sprinting, sudden changes of direction, jumping and body contact. This type of exercise places great stress on player’s cardiovascular and metabolic systems (Bangsbo, 1994; Bangsbo et al., 2008; Krustrup et al., 2003). Thus, adequate physiological control and fast recovery are essential for the optimal performance maintenance during training and competition. It has been demonstrated that physiological factors such as heart rate response, lactate tolerance and metabolic efficiency are very important for high performance elite handball players [4, 5]. Increasing lactate and slowing heart rate recovery could impair the performance of a player in repeated intense bouts of activity as seen during handball match play. Yoga is a comprehensive mind–body exercise based on physical postures, breathing patterns and relaxation modalities. Previous researches have shown that yoga enhances physical fitness, flexibility, muscular endurance and autonomic regulations [6, 7]. Interventions based on yoga have been linked to decreased resting heart rate and better rate of recovery-related physiological parameters [8]. In conclusion, although physiological benefits of yoga are being increasingly recognized, there is a lack of literature investigating yoga interventions in high-level team sports such as handball employing sport-specific testing protocols. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of 12 weeks yogic training on certain physiological parameters of elite male handball players.METHODSParticipants: There are 60 male handball players aged 16-19 years participated in the study. All players had a minimum of two years of game experience and were medically cleared for all types of handball game’s exercise. Participants were randomly assigned to a yoga group (n = 30) and a non-yoga control group (n = 30).Study Design: A pre-test–post-test design was applied in the experiment for 12 weeks. Both groups participated in their normal handball training, the Yoga group however also undertook structured yogic exercise 3 times/week (60 min/session).Yogic Training Protocol: The yogic training program included selected asanas focused at improving flexibility, core strength, joint mobility and postural control. Pranayama
International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social Wellnesstechniques emphasizing slow and controlled breathing. Mediation practices promote for physiological recovery. Each session lasted approximately 60 minutes and followed progressive training principles [7, 8].PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLESHeart Rate: Resting heart rate and post-exercise heart rate were measured using standardized heart rate monitoring devices. Heart rate specific exercises were recorded immediately after handball-specific exercise which reflecting match play intensity and movement patterns.Blood Lactate: Blood lactate concentration was measured at rest and during recovery resulting high intensity exercise to assess anaerobic stress and recovery capacity, which are critical determinants of handball performance (Bangsbo, 1994).Blood Glucose: Blood glucose was measured pre and post exercise to evaluate the metabolic response to high intensity physical exercise. Samples were analysed according to standard protocols. Monitoring blood glucose levels helps in understanding energy availability and glucose utilization during exercise. Stable glucose responses are indicative of efficient metabolic control and endurance capacity, which are essential for sustaining repeated sessions of high-intensity activity during competitive play.STATISTICAL ANALYSISAnalysis of Heart Rate as a Psychological variable before and after training intervention: Heart rate was selected as the key physiological variable to evaluate cardiovascular function and training induced adaptations in the handball players because handball is a high intensity intermittent sport, heart rate constitutes a valid and noninvasive indicator of cardiovascular performance, autonomic modulation and recovery status. Alterations in heart rate are responsive markers of enhancement in aerobic capacity and general fitness. Table no.1 showed the difference between before and after the training regarding heart beat are analysed with the help of descriptive statistics.Table No.1 Descriptive Statistics for Heart Rate before and after 12-week trainingHeart Rates (Yoga Group)ParameterN Mean Median S. D. Min Max Lower 95%Upper 95%Before 30 82.23 85 8.3 60 95 79.13 85.33After 30 77.03 80 8.59 55 90 73.83 80.24% Change 6.42 5.88 1.73 3.33 11.76 5.78 7.07Heart Rates (Non-Yoga Group)ParameterN Mean Median S. D. Min Max Lower 95%Upper 95%Before 30 85.47 87 4.1 78 90 83.94 87After 30 80.5 81 4.04 72 86 78.99 82.01% Change 5.75 5.81 3.94 -7.59 13.48 4.28 7.22
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2245Comparative study of Heart Rate pre and post 12-week training indicated a decrease in resting Heart Rate in both Yoga and Non-Yoga groups, suggesting a better cardiac efficiency. But the Yoga group presented a long term significantly greater improvement than the non-yoga group. The average heart rate for the Yoga group dropped from 82.23 bpm to 77.03 bpm, while in the non-yoga group it dropped from 85.47 bpm to 80.50 bpm. The change (%) in heart rate was greater in the Yoga group (6.42%) compared to the non-yoga group (5.75%). In addition, the Yoga group displayed a more even and positive response, with no negative values, whereas the non-yoga group had a more fluctuating response, with some negative changes. This shows that yogic training helped in better regulation of heart rate. The Yoga group also covered a broader range of improvements but this was a consistent positive range. These results suggest that yoga has a positive effect on heart fitness and recovery in top level handball players. Hence, yoga can be considered as a good means for enhancing heart health of sports persons.Graph No.1 Heart Rate before and after training programPaired t-Test for Heart Beat Before and After 12 Week Training Program: For Comparison of Heart Beat before and after 12-week training program we conduct Paired t-test is to check the significant change in mean value of Heart Beat with following hypothesis.H0: There is no significant change in before and after mean value of Heart Beat.vsH1: There is significant change in before and after mean value of Heart Beat.Table No. 2: Comparison of Heart Beat Before and After TrainingMeasurements Mean S. D. Sample Size t-value d. f. p - valueBefore Training 82.23 8.30 30 25.28 29 <0.0001After training 77.03 8.59 30 8.15 29 <0.0001The results of the paired t-test showed that the decrease in heart rate was significant after 12 weeks for both the Yoga and Non-Yoga groups. t-value for the Yoga group is 25.28 (p < 0.0001) which indicates a very significant difference. Likewise, the Non yoga group is also significantly different, with t = 8.15 (p < 0.0001). However, the effect was much stronger in the Yoga group as evidenced by the significantly greater t-value. This indicates that the effect of yoga training on heart rate was more marked than that of the non-yoga training.82.23 85.4777.03 80.56.42 5.750102030405060708090Yoga Non-YogaMeanHEART BEATHeart Rate analysis before and after 12-weeks training ProgramBeforeAfter% Change
International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessComparison of Blood Lactate Levels at Different Recovery Time IntervalsLactate is a byproduct of metabolism during anaerobic glycolysis when the oxygen delivery is not sufficient to meet the demand of intense muscular work. The intensity of the game in handball, as a repeated sprinting with rapid changes in direction and forceful actions, often exceeds the aerobic system for a period of time sufficient to suggest distinct lactate growth in the blood. Even though lactate production is not harmful and is a passing energy carrier for oxygen-deficient cells, high lactate is strongly correlated muscle weakness and metabolic stress. The resulting intracellular acidosis induced by the associated release of hydrogen ions can contribute to diminished muscle performance and inhibits several metabolic enzymes and has been shown to contribute to fatigue development during irregular high-intensity exercise sessions[9].In this study, lactate was used as a biomarker of anaerobic stress and recovery capacity. Blood lactate levels were measured at multiple time intervals surrounding the Handball-Specific Complex Test (HBCT) to capture the metabolic demands placed on the athletes and assess their ability to clear lactate post-exercise:• Pre-test (resting) lactate levels: Taken before the HBCT to establish a metabolic baseline.• Post-test lactate levels: Measured at 2, 6, and 10 minutes after test completion to evaluate lactate clearance dynamics over time.Graph No.2 Comparison of Blood Lactate Levels during recovery timeIn summary, the monitoring of blood lactate across pre- and post-HBCT time points allowed for a comprehensive evaluation of how well players managed anaerobic stress and how effectively they recovered. The changes observed after the yogic training intervention offer valuable evidence regarding the physiological adaptations induced by the training and its applicability in performance enhancement for handball athletes.8.56.85.17.253.601234567892 6 10Recovery Time ( In min)BLOOD LACTATE LEVELComparison of Blood Lactate Levels during recovery timePre-Test Lactate Level (mmol/L)Post-Test Lactate Level (mmol/L)
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2247Blood Glucose Level of Before and After 12 weeks TrainingThe level of blood glucose provides information on how efficient an athlete’s metabolism is and how they are utilizing energy during exercise[10]. Glucose, as the main source of energy in high-intensity workouts, was assessed pre- and post-HBCT. A small post-test decrease in glucose levels after yoga training suggests improved energy metabolism and utilization. This finding indicates enhanced insulin sensitivity/metabolic control, consistent with the beneficial effects of yoga on glucose homeostasis[6].Paired t-Test for Blood Glucose Level before and After 12 Week Training ProgramFor comparison of Blood Glucose Level before and after 12-week training program we conduct paired t test is to check the significant change in mean value of Blood Glucose Level with following hypothesis at recovery time periods of 2, 6 and 10 minutes.H0: There is no significant change in Blood Glucose Level before and after 12-week TrainingvsH1: There is significant change in Blood Glucose Level before and after 12-week TrainingTable No. 3: Comparison of Blood Glucose Level of Before and After 12-week TrainingGroupRecovery Time(In min)Blood Glucose Level Before Exercise (mg/dL)Blood Glucose Level After Exercise (mg/dL)% Changet value p valueYoga Group2 108.5 107.05 1.34 9.82 < 0.00016 105.8 104.09 1.62 10.47 < 0.000110 103.2 101.26 1.88 11.36 < 0.0001Nonyoga Group2 109.1 108.45 0.6 3.21 < 0.016 106.4 105.78 0.58 3.48 < 0.0110 104.3 103.85 0.43 2.97 < 0.05The paired t-test result indicates that the p-values for the comparison of blood sugar levels before and after the 12-week training of both groups were less than the chosen significancelevel (α = 0.05) at each recovery time interval in Yoga and in Non-Yoga group. The Yoga group showed very significant decreases in blood glucose levels (p < 0.0001), while the nonyoga group also showed significant decreases in blood glucose with p-values varying from p < 0.05 to p < 0.01. Since all p-values are less than the significance critical value, the null hypothesis (H₀) is rejected and the alternative hypothesis (H₁) is accepted in the case of both groups indicating a significant difference in blood glucose level after the 12-week training. In addition, the smaller p-values and larger t-values for the Yoga group suggest that the improvement in the Yoga group was more pronounced than the non-yoga group, indicating greater improvements in blood glucose control, energy metabolism, and glucose utilization through yogic training.Improved blood lactate clearance reflects enhanced recovery capacity following high-intensity exercise, a critical factor for intermittent team sports. These results support previous research emphasizing the importance of physiological conditioning in elite handball performance [4, 11]. The improvements observed in blood glucose regulation further suggest enhanced metabolic control, consistent with earlier findings on yoga-based physiological adaptations [6, 7, 12].
International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessDiscussion:The results of the present study demonstrates that a 12-week yogic training program positively influences significant psychological variables in elite male handball players. The decrease in resting heart rate, and the more efficient heart rate recovery, may indicate an improvement in cardiovascular fitness and the fulfilment of physiological requirements for a high level offitness in handball which requires high intensity exercise (Bangsbo, 1994; Bangsbo et al., 2008). Enhanced blood lactate clearance currently-based evidence for post-exercise recovery from high-intensity exercise is fundamental to intermittent team sport. These findings are in line with previous studies highlighting the significance of physiological performance in worldclass male handball players [4, 11]. The observed improvements in blood glucose regulation also provide further evidence of improved metabolic control consistent with previous report onyoga-based physiological adaptation [6, 7, 12].Conclusion:The findings of the present study indicates that the 12-week training program showed significant physiological improvements in male handball players, which were consistently more impactful for the yoga group as compared to the non-yoga group. Both groups showed a significant decrease in resting heart rate, indicating achieved cardiovascular efficiency, but the reduction was greater in the Yoga group, and a much higher t-value was observed (p < 0.0001), denoting a more powerful training effect. Analysis of blood lactate levels across recovery intervals revealed enhanced lactate clearance and improved recovery capacity resulting high intensity exercise which is crucial in handball. Blood glucose levels also showed significant reductions at all recovery time points in both groups after training, leading to rejection of the null hypothesis, but the Yoga group exhibited smaller p-values and larger tvalues, suggesting better metabolic control, glucose utilization, and insulin sensitivity. Overall, while both training interventions were effective, yogic training proved to be more beneficial in improving cardiovascular function, metabolic regulation, and recovery efficiency, supporting its inclusion as an effective complementary training method among handball players.Limitations and Future Scope:The study was limited to young male handball players. Future research should examine female athletes, different age groups, and additional physiological markers such as heart rate variability and hormonal responses to yogic training.References:1. Bangsbo, J. (1994). Physiological demands of football. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 15(S3), S59–S65.2. Bangsbo, J., Iaia, F. M., & Krustrup, P. (2008). The Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test: A useful tool for evaluation of physical performance in intermittent sports. Sports Medicine, 38(1), 37–51. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200838010-000043. Chen, K. M., Chen, M. H., Hong, S. M., Chao, H. C., Lin, H. S., & Li, C. H. (2008). Physical fitness of older adults in senior activity centres after 24-week silver yoga exercises. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 17(19), 2634–2646. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02338.x4. Cowen, V. S., & Adams, T. B. (2005). Physical and perceptual benefits of yoga asana practice: Results of a pilot study. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 9(3),211–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JBMT.2004.08.0015. Dwipa, M. K., Nidomuddin, M., Pamungkas, H., & Aofal, R. (2025). 2.4 Km Running Training Method: Whether There Is An Effect On Changes In Blood Glucose Levels In
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2249Handball Athletes. Jendela Olahraga, 10(1), 33–40. https://doi.org/10.26877/JO.V10I1.198706. Fieseler, G., Hermassi, S., Hoffmeyer, B., Schulze, S., Irlenbusch, L., Bartels, T., Delank, K. S., Laudner, K. G., & Schwesig, R. (2017). Differences in anthropometric characteristics in relation to throwing velocity and competitive level in professional male team handball: A tool for talent profiling. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 57(7–8), 985–992. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.17.06938-97. Hermassi, S., Chelly, M. S., Fieseler, G., Bartels, T., Schulze, S., Delank, K. S., Shepard, R. J., & Schwesig, R. (2017). Short-Term Effects of Combined High-Intensity Strength and Sprint Interval Training on Anthropometric Characteristics and Physical Performance of Elite Team Handball Players. Sportverletzung-Sportschaden, 31(4), 231–239. https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0043-1208848. Krustrup, P., Mohr, M., Amstrup, T., Rysgaard, T., Johansen, J., Steensberg, A., Pedersen, P. K., & Bangsbo, J. (2003). The yo-yo intermittent recovery test: physiological response, reliability, and validity. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(4), 697–705. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000058441.94520.329. Massuca, L., Branco, B., Miarka, B., & Fragoso, I. (2015). Physical fitness attributes of team-handball players are related to playing position and performance level. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.5812/ASJSM.2471210. Ross, A., & Thomas, S. (2010). The health benefits of yoga and exercise: a review of comparison studies. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.), 16(1), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1089/ACM.2009.004411. Shiraishi, J. C., Gadelha, A. B., Bezerra, L. M. A., Porto, L. G. G., Shiraishi, J. C., Gadelha, A. B., Bezerra, L. M. A., & Porto, L. G. G. (2017). Effects of a 12-Week Systematized Yoga Intervention on Health-Related Physical Fitness in Healthy Adults. Advances in Physical Education, 7(1), 27–37. https://doi.org/10.4236/APE.2017.7100312. Turkmen, M. (2023). Investigation of changes in blood lactate and some performance characteristics of adolescent male handball players during competition. Journal of ROL Sport Sciences, 4(3), 886–896. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.8352943
International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessMENTAL HEALTH AND WELLNESS THROUGH PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AMONG SCHOOL CHILDRENDr. Bharati Ghansham Dhokrat, Email: [email protected] health and psychological well-being are essential for healthy development and academic success among school children. In India increasing academic pressure reduced outdoor play and sedentary lifestyles have contributed to rising stress anxiety and attention related problems among children. Physical activity is recognized as an effective and accessible approach to promote mental health and overall wellness. This paper examines the relationship between physical activity and mental well being among school children using evidence based indicators commonly reported in Indian school studies. INTRODUCTIONPhysical activity (PA) is increasingly recognized as a vital determinant of children’s physical and mental health. Globally nearly 80% of adolescents fail to meet the World Health Organization recommendation of at least 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity per day [1], [4]. Indian population-level surveys reflect a similar pattern. The Global SchoolBased Student Health Survey conducted in Jaipur India in 2022 reported that 80.8% of students aged 13–17 years did not achieve the recommended daily physical activity levels [2].School-based participation in physical activity is also limited. National assessments indicate that only 64.3% of Indian school-aged children reported any physical activity during school hours with an average engagement time of approximately 16 minutes per day [3]. Concurrently mental health concerns including anxiety depression stress and low self-esteem are increasingly reported among Indian adolescents [8], [10].Global systematic reviews and meta-analyses provide strong evidence that regular physical activity reduces symptoms of anxiety and depression among children and adolescents [4], [9]. However studies focusing specifically on Indian middle-school populations aged 11–14 years remain limited. This report therefore reviews recent peer-reviewed research and government data to examine how different forms of physical activity including sports yoga physical education classes and unstructured play influence anxiety depression stress selfesteem attention and psychological resilience among Indian school children. The review also considers school-level physical activity programs access to playgrounds and broader sociocultural influences in the Indian context.LITERATURE REVIEW Study (Year) Population and SettingActivity Type Mental Health OutcomesKey FindingsTelles et al. (2013) [5]98 children aged 8–13 years Haridwar3-month daily yoga vs aerobic physical educationSelf-esteem (Battle’s scale) and cognitive performanceBoth groups showed improvements in physical fitness and cognitive outcomes. Yoga significantly improved general and parental selfesteem while aerobic exercise showed higher gains in social self-esteem.
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2251Other mental health aspects: Data on anxiety depression and psychological resilience among school-aged children remain relatively limited in the Indian context. However substantial global evidence indicates that regular physical activity reduces symptoms of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents. A meta-analysis of 19 randomized controlled trials involving 2093 participants aged 6–19 years reported that aerobic exercise significantly improved anxiety with a standardized mean difference of −0.32 and depression with a standardized mean difference of −0.64 [4], [9].Although direct Indian studies examining attention span and emotional resilience remain sparse evidence from randomized controlled trials suggests indirect benefits. Schoolbased yoga interventions conducted among Indian adolescents have demonstrated improvements in attention and concentration outcomes [6]. FindingsSports and Exercise ProgramsStructured sports and exercise programs implemented within school settings generally demonstrate positive associations with mental health outcomes. In a randomized controlled trial conducted in India Telles et al. assigned 98 children aged 8–13 years to either three months of daily yoga practice or aerobic physical exercise [5]. Both intervention groups showed improvements in physical fitness and cognitive performance. However total general and parental self-esteem increased significantly in the yoga group while social self-esteem was significantly higher in the exercise group [5]. These findings indicate that both yoga and Ranjani et al. (2023) [6]2000 adolescents aged 13–15 years Chennai and Delhi17-week schoolbased yoga programStress (ADOSS) and attention (Letter Cancellation Test)The yoga intervention resulted in significantly reduced stress scores and improved attention compared to control groups indicating enhanced concentration and emotional regulation.Puttraju et al. (2025) [7]190 adolescents aged approximately 13–17 years BangaloreHatha yoga vs recreational sportsStress anxiety and depression (DASS-21)Adolescents participating in recreational sports demonstrated significantly lower stress and better overall mental health scores than those practicing yoga.Gaddad et al. (2018) [8]191 adolescents aged 13–18 years DelhiHabitual physical activity levels observational studySelf-esteem (Rosenberg scale) and body imageApproximately 77% of participants exhibited low physical activity levels with higher inactivity among girls. Despite this most adolescents reported normal or high self-esteem indicating a complex relationship between activity and selfperception.
International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social Wellnessphysical education-based activities enhance self-esteem with exercise offering additional benefits for social confidence.Yoga InterventionsSchool-based yoga programs have shown consistent benefits for stress reduction and attention enhancement. A large cluster randomized controlled trial involving 2000 Indian adolescents aged 13–15 years evaluated a 17-week standardized school yoga intervention [6]. Compared to education-only controls students in the yoga group demonstrated a significant reduction in stress levels as measured by the ADOSS scale and improved attention assessed using letter cancellation tasks [6]. These findings align with national and international reviews emphasizing the cognitive and mental health benefits of yoga-based interventions among youth [3], [10].Recreational Sports versus YogaA cross-sectional study conducted in Bangalore compared mental health outcomes among adolescents engaged in Hatha yoga and those participating in recreational sports [7]. The study included 190 adolescents and found that students involved in recreational sports reported significantly lower stress scores and better overall mental health outcomes compared to the yoga group based on DASS-21 measures [7]. Although differences in activity duration and demographic factors were acknowledged the findings suggest that recreational sports may offer scalable and cost-effective strategies for stress management within school environments.General Physical Activity Levels and Self-EsteemObservational studies highlight widespread physical inactivity among Indian adolescents while also revealing complex relationships with self-esteem. A study conducted in Delhi involving 191 adolescents aged 13–18 years reported that 77% had low physical activity levels with inactivity more prevalent among girls [8]. Despite this nearly all participants reported normal or high self-esteem and positive body image suggesting that psychological well-being is influenced by multiple interacting factors beyond physical activity alone [8].Implications and Practical ApplicationsBased on the synthesized evidence presented in this study several practical actions can be derived for schools educators policymakers and researchers:• Schools can integrate daily structured physical activity sessions combining sports yoga and recreational play to support stress reduction attention improvement and emotional regulation among students.• Physical education programs can be redesigned to emphasize mental well-being outcomes such as self-esteem social confidence and emotional balance in addition to physical fitness.• Education policymakers can use these findings to justify increased instructional time for physical activity improved playground infrastructure and gender-inclusive sports programs in line with national education frameworks.• Teachers and school administrators can employ physical activity as an early preventive strategy for managing stress anxiety and attention difficulties among students rather than relying solely on academic or counselling-based interventions.
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2253Action PlanBased on the evidence synthesized in this study the following steps are recommended to effectively use physical activity as a tool for improving mental health and overall wellness among school children:Step 1: Integrate Daily Physical Activity into School Schedules Schools should ensure that structured physical activity is included daily within the school timetable. A combination of sports yoga physical education and recreational play should be used to address stress reduction attention improvement and emotional regulation rather than treating physical activity as an optional activity.Step 2: Align Physical Education with Mental Health Outcomes Physical education programs should be redesigned to explicitly target mental health outcomes such as stress management self-esteem social confidence and emotional balance alongside physical fitness goals.Step 3: Improve School Infrastructure and Safe Play Spaces Educational authorities should prioritize the development and maintenance of safe playgrounds open spaces and sports facilities within schools particularly in urban and resource-limited settings where access to play areas is restricted.Step 4: Promote Inclusive and Gender-Sensitive Participation Schools should adopt inclusive physical activity programs that encourage participation of all students with special attention to reducing gender disparities and socio-cultural barriers that limit girls’ engagement in sports and outdoor activities.DiscussionOverall evidence indicates that school-based physical activity programs have a positive impact on mental well-being among Indian students. However several structural and sociocultural challenges persist. Many Indian schools lack adequate infrastructure and access to safe play spaces. Urban planning studies report that some Indian cities provide as little as 0.4 square meters of playground space per child which is significantly lower than recommended norms [12]. Additionally Global School-Based Student Health Survey data indicate that a substantial proportion of students do not participate in regular physical education classes [2].Socio-cultural factors also influence physical activity participation. Gender disparities remain evident with girls demonstrating significantly lower activity levels than boys due to safety concerns cultural norms and academic prioritization [8]. Increased screen exposure further exacerbates sedentary behaviour and has been linked to poorer mental health outcomes among children and adolescents [13].Policy initiatives such as India’s National Education Policy 2020 emphasize physical education as a core component of holistic education and promote inclusive sports participation [11]. However implementation remains inconsistent with recent national assessments assigning only moderate grades to school physical activity policies [3]. Bridging the gap between policy intent and practical execution will require sustained investment teacher training and community engagement.
International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessConclusionAmong Indian middle-school children physical activity through sports yoga and play demonstrates clear benefits for mental health and overall well-being. Empirical evidence shows reductions in stress and anxiety improvements in self-esteem and enhanced attention following school-based physical activity interventions [5], [6], [7]. These outcomes are consistent with global research identifying physical activity as a protective factor against depression and anxiety in youth [4], [9]. Despite these benefits a majority of Indian children remain insufficiently active [1], [3]. Strengthening school-based physical activity programs improving access to safe play environments and addressing gender and socio-cultural barriers are essential steps toward promoting mental wellness among Indian school children.References 1. World Health Organization, Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour, Geneva Switzerland World Health Organization 2020.2. World Health Organization, Global School-Based Student Health Survey India Rajasthan Fact Sheet, Geneva Switzerland World Health Organization 2022.3. Active Healthy Kids Global Alliance, India Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Adolescents, Toronto Canada Active Healthy Kids Global Alliance 2022.4. R. Guthold G. A. Stevens L. M. Riley and F. C. Bull, “Global trends in insufficient physical activity among adolescents,” The Lancet Child and Adolescent Health, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 23–35, 2020.5. S. Telles N. Singh and M. Joshi, “Assessment of physical fitness self-esteem and cognitive performance in school children after yoga and physical exercise,” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 299–307, 2013.6. H. Ranjani R. Mehrotra R. Vishwanathan and V. Mohan, “Effects of a school-based yoga program on stress and attention in Indian adolescents,” Complementary Therapies in Medicine, vol. 72, Art. no. 102893, 2023.7. S. Puttraju S. Kiranmai and S. Reddy, “Comparison of mental health outcomes among adolescents practicing yoga and recreational sports,” Indian Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 45–53, 2025.8. S. Gaddad S. Shinde and S. Karandikar, “Physical activity self-esteem and body image among adolescents in urban India,” International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 2341–2347, 2018.9. A. Werner-Seidler Y. Perry A. Calear and H. Christensen, “School-based depression and anxiety prevention programs for youth,” Clinical Psychology Review, vol. 51, pp. 30–47, 2017.10. S. J. H. Biddle S. Ciaccioni G. Thomas and I. Vergeer, “Physical activity and mental health in children and adolescents,” British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 53, no. 11, pp. 664–665, 2019.11. Ministry of Education Government of India, National Education Policy 2020, New Delhi India Government of India 2020.12. M. Rao K. Chatterjee and P. Kumar, “Spatial distribution of urban play spaces and access to physical activity facilities in Indian cities,” Journal of Urban Health, vol. 100, no. 2, pp. 285–298, 2023.13. J. M. Twenge and W. K. Campbell, “Associations between screen time and lower psychological well-being among children and adolescents,” Preventive Medicine Reports, vol. 12, pp. 271–283, 2018.
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