International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessEFFECT OF NATIONAL CADET CORPS TRAINING PROGRAMME ON CARDIOVASCULAR ENDURANCE COMPONENT OF COLLEGE GIRLS OF MUMBAI CITYMs. Satyabhama prashant Inamdar, Research Scholar, BPCA's College of Physical Education Wadala, Mumbai 400031 Dr.Rohini Kawade, Research Guide, Assistant Professor, BPCA's College of Physical Education, Wadala, Mumbai 400031ABSTRACTThe purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of the National Cadet Corps (N.C.C.) training programme on the cardiovascular endurance component of college girls aged 17–19 years of Mumbai City. A total of forty (N = 40) college girls were selected as subjects and randomly divided into two groups: N.C.C. Training Group (n = 20) and Control Group (n = 20). The N.C.C. Training Group underwent a structured N.C.C. training programme, whereas the Control Group did not participate in any specific training. Cardiovascular endurance was assessed using a standardized test before and after the training period. Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was employed to compare the adjusted mean scores of cardiovascular endurance by taking pre-test scores as the covariate. The results revealed a significant difference between the adjusted mean scores of cardiovascular endurance of the N.C.C. Training Group and the Control Group (F₍y.x₎ = 29.07, df = 1/37, p < 0.01). The adjusted mean score of cardiovascular endurance of the N.C.C. Training Group was 1757.5, which was significantly higher than that of the Control Group (1510). The findings of the study indicate that participation in the N.C.C. training programme significantly enhances cardiovascular endurance among college girls.Key Words: N.C.C. Training, Cardiovascular Endurance, College GirlsINTRODUCTION Physical fitness is an essential component of health and overall well-being, particularly during late adolescence, a period marked by rapid physical and psychological development. Among the various components of physical fitness, cardiovascular endurance plays a vital role in enhancing the efficiency of the heart, lungs, and circulatory system, thereby improving an individual’s capacity to perform prolonged physical activity without undue fatigue. Adequate levels of cardiovascular endurance are associated with improved health status, better academic performance, and reduced risk of lifestyle-related diseases.The National Cadet Corps (N.C.C.) is a premier youth organization in India that aims to develop character, discipline, leadership qualities, and physical fitness among young citizens. The N.C.C. training programme includes a variety of physical activities such as drills, endurance exercises, running, marching, and games, which are designed to promote overall physical development. Regular participation in such systematic physical training is expected to bring about positive physiological adaptations, particularly in cardiovascular functioning.In recent years, there has been a growing concern regarding declining levels of physical activity and fitness among college girls due to sedentary lifestyles, academic pressures, and limited participation in structured physical training programmes. This decline emphasizes the need to evaluate the effectiveness of organized training programmes like N.C.C. in improving essential fitness components. Despite the widespread implementation of N.C.C. training in educational institutions, scientific evidence regarding its specific impact on cardiovascular endurance among college girls, especially in urban settings like Mumbai City, remains limited.Therefore, the present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of the National Cadet Corps training programme on the cardiovascular endurance component of college girls aged 17–19 years of Mumbai City. The findings of this study may provide valuable insights for
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2185physical educators, coaches, and policymakers to promote structured physical training programme for enhancing cardiovascular fitness among female college students.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMThis study is an experimental study and it may provide knowledge regarding the effect of the National Cadet Corps (N.C.C.) training programme on the cardiovascular endurance of college girls under the title entitled “Effect of National Cadet Corps Training Programme on Cardiovascular Endurance Component of College Girls of Mumbai City.”OBJACTIVE OF THE STUDY• To compare the adjusted mean scores of Cardiovascular Endurance of N.C.C. Training Programme Girls group and control group by taking pre-cardiovascular endurance as co-variate.HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDYThe hypothesis of the study is as under:H₀: There is no significance difference in the adjusted mean scores of Cardiovascular Endurance of N.C.C. Training programme Girls group and control group by taking precardiovascular endurance as co-variate. DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY• The study was delimited only 6 weeks Training programme.• The study was delimited to the girls aged 17 to 19years college girls of Mumbai city.• The study was delimited to selected N.C.C. Training programme.• The study was delimited only to the senior college girls of Guru Nanak College Sion.DESIGN OF THE STUDYExperimental Design (Non-equivalent control group)Non-equivalent control group study had been taken for collection of data. The experimental design had two groups' experimental group and control group. The six-week training was given to experimental group except Sunday and holidays.SAMPLEA sample of forty (n=40) college girls of age 17 to 19 years were randomly selected for the study, which was identified as the subject from Guru Nanak College of Arts, Science and Commerce, GTB Nagar Sion East, Mumbai 25 Maharashtra 400037.Restricted to only Experiment Group 1 hours per days per week 5 days for the total period of 6 weeks.VARIABLEA. Independent VariableThe specialized N.C.C. Training programme was considered as the independent variable for the present study which includes Experimental Training Group:SR. NO. N.C.C. TRAINING PROGRAMME1. Kadam Taal2. Daudake Kadamtal3. Turns4. Forward March5. Flatfoot March6. Basic Military Training, Running, Front Roll,B. Dependent VariableCardiovascular Endurance - 12 Min’s Run and walk
International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessPROCEDURE OF THE STUDYPre-test: - The pre-test was conducted on both the experimental and control groups. Each subject was oriented to the testing procedures, was given demonstrations if needed, was informed about the Do’s and Don’ts, and was allowed practice trials. They were encouraged to perform to their best ability, and the researcher was careful to ensure all subjects were medically normalTraining phase: - The total training programmed of Four weeks and Five days per week except Sunday and Holiday experimental group in the period were imparted 6 weeks and 5 days in the week from Monday to Saturday, which was conducted only on N.C.C. Training Group, while non-Control group was engaged in daily routing work. Post-test: - After completion of 6 weeks training the subject of the both control and Experimental Group were undergone, post test data was recorded and preserved. The data was analyzed to get finding and conclusions.STATISTICAL PROCEDURE Comparison of the group was done with the help of One-Way Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA)RESULT OF THE STUDYTREATMENT WISE COMPARISON OF ADJUSTED MEAN SCORES OF CARDIOVASCULAR ENDURANCE BY TAKING PRE CARDIO-VASCULAR ENDURANCE AS COVARIATE.The objective was to compare the adjusted mean scores of Cardiovascular Endurance of NCC Training Programme Group and Control group by taking pre-Cardiovascular Endurance as covariate. The data were analyzed with the help of One Way ANCOVA and results are given in TableTable: Summary of One-Way ANCOVA Cardiovascular Endurance by taking PreCardiovascular Endurance as Covariate.Source of Variance df SSy.x MSSv.x F-value RemarkTreatment 1 1222147.92 1222147.92 27.06 P<0.01Error 37 1555423.16 42038.46Total 39 From Table, it can be seen that the adjusted F-Value is 29.07which is significant at 0.01 level with df 1/37. It indicates that the adjusted mean scores of Cardiovascular Endurance of College Girls of N.C.C. Training Group and Control Group differ significantly when their Pre-Cardiovascular Endurance was taken as Covariate. Thus, the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference between adjusted mean scores of Cardiovascular Endurance of College Girls of N.C.C. Training Group and Control Group by considering their PreCardiovascular Endurance as covariate is rejected. Further, the adjusted mean score of Cardiovascular Endurance of College Girls of N.C.C. Training Group is 1757.5 which are significantly higher than those of Control Group whose adjusted mean score of Cardiovascular Endurance is 1510. It may, therefore, be said that N.C.C Training was found to be effective in improving Cardiovascular Endurance than Control Group where pre-Cardiovascular Endurance was taken as Covariate. The result is presented graphically in figure below.
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2187Figure: Comparison of Adjusted Mean Score of Cardiovascular Endurance between N.C.C. Training Group and Control GroupCONCLUSIONOn the basis of the results obtained in the present study, it can be concluded that:• The NCC Training Programme had a significant positive effect on the cardiovascular endurance of college girls.• A significant difference was found in the adjusted mean scores of cardiovascular endurance between the NCC Training Programme group and the control group.REFERENCES1. Bompa, T. O. (2019). Periodization: Theory and methodology of training. Champaign: Human Kinetics.2. Charishma, p. N. (2022). A comparative study on physical fitness among national cadet crops and non-national cadet crops adolescent college girls.3. Fox, E. L., & Foss, M. L. (2008). The physiological basis for exercise and sport.McGraw-Hill.4. Kansal, D. K. (2010). Test and measurement in sports and physical education. DVS Publication.5. McArdle, W. D., Katch, F., & Katch.V.L. (2015). Exercise physiology:Nutrition,energy,and human performance. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.6. Singh, H. (2012). Science of sports training. DVS Publications.7. Verma, J. (2014). Statistics for sports and health science. Sports Publications.8. Willmore, J., Costill, D., & Kenney, W. (2012). Physiology of sport and exercise.Human Kinetics.N.C.C. Training Group Control GroupSeries1 1757.5 15101350140014501500155016001650170017501800MeterAdjusted mean scores of Cardiovascular Endurance of College Girls
International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessYOGA AND HOLISTIC HEALTH: AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH TO PHYSICAL, MENTAL, AND SPIRITUAL WELLBEINGMr. Shubham Pawar, Research Scholar, BPCA’s College of Physical Education, Wadala, Mumbai-31Dr. R.N. Shelke, Research Guide, Asst. Professor, BPCA’s College of Physical Education, Wadala, Mumbai-31ABSTRACTYoga is an ancient discipline that promotes holistic health by integrating physical postures, breathing techniques, mental discipline, and ethical living. In recent decades, yoga has gained global recognition as a scientifically supported practice that enhances physical fitness, mental well-being, emotional balance, and spiritual growth. This thematic paper explores the concept of holistic health, the philosophical foundations of yoga, and the role of yogic practices in promoting overall well-being. The paper also examines the relevance of yoga in modern lifestyles and its application in preventive healthcare, stress management, and personal development.Keywords: Yoga, holistic health, physical well-being, mental health, lifestyle management, wellnessINTRODUCTIONHolistic health emphasizes the harmonious functioning of the body, mind, and spirit rather than focusing solely on the absence of disease. In the modern world, sedentary lifestyles, stress, and mental health challenges have increased the demand for integrative health approaches. Yoga, rooted in ancient Indian philosophy, offers a comprehensive system for achieving holistic well-being. It is not merely a physical exercise but a way of life that encourages balance, self-awareness, and inner harmony. This paper explores yoga as a holistic health practice and its relevance in contemporary society.CONCEPT OF HOLISTIC HEALTHHolistic health is based on the understanding that human well-being is multidimensional. It includes physical, mental, emotional, social, and spiritual aspects. An imbalance in any of these dimensions can affect overall health. Holistic approaches aim to address the root causes of illness by promoting healthy lifestyle choices, emotional resilience, and self-care practices. Yoga aligns closely with this concept by integrating physical activity, mental discipline, ethical values, and spiritual awareness into daily life.PHILOSOPHY AND FOUNDATIONS OF YOGAThe philosophical foundation of yoga is outlined in classical texts such as the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali. Yoga is traditionally described as an eightfold path (Ashtanga Yoga), which includes ethical conduct, self-discipline, physical postures, breath control, sensory regulation, concentration, meditation, and self-realization. These principles highlight yoga’s holistic nature, emphasizing moral values, mental clarity, and physical health as interconnected components of well-being.COMPONENTS OF YOGA AND THEIR ROLE IN HOLISTIC HEALTHAsanas (Physical Postures)Asanas improve flexibility, strength, posture, and balance. Regular practice enhances muscular and skeletal health, improves circulation, and supports proper functioning of internal organs. Unlike competitive physical exercises, yoga postures focus on controlled movements and body awareness, making them suitable for people of different ages and fitness levels.Pranayama (Breathing Techniques)
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2189Pranayama involves regulated breathing practices that enhance lung capacity and improve oxygen supply to the body. Controlled breathing helps regulate the nervous system, reduce stress, and promote emotional stability. Pranayama plays a vital role in connecting the physical body with mental and emotional states.MEDITATION AND MINDFULNESSMeditation cultivates mental clarity, concentration, and inner peace. Regular practice helps manage stress, anxiety, and emotional fluctuations. By encouraging self-reflection and awareness, meditation supports mental resilience and promotes a positive outlook on life.ETHICAL AND LIFESTYLE PRINCIPLESYogic principles such as non-violence, truthfulness, self-discipline, and moderation guide individuals toward healthy relationships and responsible living. These values contribute to social harmony and emotional well-being, reinforcing the holistic nature of yoga.YOGA AND MENTAL HEALTHYoga has been widely recognized for its positive effects on mental health. The combination of movement, breath control, and mindfulness helps reduce stress, improve emotional regulation, and enhance self-confidence. Yoga practices promote relaxation and mental focus, making them effective in managing academic pressure, work-related stress, and daily challenges.YOGA IN PREVENTIVE AND LIFESTYLE HEALTHYoga plays an important role in preventive healthcare by encouraging healthy habits and body awareness. Regular practice supports immune function, improves sleep quality, and promotes balanced energy levels. As a low-cost and accessible practice, yoga can be integrated into schools, workplaces, and community health programs to promote long-term wellness.RELEVANCE OF YOGA IN MODERN SOCIETYIn today’s fast-paced and technology-driven world, individuals often experience physical inactivity and mental overload. Yoga provides a balanced approach to counter these challenges by encouraging mindful living and self-care. Its adaptability makes it relevant across cultures and age groups, contributing to its global acceptance as a holistic health practice.CHALLENGES AND CONSIDERATIONSDespite its benefits, yoga requires proper guidance and consistency to achieve desired outcomes. Misinterpretation of practices or excessive physical strain may reduce its effectiveness. Therefore, awareness, qualified instruction, and a balanced approach are essential for safe and beneficial practice.CONCLUSIONYoga is a comprehensive system that supports holistic health by harmonizing the body, mind, and spirit. Its integration of physical postures, breathing techniques, meditation, and ethical values makes it a powerful tool for enhancing overall well-being. As modern societies seek sustainable and preventive health solutions, yoga continues to offer a timeless and effective approach to achieving balanced and healthy living.REFERENCES1. Patanjali. Yoga Sutras.2. Iyengar, B. K. S. (2002). Light on Yoga. HarperCollins.3. Feuerstein, G. (2013). The Yoga Tradition. Shambhala Publications.4. Ross, A., & Thomas, S. (2010). The health benefits of yoga and exercise. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 16(1), 3–12.
International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessROLE OF CORRECTIVE EXERCISES IN POST-INJURY REHABILITATION OF KABADDI PLAYERSMr. Saurabh Sandip Divekar, Research Scholar, BPCA’s College of Physical Education andsports, Wadala, Mumbai 400031Prof. Dr.G.K. DHOKRAT, Research Guide, Professor, BPCA’s College of PhysicalEducation and sports, Wadala, Mumbai: 400031.ABSTRACTKabaddi is a high-intensity indigenous sport that demands strength, agility, flexibility, balance, and rapid changes of direction. Due to its physical nature, Kabaddi players are highly susceptible to musculoskeletal injuries, particularly involving the knee, ankle, shoulder, and lower back. Post-injury rehabilitation plays a crucial role in restoring functional ability and enabling safe return to play. Corrective exercises form an important component of rehabilitation by addressing muscular imbalances, faulty movement patterns, and joint instability developed due to injury or improper training. This paper examines the role of corrective exercises in post-injury rehabilitation of Kabaddi players. The discussion focuses on the nature of injuries in Kabaddi, principles of corrective exercise, functional recovery, injury prevention, and performance restoration. The paper highlights that systematic application of corrective exercises can enhance recovery, reduce re-injury risk, and improve long-term athletic performance. Emphasis is placed on integrating corrective exercise programmes within structured rehabilitation and training frameworks for Kabaddi players.Keywords: Corrective Exercises, Rehabilitation, Kabaddi, Sports Injuries, Functional RecoveryINRODUCTIONKabaddi is a traditional Indian contact sport that requires a high level of physical fitness, neuromuscular coordination, and tactical skill. The sport involves repeated bouts of sprinting, lunging, grappling, twisting, and body contact, which place considerable stress on the musculoskeletal system. As a result, Kabaddi players are prone to various acute and overuse injuries.Post-injury rehabilitation is essential not only for recovery but also for preventing recurrence and ensuring long-term athletic development. In recent years, corrective exercises have gained importance in sports rehabilitation due to their effectiveness in restoring proper movement patterns and muscular balance. This paper discusses the role of corrective exercises in post-injury rehabilitation of Kabaddi players, emphasizing their significance in functional recovery and safe return to play.NATURE OF INJURIES IN KABADDI PLAYERSKabaddi players commonly experience injuries to the knee, ankle, shoulder, hip, and lower back due to sudden directional changes, tackles, falls, and physical collisions. Muscle strains, ligament sprains, joint instability, and soft tissue injuries are frequently reported.Improper movement mechanics, muscular imbalances, inadequate flexibility, and poor core stability often contribute to these injuries. Following injury, compensatory movement patterns may develop, increasing the risk of re-injury if not addressed systematically. Therefore, rehabilitation programmes must focus on correcting these dysfunctions rather than only managing symptoms.
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2191CONCEPT OF CORRECTIVE EXERCISESCorrective exercises are designed to identify and address movement dysfunctions, muscular imbalances, and joint instability. These exercises aim to restore optimal alignment, mobility, stability, and neuromuscular control. Corrective exercise programmes are typically progressive, beginning with mobility and activation exercises and advancing towards functional and sport-specific movements.In the context of sports rehabilitation, corrective exercises play a vital role in rebuilding strength, improving flexibility, enhancing balance, and re-establishing efficient movement patterns. For Kabaddi players, corrective exercises help restore functional movements such as squatting, lunging, pushing, pulling, and rotational actions essential for performance.ROLE OF CORRECTIVE EXERCISES IN REHABILITATIONRESTORATION OF FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENTCorrective exercises help restore fundamental movement patterns affected by injury. By improving joint mobility and muscular coordination, these exercises enable Kabaddi players to regain functional efficiency required for sport-specific actions.CORRECTION OF MUSCULAR IMBALANCESPost-injury conditions often lead to muscle weakness or overcompensation. Corrective exercises target weak or inhibited muscles while reducing excessive tension in overactive muscles, thereby restoring muscular balance.ENHANCEMENT OF JOINT STABILITYJoint stability is crucial for Kabaddi players due to frequent physical contact and rapid movements. Corrective exercises strengthen stabilizing muscles around joints, particularly the knee, ankle, and shoulder, reducing the likelihood of further injury.IMPROVEMENT OF NEUROMUSCULAR CONTROLCorrective exercises enhance proprioception and neuromuscular coordination, which are essential for maintaining balance and control during dynamic movements. Improved neuromuscular control supports safer execution of sport-specific skills.INJURY PREVENTION AND RETURN TO PLAYCorrective exercises not only aid in rehabilitation but also play a preventive role. By addressing underlying movement deficiencies, these exercises reduce stress on vulnerablestructures. Integrating corrective exercises into rehabilitation programmes facilitates a gradual and safe return to play.For Kabaddi players, return-to-play decisions should be based on functional readiness rather than time-based recovery alone. Corrective exercise programmes help ensure that players regain adequate strength, mobility, and movement quality before resuming competitive participation.INTEGRATION OF CORRECTIVE EXERCISES IN TRAININGIncorporating corrective exercises into regular training routines can significantly enhance longterm athlete development. Coaches, Physical Education professionals, and sports rehabilitation specialists should collaborate to design individualized corrective programmes based on injury history and movement assessment.
International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessCorrective exercises can be included in warm-up routines, rehabilitation sessions, and conditioning programmes. Such integration promotes continuous movement quality improvement and reduces injury recurrence among Kabaddi players.CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTATIONDespite their benefits, corrective exercises are often underutilized due to lack of awareness, limited professional expertise, and time constraints. In many training environments, emphasis is placed primarily on performance enhancement rather than movement correction.Another challenge is the absence of structured rehabilitation protocols at the grassroots and school levels. Addressing these challenges requires education, professional training, and institutional support.RECOMMENDATIONS1. Corrective exercises should be included as a core component of post-injury rehabilitation programmes for Kabaddi players.2. Coaches and Physical Education professionals should receive training in movement assessment and corrective exercise techniques.3. Rehabilitation programmes should focus on functional movement restoration rather than symptom management alone.4. Corrective exercises should be integrated into regular training to prevent future injuries.CONCLUSIONCorrective exercises play a vital role in post-injury rehabilitation of Kabaddi players by restoring functional movement, correcting muscular imbalances, and enhancing joint stability. Their systematic application supports safe return to play and reduces the risk of re-injury. Integrating corrective exercises into rehabilitation and training programmes can significantly improve long-term athletic performance and injury prevention. Emphasizing corrective exercise strategies within Kabaddi training frameworks is essential for promoting athlete health and sustainable performance development.REFERENCES 1. Government of India. (2020). National Education Policy 2020.2. Kumar, S., & Singh, P. (2019). Sports injuries and rehabilitation in contact sports. Indian Journal of Sports Sciences, 14(2), 45–52.3. Reddy, K. R. (2018). Functional training and injury prevention in Indian athletes. International Journal of Physical Education, 11(3), 33–39.4. Sharma, R., & Verma, A. (2021). Role of corrective exercises in sports rehabilitation. Journal of Physical Education and Sports Medicine, 16(1), 21–27.5. Singh, A. (2020). Injury patterns in Kabaddi players and preventive strategies. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health, 7(4), 101–105.
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2193 EFFECT OF TRADITIONAL EXERCISE TRAINING ON SPEED OF ADOLESCENT KABADDI PLAYERS Shrikant Pinjari, Ph.D. Scholar, Chandrashekhar Agashe College of Physical Education, Pune, Dr. Sheetal Shendkar, Research Guide, Chandrashekhar Agashe College of Physical Education, Pune, Mah. ABSTRACT:- The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of traditional exercise training on speed performance of adolescent Kabaddi players. Kabaddi is a combative team sport that demands high levels of speed, agility, and physical fitness. Traditional exercises such as Surya Namaskar, Dand, Baithak, rope skipping, and running drills have been widely used in Indian physical culture for improving fitness components. For the present study, adolescent male Kabaddi players were selected as subjects. A traditional exercise training programme was administered for a specific duration. Speed was assessed before and after the training programme using a standardized speed test. The data collected were statistically analyzed to determine the significance of improvement. The results revealed a significant improvement in speed performance of adolescent Kabaddi players after undergoing traditional exercise training. The findings suggest that traditional exercise training is effective and beneficial for enhancing speed in Kabaddi players. Keywords:-Traditional Exercise Training, Speed, Kabaddi, Adolescent Players.INTRODUCTION:- Kabaddi is a popular indigenous sport of India that requires a combination of physical, physiological, and motor fitness components such as speed, strength, agility, endurance, and coordination. Among these components, speed plays a crucial role in raiding and defending performance. Modern training methods are commonly used today; however, traditional exercise training methods have been practiced for centuries and are known for their holistic approach to physical development. Traditional exercises are economical, easily accessible, and suitable for developing young athletes. Therefore, it is important to scientifically examine the effectiveness of traditional exercise training on speed performance of adolescent Kabaddiplayers.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:- • To study the effect of traditional exercise training on the speed of adolescent Kabaddiplayers.• To compare the speed performance before and after the traditional exercise trainingprogramme.• To determine the usefulness of traditional exercises in Kabaddi training.HYPOTHESES;- Null Hypothesis (H₀)There will be no significant effect of traditional exercise training on the speed of adolescent Kabaddi players. Research Hypothesis (H₁) There will be a significant effect of traditional exercise training on the speed of adolescent Kabaddi players.
International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessMETHODOLOGY:-Selection of Subjects The subjects for the present study were adolescent male Kabaddi players. The age of the subjects ranged between 14 to 17 years. The subjects were selected from Kabaddi training centres of Mumbai.Selection of VariablesIndependent Variables: Traditional Exercise Training ProgrammeDependent Variable: SpeedTraining Programme: -The traditional exercise training programme included Surya Namaskar, Dand, Baithak, rope skipping, running, and sprint drills. The training was conducted for a fixed duration under controlled conditions.Criterion Measure:- Speed was measured by using a standardized sprint test.Statistical Technique:-The collected data were analysed by applying appropriate statistical techniques to determine the significance of differences between pre-test and post-test scores.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:-The results of the study showed a significant improvement in speed performance after the completion of the traditional exercise training programme. The improvement may be attributed to enhanced neuromuscular coordination, improved leg strength, and better movement efficiency developed through traditional exercises. The findings of the present study support the effectiveness of traditional exercise training in developing speed among adolescent Kabaddi players.CONCLUSION:-On the basis of the results obtained in the present study, it can be concluded that traditional exercise training has a significant positive effect on the speed of adolescent Kabaddi players. Traditional exercises are effective, cost-efficient, and suitable for inclusion in Kabaddi training programmes, especially for adolescent athletes. Coaches and physical education teachers are recommended to incorporate traditional exercise training in regular practice sessions for improving speed performance.REFERENCES:-1. Bompa, T. O., & Buzzichelli, C. (2019). Periodization: Theory and Methodology of Training. Human Kinetics.2. Kumar, A. (2018). Kabaddi: Rules, Skills and Training. New Delhi: Friends Publications.3. Singh, H. (2016). Science of Sports Training. New Delhi: DVS Publications.4. Sharma, O. P. (2015). Effect of Traditional Exercises on Physical Fitness Variables. International Journal of Physical Education, 8(2), 45–49.5. Verma, J. P. (2014). Statistics for Sports and Health Sciences. New Delhi: Sports Publications.
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2195EFFECT OF INTEGRATED TRAINING PROGRAMME ON PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLE OF JUNIOR NATIONAL KABADDI PLAYERSMs. Varsha Pandey, Vedant Nayak, Research Scholar, B.P.C.A’s College of Physical Education, Wadala, Mumbai-31Dr. Neetu Omprakash Joshi, Guide, Associate Professor, B.P.C. A’s College of Physical Education, Wadala, Mumbai-31ABSTRACTAccording to Psychology, aggression describes any behavior or act aimed at harming a person or animal or damaging physical property. Since Kabaddi is a body contact game, there are more chances for a player to get excited or loose temper with opponents. Sometimes the referee’s decision may also result in the player loosing his cool especially when he feels that the decision is not justified and not in his favor. Aggression is the important factor that significantly affects the performance of an individual or team. Integrated training module is designed to involve aspects like psycho-physical variable for enhancement of skill for junior National kabaddi players of Gujarat state which help to boost their performance at compaction level. Through Integrated training aggression is channelized into assertiveness of mind, and character is encouraged. The purpose of the study was to determine the “Effect of Integrated Training Programme on Aggression of Junior National Kabaddi Players of Gujarat State”. The objective of the study was to compare the adjusted Mean Scores of Aggression of Junior National Kabaddi Players of Integrated Training Group and Control Group by taking PreAggression as Covariate. Sixty female Junior National Players of Gujarat State were assigned to experimental (n=30) and control (n=30) groups. The experimental group underwent Integrated training; six days a week for 12 weeks, whereas control group didn’t participate in the Integrated Training Programme. At the baseline and after training intervention Aggression test through questionnaire by M. K. Sultania were conducted to assess the aggression. Data were analyzed by using One Way ANCOVA test. The result revealed that Integrated Training Programme did not help to reduce Aggression.Key Word: Aggression INTRODUCTION:Kabaddi is perhaps the only combative sport in which attack is an individual attempt while defense is a group effort. Yoga, the Indian science to control body and mind through meditation and self-control plays an integral part of Kabaddi. According to Psychology, aggression describes any behavior or act aimed at harming a person or animal or damaging physical property. Since Kabaddi is a body contact game, there are more chances for a player to get excited or loose his temper with opponents. Sometimes the referee’s decision may also result in the player loosing his cool especially when he feels that the decision is not justified and not in his favor. Aggression is the important factor that significantly affects the performance of an individual or team. Integrated training module is designed to involve aspects like psycho-physical variable for enhancement of skill for junior National kabaddi players of Gujarat state which help to boost their performance at compaction level. Through Integrated training aggression is channelized into assertiveness of mind, and character is encouraged. In this piece of research, the researcher intends to see the “Effect of Integrated Training Programme on Aggression of Junior National Kabaddi Players of Gujarat State”.
International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessAIM:This study is conducted to determine the effect of Integrated Training Programme on Aggression of Junior National Kabaddi Players of Gujarat State.OBJECTIVES:To compare the adjusted Mean Scores of Aggression of Junior National Kabaddi Players of Integrated Training Group and Control Group by taking Pre-Aggression as Covariate.HYPOTHESES:H01: There is no significant difference in the adjusted Mean Scores of Aggression of Junior National Kabaddi Players of Integrated Training Group and Control Group by taking Pre-Aggression as Covariate.METHODOLOGY:Selection of SampleSixty female Junior National Players of Gujarat State were assigned to experimental (n=30) and control (n=30) groups. Research DesignThe design of the experiment has been planned in three phases’ viz., Phase-I: Pre-test, PhaseII: Training or Treatment and Phase-III: Post-test. The subjects in the experiment were divided into two groups, i.e. Group A: Experimental (Integrated Training Group and Group B: Control Group; each group consisted of 30 subjects. The experimental group underwent Integrated training; six days a week for 12 weeks, whereas control group didn’t participate in the integrated training programme. Dependent VariablePsychological Variable: AggressionTools/InstrumentsThe following criterion measure was included to record the score of Aggression.Sr. No. Variable Tools Test Score1 Aggression Questionnaire Aggression Inventory Questionnaire by M. K. Sultania– 2005Score in numbersStatistics:Comparison of Integrated Training group and Control group was done with the help of One Way Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA).Result and Discussion of the studyTREATMENT WISE COMPARISON OF ADJUSTED MEAN SCORES OF AGGRESSIONThe adjusted F-value is 0.305 which is not significant at 0.05 level with df=1/57 when PreAggression was taken as covariate. It shows that the adjusted Mean Scores of Aggression of Junior National Kabaddi Players of Integrated Exercise Training Group and Control Group do not differ significantly when Pre-Aggression was taken as Covariate. Thus, the Null Hypothesis that there is no significant difference in the adjusted Mean Scores of Aggression of Junior National Kabaddi Players of Integrated Exercise Training Group and Control Group by taking Pre Aggression as Covariate is not rejected. Further the adjusted mean score of Aggression of Integrated Exercise Training Group is 132.90. This does not differ significantlythan that of Control Group where adjusted mean score of Aggression is 130.70. It may,
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2197therefore, be said that Integrated Exercise Training Group was not found to be effective in reducing Aggression of Junior National Kabaddi Players than Control Group where Pre Aggression was taken as covariate.CONCLUSIONThe result of the study helps to conclude that the Integrated Training among Junior National Kabaddi players of Gujarat State was not found to be effective in reducing Aggression.REFERENCES1. Dr.M.L.Kamlesh. (n.d.). Foundation of Physical Education (Vol. 1). India.2. V, R. (2019). Training load and submaximal heart rate testing throughout a competitive period in a top-level male football team. J Sports Sci. 3. J, R. E. (Feb 2004). Competitive martial arts and aggressiveness: A 2-yr longitudinal study among young boys. Percept Mot Skills, 98 (1): 103-15.4. FA, E. (2018). High Intensity Interval Training Performed by Young Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Physical.5. H, A. (2017). Effects of Heart Rate vs Speed Based High Intensity Interval Training on Aerobic and Anaerobic Capacity of Female Soccer Players. Sports (Basel).
International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessAWARENESS AND TRAINING OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEACHERS TOWARDS SPECIAL NEEDS EDUCATION.Yogesh Janardan Pawar; Research Scholar, BPCA’s College of Physical Education and Sports, Wadala, Mumbai 400031.Dr. R. N. Shelke, Research Guide, Assistant Professor, BPCA’s College of Physical Education and Sports, Wadala, Mumbai 400031ABSTRACTInclusive education has emerged as a key focus of contemporary educational discourse in India, emphasizing equitable learning opportunities for students with diverse abilities. Physical Education plays a significant role in the holistic development of children with special needs; however, the effectiveness of inclusive Physical Education largely depends on the awareness and professional training of teachers. The present paper examines major issues related to awareness, training, and preparedness of Physical Education teachers towards special needs education. The paper discusses important aspects such as the conceptual foundations of special needs education in Physical Education, teacher awareness, professional preparation, challenges in inclusive practice, and policy and institutional support. The discussion indicates that although Physical Education teachers generally demonstrate positive attitudes towards inclusion, inadequate professional preparation and limited institutional support remain significant barriers. The paper emphasizes the need for systematic teacher training and curriculum reforms to strengthen inclusive Physical Education practices in India.Keywords: Physical Education, Teacher Awareness, Professional Training, Special Needs Education, Inclusive EducationINTRODUCTIONEducation aims at the holistic development of every individual, including children with special needs. In recent decades, inclusive education has emerged as a guiding principle of educational reforms in India, advocating the integration of learners with disabilities into mainstream educational settings. Physical Education, as an essential component of school education, contributes significantly to physical fitness, social interaction, emotional wellbeing, and self-confidence, particularly for students with special needs.Physical Education teachers occupy a crucial position in implementing inclusive practices, as they are responsible for designing, organizing, and conducting activities that cater to diverse abilities. Effective inclusion in Physical Education requires teachers to possess adequate awareness, professional competence, and specialized training in adapted and inclusive practices. However, literature in the Indian context suggests that many Physical Education teachers lack sufficient preparation to address the needs of students with disabilities. Therefore, an examination of awareness and training of Physical Education teachers towards special needs education becomes essential.CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS OF SPECIAL NEEDS EDUCATION IN PHYSICAL EDUCATIONSpecial needs education refers to educational practices designed to accommodate the unique learning requirements of individuals with physical, intellectual, sensory, emotional, or developmental disabilities. In the context of Physical Education, this involves modifying activities, adapting rules, using assistive equipment, and ensuring safe and meaningful participation for all learners.Indian scholars emphasize that inclusive Physical Education should focus on functional abilities rather than limitations. Participation in appropriately designed Physical Education programmes has been shown to enhance physical fitness, social interaction, self-esteem, and
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2199emotional adjustment among children with special needs. Conceptual clarity regarding special needs education is therefore fundamental for Physical Education teachers to successfully implement inclusive practices.AWARENESS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEACHERS TOWARDS SPECIAL NEEDS EDUCATIONAwareness among Physical Education teachers encompasses knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and understanding related to special needs education. Studies conducted in India consistently indicate that Physical Education teachers generally display positive attitudes towards inclusion. However, their awareness regarding disability-specific adaptations, safety considerations, and instructional strategies is often insufficient.Limited exposure to children with disabilities and lack of formal preparation are major factors contributing to inadequate awareness. Teachers with higher awareness levels demonstrate greater confidence and effectiveness in inclusive Physical Education settings. Enhancing awareness is therefore a critical requirement for the successful inclusion of students with special needs.TRAINING OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEACHERS IN INCLUSIVE PRACTICESProfessional training plays a decisive role in equipping Physical Education teachers with the competencies required for inclusive education. In the Indian context, pre-service teacher education programmes such as B.P.Ed. and M.P.Ed. include limited content related to adapted Physical Education and special needs education. Consequently, many teachers enter the profession without adequate skills to manage inclusive Physical Education classes.Indian literature highlights that in-service training programmes, refresher courses, and professional development workshops significantly enhance teachers’ awareness, instructional competence, and confidence. Teachers who receive systematic training demonstrate better lesson planning, classroom management, and ability to adapt activities according to individual needs. Strengthening teacher training remains a key priority for inclusive Physical Education.CHALLENGES IN INCLUSIVE PHYSICAL EDUCATIONDespite supportive policies and positive teacher attitudes, several challenges hinder the effective implementation of inclusive Physical Education in Indian schools. Commonly identified barriers include lack of professional training, inadequate infrastructure and equipment, large class sizes, time constraints, and limited administrative support.Physical Education teachers often express concerns regarding safety, assessment, and addressing diverse learner needs within a single lesson. These challenges highlight the importance of institutional support, adequate resources, and continuous professional development to facilitate inclusive practices.POLICY FRAMEWORK AND INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORTThe Government of India has emphasized inclusive education through various legislative and policy initiatives, including the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (2016) and the National Education Policy (2020). These policies stress equal educational opportunities and the professional preparation of teachers to meet the needs of children with disabilities.However, Indian academic discourse indicates a gap between policy intentions and practical implementation in schools. Institutional support in the form of infrastructure, resources, collaborative practices, and training opportunities is essential to translate policy objectives into effective inclusive Physical Education practices.
International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessRECOMMENDATIONSBased on the discussion presented in the paper, the following recommendations are suggested:1. Adapted and inclusive Physical Education should be integrated into pre-service teacher education programmes.2. Regular in-service training and professional development programmes should be organized for Physical Education teachers.3. Practical guidelines, teaching aids, and resource materials should be developed to support inclusive Physical Education.4. Institutional infrastructure and administrative support should be strengthened to promote inclusive practices.CONCLUSIONThe discussion presented in this paper highlights that awareness and professional training of Physical Education teachers are fundamental for the effective implementation of inclusive Physical Education in India. Although teachers generally exhibit positive attitudes towards inclusion, inadequate training and limited institutional support continue to restrict effective practice. Strengthening teacher education, professional development, and policy implementation can significantly enhance inclusive Physical Education, thereby promoting equal opportunities for children with special needs.REFERENCES1. Government of India. (2016). The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016. New 2. Ministry of Human Resource Development. (2020). National Education Policy 2020. 3. NCERT. (2012). Position paper on education of children with special needs. New Delhi: 4. NCERT. (2014). Inclusive education: Teacher preparation and school practices. New 5. Reddy, K. R., & Raju, S. (2018). Inclusive physical education: Challenges and prospects in Indian schools. International Journal of Physical Education, 11(2), 23–28.6. Sharma, U., & Deppeler, J. (2018). Teacher education for inclusive education in India: Changing the paradigm. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 22(10), 1–15.7. Singh, A., & Kaur, J. (2019). Awareness of physical education teachers towards inclusive education in Indian schools. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health, 6(4), 45–48.8. Singal, N. (2016). Education of children with disabilities in India: A critical analysis. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 20(6), 1–15.
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2201REHABILITATION, INJURY PREVENTION AND RECOVERY IN SPORTS: A SCIENTIFIC AND HOLISTIC APPROACH TO ATHLETE HEALTHMR. CHETAN DIVEKAR, M.P.ED-2, BPCA’s College of Physical Education, Wadala, Mumbai-31PROF DR. G.K. DHOKRAT BPCA’s College of Physical Education, Wadala, Mumbai-31ABSTRACTSports participation, while beneficial for physical fitness and performance, carries an inherent risk of injury. Effective rehabilitation, injury prevention, and recovery strategies are essential for maintaining athlete health, optimizing performance, and ensuring long-term participation in sports. Advances in sports science, physiotherapy, biomechanics, and training methodology have significantly improved the management of sports-related injuries. This thematic paper examines the principles of sports rehabilitation, strategies for injury prevention, and modern recovery approaches, highlighting their role in enhancing athletic performance and reducing injury recurrence.Keywords: Sports rehabilitation, injury prevention, recovery, sports medicine, athlete health, physiotherapyINTRODUCTIONSports injuries are a common challenge faced by athletes at all levels, from recreational participants to elite professionals. Injuries not only affect physical performance but also have psychological and social consequences. Modern sports science emphasizes a proactive and systematic approach to injury management that includes prevention, early intervention, structured rehabilitation, and effective recovery strategies. This paper explores the interconnected roles of rehabilitation, injury prevention, and recovery in promoting athlete well-being and sustainable performance.UNDERSTANDING SPORTS INJURIESSports injuries may occur due to overuse, poor technique, inadequate conditioning, or external factors such as playing surfaces and equipment. Repetitive stress, muscular imbalances, and insufficient recovery time are major contributors. Understanding injury mechanisms through biomechanics and movement analysis is crucial for developing effective preventive and rehabilitative programs.PRINCIPLES OF SPORTS REHABILITATIONSports rehabilitation is a structured process aimed at restoring physical function and enabling a safe return to activity. It focuses on gradual progression, individualization, and functional recovery.GOALS OF REHABILITATIONThe primary goals of rehabilitation include restoring strength, flexibility, coordination, and endurance while minimizing the risk of re-injury. Rehabilitation also addresses psychological confidence, which is critical for successful return to sport.PHASES OF REHABILITATIONRehabilitation typically progresses through stages:• Initial phase: Focuses on pain management, protection, and maintaining mobility.
International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social Wellness• Recovery phase: Emphasizes restoring range of motion, strength, and neuromuscular control.• Functional phase: Involves sport-specific movements and conditioning.• Return-to-play phase: Ensures the athlete can safely resume full participation.ROLE OF PHYSIOTHERAPY AND EXERCISE THERAPYPhysiotherapy uses therapeutic exercises, manual techniques, and corrective movements to restore function. Exercise therapy is central to rebuilding strength and correcting movement patterns essential for athletic performance.INJURY PREVENTION IN SPORTSInjury prevention is a proactive approach aimed at reducing the occurrence and severity of injuries through scientific planning and education.PHYSICAL CONDITIONINGProper conditioning programs improve muscular strength, flexibility, balance, and coordination. Warm-up and cool-down routines play a critical role in preparing the body for activity and reducing injury risk.TECHNIQUE AND BIOMECHANICSCorrect technique minimizes unnecessary stress on muscles and joints. Biomechanical analysis helps identify faulty movement patterns that may lead to injury, allowing coaches and trainers to make corrective interventions.LOAD MANAGEMENTMonitoring training intensity, volume, and frequency is essential to prevent overuse injuries. Gradual progression and adequate rest help maintain physical adaptation without excessive strain.EDUCATION AND AWARENESSEducating athletes about proper nutrition, hydration, posture, and recovery habits empowers them to take responsibility for their own health and safety.RECOVERY IN SPORTSRecovery is a vital component of training that allows the body to adapt, repair, and perform optimally.IMPORTANCE OF RECOVERYInsufficient recovery can lead to fatigue, decreased performance, and increased injury risk. Effective recovery supports physical repair and mental relaxation.RECOVERY STRATEGIESCommon recovery strategies include active recovery, stretching, relaxation techniques, adequate sleep, and balanced nutrition. These methods help restore energy levels and promote tissue repair.PSYCHOLOGICAL RECOVERYMental recovery is equally important. Stress management, relaxation techniques, and mental training help athletes maintain focus, motivation, and emotional balance.INTEGRATION OF SPORTS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYModern rehabilitation and injury prevention programs increasingly use technology such as motion analysis systems, wearable devices, and performance monitoring tools. These technologies provide objective data that support individualized training and recovery plans, improving accuracy and effectiveness.
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2203ROLE OF A MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAMEffective injury management involves collaboration among coaches, physiotherapists, sports physicians, psychologists, and strength and conditioning specialists. A multidisciplinary approach ensures comprehensive care addressing physical, mental, and performance-related needs.ETHICAL AND PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONSEthical considerations include prioritizing athlete health over competitive success and avoiding premature return to play. Safe practices, informed consent, and age-appropriate training are particularly important in youth sports to ensure long-term development and well-being.CONCLUSIONRehabilitation, injury prevention, and recovery are integral components of modern sports science. A well-structured and evidence-based approach not only reduces injury risk but also enhances athletic performance and longevity. By integrating scientific knowledge, proper training methods, and supportive recovery strategies, athletes can achieve sustainable success while maintaining optimal health.REFERENCES 1. Brukner, P., & Khan, K. (2017). Clinical Sports Medicine. McGraw-Hill.2. Bahr, R., & Krosshaug, T. (2005). Understanding injury mechanisms. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(6), 324–329.3. McGuigan, M. (2017). Monitoring Training and Performance in Athletes. Human Kinetics.4. Bompa, T., & Buzzichelli, C. (2019). Periodization: Theory and Methodology of Training. Human Kinetics.
International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessEFFECT OF PLYOMETRIC EXERCISES TRAINNING PROGRAMME FOR THE PROMOTION OF MOTOR PERFORMANCE COMPONENTS AND SKILLS IN VOLLEYBALL FOR SCHO0L BOYSMane Sanjay Vithoba Gokula, Research Scholar, BPCA’s College of Physical Education and Sports, Wadala, Mumbai 400031.Dr. K. K. Asai, Research Guide, Assistant Professor, BPCA’s College of Physical Education and Sports, Wadala, Mumbai 400031ABSTRACT:To study the chronic physiological adaptation of plyometric training program on motor performance variable of school’s boys was analyzed in this study on influence plyometric training on motor performance components and skills of Volleyball of for schools’ boys in football. The study was carried on 60 boys from Mumbai Suburban district, Maharashtra. The average age of the boys was 14 to 16 years. The APPHERED VOLLEYBALL test was administered to assess the performance in volleyball skills. Standardize procedure were adapted to administer the test. Subjects were trained into various plyometric training exercises for 8 weeks.INTRODUCTION:SPORT meaning refers to activities in which people participate voluntarily and which almost always provide a challenge of some kind, this challenge usually involves physical exercise, the execution of skill or both. \"SPORT having also one of the meanings to the experience of pleasure or satisfaction gained by an individual through participating in the he activities. At the most obvious level, there is the satisfaction of the top of the climb and of beating the opponents in the volleyball match or in any game.Today fitness industry has standardized, what is safe and unsafe and defined which workout gives the best results, Today's daily life is fast. People want to move fast with the time, so they are not taking much precaution about their health. They cat fast-food. Pressure food, processed food etc. so it inversely effects on the physical fitness of the person.All athletes strive to be a little stronger and a little faster, knowing that this edge in ability leads them ever closer to realize their ultimate potential the realizing of highly held goals is a product of the development of natural ability and the learned skills or technique of a sports. The typical athlete must train himself/herself for many years to refine technique and to develop the strength and speed required to reach his or her individual potential.It is revealed during the course of study that jumping with the help of weighted hope to improve the performance and jumping task, and other muscular components. In this respect training session was carried out by jumping six or more one-minute session with the brief in between providing Plyometric exercises training. It has our experience that though the athletes receive scientific training and coaching they get defeat if the selection procedure of a player is not proper, we Indian considering sports politics select their players on the basis of the same efficiency showed in volleyball skills during game situation more over very few of selection committee consider the fitness level of the players. Thus, the performance exhibited by them in one situation may not be always consist and reliable mostly in another situation. This study helps us to improve performance and skill abilities of the students This study is humble attempt to Investigate about skill development in school Volleyball players.
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2205OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY:The objectives of the present study will be as under• To compare the adjusted mean scores of Speed as measured by 50 Yard Dash Test of the experimental group and control group• To compare the adjusted mean scores of Power as measured by Standing Broad Jump Test of the experimental group and control group• To compare the adjusted mean scores of Agility as measured by 4 x 10m Shuttle Run Test of the experimental group and control group• To compare the adjusted mean scores of Balance as measured by Stork Stand Test of the experimental group and control group• To compare the adjusted mean scores of Volleying as measured by AAHPERD Serving Test of the experimental group and control group• To compare the adjusted mean scores of Serving as measured by AAHPERD Serving Test of the experimental group and control group• To compare the adjusted mean scores of Passing as measured by AAHPERD Passing Test of the experimental group and control groupHYPOTHESIS:• HO1 There is no significant difference in the adjusted mean scores of Speed as by 50 Yard Dash Test between experimental group and control group. due to the training of plyometric exercises• HO2 There is no significant difference in the adjusted mean scores of Power as Tested by Standing Broad Jump Test between experimental group and control group. due to the training of plyometric exercises• HO3 There is no significant difference in the adjusted mean scores of Agility as Tested by 4 x 10m Shuttle run Test between experimental group and control group. due to the training of plyometric exercises• HO4 There is no significant difference in the adjusted mean scores of Balance as Tested by Stork Stand Test between experimental group and control group. due to the training of plyometric exercises• HO5 There is no significant difference in the adjusted mean scores of Volleying as Tested by AAPHERD Volleying Test between experimental group and control group. due to the training of plyometric exercises• HO6 There is no significant difference in the adjusted mean scores of Serving as Tested by AAPHERD Serving Test between experimental group and control group. due to the training of plyometric exercises• HO7 There is no significant difference in the adjusted mean scores of Passing as Tested by AAPHERD Passing Test between experimental group and control group. due to the training of plyometric exercisesLIMITATIONS OF STUDYThe limitations of the study are as follows1. It will not be possible to control the subject day to day activities2. There will be no control in food habit, rest, and sleep of the selected students because they were coming from different places.3. The standard of living of the students will not be controlledDELIMITATIONS OF STUDY:Although the present study has a large scope, however, to complete this within stipulated period and the resource availability, the researcher has to delimit it in the following ways.
International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social Wellness1. The study will be delimited only for the male volleyball players of Shree V. S. Gurukul Ghatkopar school age ranging from 14 to 16 years2. The training will be delimited to 60minutes five days in week (except Saturday, Sunday, and Holidays) in the morning.3. The study will be delimited to selected Volleyball Volleying, Serving and Passing Skills.4. The study is delimited to selected motor performance components speed, power, agility, and balance.DESIGN OF THE STUDY:SAMPLE:A sample of Sixty (n=60) boys’ students will be selected randomly from School.Group one: Controlled Group Group two: Experimental GroupCRITERION VARIABLES AND TESTDEPENDENT VARIABLES:The following motor performance components will be considered as dependent variables of the present study.INDEPENDENT VARIABLES:Sr.no. Components Test Unit01 Speed 50 Yard Dash Sec02 Power Standing Broad Jump Meters03 Agility 4x10mtr Shuttle Run Sec04 Balance Stork Stand Test Sec05 Volleying AAHPERD Volleying Test Nos.06 Serving AAHPERD Serving Test Nos.07 Passing AAHPERD Passing Test Nos.Plyometric Exercises: Two-foot ankle Hop, Lateral step up, Lateral jump with single leg, Depth jumps, Standing 1riple jump, Zigzag drill, Backward throw medicine, Power drop medicine, Rim jumps, and Depth jumps to Rim jumpPROCEDURE:The data is collected in three phases• Phase I: - Pre-Test• Phase II: - Plyometric Exercises Training• Phase III: - Post TestANALYSIS OF THE DATA:The data is analyzed by using ‘t’ test for the said purpose of statistical package for social sciences (SPSS, Package software will be used available in computer laboratory)Comparison of the results of selected variables between control and experimental groupComparison of Mean Gain in selected variable between the Control and Experimental Group (between group n=30)Variable Group ComparedMean GainMean differe.Std. Err Mean Gain‘t’ Sig. VariableSPEED Control v/s Experimenta-.1110.1310.24200 0.026 2.328.024 (p<0.005SPEED
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2207l )POWER Control v/s Experimental-.0297.0512.08083 0.002313.788.000(p<0.05)POWERAGILITY Control v/s Experimental.2637 .26100 0.003351.250.216(p>0.005)AGILITYBALANCE Control v/s Experimental-2.1171-7.0488-4.93167-0.46019-3.005.004(p<0.05)BALANCEVOLLEYINGControl v/s Experimental3.20002.2667-.93333 -0.19813-.580 .564 VOLLEYINGSERVEING Control v/s Experimental-2.70001.03333.73333-0.324262.980.004(p<0.05)SERVEINGPASSING Control v/s Experimental2066672.5667-.10000 0.0332 -.133 .895(p>0.05)PASSINGResult and Discussions:• The Plyometric exercises training Programme significantly contribute for the promotion of the motor performance components and skills performance variables viz. speed, Power, Balance and Serving.• The present study helpful may to concern professionals in order to planned/design training program for being school children participating in Volleyball.• The study may be helpful to prepared plyometric training Programme for the promotion of motor performance components as well as skills performance in Volleyball of school children.• The plyometric exercises training Programme design by the researcher may be helpful for the promotion of Volleyball school boys.Suggestions and Recommendations:• The study recommends that Plyometric exercises can be used as a suitable mean to improve the level of motor performance components especially for boys of our society. The study also recommends that as plyometric exercise is effective to improve motor performance of school boys. It can also recommend that the training of plyometric exercise for eight week is to be advocated to attain better level of performance of boy as well as girls and other varied age groups are suggested.References:1. Carter, A. B., Kaminski, T. W., (1996). “Effects of high-volume upper extremity plyometric training on throwing velocity and functional strength! yatios of the shoulder rotators in collegiate baseball players,’2. Chmielewski, T. L., Myer, G. D., Kauffman, D., Tillman, $. M., (2007). Plyometric exercise in the rehabilitation of athletes: physiological responses and clinical application.” 3. Kansal, D. K. (1996 & 2008) “Test and Measurement”, “Applied Measurement, Evaluation and Sports Selection”. New Delhi.4. Cossor, J. M., Blanksby, B. A., Elliott, B. C., (2008). “The influence of plyometric training on the freestyle tumble turns”.
International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessEFFECT OF NATIONAL CADET CORPS TRAINING PROGRAMME ON MUSCULAR STRENGTH COMPONENT OF COLLEGE GIRLS OF MUMBAI CITYMs. Deepa Randeep Jadhav, Research Scholar, BPCA’s College of Physical Education , Wadala, Mumbai 400031Dr. Rohini Kawade, Research Guide, Assistant Professor, BPCA’s College of Physical Education , Wadala, Mumbai 400031ABSTRACTThis study was investigates the influence of the National Cadet Corps (NCC) training programme on muscular strength among college girls. The NCC training is treated as the independent variable, while the dependent variables are health‑related physical fitness component (muscular strength) The research aims to assess how NCC training improves these muscular strength in female college students. A research design was pre‑test/post‑test design is employed, using standardizedtest to collect data before and after the NCC intervention. Statistical analysis compares the changes in fitness scores to determine the programme’s effectiveness in enhancing holistic well‑being of college. The findings indicate that the N.C.C. Training Group showed significantly higher adjusted mean scores compared to the Control Group in muscular strength Muscular Strength: The adjusted mean score for the N.C.C. Training Group was 1.33 versus 1.32 for the Control Group (Fy.x = 41.50, df = 1/37, p < 0.01).The results conclude that N.C.C. training significantly enhances muscular strengthin college girls.Keywords: NCC training programme,Muscular strength,college girls of mumbai cityINTRODUCTIONThe National Cadet Corps (NCC) training programme is a youth development initiative aimed at instilling discipline, leadership, and physical fitness in young individuals. Established in 1948, the NCC has been instrumental in shaping the lives of millions of youth across India. One of the key focus areas of the NCC training programme is physical fitness, which includes components such as muscular strength, endurance, cardiovascular fitness, and flexibility.Muscular strength, in particular, is a crucial aspect of overall physical fitness. It refers to the ability of the muscles to exert force against resistance, and is essential for performing daily activities, maintaining posture, and preventing injuries. In the context of young women, especially college girls in Mumbai, muscular strength is vital for navigating the demands of urban life, managing stress, and maintaining overall well-being.The NCC training programme includes a range of physical activities designed to improve muscular strength, such as weight training, obstacle courses, and drill exercises. These activities are aimed at building endurance, agility, and overall physical fitness. For college girls in Mumbai, participating in the NCC training programme can be a valuable opportunity to enhance their physical fitness, develop discipline, and build confidence.Mumbai, being a bustling metropolis, presents unique challenges for young women. From navigating crowded streets to managing academic pressures, college girls in Mumbai need to be physically and mentally fit to cope with the demands of city life. The NCC training programme can be a valuable resource for these young women, providing them with the skills and fitness levels needed to excel in all aspects of life.Despite the benefits of NCC training, there is a need for more research on its impact on specific health-related particularly muscular strength, among college girls in Mumbai. This study aims to address this gap by investigating the effect of NCC training programme on
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2209muscular strength of Mumbai college girls. The findings of this study can inform future interventions and policy decisions aimed at promoting Muscular strength The study was involve a pre test and post test design, with a sample of college girls participating in the NCC training programme and a control group not participating in the programme. Muscular strength was measured byone minute bend knee sit ups tests.The results was analyzed to determine the impact of NCC training on muscular strength of Mumbai college girls.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMThe statement of the problem in the image is:In this study the researcher intends to see if National Cadet Corps Training programme can help to improve the Health Related Physical Fitness Componenof the College Girls of aged 17-19 years of the topic. OBJACTIVE OF THE STUDYTo compare the adjusted mean scores of Muscular Strength of N.C.C. Training programme Girls group and control group by taking pre-muscular strength as co-variate.HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDYH0: there is No significant difference in adjusted mean scores of _Muscular Strength_ using pre-muscular strength as covariate.DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDYThe following delimitations of this study are as under:1. The study was delimited to a 6 weektraining programme.2. The study was delimited to girls aged 17–19 yearsfrom guru nanak science collegeof mumbai city DESIGN OF THE STUDYExperimental design with a pre‑test and post‑test control group.SELECTION OF THE SAMPLE A sample of 25girls NCC training programme and 25girls Other selected for non NCC training programme from guru nanak science college of Mumbai City VARIABLES TOOLS TO BE USEDVariables Dependent Independent Muscular strength NCC training programmeTest one minute bend knee sit upKadamtalForward marchDaudkekadamtalaTurnsFlatfoot MarchBasic millitary training –running , front rollPROCEDURE OF THE STUDY (DATA COLLECTION)Pre-test: - The pre-test was conducted on both the experimental and control groups. Each subject was oriented to the testing procedures, was given demonstrations if needed, was informed about the Do’s and Don’ts, and was allowed practice trials. They were encouraged to perform to their best ability, and the researcher was careful to ensure all subjects were medically normal
International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessTraining phase: - The total training programmed of six weeks and Five days per week except Sunday and Holiday experimental group in the period were imparted 6 weeks and 5 days in the week from Monday to Saturday, which was conducted only on N.C.C. Training Group, while non-Control group was engaged in daily routing work. Post-test: - After completion of 6 weeks training the subject of the both control and Experimental Group were undergone, post test data was recorded and preserved. The data was analyzed to get finding and conclusions.STATISTICAL PROCEDURE Comparison of the group was done with the help of One-Way Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA)RESULT OF THE STUDYTREATMENT WISE COMPARISON OF ADJUSTED MEAN SCORES OF MUSCULAR STRENGTH BY TAKING PRE MUSCULAR STRENGTH AS COVARIATE. The objective was to compare the adjusted mean scores of Muscular strength of NCC Training Programme Group and Control group by taking pre-muscular strength as covariate. The data were analyzed with the help of One Way ANCOVA and results are given in TableTable: Summary of One-Way ANCOVA Cardiovascular Endurance by taking Premuscular strength as Covariate.Source of Variance df SSy.x MSSv.x Fy.xvalue RemarkTreatment 1 0.19 0.19 41.50 P<0.01 Error 37 0.17 0.005Total 39From Table, it can be seen that the adjusted F‑Value is 41.50 which is significant at 0.01 level with df= 1/37. It indicates that the adjusted mean scores of Muscular Strength of College Girls of N.C.C. Training Group and Control Group differ significantly when their Pre‑Muscular Endurance was taken as Covariate. Thus, the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference between adjusted mean scores of Muscular Strength of College Girls of N.C.C. Training Group and Control Group by considering their Pre‑Muscular Strength as covariate is rejected. Further, the adjusted mean score of Muscular Strength of College Girls of N.C.C. Training Group is 1.33 which is significantly higher than those of Control Group whose adjusted mean score of Muscular Strength is 1.32. It may, therefore, be said that N.C.C Training was found to be effective in improving Muscular Strength than Control Group where pre‑Muscular strength was taken as Covariate. The result also has been graphically presented in Figure
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2211Figure: Comparison of Adjusted Mean Score of Muscular Strength between N.C.C. Training Group and Control GroupCONCLUSION The N.C.C. Training programme was found effective in improving Muscular strength component such as muscular strength. It also proved beneficial for enhancing health among college girl students.References1. Fatma Al-Maskari, “Lifestyle Diseases: An Economic Burden on the Health Services”, the magazine of the United Nations Vol. XLVII No. 2 2010.2. Adolescent Nutrition: A Review of the Situation in Selected South-East Asian Countries. WHO. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/1 0665/204764/B0239.pdf;jsessionid=7BDF 5BE23ECD9204380E32A7401C7A3B?seq uence=13. Financing the future Choices and challenges in global health. A report from the Economist Intelligence Unit -20154. Manmeet Gill, Nishan Singh Deol&Ramanjit Kaur (2010) Comparative Study of Physical Fitness Components of Rural and Urban Female Students of Punjabi University, Patiala, The Anthropologist, 12:1, 17-21, DOI: 10.1080/09720073.2010.118911265. Zaqout M, Michels N, Bammann K, Ahrens W, Sprengeler O, Molnar D, Hadjigeorgiou C, Eiben G, Konstabel K, Russo P, Jiménez- Pavón D, Moreno LA, De HenauwSInt J Obes (Lond). 2016 Influence of physical fitness on cardio-metabolic risk factors in European children. The IDEFICS study, International journal of obesity 40(7):1119- 25.6. JitendraAmberkar and Dr. VishwambharJadhav, “Muscular endurance of students: A comparison of NCC cadets, yoga practitioners and sports persons”, International Journal of Yogic, Human Movement and Sports Sciences 2021; 6(1): 107-108.7. Kippers, Vaughan & Parker, Anthony. (1987). Toe-Touch Test A Measure of Its Validity. Physical therapy. 67. 1680-1684. 10.1093/ptj/67.11.1680. How to cite this article: P. Charishma, Navaneetha R. A comparative study on physical fitness among national cadet corps and non- national cadet corps adolescent college girls. Int J Health Sci Res. 2022; 12(2): 266-270. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20220237N.C.C. Training Group Control GroupSeries1 1.33 1.321.3141.3161.3181.321.3221.3241.3261.3281.331.332MeterAdjusted mean scores of Muscular Strength of College Girls
International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessEFFECT OF CIRCUIT TRAINING ON MOTOR FITNESS COMPONENTS (AGILITY) AND SKILL ABILITY (KICKING ACCURACY) OF SCHOOL FOOTBALL PLAYERS OF MUMBAINikita Dandekar, Ph. D Scholar – Department of Physical Education University of Mumbai, Mumbai 400098, Mob. No: 7506804132, Email: [email protected]. Nilesh Lohar, Associate Professor, Department of Physical Education, University of Mumbai, Mumbai 400098 Mob No.: 9833924114, Email: [email protected] Football is a widely recognized sport around the globe. There are specific rules and regulations governing the play of this game. Firstly, it requires two teams consisting of sixteen players; 11 on the field and 5 substitutes. The game is played with a spherical ball that has a circumference of 67-70 cm. The match takes place between two goalposts, and it begins with a kick-off. Players utilize fundamental skills on the field such as heading, dribbling, kicking, passing, defending, and goalkeeping. A goal is scored when the ball crosses the goal line. If both teams score an equal number of goals, resulting in a tie, there are methods to resolve or break the tie, including extra time, penalty shootouts, and sudden death. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of circuit training on the speed and dribbling abilities of school football players aged 14 to 16 years. A sample of forty (n=40) school football players, aged between 14 and 16 years, was selected from the Arsenal Football Academy located in Mira Road, Mumbai. They were randomly divided into two groups, namely the experimental group and the control group, each consisting of the same number of subjects. The experimental group (circuit training group (n=20)) and the control group (non-circuit training group (n=20)). The study design employed was a non-equivalent control group design. The experimental subjects, along with their daily routines, participated in a circuit training program three days a week. The collected data was analysed using the student’s 't' test. The results indicated that the circuit training programs significantly improved the agility and kicking accuracy skills of football players aged 14 to 16 years. The findings conclude that circuit training was beneficial in enhancing the the agility and kicking accuracy skills abilities of football players.Keywords: Circuit training, agility, kicking accuracy, and football players.INTRODUCTION:Football, a sport that transcends borders and brings together individuals from various backgrounds, has been a vital component of human culture for centuries. Regardless of whether we refer to it as football or soccer, this magnificent game has transformed into a global phenomenon, captivating the hearts and minds of millions worldwide. Its influence on society, the economy, and culture is indisputable, rendering it a topic of considerable interest for both researchers and enthusiasts. Beyond the simple act of kicking a ball, football represents a deep sense of camaraderie, identity, and unity among individuals. It surpasses cultural, linguistic, and geographical barriers, fostering a worldwide community of fans who collectively experience the joys and sorrows associated with the sport. Football is one of the most recognized games globally. In the USA and Canada, it is also referred to as soccer or European football. There are specific rules and regulations governing the play of this game. Firstly, it requires two teams consisting of sixteen players; 11 on the field and 5 substitutes. This game utilizes a spherical ball with a circumference of 67-70 cm. The game is played between two goalposts, and it commences with a kick-off. Players employ various fundamental skills on the field, such as heading, dribbling, kicking, passing, defending, and goalkeeping. A goal is scored when the ball crosses the goal line. If both teams score an equal number of goals, resulting in a tie, there are methods to resolve or break the tie, including extra time, penalty shootouts, and sudden death.
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2213Motor skills are essential to human development and functionality, significantly impacting our ability to engage with the environment and accomplish various tasks throughout our lives. These skills cover a broad range of movements, from fundamental actions like grasping and walking to more intricate activities such as playing a musical instrument or executing athletic manoeuvres. As individuals mature and partake in diverse activities, their motor skills progress and adjust to fulfil the requirements of their surroundings. Furthermore, these skills remain pertinent throughout life, influencing a person's capacity to engage in sports, carry out work-related duties, and sustain an active and independent lifestyle.Circuit training is an exceptionally adaptable and widely embraced fitness program that integrates a sequence of exercises in a methodical and organized fashion. It is noted for its efficiency and effectiveness in delivering a thorough workout that engages various muscle groups and physiological systems within a relatively brief time frame. Circuit training can be customized to align with the specific fitness objectives of individuals, whether that involves enhancing cardiovascular endurance, increasing muscular strength, or even improving functional mobility. This fitness methodology has seen significant growth in popularity in recent years, both in professional sports and recreational environments, owing to its capacity to offer a comprehensive and time-efficient workout.The current study was carried out to assess components such as agility and kicking accuracy among football players in Mumbai.RATIONALE OF THE STUDYThe Research Scholar being a player and a coach has experienced that the game has developed over the years tactically and technically thereby involving team coordination and motor skills. Individually a good football player must be equipped with a variety of football skills so as to not only cope with the increasing demands of the game but also coordinate his skills with his teammate, for scoring goals. The Research Scholar while reviewing the related literature came across Circuit training as one of the fitness-oriented programs that caters to both aerobic and anaerobic system. Circuit training is structured to enhance various fitness elements such as cardiovascular endurance, muscular endurance, power, and anaerobic endurance. These fitness components are highly relevant to team sports. The successful implementation and execution of circuit sessions play a pivotal role in maximizing the efficacy of this training approach. RESEARCH AIM: The aim of this study is to find out the effect of circuit training programme on motor fitness ability and skill abilities of school football players of Mumbai.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:1. To compare the adjusted Mean Scores of agility of School football players by taking agility as covariate.2. To compare the adjusted Mean Scores of kicking accuracy of School football players by taking kicking accuracy as covariate.HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY: H 01: There is no significant difference in the mean scores gains in agility of male football players.H 11: There is significant difference in the mean scores gains in agility of male football players.H 02: There is no significant difference mean scores gains in kicking accuracy of football players.
International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessH 22: There is significant difference in the mean scores gains in kicking accuracy of male football players.METHODOLOGYThe design of the study had been planned in three phases viz., Phase – I Pre-test, Phase – II Training or Treatment, and Phase – III Post-test. The subjects in the study were divided into two groups one Circuit Training Group i.e. (Experimental Group) and one Non Circuit Training Group i.e. (Control Group); each group composed of 20 subjects. Circuit Training Group i.e. (Experimental Group) was given a circuit Training programme for the period of twelve weeks. The total training programme of the experimental group is 12 weeks, 3 days in a week i.e. Monday Wednesday and Friday except on vacation, in the evening session for 1 hour.STATISTICAL TECHNIQUEThe data has been analysed using independent t test with online Vassar stats Computational package to test this hypothesis as shown in the following table.Adjusted Mean Scores of Post test of Control and Experimental groups for AgilityTable 1: Mean gains for motor fitness component (Agility) of Male football players n x X2 SS Mean Mean amean bdf t Los Pre test 20 278.49 227.49 61.2993 13.925 2.5505 38 +4.99 <.0001Post test 20 3939.41 2625.38 37.8017 11.3745Interpretation The mean gains for pre and post-test of Agility of experimental group is 2.5505, the calculated t for the observed value is +4.99 (p= <.0001) for df = 38 at 5% level of significance. The calculated t value is statistically highly significant, as the calculated t value is higher than the tabulated t value t(0.05,38)=2.021.Thereby rejecting the null hypothesis and accepting the alternate hypothesis due to effective implementation of the circuit training programme.0246810121416181 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20Mean gains for agility for experimental group EXPERIMENTAL GROUP PRE EXPERIMENTAL GROUP POST
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2215Table 2: Mean gains for Skill Ability (Kicking Accuracy) of Male football players n x X2 SS Mean Mean amean bdf t Los Pre test 20 171 1467 4.95 8.55 0.9 38 +4.77 <.0001Post test 20 153 1179 8.55 7.65Interpretation The mean gains for pre and post-test of kicking accuracy of experimental group is 0.9, the calculated t for the observed value is +4.77 (p= <.0001) for df = 38 at 5% level of significance. The calculated t value is statistically highly significant, as the calculated t value is higher than the tabulated t value t(0.05,38)=2.021.Thereby rejecting the null hypothesis and accepting the alternate hypothesis due to effective implementation of the circuit training programmeCONCLUSION• The Circuit Training shows statistically highly significant improvement in the motor fitness component (Agility) of male school Football players aged 14 to 16years• The Circuit Training shows statistically highly significant improvement in the Skill ability (Kicking accuracy) of male school Football players aged 14 to 16yearsREFERENCES:1. Bjoraker, J., & Bell, H. (n.d.). Physical Education / 5 Components of Physical Fitness.Retrieved from www.spps.org:2. Gilbourne, D. Et Al. (2003),"Science and Football: A Review of Applied Research in The Football Code". Journal of Sports Sciences. 21 (9): 693–705.3. IOSR Journals, (2019), Effect of Physical Fitness Training on Selected FitnessVariables to Improve Performance Of U-17 Male Football Project Trainees in Arab Minch Town4. Kansal, D. K. (2012). A Practical Approach to Test, Measurement and Evaluation. NewDelhi: Sports and Spiritual Science Publications.5. Samuel Jessudoss (2019), Effect of Circuit Resistance Training on Motor Fitness Variables Among College Football Players International Journal of Physiology, Nutrition and Physical Education,20196. Sanjay Kundra (2020) ICSE physical Education standard IX & X, Revised Edition7. Physiopedia: https://www.physio-pedia.com/Harvard_Step_Test8. Uppal, A. K. (2013). Science of Sports Training. New Delhi: Friends Publication.9. LazorToskic (2020) “The Relationship Between Specific Motor Skills and Performance Success In Football Players” _Facta Universitatis Series Physical Education and Sport0123456789101 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20Mean gains for Kicking Accuracy for experimental group EXPERIMENTAL GROUP PRE EXPERIMENTAL GROUP POST
International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessROLE OF TRADITIONAL INDIAN EXERCISE IN REHABILITATION OF FOOTBALL-RELATED INJURIESMr. Abhishek Singh, M.P.Ed Student, BPCA’s College of Physical Education and sports,Wadala, Mumbai 400031Guide– Prof. Dr. Sushma Chougale Research Guide, Assistant Professor, BPCA’s Collegeof Physical Education and sports, Wadala, Mumbai: 400031.ABSTRACTFootball is a physically demanding sport that exposes players to a high risk of musculoskeletal injuries due to repetitive running, sudden changes of direction, physical contact, and high training loads. Effective rehabilitation is essential for restoring functional ability and ensuring safe return to play. Traditional Indian exercises, such as Dand, Baithak, yogic practices, and indigenous conditioning methods, have long been used to develop strength, flexibility, endurance, and balance. This paper discusses the role of traditional Indian exercise in the rehabilitation of football-related injuries. Key aspects such as the nature of football injuries, principles of traditional Indian exercise, functional recovery, injury prevention, and integration with modern rehabilitation practices are examined. The discussion highlights that traditional Indian exercises can play a supportive role in rehabilitation by improving mobility, muscular balance, neuromuscular coordination, and overall physical fitness. The paper emphasizes the need to incorporate these exercises in a systematic and scientific manner within football rehabilitation programmes.Keywords: Traditional Indian Exercise, Football Injuries, Rehabilitation, Indigenous Training, Sports RecoveryINTRODUCTIONFootball is one of the most popular sports in India and worldwide, requiring high levels of endurance, speed, agility, strength, and coordination. Due to its dynamic nature, football players are prone to various injuries, particularly involving the lower extremities such as the ankle, knee, hamstring, and groin. Proper rehabilitation following injury is essential to restore functional movement, prevent re-injury, and ensure long-term athletic development.In India, traditional exercise systems have been practiced for centuries to promote physical fitness, strength, flexibility, and recovery. Indigenous exercises such as Dand and Baithak, along with yogic practices, emphasize bodyweight resistance, controlled movement, balance, and breathing. These traditional exercises have potential relevance in sports rehabilitation, particularly in the context of football-related injuries. This paper discusses the role of traditional Indian exercise in the rehabilitation of football injuries, focusing on physical recovery, functional restoration, and injury prevention.NATURE OF FOOTBALL-RELATED INJURIESFootball involves continuous running, sprinting, kicking, jumping, and tackling, which place significant stress on muscles, joints, and connective tissues. Common football-related injuries include muscle strains, ligament sprains, joint instability, and overuse injuries. Lower limb injuries, especially to the knee and ankle, are particularly prevalent due to repetitive loading and sudden directional changes.Inadequate rehabilitation and premature return to play can result in recurrent injuries and long-term functional limitations. Therefore, rehabilitation programmes must focus on restoring strength, flexibility, balance, and neuromuscular control rather than only addressing pain or symptoms.
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2217CONCEPT OF TRADITIONAL INDIAN EXERCISETraditional Indian exercise systems are based on holistic principles that integrate physical movement, breathing control, and mental focus. Exercises such as Dand and Baithak develop muscular strength, endurance, joint mobility, and coordination through rhythmic and repetitive movements. Yogic practices enhance flexibility, balance, postural control, and relaxation.These exercises are generally performed using body weight and natural movement patterns, making them adaptable for rehabilitation purposes. Their progressive nature allows gradual loading, which is beneficial during the recovery phase after injury.ROLE OF TRADITIONAL INDIAN EXERCISE IN REHABILITATIONRESTORATION OF STRENGTH AND ENDURANCETraditional exercises help rebuild muscular strength and endurance without excessive external load. Bodyweight movements enable controlled strengthening of injured and supporting muscles, which is essential during rehabilitation.IMPROVEMENT OF FLEXIBILITY AND MOBILITYYogic postures and traditional stretching practices improve joint mobility and muscle flexibility. Enhanced flexibility supports functional recovery and reduces stiffness commonly associated with football injuries.ENHANCEMENT OF BALANCE AND COORDINATIONMany traditional exercises require postural control and coordinated movement, which help improve balance and proprioception. These qualities are crucial for football players returning to dynamic and unpredictable playing conditions.NEUROMUSCULAR RE-EDUCATIONSlow and controlled movements combined with breathing techniques promote neuromuscular coordination. This helps correct faulty movement patterns that may have developed due to injury.INJURY PREVENTION AND FUNCTIONAL RECOVERYTraditional Indian exercises not only aid rehabilitation but also contribute to injury prevention. By improving muscular balance, joint stability, and movement efficiency, these exercises reduce excessive stress on vulnerable structures. Integrating traditional exercises during later stages of rehabilitation prepares football players for gradual return to sport-specific training.INTEGRATION WITH MODERN REHABILITATION PRACTICESTraditional Indian exercises should complement, rather than replace, modern sports rehabilitation methods. When integrated with physiotherapy, strength training, and sportspecific drills, traditional exercises can enhance recovery outcomes. Individualized progression and professional supervision are essential to ensure safety and effectiveness.CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTATIONDespite their benefits, traditional Indian exercises are often underutilized in sports rehabilitation due to lack of scientific awareness, standardized protocols, and professional guidance. Misconceptions regarding their relevance in modern sports settings also limit their adoption. Addressing these challenges requires research-based integration and education of coaches and rehabilitation professionals.
International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessRECOMMENDATIONS1. Traditional Indian exercises should be incorporated as supportive components in football rehabilitation programmes.2. Coaches and rehabilitation professionals should be trained in the scientific application of indigenous exercises.3. Exercises should be adapted according to injury type, recovery stage, and individual capacity.4. Integration of traditional and modern rehabilitation methods should be encouraged.CONCLUSIONTraditional Indian exercises offer valuable benefits in the rehabilitation of footballrelated injuries by promoting strength, flexibility, balance, and neuromuscular coordination. Their holistic and progressive nature makes them suitable for supporting functional recovery and injury prevention. When applied systematically and combined with modern rehabilitation practices, traditional Indian exercises can contribute significantly to safe return to play and long-term athletic health. Greater awareness and structured integration of these practices can enhance rehabilitation strategies in football.REFERENCES (INDICATIVE – INDIAN & SPORTS CONTEXT)1. Kumar, S., & Singh, P. (2019). Traditional exercise methods and physical rehabilitation. Indian Journal of Physical Education, 14(2), 41–47.2. Reddy, K. R. (2018). Indigenous physical training and injury prevention in sports. International Journal of Physical Education, 11(3), 29–35.3. Sharma, R., & Verma, A. (2021). Integrating yoga in sports rehabilitation. Journal of Sports Rehabilitation, 16(1), 18–24.4. Singh, A. (2020). Football injuries and rehabilitation strategies. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health, 7(4), 96–100.5. Government of India. (2020). National Education Policy 2020
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2219EFFECT OF YOGASANA ON ABDOMINAL MUSCLE STRENGTHSmt. Shraddha Anand Gambhir, PhD scholar of B.P.C.A.’s College of Physical EducationGuide Dr. Rohini Kawad, Assistant professor of B.P.C.A.’s College of Physical EducationABSTRACTSixty College girls (n=60) from Oriental Junior College of Education, Sector-2 Sanpada, Navi Mumbai were selected for this study. The subjects’ age group was ranging from 18 to 20 years. All the selected college girls were then again randomly assigned into two equal groups, viz., one experimental group (Group A; n1= 30) and one control group (Group B; n2 = 30). Experimental Design is adapted to this investigation. Group A received ‘Yoga training, while Group B was treated as control. The design of the experiment has been planned in three phases. Phase – I: Pretest, Phase – II: Training or Treatment, and Phase – III: Post test. The following statistics of this study is helps us, In case, pre test of Abdominal Muscle Strength, the mean difference was 2.7333 and the ‘t’ values of pretest was 1.886 which were not significant (p>0.05). It reflects that the mean score of pre test of Abdominal Muscle Strength of control group and experimental group was do not differ significantly. But in case of post test of Abdominal Muscle Strength the mean difference is .1667and the ‘t’ values are .123 which is significant (p<0.05). It reflects that the mean score of post test of Abdominal Muscle Strength of control group and experimental group was differ significantly. This experimental study suggests that, daily Yoga practice helps to improve Abdominal Muscle Strength of Junior College girls.Keyword: - Yogasana, Abdominal Muscles Strength.INTRODUCTIONYoga is an ancient Indian activity. The literature reveals that regular and proper yogic practices help to solve many health problems not only yoga improves academic achievement but also improves muscular ability. Yoga is that system which is directly related with the human psycho physiology and Anatomy, yoga means the experience of one ness or unity with inner being. Yoga integrates physical poses and breathing techniques to stretch the body, breath and mind to improve endurance, strength, balance and flexibility. The girls of college have face lot of problems of health. This study is focused on fitness component i.e. Muscular Strength. Therefore, the researcher was undertaken this study entitled Effect of Yogic Practices on Abdominal Muscle Strength, with the objective, to measure abdominal muscle strength development through yoga of college girls aged to 18 to 20 years.METHODOLOGYSixty College girls (n=60) from Oriental Junior College of Education, Sector-2 Sanpada, Navi Mumbai were selected randomly for this study. The subject’s age group was ranging from 18 to 20 years. All the selected college girls were then again randomly assigned into two equal groups, viz., one experimental group (Group A; n1= 30) and one control group (Group B; n2 = 30). The researcher made sure that the entire subjects were ready to go through the experimental requirements of this research project. The investigator herself expounded in details and significance of this project to the participating college girls. Experimental Design is adapted to this investigation. Group A received ‘Yoga training, while Group B was treated as control. The design of the experiment has been planned in three phases. Phase – I: Pretest, Phase – II: Training or Treatment, and Phase – III: Post test. In pre and post-test Abdominal Muscles Strength is measured by Sit ups. After reviews of various literature of Yoga, the following independent variables were select for this investigation, which is presented in table No. 1.
International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessTABLE 1Independent variablesPadmasana ShavasanaVajrasana Ardha-matsyendrasanaPashchimatana Yog-mudraBhujangasana VipritkarniArdha-shalabhasana VakrasanaShalabhasana TadasanaDhanursana VrikshasanaMakrasana PadhastasanaHalasana NaukasanaSTATISTICAL PROCEDUREAs per the research design the collected data is analyzed by employing with standard statistical technique ‘t’ test. Further the result has been interpreted and discussed logically to conclude this investigation by Table and graph. TABLE 2(Independent Samples Test) Group viz., N, Mean, Standard Deviation, Mean deference and ‘t’ value of Abdominal Muscle strength. GroupN Mean Std. DeviationMean deference‘t’ Sig. RemarksAbdominal Muscle Strength pre‘B’ 30 9.8000 4.62676 2.7333 1.886 .334 p>0.05‘A’ 30 7.0667 6.44838Abdominal Muscle Strength post‘B’ 30 9.5000 4.02364 .1667 .123 .036* p<0.05‘A’ 30 9.3333 6.21640* Significant at 0.05 level‘B’ = Control group‘A’ = Experimental groupRESULT OF ABDOMINAL MUSCLE STRENGTHIt is seen from the table-2, in case of pre test of Abdominal Muscle strength, (Modified Sit-Up test) the mean scores of control and experimental group were 9.8000 (SD 4.62676) and 7.0667 (SD 6.44838) respectively, whereas, the mean difference was 2.7333 and the ‘t’ values of pre test was 1.886 which were not significant (p>0.05). It reflects that the mean score of pre test of Abdominal Muscle strength of control group and experimental group was do not differ significantly. This result indicates that the pre-test means of yoga training group and Control group in abdominal muscle strength test were similar.But in case of post-test of Abdominal Muscle strength, the mean scores of controls and experimental group of post-test were 9.5000 (SD 4.02364) and 9.3333 (SD 6.21640) respectively, whereas, the mean difference is .1667 and the ‘t’ values of post test was .123 which is significant (p<0.05). It reflects that the mean score of post test of Abdominal Muscle strength of control group and experimental group was differ significantly. This result helps to interpret that the Yoga practice was effective in improving Abdominal Muscle strength of the school girls in Mumbai. In this context the null hypothesis Ho. 1 that “There is no significant difference in mean score of Abdominal Muscle strength of
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2221control and experimental group” is rejected. This same result is also presented in following graph.Graph No.-1 Pre and Post mean score of Abdominal Muscle Strength of Control and Experimental group. DISCUSSION In case, pre test of Abdominal Muscle Strength, the mean difference was 2.7333 and the‘t’ values of pre test was 1.886 which were not significant (p>0.05). It reflects that the mean score of pre test of Abdominal Muscle Strength of control group and experimental group was do not differ significantly. But in case of post test of Abdominal Muscle Strength the mean difference is .1667and the ‘t’ values is .123 which is significant (p<0.05). It reflects that the mean score of post test of Abdominal Muscle Strength of control group and experimental group was differ significantly. The result reveals that, the subject of Experimental group (Yogic practices group) could show higher score in Abdominal Muscle Strength as measured by modifies sit ups performance in 60 Sec., than the control group. Thus, the mean gain in Abdominal Muscle Strength has increased significantly in experimental group as compared to control group. so Yogic practices warrants a statistically significant effect to increase the Abdominal Muscle Strength of Junior College girls which rejects the null hypothesis There was no significant difference in mean gain score of Abdominal Muscle Strength as measured by Modified Push ups of control and experimental groups due to specific Yogic Practices has been rejected.CONCLUSIONThis experimental study suggests that, daily Yogasana helps to improve Abdominal Muscle Strength of Junior College girls. REFERENCES1. Barnum, B. K. (1961). A study youth fitness of English grade junior high school, mitchell South Dakota, as measured by the AAHPER youth fitness test. Completed Research, 3, 69.2. Bera T.K., & Rajapurkar, M. V. (1993). Body composition cardiovascular endurance and anaerobic power of yogic practitioner. Indian J. of Physiol. Pharmacol., 37 (3), 225-228.3. Beunen, G., Ostyn, M., Simons, J., Renson, R., Claessens, A. L., Vanden, Eynde, B., Lefevre, J., Vanreusel, B., Malina, R. M., &van't Hof, M. A. (1997). Development and tracking in fitness components: Leuven longtudinal study on lifestyle, fitness and health. Int J Sports Med.,18 (3), 171-178.4. Bhole, M.V. (1977). Some neuro-physiological correlates of yogasanas. Yoga Mimamsa, 19 (1), 53-61. Mean score of Abdominal Muscle Stregnth of Control and Experimental Group 0246810121 2 3 4 Con. Pre Exp. Pre Con. Pos. Exp. Pos.Performance in 60 sec.
International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social Wellness5. Caballero, B., Clay, T., Davis, S. M., Ethelbah, B., Rock, B.H., Lohman, T., Norman, J., Story, M., Stone, E. J., Stephenson, L., & Stevens, J. (2003). Pathways: a school-based, randomized controlled trial for the prevention of obesity in American Indian schoolchildren. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 78 (5), 1030-1038.6. Chen, T. L., Mao, H. C., Lai, C. H., Li, C. Y., &Kuo, C. H. (2009). The effect of yoga exercise intervention on health related physical fitness in school-age asthmatic children. Hu Li Za Zhi., 56 (2), 42-52.7. Clay, C. C., Lloyd, L. K., Walker, J. L., Sharp, K. R., &Pankey, R. B. (2005). The metabolic cost of hatha yoga. J Strength Cond Res., 19 (3), 604-610.8. deVicente & Pedro, Monjo. (1985). Yoga and sport Abstract, 1st World Congress on 'Yoga and Ayurveda,' San Marino, Italy, June 8-11. Yoga-Mimamsa, 24 (3), 27 -28.9. Dulaney, N. M. (1991). Effects of flexibility training program on flexibility; test scores in elementary school children. Completed Research, 33, 2.10. Gharote, M. L. (1977). An evaluation of the effects of yogic treatment on obesity: A report. Yoga Mimamsa, 19 (1), 13-37.11. Grund, A., Dilba, B., Forberger, K., Krause, H., Siewers, M., Rieckert, H., &Müller, M. J. (2000). Relationships between physical activity, physical fitness, muscle strength and nutritional state in 5- to 11-year-old children. Eur J Appl Physiol., 82 (5-6), 425-438.12. Grund, A., Krause, H., Kraus, M., Siewers, M., Rieckert, H., &Müller, M. J. (2001). Association between different attributes of physical activity and fat mass in untrained, endurance- and resistance-trained men. Eur J Appl Physiol., 84 (4), 310-320.13. Haga, M. (2008). The relationship between physical fitness and motor competence in children. Child Care Health Dev., 34 (3), 329-334.14. Haga, M. (2009). Physical fitness in children with high motor competence is different from that in children with low motor competence. Phys Ther., 89 (10), 1089-1097.15. Hands, B., Larkin, D., Parker, H., Straker, L., &Perry, M. (2009). The relationship among physical activity, motor competence and health-related fitness in 14-year-old adolescents. Scand J Med Sci Sports., 19 (5), 655-663.16. Harinath, K., Malhotra, A. S., Pal, K., Prasad, R., Kumar, R., Kain, T. C., Rai, L., &Sawhney, R. C. (2004). Effects of Hatha yoga and Omkar meditation on cardiorespiratory performance, psychologic profile, and melatonin secretion. J Altern Complement Med., 10 (2), 261-268.17. ddHurtig-Wennlöf, A., Ruiz, J. R., Harro, M., &Sjöström, M. (2007). Cardiorespiratory fitness relates more strongly than physical activity to cardiovascular disease risk factors in healthy children and adolescents: the European Youth Heart Study. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil., 14 (4), 575-581.18. Hussey, J., Bell, C., Bennett, K., O'Dwyer, J., &Gormley, J. (2007). Relationship between the intensity of physical activity, inactivity, cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition in 7-10-year-old Dublin children. Br J Sports Med., 41 (5), 311-316.19. Kemper, H. C., de, Vente, W., van, Mechelen, W., &Twisk, J. W. (2001). Adolescent motor skill and performance: is physical activity in adolescence related to adult physical fitness? Am J Hum Biol. , 13 (2), 180-189.20. Kemper, H. C., Twisk, J. W., van, Mechelen, W., Post, G. B., Roos, J. C., &Lips, P. (2000). A fifteen-year longitudinal study in young adults on the relation of physical activity and fitness with the development of the bone mass: The Amsterdam Growth And Health Longitudinal Study. Bone., 27 (6), 847-853.21. Knöpfli, B. H., Radtke, T., Lehmann, M., Schätzle, B., Eisenblätter, J., Gachnang, A., Wiederkehr, P., Hammer, J., &Brooks-Wildhaber, J. (2008). Effects of a multidisciplinary inpatient intervention on body composition, aerobic fitness, and quality of life in severely obese girls and boys. J Adolesc Health., 42 (2), pp.119-1127.22. Labarthe, D., & Ayala, C. (2002). Non-drug interventions in hypertension prevention and control. Cardiol Clin.,20, 249–263.
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2223PROFILING INTERNATIONAL-LEVEL ROLL BALL ATHLETES: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL ROLL BALL TEAMNilesh Shinde, Young Sports Developer, Elite Roll Ball Player, Coach and Mentor, Pune, India.ABSTRACTRoll Ball is a fast-paced, skating-based team sport that requires repeated sprinting, rapid directional changes, and advanced technical skills such as ball control, passing, dribbling and shooting. Despite its growing popularity at national and international levels, limited scientific data exist on the physical fitness characteristics of elite Roll Ball players. This study aimed to assess body composition and aerobic fitness in elite Indian Roll Ball athletes selected for national team competition. Methods: Twelve elite male and female players from the Indian national Roll Ball team were assessed during a national training camp. Body composition variables, including height, body mass, body fat percentage, body mass index (BMI), basal metabolic rate (BMR), and body type, were measured using a bioelectrical impedance analyser (Omron/TANITA). Aerobic fitness was evaluated using the multi-stage fitness (Beep) test, and VO₂ max was estimated from test performance. Descriptive statistics were used for analysis. Results: Players showed variability in body composition, with most falling within normal or athletic ranges, while a few exhibited higher body fat and BMI values. Beep test scores ranged from levels 5 to 12, corresponding to estimated VO₂ max values of approximately 35.0 to 56.7 ml·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹.Conclusion: Elite Indian Roll Ball players display diverse body composition profiles and generally good aerobic fitness. These findings provide baseline data useful for training design, performance monitoring, and long-term athlete development in Roll Ball.Keywords: Roll Ball, body composition, Beep test, VO₂ max, aerobic fitness, elite players.
International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessA STUDY OF THE PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEACHERS' AWARENESS ABOUTINNOVATIONINPHYSICALEDUCATIONANDCURRICULUMDEVELOPMENTMr. Mahadeo Sadashiv Waghmare, Research Schollar, Pratapsinh Mohite Patil Mahavidyalaya, karmalaProf. Dr. Anil Gahininathkamble, Research Guide, College of Education, BarshiABSTRACTThis study explores innovation in physical education (PE) and curriculum development from the perspective of school Physical Education teachers in Solapur district, specificallyBarshi and Karmala talukas. Using a descriptive survey design, ten (10) PE teachers were purposively sampled and given a structured questionnaire. The study examines awareness of innovative practices, use of technology, inclusion and curricular flexibility, training needs, perceived barriers, and recommendations for curriculum improvement. Key findings indicate moderate awareness but limited classroom implementation due to resource and training constraints. The paper ends with practical recommendations for policymakers, teachereducators, and school administrators.Keywords; Physical Education, Curriculum Development, InnovationINTRODUCTIONPhysical Education (PE) plays avital rolein students’holisticdevelopment —improving physical fitness, motor skills, social behavior, and well-being. As education systems change, innovation in PE curriculum and pedagogy is necessary to keep pace with new teaching technologies, inclusive practices, health priorities, and community needs. This paper investigates how teachers in Barshi and Karmala talukas of Solapur district view and practice innovation in PE curriculum and what supports and barriers influence that practice. Barshi and Karmala are talukas within Solapur district, Maharashtra.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY1. ToexaminePEteachers’awarenessofinnovativeapproachestoPEandcurriculum development.2. Toidentifytheextenttowhichinnovativepractices(e.g.,activity-basedlearning, technology integration, inclusive adaptations) are implemented.3. Toexploreperceivedbarriers and supportneeds foradoptinginnovations in PE.4. To suggest recommendations for curriculum development and teacher support in PE for the study area.Scope and Limitations Scope:• Geographical: Schools located in Barshi and Karmala talukas of Solapur district. Participants: Teachers of Physical Education working in schools (primary to higher secondary).• Focus: Perceptions, self-reported practices, training needs, and recommendations related to innovation in PE.Limitations:• Smallsamplesize(n =10) limits generalizability.• Useof self-report questionnairemayintroducesocial desirabilitybias.• Resourceandtimeconstraintspreventedclassroomobservationsorstudentoutcome measures.• Findings arecontextualandshouldbeinterpreted cautiouslyforbroaderregions.
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2225Research Methodology Research DesignDescriptivesurveymethod—across-sectional,quantitativeapproachthatgathersteachers’perceptions using a structured questionnaire.Population and Sampling FramePopulation: 10TeachersofPhysicalEducationworkinginschoolswithinSolapur district. Sampling frame for this study: PE teachers in Barshi and Karmala talukas.Sampling MethodPurposive (judgmental) sampling focusing on in-service PE teachers from Barshi and Karmalatalukas. Ten (10)teacherswereselected(mix ofsecondaryand highersecondaryschool teachers) to provide initial, focused insights.ResearchToolsQuestionnaire— astructured instrumentwith closedand afew open-ended items.Validity &Reliability• Content validity was established by aligning questionnaire items with literature on PE innovation and curriculum development and by obtaining expert feedback from two senior PE educators.• Reliability: For a small pilot (3 teachers), internal consistency was checked; items adjusted for clarity (formal reliability statistics omitted due to small sample).Research Procedure1. Preparation: Questionnairedrafted andvalidated bytwosenior PEeducators.2. Pilot:Administeredto3localPEteachersforclarity; revised accordingly.3. Administration: Questionnaire distributed in person to the 10 purposively selected PE teachers in Barshi and Karmala talukas. Respondents given time to complete on site (approx. 20–25 minutes).4. Data Collection: Completed forms collected and coded. Background variables entered into a spreadsheet.5. Analysis: Descriptive statistics (frequencies, means) computed; qualitative responses were thematically summarized.Research FindingsThe following findings are based on the administered questionnaire responses from the10 selected teachers.1. PhysicalEducation teachers aremoderatelyawareofinnovations in PE.2. Occasionaluseofactivity-based/student-centeredmethods bythem.3. Thereisthe Lowuseof Integrationofsimpletechnology.4. Someflexibilityreportedaboutcurriculumflexibilityforlocal activities.5. InclusiveadaptationsfordifferingabilitiesisLimited.6. Adequatein-servicetraininginlast5yearsisLow7. Accesstofacilities/materialstoimplementinnovationisPoor8. Appropriatenessofassessmentmethodsisbelowneutral.9. ParentalandmanagementsupportformodernisNeutral.10. HighenthusiasmaboutWillingnessforprofessionaldevelopment.
International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessRecommendations1. Teacher Development: Organize district/cluster level practical workshops (hands-on)for PE teachers focused on activity-based pedagogy, inclusion strategies, and low-cost technology use (mobile videos, fitness apps).2. Resource Kits: Provide basic PE equipment kits to schools (jump ropes, cones, stopwatches, balls, mats) and adaptable lesson plans that use minimal resources.3. CurriculumFlexibility: State/district curriculum authorities should permit modularadd- onsfortraditional games,communitysports,and fitnessmodulesthatreflectlocalculture and health priorities.4. Assessment Reform: Introduce competency-based assessment rubrics that evaluate motor skills, teamwork, fitness improvements, and health literacy rather than only participation.5. School Leadership Engagement: Sensitize school heads and parentteacherassociations about the role of PE in holistic development to build institutional support.ConclusionInnovation in Physical Education and curriculum development is both necessary and desirable for student well-being and lifelong physical activity. This focused survey of ten PE teachersinBarshiandKarmalatalukasofSolapurdistrictrevealswillingnessamongteacherstoadopt innovative practices but highlights gaps in training, resources, and institutional support. Addressing these barriers with pragmatic teacher development, resource provision, and curriculum flexibility can significantly improve PE delivery and student outcomes in the region.Bibliography• Bailey,R.(2006).Physicaleducationandsportinschools:Areviewofbenefitsand outcomes. Journal of School Health, 76(8), 397–401.• Siedentop, D. (2011).Introduction to Physical Education, Fitness, and Sport(7th ed.).McGraw-Hill Education.• Kirk,D.,Macdonald,D.,&O’Sullivan,M.(2006).TheHandbookofPhysicalEducation. SAGE Publications.• Hardman, K., & Marshall, J. (2000). World-wide survey of the state and status of school physical education. UNESCO/ASPEN.• Sharma, S., &Dash, M. (2019). Innovativeapproaches in physical education: Challenges and prospects. International Journal of Physical Education, 6(2), 22–31.• Government of Maharashtra. (Year). [State school curriculum framework / PE syllabus]. [If using a specific state curriculum document, replace with full citation.]
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2227COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FIVB REGULATORY EVOLUTIONS: 2021–2024 VS. 2025–2028Mr. Danish Pathan, Ph.D. Scholar Ph.d Scholar, BPCA’s College of Physical Education, Wadala, Mumbai-31Dr. Neetu Joshi, Research Guide, Associate Professor, BPCA’s College of Physical Education, Wadala, Mumbai-31ABSTRACTVolleyball is a dynamic sport that requires periodic regulatory updates to maintain its competitive integrity and commercial appeal. The transition from the 2021–2024 Olympic cycle to the 2025–2028 framework marks a significant shift toward \"Smooth Refereeing\" and tactical liberalization. This paper provides a comparative analysis of nine key rule changes, contrasting the previous standards with the newly implemented regulations. The study evaluates how these modifications enhance game fluidity, empower coaching staff, and redefine the roles of specialized players like the Libero.Keywords: FIVB Rule Changes, Comparative Analysis, Game Fluidity, TacticalSpecialization, 15-Substitution Rule, Screening Regulations.INTRODUCTIONThe Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB) periodically revises its rules to ensure the sport evolves in line with technological advancements and athlete capabilities. Historically, volleyball has been characterized by strict rotational requirements and technical officiating that could lead to frequent stoppages. The 2025–2028 cycle introduces radical changes intended to reduce \"dead time,\" minimize subjective technical whistles, and increase the strategic depth available to the coaching bench.OBJECTIVES• To systematically compare the 2021–2024 FIVB rules with the 2025–2028 updates.• To evaluate the impact of these changes on game tempo and officiating accuracy.• To analyze the tactical shifts resulting from increased substitution limits and positional freedom.3. RULE-BY-RULE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS3.1 Positions of the Serving Team• Previous Rule (2021-2024): Both the serving and receiving teams were required to be in their correct rotational order at the moment of the service hit. Failure to do so resulted in a positional fault.• New Rule (2025-2028): Players on the serving team are now free to occupy any positionon the court at the moment of the service hit. Only the receiving team must maintain correct rotational order until contact.• Impact: This allows the serving team to strategically \"stack\" or overload zones to prepare for defense or obstruct sightlines without fear of a positional whistle.
International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessScreening• Previous Rule (2021-2024): Screening was defined generally as hiding the server or the flight of the ball by waving arms or jumping. It was often a subjective \"judgement call\" by the referee.• New Rule (2025-2028): Serving team players are explicitly prohibited from raising theirhands above their heads until the ball crosses the vertical plane of the net.• Impact: This removes subjectivity. It creates a \"clear window\" for receivers, enhancing fair play and safety by giving the receiving team a better view of the ball's initial trajectory.Ball Crossing the Net (External Space)• Previous Rule (2021-2024): Recovering a ball from the opponent’s free zone was permitted under specific conditions if it passed outside the antennae.• New Rule (2025-2028): A ball sent to the opponent’s free zone entirely or partly through the external space on the second or third hit is immediately considered \"out\" and cannot be played back.• Impact: This simplifies officiating and prevents dangerous collisions or confusion when players attempt to chase \"dead\" balls into the opposition's bench area.Double Contact on the First Touch• Previous Rule (2021-2024): While some leniency existed, referees often whistled doublecontacts on the first touch if the action looked \"ugly\" or technically unsound.• New Rule (2025-2028): Multiple contacts are allowed on the first hit as long as it is part of a single playing action.• Impact: This supports \"Smooth Refereeing,\" allowing rallies to continue even if the first touch is technically imperfect, thereby increasing rally length and entertainment value.Challenge Requests• Previous Rule (2021-2024): Teams could request a challenge mid-rally (e.g., for a net touch), which immediately stopped the play.• New Rule (2025-2028): Challenges can only be requested after a rally has concluded(when the ball is dead). Mid-rally challenges are eliminated.• Impact: Eliminates the use of challenges as a \"tactical timeout\" to break an opponent's momentum. Players must now \"play to the whistle.\"Libero as Captain• Previous Rule (2021-2024): The Libero was strictly prohibited from being the team or game captain.• New Rule (2025-2028): The Libero is now permitted to be the team or game captain.• Impact: Recognizes the Libero as a core leader on the court. It simplifies leadership when the primary captain is subbed out during back-row rotations.Substitutions and Libero Designation• Previous Rule (2021-2024): Maximum of 6 substitutions per set. Teams usually designated two liberos if 14 players were on the score sheet.• New Rule (2025-2028): Maximum of 15 substitutions per set. Teams have more flexibility in designating zero, one, or two liberos.
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2229• Impact: Allows for \"Platoon\" systems. Coaches can now swap entire front-row or backrow units multiple times, favoring extreme specialization (e.g., serving or blocking specialists).Coaching Staff Authority• Previous Rule (2021-2024): Only the Head Coach was authorized to request timeouts or substitutions.• New Rule (2025-2028): The Second Coach is now also able to call timeouts or substitutions.• Impact: Empowers the assistant staff and allows the Head Coach to focus entirely on tactical analysis and player communication.Players’ Bench Area• Previous Rule (2021-2024): No specific \"Ready Zone\" for substitutes; players had to stay behind the bench or at the warm-up area.• New Rule (2025-2028): A specific area is established in front of the team bench for substitute players to move more quickly onto the court.• Impact: Accommodates the increased volume of substitutions (up to 15) and ensures the game tempo remains high.ConclusionThe FIVB 2025–2028 rule changes represent a significant modernization of volleyball. By prioritizing game fluidity (relaxed double contact, post-rally challenges) and tactical depth (15 substitutions, second coach authority), the sport has transitioned into a more \"coachcentric\" and \"viewer-friendly\" era. These changes significantly reduce the influence of subjective refereeing and place a higher premium on specialized athletic performance and strategic bench management.References1. Fédération Internationale de Volleyball. (2024). Official Volleyball Rules 2025-2028.Lausanne: FIVB.2. FIVB World Congress. (2024). Summary of Approved Regulatory Amendments for the2025-2028 Cycle.3. Reeser, J. C., & Bahr, R. (2017). Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science:Volleyball. Wiley-Blackwell.
International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessEFFECT OF GAYATRI MANTRA AND OM CHANTING ON PULMONARY FUNCTION AND PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES AMONG ATHLETESVikrant Salve, Research Scholar, Bombay Physical Culture Association College Physical Education, Wadala, Mumbai-31Dr. Jaysing M. Hotkar, Professor, BPCA’S College of Physical Education, Wadala, Mumbai – 31ABSTRACTThe growing physical and psychological demands placed on athletes highlight the need for holistic training approaches that enhance both physiological efficiency and mental wellbeing. Traditional Indian practices such as Gayatri Mantra and Om chanting are believed to improve respiratory control, reduce psychological stress, and enhance cognitive functioning; however, scientific evidence within athletic populations remains limited. The present experimental study investigates the effect of Gayatri Mantra chanting and Om chanting on pulmonary function and selected psychological variables among athletes from Mumbai.Seventy-five male athletes aged 18–20 years, selected from handball and basketball clubs, were randomly assigned to three groups: Gayatri Mantra chanting group (n = 25), Om chanting group (n = 25), and a control group (n = 25). A pre-test–post-test control group design was employed. The experimental groups participated in structured chanting sessions for six weeks, while the control group continued with their regular training routine. Pulmonary function parameters, including vital capacity, forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume, and peak expiratory flow rate, were measured using spirometer. Psychological variables such as stress and anxiety were assessed using standardized scales.Data will be analyzed using paired t-tests and one-way ANOVA at a significance level of p< 0.05. The study is expected to demonstrate significant improvements in pulmonary function and psychological well-being among athletes practicing Gayatri Mantra and Om chanting, supporting their integration into modern sports training programs.Keywords: Gayatri Mantra, Om Chanting, Pulmonary Function, Psychological Variables, Athletes.INTRODUCTIONIn recent years, there has been increasing interest in complementary and mind–body interventions to enhance athletic performance and psychological well-being. Among these interventions, mantra chanting—particularly Gayatri Mantra and Om chanting—has gainedattention due to its traditional roots and emerging scientific validation. Athletes require optimal pulmonary efficiency and psychological stability to perform consistently under physical and mental stress. The present paper reviews and conceptually examines the effects of Gayatri Mantra and Om chanting on pulmonary function and selected psychological variables among athletes. Chanting practices involve controlled breathing, prolonged expiration, rhythmic vocalization, and focused attention, which are known to influence respiratory mechanics and autonomic regulation. Studies have reported significant improvements in pulmonary parameters such as forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume, peak expiratory flow rate, and maximum voluntary ventilation following chanting and pranayama-based interventions. Additionally, psychological benefits including reduced anxiety, improved attention, enhanced memory, emotional stability, and better mental state have been observed among athletes and physically active populations practicing mantra chanting. These effects are attributed to parasympathetic nervous system activation, vagal stimulation, improved respiratory muscle
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2231strength, and neurocognitive modulation. Although limited athlete-specific experimental studies exist, available evidence suggests that Gayatri Mantra and Om chanting may serve as effective, low-cost, non-invasive techniques to enhance respiratory efficiency and psychological preparedness in athletes. Further longitudinal and controlled research is recommended to establish standardized protocols and to confirm their direct impact on sports performance.Keywords: Gayatri Mantra, Om Chanting, Pulmonary Function, Psychological Variables, Athletes.Conceptual Framework of Mantra ChantingGayatri MantraThe Gayatri Mantra is a Vedic hymn traditionally chanted for intellectual illumination, concentration, and mental purification. The rhythmic structure of the mantra encourages slow inhalation and prolonged exhalation, facilitating controlled breathing patterns. This structured vocalization is believed to synchronize respiration with mental focus, producing calming and centering effects.Om ChantingOm chanting involves prolonged vibration of the syllable “A-U-M,” generating resonance in the thoracic cavity, larynx, and cranial regions. The vibratory nature of Om chanting stimulates respiratory muscles and induces relaxation responses. Scientific investigations have associated Om chanting with reduced heart rate, lowered stress levels, and improved autonomic balance.Pulmonary Function and Athletic PerformancePulmonary function refers to the capacity of the lungs to inhale oxygen and expel carbon dioxide efficiently. Key pulmonary parameters relevant to athletes include:Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV₁)Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR)Effect of Gayatri Mantra and Om Chanting on Pulmonary FunctionSeveral studies examining yogic breathing and chanting-based practices have reported significant improvements in pulmonary parameters. Chanting practices inherently involve:Deep inhalationSlow and controlled exhalationSustained vocalizationDiaphragmatic engagementThese elements strengthen respiratory muscles, improve lung compliance, and enhance airflow efficiency.Experimental studies involving Om chanting combined with breathing techniques have demonstrated improvements in FVC, FEV₁, and PEFR. These changes indicate better lung expansion, stronger expiratory muscles, and increased ventilator efficiency. Even shortduration chanting interventions have been shown to produce measurable improvements in respiratory parameters.Although direct studies exclusively focusing on Gayatri Mantra chanting and pulmonary function in athletes are limited, the breathing mechanics involved are comparable to pranayama practices, which are well documented to improve lung function. Hence, it is reasonable to infer that regular Gayatri Mantra chanting may similarly enhance pulmonary efficiency among athletes.
International Conference & Global Conclave on Physical Education Sports Science & Social WellnessPsychological Variables in AthletesPsychological variables play a decisive role in sports performance. Athletes must maintain optimal levels of attention, emotional stability, confidence, and anxiety control. Psychological stress can negatively impact decision-making, reaction time, and motor coordination.Effect of Gayatri Mantra Chanting on Psychological VariablesResearch involving young athletes and students has reported that Gayatri Mantra chanting significantly improves cognitive functions such as attention and memory. Athletes practicing the mantra demonstrated better focus, improved mental clarity, and enhanced learning ability compared to control groups.Furthermore, reductions in anxiety levels have been consistently reported. Chanting promotes a calm mental state, reduces excessive mental chatter, and enhances emotional regulation. These effects are particularly beneficial for athletes facing competitive pressure and performance anxiety.The meditative nature of Gayatri Mantra chanting facilitates mindfulness and present-moment awareness, which are associated with improved psychological resilience and stress tolerance.Effect of Om Chanting on Psychological VariablesOm chanting has been shown to induce a relaxation response by stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system. Studies indicate that Om chanting reduces heart rate, blood pressure, and perceived stress levels. Neurophysiological evidence suggests increased alpha wave activity in the brain during Om chanting, which is associated with relaxation and mental alertness.Athletes practicing Om chanting often report improved mood, reduced mental fatigue, enhanced emotional stability, and better stress management. These psychological benefits contribute to improved self-regulation and composure during training and competition.Physiological and Psychological MechanismsRespiratory MechanismsStrengthening of diaphragm and intercostal musclesImproved breathing efficiencyIncreased lung volumesEnhanced respiratory enduranceConclusionThe available scientific and conceptual evidence suggests that Gayatri Mantra and Om chanting have a positive influence on pulmonary function and psychological variables among athletes. Regular practice enhances respiratory efficiency, reduces anxiety, improves attention and memory, and promotes emotional balance. These effects are mediated through improved breathing mechanics, autonomic nervous system regulation, and neurocognitive modulation.Although more rigorous experimental research is required, Gayatri Mantra and Om chanting appear to be valuable complementary practices that can be effectively integrated into athletic training programs to enhance both physiological and psychological performance.
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16 Special Issue January 2026 Volume 2233References1. Jaiswal, S., Pandey, A. K., & Pandey, R. (2017). Effect of Gayatri Mantra Chanting on Physiological Parameters in Female Volunteers. International Journal of Medical Research & Health Sciences, 6(11), 12-16.2. Krishnamurthy, V., Ravindran, R., & Ranganathan, V. K. (2015). Effect of Gayathri mantra on reaction time in young adults. International Journal of Yoga, 8(2), 147-150.3. Mohapatra, S. C., Mohanty, B. K., Patra, G., & Mishra, R. K. (2019). Effect of Gayatri Mantra and Om Chanting on cognitive function and wellbeing. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 10(1), 34-37.4. 4.N Sharma, D Soni - 2022 - osf.io Effect of Gayatri Mantra on Health: A Narrative Review.5. 5.R Rastogi, M Saxena, US Gupta… - … of industry interactive …, 2020.Yajna and Mantra therapy applications on diabetic and other disease subjects: computationalintelligence based experimental approach.