Reading Tipitaka

PHRAMAHA SOMPHONG PAÑÑÃDHARO (PRABHAVANANG) MAHACHULALONGKORNRAJAVIDYALAYA UNIVERSITY KHONKEAN CAMPUS Reading TIPIṬAKA (PÃLĨ CANON) in English

READING TIPIṬAKA In English 302302 Phra Maha Somphong Paññãdharo (Prabhavanang) M.A. English Department of Foreign Languange Faculty of Humanities Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University Khonkaen Campus B.E. 2566/2023

Instructional Document READING TIPIṬAKA IN ENGLISH CODE: 302302 ISBN : 2nd Edition Auther : PHRAMAHA SOMPHONG PAÑÑÃDHARO M.A in English, Instructor of English Major, Mahachulalongkornrajvidyalaya University. Supervisor : PHRASOBHAṆPHAḌHNAPAṆḌITA, Assoc.Prof.,Dr. PHRAMAHA SAMRAT KAMMASUDDHO, Asst.Prof.,Dr. Assoc. Prof Dr..Phirochana Buasukha Date/Month/Year: 16/08/2561 First Edition Cover : PHRAMAHA SOMPHONG PAÑÑÃDHARO Printer : Mahachulalongkornrajvidyalaya University Ban Khoksi, Khoksi sub-district, Muang district, Khonkaen Printed by : Emy Copy Centre 88/27 Naimuang Muang Khonkaen, 40000. Tel.043-306845, Email: [email protected] All right is reserved, no part of this Publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without written permission of the Publishers.

Preface After the Lord Buddha’s passing away His teachings were collected to make the group in three baskets called “Tipitaka” or Pali Canon; Vinaya Pitaka, Suttanta Pitaka,and Abhidhamma Pitaka. Tipitaka is the important scripture of Buddhism. It is the heart of collection of the Lord Buddha’s principles collected in the Pali Language. The Pali Canon,Tipitaka, refers to the set of scriptures in which the Buddha’s teachings, the Dhamma ‘Doctrine’ and Vinaya ‘Discipline’, are enshrined. The First Rehearsal, whose purpose was to collect and organize the word of the Buddha, did not take place until three months after his demise. As it was conducted by an assembly of 500 Arahant elders (thera), this event also gave rise to what is now known as Theravàda Buddhism. During the rehearsal, once any given portion of the teachings was agreed upon, it was chanted in unison by the assembly. The text chanted was thereby formally endorsed as the model to be committed word for word to memory and to be passed on to others and handed down to posterity. That is one of ways to preserve the Lord Buddha’s words. In the past the contents of society was proper to preserve Pali Canon. The teachings thus orally transmitted were first written down during the Fourth Rehearsal, conducted in Sri Lanka around B.E. 460. The Pali Canon of Theravàda Buddhism, after two and a half millennia and six major rehearsals, has been generally recognized as the oldest, most original, most complete, and most accurate record of the Buddha’s teachings still available today. The Pali Canon provides the standards or criteria for judging whether a given teaching or way of practice truly belongs to Buddhism. It is thus the duty and responsibility of all Buddhists to preserve and protect the Pali Canon, which is crucial for the survival of Buddhism, and hence also for the welfare and happiness of the world. This book offers an overview of the Pali Canon by addressing such crucial questions as: What is the Pali Canon? Why is it so important? What is a rehearsal and how was it conducted? What is Vinaya Pitaka? What is Suttanta Pitaka? Abhidhamma Pitaka? What is the important scripture in Pali canon such as commentary and sub-commentary? The goal of the book is to give the basic information of Pali Canon and to recognize that how the Pali Canon has been preserved and handed down to us. A concise summary of the Pali Canon is also provided, with a discussion of its supplemental scriptures. Pali canon is like the bank of wisdom of Buddhism. So we (students) all have to help preserve it by studying, promoting all of people around the world to understand and recognize the value of the important Buddhist scripture. I hope it is a guide to study further in other resources of information. Phramaha Somphong Paññãdharo (Prabhavanang) March 28, 2023

Contents Preface i TQF3 iii Contents xii Abbreviations xiii Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Pali canon or tipitaka 9 1.1 Meaning and definition of Tipiṭaka 12 : What is Tipiṭaka (or Pali Canon)? 1.2 The Classification of Tipiṭaka, (Pali Canon) 12 1.3 From Dhamma and Vinaya to Tipiṭaka 13 1.4 From the Oral tradition to the scripture of palm leaves 13 Chapter 2 Significance of Pali Canon 18 2.1The Pali Canon and the Triple Gem 21 2.2 The Pali Canon and Four Assemblies 24 2.3 The Pali Canon and three true doctrine 26 2.4 The Pali Canon and Threefold Training 27 Chapter 3 Vinaya Pitaka 32 3.1 Meaning and definition of Vinaya Piṭaka 34 3.2 Significance of Vinaya Piṭaka 37 3.3 Books of Vinaya Piṭaka 39 3.4 The important scriptures of Vinaya Piṭaka 47 Chapter 4 Suttanta Tipiṭaka 50 4.1 Meaning and definition of Suttanta Piṭaka 56 4.2 Significance of Suttanta Piṭaka 60 4.3 Books of Suttanta Tipiṭaka 64 4.4 The important scriptures of Suttanta Piṭaka 68 Chapter 5 Abhidhamma Tipiṭaka 73 5.1 Meaning and definition of Abhidhamma Piṭaka 75 5.2 Significance of Abhidhamma Piṭaka 78 5.3 Books of Abhidhamma Piṭaka 82 5.4 The important scriptures of Abhidhamma Piṭaka 85 Chapter 6 Saṅgāyanā : Rehearsal 95 6.1 The First Rehearsal 100 6.2 The Second Rehearsal 104 6.3 The Third Rehearsal 108 6.4 The Fourth Rehearsal 112 6.5 The Fifth Rehearsal 114 6.6 The Sixth Great International Rehearsal 116 Chapter 7 The important discourses from Tipiṭaka 128 1.Vinaya Piṭaka: Pãrãjika 130 2.Suttanta Piṭṭka : Kãlãma Sutta 133 3 Abhidhamma Piṭaka : The Ultimate Realities 136 Reference 142 Appendix 144 Biography 191

Abbreviations adj. adjective adv. adverb n. nouns vt. transitive verb vi. intransitive verb phr. phrase idiom idiom S subject O object D.O Direct Object InD.O Indirect Object S.C Subjective Complement O.C Objective Complement V Verb np. Noun phrase vp. Verb phrase

Reading Pali Canon in English Page 1 of 186 Introduction to Pali Canon According to Pali Canon’s history, Theravadins believed that most of Pali Canon originated from Buddha and his immediate disciples. The first Council that was held shortly after Buddha’s passing is to collect and preserve his Teachings. Indeed in the period of Buddha, Sariputta Thera request Buddha to collect his words. It was recited orally from the 5th century BCE to the first century BCE, when it was written down. The pitakas were first written down in Sri Lanka in the Alu Viharaya Temple. Pali Canon, or Tipitaka is the important scripture of Theravada Buddhism. It has been inscribed in Pali Language. The entire of Buddha’s Teaching was collected in the Three Baskets called as ‘Tipitaka’,namely; Vinaya Pitaka, Suttanta Pitaka and Abhidhamma Pitaka. The total of Pali Canon has 84,000 - collective body of laws (Phradhammakhandha) In the book, I compiled Pali Canon in short to be a guide to read Pali Canon or Tipitaka. I divided into 8 chapters to be easy to read and understand the texts. In deep I intend as the map of Pali Canon. Students interested in the further detail of Pali can study in the full scripture of Pali Canon. In the chapter 1, you will study on Pali canon or tipitaka’ meaning, the outline of Pali canon and …..In chapter 2, you will study the significance of the Tipitaka or Pali Canon. In chapter 3-5, it shows what Vinaya, Suttanta, and Abhidhamma pitaka are, the significance of three Pitaka, and Books and Commentaries of Tipitaka. Finally we will study some important discourses from Tipitaka. The instructional document can only be a guide to Tipitaka or Pali Canon. You can further study Full texts from sources or websites. It is essential to understand Pali-Roman alphabets which are the symbol of the Pali sound. Pali has no its own alphabet. It can be adapted to the language of countries that people speak or write Pali - Roman alphabets Vowels (สระ) In Pali there are eight vowels, namely a ã i ĩ u ũ e o (อานและเทยบสระไทย) อะ อา อ อ อ อ เอ โอ Short vowels : a, i, u, Examples Buddha (The Buddha)

Reading Pali Canon in English Page 2 of 186 Akkhi (an eye) Bhikkhu (a monk) Long vowels : ã, ĩ, ũ, e, o Examples Paññã (wisdom) Seṭṭhĩ (a millionar) Vadhũ (a woman) Khemiko (one who is excellent) Paññãdharo (one who preserves wisdom) Consonants (พยญชนะ) There are five groups and a non-group A group of K (วรรค กะ) (อกษระ) k kh g gh ṅ (อาน) ka kha ga gha na กะ ขะ คะ ฆะ งะ (เทยบพยญชนะไทย) ก ข ค ฆ ง Examples Kaññã (a woman) Khanti ( tolerance) Gãmo (Home) Dĩghãyuko Hotu Mahã rãjã (Long life the king) Maṅgala (an auspicious ceremony) A group of C (วรรค จะ) (อกษร) c ch j jh ñ (อาน) ca cha ja jha na จะ ฉะ ชะ ฌะ ญะ (เทยบพยญชนะไทย) จ ฉ ช ฌ ญ Examples Cita (mind) Cha (six) Jarã (old) Jhãna (absorption) Ñãṇa (knowledge)

Reading Pali Canon in English Page 3 of 186 A group of ṭ (วรรค ฏะ) (อกษร) ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh ṇ (อาน) ta tha da dha na ฎะ ฐะ ฑะ ฒะ ณะ (เทยบพยญชนะไทย) ฎ ฐ ฑ ฒ ณ Examples Ṭĩkã (a sub-commentary) Ṭhiti (duration) Ḍĩgha (long) Sãmaṇero (a novice) A group of t (วรรค ตะ) (อกษร) t th d dh n (อาน) ta tha da dha na ตะ ถะ ทะ ธะ นะ (เทยบพยญชนะไทย) ต ถ ท ธ น Examples Tatiyo (the third) Thĩna (sloth) Dvãra (a door) Dhammo (dhamma) Niraya (hell) A group of p (วรรค ปะ) (อกษร) p ph b bh m (อาน) pa pha ba bha ma ปะ ผะ พะ ภะ มะ (เทยบพยญชนะไทย) ป ผ พ ภ ม Examples

Reading Pali Canon in English Page 4 of 186 Paṭiccasamuppãda (the Dependent Origination) Phassa (Contact) Byãpãda (ill-will) Bhãvanã (mental culture) A non-group (อวรรค) (อกษร) y r l v s h ḷ ṁ(ṃ /ŋ) (อาน) ya ra la va sa ha la am ยะ ระ ละ วะ สะ หะ ฬะ อง (เทยบพยญชะไทย) ย ร ล ว ส ห ฬ อง Examples Yama (the Lord of the underworld) Ratanattaya (the Triple Gem) Lobha (greed) Vacĩkamma (verbal action) Sati (mindfulness) Hiri (moral shame) ÃsãỊaha Pũchã Sãmaṇeraṁ Note 1.จด (อ) นคหต อยบนพยญชนะตวสดทายค อานวา องภาษาโรมนใช aṃ พทธ อานวา พทธง = Buddhaṃ ธมม อานวา ธมมง = Dhammaṃ 2. จด (อ) นคหต มารวมกบ อ หรอ อ อานวา อง หรอ อง ภาษาโรมนใช iṃ, uṃ อมสมง อานวา อมสมง iṃ = อง Imasmiṃ วสง อานวา วสง uṃ = อง Visuṃ Visuṃ 3. จด(.) อยใตพยญชนะทใชเปนตวสะกดและไมมสระอนรวมดวย อานวา อ-ภาษาโรมนใช a+ Consonant

Reading Pali Canon in English Page 5 of 186 ปณณ อานวา ปณณง an = อน Paṇṇaṃ สมมา อานวา สมมา am = อม Sammã สพพ อานวา สพพะ ab = อพ Sabba กมม อานวา กมมะ am = อม Kamma ธมม อานวา ธมมะ am = อม Dhamma 4. จด(.) อยใตพยญชนะทใชเปนตวสะกดแตมสระอนรวมดวยใหอานตามสระทปรากฎอย เชน อ-,อทกข อานวา ทกขะ uk = อก Dukkha อตตร อานวา อตตะระ ut = อต Uttara วชชาจรณ อานวา วชชาจะระณะ ij = อช Vijjacarana โมคคลลาน อานวา โมคคลลานะ og = โอค Moggallãna เสฎฐ อานวา เศรษฐ et = เอฏ Seṭṭhĩ Examples Namo tassa bhagavato arahato sammã sambuddhassa นโม ตสส ภควโต อรหโต สมมา สมพทธสส Puriso : ปรโส Vijjacaranasampanno : วชชาจรณสมปนโน Kammaṭṭhana : กมมฎฐาน Kalyaṇamittatã : กลยาณมตตตา Dĩghanikãya : ทฆนกาย Anguttara nikãya : องคตตรนกาย

Reading Pali Canon in English Page 6 of 186 Drill : Write the Pali words into Roman letters นะโม พทธายะ = Namo buddhãya อะระหง = ______________________ สมมา สมพทโธ = ______________________ วชชาจะระณะสมปนโน = ______________________ สคะโต โลกวท = ______________________ อนตตะโร ปรสานง = ______________________ อาหเนยยง ปาหเนยยง = ______________________ สวะล จะ มะหาเถโร = ______________________ สตถา เทวะมะนสสานง = ______________________ ปจจตตง วญญหต = ______________________ ธมมะจาร สขง เสต = ______________________ อตตา ห อตตะโน นาโถ = ______________________ วรเยนะ ทกขะมะเจต = ______________________ เสฎฐสสะ ปตโต = ______________________ อมนา ปญญะกมเมนะ = ______________________ ปาณาตปาตา เวระมะณ = ______________________ อะทนนาทานา เวระมะณ = ______________________ กาเมสมจฉาจารา เวระมะณ = ______________________ อา , ปา , มะ , จ ,ปะ. = ______________________ ท, มะ, สง, อง, ข. = ______________________ สง, ว, ธา, ป, กะ, ยะ, ปะ,. = ______________________

Reading Pali Canon in English Page 7 of 186 Drill 2. Read passages1 aloud 1. Araham Samma Sambuddho Bhagava Buddham Bhagavatam Abdhivademi (bow) 2. Svakkhato Bhagavata Dhammo Dhammam Namasami (bow) 3. Supatipanno bhagavato savakasangho Sangham Namami (bow) 4. Namo Tassa Bhagavato Arahato Sammasambuddhassa (3x) 5. Itipiso Bhagava (He is indeed the Exalted One) Araham (far from defilements) Samma Sambuddho (perfectly enlightened by Himself) Vijjacaranasampanno (fully possessed of wisdom and excellent conduct) Sugato Lokavidu (knower of the worlds) Anutaro Purisadhammasarathi Sattha (unexcelled Trainer of tamable men) Devamanussanam (teacher of deities and men) Buddho (the Awakened One) Bhagavati (the Lord skilled in teaching Dhamma) 6. Svakkato Bhagavata Dhammo (well expounded is the Exalted One’s Dhamma) Sanditthiko (to be seen here and now) Akaliko (not delayed in time) Ehipassiko ( (inviting one to) come and see) Opanayiko (leading inwards) Paccatam Veditabbo Vinnuhiti (to be seen by each wise man for himself) 7. Supatipanno Bhagavato Savakasangho (that which is the Sangha of the Exalted One’s disciple who have practiced well) Ujupatipanno Bhagavato Savakasangho (that which is the Sangha of the Exalted One’s disciple who have practiced straightly) Nayapatipanno Bhagavato Savakasangho (that which is the Sangha of the Exalted One’s disciple who have practiced rightly) Samicipatipanno Bhagavato Savakasangho Samadhidhammaram Centre , Resource : http://methika.com/pali-chanting/itipiso-chant/, [Retrieved on 1 March 27, 2018]

Reading Pali Canon in English Page 8 of 186 (that which is the Sangha of the Exalted One’s disciple who have practiced properly) Yadittam (that is to say) Cattari Purisayugani (the four pairs of men- those who are in the four pairs of Noble Path and Fruition) Attha Purisapuggala (the eight types of individual persons- those who are with the mind of a Stream Winner up to Fruition of Arahantship) Esa Bhagavato Savakasangho (that is the Sangha of the Exalted One’s disciples) Ahuneyyo (worthy of gifts) Pahuneyyo (worthy of hospitality) Dakkkhineyyo (worthy of offerings) Anjalikaraniyo (who should be respected) Anuttaram Punakkhetam Lokassati (incomparable field of merit to the world) Buddhist monks are chanting for praising the Triple Gem

Reading Pali Canon in English Page 9 of 186 CHAPTER 1 Tipiṭaka (or Pali canon) Concepts Tipiṭaka or Pali Canon is the sacred scripture of Theravada Buddhism. It was composed in Pali language. Students should understand what Tipiṭaka (or Pali canon) is, and what the general concepts and components of Tipiṭaka is. It is essential to study in the detail. Learning Objectives 1. Students can understand and explain about the meaning and definition of Tipiṭaka 2. Students have knowledge and the general concepts of Tipiṭaka and explain about the components of Tipiṭaka. 3. Students should understand the background of Tipiṭaka Outline of Tipitaka

Reading Pali Canon in English Page 10 of 186 Tipitaka ; Pali Canon Firstly before Learning how to read effectively and efficiently is essential for college success. Since reading materials are organised in different ways, you need to learn how to apply different reading techniques to improve your reading skills. You will learn and practice scanning, skimming, and guessing word meaning from context. To familiarise you with different reading materials are relevant to Pali Cannon (Tipiṭaka) I has selected the following topics for reading practice : What is Pali Canon? and the outline of Tipiṭaka. Reading Skill : Scanning What is scanning? Scanning is a reading technique to be used when you want to find specific information quickly. In scanning you have a question in your mind and you read a passage only to find the answer, ignoring unrelated information .2 How to Scan: 1. State the specific information you are looking for. 2.Try to anticipate how the answer will appear and what clues you might use to help you locate the answer. For example, if you were looking for a certain date, you would quickly read the paragraph looking only for numbers. 3.Use headings and any other aids that will help you identify which sections might contain the information you are looking for. 4. Selectively read and skip through sections of the passage. Note : When you scan just let your eyes move quickly down the page until you find what you are looking for. You do not read all the words. You read only the words you are looking for Scanning for information Readers often scan for information. They do not read all the words. They read only the words they need. You can learn to scan for information in these exercises. Work quickly and remember you do not read all the words. Pioneer netserv. http://pioneer.netserv.chula.ac.th/~pkanchan/html/skim.htm ,[Retrieved on June, 2 28,2013.]

Reading Pali Canon in English Page 11 of 186 Before You Reading A. Survey. Complete the survey about Tipiṭaka (Pãl Canon). Then explain your answers to a partner. B. Scan. Quickly scan the reading on pages 15-17. Match the books with their meanings Books Meanings 1.______ Tipiṭaka a. or Pāli Canon 2.______ Vinaya Piṭaka b. The Teacher’s nine-factored dispensation 3.______ Suttanta Piṭaka c. Discipline Basket 4.______ Abhidhamma Piṭaka d. There are 42,000 textual units 5.______ Navaṃgasatthusãsanaṃ e. the book that collects discourses List Topics Yes No 1 Have you ever seen the bookcase? 2 Have you ever read the books? 3 Are there forty-five books or forty? 4 You think it’s important to read 5 If you read it, you read Vinaya, Suttanta or Abhidhamma piṭaka

Reading Pali Canon in English Page 12 of 186 1.1 Meaning and Definition of Tipiṭaka Discuss before Reading, What:Why? KWL What is Tipiṭaka?3 (1) Tipiṭaka or Pāli Canon is the standard collection of scriptures in the Theravada Buddhist tradition, as preserved in the Pāli language. It is the most complete extant early Buddhist canon. It was composed in North India, and preserved orally until it was committed to writing during the Fourth Buddhist Council in Sri Lanka in 29 BCE, approximately four hundred and fifty-four years after the death of Shākyamuni. (2) Tipiṭaka or Pāli Canon in English, derived from Palĩ Ti (three) and Piṭaka (basket) in Sanskrit: Tripiṭaka, referred to the receptacles in which the scrolls were kept. Because of this, Tipiṭaka means the most important scripture of Theravada Buddhism collected Buddha’s Teachings and some disciples’ words. 1.2 The classification of Tipiṭaka (3) Tipiṭaka falls into three categories - Vinaya Piṭaka, Suttanta Piṭaka and Abhidhamma Piṭaka. The Tipiṭaka consists of 84,000 textual units, namely; 1. Vinaya Piṭaka, or Discipline Basket, is the book that deals with or collected rules for monks and nuns. There are 21,000 textual units. 2. Suttanta Piṭaka (Sutra/Sayings Basket) is the book that collects discourses, mostly ascribed to the Buddha, but some to disciples. There are 21,000 textual units. 3. Abhidhamma Piṭaka, the book that variously describes the principle of Buddha’s words as philosophy, psychology, metaphysics. There are 42,000 textual units. Wikipedia,free encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon[ Retrieved on September 3 3,2013] The ancient Buddha image of Bamiyan destroyed by Talibans in 2008

Reading Pali Canon in English Page 13 of 186 (4) The Vinaya Piṭaka and the Suttanta Piṭaka are remarkably similar to the works of other early Buddhist schools. The Abhidhamma Piṭaka however is a strictly Theravada collection, and has little in common with the Abhidhamma works recognised by other Buddhist schools. Buddha’s Teachings is in form of Navaṃgasatthusãsanaṃ , The Teacher’s nine- 4 factored dispensation the Master’s ninefold teaching ๑. Suttaṃ — threads; discourses ๒. Geyyaṃ— discourses mixed with verses; songs ๓. Veyyãkaraṇaṃ — prose-expositions ๔. Gãthã — verses ๕. Udãnaṃ— exclamations; psalms; verses of uplift ๖. Itivuttakaṃ— thus-said discourses ๗.Jãtakaṃ— birth-stories ๘. Abbhũtadhammaṃ — marvelous ideas ๙. Vedallaṃ— question and-answer; catechetical suttas 1.3 From Dhamma and Vinaya to Tipiṭaka Discuss before Reading, What:Why? KWL (5) In several Sutas (discourses) such as Dhachaggasuta shows clearly the topic “Svãkkhato bhagavato Dhammo”, translated in “Dhamma what Buddha spoke well”. Dhammo here means the doctrine and rules laid down by Buddha. Stanza of the ordination of Ehibhikkhuũpsampadã tradition says that “Svãkkhãto Dhammo Brahmacariyaṃ Caratha Sammadukkha antakiriyãya” translated in “ Dhamma well-preached by Buddha,You conduct the religious life to get rid of the end of suffering.” Dhamma of the stanza implies that Dhamma or doctrine means the rules or Vinay laid down by Buddha. (6) Firstly Tipiṭaka was called two types namely; Dhamma-vinaya, for example in Pali “Yo vo ãnanda mayã dhammo ca vinayo ca desito panatto so vo mamaccayena satthã ‘ãnanda!” ‘the Doctrine and Discipline I have set forth and laid down for you all shall be your Teacher after I am gone. 4 พระธรรมปฎก (ป.อ.ปยตโต), พจนานกรมพทธศาสน ฉบบประมวลธรรม,พมพครงท 9, (กรงเทพมหานคร): โรง พมพ มหาจฬาลงกรณราชวทยาลย, 2543), หนา 261

Reading Pali Canon in English Page 14 of 186 (7) Secondly Tipiṭaka was called “Brahmacariyaṃ” in Pali “Caratha Bhikkhave,Cãrikaṃ Bahuchanahitãya Bahuchanosukhãya Lokãnukampãya, Atthãya Hitãya Sukhãya, Devamanussãnaṃ Desetu Bhikkhave Dhammaṃ Ãdikalyaṇaṃ Majjhekalyãṇaṃ Pariyosãnakalyãṇaṃ Sãtthaṃ Sabayañjanaṃ Kevalaparipuṇṇaṃ Parisuddhaṃ Brahmacariyaṃ Pakãsesi. It means that “Bhikkhus! You travel for good benefit to a lot of people, for happiness to a lot of people, for helping the world, for good benefit and for happiness to deities and human beings. Bhikkhus! You preach the doctrine which is first, middle and final beauty. You proclaim the Holy Life with very pure texts and consonants”. (8) Buddha’s doctrines were initially called ‘Brahmacariyaṃ’ or ‘Dhammavinaya’. Several doctrines were not collected in a group like at present. 1.4 From the Oral tradition to the scripture of palm leaves Discuss before Reading, What:Why? KWL (9) Before his Parinibbana-the complete Nirvana, the final release of the rebirth cycle, Buddha did not select someone to be the Lord Buddha instead of Him but said, "Yo vo ãnanda mayã dhammo ca vinayo ca desito panatto so vo mamaccayena satthã.” It means that Ãnanda, the Doctrine and Discipline I have set forth and laid down for you all shall be your Teacher after I am gone.’ So in the time of Buddha there are not Tipiṭaka or Pali canon. Reading Comprehension Explanation. Read the questions and scan paragraph to find the answer on pages 15-17. 1. What is “Pali canon”? _______________________________________________ 2. How many categories of Pali Canon are there? _______________________________________________ 3. Where was Pali canon composed? _______________________________________________ 4. What does the term “Tipiṭaka” mean in English? _______________________________________________ 5. What does Vinaya Piṭaka deal with? _______________________________________________

Reading Pali Canon in English Page 15 of 186 6. What does the word “Dhammavinaya” mean? _______________________________________________ 7. What does the word “Nirvana” mean? _______________________________________________ 8. What does Abhidhamma Piṭaka deal with? _______________________________________________ 9. Which Piṭaka told the history of Buddha? _______________________________________________ 10. What does the word “Mukhapãṭha” mean? _______________________________________________ Vocabulary Practice Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer for each question. 1. The word “ scriptures” (paragraph1) means _______. a. book b. text c. picture d. pen 2. The word “preserved” (paragraph 1) means ______. a. kept b. written c. named d. typed 3. The word “disciples” (paragraph 2) means _______. a. followers c. boys c. laypeople d. persons 4. The word “discourses” (paragraph 3) means _______. a. sermons b. books c. questions d. categories 5. The word “schools” (paragraph 4) means _________. a. students b. sect c. institute d. people 6. The word “laid down” (paragraph 5 ) means _________. a. written b. said c. dialogue d. told

Reading Pali Canon in English Page 16 of 186 7. The word “doctrines” (paragraph 7) means _________. a. teachings b. Buddhas c. Sanghas d. laypeople 8. The word “disciplines” (paragraph 8) means _________. a. rules for monks and nuns b. a law of action c. to do good d. a temple 9. What does the word “ Brahmacariyaṃ” mean? a. Buddha b. Sangha c. Tipiṭaka d. Vinaya 10. The word “schools” (paragraph 4) means _________. a. school b. sect c. style d. kind Completion. Fill in the blanks with words or phrases from the story. You may have to change the form of the words to fit the sentence. Pali Canon or __________(1) , is the book that collects the __________(2) of Buddha’s. There _______(3) three books. Vinaya Pitaka ___________(4) the rules of Buddhist monks and nuns. Buddha’s discourses are ______________(5) in Suttanta Pitaka. Abhidhamma is the high doctrines that are ___________, ___________, (6) and metaphysics. Buddha’s Teachings consist of ________________ (7)textual units. Tipiṭaka or Pāli Canon in English, ________(8) from Palĩ Ti (three) and Piṭaka (basket) in Sanskrit: Tripiṭaka, referred to the _________(9) in which _________(10) were kept. Because of this, Tipiṭaka means the most important scripture of Theravada Buddhism collected Buddha’s Teachings and some disciples’ words. Tipiṭaka falls into three categories - Vinaya Piṭaka, Suttanta Piṭaka and Abhidhamma Piṭaka

Reading Pali Canon in English Page 17 of 186 Vocabulary Collection n. การเกบรวบรวม (gathering) Scripture n. คมภร (book) Tradition n. ประเพณ, ขนบธรรมเนยม(costom) Preserve v. ทใหคงอย รกษา(keep, maintain) Extant adj. ทมอย,ยงอยรอด (still in existence) Canon n. คมภร(book) Compose v. ประกอบดวย (of) (make up) Orally adv. โดยปากเปลา (verbally, spoken) Commit to v. จดจ (remember) Approximately adv. โดยประมาณ (about, proximately) Council n. สภา (committee)สงคายนา (Rehearsal) Fall into v. ถกจดอยในกลมของ (deal with) Category n. ประเภท (kind) Receptacle n. ภาชนะทใส (container) Scroll n. รายการ, มวนหนงสอทใชเขยนกนในสมยโบราณ Deal with v. จดการ (do with) ascribe v. จดวาเขยนโดย,ใหเหตผล,(put down, assign) Ascribe to v. พจารณาวาเขยนโดย (arbitrate to) Discourse n. พระสตร (lecture, sermon) Philosophy n. ปรชญา Metaphysics n. อภปรชญา Psychology n. จตวทยา Remarkable adj. นาสงเกต, ไมธรรมดา (extraordinary) Strictly adv. อยางแทจรง, อยางเครงครด (truely) School n. นกาย,สนก, ฝาย (sect)

Reading Pali Canon in English Page 18 of 186 CHAPTER 2 The significance of the Pali canon Concepts Tipiṭaka or Pali canon is the essential primary source of Theravada Buddhism.The important main point of Tipiṭaka or Pali canon is in the four topics. 1. The Pali Canon and the Triple Gem 2. The Pali Canon and the Four Assemblies 3. The Pali Canon and the three true doctrines 4. The Pali Canon and the Threefold Training Objective Students can explain about the objectives and significance of Tipiṭaka or Pali Canon.

Reading Pali Canon in English Page 19 of 186 The significance of the Pali Canon Reading Skill : Skimming Before reading the significance of the Pali Canon, we improve the reading skills - Skimming skill. What is skimming? Skimming is a reading technique that can help you to read more quickly and decide if the text is interesting and whether you should read it in more detail. What is the difference between scanning and skimming? Scanning is a fast reading technique which is used to obtain specific information from a piece of text (i.e. to find a particular number in a telephone directory). Skimming is a fast reading technique which is used to obtain the gist (the overall sense) of a piece of text (i.e. to quickly identify the main ideas in the text). Purpose of skimming Whether you are dealing with a chapter, a unit, or a whole book, skimming quickly provides an outline of the material. In order words, you skim to gain a general understanding of the reading material in a short amount of time. When to skim The purpose of skimming is to gain familiarity with the material, not detailed understanding. When you skim, you make a trade: complete comprehension for speed. You should skim under the following conditions: 1. You need to know the general outline of the reading material. 2. You need to re-organise the topic, thesis, and supporting ideas of the material. 3. You need the information fast. Remember: Skim when you need to understand the material quickly. If the material is important, you can read it analytically at another time. How to skim The skimming process requires you to read completely , and as quickly as possible, the following parts of the material: 1. The introductory paragraphs (usually the first and second ones in an essay or chapter) 2. The first sentence of each paragraph (usually the paragraph’s topic sentence, which identifies its main idea ),and

Reading Pali Canon in English Page 20 of 186 3. The concluding paragraphs (usually the last two in an essay) .5 Suggestions for Skimming6 1. Look out for key words. 2. Look at the illustrations to give you further information about the topic. 3. Read the title, subtitles and subheadings to find out what the text is about. 4. Read the first and last sentence of each paragraph. 5. Use as many clues as possible to give you some background information. 6. Let your eyes skim over the surface of the text. 7. Don’t read the whole text word-for-word. 8. Continue to think about the meaning of the text. Fitzpatrick, Carolyn H. & Rusica, Marybeth B. 1993.Reading Thresholds. D.C. Heath and Company. 5 Lexington, Massachusete,pp.199-202) http://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise/factsheet/en05skim-e3-f-skimming-and-scanning. [Retrieved on June 6 30,2013]

Reading Pali Canon in English Page 21 of 186 Before Reading A. Discussion. Use the photos above to answer the question. 1. Explain the influence of Buddhism to Thai society. 2. How is the signification of Pali Canon for lay people or Buddhist monks? 3. Why do Buddhists believe in Tipiṭaka? B. Scan .Quickly scan the reading on pages 24-30. Write the significance of Tipiṭaka ___________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ The significance of the Pali Canon Discuss before Reading, What:Why? KWL The book “The Pali Canon : What a Buddhist Must know” written by P.A. Payutto, told to the 7 significance of the Pali Canon in the following parts. 2.1 The Pali Canon and the Triple Gem The principal reason for the paramount importance of the Pali Canon is that it is where the Triple Gem, also the Three Refuges for all Buddhists, is preserved : a. The Pali Canon is the place of the Buddha. b. The Pali Canon performs the duty of the Dhamma. c. The Pali Canon is where the Sangha is accommodated. To sum up, the Triple Gem has to rely on the Pali Canon to P.A. Prayutto, The Pali Canon What a Buddhist Must know, translated into English by Dr.Somseen 7 Chanawangsa,Bangkok,2004 Buddhagaya Pagoda

Reading Pali Canon in English Page 22 of 186 manifest itself to the populace of the world, starting with the Buddhists themselves. The Pali Canon is therefore important as the vehicle through which the Triple Gem becomes known. Preserving the Pali Canon is in effect maintaining the Triple Gem, which is also maintaining Buddhism itself. Reading Comprehension Discuss each question with your partner, then write your answer. 1. Why is Pali Canon important to the Triple Gem? _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________ 2. What is The Pali Canon where the Sangha is accommodated? _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________ 3. What is the Triple Gem? _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________ Vocabulary Practice 1.Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer for each question. 1. The word “ Canon” (paragraph 1) means _________. a. a book c. a vehicle b. a pen d. a gun 2. The word “significance” (paragraph 1) means _________. a. importance c. goodness b. understanding d. beauty 3. The word “Triple Gem” means______________. a. three books c. three gems b. three people d. three monks

Reading Pali Canon in English Page 23 of 186 4. The word “paramount” means _________________. a. supreme c. long time b. coming soon d. explain 5. The word “accommodated” means _________________. a. to house b. to make money c. to joy d. to do 2. Match the correct meaning in the column A and B Column A Column B …… ……. 1. significance a. keep up …… ……. 2. to sum up b. to live, reside …… ……. 3. refuge c. concluse …… ……. 4. paramount d. importance …… ……. 5.manifest e. three treasures …… ……. 6. accommodated f. to house …… ……. 7. dwelling g. protection …… ……. 8. maintain h. to conserve …… ……. 9. triple Gem i. clearly …… ……. 10. preserve j. supreme

Reading Pali Canon in English Page 24 of 186 2.2 The Pali Canon and the Four Assemblies Discuss before Reading, What:Why? KWL (1) The Buddha once said he would enter the Final Nibbana only when all the Four Assemblies, namely monks and nuns-whether they were elders, middling or newly ordained ones-together with laymen and laywomen –celibate and married alike –were endowed with the qualities of worthy custodians of the Teaching, as follows: (2) 1. They must be well-versed in the teachings of the Buddha and have proper conduct in accordance with the teachings; 2. They must be able to teach others, having learnt the teachings and conducted themselves well; 3. They must be able to confute false doctrines, or teachings that are distorted or different from the original Doctrine and Discipline, when such teachings arise. (4) This saying of the Buddha in effect entrusted the Teaching to the Four Assemblies. But care must also be taken as to what type of Buddhist is worthy of this task. Reading Comprehension Discuss each question with your partner, then write your answer. 1. Who is the Four Assemblies? _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 2. What is the duty of the Four Assemblies? _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________

Reading Pali Canon in English Page 25 of 186 Vocabulary Practice Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer for each question. 1.The word “ assembly” (paragraph1) means _______. a. a group of people b. Buddhist monk c. nun d. Novice 2.The word “ layman” (paragraph1) means _______. a. a person b. a female c. a monk d. a novice 3.The word “ endowed with” (paragraph1) means _______. a. to give b. to practice c. to come d. to work 4.The word “ celibate” (paragraph1) means _______. a. not married b. married c. single d. died 5.The word “ custodians” (paragraph1) means _______. a. keeper b. angle c. man d. female

Reading Pali Canon in English Page 26 of 186 2.3 The Pali Canon and the three true doctrines Discuss before Reading, What:Why? KWL From another perspective, what Buddhism is all about can be summarized in three words: Pariyatti, Patipatti and Pativedha, or the three true doctrines. Pariyatti refers to the word of the Buddha that we study, through the Pali Canon, without which the Buddha’s teachings could never reach us. We can say that the Pariyatti is the result of the Pativedha and is also the basis for the practice (Patipatti) of Buddhism. Hence, without the Pariyatti as basis, the Patipatti and the Pativedha would also fail to materialise. All would collapse together. From this perspective, then if we are to preserve the Pariyatti, Patipatti and Pativedha, we will have to preserve the Pali Canon. Reading Comprehension Discuss each question with your partner, then write your answer. 1. What is the step of studying in Buddhism? Why? _________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2. Select the word in the box for sentences below. 1. One who is teacher of Buddhism is called ………………………. 2. The result of practicing Buddha’s Teachings is called …………………………… 3. It refers to the word of the Buddha that we study, through the Pali Canon, without which the Buddha’s teachings could never reach us.= ……………………… Buddha, Pariyatti, Pativedha, Patipatti, Dhamma, Sangha,

Reading Pali Canon in English Page 27 of 186 2.4 The Pali Canon and the Threefold Training Discuss before Reading, What:Why? KWL (1) In organizing the teachings into the Tipitaka, tradition has established a relationship between each of the three major divisions of the Pali Canon with each component of the Threefold Trainings as follows: (2) 1. The Vinaya piṭaka as the collection of monastic rules for monks, including both the 277 training rules of the Patimokkha and those outside of the Paṭimokkha, constitutes the Discipline or sila ‘morality’ – the training and development of bodily and verbal behaviour. (3) 2. As a matter of fact, the Suttanta piṭaka encompasses all of the Threefold Training, but it has been pointed out that its main focus is on the second component of the Threefold Training, i.e. Samadhi ‘concentration’, or emotional development. (4) 3. Finally, the focus of the Abhidhamma piṭaka is on Pañña ‘wisdom’. In contemporary parlance, the contents of this pitaka are purely scholarly or academic, bringing up for scrutiny phenomena that are subtle and profound. It thus belongs to the domain of wisdom, requiring profound penetrative knowledge. (5) If we observe the principles of morality, concentration and wisdom as expounded in the Pali Canon , our lives will become like the Teaching itself thereby as if preserving Buddhism with our own lives. As long as we live, so will Buddhism survive. Wherever we are, there will be Buddhism. Whichever place we visit, Buddhism will reach there as well. Reading Comprehension Discuss each question with your partner, then write your answer. 1. How is the relationship between Pali Canon and the Threefold Training? _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 2. Conclude Buddha’s Teachings in Pali Canon into the Threefold training (Tisikkha) a. Vinanya Pitaka = ______________________ b. Suttanta Pitaka = ______________________ c. Abhidhamma Pitaka = _____________________

Reading Pali Canon in English Page 28 of 186 Vocabulary Practice Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer for each question. 1.The word “ Threefold Trainings” (paragraph1) means _______. a. Itthipada b. Tisikkha c. Saraṇa d. Sila 2. The word “ monastic” (paragraph 2) means _______. a. temple b. school c. pagoda d. hispital 3. The word “Paṭimokkha” (paragraph 2) means _______. a. a rule of monks b. precepts of novices c. a rule of temples d. a good way for walking 4. The word “Discipline” (paragraph 2) means _______. a. sila b. samatha c. vipassana d. Bhãvanã 5. The word “concentration” (paragraph 3) means _______. a. sila b. samãdhi c. vipassana d. Bhãvanã 6. The word “encompasses” (paragraph 3) means _______. a. to contain b. to give up c. to encourage d. to develop 7. The word “ ‘wisdom” (paragraph1) means _______. a. Paññã b. samãdhi c. vipassana d. Bhãvanã 8. The word “ parlance” (paragraph 4) means _______. a. wording b. walking c. going d. running 9. The word “profound” (paragraph 4) means _______. a. learned b. written c. spoken d. stolen 10. The word “ observe” (paragraph 5) means _______. a. to obey b. to speak c. to write d. to hold

Reading Pali Canon in English Page 29 of 186 Vocabulary Essential Vocabularies (1) significance n ความสคญ (importance) triple gem n พระรตนตรย (three treasures) principal adj สคญมากกวาอยางอน(foremost) paramount adj ซงอยสงสด(supreme) refuge n ทพง, สรณะ (protection, shelter) dwelling place np ทประทบ (living) to perform vi ปฎบตหนาท (carry out) to accommodate vt. จดทอยให (house) to sum up vp สรป (conclude) to rely on vp ขนอยกบ (depend on) manifest adj ซงเปนทเขาใจแจมแจง (clearly) populace n ประชาชน, ประชากร (people) to maintain vi รกษา (keep) maintaining adj. ซงดเนนตอไป(continuing) Essential Vocabularies (2) to enter vt. เขาส (to get in) Four Assemblies บรษทส (four groups) to ordained vt. บวช (to be a monk) laymen n คฤหสถผชาย,อบาสก (a man) laywomen n คฤหสถผหญง,อบาสกา(woman) celibate n ผทไมแตงงานและไมมเพศสมพนธทางเพศ (not to marrige ) endowed with สรางใหม (ความสามารถ)โดยธรรมชาต (to give) qualities n คณภาพ คณลกษณะ (ability) custodians n ผรบผดชอบในการดแลทรพยสนมคา (keeper) well-versed adj. ซงมประสบการณด (good experience) proper conduct n. ความประพฤตเหมาะสม (good behaviour)

Reading Pali Canon in English Page 30 of 186 in accordance with adv. ตามท (as) to conduct vt. ประพฤต (behave) to confute vt. พสจนวากระทผด(disprove, defeat) false doctrine n คสอนปฎรป(ผด) (wrong doctrine) distorted adj. ซงบดเบอน (bias) original doctrine . คสอนดงเดม (first doctrine) discipline n วนย (rule of monks) task n งานหนก หนาท (duty) Essential Vocabulary (3) true adj. จรง แท (real) perspective n ทศนคต (attitude, aspect) to summarised vt. สรปยอ (concise) hence adv. ดงนน (so) to materialise vi กลายเปนจรง (to become real); ปรากฎ(to appear) to collapse vi พงทลาย (to break) Essential Vocabulary (4) Threefold Training n ไตรสกขา organising np. การจดระบบ (to set up) to established vt. กอตง สราง(to set up) major adj. สวนใหญสคญมาก( important) division n แผนก กลม (group) component n สวนประกอบ (element) monastic rules np กฎระเบยบเกยวกบพระ to constitutes vt กอตง, ประกอบดวย (to build) morality n ศล, ความดงาม (virtue) bodily adj. ทางกาย (Physical verbal adj. ทางวาจา, ทใชคพด behaviour n พฤตกรรม, ความประพฤต

Reading Pali Canon in English Page 31 of 186 as a matter of fact- idm อนทจรง to encompasses vt. รวมเขาไวทงหมด (to include) to pointed out vi. มงไปท(to aim at) concentration n สมาธ (meditation) emotional development np การพฒนาทางอารมณ wisdom n ปญญา contemporary adj. ซงทเกดขนพรอมกน,รวมสมย (modern) parlance n สนวนพด, คพด (idiom) contents n หวขอ (topic) scholarly adj. คงแกเรยน (studious) academic adj. ดานวชาการ (scholarly) to bring up phrv. นขนไปสทสงกวา scrutiny n การใครครวญอยางละเอยด (analytical) phenomena n ปรากฎการณ (event) subtle adj. เฉยบแหลม (clever) profound adj. ลกซง, ซงคดลกซง(deeply, extremely) to belong to phrv. เปนของ domain n อาณาเขต, ขอบเขตของความร (sphere, area) to require vt. ตองการ (to want) penetrative adj. ลกซง (perceive, comprehend) to expounded vt. อธบายอยางละเอยด (detail) as long as conj. ตราบเทาท to survive vi ดรงอย, มชวตสบตอ (alive)

Reading Pali Canon in English Page 32 of 186 CHAPTER 3 Vinaya piṭaka Concepts The Vinaya Piṭaka is made up of rules of discipline laid down for regulating the conduct of the Buddha's disciples who have been admitted as bhikkhus and bhikkhunis into the Order. These rules embody authoritative injunctions of the Buddha on modes of conduct and restraints on both physical and verbal actions. They deal with transgressions of discipline, and with various categories of restraints and admonitions in accordance with the nature of the offence. Outline of Chapter 3 Vinaya Piṭaka 3.1 Meaning and definition of Vinaya Piṭaka - What is Vinaya Piṭaka? 3.2 Significance of Vinaya Piṭaka 3.3 Books of Vinaya Piṭaka 3.4The important scriptures of Vinaya Piṭaka Objectives 1. Students should understand and explain about the meaning and definition of Vinaya piṭaka 2. Students should understand and explain about significance of Vinaya Piṭaka 3. Students should understand and explain about the components of Vinaya piṭaka 4. Students should understand and explain the important scriptures of Vinaya Piṭaka

Reading Pali Canon in English Page 33 of 186 Before You Read A. Discussion. Use the information above to answer the questions. 1. Why did Buddha lay down the rules of disciplines for His disciples? 2. When was the discipline in Buddhism made up ? 3. What is the “the Order”? 4. When was Vinaya Piṭaka compiled? B. Skim. Look quickly at the reading on pages 37. Which questions do you expect the passage to answer? Check (✔ ) your answers. Then read the passage to check your ideas. 1. For whom was the disciplines made up? A. for all of persons B. for some Buddhist disciples C. for Buddha D. for monks and nuns. 2. Which does the word “ Piṭaka” means ? A. a book B. a basket

Reading Pali Canon in English Page 34 of 186 C. a pen D. a pencil The Vinaya Piṭaka (Pali; English: Basket of Discipline) is a Buddhist scripture, one of the three parts that make up the Tripitaka (literally. "Three Baskets"). The other two parts of the Tripitaka are the Sutta Pitaka and the Abhidhamma Pitaka. Its primary subject matter is the monastic rules for monks and nuns. The name Vinaya Piṭaka (vinayapi ṭaka) is the same in Pāli, Sanskrit and other dialects used by early Buddhists . 8 It was compiled at the First Council shortly after the Buddha's death, and recited by Upali, with little later addition. Most of the different versions are fairly similar, most scholars consider most of the Vinaya to be fairly early, that is, dating from before the separation of schools9 Discuss before Reading, What:Why? KWL 3.1 Meaning and definition of Vinaya Piṭaka What is Vinaya Piṭaka? (1) U Ko Lay says its meaning in the book of Guide to Tipikaka that “The Vinaya Piṭaka is made up of rules of discipline laid down for regulating the conduct of the Buddha's disciples who have been admitted as bhikkhus and bhikkhunis into the Order. These rules embody authoritative injunctions of the Buddha on modes of conduct and restraints on both physical and verbal actions. They deal with transgressions of discipline, and with various categories of restraints and admonitions in accordance with the nature of the offence” . 10 (2)Wikipiedia, the free encyclopedia gives its meaning that “The Vinaya Piṭaka is a Buddhist scripture, one of the three parts that make up the Tripitaka. Its primary subject matter is the monastic rules for monks and nuns. The name Vinaya Piṭaka (vinayapiṭaka) is the same in Pāli, Sanskrit and other dialects used by early Buddhists, and means basket of discipline” . 11 (3) The Editor of Encylopaedia Britannica says that “Vinaya Piṭaka, (Pāli and Sanskrit: “Basket of Discipline”), the oldest and smallest of the three sections of the Wikipedia, Vinaya pitaka: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinaya_Pitaka.[Retrieved on March 23, 2018] 8 9 New Penguin Handbook of Living Religions, page 380 10 U Ko Lay, Guide to Tipitaka,Buddha Dhamma Education Association.Inc. pp.21 Wikipedia, Vinaya pitaka : www.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinaya_Pitaka, [Retrieved on January 11 10,2015.] Laung Phor Phrasai : Wat Phochai, Nongkhai province

Reading Pali Canon in English Page 35 of 186 Buddhist canonical Tipiṭaka (“Triple Basket”) and the one that regulates monastic life and the daily affairs of monks and nuns according to rules attributed to the Buddha.”12 Reading Comprehension Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer for each question. Gist : 1.This reading is mainly about _______ (paragraph1). a. whom disciplines were made up? b. how disciplines were made up? c.how disciples should behave themselves? Purpose : 2. The purpose of the second paragraph is to describe_______. a. whom or how the monastic rules are important. b. why disciplines were laid down. c. how disciplines were laid down. Detail: 3 What is the purpose of making up disciplines? a. for regulating the conduct of the Buddha’s disciples b. for good society in the Order c. for all of people in Buddhism Reference : 4.In paragraph 3, what does the “offence” refer to? a. misdeed b. actions c. conduct d. goodness Vocabulary: 5. In paragraph 1 the word laid down can be replaced with____? a. be made up b. be spelled c. be built up d. be spoken Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vinaya Pitaka : www.http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/629327/ 12 Vinaya-Pitaka, [Retrieved on January 10,2015.]

Reading Pali Canon in English Page 36 of 186 Reading Skill. Definition/ Description13 A. Completion. Complete the information with definition from the box Memory takes many different forms. The broadest categories of memory are ________________ and long-term. Before we can make memories, we meed to perceive and process information. The part of the brain responsible for information precessing and sensations is the cerebral cortex-_______________. Specialised pats of the cortex receive input from our senses (___________________). B. Completion. Look at the reading passage of the topic 3.2. Find and underline these words. Then write their definitions. 1. The monastic community :__________________________ 2. Bhikkhu : __________ 3. Bhikkhuni :_________ 4.The Vinaya Pitaka :_______________________________________ 5. the Sangha : ____________________________________________ The new term may be formally defined, or sufficient explanation may be given within the sentence or in the following sentence. Clues to definition include “that is”, “in other”, “refer to”, “commas”[, ], dashes [-], and parentheses (...). In addition the word be or mean is another clue that an explanation or meaning will follow. Example a. His emaciation, that is, his skeleton-like appearance, was frightening to see. “Skeleton-like-appearance” is the definition of “emaciation” b. Fluoroscopy, examination with a fluoroscope, has become a common practice. The commas before and after “examination with a fluoroscope” point out the definition of “fluoroscopy”. a. short-term b. sight, smell, sound, taste, and touch c. the outer layer of the brain http://www.iwant2help.us/images/context_clues_Review. [Retrieved on August 19, 2013] 13

Reading Pali Canon in English Page 37 of 186 3.2 Significance of Vinaya Piṭaka Discuss before Reading, What:Why? KWL (1) The Vinaya Pitaka, the first division of the Tipitaka, is the textual framework upon which the monastic community (Sangha) is built. It includes not only the rules governing the life of every Theravada bhikkhu (monk) and bhikkhuni (nun), but also a host of procedures and conventions of etiquette that support harmonious relations, both among the monastics themselves, and between the monastics and their lay supporters, upon whom they depend for all their material needs. (2) When the Buddha first established the Sangha, the community initially lived in harmony without any codified rules of conduct. As the Sangha gradually grew in number and evolved into a more complex society, occasions inevitably arose when a member would act in an unskillful way. Whenever one of these cases was brought to the Buddha's attention, he would lay down a rule establishing a suitable punishment for the offense, as a deterrent to future misconduct. The Buddha's standard reprimand was itself a powerful corrective: (3) It is not fit, foolish man, it is not becoming, it is not proper, it is unworthy of a recluse, it is not lawful, it ought not to be done. How could you, foolish man, having gone forth under this Dhamma and Discipline which are well-taught, [commit such and such offense]?... It is not, foolish man, for the benefit of un-believers, nor for the increase in the number of believers, but, foolish man, it is to the detriment of both unbelievers and believers, and it causes wavering in some . 14 Reading Comprehension Discuss each question with your partner, then write your answer. 1 .What is the main point of the topic? 2. What is the role of Vinaya piṭaka for the Sangha ? 3. Why did Buddha lay down the rules for Sangha? I.B. Horner, The Book of the Discipline, Part I,(London: Pali Text Society, 1982), pp. 36-37. 14

Reading Pali Canon in English Page 38 of 186 Vocabulary Practice Multiple Choice: Choose the best answer for each question. 1.The word “ community” (paragraph1) means _______. a. society b. country c. town d. city 2. The word “ procedures” (paragraph1) means _______. a. way b. scheme c. study d. action 3. The word “ etiquette” (paragraph1) means _______. a. family b.behave c. manner d. deed 4. The word “ harmonious” (paragraph1) means _______. a. concordant b. correct c. effective d. good action 5. The word “ evolved into” (paragraph 2) means _______. a. develop b. build c. act d. do 6. The word “ inevitably” (paragraph 2) means _______. a. unavoidably b. temporary c. uncertainly d. correctly 7. The word “ offense,” (paragraph 2) means _______. a.crime b. mistake c. deny d. offer 8. The word “ deterrent” (paragraph 2) means _______. a. hindrance b. belief c. harmony d. good-will 9. The word “ reprimand” (paragraph 2) means _______. a.blame b. admire c. thank d. apologise 10. The word “ detriment” (paragraph 3) means _______. a. benefit b. damage c.goodness d. demand

Reading Pali Canon in English Page 39 of 186 3.3 The books of Vinaya Piṭaka Discuss before Reading, What:Why? KWL Firstly Vinaya Piṭaka was divided into three groups according to the Pali Text Society namely (1) I. Suttavibhanga — the basic rules of conduct (Patimokkha) for bhikkhus and bhikkhunis, along with the "origin story" for each one. Suttavibhanga contains the basic training rules for bhikkhus and bhikkhunis, along with the "origin story" for each one. These rules are summarized in the Patimokkha, and amount to 227 rules for the bhikkhus, 311 for the bhikkhunis. The Patimokkkha rules are grouped as follows: 1.Parajika: rules entailing expulsion from the Sangha (Defeat) (4 for bhikkhus, 8 for bhikkhunis) (see an appendix) 2 Sanghadisesa: rules entailing an initial and subsequent meeting of the Sangha (13 for bhikkhus, 17 for bhikkhunĩ) 3. Aniyata (indefinite) rules (2 for bhikkhus, 0) 4.Nissaggiya pacittiya: rules entailing forfeiture and confession (30 for bhikkhus, 30 for bhikkhunĩ) 5. Pacittiya: rules entailing confession (92 for bhikkhus, 166 for bhikkhunĩ) 6. Patidesaniya: rules entailing acknowledgement (4 for bhikkhus, 8 for bhikkhunĩ) 7. Sekhiya: rules of training (75 for bhikkhus, 75 for bhikkhunĩ) 8. Adhikarana samatha: rules for settling disputes (7 for bhikkhus, 7 for bhikkhunĩ) (2) II. Khandhaka A. Mahavagga — in addition to rules of conduct and etiquette for the Sangha, this section contains several important sutta-like texts, including an account of the period immediately following the Buddha's Awakening, his first sermons to the group of five monks, and stories of how some of his great disciples joined the Sangha and themselves attained Awakening. B. Cullavagga — an elaboration of the bhikkhus' etiquette and duties, as well as the rules and procedures for addressing offences that may be committed within the Sangha.

Reading Pali Canon in English Page 40 of 186 III. Parivara — A recapitulation of the previous sections, with summaries of the rules classified and re-classified in various ways for instructional purposes . 15 (3) After that Vinaya Piṭaka or the collection of rules for monks and nuns is divided into five books as follows. (Abbr. MBM-CP) 1. Mahavibhanga contains the basic training rules for bhikkhus, along with the "origin story" for each one. These rules are summarized in the Patimokkha, and amount to 227 rules for the bhikkhus. 2. Bhikkhunivibhanga consisted of 311 major rules for bhikkhunis or nuns. 3. Mahavagga consists fo the origin of the Order of monks and regulations on monks’ way of living and monastic administration. Mahavagga Pali which is Book III of the Vinaya Pitaka, deal with all those matters relating to the Samgha which have not been dealt with in the first two books. Mahavagga Pali, made up of ten sections known as Khandhakas, opens with an historical account of how the Buddha attained Supreme Enlightenment at the foot of the Bodhi Tree, how he discovered the famous law of Dependent Origination, how he gave his first sermon to the Group of Five Bhikkhus on the discovery of the Four Noble Truths, namely, the great Discourse on the Turning of the Wheel of Dhamma, Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta. This was followed by another great discourse, the Anattalakkhana Sutta. These two sutras may be described as the Compendium of the Teaching of the Buddha. It further deals with procedures for an Uposatha meeting, the assembly of the Samgha on every full moon day and on the fourteenth or fifteenth waning day of the lunar month when Patimokkha, a summary of the Vinaya rules, is recited. There are also rules concerning sick bhikkhus, the use of leather for footwear and furniture, materials for robes, and those concerning medicine and food. A separate section deals weals with the Kathina ceremonies where annual making and offering of robes take place. Tipitaka, Vinaya pitaka : https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/vin/index.html. [Retrieved on March 15 12,2017.]

Reading Pali Canon in English Page 41 of 186 Reading Comprehension Discuss each question with your partner, then write your answer. 1. Which sutta do you search the information of the Order of monks? ___________________________________________________________________ 2. When do Buddhist monks listen to Patimokkha, a summary of the Vinaya rules ? ___________________________________________________________________ Vocabulary Practice Completion : Choose the best answer for each question. 1.The word “ entailing ” (paragraph1) means _______. a. conduce b. feel c. get d. receive 2. The word “expulsion” (paragraph1) means _______. a. conduction b. dismissal c. entend d.search 3. The word “forfeiture” (paragraph1) means _______. a. fine b. forget c. do d. mistake 4. The word “confession” (paragraph1) means _______. a. confirm b. deed c. obscuring d. absorption 5. The word “ etiquette” (paragraph 2) means _______. a. maners b. goodness c. apology d. compassion 6. The word “ elaboration” (paragraph 3) means _______. a. detail b. short c. comfort d. long 7. The word “ recapitulation” (paragraph 2) means _______.

Reading Pali Canon in English Page 42 of 186 a. summarize b. explain c. enlighten d. expand 8, The word “Dependent Origination” (paragraph 3) means _______. a. Piṭiccasamupãda b. Ariyasacca c. Pãtimokkha d. Abhidhamma 9. The word “ sermon” (paragraph 3) means _______. a. doctrine b. discipline c. awareness d. consciousness 10. The word “ discourse” (paragraph 3) means _______. a. Sutta b. Vinaya c. Sangha d. Dhamma Cullavagga 4. Cullavagga consists of Regulations on monks’ way of living and monastic administration; the accounts of nuns and the rehearsals) : Discuss before Reading, What:Why? KWL (1) Culavagga Pali which is Book IV of the Vinaya Piṭaka continues to deal with more rules and procedures for institutional acts or functions known as Samghakamma. The twelve sections in this book deal with rules for offences such as Samghadisesa that come before the Samgha; rules for observance of penances such as Parivasa and Manatta and rules for reinstatement of a bhikkhu. There are also miscellaneous rules concerning bathing, dress, dwellings and furniture and those dealing with treatment of visiting bhikkhus, and duties of tutors and novices. Some of the important enactments are concerned with Tajjaniya Kamma, formal act of censure by the Samgha taken against those bhikkhus who cause strife, quarrels, disputes, who associate familiarly with lay people and who speak in dispraise of the Buddha, the Dhamma and the Samgha; Ukkhepaniya Kamma, formal act of suspension to be taken against those who having committed an offence do not want to admit it; and Pakasaniya Kamma taken against Devadatta announcing publicly that "Whatever Devadatta does by deed or word, should be seen as Devadatta’s own and has nothing to do with the Buddha, the Dhamma and the Samgha.” The account of this action is followed by the story of Devadatta’s three attempts on the life of the Buddha and the schism caused by Devadatta among the Saµgha.

Reading Pali Canon in English Page 43 of 186 (2) There is, in section ten, the story of how Mahapajapati, the Buddha’s foster mother, requested admission into the Order, how the Buddha refused permission at first, and how he finally acceded to the request because of Ananda’s entreaties on her behalf. (3) The last two sections describe two important events of historical interest, namely, the holding of the first Synod at Rajagaha and of the second Synod at Vesali. Reading Comprehension Discuss each question with your partner, then write your answer. 1. What does Samghakamma mean? ____________________________________________________ 2. The formal act of suspension to be taken against those who having committed an offence do not want to admit it, in Pali, what do you call it? ____________________________________________________ 3. According to the Culavagga Pali, Where was the fist and second Synod held? ___________________________________________________ Vocabulary Practice Completion : Choose the best answer for each question. 1.The word “Regulations ” (paragraph1) means _______. a. rule b. run c. obey d. practise 2. The word “to deal with” (paragraph1) means _______. a. do with b. open c. accompany d. close 3. The word “penances ” (paragraph1) means _______. a. compensation b. confusion c. compassion d. instruction 4. The word “miscellaneous” (paragraph1) means _______. a. various b. compound c. mistake d. verify 5. The word “enactments” (paragraph1) means _______. a. regulation b. delusion c. greedy d. editing

Reading Pali Canon in English Page 44 of 186 6. The word “ deed ” (paragraph1) means _______. a. action b. believe c. feeling d. walking 7. The word “schism ” (paragraph1) means _______. a. section b. harmony c. action d. supporting 8, The word “entreaties ” (paragraph1) means _______. a. request b. speech c. action d. value 9. The word “on her behalf ” .(paragraph1)who the word “her” is _______. a. Visakha b. Pajabodigotami c. Sujada d. Pimpa 10. The word “Synod” (paragraph 3) means _______. a. assembly b. member c. meeting d.condition