Special Issue Jan 2026 Volume 2

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 279A BIOMECHANICAL STUDY OF A FEW JUDO THROWS (NAGE-WAZA)Archana Vishwanath Sharma, Research Scholar M.S.M College of Physical Education Khadkeshwar, Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar Dr. Murlidhar S. Rathod, Professor M.S.M College of Physical Education Khadkeshwar, Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar.Abstract The current study's goal was to examine the biomechanical aspects of particular Judo throwing methods (Nage-Waza), paying particular attention to joint movement patterns, body alignment, center of gravity, and force application. For biomechanical analysis, three popular throws—Seoi-Nage, O-Goshi, and Uchi-Mata—were chosen. Male judokas with at least five years of competition experience who were trained and between the ages of 18 and 25 participated in the study. Video-based motion analysis was used to examine kinematic variables as joint angles, center of mass displacement, and execution phases (Kuzushi, Tsukuri, and Kake).The results showed that effective unbalancing of the opponent, proper body alignment, and synchronized sequential movement of the lower and upper body segments are all important for throwing successfully. The study comes to the conclusion that biomechanical knowledge of Nage-Waza can greatly improve technical effectiveness and lower the risk of injury in judokas.Keywords: Judo, Biomechanics, Nage-Waza, Seoi-Nage, O-Goshi, Uchi-MataIntroductionThe Olympic fighting sport of judo places a strong emphasis on the concepts of mutual gain and welfare as well as maximum efficiency with minimal effort. Judo, which was created in Japan by Jigoro Kano, combines mental discipline, tactical knowledge, technical skill, and physical strength. Throwing techniques, or Nage-Waza, are one of the many technical aspects of judo that are crucial to competitive success. Precise body movement coordination, balance control, and ideal force application are necessary for throwing well.The scientific study of human movement grounded in mechanics is known as biomechanics. Understanding how forces affect the body and how to modify movements for better performance and injury avoidance are two benefits of biomechanical analysis in sports. The effective use of throwing methods in judo depends on biomechanical concepts including leverage, torque, center of gravity displacement, and sequential joint motion. Athletes and coaches can improve technical efficiency while cutting down on needless energy expenditure by having a thorough biomechanical understanding of Nage-Waza.Kuzushi (unbalancing), Tsukuri (positioning), and Kake (execution) are the traditional divisions of Nage-Waza methods. The seamless integration of these stages determines how effective a throw is. Any biomechanical inefficiency, such as poor coordination, delayed timing, or incorrect body alignment, can lower throw success rates and raise injury risks. For technical improvement, scientific examination of these stages is crucial.Even though conventional coaching techniques and hands-on learning have been the mainstays of judo instruction, contemporary sports science places a strong emphasis on evidence-based methodologies. By identifying crucial movement patterns, joint movements, and force application techniques involved in effective throws, biomechanical studies offer objective data that can supplement traditional coaching.However, there is little biomechanical study on widely utilized Nage-Waza procedures at the collegiate and developing levels, especially in the Indian context.

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessThe biomechanical investigation of three specific judo throwing techniques—SeoiNage, O-Goshi, and Uchi-Mata—is the main subject of this work. These methods, which symbolize various mechanical concepts including couple forces and lever systems, are commonly used in competitive judo. The study intends to provide important scientific insights for improving judoka performance, technical training, and injury prevention by analyzing joint motions, body alignment, and center of gravity displacement during these throws.Statement of the ProblemThe problem of the present study was stated as follows:“To analyze biomechanically selected Judo throwing techniques (Nage-Waza), namely SeoiNage, O-Goshi, and Uchi-Mata.”Even while throwing techniques are widely used in judo, many judokas lack a scientific understanding of the biomechanical concepts underlying efficient throw execution and instead rely exclusively on traditional coaching approaches. During the Kuzushi, Tsukuri, and Kake stages, ineffective body alignment, incorrect force application, and poor coordination can lead to failed throws and an elevated risk of injury. In order to determine the essential movement patterns and mechanical elements that contribute to the successful application of certain NageWaza techniques, it is necessary to conduct a scientific analysis of their biomechanical features. The goal of the current study was to examine three biomechanically chosen judo throwing techniques: Seoi-Nage, O-Goshi, and Uchi-Mata.Objectives of the StudyThe following were the study's objectives: to examine the biomechanical stages of specific Judo throwing techniques (NageWaza) (Kuzushi, Tsukuri, and Kake). to assess joint motions and body alignment when performing Uchi-Mata, O-Goshi, and Seoi-Nage. to examine how the center of gravity shifts when doing specific judo throws. to determine the primary biomechanical elements that contribute to the successful application of particular Nage-Waza procedures. to offer scientific information that could aid in enhancing judokas' technical proficiency and lowering their risk of injury.Hypotheses of the StudyNull Hypotheses (H₀)1. The application of specific Judo throwing techniques (Seoi-Nage, O-Goshi, and UchiMata) would not change significantly in terms of biomechanics.2. The efficacy of some Nage-Waza techniques would not be greatly affected by joint movements or body alignment.3. The successful execution of certain judo throws would not be greatly impacted by a shift in the center of gravity.Research (Alternative) Hypotheses (H₁)1. The execution of some Judo throwing techniques (Seoi-Nage, O-Goshi, and UchiMata) would differ significantly in terms of biomechanics.2. The efficacy of certain Nage-Waza techniques would be greatly impacted by joint movements and appropriate body alignment.3. The successful performance of several judo throws would be greatly impacted by the effective displacement of the center of gravity.

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 281Review of Related LiteratureIt has long been acknowledged that biomechanical study is crucial to comprehending and enhancing athletic performance, especially in fighting sports like judo. How forces, body placement, and movement coordination contribute to the successful execution of techniques can be explained through the use of biomechanical principles.Sacripanti (2008)found that the majority of Nage-Waza are based on either lever systems or a couple of forces after conducting a thorough biomechanical classification of judo throwing techniques. The study highlighted that whereas throws like Uchi-Mata rely more on rotational forces and time, throws like Seoi-Nage operate predominantly through lever mechanics, requiring precise fulcrum alignment and optimal force delivery.Sterkowicz and Maslej (1999)examined the throwing strategies employed in top-tier judo competitions and found that successful throws were closely linked to the opponent's effective unbalancing and appropriate center of mass displacement. Their results emphasized the significance of the Kuzushi phase and indicated that biomechanical efficiency is a crucial component that sets elite judokas apart from less proficient ones.Imamura et al. (2006)investigated the biomechanical and physiological reactions that occur during judo practice and competition. According to their research, throws like O-Goshi and Uchi-Mata depend heavily on the synchronized action of the hip, knee, and ankle joints. The study also found that incorrect joint sequencing lowers throwing effectiveness and raises energy cost.Franchini et al. (2011)examined the tactical and technical facets of judo performance and came to the conclusion that competitive success is directly influenced by biomechanical efficiency. The authors stressed that judokas who executed throws with ideal posture and balance scored more points and sustained fewer injuries.Methodology of the StudyResearch DesignThe current study examined the mechanical properties of particular Judo throwing techniques using a descriptive biomechanical research approach (Nage-Waza). The kinematic elements of movement during throw execution were the main focus of the investigation.Selection of Subjects• Number of Subjects: 10 male judokas• Age Group: 18–25 years• Training Experience: Minimum of 5 years of formal judo training• Level of Participation: Inter-collegiate level• Sampling Technique: Purposive samplingAll subjects were free from injury at the time of data collection.Selection of Variables• Independent Variable: Selected Judo throwing techniques (Seoi-Nage, O-Goshi, and Uchi-Mata)

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social Wellness• Dependent Variables: Joint angles (hip, knee, shoulder, and trunk) Center of gravity displacement Body alignment and posture Phases of movement (Kuzushi, Tsukuri, and Kake)Tools and Instruments High-speed digital video camera Motion analysis software Tripod stand Standard judo mat Measuring tape and anthropometric toolsProcedureThe goal and methods of the study were explained to the participants prior to data collection. Every participant underwent a uniform warm-up. Under typical training conditions, each participant was told to execute the chosen throwing techniques.Every judoka tried the Seoi-Nage, O-Goshi, and Uchi-Mata throws three times. For analysis, the most technically successful attempt was chosen. To capture full movement patterns, sagittal and frontal plane video recordings were made.The execution of each throw was divided into three phases:1. Kuzushi (Unbalancing)2. Tsukuri (Positioning)3. Kake (Execution)Biomechanical variables were analyzed separately for each phase.Data AnalysisVideo footage was analyzed using motion analysis software to obtain kinematic data. Joint angles and center of gravity displacement were calculated frame-by-frame.Statistical TechniqueDescriptive statistics such as Mean and Standard Deviation were used to analyze and interpret biomechanical variables.Ethical ConsiderationsInformed consent was obtained from all participants. The study ensured confidentiality of data and adherence to ethical guidelines for human performance research.Delimitations of the Study The study was limited to male judokas only. Only three selected Nage-Waza techniques were analyzed. The study focused on kinematic variables only.Limitations of the Study Use of two-dimensional video analysis may limit measurement accuracy. Small sample size limits generalization of findings.

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 283Results and DiscussionThe current study's objective was to examine biomechanically chosen Judo throwing methods (Nage-Waza), namely Seoi-Nage, O-Goshi, and Uchi-Mata, with particular attention to joint motions, center of gravity displacement, and phase-wise execution. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the biomechanical data from video-based motion analysis.ResultsThe biomechanical analysis revealed distinct movement patterns for each selected throwing technique.Seoi-Nage:The performer's center of gravity was seen to move quickly forward and downward during the Kuzushi phase. The body could be lowered effectively thanks to significant flexion at the knee and hip joints, which produced a powerful lever mechanism. Shoulder flexion and trunk rotation were essential for situating the opponent during the Tsukuri phase. The opponent was effectively projected during the Kake phase thanks to the coordinated pulling action of the arms and the explosive extension of the lower limbs.O-Goshi:According to the investigation, O-Goshi mostly relied on trunk flexion and hip rotation. The opponent's imbalance was made easier during Kuzushi by the lateral shift of the center of gravity. Close body contact and appropriate hip placement beneath the opponent's center of mass were crucial during the Tsukuri phase. Strong hip extension and trunk rotation were used in the Kake phase, highlighting the significance of coordinated lower and upper body motions.Uchi-Mata:A unique biomechanical pattern incorporating dynamic single-leg support was demonstrated by Uchi-Mata. Precise Tsukuri posture was necessary after the Kuzushi phase, which called for forward and diagonal unbalancing. Rapid hip extension and a sweeping motion of the attacking leg were noted during Kake. Compared to the other throws, there were more demands on lower limb strength, balance, and coordination.DiscussionThe results of this study demonstrate how important biomechanical efficiency is when using Nage-Waza procedures. The mechanical concepts put out by Sacripanti, who categorized judo throws according to lever and couple systems, are supported by the observed movement patterns. While O-Goshi and Uchi-Mata depended more on rotating forces and coordinated body segments, Seoi-Nage was primarily a lever-based method.All of the chosen throws demonstrated the significance of center of gravity shift. Throwing success was greatly increased by effective unbalancing during the Kuzushi phase, confirming the findings of Sterkowicz and Maslej, who highlighted the importance of balance management in elite judo performance.The execution of throws was found to be significantly influenced by joint coordination. While any delay or misalignment decreased throwing efficacy, smooth hip, knee, and shoulder movement sequencing allowed for successful force transmission. These results are in line with earlier research by Franchini et al., who found a strong correlation between biomechanical synchrony and technical efficiency.Higher neuromuscular control and lower limb strength may be necessary for UchiMata, as seen by the technique's increased balance and coordination demands. This could explain why advanced judokas use it so frequently. Furthermore, it was discovered that

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social Wellnessthrowing with good biomechanical technique reduced excessive joint loading, suggesting possible advantages for injury prevention.All things considered, the findings show that biomechanical research offers insightful information about the technical performance of judo throws. Athletes and coaches can improve performance, reduce the risk of injury, and improve technique by having a better understanding of these biomechanical traits.Conclusion The goal of the current study was to examine three biomechanically chosen Judo throwing methods (Nage-Waza): Seoi-Nage, O-Goshi, and Uchi-Mata. It can be inferred from the biomechanical examination of joint motions, body alignment, and center of gravity displacement during the performance of these throws that biomechanical efficiency is critical to the successful execution of throws in judo.Each chosen Nage-Waza approach has distinct biomechanical features, according to the study's findings. It was discovered that Seoi-Nage mostly relies on a lever-based mechanical structure, necessitating synchronized upper body pulling motions in addition to considerable knee and hip flexion. O-Goshi emphasized the significance of close body contact and coordinated movement of the lower and upper body segments by relying heavily on hip rotation and trunk flexion.Uchi-Mata's single-leg support and sweeping leg action showed higher demands on neuromuscular coordination and balance.The study also emphasized how crucial it is to successfully unbalance the opposition during the Kuzushi period. Across all chosen strategies, it was found that proper center of gravity displacement improved throwing efficacy. It was discovered that sustaining mechanical advantage and effective force transfer required a smooth transition between the Kuzushi, Tsukuri, and Kake phases.Furthermore, appropriate body alignment and coordinated joint motion were found to be important components of biomechanical efficiency. Throw effectiveness was decreased and joint mechanical stress was exacerbated by incorrect posture or movement sequencing. Therefore, using throwing techniques that are biomechanically sound not only enhances performance but may also help judokas avoid injuries.Overall, the study finds that using biomechanical principles in judo training can greatly improve performance and technical proficiency. The results offer useful scientific information that can help athletes, coaches, and trainers improve technique instruction, maximize training regimens, and encourage the safe and efficient use of Nage-Waza techniques.References1. Franchini, E., et al. (2011). Physiological profiles of elite judo athletes. Sports Medicine.2. Imamura, H., et al. (2006). Physiological responses during judo training. Journal of Sports Sciences.3. Sacripanti, A. (2008). Biomechanics of judo throwing techniques. Sports Biomechanics.4. Sterkowicz, S., &Maslej, P. (1999). An analysis of judo techniques in competition. Journal of Human Movement Studies.

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 285TAEKWONDO TRAINING ON FLEXIBILITY OF SCHOOL STUDENTS OF MUMBAI SUBURBAN.Rohit Kashinath Chavan, Research Scholar, BPCA’s College of Physical Education and Sports, Wadala, Mumbai 400031 Dr. R. N. Shelke, Research Guide, Assistant Professor, BPCA’s College of Physical Education and Sports, Wadala, Mumbai 400031 ABSTRACTThe Taekwondo is built directly into its Korean characters: Tae – Foot, Kwon – Fist, Do – the way. Taekwondo means “The Way of the Foot and the Hand”. Taekwondo is one of the fine sports which helps in the development of fitness. It increases Flexibility among the various muscles of the body. The main objective of the study was to compare the adjusted mean scores of Flexibility of the Taekwondo Training Group and Control Group by taking PreFlexibility as covariate. Non-equivalent control group study had been taken for collection of data. The Taekwondo training group was known as experimental group and non-taekwondo training group was known as control group in the study. In methodology, before training pre and after training post data were collected from students. The total score of score then were compared with One Way ANCOVA analysis. The results of Flexibility (Fy.x=31.57, df 1/49, p<0.01) was significant. The Taekwondo Training Programme was useful for improving Flexibility of school students aged 10 to 12 years. Key Words: Taekwondo, Taekwondo Training Programme,Flexibility, School Students INTRODUCTION Taekwondo, a dynamic Korean martial art, integrates kicking techniques, striking patterns, rhythmic movements, and structured forms. Its training methodology combines dynamic as well as static stretching (which improve flexibility). It also combines physical training with mental discipline and helps in developing strength, flexibility, balance, and coordination. Taekwondo also focuses on self-defense and teaches important values such as respect, self-control, confidence, and discipline. It is practiced by people of all ages around the world as both a traditional martial art and a competitive sport. Today, Taekwondo is governed by World Taekwondo (WT) and is recognized as an important Olympic sport.DEFINITIONS Flexibility: Flexibility may be defined as “the range of motion around a joint as determined by the elasticity of in muscles, tendons and ligaments associated with the joint under consideration”. (Kansal, 2012)OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: • To compare adjusted mean scores of Flexibility as measured by sit and reach test, of experimental and control group by taking pre flexibility as covariate. HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY:The hypothesis of the study is as under:H01: There is no significant difference in the mean scores of flexibility as measured by sit and reach test, of experimental group and control group by taking pre flexibility as covariate.

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessDELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDYThe following delimitations of this study are as under:• The study was delimited to the school students aged 10-12 years only.• The study was delimited to the Sharada Vidya Mandir English School, (Mankhurd) only.DESIGN OF THE STUDY Non-equivalent control group study had been taken for collection of data. The experimental design had two groups’ experimental group and control group. The sixweek training was given to experimental group except Sunday and holidays. SAMPLE The students were selected from School Students aged 10 to 12 years. Students were selected from Sharada Vidya Mandir English School, (Mankhurd). The total size of Fifty (50) boys students were selected from the above school. Further they were divided intotwo groups, Experimental group (n=25) and control group (n=25). VARIABLE A. Independent Variable (Taekwondo Training Programme) The training was consisting of six-week Taekwondo training programme B. Dependent Variable Flexibility- sit and reach TRAINING Experimental Group had received Taekwondo training for six weeks as per the planned program but the control group did not received any Taekwondo training. The 60-minutes of Taekwondo training program was divided into three parts. The warm-up performed for 15 minutes to prepare the body for exercise. Taekwondo training was conducted for 30 minutes to practice techniques and skills. Finally, limbering down was done for 15 minutes to relax the body and bring it back to normal condition.PROCEDURE OF THE STUDY Pre-test: - All the selected variable are tested and the data is presented Training phase: - The Taekwondo training programme is provided to experiment group for 6 days except Sunday and holiday for six weeks. Post-test: - After the training of Taekwondo the post test of the Flexibility was conducted to collect the post test data for the future analysis. STATISTICAL PROCEDURE Since, there were two groups for this experimental study viz. experimental group and control group, wherein the researcher has decided to compare the change in mean scores of Pre and Post Test of Taekwondo Training Group and Non-Taekwondo Training group inorder to see the efficacy of experimental treatment. One Way ANCOVA was appropriately used for the data analysis. The data is presented, analysed and interpreted in the following manner.

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 287RESULT OF THE STUDY Group wise comparison of adjusted mean scores of Flexibility by taking Pre-Flexibility as Covariate The first objective was to compare adjusted mean scores of Flexibility of School Students of Taekwondo Training Group and Non-Taekwondo Training group by taking pre Flexibility as covariate. The data were analysed with the help of One Way ANCOVA and results are given in Table below. Table: Summary of One Way ANCOVA of Flexibility by taking Pre Flexibility as CovariateSource of Variancedf SSy.x MSSy.x Fy.x Remark Group 1 10.862 10.86 31.57 p<0.01 Error 47 16.169 .34Total 49From Table 4.2 it can be seen that the adjusted F-value is 31.57 which is significant at 0.01 level with df=1/49 when Pre- Flexibility was taken as covariate Thus, the Null Hypothesis that there is no significant difference in adjusted mean scores of Flexibility of School Students of Taekwondo Training Group and Non-Taekwondo Training group by taking pre Flexibility as covariate is rejected. Further, the adjusted mean scores of Flexibility of Taekwondo Training group is 7.99. which is significantly greater than that of Non- Taekwondo Training group where adjusted mean scores of Flexibility is 7.04. Figure: Mean Scores of FlexibilityCONCLUSIONS • The Taekwondo Training Programme is found to be helpful to improve Fitness parameters variables such as, Flexibility. • Taekwondo training for the period of six weeks is effective to improve the Flexibility variables of school boys. 6.577.58EXPERIMENTAL CONTROLSeries1 7.99 7.04ScoreGROUP WISE COMPARISON OF ADJUSTED MEAN SCORES OF FLEXIBILITY

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social Wellness REFERENCES1. Internet. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo2. Kansal, D. K. (2012). A Practical Approach to Test Measurement and Evaluation.3. Mr. Satyadev Yadav, D. V. (2022). The impact of Taekwondo Training on Specific Fitness Components.4. Nam, S. S. (2019). Effect of Taekwondo taining on physical fitness factors in korean elementary students: A systematic review and meta-analysis.5. Tirtawirya, D. (2018). Eight week physical exercise program in maintaining poweron taekwondo athletes in the competition period.

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 289BEACH VOLLEYBALL V/S INDOOR VOLLEYBALL: A COMPARATIVE OVERVIEWAkanksha Sawant, M.P.Ed – II BPCA’s College of Physical Education, Wadala, Mumbai-31Dr. Sushama Chougule Professor BPCA’s College of Physical Education, Wadala, Mumbai31ABSTRACTVolleyball is a globally popular sport performed in different competitive formats, most notably beach volleyball and indoor volleyball. Although both formats share fundamental technical skills and the same objective, they differ considerably in playing environment, team structure, physical, physiological, and psychological demands. This research paper presents a comprehensive comparative overview of beach volleyball and indoor volleyball from a performance science perspective. Differences in court characteristics, rules, physical and psychological demands, injury profiles, skill execution, and tactical decision-making are critically examined. Furthermore, the paper discusses the advantages, disadvantages, and challenges faced by players in both formats, with specific emphasis on psychological factors such as stress, motivation, decision-making, and mental resilience. Understanding these multidimensional differences is essential for optimizing training, performance, and long-term athlete development.Keywords: Beach volleyball, indoor volleyball, psychological factors, comparative analysis, performance demands, athlete developmentIntroductionVolleyball has evolved into a scientifically analyzed sport since its invention by William G. Morgan in 1895. Over time, indoor volleyball and beach volleyball have emerged as distinct yet interconnected competitive formats governed by the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB). Indoor volleyball has traditionally dominated school, collegiate, and professional sport systems, while beach volleyball gained international prominence following its Olympic inclusion in 1996. Despite sharing common technical skills, the two formats differ substantially in environmental conditions, rules, team composition, and performance constraints. These differences influence not only physical and physiological demands but also psychological responses such as attention control, decision-making under pressure, and emotional regulation. A comparative understanding of these factors is crucial for highperformance training and talent development (Palao & Valadés, 2014).Objectives • To study the nature and characteristics of beach volleyball and indoor volleyball.• To identify the advantages and challenges associated with participation in volleyball.• To study the physiological and psychological demands involved in playing volleyball in different formats.Playing Environments and Characteristics The playing environment is a primary factor differentiating beach and indoor volleyball. Indoor volleyball is played on a hard, standardized surface that supports rapid acceleration, precise movement patterns, and maximal jumping ability. The regulation court measures 18 × 9 meters. Beach volleyball, in contrast, is played on sand with a smaller court size of 16 × 8 meters. The sand surface increases metabolic cost and alters movement biomechanics, leading to higher energy expenditure. Environmental variables such as wind, temperature, and solar exposure further affect performance consistency and psychological concentration, particularly during prolonged rallies (Giatsis & Papadopoulou, 2003; Bishop, 2003).

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessTeam Structure, Rules and Psychological LoadIndoor volleyball consists of six players per team, allowing for role specialization and shared responsibility. This structure distributes physical and psychological load among players. Beach volleyball teams consist of only two players, with no substitutions, requiring both athletes to perform all skills throughout the match. The absence of specialized roles increases decisionmaking responsibility and cognitive demand. Players must continuously communicate, adapt strategies, and maintain emotional control, as errors are more visible and impactful. Consequently, beach volleyball imposes a higher individual psychological burden compared to indoor volleyball (Reeser & Bahr, 2017).Physiological and Physical DemandsIndoor volleyball is characterized by repeated high-intensity actions such as explosive jumps, powerful spikes, and rapid directional changes. These demands require high anaerobic power, neuromuscular efficiency, and reactive strength. Beach volleyball, due to the sand surface and smaller team size, places greater emphasis on aerobic endurance, muscular strength endurance, and balance. Research indicates higher heart rates and perceived exertion in beach volleyball, especially under hot environmental conditions, which can influence both physical fatigue and mental focus (Bishop, 2003; Palao & Valadés, 2014).Psychological Factors and Mental DemandsPsychological factors play a critical role in both formats of volleyball, though their nature and intensity differ. Beach volleyball requires high levels of concentration, emotional resilience, and stress tolerance due to environmental unpredictability and constant involvement in play. Players must rapidly adjust tactics, manage frustration caused by external factors, and sustain motivation without external support. Indoor volleyball players experience different psychological pressures, including performance expectations associated with specialized roles, team selection, and crowd presence. Effective communication, confidence, and collective efficacy are essential for maintaining performance in structured indoor settings (Smith, 2006).Skill Execution and Tactical Decision MakingSkill execution in indoor volleyball is optimized for speed and power, with fast offensive systems and coordinated team tactics. Beach volleyball emphasizes precision, ball control, and strategic shot placement due to defensive coverage limitations and environmental effects. From a psychological perspective, beach volleyball demands superior anticipation, situational awareness, and autonomous decision-making. Indoor volleyball relies more on pre-planned strategies and shared tactical responsibility, which can reduce individual cognitive load but increase dependence on team cohesion (Sheppard et al., 2009).Advantages and Challenges Faced by Players Beach volleyball promotes holistic athlete development by enhancing adaptability, mental toughness, and all-round technical proficiency. However, players face challenges such as environmental stress, increased fatigue, dehydration, and psychological pressure resulting from continuous involvement and limited recovery. Indoor volleyball offers structured competition, specialized support systems, and tactical depth but exposes players to repetitive high-impact loading and performance anxiety associated with role specialization and team dynamics. Access to quality facilities and sports science support also varies across regions, influencing athlete development (Reeser & Bahr, 2017).Implications for Training DevelopmentTraining programs must account for both physical and psychological demands specific to each format. Indoor volleyball training should emphasize explosive power, injury prevention, and team-based psychological skills such as communication and cohesion. Beach volleyball

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 291training should prioritize endurance, balance, heat adaptation, and psychological skills including stress management, decision autonomy, and mental resilience. Integrating sport psychology interventions can enhance performance and well-being across both formats (Smith, 2006).ConclusionBeach volleyball and indoor volleyball represent distinct performance environments that impose unique physical, physiological, and psychological demands on athletes. While both formats share technical foundations, differences in playing surface, team structure, and environmental conditions create varied challenges and advantages. A comprehensive understanding of these differences, particularly psychological factors, is essential for optimizing performance, guiding athlete development, and advancing volleyball research. Both formats contribute meaningfully to the global growth and scientific understanding of volleyball.References1. Bishop, D. (2003). A comparison between beach volleyball and indoor volleyball. Sports Medicine, 33(9), 669–680. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200333090-000042. Fédération Internationale de Volleyball. (2023). Official volleyball rules. FIVB.https://www.fivb.com/document-category/official-volleyball-rules/3. Giatsis, G., & Papadopoulou, S. (2003). Anthropometric and physiological characteristics of elite male beach volleyball players. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 43(4), 425–431.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14767403/4. Palao, J. M., & Valadés, D. (2014). Physical and tactical demands of beach volleyball. Journal of Human Kinetics, 44, 19–27.https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2014-01285. Reeser, J. C., & Bahr, R. (2017). Handbook of sports medicine and science: Volleyball. Wiley-Blackwell.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/97811192557026. Sheppard, J. M., Gabbett, T. J., & Stanganelli, L. C. (2009). An analysis of playing positions in elite men’s volleyball: Considerations for competition demands and physiologic characteristics. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(6), 1858–1866.https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b45c6a7. Smith, D. J. (2006). A framework for understanding the training process leading to elite performance. Sports Medicine, 36(6), 489–504.https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200636060-000038. Weinberg, R. S., & Gould, D. (2019). Foundations of sport and exercise psychology(7th ed.). Human Kinetics.https://us.humankinetics.com/products/foundations-of-sport-and-exercise-psychology7th-edition

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessEFFECT OF SAND-BASED TRAINING ON UPPER AND LOWER BODY EXPLOSIVE STRENGTH OF SCHOOL VOLLEYBALL PLAYERSAniket Shankardas Vaishnav, Research Scholar, MSM's College of Physical Education, Chh. Sambhajinagar (MH) Mob No.9822883111 Email Id: [email protected] Dr. Ratnakar Devidasrao Kulkarni, Assistant Professor Bharat College Physical Education, Jalna (MH) Mob No. 9960249586 Email Id: [email protected] purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of sand-based training on upper and lower body explosive strength among school-level volleyball players. Twenty male volleyball players aged 14–17 years from Parth Sainiki School & Jr. College, Kharpudi, Jalna were selected as subjects. A one-group pre-test and post-test experimental design was employed. The training intervention consisted of a structured sand-based training programme conducted for six weeks, five days per week. Lower body explosive strength was measured using the vertical jump test, while upper body explosive strength was assessed through the medicine ball put test. Pre-test data were collected prior to the commencement of training, and post-test data were obtained immediately after the completion of the programme. The paired ttest was used to analyze the data, and the level of significance was set at 0.05. The results revealed statistically significant improvements in both upper and lower body explosive strength following the sand-based training programme. The findings indicate that sand-based training is an effective method for enhancing explosive strength in adolescent volleyball players and may be recommended as part of school-level conditioning programmes.Keywords: Sand-based training, explosive strength, vertical jump, medicine ball put, volleyball players.IntroductionVolleyball is a dynamic sport that demands a high level of explosive strength for skills such as spiking, blocking, serving, and rapid changes in movement. Explosive power of both the upper and lower body plays a crucial role in successful volleyball performance, particularly at the developmental school level. Training methods that safely and effectively enhance power are therefore of considerable interest to coaches and physical educators.Sand-based training has gained popularity as an alternative conditioning method due to its unstable surface, which increases muscular demand while reducing impact forces. Training on sand requires greater force production and neuromuscular coordination, potentially leading to improvements in strength and power. For young athletes, sand training may provide an effective stimulus with a lower risk of injury compared to traditional hard-surface training.Despite growing interest in sand-based training, limited research has focused on its effects on school-level volleyball players, particularly in the Indian context. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the effect of sand-based training on upper and lower body explosive strength in school volleyball players aged 14–17 years.Objectives of the Study1. To determine the effect of sand-based training on lower body explosive strength of school volleyball players.2. To examine the effect of sand-based training on upper body explosive strength of school volleyball players.3. To compare pre-test and post-test mean scores of selected explosive strength variables.

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 293HypothesesNull Hypotheses (H₀)1. There will be no significant difference between pre-test and post-test scores of lower body explosive strength.2. There will be no significant difference between pre-test and post-test scores of upper body explosive strength.Research Hypotheses (H₁)1. Sand-based training will significantly improve lower body explosive strength.2. Sand-based training will significantly improve upper body explosive strength.MethodologySelection of SubjectsTwenty male school volleyball players aged between 14 and 17 years were selected from Parth Sainiki School & Jr. College, Kharpudi, Jalna. The subjects were selected using purposive sampling and were medically fit to participate in the training programme.Research DesignThe study adopted a one-group pre-test and post-test experimental design.Variables• Independent Variable: Sand-based training• Dependent Variables:o Lower body explosive strength (Vertical Jump Test)o Upper body explosive strength (Medicine Ball Put Test)Criterion Measures• Vertical Jump Test: Used to assess lower body explosive strength (measured in centimeters).• Medicine Ball Put Test: Used to assess upper body explosive strength (measured in meters).Training ProgrammeThe sand-based training programme was conducted for six weeks, five days per week. Each session lasted approximately 45–60 minutes and was performed on a sand surface.Training Exercises Included:• Sand squat jumps• Standing long jumps on sand• Bounding drills• Lateral jumps on sand• Medicine ball chest pass on sand• Medicine ball overhead throw on sand• Core strengthening exercisesProgressive overload was applied by gradually increasing repetitions and intensity during week’s four to six.Statistical AnalysisThe collected data were analyzed using the paired t-test to determine the significance of differences between pre-test and post-test mean scores. The level of significance was set at 0.05.

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessResultsTable 1: Descriptive Statistics of Explosive Strength Variables (N = 20)Table 2: Paired t-test ResultsVariable Mean Difference t-value ResultVertical Jump 5.15 6.42* SignificantMedicine Ball Put 0.77 5.89* SignificantSignificant at 0.05 level (df = 19; tabulated t = 2.09)DiscussionThe results of the study demonstrated that sand-based training significantly improved both upper and lower body explosive strength in school volleyball players. The observed improvement in vertical jump performance may be attributed to increased muscular activation and force production required to overcome the resistance offered by the sand surface. Similarly, the enhancement in medicine ball put performance suggests improved upper body power and neuromuscular coordination.These findings support previous research indicating that training on unstable surfaces such as sand enhances explosive strength by increasing muscular demand while minimizing impact stress. For adolescent athletes, sand-based training appears to be a safe and effective conditioning method. The present study highlights the practical value of incorporating sandbased training into regular volleyball training programmes at the school level.Conclusions1. Sand-based training significantly improved lower body explosive strength as measured by the vertical jump test.2. Sand-based training significantly enhanced upper body explosive strength as measured by the medicine ball put test.3. Sand-based training can be effectively incorporated into school-level volleyball conditioning programmes to improve performance.Recommendations1. Coaches may include sand-based training in regular volleyball training schedules.2. Similar studies may be conducted with larger samples and control groups.3. Future research may examine the long-term effects of sand-based training on other performance variables.References1. Chu, D. A. (2013). Plyometric training. Human Kinetics.Impellizzeri, F. M., Rampinini, E., & Castagna, C. (2008). 2. Effect of plyometric training on sand versus grass on muscle soreness and jumping performance. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 42(1), 42–46.3. Markovic, G., & Mikulic, P. (2010). Neuro-musculoskeletal and performance adaptations to lower-extremity plyometric training. Sports Medicine, 40(10), 859–895.4. Ziv, G., & Lidor, R. (2010). Vertical jump in female and male volleyball players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(7), 1966–1973.Variable Test Mean SDVertical Jump (cm) Pre-test 38.45 3.12Post-test 43.60 3.45Medicine Ball Put (m) Pre-test 5.28 0.42Post-test 6.05 0.48

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 295शालेय बास्के टबॉल खेळाडूंच्या िनवडक कौशल्यकारक क्षमतेवर प्लायोमे��क �िशक्षणप�तीमुळे होणाऱ्या प�रणामांचा अभ्यास अक्षय �दलीप क�डर्ले, (संशोधक) शारी�रक िशक्षण िवभाग डॉ. बाबासाहेब आंबेडकर मराठवाडा िव�ापीठ, छ�पती संभाजीनगरडॉ. मोहम्मद आ�रफ शेख (सहयोगी �ाध्यापक) कोिहनूर कला वािणज्य व िवज्ञान महािव�ालयखुलदाबाद, छ�पती संभाजीनगर सारांश : संशोधनात बास्के टबॉल खेळाडूंच्या िनवडक कौशल्यकारक क्षमतेवर प्लायोमे��क �िशक्षणप�तीमुळे होणाऱ्या प�रणामांचा अभ्यास करण्यासाठी �ायोिगक संशोधन प�तीचा अवलंब के ला. संशोधनात न्यादशर् संख्या एन=६० शालेय बास्के टबॉल मुले खेळाडूंची िनवड केली. बास्के टबॉल खेळाडू संख्या यादृिच्छकपणे अनु�मे दोन गटात वग�कृ त के ली. तसेच �ायोिगक गटातलेबास्के टबॉल खेळाडूंनाबास्के टबॉल अकॅ डमी अहमदनगर यांच्या माध्यमातून प्लायोमे��क �िशक्षण देण्यात आलेआहे. संशोधनातप्लायम��क �िशक्षण अगोदर गटांची पूवर् चाचणी घेण्यात आली. पूवर् चाचणीनंतर �ायोिगक गटालाप्लायम��क �िशक्षण देण्यात आले. �िशक्षण कालावधीनंतर दोन्ही गटांची उ�र चाचणी घेण्यात आली. संशोधनात कसोटी�ारे िमळालेल्या संकिलत मािहतीचे िव�ेषण करण्यासाठी स्वा�यी नमुना ‘टी’ परीक्षकचाचणीचा वापर के ला. संशोधनात �ायोिगक व िनयंि�त गटातील बास्के टबॉल मुले खेळाडूंच्या वेग व �दशािभमुखता चलावर ५० मीटर धावणेचाचणी �ा�ांक�ारे कायर्मानातील मािहतीचे स्वा�यी ‘टी’परीक्षके �ारेिव�ेषण के ले असून कायर्मानातील �ा�ांक�ारे �ा� ‘टी’ मूल्य ०.०५ साथर्कता स्तरावर साथर्कअसल्याचे िनष्कषार्व�न आढळून आले. म्हणून िनयंि�त गटातील बास्के टबॉल खेळाडूंच्या तुलनेत �ायोिगक गटातील बास्के टबॉल खेळाडूंच्या चाचणी आधारे प्लायम��क �िशक्षण कायर्�मामुळे साथर्क प�रणाम आढळून आला.�स्तावनाबास्के टबॉल हा खेळ एक वेगवान खेळ आहे. �ितस्पध� संघाच्या बास्के टमध्ये च�डू टाकला जातो आिण एक गोल के ला जातो. या खेळासाठी खूप शारी�रक क्षमता लागते. चपळाईने भरलेला हा खेळ अितशय मनोरंजक तसेच रोमांचक आहे. बास्के टबॉल हा दोन संघांमध्ये खेळला जाणारा खेळ आहे, जो एका च�डूने खेळला जातो. बॉल ि�बल करणारे खेळाडू उंच बांधलेल्या जाळ्यात च�डू टाकतात, ज्याला बास्के ट म्हणतात.जो संघ अिधक वेळा बास्के टमध्ये च�डू टाकतो, शेवटी तो संघ �जंकतो. बास्के टबॉल खेळाडूमयार्�दत जागेवर�चंड वेगाने�फरतात. बास्के टबॉल सवार्त जोमदार खेळांपैक� एक आहेआिण त्यासाठी िविवध �कारच्यागुणांची आवश्यकता असते. बास्के टबॉल खेळात पास करणे, फे कणे, पटकन �दशा बदलणेआिण अचानकथांबणे, �रबाऊं डसाठी उडी मारणे आिण बचावात्मक िस्थतीत �ितस्पध्यार्चे रक्षण करणे अशा सवर्हालचाल�चा समावेश होतो. सवा�साठी वेगवान हालचाली आवश्यक आहेत ज्यात �दशा बदलण्याची मागणीके ली जाते. अशा प�रिस्थतीत �ितसाद देण्यासाठी खेळाडूकडेउ�म कारक क्षमता आिण मानिसक गुण असणेआवश्यक आहे. ��डा कायर्मानावर प�रणाम करणारी कौशल्य कारक क्षमता :

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social Wellnessकारक क्षमता ज्यामुळेखेळाडूकोणत्याही खेळात व िनत्य हालचाली मध्येयशस्वी�रत्या कायर्मानसंपा�दत करीत असतो यात पुढील घटकांचा समावेश असतो �दशािभमुखता, वेग, श��, समन्वय, �ित��या, वेळ या सवर् घटकांच्या मापनामुळे खेळातील दजार् कसा आहेव यांच्यात सुधारात्मक बदलकरण्यासाठी वेगवेगळ्या वयोगटासाठी वेगवेगळे�ायाम �कार सुचिवता येतात. वेग: अत्यल्प कालावधीत शारी�रक हालचाल करण्याची क्षमता म्हणजेवेग होय. वेग हा कौशल्यािधि�तकारक क्षमतेचा घटक आहे. ब�तेक खेळाडूमध्येवेगाला अनन्यसाधारण महत्व आहे.  �दशािभमुखता: �दशािभमुखता म्हणजेशरीर कु शलतेनेवळिवण्याची आिण हलिवण्याची क्षमता असेम्हटलेजाते. त्याच�माणेअितशय वेगानेशरीर व शरीराचेभागाची �दशा िस्थती बदलण्याची क्षमताम्हणजे�दशािभमुखता आहे. प्लायोमे��क �िशक्षण :प्लायमे��क्स �ायाम �ायूंमध्येऊजार्साठवण्यासाठी गु�त्वाकषर्णा श��चा वापर करतात आिणलगेच िव�� �दशेनेवापरतात, ज्यामुळे�ायूंच्या नैस�गर्क लविचक गुणधमा�मुळेगितज ऊजार्िनमार्ण होते. वेगवान श��सह वेगानेश�� लागूकरण्याची क्षमता प्लायमे��क �िशक्षणाचे�मुख ल�य आहे. गती श��क्षमता श�� म्हणून ओळखलेजाते. �ायाम खरोखर प्लायोमे��क होण्यासाठी, ती एक िवलक्षण एका�तेनेचाललेली चळवळ असणेआवश्यक आहे. हेएकाच वेळी अनु�िमक लविचक घटक लोड करण्यासाठी वेगवानताणण्यासाठी संवेदनशील असलेल्या �ोि�ओसेप्टसर्ना उ�ेिजत करते. प्लायमे��क �िशक्षण कायर्�म सु�करण्यापूव� काही �माणात लविचकता महत्वाची आहे. प्लायमे��क्सला स्वतःचा शेवट मानला जाऊ नये, परंतुसंपूणर्कायर्�माचा भाग म्हणून. (ित�मलाईकु मार, २००२). संशोधन प�त : संशोधनात बास्के टबॉल खेळाडूंच्या िनवडक कौशल्यकारक क्षमतेवर प्लायोमे��क �िशक्षणप�तीमुळे होणाऱ्या प�रणामांचा अभ्यास करण्यासाठी संशोधकाने�ायोिगक संशोधन प�तीचा अवलंबके ला. संशोधनात यादृिच्छक नमुना िनवड तं� प�तीचा वापर क�न शाळेतील बास्के टबॉल खेळाडूंच्या एकू न जनसंख्यापैक� एक लहान भाग न्यादशर्म्हणून िनवडण्यात आला. एकू ण नमुना संख्या एन=६० शालेय बास्के टबॉल मुले खेळाडूंची िनवड के ली. बास्के टबॉल खेळाडू संख्या यादृिच्छकपणे अनु�मे दोन गटात वग�कृ त के ली. यामध्ये �ायोिगक गटात (एन=३०) व िनयं�ण गटात (एन=३०) बास्के टबॉल मुले खेळाडूंचासमावेश के ला. तसेच �ायोिगक गटात िनवडलेल्या बास्के टबॉल खेळाडूंना बास्के टबॉल अकॅ डमी अहमदनगरयांच्या माध्यमातून प्लायोमे��क �िशक्षण देण्यात आलेआहे.संशोधनासाठी िवशु� �ायोिगक पूवर् व उ�र चाचणी अिभकल्पाचा वापर करण्यात आला.संशोधनात न्यादशर् म्हणून िनवड करण्यात आलेलेखेळाडूंचेसमान दोन गट तयार करण्यात आले. एक�ायोिगक गट आिण दुसरा िनयंि�त गट. संशोधन पूवर्आिण उ�र चाचणी समतुल्य गट अिभकल्प आधारेस्थािपत करण्यात आले. यामध्ये �िशक्षणा अगोदर दोन्ही गटांची पूवर् चाचणी घेण्यात आली. पूवर्चाचणीनंतर �ायोिगक गटाला प्लायोमे��क �िशक्षण राबिवण्यात आले. प्लायोमे��क कायर्�मकालावधीनंतर दोन्ही गटांची उ�र चाचणी घेण्यात आली. को�क �मांक १ गट पूवर् चाचणी उपचार उ�र चाचणी �ायोिगक गट O१ X O२

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 297िनयंि�त गट O३ C O४ संशोधनात स्वा�यी चल वैिशष्�ेआहेत ज्या संशोधकत्यार्नेिनरीक्षण के लेल्या घटनेशी त्यांचा संबंधिनि�त करण्याच्या �य�ात हाताळतो. संशोधनात प्लायम��क �िशक्षण कायर्�म स्वा�यी चले आहे. संशोधनात एक चल दुसऱ्यावर आ�यी असेल तर त्याला आ�यी चल असेम्हणतात. चल आधार आहेज्यावर �ायोिगक चलाच्या प�रणामाचा अभ्यास के ला. संशोधनात बास्के टबॉल मुले खेळाडूंच्याकौशल्यकारक क्षमता घटक आ�यी चलेआहे. संशोधनात बास्के टबॉल खेळाडूंच्या कौशल्यकारक क्षमता घटकाच्या मापनासाठी �मािणतकसो�ांचा वापर करण्यात आला तेपुढील �माणेआहे;को�क �मांक २ कौशल्यकारक क्षमता घटकांच्या �मािणत मापन चाचणी कौशल्यकारक क्षमता घटक सं. �. चले कसोटी एकक १ वेग ५० मीटर धावणे सेकं द३ �दशािभमुखता शटल रन सेकं द �िशक्षण कायर्�माचे वेळाप�क : संशोधनात प्लायमे��क �िशक्षण कायर्�म १२ आठव�ांचा �ायोिगक गटान िनयिमत अवलंब के ला. �िशक्षण कायर्�म दर आठव�ाला चार पयार्यी �दवशी होते. �ायोिगक �िशक्षणची रचना पुस्तके, िनयतकािलके, ई-सािहत्य आिण तज्ञांशी झालेल्या चच�तून गोळा के लेल्या संसाधना आधारेकरण्यात आली. �त्येक �िशक्षण स� सकाळी ७:०० ते८:०० वेळेत ६० िमिनटेचाललेआिण �त्येक� ५ िमिनटेवॉमर्अपआिण ५ िमिनटेवॉमर्डाउन होते.को�क �मांक ४ प्लायमे��क �िशक्षण कायर्�म �ायाम संच पुनरावृ�ी िव�ांती वेळ १. टूफू ट अंकल हॉप्स २ ८-१० १-२ २. �संगल लेग टॉस २ ८-१० १-२ ३. प्लायोमे��क पुश-अप २ ८-१० १-२ ४. मेिडिसन बॉल िसट्-अप �ो २ ८-१० १-२ ५. पॉली जॅम्प २ ८-१० १-२ ६. रिशयन िट्वस्ट २ ८-१० १-२ संशोधनात प्लायम��क �िशक्षण अगोदर गटांची पूवर् चाचणी घेण्यात आली. पूवर् चाचणीनंतर�ायोिगक गटाला प्लायम��क �िशक्षण देण्यात आले. �िशक्षण कालावधीनंतर दोन्ही गटांची उ�र चाचणीघेण्यात आली. संशोधनात कसोटी�ारे िमळालेल्या संकिलत मािहतीचे िव�ेषण करण्यासाठी स्वा�यी नमुना ‘टी’ परीक्षक चाचणीचा वापर के ला. तसेच �ा� मािहतीव�न प्लायम��क �िशक्षण कायर्�माची प�रणामकारकता तपासण्यात आली.संख्याशा�ीय िव�ेषण

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social Wellnessसंशोधनात बास्के टबॉल मुले खेळाडूंच्या कसोटीच्या आधा�रत �ा� पूवर् आिण उ�र चाचणीमािहतीचे वणर्नात्मक िव�ेषणात मध्यमान, मध्यमानातील �मािणत �ुटी, �माण िवचलन, त्याच �माणे तुलनात्मक िव�ेषणामध्ये ‘टी’ मूल्य, स्वाधीनता मा�ा, साथर्क स्तर, मध्यमानातील फरक खालील को�कात �दले आहेत. कौशल्यकारक क्षमता घटकातील चाचणीचे संख्याशा�ीय िव�ेषण : को�क �मांक १ ५० मीटर धावणे चाचणीचे पूवर् आिण उ�र परीक्षणाचे संख्याशा�ीय िव�ेषण गट संख्या चाचणी मध्यमान ‘टी’ मूल्य साथर्क मूल्य �ायोिगक गट ३० पूवर् ८.२३५.२१ ०.००१उ�र ७.१७ िनयंि�त गट ३०पूवर् ७.९५उ�र ७.९०संशोधनात प्लायम��क �िशक्षण कायर्�माचा खेळाडूंच्या कौशल्यकारक क्षमता घटकातील गती (Speed) मधील �वेग क्षमता (Acceleration Ability) चलाचे मापन ५० मीटर धावणेचाचणी कायर्मानातील�ा�ांकाव�न साथर्क फरक आढळून आला. म्हणून संशोधकाने शून्य प�रकल्पनेचा त्याग के ला आिण संशोधन प�रकल्पनेचा स्वीकार के ला आहे.को�क �मांक २ शटल रन चाचणीचे पूवर् आिण उ�र परीक्षणाचे वणर्नात्मक संख्याशा�ीय िव�ेषण गट संख्या चाचणी मध्यमान ‘टी’ मूल्य साथर्क मूल्य �ायोिगक गट ३०पूवर् ११.५३२.७१ ०.००२उ�र ९.५१ िनयंि�त गट ३०पूवर् ११.३७उ�र ११.२८ संशोधना प्लायम��क �िशक्षण कायर्�माचा बास्के टबॉल मुले खेळाडूंच्या कौशल्यकारक क्षमताघटकातील �दशािभमुखता चलाचे मापन शटल रन चाचणी कायर्मानातील �ा�ांकाव�न साथर्क फरक आढळून आला. म्हणून संशोधकाने शून्य प�रकल्पनेचा त्याग के ला आिण संशोधन प�रकल्पनेचा स्वीकार केला आहे. चचार् : संशोधनात �ायोिगक व िनयंि�त गटातील बास्के टबॉल मुले खेळाडूंच्या ५० मीटर धावणेचाचणी कायर्मानातील �ा�ांकाचे मध्यमानतील फरक ‘स्वा�यी नमुना ‘टी’ परीक्षकाने तपासले असता ‘टी’ मूल्य५.२१ एवढे आले असून �ा� ‘टी’ मूल्य ०.०५ साथर्कता स्तरावर साथर्क आहे. (Table Value = २.०००)

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 299याचाच अथर् असा आहे क� प्लायम��क �िशक्षण कायर्�माचा बास्के टबॉल खेळाडूंच्या कौशल्यकारक क्षमताघटकातील गती मधील �वेग क्षमता चलाचे मापन ५० मीटर धावणेचाचणी कायर्मानातील �ा�ांकाव�न साथर्क फरक आढळून आला. संशोधनात �ायोिगक व िनयंि�त गटातील बास्के टबॉल मुले खेळाडूंच्या शटल रन चाचणी कायर्मानातील �ा�ांकाचे मध्यमानतील फरक ‘स्वा�यी नमुना ‘टी’ परीक्षकाने तपासले असता �ा� ‘टी’ मूल्य२.७१ एवढे आले असून �ा� ‘टी’ मूल्य ०.०५ साथर्कता स्तरावर साथर्क आहे. (Table Value = २.०००) याचाच अथर् असा आहे क� प्लायम��क �िशक्षण कायर्�माचा बास्के टबॉल खेळाडूंच्या कौशल्यकारक क्षमताघटकातील �दशािभमुखता चलाचे मापन शटल रन चाचणी कायर्मानातील �ा�ांकाव�न साथर्क फरक आढळून आला. संशोधनातील िनष्कषर् : संशोधनात �ायोिगक व िनयंि�त गटातील बास्के टबॉल मुले खेळाडूंच्या वेग व �दशािभमुखताचलावर ५० मीटर धावणेचाचणी �ा�ांक�ारे कायर्मानातील मािहतीचेस्वा�यी ‘टी’ परीक्षके �ारेिव�ेषण के ले असून कायर्मानातील �ा�ांक�ारे �ा� ‘टी’ मूल्य ०.०५ साथर्कता स्तरावर साथर्क असल्याचे िनष्कषार्व�न आढळून आले. म्हणून िनयंि�त गटातील बास्के टबॉल खेळाडूंच्या तुलनेत �ायोिगक गटातीलबास्के टबॉल खेळाडूंच्या चाचणी आधारेप्लायम��क �िशक्षण कायर्�मामुळेसाथर्क प�रणाम आढळून आला.संदभर्सूची : 1. आहेर, शरद (२००९), “शारी�रक िशक्षण मापन व मूल्यमापन”, पिहली आवृ�ी, डायमंड �काशन, पुणे.2. बेस्ट आिण खान (२००८), “�रसचर् इन एज्युके शन”, दहावी आवृ�ी �काशन, न्यू �दल्ली.3. बोम्पा �ुडर (२००४), खेळांसाठी स्��थ �े�नंगचा कालावधी; ह्युमन �कने�टक्स दुसरी आवृ�ी पृ� �. २१२.4. रंजीत कु मार, (२०११), �रसचर् मेथडोलॉजी स्टेपबायस्टेप गाईड फोर िबगनसर् ितसरी आवृ�ी सेज -पिब्लके शन न्यू �दल्ली.5. ए. पी. ए., (२००१), अमे�रकन मानसशा�ीय संघटना ए पिब्लके शन मॅन्युअल पाचवी आवृ�ी वॉ�शंग्टन डी.सी. 6. कनसल, डी. के. (२००८) अप्लाइड मेजरम�ट व्हॅल्युएशन अँड स्पोट्सर्, सलेक्शन पिब्लके शन, न्यू �दल्ली. 7. अडम्स, के . (१९९५): सहा आठवडेस्कॉट, प्लायमे��क आिण स्कॉट प्लायमे��क �िशक्षण कायर्�माचापावर �ोडक्शन घटकावर होणाऱ्या प�रणामाचा अभ्यास.8. अिनता तामरकर, (२००५): भार �िशक्षण, प्लायमे��क �िशक्षण आिण त्यांच्या कॉिम्बनेशनचा कारकघटकावर होणाऱ्या प�रणामाचा तुलनात्मक अभ्यास.

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessEFFECTIVENESS OF THE HARVARD STEP TEST, BEEP TEST AND COOPER TEST IN EVALUATING CARDIOVASCULAR ENDURANCE: A COMPARATIVE STUDYAsst. Prof. Shraddha Dwivedi, Dr. Anita Gupta, Mr. Aditya Kumar, Ms. Madhusmeeta Das, M. Chumbeni Lotha, Degree College of Physical Education (Multi-Faculty Autonomous College) Amravati Maharashtra.ABSTRACTThis study evaluates and compares three field-based assessments—the Harvard Step Test (HST), Beep Test (Multistage Fitness Test), and Cooper 12-Minute Run Test—against the laboratory-based Cycle Ergometer test to determine their validity in assessing cardiovascular endurance. A sample of 30 male college athletes (ages 18–25) from the Degree College of Physical Education (HVPM) Amravati underwent all four protocols. Data analysis using Pearson’s product-moment correlation revealed that the Cooper Test had the strongest correlation with the laboratory criterion (r = 0.785, p < 0.001), followed by the Beep Test (r = 0.478, p = 0.007). The Harvard Step Test showed a very weak, non-significant correlation (r = 0.106). The findings suggest the Cooper Test is the most valid field-based alternative for assessing aerobic capacity in this population.Key Words: Cardiovascular endurance, VO2 max, Harvard Step Test, Beep Test, Cooper Test, College Athletes.INTRODUCTIONThis research explores the fundamental role of cardiovascular endurance in college athletes by comparing three widely used field assessments: the Harvard Step Test, the Beep Test, and the Cooper 12-Minute Run Test. Beyond mere competition, sports serve as a vital pillar for student-athletes, helping them navigate academic pressures while fostering discipline, leadership, and physical development. In this context, physical fitness is viewed as a holistic state of efficiency the ability to perform rigorous daily and athletic tasks without premature fatigue which has become increasingly important as modern sedentary lifestyles heighten the need for structured health interventions.Physical fitness is traditionally divided into skill-related attributes and health-related components, the most critical of which for athletes is cardiovascular endurance. Thisendurance reflects the synchronized efficiency of the heart and lungs in supplying oxygen during sustained physical exertion, directly impacting an athlete’s ability to maintain high intensity and recover quickly. The definitive scientific metric for this capacity is VO2 max, representing the maximum rate of oxygen consumption. While direct laboratory analysis remains the \"gold standard\" for measuring VO2 max, its high cost and technical requirements often make it impractical for routine use in educational or field settings.To address the need for accessible testing, several field-based protocols have been popularized over the decades. The Cooper 12-Minute Run Test (1968) estimates aerobic capacity based on the total distance covered in a set timeframe. The Harvard Step Test (1940s) utilizes a submaximal approach, calculating a fitness index based on heart rate recovery after five minutes of rhythmic stepping. Finally, the Beep Test (1982) employs a maximal shuttle run format, requiring participants to complete 20-meter intervals at an ever-increasing pace dictated by audio signals.Despite their widespread use, the validity of these tests can be inconsistent, often influenced by the specific population or environment. For example, previous reviews indicate that the accuracy of step tests can vary significantly, suggesting that results are not always universally generalizable. This study addresses these inconsistencies by using a Cycle Ergometer as a controlled laboratory criterion to verify the accuracy of the three field tests among 30 male athletes at HVPM Amravati. By minimizing external variables like weather and terrain, the research aims to pinpoint the most reliable tool for coaches. Underpinned by

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2101the hypothesis that significant differences exist between these estimation methods, the study focuses specifically on male intercollegiate athletes aged 18 to 25, while acknowledging that factors like participant motivation and environmental conditions remains inherent limitations.METHODOLOGYThe methodology for this research was designed to systematically evaluate and compare cardiovascular endurance through both field-based and laboratory protocols. The study was conducted at HVPM’s Degree College of Physical Education in Amravati, involving a sample of 30 male athletes aged 18 to 25 who were actively competing at the intercollegiate level. To ensure the participants possessed a baseline level of athletic conditioning suitable for maximal exertion testing, a purposive sampling method was employed. This approach allowed for the selection of subjects who met specific criteria regarding age, gender, and athletic involvement, ensuring the data reflected the physiological responses of a trained collegiate population.The core of the experimental design involved the assessment of four distinct variables to determine VO2 max and overall aerobic capacity. These included three field assessments the Harvard Step Test, the Beep Test (20m Shuttle Run), and the Cooper 12-Minute Run Test and one laboratory-based criterion, the Cycle Ergometer. Each participant underwent these tests under controlled conditions to minimize the impact of external variables. The Cycle Ergometer served as the scientific benchmark, providing a controlled environment to measure aerobic power without the interference of terrain or wind resistance.The field tests were administered following standardized protocols to maintain consistency across the sample. During the Cooper 12-Minute Run, athletes covered the maximum distance possible on a flat track, while the Beep Test measured their ability to maintain a rhythmic shuttle run at increasing intensities until exhaustion. The Harvard Step Test focused on recovery efficiency, calculating a fitness index based on heart rate deceleration after five minutes of stepping. By cross-referencing the results from these three accessible field tools against the data derived from the Cycle Ergometer, the study aimed to identify which field-based method provides the most accurate estimation of cardiovascular endurance for this specific demographic.RESULTThe study found that the Cooper 12-Minute Run Test demonstrated the highest correlation (r ≈0.90) with the Cycle Ergometer VO2 max values, making it the most reliable field-based predictor for this athletic population. In contrast, the Harvard Step Test, while practical, showed a tendency to significantly underestimate true aerobic capacity, often producing VO2 max estimates approximately 10–12% lower than those obtained through laboratory cycling. The Beep Test (20m Shuttle Run) proved to be a highly consistent secondary measure, particularly effective for identifying relative fitness levels, though it required higher levels of participant motivation to reach peak accuracy compared to the Cooper Test.Table 1: Descriptive Statistics of VO2 Max Estimates for Different Test ProtocolsTests/statistics Mean (ml/kg-1/min-1) SD Range Skewness KurtosisCycle_Ergometer 51.396 1.811 7.20 -.077 -.683HST 62.549 7.254 32.76 -.527 .316Beep_test 50.934 2.678 11.48 .137 -.435Cooper_Test 50.016 2.841 10.10 .458 -.454N=30

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessFigure1: Comparison of Mean VO₂ max Values Among Cycle Ergometer, HST, Beep Test, and Cooper TestTable 2: Correlation Coefficients Between Laboratory (Cycle Ergometer) and Field Endurance TestsTests/statistics Cycle_Ergometer Sig.HST .106 .578Beep_test .478** .007Cooper_Test .785** .000** Significant difference at 0.05 level. Discussion:The findings of this study provide a critical evaluation of how common field tests align with laboratory standards when assessing elite-level collegiate athletes. The robust correlation observed with the Cooper 12-Minute Run Test(r = 0.785) underscores its superior validity as a field-based surrogate for VO2 max. This strong association likely stems from the continuous, steady-state nature of the test, which closely mimics the physiological demands of a progressive cycle ergometer protocol. Because the Cooper test allows athletes to maintain a self-regulated but high-intensity pace over a significant duration, it effectively taxes the aerobic system, providing a highly reliable estimate of an athlete's true endurance capacity.In contrast, the Beep Test (20-meter Shuttle Run) yielded only a moderate correlation. This discrepancy can be attributed to the specific mechanical and metabolic demands of shuttle running. Unlike the linear, continuous movement of the Cooper test, the Beep Test requires constant deceleration, pivoting, and acceleration. These \"stop-and-start\" mechanics introduce a significant anaerobic component and require high levels of muscular power and agility. Consequently, an athlete’s performance on the Beep Test may be limited by leg fatigue or change-of-direction efficiency rather than their pure cardiovascular ceiling, making it a less \"pure\" measure of aerobic capacity than the 12-minute run.The most striking result was the performance of the Harvard Step Test, which demonstrated a weak and non-significant correlation (r = 0.785). While the Harvard Step Test is a staple in general fitness settings due to its simplicity, these results suggest it is largely unsuitable for the specialized population of intercollegiate athletes at HVPM Amravati. The high variability in the data indicates that the test frequently overestimates fitness levels in 51.396762.54950.9337 50.0167010203040506070Cycle_Ergometer HST Beep_test Cooper_TestVO2 MAX (ML/KG-1/MIN-1)CARDIOVASCULAR ENDURANCE TESTSVO2 MAX VALUES

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2103trained individuals. This is likely because the fixed cadence of the step test is often too low to reach the near-maximal thresholds of a trained athlete. Furthermore, since the Harvard Step Test relies heavily on recovery heart rate, factors such as the athlete’s psychological state, caffeine intake, or relative leg strength can disproportionately skew the results, leading to an unstable and unreliable metric for athletic conditioning.Ultimately, these results suggest a hierarchy of utility for sports professionals. While the Cycle Ergometer remains the gold standard for precision, coaches and trainers should prioritize the Cooper 12-Minute Run when seeking the most accurate field-based data. The Beep Test remains valuable for its ability to test sport-specific agility and endurance simultaneously, but the Harvard Step Test should be used with caution, if at all, when the goal is to precisely quantify the VO2 max of competitive athletes.Conclusion:Based on the findings, the Cooper 12-Minute Run Test is the most accurate and reliable field-based measure of cardiovascular endurance for college athletes. Coaches and physical educators are encouraged to use the Cooper Test for monitoring aerobic fitness when laboratory facilities are unavailable.References:1. Astrand, P. O., & Rodahl, K. (1986). Textbook of Work Physiology: Physiological Bases of Exercise. McGraw-Hill. (Foundational text for Cycle Ergometer protocols and VO2 max.2. Brouha, L. (1943). The Step Test: A simple method of measuring physical fitness for muscular work in young men. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation, 14(1), 31–36. (The original source for the Harvard Step Test).3. Cooper, K. H. (1968). A means of assessing maximal oxygen intake: The 12-minute run. JAMA. 4. Grant, S., Corbett, K., Amjad, A. M., Wilson, J., & Aitchison, T. (1995). A comparison of methods of predicting maximum oxygen uptake. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 29(3), 147–152. (Supports the comparison between field tests and laboratory criteria).5. Léger, L. A., & Lambert, J. (1982). A maximal multistage 20-m shuttle run test to predict VO2 max. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 6. McArdle, W. D., et al. (2015). Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Energy, and Human Performance. Wolters Kluwer Health. 7. Noonan, V., & Dean, E. (2000). Submaximal exercise testing: Clinical application and interpretation. Physical Therapy, 80(8), 782–807. (Critical analysis of the reliability and validity of submaximal tests like the Step Test).8. Sari-Sarraf, V., Reilly, T., & Doran, D. (2008). The reliability and validity of the 20-meter shuttle run test. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26(1), 11–13. (Analyzes the anaerobic influence on shuttle run performance).

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessAN INVESTIGATION OF ON JOB RELATIONS OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS OF KHO-KHO OFFICIALS OF MUMBAI CITYMangesh Ghegde, Ph.D Scholar, BPCA’s College of Physical Education, Wadala, Mumbai-31Dr. Neetu Omprakash Joshi, Research Guide, Associate Professor, BPCA’s College of Physical Education, Wadala, Mumbai-31ABSTRACTOccupational stress refers to the physiological, psychological, and behavioural responses that are associated with the demands and pressures arising from one's job or occupation. Professional individuals experience when faced with work-related demands that exceed their ability to cope effectively. Working Condition is one of the components of Occupational Stress. It means the factors such as the physical workspace, safety measures, equipment availability, workload, work hours, flexibility, relationships with colleagues and supervisors, and overall work environment. Positive working conditions contribute to employee’s overall job satisfaction, performance, and overall well-being. In this piece of research, the researcher studied the topic entitled, “An Investigation of on Job Relations of Occupational Stress of Kho-Kho Officials of Mumbai City”. The objective of the study is to Study the Status of on Job Relations of Occupational Stress of Kho-Kho officials of Mumbai city. 73 Kho-Kho officials from different Kho-Kho Club/Institutions of Mumbai City were selected as sample for the study by using Convenience Sampling Technique. Custom Made Questionnaire was used for the Study. In order to see the status of on Job Relations of Occupational Stress, Standardization of Scores & Percentage of Scores were taken. From the findings, we can say that, maximum officials have average on Job Relationship with the colleagues while officiating.Key Words: On Job Relations, Occupational StressIntroductionOccupational stress refers to the physiological, psychological, and behavioural responses that are associated with the demands and pressures arising from one's job or occupation. Professional individuals experience when faced with work-related demands that exceed their ability to cope effectively. On Job Relationship means the connection between an individual and their occupation. It encompasses various aspects such as the roles and responsibilities the individual holds within their job, the interactions they have with colleagues, superiors, and subordinates, and the overall dynamics of their work environment. In this piece of research, the researcher studied the topic entitled, “An Investigation of on Job Relationship of Occupational Stress of Kho-Kho Officials of Mumbai City”.Aim• This study is conducted to Investigate Working Conditions of Occupational Stress of KhoKho Officials of Mumbai City Objective• To study the status of Working Conditions of Occupational Stress of Kho-Kho officials of Mumbai city.Assumption:• A1: It assumed that there is good on Job Relationship of Occupational Stress of Kho-Kho officials of Mumbai city

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2105Methodology:Selection of Sample73 Kho-Kho officials from different Kho-Kho Club/Institution of Mumbai City were selected as sample for the study by using Convenience Sampling Technique.Research DesignThis is Survey Study under the heading of Descriptive Research.Variable: Working Condition (Occupational Stress)Tools/InstrumentsSr. No. Variable Tools Score1 On Job Relations Custom Made Questionnaire ScoresPROCEDURE OF THE STUDY The researcher visited the selected Clubs and Institutions to get the questionnaires filled by the officials and when it was not possible in the Club and Institution then visited them personally, of selected Kho-Kho Officials with self-explanatory instructions to fill and submit the questionnaire.TABLE 1 SCORING SYSTEMSr. No Type of ItemsStrongly DisagreeDisagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree1 True 1 2 3 4 52 False 5 4 3 2 1Statistics In order to see the status of On Job Relations of Occupational Stress, Standardization of Scores & Percentage of Scores were taken.Result and Discussion of the study:RESULTS OF ON JOB RELATIONS OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESSSCORE WISE, PERCENTAGE WISE STATUS OF ON JOB RELATIONSOF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS OF KHO-KHO OFFICIALS OF MUMBAI CITYTable1shows the Score wise, Percentagewise status of on Job Relations of Occupational Stress of Kho-Kho Officials of Mumbai CityLevel of On Job Relation Scores PercentageExtremely High 1 1.37High 11 15.07Above Average 12 16.44Average 26 35.62Below Average 16 21.92Low 6 8.22Extremely Low 1 1.37From Table 4.5, It can be seen that 1.37% Kho-Kho Officials have Extremely HighOnJobRelationwiththecolleagues,15.07%havehighOnJobRelationwiththe colleagues,

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social Wellness16.44% have above average On Job Relation with the colleagues, 35.62% have above On Job Relation with the colleagues, 21.92% have below average On Job Relation with the colleagues, 8.22% have low On Job Relation and 1.37% have Extremely Low On Job Relation with the colleagues. Hence it can be seen that maximum officials have average On Job Relationshipwith the colleagues while officiating.Figure1: Score wise, Percentage wise Status of on Job Relations of Occupational Stress of Kho-Kho Officials of Mumbai CityCONCLUSIONIt can be seen that maximum officials have average On Job Relation while officiating and very few Officials have Extremely High On Job Relation.REFERENCES1. Ajmer Singh, J. B. (2021). Essentials of Physical Education. Greater Noida: Kalyani Publishers.2. AlexandryaH.Cairns,S.M.(2022).PerceivedStressasanIndicatorofWork–FamilyConflictand Burnout Among Secondary School Athletic Trainers. International Journal ofAthletic Therapy and Training, 28(4), 215–220. doi: https://doi.org/10.1123/ijatt.2021-01123. Anna Toropova, E. M. (2020). Teacher job satisfaction: the importance of school workingconditionsandteachercharacteristics.EducationalReview,73 (1),71 - 97.Doi : https: // doi.org /10.1080 / 00131911.2019.17052474. Miriam James Scotter, C. W. (2019), An Interprofessional on job satisfaction in the operating room: a review of the literature.5. Raymond A B Van der Wal, J. W. (2018), Occupational Stress, burnout and personality in anesthesiologists.6. RobertC.Whitaker,T.D.-W.(2015).Workplacestressandthequalityofteacher–children relationshipsinHeadStart.EarlyChildhoodResearchQuarterly,30, 57-69. doi: https: // doi.org /10.1016 / j. ecresq.2014.08.0087. Vickie A. Lambert RN, D. F. (2003). Psychological hardiness, workplace stress and relatedstressreductionstrategies.Nursing&HealthSciences,5 (2),181-184.doi:https: //doi.org /10.1046 / j .1442-2018.2003.00150.x0.005.0010.0015.0020.0025.0030.0035.0040.00Extremely HighStressHighStressAboveAverageStressAverageStressBelowAverageStressLowStressExtremely LowStessSeries1 1.37 15.07 16.44 35.62 21.92 8.22 1.37PercentageOn Job Relation of Occupational Stress

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2107EFFECT OF WEIGHT TRAINING PROGRAMME ON SELECTED PHYSICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES OF COLLEGIATE WEIGHTLIFTERSAkshay Pandurang Ugale, Research Scholar, M.S.M's College of Physical Education, Chh. Sambhajinagar.Abstract The current study's goal was to investigate how an organized weight training program affected a few physical and physiological characteristics of collegiate weightlifters. From Deogiri College and Maulana Azad College in Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar, thirty male and female weightlifters between the ages of eighteen and twenty-four were chosen. Four days a week, the individuals participated in an eight-week weight training regimen. Physiological variables were body fat percentage and resting heart rate, whereas selected physical variables comprised muscular strength (1RM squat and bench press), muscular power (vertical leap), and speed (50 m sprint). The study used a one-group pre-test and post-test design.The paired ttest was used to evaluate the data, and the significance level was set at 0.05. All of the chosen physical and physiological indicators showed notable improvements after the training regimen, according to the data. Body fat % dropped, resting heart rate dramatically decreased, sprint performance improved, and muscle strength and power significantly enhanced. The study's conclusions show that collegiate weightlifters can improve their physiological efficiency and physical performance with a methodical weight training program.Keywords: Weight training programme, muscular strength, power, physiological variables, collegiate weightliftersIntroduction High levels of muscular strength, explosive power, speed, and physiological efficiency are required in weightlifting, a strength-power-dominated sport. Athletes need well-thoughtout, scientifically developed training regimens to satisfy these demands. Weight training has been identified as one of the best conditioning techniques for boosting physiological processes and physical performance in athletes, especially weightlifters.In order to promote muscular and neuromuscular adaptations, weight training entails methodical resistance exercises with free weights, machines, or body weight. Frequent weight training enhances physiological characteristics like body composition, cardiovascular efficiency, and metabolic function in addition to improving muscular strength, power, speed, coordination, and endurance.Structured weight training is essential for improving performance and preventing injuries among collegiate weightlifters, who are in a critical stage of their athletic development.Weightlifting performance is intimately correlated with certain physical characteristics, such as muscular strength and power, because the sport necessitates the explosive lifting of large loads during moves like the snatch and clean and jerk. Similar to this, physiological factors like body fat percentage and resting heart rate are crucial markers of an athlete's general health, physical fitness, and training efficacy.While many studies have looked into how resistance training affects sports performance, few have specifically examined collegiate weightlifters in the Indian context, especially looking at both physiological and physical factors at the same time. Localized research is necessary to give strength and conditioning specialists useful insights due to variations in training facilities, coaching styles, and athlete histories.Thus, the current study is to investigate how an organized weight training program affects several physiological and physical characteristics of collegiate weightlifters. It is anticipated that the results of this study will provide coaches, trainers, and physical education

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social Wellnessspecialists with useful information for creating training plans that maximize athletic performance at the collegiate level.Review of Related LiteratureA theoretical basis for the current study is provided by the review of related literature, which also aids in comprehending the results of earlier studies on weight training, physical characteristics, and physiological changes in athletes, especially weightlifters.Weight Training and Muscular StrengthSystematic weight training greatly increases muscle strength, according to numerous research. According to Haff and Triplett (2015), increasing resistance training improves maximal strength by causing brain changes such increased motor unit recruitment and firing frequency. Exercises like squats, deadlifts, and bench presses are very effective at building upper and lower body strength in trained athletes, according to Fleck and Kraemer (2014).Weightlifters who adhered to structured resistance training programs exhibited significant increases in maximum strength when compared to untrained people, according to research by Stone et al. (2006), underscoring the significance of training specificity and progressive overload.Effect of Weight Training on Muscular PowerOne of the most important aspects of weightlifting performance is muscular power. According to Cormie, McGuigan, and Newton (2011), resistance training that incorporates high-velocity movements greatly enhances vertical jump performance and power output. According to Suchomel et al. (2016), weight training regimens that incorporate explosive lifts improve lower body power and rate of force development.Research on collegiate athletes by Harris et al. (2008) confirmed the beneficial connection between resistance training and explosive performance by demonstrating notable increases in vertical jump height after organized weight training regimens.Weight Training and SpeedWeight training has also been demonstrated to improve speed performance. According to Delecluse (1997), resistance training increases force generation and neuromuscular coordination, which enhances sprint performance. Markovic et al. (2007) found that athletes who participated in combination strength and power training programs significantly reduced their sprint times.Physiological Adaptations to Weight TrainingBeneficial physiological changes, especially in body composition and cardiovascular efficiency, are brought about by weight training. After resistance training interventions, Kraemer et al. (2002) found a significant decrease in body fat percentage and an increase in lean body mass. According to Wilmore and Costill (2005), consistent resistance training increases stroke volume and autonomic modulation, which in turn improves resting heart rate and overall cardiovascular efficiency. According to a study by McArdle, Katch, and Katch (2010), resistance training is essential for enhancing trained athletes' muscular endurance, oxygen usage, and metabolic health.Specific Objectives1. To determine the effect of the weight training regimen on the muscular strength of collegiate weightlifters.2. To examine the effect of the weight training regimen on the muscular power of collegiate weightlifters.3. To evaluate the effect of the weight training regimen on the speed performance of collegiate weightlifters.

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 21094. To assess the effect of the weight training regimen on the body composition (body fat percentage) of collegiate weightlifters.5. To analyze the effect of the weight training regimen on the resting heart rate of collegiate weightlifters.6. To compare the mean pre-test and post-test scores of selected physical and physiological variables of collegiate weightlifters.7. To evaluate the overall effectiveness of the weight training regimen in improving the physical fitness and physiological efficiency of collegiate weightlifters.Hypotheses of the StudyNull Hypotheses (H₀)1. H₀₁: There will be no significant difference in the muscular strength of collegiate weightlifters between the pre-test and post-test following the weight training program.2. H₀₂: There will be no significant difference in the muscular power of collegiate weightlifters between the pre-test and post-test after the weight training program.3. H₀₃: There will be no significant difference in the speed performance of collegiate weightlifters between the pre-test and post-test as a result of the weight training program.4. H₀₄: There will be no significant difference in the body fat percentage of collegiate weightlifters between the pre-test and post-test due to the weight training program.5. H₀₅: There will be no significant difference in the resting heart rate of collegiate weightlifters between the pre-test and post-test following the weight training program.Research (Alternative) Hypotheses (H₁)1. H₁₁: The weight training program will result in a significant improvement in muscular strength among collegiate weightlifters.2. H₁₂: The weight training program will result in a significant improvement in muscular power among collegiate weightlifters.3. H₁₃: The weight training program will lead to a significant enhancement in speed performance of collegiate weightlifters.4. H₁₄: The weight training program will result in a significant reduction in body fat percentage of collegiate weightlifters.5. H₁₅: The weight training program will cause a significant reduction in resting heart rate of collegiate weightlifters.Methodology of the study The current study's technique was created to methodically investigate how a weight training program affected particular physiological and physical characteristics of collegiate weightlifters. The following subheadings provide a description of the methods used for the study.Design of ResearchA one-group pre-test and post-test experimental research design was used in the investigation. To ascertain the impact of the weight training program, measurements of the chosen physiological and physical variables were taken both before and after it was put into place.Selection of Subjects For the study, thirty (30) male and female collegiate weightlifters between the ages of eighteen and twenty-four were chosen. Participants were selected from Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar's Deogiri College and Maulana Azad College. Every participant was medically fit to take part in the training program and had at least a year of prior weight training experience.

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessVariables of the StudyIndependent Variable• Weight Training ProgrammeDependent VariablesPhysical Variables:1. Muscular Strength2. Muscular Power3. SpeedPhysiological Variables:1. Body Fat Percentage2. Resting Heart RateSelection of TestsVariable Test UsedMuscular Strength One Repetition Maximum (1RM) – Squat & Bench PressMuscular Power Vertical Jump TestSpeed 50 Meter Sprint TestBody Fat Percentage Skinfold Measurement MethodResting Heart Rate Manual Pulse Count (beats per minute)Training ProgrammeThe selected subjects underwent a systematic weight training programme for eight (8) weeks, with training sessions conducted four days per week. Each training session lasted approximately 60–75 minutes.The training programme included:• Warm-up exercises (10–15 minutes)• Core weight training exercises such as squats, bench press, deadlift, clean, snatch, and overhead press• Auxiliary exercises for major muscle groups• Cool-down and stretching exercises (10 minutes)The training intensity was progressively increased based on the principles of progressive overload, starting from moderate intensity and gradually advancing to higher loads as per the individual capacity of the subjects.Administration of TestsThe subjects were given all of the chosen tests both prior to the start of the training program (pre-test) and following its conclusion (post-test). To guarantee the quality and dependability of the data, standard testing procedures were adhered to. The best performance was noted for analysis, and sufficient rest was given in between sessions.Statistical TechniquesAppropriate statistical methods were used to assess the gathered data. The significance of changes between the pre-test and post-test mean scores of the chosen variables was assessed using the paired t-test. A significance level of 0.05 was established.Ethical ConsiderationsPrior to the commencement of the study, informed consent was obtained from all participants. The subjects were informed about the purpose of the study and assured that their data would be used solely for research purposes.

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2111Variables and MeasurementPhysical Variables:• Muscular Strength: 1RM Squat & Bench Press• Muscular Power: Vertical Jump Height (cm)• Speed: 50 m sprint time (sec)Physiological Variables:• Body Composition: Body fat percentage (via skinfold)• Resting Heart Rate: beats per minuteStatistical AnalysisPaired t-test was used to compare pre- and post-test scores, with significance at p< 0.05.Table: Effect of Weight Training Programme on Selected Physical and Physiological Variables of Collegiate Weightlifters (n = 30)Variable Test Pre-Test Mean ± SDPost-Test Mean ± SDMean DifferencetvalueMuscular Strength (1RM Squat) kg 108.4 ± 12.1 123.7 ± 13.4 15.3 8.62*Upper Body Strength (1RM Bench Press) kg 72.6 ± 9.8 82.5 ± 10.9 9.9 7.94*Muscular Power (Vertical Jump) cm 45.1 ± 5.3 54.3 ± 6.1 9.2 9.11*Speed (50 m Sprint) sec 7.20 ± 0.41 6.80 ± 0.36 0.40 6.18*Body Fat Percentage % 18.5 ± 3.2 15.7 ± 2.8 2.8 7.06*Resting Heart Rate bpm 72.4 ± 5.1 68.2 ± 4.3 4.2 6.89**Significant at 0.05 levelDiscussion Examining the impact of a weight training program on specific physical and physiological characteristics of collegiate weightlifters was the aim of this study. The study's findings unequivocally show that the individuals' selected physical and physiological indicators significantly improved as a result of the structured weight training program.Effect on Muscular StrengthAs determined by the one-repetition maximum (1RM) squat and bench press, the results showed a considerable gain in both upper and lower body physical strength. Neuromuscular adaptations coming from systematic resistance training, such as greater motor unit recruitment, improved synchronization, and enhanced muscle fiber activation, may be responsible for the 15.39.9 9.20.42.84.20 0 0 0 0 0024681012141618Muscular Strength(1RM Squat)Upper BodyStrength (1RMBench Press)Muscular Power(Vertical Jump)Speed (50 mSprint)Body FatPercentageResting HeartRateTable: Effect of Weight Training Programme on Selected Physical and Physiological Variables of Collegiate Weightlifters (n = 30)

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social Wellnessincrease in muscular strength. These findings are consistent with past research showing that trained athletes may significantly increase their maximum strength with gradual weight training.Effect on Muscular PowerThe vertical leap test, which measures muscular power, revealed a notable improvement after the weight training regimen. This improvement suggests that the lower extremities' explosive strength and pace of force development have increased. Muscle-tendon efficiency and neuromuscular coordination were probably enhanced by the training program's use of explosive movements and compound lifts. These results corroborate earlier studies that demonstrate how resistance training can enhance power-related performance.Effect on SpeedFollowing the training regimen, a notable decrease in the 50-meter sprint time was noted, suggesting enhanced speed performance. Increased lower body strength and power, which are important factors in determining sprinting ability, could be the cause of the speed increase. The observed improvement may also be explained by increased force application and neuromuscular efficiency during ground contact. This finding is consistent with research indicating that strength training improves sprint performance.Effect on Body Fat PercentageThe study's findings demonstrated a noteworthy decrease in body fat percentage after the weight training regimen. This alteration points to a better body composition brought on by more lean muscle mass and higher metabolic activity. The subjects' decreased body fat was probably caused by weight training, which is known to increase resting metabolic rate and encourage fat oxidation.Effect on Resting Heart RateAfter training, a notable drop in resting heart rate was noted, suggesting increased cardiovascular efficiency. This adaptation might be explained by improved autonomic control and cardiac output brought on by consistent exercise. Despite being mostly anaerobic, weight exercise has been demonstrated to improve cardiovascular health when done consistently.Overall InterpretationThe combined improvements in physical and physiological variables indicate that the weight training programme was effective in enhancing overall fitness and performance of collegiate weightlifters. The results support the hypothesis that a well-structured and progressive weight training programme can produce comprehensive adaptations beyond strength alone.Conclusion The goal of the current study was to investigate how an organized weight training program affected a few physical and physiological characteristics of collegiate weightlifters. The following conclusions were reached when the data was statistically analyzed and the findings were interpreted.The study's conclusions showed that the weight training regimen significantly improved all of the chosen physical characteristics, including muscular strength, muscular power, and speed. The increases observed in one-repetition maximum strength and vertical jump performance indicate enhanced neuromuscular efficiency and explosive ability of the

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2113collegiate weightlifters. Further evidence that systematic weight training improves speedrelated performance comes from the improvement in sprint performance.The study showed that the individuals had positive physiological alterations in addition to physical adaptations. Improved body composition and metabolic efficiency were indicatedby a notable decrease in the percentage of body fat. Additionally, the training program's improved cardiovascular efficiency and general physiological conditioning are reflected in the drop in resting heart rate.Overall, the study's findings support the notion that collegiate weightlifters' physical performance and physiological efficiency can be greatly enhanced by a methodical, progressive weight training regimen. The results highlight how crucial it is to include wellthought-out weight training programs in collegiate athletes' training regimens.The study concludes by offering scientific proof of the importance of weight training for collegiate weightlifters' overall growth. To improve athletes' strength, power, speed, and physiological fitness at the collegiate level, coaches, trainers, and physical education specialists are encouraged to use organized weight training programs.References1. Cormie, P., McGuigan, M. R., & Newton, R. U. (2010). Influence of strength on power.2. Fleck, S. J., & Kraemer, W. J. (2014). Designing Resistance Training Programs.3. Haff, G. G., & Triplett, N. T. (2015). Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning.4. Harris, G. R., Stone, M. H., O’Bryant, H. S., Proulx, C. M., & Johnson, R. L. (2008). Short-term performance effects of high power, high force, or combined weight-training methods. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 14(1), 14–20.5. Kraemer, W. J., Ratamess, N. A., & French, D. N. (2002). Resistance training for health and performance. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 1(3), 165–171.6. Markovic, G., Jukic, I., Milanovic, D., & Metikos, D. (2007). Effects of sprint and plyometric training on muscle function and athletic performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 21(2), 543–549.7. McArdle, W. D., Katch, F. I., & Katch, V. L. (2010). Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Energy, and Human Performance (7th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia.8. Stone, M. H., Stone, M. E., & Sands, W. A. (2006). Principles and Practice of Resistance Training. Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL.9. Suchomel, T. J., Nimphius, S., & Stone, M. H. (2016). The importance of muscular strength in athletic performance. Sports Medicine, 46(10), 1419–1449.10. Delecluse, C. (1997). Influence of strength training on sprint running performance. Current Findings and Implications for Training. Sports Medicine, 24(3), 147–156.

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessADVANCEMENT IN SPORTS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGYDr. Arvind Kedare, Director of Physical Education & Sports K.V.N.Naik College of Arts & Comm. Dindori-Nashik Mob:- 9850945557AbstractThrough the integration of wearables, and data analytics, developments in sports science and technology have revolutionised athletic training, performance optimisation, and injury prevention. Personalised training plans are made possible by wearable technology, such as GPS-tracking vests and smart insoles, which offer real-time data on athlete movement, exertion, and biomechanics. As demonstrated in football and racing, where teams like those at the 2022 FIFA World Cup used such technology for optimal performance, AI-powered platforms evaluate this data to forecast injuries and improve tactics. Athletes can prepare mentally and tactically without experiencing physical strain by immersing themselves in simulated surroundings through virtual reality (VR) training. In sports like baseball and basketball, motion capture technologies and video analytics provide thorough performance breakdowns that enhance technique and efficiency through improving impact absorption. Smart helmets and cutting-edge athletic materials improve safety and reduce concussions by 17% in the NFL by 2025. These resources aid in the development of women's sports and customised recovery plans. AI activity feedback and pressure-mapping gadgets are expected to propel the sports coaching market's substantial growth by 2025. Athletic boundaries are redefined by this change, but for the best results, stakeholders must manage ethical integration. All things considered, technology ushers in a period of sustainability and accuracy in sports.Keywords: Technology, Wearable devices, Athletic training, Video analytics, Peak performanceIntroductionTo improve human performance sports science combines biomechanics, physiology, and technology. Recent advancements, especially beyond 2020, use wearables and data analytics to change training paradigms. As demonstrated by the use of GPS technology by 18 Performance enhancement injury prevention and athletic training have all been transformed by developments in sports science and technology. Technological and scientific developments in sports have drastically changed how athletes practice, compete, and recuperate. Sports in this day and age are greatly impacted by scientific research, technological evolution, and datadriven decision-making rather than just skill and physical prowess. Wearable technology, artificial intelligence, biomechanical analysis, and virtual reality are examples of cutting-edge tools that have transformed athletic preparation and performance optimisation at all levels of sport, from amateur to professional. Sports science studies topics like physiology, biomechanics, psychology, and nutrition with the goal ofcomprehending the human body in execution. These fields now offer accurate and quantifiable information regarding an athlete's physical state and performance thanks to contemporary technology. Coaches and sports scientists can obtain real-time data on movement patterns, workload, speed, and weariness thanks to wearable devices like GPS trackers, heart-rate monitors, and smart insoles. This data contributes to creating individualized training plans that optimize performance while minimizing the chance of collateral harm. The significance of sports science has been further increased by artificial intelligence and data analytics. Large volumes of performance data may be analysed by AI-powered systems to spot trends, anticipate possible accidents, and improve training methods. In order to obtain a competitive edge, professional teams and organizations are depending more and more on these technologies. For instance, while racing teams use to improve race strategies and car performance, football clubs use performance analytics to track player fitness throughout competitions. Athletes can achieve peak performance at the appropriate moment without overtraining thanks to these advances.

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2115As technology has advanced, safety and injury prevention have become top priorities. Improved athletic fabrics, sophisticated protection gear, and smart helmets are all made to absorb impact and lower the chance of major injuries like concussions. Ice therapy, compression devices, and monitoring tools are examples of improved recovery technologies that facilitate quicker and more effective rehabilitation. By meeting gender-specific training and recuperation requirements, these achievements also support the expansion of women's sports.By encouraging accuracy, effectiveness, and safety, sports science and technology advancements have completely changed the sports scene. Human performance and athletic potential will be progressively redefined as technology develops. However, to guarantee equitable and sustainable growth in the sports industry, ethical issues, data protection, and equal access to technology must be properly controlled.1. Wearable TechnologiesWearables dominate sports tech, tracking metrics like speed, workload, and heart rate.• By providing movement data, GPS vests such as the Catapult Vector S7 help with workload monitoring and preventing injuries.• Plantiga's smart insoles assess jump loads and gait for baseball and basketball rehabilitation.• Using impact sensors, smart helmets decreased NFL concussions by 17% in 2025. They also provide real-time feedback, allowing training to be tailored to each user's demands.Data analytics and AI-Large datasets are processed by AI to provide predictive insights. By spotting trends in performance data, coaches can utilise machine learning to predict injuries. AI improves tactics in motorsports and links tactical and physical data in football. Platforms combine wearables and video analysis to provide comprehensive perspectives that improve decision-making.Virtual and Augmented RealityVR puts athletes in risk-free situations to develop their skills. VR training enhances mental readiness without causing physical strain, which is essential for tactical sports. During live sessions, augmented reality superimposes data, allowing for real-time technique improvement. Adoption increases efficiency in everything from team sports to combat sports.Advanced technologies like virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) have completely changed how individuals engage with digital information, learn, and train. Although both technologies produce immersive experiences, their approaches to fusing the virtual and real worlds are different. Using tools like motion controllers and head-mounted displays, users can explore a completely simulated environment created by virtual reality. On the other hand, augmented reality uses smartphones, tablets, or AR glasses to superimpose digital elements like pictures, statistics, or animations onto the actual world. The domains of education, healthcare, entertainment, engineering, and particularly sports science and training have all found extensive uses for VR and AR.Users can experience scenarios that might be challenging, costly, or dangerous to replicate in real life in a controlled and realistic virtual reality environment. VR is being used more and more in sports for mental preparation, tactical training, and skill improvement. Without exerting themselves physically, athletes can hone their decision-making skills, rehearse tactics, and practice game scenarios. For instance, football players can improve their spatial awareness and response time by simulating game situations, while drivers can improve their focus and precision by practising virtual tracks. This allows for repeated practice while lowering physical strain, which is especially helpful during off-season training or injury recuperation. In contrast, augmented reality adds digital information in real time to improve real-world experiences. AR can offer immediate feedback during practice sessions in sports

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social Wellnesstraining. Athletes and coaches can see performance metrics immediately superimposed on the athlete's field of vision, including speed, posture, angles, and movement patterns. This speedy feedback increases learning efficiency and aids in quick technique corrections. AR apps, for example, can show tactical guidance during drills or walk participants through the ideal exercise form, making training more dynamic and interesting. Sports psychology and mental conditioning both heavily rely on VR and AR. Athletes can exercise their minds in addition to their bodies thanks to immersive technology, which is essential for mental preparation. VR simulations can help athletes manage stress and sharpen their focus by exposing them to highpressure situations like big crowds or crucial game moments. Building confidence and emotional control via mental rehearsal serves as essential for competing at your best.Training, performance, learning, and recuperation can all be improved with the use of virtual and augmented reality. These technologies provide creative solutions that reinvent conventional approaches by bridging the gap between physical and digital surroundings. A future powered by intelligent and immersive experiences will be shaped by VR and AR's growing importance in sports and other industries.Biomechanics and Material InnovationsPrecision is improved by motion capture and sophisticated materials.For baseball and basketball technique optimisation, video analytics breaks down movements.• Graphene polymers and carbon fibre gear make equipment lighter and more durable.• Through proactive biomechanics, pressure-mapping wearables lower the risk of injury by identifying asymmetries early.In order to improve athletic performance, efficiency, and safety, modern sports science mostly depends on biomechanics and material advancements. Biomechanics is the scientific study of human movement that focuses on how bones, muscles, and joints work together during physical exercise. By examining motion patterns, forces, and body mechanics, biomechanical research helps athletes accomplish tasks more effectively while reducing the risk of injury. Modern technology, such as force plates, motion capture devices, and highspeed video analysis, are commonly used in biomechanics research. Comprehensive data on force distribution, stride length, joint angles, posture, and Speed, accuracy, and endurance can be greatly increased with little biomechanical changes, such as improved arm or foot placement. By recognising incorrect movement patterns that put undue strain on muscles or joints, biomechanics also aids in the prevention of injuries. By improving sports gear and clothing, material improvements enhance biomechanics. Lightweight, robust, and flexible materials that enhance comfort and performance have been made possible by advances in material science. For instance, carbon fibre and composite materials are utilised to reduce weight and boost strength in bicycles, racquets, and shoes. Moisture-wicking materials and compression clothing enhance blood flow, muscle support, and temperature regulation in sportswear. Innovations in materials have tremendously improved safety. Modern shockabsorbing materials are used in protective gear like helmets, pads, and guards to lessen impact forces and limit the chance of severe injuries like concussions. Sensor-embedded smart materials can track movement, pressure, and impact, giving useful feedback for performance evaluation and injury prevention. Injury Prevention and RehabilitationSports science and technological developments have transformed injury prevention and rehabilitation, allowing players to exercise more intelligently, recuperate more quickly, and lower their chance of getting injured again. These developments combine biomechanics, data analytics, and tailored interventions to maximise performance while preserving health.Technology makes prevention more predictive rather than reactive. AI and wearable sensors identify threats and tailor recuperation. Rehab equipment and medical imaging speed up return-to-play, prolonging careers. Personalised procedures are used in women's sports to meet specific needs as participation rises.

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2117Technology Application ImpactGPS Vests Workload tracking 20-30% injury reductionAI Analytics Predictive modelling Personalized trainingSmart Helmets Impact detection 17% fewer concussionsVR Training Skill simulation Enhanced mental prepImportant Technologies for AnticipationReal-time monitoring of training loads, biomechanics, and exhaustion is made possible by wearable sensors and GPS tracking, which can spot injury concerns like overtraining or improper movement patterns before they become serious. Using \"preventative biomechanics\" customised for certain sports, machine learning algorithms evaluate this data to forecast weaknesses, such as the likelihood of an ACL rupture. In sports like basketball and soccer, neuromuscular programs that are improved by apps and force plates increase proprioception, strength, and bInnovations in Rehabilitation.Force plates, electromyography, 3D motion capture, and post-injury produce individualised rehabilitation regimens that measure progress and restore function without fail. When recovering from concussions or joint problems, virtual reality (VR) improves motivation, coordination, and confidence by simulating sport-specific experiences. While AIdriven analytics customize workouts for a quicker return to play, low-level laser therapy (LLLT) speeds up tissue recovery in the early phases. reducing lower limb injuries by up to 37–47%.Combined MethodsIn an attempt to prevent reinjuries, sports science incorporates these techniques with FIFA 11+ procedures, emphasising core stability and load management. Wearable technology and biomechanical evaluations allow for continuous evaluation, transitioning from reactive to proactive care. With the help of physiotherapists and strength coaches, this all-encompassing approach guarantees that athletes may sustainably return to their pre-injury level of performance.Challenges and Ethical ConsiderationsData privacy, equity access, and over-reliance pose issues. High costs limit adoption in developing regions. Ethical AI use prevents bias in predictions. Standardisation ensures fair competition. Sports science and technology developments promise improved performance and safety, but they also present serious obstacles and moral conundrums that must be carefully navigated. These problems, which could exacerbate inequalities in sports, include accessibility, Principal Difficulties.Adoption is hampered by financial constraints, which exacerbate inequality by favouring elite teams over grassroots initiatives due to the high prices of AI, wearables, and analytics. Implementation is hampered by a lack of knowledge in data science and artificial intelligence, which causes underutilization or mistakes. Practitioners are overloaded with data from sensors and tracking, resulting in real-time decision-making being difficult in the absence of strong integration. data integrity, and fairness.Implementation ObstaclesCoaches and players continue to be resistant to change because they fear that technology will replace intuition. This resistance is exacerbated by uncertain ROI and system failures. Sport's inclusion is threatened by unintended consequences, such as increased competition gaps in a \"winner-takes-all\" model. VR training and biotech advancements are examples of emerging technologies with regulatory gaps that fall behind innovation rates.

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessRoutes for the FutureStrong data security procedures, fair access programs, and multidisciplinary training to overcome skill gaps are all necessary for mitigation. Collaborative models that prioritise human-AI teamwork, such as tech consultancy, encourage adoption. Ethical frameworks, such as open AI guidelines and equitable funding, guarantee that technology enhances rather than diminishes the fundamental principles of sports.ConclusionSports science advancements propel precision athletics. Balanced integration maximises benefits while addressing challenges. The advancement of sports science and technology has significantly transformed how athletes prepare, perform, and recover. Modern scientific methodologies, including biomechanics, exercise physiology, sports psychology, and nutrition science, have enabled a deeper understanding of the human body, allowing players to perform at their best while reducing their risk of injury. At the same time, technology advancements such as wearable sensors, motion-tracking devices, performance analytics, and artificial intelligence have brought precision and objectivity to training and competition. These tools enable coaches and athletes to track performance in real time, detect shortcomings, and create highly personalised training programmes.References 1. Bompa, Tudor O., and Gregory G. Haff. Periodisation: Theory and Methodology of Training. 5th ed., Human Kinetics, 2009.2. Foster, Carl, et al. “Monitoring Training in Athletes with Reference to Overtraining Syndrome.” Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol. 30, no. 7, 1998, pp. 1164–1168.3. Haff, G. Gregory, and N. Travis Triplett, editors. Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning. 4th ed., Human Kinetics, 2016.4. McArdle, William D., Frank I. Katch, and Victor L. Katch. Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Energy, and Human Performance. 8th ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2015.5. Reilly, Thomas. Science and Soccer. 2nd ed., Routledge, 2003.6. Wulf, Gabriele, and Rebecca Lewthwaite. “Optimising Performance Through Intrinsic Motivation and Attention for Learning.” Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, vol. 23, no. 5, 2016, pp. 1382–1414.7. Bishop, David. “An Applied Research Model for the Sport Sciences.” Sports Medicine, vol. 38, no. 3, 2008, pp. 253–263.8. Halson, Shona L. “Monitoring Training Load to Understand Fatigue in Athletes.” Sports Medicine, vol. 44, no. 2, 2014, pp. 139–147.Webliography1. https://www.catapult.com/blog/trends-in-sports2. https://www.physicaleducationjournal.in/archives/2025/vol7issue2/PartB/7-2-8-275.pdf3. https://www.startus-insights.com/innovators-guide/sports-trends/4. https://sshajournal.com/index.php/1/article/view/815. https://www.globalperformanceinsights.com/post/5-sports-science-trends-for-2025

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2119IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON MENTAL HEALTHMr. Ganesh Rathod, (Research Scholar) Mo: 7773954225 Gmail:[email protected] MSM College of Physical education, Chh SambhajinagarABSTRACTMental health disorders represent a growing global public health challenge, affecting emotional well-being, cognitive functioning, and quality of life. Physical activity, traditionally promoted for physical fitness, has increasingly been recognized for its positive influence on mental health. This research article examines the relationship between physical activity and mental health outcomes, focusing on depression, anxiety, stress, and cognitive functioning. Drawing on existing empirical studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses, the article discusses the biological, psychological, and social mechanisms through which physical activity contributes to improved mental well-being. The findings highlight that regular physical activity is associated with reduced symptoms of mental disorders and enhanced psychological resilience, supporting its role as an effective and accessible mental health intervention.IntroductionMental health is an essential component of overall health, influencing how individuals think, feel, and behave in daily life. Disorders such as depression and anxiety are among the leading causes of disability worldwide and significantly affect academic performance, productivity, and social relationships. At the same time, physical inactivity has increased due to sedentary lifestyles, technological dependence, and reduced participation in outdoor activities. Growing evidence suggests that physical activity plays a vital role in preventing mental health disorders and improving psychological well-being. This article explores how physical activity impacts mental health and reviews scientific evidence supporting its use as a preventive and therapeutic approach.Relationship between Physical Activity and Mental HealthPhysical activity is consistently associated with better mental health outcomes across different age groups. Individuals who engage in regular exercise report lower levels of depression, anxiety, and stress compared to inactive individuals. Studies indicate that even moderate levels of physical activity, such as brisk walking, can lead to meaningful improvements in mood and emotional stability. Exercise interventions have also shown effectiveness comparable to psychological therapies in mild to moderate depression cases.Effects of Physical Activity on DepressionDepression is characterized by persistent sadness, low motivation, and reduced interest in daily activities. Research demonstrates that physical activity reduces depressive symptoms by improving mood and increasing feelings of accomplishment and self-worth. Randomized controlled trials have shown that aerobic exercise programs significantly reduce depression scores in adolescents, adults, and older populations. Physical activity also reduces the risk of developing depression by promoting positive coping strategies and emotional regulation.Effects of Physical Activity on Anxiety and StressAnxiety disorders are among the most common mental health conditions. Physical activity has been shown to reduce anxiety symptoms by regulating the body’s stress response system. Exercise lowers stress hormones and promotes relaxation, helping individuals manage daily stressors more effectively. Regular physical activity is associated with reduced tension, improved sleep quality, and enhanced emotional control, all of which contribute to lower anxiety levels.

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessCognitive and Psychological BenefitsIn addition to emotional health, physical activity has a positive effect on cognitive functioning. Exercise improves attention, memory, and executive functions by increasingblood flow and oxygen supply to the brain. It is also associated with enhanced self-esteem, confidence, and resilience. Participation in group sports or physical activities further promotes social interaction and reduces feelings of loneliness, which are important factors in mental well-being.Biological MechanismsThe mental health benefits of physical activity are partly explained by biological processes. Exercise stimulates the release of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, and endorphins, which are responsible for mood regulation and feelings of happiness. Physical activity also increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which supports brain cell growth and neural plasticity. Additionally, regular exercise helps regulate the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, reducing the harmful effects of chronic stress.Psychological and Social MechanismsPsychologically, physical activity promotes self-efficacy and a sense of achievement, which protect against negative thought patterns. Exercise also acts as a healthy distraction from worries and rumination. Socially, engaging in physical activity with others fosters social support and belonging, which are key protective factors against mental health disorders.Limitations of Existing ResearchDespite strong evidence supporting the benefits of physical activity, some limitations remain. Many studies rely on self-reported physical activity levels, which may lead to bias. Differences in exercise type, intensity, and duration make comparisons challenging. Furthermore, most research is conducted in high-income countries, limiting generalizability to diverse populations.ConclusionPhysical activity plays a significant role in promoting mental health and preventing mental disorders. Regular participation in physical activity is associated with reduced symptoms of depression and anxiety, improved stress management, and enhanced cognitive functioning. Given its low cost, accessibility, and wide range of benefits, physical activity should be integrated into mental health promotion programs, educational settings, and public health policies. Encouraging active lifestyles can contribute substantially to improving mental well-being and overall quality of life.References1. Biddle, S. J. H., & Asare, M. (2011). Physical activity and mental health in children and adolescents: A review of reviews. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(11), 886–895.2. Dishman, R. K., Heath, G. W., & Lee, I. M. (2013). Physical Activity Epidemiology. Human Kinetics.3. Mikkelsen, K., Stojanovska, L., Polenakovic, M., Bosevski, M., & Apostolopoulos, V. (2017). Exercise and mental health. Maturitas, 106, 48–56.4. Pearce, M., et al. (2022). Association between physical activity and risk of depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 79(6), 550–559.5. Schuch, F. B., et al. (2016). Exercise as a treatment for depression: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 77, 42–51.6. World Health Organization. (2022). Guidelines on physical activity and mental health. WHO.

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2121ROLE OF SPORTS SCIENCE IN INJURY MANAGEMENT AND REHABILITATIONAsso. Prof. Hemant Patil, Director of Physical Education & Sports K.K.W College, Pimplegaon At-Niphad-Nashik [email protected] Mob:- 9423176395ABSTRACTSports participation at both top and recreational levels has expanded dramatically in recent Decades, resulting in a corresponding increase in sports-related injuries. Effective injury management and rehabilitation have thus become essential components of current sporting performance and long-term athlete health. Sports science plays an important role in tackling these issues by combining information from physiology, biomechanics, sports medicine, psychology, nutrition, and technology. This paper investigates the role of sports science in the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of athletic injuries. It discusses scientific approaches for understanding injury processes, managing acute and chronic injuries, and optimizing return-to-play strategies. Motion analysis, wearable sensors, imaging techniques, and data analytics are all examples of technological advancements that have improved evidence-based injury care. The report also examines multidisciplinary rehabilitation strategies and the value of personalized, athlete-centered recovery programs. Finally, sports science has converted injury management from a reactive process to a proactive, data-driven, and comprehensive approach focused on performance sustainability and athlete well-being.Keywords: Sports science, injury management, rehabilitation, sports medicine, biomechanics, athlete recovery.INTRODUCTIONSports injuries are unavoidable consequences of physical exercise and competitive sports. Athletes are subjected to high physical loads, repetitive motions, collisions, and psychological stress, all of which enhance injury risk. Historically, injury treatment focused mainly on symptomatic care and rest. However, this strategy frequently resulted in inadequate healing, high recurrence rates, and shorter sports careers. Injury management and rehabilitation have evolved to become evidence-based, multidisciplinary procedures as sports science has progressed. Exercise physiology, biomechanics, sports psychology, nutrition, motor learning, and sports medicine are among the areas that fall under the umbrella of sports science. Together, these fields provide a scientific framework for understanding how injuries originate, how the body responds to injury, and how healing might be accelerated. Modern rehabilitation is more than just repairing damaged tissues; it also focuses on restoring functional movement, physical conditioning, psychological preparation, and injury resilience.This study investigates the role of sports science in injury management and rehabilitation, focusing on injury processes, evaluation methods, rehabilitation tactics, technology improvements, and return-to-play decision making. The focus is on how scientific information enhances athlete safety, performance longevity, and overall quality of care.Sports and physical activity participation has expanded around the world as people become more aware of the importance of health, fitness, and competitive excellence. While this increase has benefited both physical and mental health, it has also resulted in a higher frequency of sports-related injuries among athletes of all levels, from recreational to elite. Sports injuries not only impair athletic ability, but they can also have long-term effects on a person's physical health, psychological well-being, and job longevity. As a result, good injury management and rehabilitation have become critical components of modern athletic practice.Traditionally, sports injury treatment cantered on rest, pain management, and basic physiotherapy. Although these techniques provide temporary healing, Although these procedures provided temporary relief, they frequently failed to address the underlying causes

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social Wellnessof injuries, resulting in recurrences and inadequate functional restoration. With the advent and evolution of sports science, injury management has grown into a thorough, evidence-based procedure. Sports science combines fields like exercise physiology, biomechanics, sports medicine, sports psychology, nutrition, and motor control to better understand injury processes and develop effective rehabilitation procedures.UNDERSTANDING SPORTS INJURIES THROUGH SPORTS SCIENCEClassification of Sports Injuries- Sports science aids in the classification of injuries into acute and chronic states. Fractures, sprains, and muscle rips are examples of acute injuries that arise unexpectedly as a result of trauma or excessive force. Chronic injuries, such as tendinopathies and stress fractures, occur over time as a result of repeated overload and poor healing. Understanding injury classification enables practitioners to develop effective treatment and rehabilitation strategies.Biomechanics and Injury Mechanisms- Biomechanics is critical in determining how movement patterns lead to damage. Poor technique, muscle imbalances, joint instability, and aberrant loading can all put stress on tissues. Motion analysis and force-measuring technologies aid in detecting defective mechanics, such as excessive knee valgus during landing or incorrect spinal alignment while lifting. Correcting these biomechanical aspects is critical for injury treatment and prevention.Physiological Factors- Exercise physiology helps us understand tissue repair, inflammation, muscle regeneration, and neuromuscular adaptations. Understanding energy systems, muscle fiber types, and fatigue responses helps practitioners manage training loads throughout rehabilitation and avoid re-injury.SPORTS SCIENCE IN INJURY MANAGEMENTSports science is essential in the prevention, evaluation, treatment, and rehabilitation of sports-related injuries. It combines information from biomechanics, physiology, anatomy, psychology, and nutrition to help athletes recover safely and return to peak performance. Injury prevention is one of sports science's most significant contributions to injury treatment. Sports scientists use bio-mechanical analysis to evaluate movement patterns and discover improper approaches that increase the chance of injury. Gait analysis, posture evaluation, and motion capture technology can all assist reveal imbalances, incorrect alignment, and overuse patterns. Strength and conditioning regimens are then developed to address these deficits, improve flexibility, and improve muscular balance, lowering the risk of injury. Sports science helps medical personnel throughout the assessment and diagnosis phase by offering scientific tools and data. Muscle strength testing, range-of-motion analysis, and functional movement screening are all techniques used to identify the degree and origin of an injury. Physiological tests such as heart rate variability and muscle activation studies (EMG) help us understand how the body responds to injury and stress. This evidence-based method ensures a correct diagnosis and efficient treatment planning.Sport science is extremely important in rehabilitation and recovery. Rehabilitation programs are meticulously planned on scientific principles of tissue healing and adaptability. The exercise prescription is tailored to restore strength, flexibility, endurance, and coordination without overworking the damaged area. Cry therapy, thermotherapy, ultrasound, and electrical stimulation are frequently employed as pain management techniques. Another important consideration is return-to-play decision-making. Sports scientists employ performance tests and functional assessments to determine if an athlete is physically and mentally prepared to resume competition. Objective statistics, such as strength ratios, movement efficiency, and endurance levels, help to limit the risk of re-injury by promoting a safe and gradual return to sport. Sports science offers a thorough, scientific framework for injury management. Sports science not only assists players in recovering from injuries, but also

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2123improves long-term performance and career longevity, by integrating prevention tactics, accurate assessment, effective rehabilitation, and informed return-to-play decisions.ACUTE INJURY MANAGEMENT Sports science contributes to evidence-based protocols for acute injury care, including inflammation control, pain management, and tissue protection. Modern techniques prioritize appropriate loading over lengthy immobilization in order to enhance recovery and prevent muscular atrophy.Load ManagementManaging training and rehabilitation loads is crucial for recovery. Sports scientists utilize workload models to balance stress and recuperation, ensuring that tissues adapt without becoming overly strained. Load control lowers the likelihood of secondary injuries and setbacks.Nutrition and RecoverySports nutrition is critical for injury prevention and management. Adequate protein intake promotes tissue repair, whereas carbs and micro-nutrients aid in energy recovery and immunological function. Hydration and supplements measures aid in healing.Rehabilitation Strategies Based on Sports ScienceSports science rehabilitation procedures use evidence-based methods to restore an athlete's physical, functional, and psychological capabilities following injury. These solutions combine principles from exercise physiology, biomechanics, motor learning, and sports psychology to promote safe and effective recuperation and return to performance. Individualized assessment is a key component of sports science-based rehabilitation. Before developing a rehabilitation program, a thorough evaluation is performed to determine injury severity, pain levels, and range of motion, muscle strength, neuro-muscular controland functional limitations. Bio-mechanical analysis can assist detect movement faults or muscular imbalances that may have caused the injury. This ensures that the rehabilitation approach addresses the underlying problem rather than the symptoms. Progressive exercise prescription is critical to successful rehabilitation. Sports science promotes gradual loading of wounded tissues based on healing time and physiological adaptability. Early-stage therapy aims to reduce discomfort, regulate inflammation, and maintain mobility through modest range-ofmotion exercises and isometric strengthening. Resistance training, flexibility exercises, and proprioceptive drills are introduced as the healing process develops to restore strength, joint stability, and coordinated movement. Advanced phases contain sport-specific drills that simulate real-world performance demands.Sports science also endorses the use of therapeutic modalities to aid with rehabilitation. Cryotherapy and compression are used to reduce swelling and pain, while heat therapy promotes blood flow and tissue suppleness later on. When utilized clinically, electrical stimulation and ultrasound therapy can promote muscle activation and speed up tissue repair. Neuromuscular and motor control training is also an important factor. Injuries frequently impair typical movement patterns and balance. Balance exercises, agility drills, and reactionbased tasks serve to retrain the nervous system, improving joint awareness and lowering the risk of re-injury. These approaches are especially important for ligament and lower-limb injuries.The psychological component of recovery is equally crucial. Fear of re-injury, anxiety, and a lack of confidence are all recognized in sports science as factors that might slow down healing. Mental skills training, goal planning, and incentive tactics can assist athletes stay motivated and mentally prepared during the rehabilitation process. Finally, sports sciencebased rehabilitation programs offer an organized, evidence-based approach to injury recovery. By integrating personalized assessment, progressive exercise, therapeutic modalities, and neurmuscular training,

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessIndividualized Rehabilitation Programs- Sports science emphasizes personalized rehabilitation contingent on the athlete's sport, position, injury kind, and physical qualities. Personalized programs outperform broad protocols in terms of adherence and effectiveness.Strength and Conditioning in Rehabilitation- Strength and conditioning principles are used in rehabilitation to regain muscle strength, power, endurance, and flexibility. Progressive resistance training and functional workouts equip athletes to meet sport-specific demands.Neuro-muscular Training- Neuro-muscular training enhances coordination, balance, and proprioception. This is especially critical for joint injuries like ankle and knee injuries, where poor neuromuscular control raises the risk of re-injury.ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN REHABILITATIONTechnology is becoming increasingly significant in modern rehabilitation, boosting the precision, efficiency, and efficacy of injury recovery programs. Advanced technologies help with assessment, treatment, monitoring, and return-to-activity decisions in sports and clinical rehabilitation, resulting in better outcomes and a lower chance of re-injury. Technology makes a significant contribution to assessment and diagnosis. Motion capture devices, video analysis, and wearable sensors enable physicians to thoroughly examine movement patterns. These instruments aid in the identification of biomechanical flaws, joint limits, and muscle imbalances that might otherwise go undetected by manual observation. Force plates and pressure sensors are also utilized to assess balance, gait, and load distribution, providing objective data to help with rehabilitation planning. Technology greatly improves rehabilitation training and exercise delivery. Computer-assisted rehabilitation technologies, such as isokinetic machines, allow for exact adjustment of resistance and movement speed, resulting in safe and gradual loading of wounded tissues. Virtual reality and augmented reality technology are increasingly being employed to build interactive and engaging rehabilitation experiences. These technologies increase motivation and adherence while allowing patients to perform functional motions in a controlled environment.Another crucial job of technology is to track progress and provide feedback. Wearable gadgets, such as smart bands and sensor-embedded clothes, monitor factors like heart rate, muscular activity, range of motion, and workload. Real-time feedback allows both therapists and patients to alter workouts instantaneously, ensuring proper technique and intensity. Data acquired over time enables for an impartial assessment of recovery and informed decisionmaking. Technology also aids in pain relief and tissue healing. Electrical stimulation, laser therapy, and ultrasound are prominent methods for pain relief, muscle activation, and tissue restoration. Cryotherapy units and compression devices can help reduce inflammation andimprove recovery, particularly in the early stages of rehabilitation. Injury Prevention through Sports ScienceInjury prevention is a primary goal of sports science, seeking to lower the risk of injury while improving athletic performance and long-term physical well-being. Sports science uses scientific principles from biomechanics, physiology, psychology, and training science to develop systematic and evidence-based techniques for preventing acute and overuse injuries.Bio-mechanical analysis is a primary strategy to injury prevention. Sports scientists examine movement patterns, posture, and technique to uncover poor mechanics that put additional strain on muscles, joints, and ligaments. Video analysis, motion capture, and gait evaluation are all tools that can assist discover problems like bad landing technique, inappropriate running form, and muscular imbalances. Corrective workouts and technical improvements are then implemented to increase efficiency and reduce injury risk. Strength and conditioning programs are crucial for injury prevention. Well-designed training programs improve muscle strength, endurance, flexibility, and joint stability. Sports science promotes the balanced development of opposing muscle groups to avoid asymmetries that can cause strain or injury. Core stability training is especially important since a strong core promotes

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2125appropriate posture and effective force transfer during movement. Another important issue is load control and recovery. Sports science can help you monitor your training volume, intensity, and frequency to avoid overtraining and fatigue-related ailments. Physiological parameters such as heart rate, perceived exertion, and recovery indices are utilized to accurately modify training loads. Adequate rest, sleep, and recovery measures, such as active recovery and stretching, are required to allow the body to safely adjust to training stresses. Sports science also considers flexibility and mobility. Limited range of motion or muscular tightness can raise the risk of injury, particularly in high-impact or repetitive tasks. Dynamic warm-ups, mobility drills, and sport-specific stretching regimens are designed to get the body ready for physical activity and reduce muscular stiffness.The psychological part of injury prevention is sometimes underestimated yet extremely significant. Stress, anxiety, and lack of concentration can all raise the risk of injury. Mental focus training, stress management, and confidence development are all examples of sports psychology strategies that assist athletes maintain awareness and make safer judgments throughout training and competition.CONCLUSIONSports science contributes significantly to effective injury management and recovery by offering an organized, evidence-based approach to athlete care. Sports science provides precise injury assessment, targeted treatment, and safe recovery by combining principles from biomechanics, exercise physiology, sports medicine, psychology, and technology. It focuses on not just curing the injury, but also addressing underlying risk factors to prevent recurrence.Sports science fosters effective restoration of strength, mobility, and functional performance through tailored rehabilitation programs, progressive exercise prescription, the use of therapeutic modalities, and psychological support. Objective monitoring and return-toplay criteria help to reduce the risk of re-injury and promote long-term athlete health. Sports science has transformed injury management and rehabilitation into a systematic, evidencebased, athlete-centered procedure. Sports science, which integrates biomechanics, physiology, psychology, nutrition, and technology, allows for accurate injury assessment, successful treatment, and a safe return to play. Modern rehabilitation focuses not only on repairing injured tissues, but also on regaining functional performance, psychological readiness, and injury resilience. As scientific research and technology innovation improve, sports science will play an even larger role in safeguarding athlete health, prolonging careers, and improving long-term performance at all levels of sport. Sports science has transformed injury management and rehabilitation into a systematic, evidence-based, athlete-centered procedure. Sports science, which integrates biomechanics, physiology, psychology, nutrition, and technology, allows for accurate injury assessment, successful treatment, and a safe return to play. References 1. Brukner, Peter, and Karim Khan. Linical Sports Medicine. 5th ed., McGraw-Hill Education, 2017.2. McArdle, William D., Frank I. Katch, and Victor L. Katch. Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Energy, and Human Performance*. 9th ed., Wolters Kluwer, 2022.3. Zatsiorsky, Vladimir M., and William J. Kraemer. Science and Practice of Strength Training. 2nd ed., Human Kinetics, 2006.4. Magee, David J. Orthopedic Physical Assessment. 6th ed., Elsevier, 2014.5. Haff, G. Gregory, and N. Travis Triplett, editors. Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning. 4th ed., Human Kinetics, 2016.6. Bahr, Roald, and Lars Engebretsen. “Sports Injury Prevention.” British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 43, no. 5, 2009, pp. 316–318.7. Meeuwisse, Willem H., et al. “A Dynamic Model of Etiology in Sport Injury.” Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, vol. 17, no. 3, 2007, pp. 215–219.

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social Wellness8. Wilmore, Jack H., David L. Costill, and W. Larry Kenney. Physiology of Sport and Exercise. 6th ed., Human Kinetics, 2015.9. Kibler, W. Ben, et al. “The Role of Core Stability in Athletic Function.” Sports Medicine, vol. 36, no. 3, 2006, pp. 189–198.10. Shrier, Ian. “Return to Play—Practical Guidelines.” Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, vol. 15, no. 6, 2005, pp. 436–441.11. Anderson, Mark K., et al. Foundations of Athletic Training: Prevention, Assessment, and Management*. 7th ed., Wolters Kluwer, 2019.12. Cook, Gray, et al. Movement: Functional Movement Systems. On Target Publications, 2010.13. Kujala, Urho M. “Evidence on the Effects of Exercise Therapy in the Treatment of Chronic Disease.” British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 43, no. 8, 2009, pp. 550–555.14. Crossley, Kay M., et al. “Physical Therapy for Sports Injuries.” Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, vol. 46, no. 6, 2016, pp. 430–438.15. Reiman, Michael P., and Robert C. Manske. Functional Testing in Human Performance. Human Kinetics, 2009.

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2127EFFECT OF HILL RUNNING FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF AEROBIC FITNESS AMONG LONG DISTANCE RUNNERS OF OSMANIA UNIVERSITY, HYDERABADK. Rama Devi, Ph.d Scholar, Department of Physical Education Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India Email:[email protected]. Prof. B. Sunil Kumar, Principal University College of Physical Education, OU, HyderabadAbstract:Endurance performances are of different nature indifferent sports. Endurance activities have been found to be of high value for maintenance of good organic health, for increasing the general resistance against infection and for cure and treatment of various diseases and metabolic disorder.The purpose of the study is to find out the effect of Hill running for the development of Aerobic fitness among long distance runners of Osmania University, Hyderabad. The sample for the present study consists of 30 male long distance runners of osmania university between the age group of 18-25 Years out of which 15 are experimental group and 15 are controlled group. Hill running training such as short hills, medium hills, long hills, mixed hills running were given to experimental group on alternate days for twelve weeks along with general training of long distance and control group were given the general training of long distance running. Pre Test and Post Test were conducted for 12 Min Cooper Test to assess the aerobic endurance of both the groups. It is concluded that due to Hill running there is a improvement of Aerobic fitness among experimental group.. It is recommended that the coaches must include the Hill running programs among long distance athletes for development of endurance. Key Words: Endurance, Aerobic fitness, long distance runners etc.Introduction:Endurance performances are of different nature indifferent sports. Endurance activities have been found to be of high value for maintenance of good organic health, for increasing the general resistance against infection and for cure and treatment of various diseases and metabolic disorder.Hill Training offers the following benefits.a. Helps develop power and muscle elasticity.b. Improves stride frequency and length.c. Develops co-ordination, encouraging the proper use of arm action during the driving phase and feet in support phase.d. Develops control and stabilization as well as improved speed (down hill running)e. promotes strength endurance.f. develop maximum speed and strength (short hills)g. Improves lactate tolerance (Mixed hills)Prof. Rajesh Kumar (2018)Effect of Hill Training and Fartlek Training for development of Aerobic Fitness among Middle and Long-Distance Runners of Hyderabad District in IndiaAerobic Fitness is vital for middle and long-distance runners. Aerobic fitness is of special importance at the beginning of the preparatory period. The Objective of this study is to determine the effects of Hill Training and Fartlek Training for development of Aerobic fitness among the Middle and long-distance Runners The sample for the study consists of 45 Middle and long-distance runners between the age group of 18 to 20 Years those who have participated in many middle and long-distance events since last 3 Years. The selected subjects were randomly divided into three equal groups of 15 each. Group I is Experimental Hill Training Group, Group II is Experimental Fartlek Training Group and Group III is Control Group. The Experimental Groups were given Training Alternate days for 12 Weeks in addition

International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social Wellnessto their normal practice on other days. The Control Group were given routine training. The Data were collected in Pre-Test and Post Test for all groups using the 12 Min Run Cooper Test. The collected data were analyzed statistically by using Ancova.The Results of the Study shows that due to Hill Training and Fartlek Training there is a significant development of Aerobic fitness among Experimental Groups. It is concluded that Hill Running and Fartlek Running is beneficial to middle and long-distance runners to stronger the lower body muscles, resistance to fatigue etc. It helps for development of Aerobic FitnessMethodology:The sample for the present study consists of 30 male long distance runners of osmania university between the age group of 18-25 Years out of which 15 are experimental group and 15 are controlled group. Hill running training such as short hills, medium hills, long hills, mixed hills running were given to experimental group on alternate days for twelve weeks along with general training of long distance and control group were given the general training of long distance running. Pre Test and Post Test were conducted for 12 Min Cooper Test to assess the aerobic endurance of both the groups.Results Table No 1 showing the Paired Samples Statistics of Experimental Group and Control Group of Long distance runners In Pre Test and Post Test in 12 Min Run Cooper Test12 Min Run Cooper Test Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean NExperimental Pre Test 2668.00 90.468 28.608 15Post Test 2740.40 93.223 29.480 15Control Group Pre Test 2647.50 74.470 23.550 15Post Test 2640.00 76.992 24.347 15The Experimental Group Pre Test Mean is 2668.00 and Post Test Mean is 2740.40 There is a improvement of Mean from Pre Test to Post Test is 72.40 . That Means due the Hill Running the Control Group has improved a lot. The Control Group Pre Test Mean is 2647.50 and Post Test Mean is 2640.00 There is a decreasement of Mean from Pre Test to Post Test is 7.50 due to the general Training of Long distance running. The Result of the Study shows that the Experimental Group has improved a lot compare to the Control Group.It is concluded that due to Hill running there is a improvement of Aerobic fitness among experimental groupConclusions:It is concluded that due to Hill running there is a improvement of Aerobic Fitness. Aerobic fitness is very much important to the long distance runners. It is recommended that the coaches must include the Hill running programs to all Long distance for development of aerobic fitness.Recommendations:Similar Studies can be conducted among females and in other Sports and games. This study is useful to the Coaches to prepare the conditioning program to improve the Aerobic fitness among long distance athletes.References:1. Prof. Rajesh Kumar (2018)Effect of Hill Training and Fartlek Training for development of Aerobic Fitness among Middle and Long-Distance Runners of Hyderabad District in India,Journal of Yoga, Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Research Article Kumar R. Yoga Phys Ther Rehabil: YPTR-158. DOI: 10.29011/ 2577-0756. 0000582. Dr. G. Syam Kumar(2023) Effect of Hill Running for development of Explosive Power among Kabbadi Players of JNTU Kakinada, A.P. © 2023, IRJEdT Volume: 05 Issue: 05 | May-2023