Reading Pali Canon in English Page 95 of 186 SÃṄGÃYANÃ: Buddhist Council or Rehearsal To focus on the word we study the important part of words in English to improve the reading skill effectively. That is the roots. Reading Skill : Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes What is root word? A root word is a real word that does not have a prefix (in front of the word) or a suffix (at the end of a word). The root word is the primary lexical unit of a word, and of a word family (root is then called base word), which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents. We make new words from root words by adding prefixes and suffixes22 Root words are helpful because: - You can use a root word to help you with other spellings. - If you recognize the root of a word when you are reading it can help you to work out what the word is and what is means Common roots Roots Meaning Examples alter other alternate ami, amic love amiable amphi both ends or all sides amphibian ann, enni year anniversary, annual anthrop human, man anthropology aqua, aque water aquarium arch chief, leader, ruler monarch arthro joint arthritis aud sound audible Wikipedia, Root (Linguistic): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_(linguistics). [Retriever on January 22 27,2014]
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 96 of 186 Adding prefixes and suffixes to roots A prefix is a letter or group of letters attached to the beginning of a word that changes the word's meaning. A suffix performs the same function at the end of a word. You can use the blueprints below to decipher combinations of roots, prefixes, and suffixes. Examples of adding a prefix to a root: de + hydrate = dehydrate (to remove the water or moisture from) anti + depressant = antidepressant (something that combats depression) Examples of adding a suffix to a root: zoo + ology = zoology (the study of animals) bronch + itis = bronchitis (inflammation of the bronchial tubes) You can figure out a word's meaning simply by recognizing its root and prefix. Table 1 shows several examples of how the combination of prefixes, roots, and suffixes work together to form words. COMMON SUFFIXES IN ENGLISH23 bell war belligerent biblio book bibliography bio life biography brey short brief, abbreviate cap take, seize capture, captivate carn meat carnivorous ced yield, go recede, secede, proceed chrom color chromatic chron time synchronize cogn know recognize, cognitive cord /chord cord harpsichord corp body corpus, corpse, corporal crac, crat rule, ruler autocrat, democracy cred bilieve credible, credulous 23 Charlotte Buxton, Oxford A-Z of Better Spelling. Oxford University Press, 2009
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 97 of 186 A suffix (also called ending) is an affix that is placed after the stem of a word. Common examples are case endings, which indicate the grammatical case of nouns or adjectives, and verb endings, which form the conjugation of verbs. Noun Suffixes Suffix Meaning Example -acy state or quality privacy, fallacy, delicacy -al act or process of refusal, recital, rebuttal -ance, -ence state or quality of maintenance, eminence, assurance -dom place or state of being freedom, kingdom, boredom -er, -or one who trainer, protector, narrator -ism doctrine, belief communism, narcissism, scepticism -ist one who chemist, narcissist, plagiarist -ity, -ty quality of inactivity, veracity, parity, serenity -ment condition of argument, endorsement, punishment -ness state of being heaviness, sadness, rudeness, testiness -ship position held fellowship, ownership, kinship, internship -sion, -tion state of being concession, transition, abbreviation Verb Suffixes -ate become regulate, eradicate, enunciate, repudiate -en become enlighten, awaken, strengthen
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 98 of 186 * "Many verbs that end in -ize can also end in -ise (such as finalize/finalise or realize/realise); both endings are acceptable, although -ise is more common in British English." Table 1: Putting Prefixes, Roots, and Suffixes Together Prefix + Root + Suffix = Word Part of Speech : Definition ab+duct+ed = abducted verb kidnapped de+ter+ent = deterrent adj. impediment dis+pell+ed = dispelled verb scattered -ify, -fy make or become terrify, satisfy, rectify, exemplify -ize, -ise* become civilize, humanize, socialize, valorize Adjective Suffixes -able, -ible capable of being edible, presentable, abominable, credible -al pertaining to regional, grammatical, emotional, coastal -esque reminiscent of picturesque, statuesque, burlesque -ful notable for fanciful, resentful, woeful, doubtful -ic, -ical pertaining to musical, mythic, domestic, chiastic -ious, -ous characterized by nutritious, portentous, studious -ish having the quality of fiendish, childish, snobbish -ive having the nature of creative, punitive, divisive, decisive -less without endless, ageless, lawless, effortless -y characterized by sleazy, hasty, greasy, nerdy, smelly
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 99 of 186 im+peril+e = imperiled verb put in danger in+cred+ible = incredible adj. unbelievable re+puls+ion = repulsion n. strong dislike re+ferr+al = referral n. connection re+tract+ab = retractable adj. able to be drawn back Before You Read A. Scan and Discuss. Look at the photo, study the caption on page 100 and answer the questions. 1. What are the Buddhist monks doing in the photo? Were are they? 2. What do you think this station is using for? 3. What do you think about Rehearsal in Buddhism? 4. Why do they make Rehearsal about Pali Canon? B. Skim and predict. Look quickly at page 101-118. What do you know the place where the Rehearsals were made. 1. The first Rehearsal = ___________________ 2. The second Rehearsal = ___________________ 3. The third Rehearsal = ___________________ 4. The forth Rehearsal = ___________________ 5. The fifth Rehearsal = ___________________ 6. The sixth Rehearsal = ___________________ C. Discuss before Reading, What:Why? KWL
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 100 of 186 What is a rehearsal? Rehearsing the Dhamma-vinaya The Pāli term ‘Sangāyanã’ can be translated as rehearsal, Council or communal chanting. The purpose of a Sangāyanã is to accurately preserve the original teachings of the Buddha. The reciters’ duty is to rehearse, examine, and review the Canon so that no parts of which are added, omitted or altered, and any such deviations were to be rectified. Throughout history, there had been six such formal occasions where the entire Pāli Canon was rehearsed and authenticated. 6.1The First Council or Rehearsal Sattapanni Caves, Rājagaha, India 543 BCE (Two months after the Buddha’s passing.) (1) Before passing away, the Buddha reminded His disciples that, “the Dhamma and Vinaya (doctrine and discipline) I have set forth and laid down for you shall be your teacher after I am gone…” Thus the Buddha did not appoint a personal successor in His place, but enshrined the Dhamma-vinaya as the guiding principle in one’s conduct, practice and quest for liberation. (2) King Ajātasattu sponsored the First Council. It was convened in 544 B.C. in the Sattapaāāī Cave situated outside Rājagaha three months after the Buddha had passed away. A detailed account of this historic meeting can be found in the Cūllavagga of the First Council at Rajgir, painting at the Nava Jetavana, Shravasti (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Buddhist_council)
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 101 of 186 Vinaya Piṭaka. According to this record the incident which prompted the Elder Mahākassapa to call this meeting was his hearing a disparaging remark about the strict rule of life for monks. This is what happened. The monk Subhadda, a former barber, who had ordained late in life, upon hearing that the Buddha had expired, voiced his resentment at having to abide by all the rules for monks laid down by the Buddha. Many monks lamented the passing of the Buddha and were deeply grieved. However, the Elder Mahākassapa heard Subhadda say: ''Enough your Reverences, do not grieve, do not lament. We are well rid of this great recluse (the Buddha). We were tormented when he said, 'this is allowable to you, this is not allowable to you' but now we will be able to do as we like and we will not have to do what we do not like''. Mahākassapa was alarmed by his remark and feared that the Dhamma and the Vinaya might be corrupted and not survive intact if other monks were to behave like Subhadda and interpret the Dhamma and the Vinaya rules as they pleased. To avoid this he decided that the Dhamma must be preserved and protected. To this end after gaining the Saṅgha's approval he called to council five hundred Arahants. Ānanda was to be included in this provided he attained Arahanthood by the time the council convened. With the Elder Mahākassapa presiding, the five-hundred Arahant monks met in council during the rainy season. The first thing Mahākassapa did was to question the foremost expert on the Vinaya of the day, Venerable Upāli on particulars of the monastic rule. This monk was well qualified for the task as the Buddha had taught him the whole of the Vinaya himself. First of all the Elder Mahākassapa asked him specifically about the ruling on the first offense [pārājika], with regard to the subject, the occasion, the individual introduced, the proclamation, the repetition of the proclamation, the offense and the case of non-offense. Upāli gave knowledgeable and adequate answers and his remarks met with the unanimous approval of the presiding Saṅgha. Thus the Vinaya was formally approved. (3) The Elder Mahākassapa then turned his attention to Ānanda in virtue of his reputable expertise in all matters connected with the Dhamma. Happily, the night before the Council was to meet, Ānanda had attained Arahantship and joined the Council. The Elder Mahākassapa, therefore, was able to question him at length with complete confidence about the Dhamma with specific reference to the Buddha's sermons. This interrogation on the Dhamma sought to verify the place where all the discourses were The Saptaparni Cave in Rajgir, where the First Buddhist Council may have been held. (Form: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ First_Buddhist_council)
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 102 of 186 first preached and the person to whom they had been addressed. Ānanda, aided by his wordperfect memory was able to answer accurately and so the Discourses met with the unanimous approval of the Saṅgha. The First Council also gave its official seal of approval for the closure of the chapter on the minor and lesser rules, and approval for their observance. It took the monks seven months to recite the whole of the Vinaya and the Dhamma and those monks sufficiently endowed with good memories retained all that had been recited. This historic first council came to be known as the Paācasatika because five-hundred fully enlightened Arahants had taken part in it. Conclusion of The First Council or Rehearsal24 Place : Saptaparni Cave, Rājagaha, India President : Venerable Mahãkassapa Answer to Discipline : Venerable Upãlĩ Answer to Doctrine : Venerable Ãnonda Meeting of Sangha : 1,000 Arahanta When : 543 BCE (Three months after the Buddha’s passing.) Duration : 7 months Supporter : King Ajãtasattu Cause : Subhadda Khikkhu disparaging Doctrine and Disipline. Result : Classifying Doctrine and Discipline Reading Comprehension Discussion. Answer these questions after reading the text. 1. What is the cause of the first council? _______________________________________________________ 2. Who is the supporter of the first council? _______________________________________________________ 3. What is the result of the first council? ______________________________________________________ Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya university, Thai Sangha Administration,Bangkok, 24
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 103 of 186 Vocabulary Practice Completion : Choose the best answer for each question. 1.The word “ reminded ” (paragraph1) means _______. a. warn b. obey c. like d. confirm 2. The word “passed away ” (paragraph 2) means _______. a. died b. exist c. stayed d. punished 3. The word “disparaging ” (paragraph1) means _______. a. depreciate b. pleasure b. mistake d. decease 4. The word “ lamented ” (paragraph 2) means _______. a. grieve b. greedy c. asleep d. deeply 5. The word “ recluse ” (paragraph 2) means _______. a. hermit b. angle c. god d. nuns 6. The word “intact” (paragraph 2) means _______. a. unbroken b.good c. break d. so on 7. The word “ offense” (paragraph 2) means _______. a. misdeed b. standard c. trusty d. soon 8, The word “ repetition” (paragraph 2) means _______. a. act of repeating b. behaviour c. acknowledgement d. abstract 9. The word “ adequate” (paragraph 2) means _______. a. sufficient b. suitable c. remember d. grip 10. The word “ retained” (paragraph 3) means _______. a. keep b. retaken c. ill-will d. control
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 104 of 186 6.2 The Second Council or Rehearsal Vesāli, India 5th Century BCE (A century after Buddha’s passing.) Discuss before Reading, What:Why? KWL (1) The Second Council was called one hundred years after the Buddha's Parinibbāṇa in order to settle a serious dispute over the 'ten points'. This is a reference to some monks breaking of ten minor rules. they were given to: 1. Storing salt in a horn. 2. Eating after midday. 3. Eating once and then going again to a village for alms. 4. Holding the Uposatha Ceremony with monks dwelling in the same locality. 5. Carrying out official acts when the assembly was incomplete. 6. Following a certain practice because it was done by one's tutor or teacher. 7. Eating sour milk after one had his midday meal. 8. Consuming strong drink before it had been fermented. 9. Using a rug which was not the proper size. 10. Using gold and silver. (2) Their misdeeds became an issue and caused a major controversy as breaking these rules was thought to contradict the Buddha's original teachings. King Kāḷāsoka was the Second Council's patron and the meeting took place at Vesāli due to the following circumstances. One day, whilst visiting the Mahāvana Grove at Veāsli, the Elder Yasa came to know that a large group of monks known as the Vajjians were infringing the rule which prohibited monk's accepting gold and silver by openly asking for it from their lay devotees. He immediately criticized their behavior and their response was to offer him a share of their illegal gains in the hope that he would be won over. The Elder Yasa, however declined and scorned their behavior. The monks immediately sued him with a formal action of reconciliation, accusing him of having blamed their lay devotees. The Elder Yasa accordingly reconciled himself with the lay devotees, but at the same time, convinced them that the Vijjian monks had done wrong by quoting the Buddha's pronouncement on the prohibition against accepting or soliciting for gold and silver. The laymen immediately expressed their support for the Elder Yasa and declared the Vajjian monks to the wrong-doers and heretics, saying ''the Elder Yasa alone is the real monk and Sākyan son. All the others are not monks, not Sākyan sons''.
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 105 of 186 (3) The stubborn and unrepentant Vajjian monks then moved to suspend the Venerable Yasa Thera without the approval of the rest of the Saṅgha when they came to know of the outcome of his meeting with their lay devotees. The Elder Yasa, however escaped their censure and went in search of support from monks elsewhere, who upheld his orthodox views on the Vinaya. (4) Sixty forest dwelling monks from Pāvā and eighty monks from the southern regions of Avanti who were of the same view, offered to help him to check the corruption of the Vinaya. Together they decided to go to Soreyya to consult the Venerable Revata as he was a highly revered monk and an expert in the Dhamma and the Vinaya. (5) As soon as the Vajjian monks came to know this they also sought the Venerable Revata's support by offering him the four requisites which he promptly refused. These monks then sought to use the same means to win over the Venerable Revata's attendant, the Venerable Uttara. At first he too, rightly declined their offer but they craftily persuaded him to accept their offer, saying that when the requisites meant for the Buddha were not accepted by him, Ānanda would be asked to accept them and would often agree to do so. (6) Uttara changed his mind and accepted the requisites. Urged on by them he then agreed to go and persuade the Venerable Revata to declare that the Vajjian monks were indeed speakers of the Truth and upholders of the Dhamma. The Venerable Revata saw through their ruse and refused to support them. He then dismissed Uttara. In order to settle the matter once and for all, the Venerable Revata advised that a council should be called at Vāḷikārāma with himself asking questions on the ten offenses of the most senior of the Elders of the day, the Thera Sabbjakāmi. (7) Once his opinion was given it was to be heard by a committee of eight monks, and its validity decided by their vote. The eight monks called to judge the matter were the Venerables Sabbakāmi, saḷha, Khujjasobhita and Vāsabhagāmika, from the East and four monks from the West, the Venerables Revata, Sambhuta-Sāṇavāsī, Yasa and Sumana. (8) They thoroughly debated the matter with Revata as the questioner and sabbakāmī answering his questions. After the debate was heard the eight monks decided against the Vajjian monks and their verdict was announced to the assembly. Afterwards seven-hundred monks recited the Dhamma and Vinaya and this recital came to be known as the Sattasatī because seven-hundred monks had taken part in it. This historic council is also called, the Yasatthera Sangīti because of the major role the Elder Yasa played in it and his zeal for safeguarding the Vinaya. The Vajjian monks categorically refused to accept the Council's decision and in defiance called a council of there own which was called the Mahāsaṅgiti.
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 106 of 186 Conclusion of The secon Council or Rehearsal Place : Wat Valukaram Vesali Vajji President : the Elder Yasakakanthakaputta Answer to Discipline : Venerable Revata Answer to Doctrine : Venerable Sabbakami Meeting of Sangha : 700 Arahantaships When : 100 years after Buddha’s Parinibbana Duration : 8 months Supporter : King Kalasoka Cause : Ten points Result : Mahāsaṅgiti Reading Comprehension Discussion;. Answer these questions after reading the topic “The Second Council or Rehearsal” 1. What is the cause of the second rehearsal? __________________________________________________________ 2. Where, When was the second rehearsal hold? __________________________________________________________ 3. What is Mahāsaṅgiti? __________________________________________________________ Vocabulary Practice Completion : Choose the best answer for each question. 1.The word “ fermented” (paragraph1) means _______. a. effervesce b effect c. convince d. critical 2. The word “scorned” (paragraph 2) means _______. a. disdain b. abstinence c. confuse d. misdeed 3. The word “reconciliation” (paragraph 2) means _______.
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 107 of 186 a. conciliation b. concern c. exception d. attention 4. The word “soliciting” (paragraph 2) means _______. a. request b. society c. organise d. solve 5. The word “stubborn” (paragraph 3) means _______. a. headstrong b. brain storm 6. The word “craftily” (paragraph 5) means _______. a. slyly b. style c. subscript d understand 7. The word “dismiss” (paragraph 6) means _______. a. ignore a. attention c. ill-well d. stability 8, The word “verdict” (paragraph 8) means _______. a. decision b. difficult c. control d. mindful 9. The word “zeal” (paragraph 8) means _______. a.excitement b. good job c. value d. input 10. The word “ defiance ” (paragraph 8) means _______. a. opposition b. avoid c. concentration d. awareness
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 108 of 186 6.3 The Third Council or Rehearsal Patāliputta, India 3rd Century BCE (250 years after Buddha’s passing.) Discuss before Reading, What:Why? KWL (1) The Third Council was held primarily to rid the Saṅgha of corruption and bogus monks who held heretical views. The Council was convened in 326 B.C. At Asokārāma in Paṭaliputta under the patronage of Emperor Asoka. It was presided over by the Elder Moggaliputta Tissa and one thousand monks participated in this Council. Tradition has it that Asoka had won his throne through shedding the blood of all his father's son's save his own brother, Tissa Kumāra who eventually got ordained and achieved Arahantship. (2) Asoka was crowned in the two hundred and eighteenth year after the Buddha's Mahaparinibbāna. At first he paid only token homage to the Dhamma and the Saṅgha and also supported members of other religious sects as his father had done before him. However, all this changed when he met the pious novice-monk Nigrodha who preached him the Appamāda-vagga. Thereafter he ceased supporting other religious groups and his interest in and devotion to the Dhamma deepened. He used his enormous wealth to build, it is said, eighty-four thousand pagodas and vihāras and to lavishly support the Bhikkhus with the four requisites. His son Mahinda and his daughter Saṅghamittā were ordained and admitted to the Saṅgha. Eventually, his generosity was to cause serious problems within the Saṅgha. In time the Order was infiltrated by many unworthy men, holding heretical views and who were attracted to the Order because of the Emperor's generous support and costly offerings of food, clothing, shelter and medicine. Large numbers of faithless, greedy men espousing wrong views tried to join the Order but were deemed unfit for ordination. Despite this they seized the chance to exploit the Emperor's generosity for their own ends and donned robes and joined the Order without having been ordained properly. Consequently, respect for the Saṅgha diminished. When this came to light some of the genuine monks refused to hold the prescribed purification or Uposatha ceremony in the company of the corrupt, heretical monks. Ashoka and Moggaliputta-Tissa at the Third Council, at the Nava Jetavana, Shravasti (Form :https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Buddhist_council )
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 109 of 186 (3) When the Emperor heard about this he sought to rectify the situation and dispatched one of his ministers to the monks with the command that they perform the ceremony. However, the Emperor had given the minister no specific orders as to what means were to be used to carry out his command. The monks refused to obey and hold the ceremony in the company of their false and 'thieving' companions [theyyasinivāsaka]. In desperation the angry minister advanced down the line of seated monks and drawing his sword, beheaded all of them one after the other until he came to the King's brother, Tissa who had been ordained. The horrified minister stopped the slaughter and fled the hall and reported back to the Emperor Asoka was deeply grieved and upset by what had happened and blamed himself for the killings. He sought Thera Moggaliputta Tissa's counsel. He proposed that the heretical monks be expelled from the Order and a third Council be convened immediately. So it was that in the seventeenth year of the Emperor's reign the Third Council was called. Thera Moggaliputta Tissa headed the proceedings and chose one thousand monks from the sixty thousand participants for the traditional recitation of the Dhamma and the Vinaya, which went on for nine months. The Emperor, himself questioned monks from a number of monasteries about the teachings of the Buddha. Those who held wrong views were exposed and expelled from the Saṅgha immediately. In this way the Bhikkhu Saṅgha was purged of heretics and bogus bhikkhus. (4) This council achieved a number of other important things as well. The Elder Moggaliputta Tissa, in Order to refute a number of heresies and ensure the Dhamma was kept pure, complied a book during the council called the Kathāvatthu. This book consists of twenty-three chapters, and is a collection of discussion (kathā) and refutations of the heretical views held by various sects on matters philosophical. It is the fifth of the seven books of the Abhidhamma Piṭaka. The members of the Council also gave a royal seal of approval to the doctrine of the Buddha, naming it the Vibhajjavāda, the Doctrine of Analysis. It is identical with the approved Theravāda doctrine. One of the most significant achievements of this Dhamma assembly and one which was to bear fruit for centuries to come, was the Emperor's sending forth of monks, well versed in the Buddha's Dhamma and Vinaya who could recite all of it by heart, to teach it in nine different countries. These Dhammadūta monks included the Venerable Majjhantika Thera who went to Kashmir and Gandhāra. He was asked to preach the Dhamma and establish an order of monks there. The Venerable Mahādeva was sent to Mahinsakamaṇḍaḷa (modern Mysore) and the Venerable Rakkhita Thera was dispatched to Vanavāsī (northern Kanara in the south of India.) The Venerable Yonaka Dhammarakkhita Thera was sent to Upper Aparantaka (northern Gujarat, Kathiawar, Kutch and Sindh].
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 110 of 186 (5) The Venerable Mahārakkhita Thera went to Yonaka-loka (the land of the lonians, Bactrians and the Greeks.) The Venerable Majjhima Thera went to Himavanta (the place adjoining the Himalayas.) The Venerable Soṇa and the Venerable Uttara were sent to Suvaṇṇabhūmi [now Myanmar]. The Venerable Mahinda Thera, The Venerable Ittiya Thera, the Venerable Uttiya Thera, the Venerable Sambala Thera and the Venerable Bhaddasāla Thera were sent to Tambapaṇṇi (now Sri Lanka). The Dhamma missions of these monks succeeded and bore great fruits in the course of time and went a long way in ennobling the peoples of these lands with the gift of the Dhamma and influencing their civilizations and cultures. (6) With the spread of Dhamma through the words of the Buddha, in due course India came to be known as Visvaguru, the teacher of the world. Conclusion of The Third Council or Rehearsal Place : At Asokārāma in Paṭaliputta President :The Elder Moggaliputta Tissa Meeting of Sangha : 1,000 Arahantaships When : 234 years after Buddha’s Parinibbhana Duration : 9 monthss Supporter : Emperor Asoka Cause : the heretical monks be ordained improperly Result : the heretical monks be expelled from the Order; Kathāvatthu book ; 9 missionaries Reading Comprehension Discussion. Answer these questions after reading the text. 1. What is the cause of the Third council? _______________________________________________________ 2. Who is the supporter of the Third council? _______________________________________________________ 3. What is the result of the Third council? ______________________________________________________
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 111 of 186 Vocabulary Practice Completion : Choose the best answer for each question. 1.The word “ bogus” (paragraph1) means _______. a. fake b. real c correct d. good 2. The word “patronage” (paragraph1) means _______. a. giver b. support c. goer d. doer 3. The word “ token” (paragraph1) means _______. a. enough b. greedy c. symbolic d. deed 4. The word “ pious” (paragraph1) means _______. a. proud of b. belief c. unfit d. devout 5. The word “ rectify” (paragraph1) means _______. a. adjust b. sold c. adapt d. advance 6. The word “ horrified” (paragraph1) means _______. a. frightened b. excite b. plain d. until 7. The word “ counsel” (paragraph1) means _______. a. advice b. guidance c. support d. governor 8, The word “ heresies ” (paragraph1) means _______. a. misbelief b. follower c. mindful d. horror 9. The word “ refuted” (paragraph1) means _______. a. confute b. frighten c. deny d. observe 10. The word “ ennoble” (paragraph1) means _______. a. elevate b. possible c. noble d. proper
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 112 of 186 6.4 The Fourth Council or Rehearsal Ālokalena, Sri Lanka 1st Century BCE (454 years after Buddha’s passing.) Discuss before Reading, What:Why? KWL The Fourth Council was held in Tambapaṇṇi [Sri Lanka] in 29 B.C. under the patronage of King Vaṭṭagāmaṇi. The main reason for its convening was the realization that is was now not possible for the majority of monks to retain the entire Tipiṭaka in their memories as had been the case formerly for the Venerable Mahinda and those who followed him soon after. Therefore, as the art of writing had, by this time developed substantially, it was thought expedient and necessary to have the entire body of the Buddha's teaching written down. King Vaṭṭagāmaṇi supported the monk's idea and a council was held specifically to reduce the Tipiṭaka in its entirety to writing. Therefore, so that the genuine Dhamma might be lastingly preserved, the Venerable Mahārakhita and five hundred monks recited the words of the Buddha and then wrote them down on palm leaves. This remarkable project took place in a cave called, the Āloka lena, situated in the cleft of an ancient landslip near what is now Matale. Thus the aim of the Council was achieved and the preservation in writing of the authentic Dhamma was ensured. Later, in the Eighteenth Century, King Vijayarājasīha had images of the Buddha created in this cave. expedient adj. ทใหผลประโยชน เหมาะสม ; advantageous; helpful; usefu Conclusion of The Fourth Council or Rehearsal Place : Ālokalena, Sri Lanka President : the Venerable Mahārakhita Meeting of Sangha : five hundred monks When : 1st Century BCE (454 years after Buddha’s passing.) Supporter : King Vaṭṭagāmaṇi Cause : the realization that is was now not possible for the majority of monks to retain the entire Tipiṭaka in their memories as had been the case formerly for the Venerable Mahinda and those who followed him soon after. Result : the words of the Buddha and then wrote them down on palm leaves
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 113 of 186 Reading Comprehension Discussion. Answer these questions after reading the text. 1. What is the cause of the fourth council? _______________________________________________________ 2. Who is the supporter of the fourth council? _______________________________________________________ 3. What is the result of the fourth council? _______________________________________________________ Vocabulary Practice Completion : Choose the best meaning for each word. 1.The word “ rehearsal” means _______. 2. The word “ patronage” means _______. 3. The word “ convening” means _______. 4. The word “retain” means _______. 5. The word “ Tipiṭaka” means _______. 6. The word “ ensured” means _______. 7. The word “ expedient” means _______. 8, The word “ genuine” means _______. 9. The word “ entire” means _______. 10. The word “cleft” means _______. A. remember, B. crevice, C. whole, D. council, E. meeting, F. Pali Canon, G. guarantee, H. supporter I. real, J. advantageous
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 114 of 186 6.5 The Fifth Council or Rehearsal Mandalay, Burma (Myanmar) 1871CE (2,415 years after Buddha’s passing.) Discuss before Reading, What:Why? KWL The Fifth Council took place in Māndalay, Burma now known as Myanmar in 1871 A.D. in the reign of King Mindon. The chief objective of this meeting was to recite all the teachings of the Buddha and examine them in minute detail to see if any of them had been altered, distorted or dropped. It was presided over by three Elders, the Venerable Mahāthera Jāgarābhivaṃsa, the Venerable Narindābhidhaja, and the Venerable Mahāthera Sumaṅgalasāmi in the company of some two thousand four hundred monks (2,400). Their joint Dhamma recitation lasted for five months. It was also the work of this council to cause the entire Tipiṭaka to be inscribed for posterity on seven hundred and twenty-nine marble slabs in the Myanmar script after its recitation had been completed and unanimously approved. This monumental task was done by some two thousand four hundred erudite monks and many skilled craftsmen who upon completion of each slab had them housed in beautiful miniature 'piṭaka' pagodas on a special site in the grounds of King Mindon's Kuthodaw Pagoda at the foot of Māndalay Hill where this so called 'largest book in the world', stands to this day. Conclusion of The Fifth Council or Rehearsal Place : Māndalay, Burma in 1871 A.D President : three Elders, the Venerable Mahāthera Jāgarābhivaṃsa, the Venerable Narindābhidhaja, and the Venerable Mahāthera Sumaṅgalasāmi Meeting of Sangha : two thousand four hundred monks (2,400) Duration : five months
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 115 of 186 Supporter : King Mindon Cause : to recite all the teachings of the Buddha and examine them in minute detail to see if any of them had been altered, distorted or dropped Result : to cause the entire Tipiṭaka to be inscribed for posterity on seven hundred and twenty-nine marble slabs in the Myanmar script Reading Comprehension Discussion. Answer these questions after reading the text. 1. What is the cause of the fifth council? _______________________________________________________ 2. Who is the supporter of the fifth council? _______________________________________________________ 3. What is the result of the fifth council? ______________________________________________________ Vocabulary Practice Completion : Choose the best answer for each question. 1.The word “ miniature” means _______. 2. The word “ craftsmen” means _______. 3. The word “ altered” means _______. 4. The word “ distorted” means _______. 5. The word “erudite” means _______. 6. The word “ unanimously” means _______. 7. The word “ pagodas”) means _______. 8, The word “ presided over” means _______. 9. The word “ inscribed” means _______. 10. The word “posterity” means _______. A. religious building, B. unitedly, C. skilled worker, D. scholarly, E. small. F. preside at, G. modify. H. imprint, I. younger generation. J. misrepresent
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 116 of 186 6.6 The Sixth Council or The Sixth Great International Rehearsal Yangon, Burma (Myanmar) 1954-1956 CE (2,500 years after Buddha’s passing.) Discuss before Reading, What:Why? KWL (1) The Sixth Council was called at Kaba Aye in Yangon, formerly Rangoon in 1954, eighty-three years after the fifth one was held in Mandalay. It was sponsored by the Burmese Government led by the Prime Minister, the Honorable U Nu. He authorized the construction of the Mahā Pāsāna Gūhā, the great cave that was built from the ground up, to serve as the gathering place much like India's Sattapānni Cave--the site of the first Dhamma Council. Upon its completion, the Council met on the 17th of May, 1954. As in the case of the preceding councils, its first objective was to affirm and preserve the genuine Dhamma and Vinaya. However it was unique in so far as the monks who took part in it came from eight countries. These two thousand five hundred learned Theravāda monks came from Myanmar, Cambodia, India, Laos, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam. The late Venerable Mahāsi Sayadaw was appointed the noble task of asking the required questions about the Dhamma of the Venerable Bhadanta Vicittasārābhivaṃsa Tipiṭakadhara Dhammabhaṇḍāgārika who answered all of them learnedly and satisfactorily. By the time this council met, all the participating countries had the Pāli Tipiṭaka rendered into their native scripts, with the exception of India. (2) T h e t r a d i t i o n a l recitation of the Dhamma Scriptures took two years during which the Tipiṭaka and its allied literature in all the scripts were painstakingly examined. Any differences found were noted down , t h e n e c e s s a r y corrections were made and all the versions were then collated. Happily, it was found that there was not much difference in the content of any of the texts. Finally, after the Council had officially approved them, all the volumes of the Tipiṭaka and their Commentaries were prepared for printing on modern presses and published in the Myanmar (Burmese) script. This notable achievement was made possible through the dedicated efforts Convening of the Sixth Buddhist council at the Great Cave. (Form : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Buddhist_council)
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 117 of 186 of the two thousand five hundred monks and numerous lay people. Their work came to an end in May, 1956, two and a half millennia after the Lord attained Parinibbāna. This council's work was the unique achievement of representatives from the entire Buddhist world. The version of the Tipiṭaka which it undertook to produce has been recognized as being true to the pristine teachings of Gotama the Buddha and the most authoritative rendering of them to date. (3) The volumes printed after the Sixth Saṅgāyana were printed in Myanmar script. In order to make the volumes to the people of India, Vipassana Research Institute started the project to print the Tipiṭaka with its Aṭṭhakathās and ṭikas in Devanagari in the year 1990. Conclusion ofhe Sixth Council or The Sixth Great International Rehearsal Place : At Kaba Aye in Yangon President : The Burmese Government Asking to : The late Venerable Mahāsi Sayadaw Answer to Doctrine :The Venerable Bhadanta Vicittasārābhivaṃsa Tipiṭakadhara Dhammabhaṇḍāgārika Meeting of Sangha : Two thousand five hundred learned Theravāda monks came from Myanmar, Cambodia, India, Laos, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam When : In 1954-1956, two and a half millennia after the Lord attained Parinibbāna Duration : Eighty-three years after the fifth one was held in Mandalay Supporter : By the Burmese Government led by the Prime Minister, the Honorable U Nu. Cause : Tto affirm and preserve the genuine Dhamma and Vinaya. Result : Tipiṭaka printed after the Sixth Saṅgāyana were printed in Myanmar script Reading Comprehension Discussion: Answer these questions after reading 1. What is the cause of the sixth council? _______________________________________________________ 2. Who is the supporter of the sixth council? _______________________________________________________ 3. What is the result of the sixth council? _______________________________________________________
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 118 of 186 Vocabulary Practice Completion : Choose the best answer for each question. 1.The word “ rendered into” (paragraph1) means _______. a. translate from b. build up c. take over d. get rid of 2. The word “ recitation” (paragraph 2) means _______. a. narrating b. note c. teach d. lecture 3. The word “ allied” (paragraph 2) means _______. a. different b. similar c. related d. joint 4. The word “painstakingly” (paragraph 2) means _______. a. thorough b. finally c. first d. second 5. The word “noted down” (paragraph 2) means _______. a. write down b. notice c. tipe d. record 6. The word “collated” (paragraph 2) means _______. a. product b. adapt c. build d. compare 7. The word “dedicated” (paragraph 2) means _______. a. involved b. deed c. focus d. meet 8, The word “ numerous” (paragraph 2) means _______. a. number b. remember c. many d. unite 9. The word “pristine” (paragraph 2) means _______. a. once c. primary c. many d. nice 10. The word “authoritative” (paragraph 2) means _______. a. trustworthy b. believe c. good d. noble
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 119 of 186 Exercise 1 Read and answer the questions In the following paragraphs, use your knowledge of word parts to choose the best and appropriate missing vocabulary item, and then write them on the appropriate lines. Rehearsal25 The method of_____________ the word of the Buddha is (for the assembly of monks) to collect the Buddha’s teachings, classify them in such a way as to _________memorisation, rehearse and review them until everything is in place, and chant them in unison, thus showing approval for the text in question to serve as the model to be __________ word for word to memory, then to be ___________ to others and handed down to_____________. This method is called saṅgāyanā or saṅgĩti, literally ‘chanting together’ (from saṃ,san ‘together’ + gāyana or gĩti ‘chanting’) The term saṅgāyana is variously rendered into English as rehearsal, communal recital, and communal ___________. Sometimes it is equated with a Western concept. In particular, a Buddhist rehearsal is often referred to as a Buddhist Council. ___________ , the term council (e.g. the Vatical Council in Christianity) is translated into Thai as sangkhayana (for the Pali saṅgāyana). The meanings of these two terms are only partially comparable, but in essence they are __________ different. Exercise 2 Read and answer the questions In the following paragraphs, use you knowledge of word parts to choose the best and appropriate missing vocabulary item, and then write them on the appropriate lines. THE FIRST COUNCIL King Ajatasattu __________ the First Council. It was __________ in 544 B.C. in the Satiapanni Cave situated outside Rajagaha three months after the Buddha had _________. A detailed account of this historic meeting can be found in the Cullavagga of the Vinaya Pitaka. According to this record the incident which prompted the Elder Mahakassapa to call this meeting was his hearing a __________ remark about the strict rule of life for monks. This is what happened. The monk Subhadda, a former ____________, who had ordained late in life, upon hearing that the Buddha had died, voiced his resentment at having to___________ by all the rules for monks laid down by the Buddha. Many monks ___________ the passing of the Buddha and were deeply grieved, however, the Elder Preserving, committed, posterity, conversely, quite, facilitate, passed on, recitation, Convened, disparaging, abide, tormented, offence, adequate, S p o n s o r e d , passed away, interpret, presiding, Barber, lamented, proclamation, unanimous 25 http://www.budsas.org/ebud/ebdha134.htm. Retrieved on January 28,2014
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 120 of 186 Mahakassapa heard Subhadda say: "Enough your Reverences, do not grieve, do not lament. We are well rid of this great recluse (the Buddha). We were _______________ when he said, 'this is allowable to you, this is not allowable to you' but now we will be able to do as we like and we will not have to do what we do not like.' Mahakassapa was alarmed by his remark and feared that the Dhamma and the Vinaya might be corrupted and not survive intact if other monks were to behave like Subbhada and _____________ the Dhamma and the Vinaya rules as they pleased. To avoid this he decided that the Dhamma must be preserved and protected. To this end after gaining the Sangha's approval he called to council four hundred and ninety-nine Arahants and Ananda. With the Elder Mahakassapa presiding, the five-hundred monks met in council during the rainy season. The first thing Mahakassapa did was to question the foremost expert on the Vinaya of the day, the Venerable Upali on particulars of the monastic rule. This monk was well qualified for the task as the Buddha had taught him the whole of the Vinaya, himself. First of all the Elder Mahakassapa asked him specifically about the ruling on the first ____________ (parajika), with regard to the subject, the occasion, the individual introduced, the ______________, the repetition of the proclamation, the offence and the case of non-offence. Upali gave knowledgeable and _____________ answers and his remarks met with the _____________ approval of the ___________ Sangha. Thus the Vinaya was formally approved. Exercise 3 Read and answer the questions In the following paragraphs, use you knowledge of word parts to choose the best and appropriate missing vocabulary item, and then write them on the appropriate lines. The Elder Mahakassapa then turned his attention to Ananda in virtue of his _____________ expertise in all matters connected with the Dhamma. Happily, the night before the Council was to meet, Ananda attained Arahantship. The Elder Mahakassapa, therefore, was able to question him at length with complete confidence about the Dhamma with specific reference to the Buddha's___________. This interrogation on the Dhamma sought__________ the place where all the discourses were first preached and the person to whom they had been addressed. Ananda, aided by his word-perfect memory was able to answer accurately and so the Discourses met with the unanimous approval of the Sangha. The First Council also gave its official seal of approval for the closure of the chapter on the minor and lesser rules, and approval for their observance. It took the monks seven months to recite the whole of the Vinaya and the Dhamma and those monks sufficiently ____________ good memories retained all that had been recited. This historic first council came to be known as the Pancasatika because five-hundred fully enlightened Arahants had taken part in it. sermons, Reputable, to verify, endowed with
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 121 of 186 Reading Skill Understanding an Author’s Use of Quotes26 A. Scan. Look back at the reading on pages 96 of 6.1. Find and underline the words and phrases that are in quotation marks below. B. Inferring. Choose the most likely reason that the author used each quote. 1. “the Dhamma and Vinaya (doctrine and discipline) I have set forth and laid down for you shall be your teacher after I am gone…” a. To indicate a definition b. To highlight a memorable phrase c. To show that a quote is a person’s exact words d. To indicate a tittle of a short story or a chapter from a longer work 2. ''Enough your Reverences, do not grieve….we will not have to do what we do not like''. a. To indicate a definition b. To highlight a memorable phrase c. To show that a quote is a person’s exact words d. To indicate a tittle of a short story or a chapter from a longer work Authors sometimes enclose certain parts of a text within quotation marks (“ “). An author may use quotes for various reasons, such as: To indicate a definition: The verb transplant means “to move and organ from one body to another.” To highlight a memorable phrase: Dr.Christiaan Barnard was known as the “ film star surgeon.” To show that a quote is a person’s exact words: He once said, “ The prime goal is to alleviate suffering, not to prolong life.” To indicate a tittle of a short story or a chapter from a longer work. Nancy Douglas, David Bohlke, National Geographic Learning, Reading Explorer 3, second 26 Edition,USA. page196.
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 122 of 186 Vocabulary Essential Vocabulary (6.1) remind vt. เตอน ( hint; prompt; warn) set forth (on)idm. เรมทสงหนงสงใด laid down phrv. วางลง,บญญต (lie down; place down, put down) enshrined vt. ปกปองเปนพเศษ ( make sacred ) passed away phrv. ปรนพพาน (died; is deceased) convened vi. ชมนมกน (meet; assemble; gather) account n. คอธบาย (description; explanation) disparaging adj. กลาวจาบจวง;ดถก (lower in rank by words or actions; depreciate) resentment n. ความไมพอใจ (feeling or ill-will; sense of bitterness; displeasure) lamented vt. โศกเศรา, ทใหโศกเศรา (grieve; mourn) Reverences n. การเครารพนบถอ (gesture of honor, tribute) recluse n. ผสนโดษ (anchorite; hermit) tormented vt. ทใหทรมาน (mistreat; torture; hurt) intact adj. ซงไมเสยหาย (unbroken; undamaged; unchanged) council n. การประชมเพอปรกษาหารอ (assembly; board) ruling on phrv. ตดสน (determine; decide; decree) offense n. การกระทผด (misdeed; felony; crime) proclamation n. การประกาศ (announcement; declaration) repetition n. การเกดซ, การพดซ (act of repeating; recurrence; replication) adequate adj. พอ, พอเพยง (sufficient; satisfactory; suitable) unanimous adj. เปนเอกฉนท (united; in one mind) reputable adj. มชอเสยง (respectable; trustworthy) interrogation n. การชกถาม (questioning; inquiry) to recite vt. ทอง, บรรยาย, สวด (repeat; speak; describe) endowed with phrv. สรางใหม (ความสามารถ)โดยธรรมชาต (furnish with some quality or ability) retained vt. เกบไว, จดจ (hold; keep; maintain; remember) Essential Vocabulary (6.2) fermented vt. หมก (effervesce; froth) misdeeds n. การประพฤตผด (offense; misbehaviour; fault) to contradict vt. ขดแยง,โตแยง (go against; disclaim; deny)
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 123 of 186 patron n. ผอปถมภ (sponsor; supporter; promoter) infringing vt. ฝาฝน (disobey; transgress; violate; trespass) scorned vt. ดหมน (disdain; treat with derision) reconciliation n. การทใหปรองดองกนอก (conciliation; rapprochement reconciled vt. ทใหปรองดองกน ทใหยอมรบ (conciliate; accept; submit) convince vt. ทใหแนใจ, โนมนาว (make feel sure; prove; persuade) soliciting vt. เรยกรอง (beg; entreat; beseech; request) soliciting for เชอเชญ( try and obtain something through persuade or earnest requests) heretic n. คนนอกศาสนา (apostate; iconoclast; nonconformist) stubborn adj. ดนรน (dogged; headstrong; obstinate) unrepentant adj. ไมสนกผด (not repentant; not regretful) requisites n. สงจเปน (essentialness; necessity) declined vi. ปฏเสธ ( pass up; refuse; spurn) craftily adv. ททเลหเหลยมหลอกลวง (slyly; wily; cunning; foxily) dismiss vt. ไมสนใจ (ignore; overlook) validity n. ความมเหตผล (correctness; right) verdict n. การตดสนใจ (decision) zeal n. ความกระตอรอรนจนเกนไป (excitement; fervor; passion) safeguarding n. การปกปอง ( protect; look after; guard; preserve; secure) defiance n. การทาทาย (opposition; antagonism) categorically adv. อยางเเทจรง (absolutely; definitely) Essential Vocabulary (6.3) bogus adj. ไมเเท; fake; not genuine; artificial; counterfeit; sham patronage n. การอปภมภ ; sponsorship; support; clientele; donation participated vt. มสวน ; take part; join in; shedding vt. กจด; removing; discarding; casting off; eliminate; toss token adj. ททพอเปนพธ ; nominal; symbolic; perfunctory pious adj. เครงครดในทางศาสนา; devout; religious; reverent lavishly adv. อยางฟมเฟอย ; profusely; richly; extravagantly
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 124 of 186 generosity n. ความกรณา ; benebolence; generous act; unselfish deed infiltrated vt. เเทรกซก; penetrate; permeate espousing vt. นมาใช ; adopt; support; take up deem vt. คดวา ; believe; consider; hold; judge; regard unfit adj. ซงไมเหมาะสม; inappropriate; unsuitable; condemned don vt. สวมใส ; wear diminish vt. ทใหลดลง ; decrease prescribed vt. แนะน ; recommend; advice rectify vt. ทใหถกตอง ; adjust; correct dispatched vt. สง, สงของ ; sending off; shipment horrified adj. นาหวาดกลว; aghast; appalled; frightened counsel n. ทปรกษา, ขอเสนอแนะ; advice; guidance exposed vt. เปดเผยออกมา; disclose; show up; uncover purged vt. กจด, ลางมลทน; purify refute vt. พสจนวาไมจรง; confute; disprove heresy n. ความเหนนอกรต ; misbelief seal n. ตราประทบ; stamp; symbol verse vt. รอยกรอง; compose verses or put into verse ennoble vt. ทใหมเกยรต; elevate; enhance Essential Vocabulary (6.5) altered vt. ปรบเปลยน ; modify; adjust; remodel distorted vt. บดเบอน; misrepresent; bias slabs n. แผนหนา ; bit; chunk; slice erudite adj. ซงมความรด; learned; scholarly; studious craftsmen n. ชางฝมอ; craftsperson; skilled worker miniature adj. เลกมาก; diminutive; tiny; small posterity n. คนชนหลง: younger generation; successors; lineage inscribe vt. จารก ; engrave; imprint unanimously adv. เปนเอกฉนท ; harmoniously; universally; unitedly preside over phrv. เปนประธาน (ในพธ); preside at Essential Vocabulary (6.6) rendered into phr.v. แปลเปน ; do into; translate from
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 125 of 186 recitation n. การทองจ ; narrating; soliloquizing allied adj. ซงมลกษณะคลายกน ; related; associated; connected painstakingly adv. อยางอตสาหะ ; thorough; labored noted down phr.v จดบนทก; write down collated vt. เปรยบเทยบ compare; relate dedicated adj. ซงอทศตวเพอ ; blessed; involved numerous adj. มากมาย; diverse; copious; many; various pristine adj. ในระยะแรกเรม ; initial; primary authoritative adj. ซงเชอถอได ; trustworthy; reliable Essential Vocabularies for Exercise 1 rehearsal n การทอง การบรรยาย การสงคายนา; practice; exercise; preserve vt ทใหคงอย รกษา (ศล); conserve; defend; protect commit vt. ทความผด มอบหมายให; consign; entrust; pledge posterity n. คนชนหลง ; younger generation; successors conversely adv. ทางตรงขาม; opposite; reverse memorisation n. การระลกถง ; remembering rehearse v.t ซอม, เลา; drill; practise; train; retell; repeat review n. การทบทวน บทวจารณ ทบทวน ; reconsider; inspect chant vt. สวด ทองบทสวดเปนทนอง; sing; intone; recite unison n. ความพรอมเพยงกน; unity to serve vt. รบใช ;work; function as; literally adj. ตามตวอกษร , adv. อยางเเทจรง; denotative; explicit exact: virtually; actually rendered vt. ใหความชวยเหลอ แปล ; translate from communal adj. ทเปนของสาธารณะ; public; shared recite vt ทอง บรรยาย ; repeat; speak recital n. การทอง การบรรยาย; narration equated to เปรยบเทยบ ; compare to ; compare with partially adj. ซงเปนบางสวน ; uncompleted Essential Vocabularies for Exercise 2 Convene vt. ถกเรยกใหมาชมนมกน เรยกตว (ศาล); meet; assemble
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 126 of 186 disparage vt. ดถก; belittle; minimise; diminish abide, vt ทน รอคอย อย; bide; stay; live torment vt. ทใหทรมาน รบกวน; mistreat; torture; hurt adequate adj. พอ; sufficient; satisfactory interpret vt. เขาใจม แปล อธบาย; apprehend; understand; translate preside vi. รบผดชอบ (โดยตแหนง); preside over lamented adj. โศกเศรา ; mourned for proclamation n. การประกาศ ; announcement; declaration; proclamation unanimous adj. เปนเอกฉนท ; harmoniously; unitedly; collectively remark n. ความเหน การใหขอคดเหน; momment; statement resentment n. ความไมพอใจ; bitterness; offense; displeasure grieve vt.vi ทใหเจบปวด เศราโศก ; distress reverence n. การเคารพนบถอ ; vt. แสดงความเคารพนบถอ ; respect; worship; honour; to get rid of ขจด เปนอสระจาก ; dispose of; terminate; end; or take out recluse n. สนโดษ; anchorite; hermit alarmed adj. ทตนกลว; fearful; frightened intact adj. ซงไมเสยหาย; entire; sound; unimpaired with regard to เกยวกบ พดถง ;concerning; about repetition n. การเกดซ การพดซ; recurrence; repeating; restatement approval n. การอนมต ความเหนพอง; confirmation; endorsement approve vt. อนมต เหนดวย; sanction; authorize; affirm; ratify Essential Vocabularies for Exercise 3 sermon n. เทศนา; address ; doctrine; lecture reputable adj. มชอเสยง; respectable; trustworthy to verify vt. ยนยนความถกตอง; check; corroborate; confirm endowed with บรจาคใหกบ; give; provide; supply expertise n. ทกษะความร ; knowledge; skill interrogation n. การซกถาม ; questioning; inquiry preach vt. เทศนา; moralize; teach
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 127 of 186 address vt. จดการปญหา เขยนทอย ปราศรย; oration; speech seal vt. ประทบตรา ยนยน; stamp; permission minor adj. เลกนอย รนแรงนอย วชารอง; insignificant; secondary retain vt. เกบไว จดจ; remember take part in เขาไปมสวนรวม ; participate; be a part of
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 128 of 186 CHAPTER 7 The important discourses from Tipiṭaka Concepts All of Discourses of Pali Canon are very important to study. After students have studied about the components of Pali Canon, they have known the structures of discourses and significance. In the chapter they will study some interesting discourses selected from Pali Canon such as Kãrãma Sutta from Suttanta Piṭaka, etc. For the detail of Discourses students can study from the full text of Pali canon or the other sources such as websites Objectives 1. Students should understand and explain about Pārājika from Vinaya Piṭaka 2. Students should understand and explain about the principle of Kalama Sutta from Suttanta piṭaka 3. Students should understand and explain about the essentials of The Ultimate realities in life from Abhidhamma piṭaka Guideline Vinaya piṭaka Pārājika: Rules entailing expulsion from the Sangha (Defeat) Suttanta piṭaka Kalama Sutta Abhidhamma piṭaka The Ultimate realities
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 129 of 186 Before Reading A. Discussion. Look at the photo and read the caption. Then discuss the questions with a partner. 1. Explain the significance of Vesek Day, ÃsãỊhapũjã Day and Mãghapũjã Day. 2. Which suttas did Buddha preach on the important days of Buddhism? B. Scan. Scan the reading on pages 130-134, and write any answers to three questions. Then read the passage closely to check your ideas. 1. What is ‘Pãrãjika’ translated into English? why? 2. What background of Kãlãma Sutta is ? 3. Explain two words ‘ True’ and ‘Real’ in the concept of Buddhism C. Discuss before Reading, What:Why? KWL The Important Days of Buddhism Visek Day,ÃsãỊhapũjã Day Mãghapũjã Day etc.
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 130 of 186 7.1 Vinaya piṭaka :: Pãrãjika The Vinaya Pitaka, the first division of the Tipitaka, is the textual framework upon which the monastic community (Sangha) is built. It includes not only the rules governing the life of every Theravada bhikkhu (monk) and bhikkhuni (nun), but also a host of procedures and conventions of etiquette that support harmonious relations, both among the monastics themselves, and between the monastics and their lay supporters, upon whom they depend for all their material needs. In Theravada Buddhism, the Patimokkha is the basic code of monastic discipline, consisting of 227 rules for fully ordained monks (bhikkhus) and 311 for nuns (bhikkhunis). It is contained in the Suttavibhanga, a division of the Vinaya Pitaka. The four pãrãjikas (defeats) are rules entailing expulsion from the sangha for life. If a monk breaks any one of the rules he is automatically "defeated" in the holy life and falls from monkhood immediately. He is not allowed to become a monk again in his lifetime. Intention is necessary in all these four cases to constitute an offence. The four parajikas for bhikkus are:
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 131 of 186 Reading Comprehension Answer for each question. 1. What is the main point of the first topic of Pãrãjika? 2. What is the cause of laying down Pãrãjika? 3. Explain a word ‘Pandit’ in Thai and English 4. Who is ‘a superior human’? Vocabulary Practice Completion : Choose the best answer for each question. 1.The word “ renounced” means _______. Pãrãjika Rules entailing expulsion from the Sangha (Defeat) *********** 1. Should any bhikkhu — participating in the training and livelihood of the bhikkhus, without having renounced the training, without having declared his weakness — engage in sexual intercourse, even with a female animal, he is defeated and no longer in affiliation. 2. Should any bhikkhu, in what is reckoned a theft, take what is not given from an inhabited area or from the wilderness — just as when, in the taking of what is not given, kings arresting the criminal would flog, imprison, or banish him, saying, "You are a robber, you are a fool, you are benighted, you are a thief" — a bhikkhu in the same way taking what is not given also is defeated and no longer in affiliation. 3. Should any bhikkhu intentionally deprive a human being of life, or search for an assassin for him, or praise the advantages of death, or incite him to die (saying,): "My good man, what use is this evil, miserable life to you? Death would be better for you than life," or with such an idea in mind, such a purpose in mind, should in various ways praise the advantages of death or incite him to die, he also is defeated and no longer in affiliation. 4. Should any bhikkhu, without direct knowledge, claim a superior human state, a truly noble knowledge and vision, as present in himself, saying, "Thus do I know; thus do I see," such that regardless of whether or not he is cross-examined on a later occasion, he — being remorseful and desirous of purification — might say, "Friends, not knowing, I said I know; not seeing, I said I see — vainly, falsely, idly," unless it was from over-estimation, he also is defeated and no longer in affiliation. a. uselessly. b. stimulate. c.murderer. d. expel, e. give up, f. barren, h. craving, i.regretful, j. copulation, k.judge
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 132 of 186 2. The word “intercourse” means _______. 3. The word “ reckoned” means _______. 4. The word “ wilderness” means _______. 5. The word “ banish” means _______. 6. The word “ assassin” means _______. 7. The word “ incite” means _______. 8, The word “remorseful” means _______. 9. The word “ desirous” means _______. 10. The word “vainly” means _______.
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 133 of 186 7.2 Suttanta pitaka : KÃlÃma Sutta27 Discuss before Reading, What:Why? KWL (1) The Kālāma Sutta is a discourse of the Buddha contained in the Aṅguttara Nikaya of the Tipiṭaka. It is often cited by those of the Theravada and Mahayana traditions alike as the Buddha's "charter of free inquiry." (2) The Kālāma Sutta is also used for advocating prudence by the use of sound logical reasoning arguments for inquiries in the practice that relates to the discipline of seeking truth, wisdom and knowledge whether it is religious or not. In short, the Kālāma Sutta is opposed to blind faith, dogmatism and belief spawned from specious reasoning. (3) The sutta starts off by describing how the Buddha passes through the village of Kesaputta and is greeted by its inhabitants, a clan called the Kalamas. They ask for his advice: they say that many wandering holy men and ascetics pass through, expounding their teachings and criticizing the teachings of others. So whose teachings should they follow? He delivers in response a sermon that serves as an entry point to the Dhamma, the Buddhist teachings for those unconvinced by mere spectacular revelation. Discerning Religious Teachings (4) The Buddha proceeds to list the criteria by which any sensible person can decide which teachings to accept as true. Do not blindly believe religious teachings, he tells the Kalamas, just because they are claimed to be true, or even through the application of various methods or techniques. Direct knowledge grounded in one's own experience can be called upon. He advises that the words of the wise should be heeded and taken into account. He proposes not a passive acceptance but, rather, constant questioning and personal testing to identify those truths which verifiably reduce one's own stress or misery (Pali: dukkha). (5) The Kalama Sutta states (Pali expression in parentheses): • Do not go upon what has been acquired by repeated hearing (mã anussavena), • nor upon tradition (mã paramparāya), • nor upon rumor (mã itikirāya), 27 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalama_Sutta : derived on February,15,2018 The Kesariya Stupa is believed to be at the place where the Buddha delivered the discourse
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 134 of 186 • nor upon what is in a scripture (mã piṭaka-sampadāna) • nor upon surmise (mã takka-hetu), • nor upon an axiom (mã naya-hetu), • nor upon specious reasoning (mã ākāra-parivitakkena), • nor upon a bias towards a notion that has been pondered over (mã diṭṭhinijjhānakkhantiyā), • nor upon another's seeming ability (mã bhabba-rūpatāya), • nor upon the consideration, The monk is our teacher (mã samaṇo no garū) • Kalamas, when you yourselves know: "These things are good; these things are not blamable; these things are praised by the wise; undertaken and observed, these things lead to benefit and happiness," enter on and abide in them.' Thus, the Buddha named ten specific sources whose knowledge should not be immediately viewed as truthful without further investigation to avoid fallacies: 1 Oral history 2 Traditional 3 News sources 4 Scriptures or other official texts 5 Suppositional reasoning 6 Philosophical dogmatism 7 Common sense 8 One's own opinions 9 Experts 10 Authorities or one's own teacher [ We can study the detail from https://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/kalama1.htm ] Reading Comprehension Answer these questions? 1. What is the main point of Kãlãma Sutta? 2. What is Kãlãma,why? 3. Why did people want to listen to the sermon? 4. Compare Kãlãma sutta to the critical thinking ? Vocabulary Practice Completion : Choose the best answer for each question from the text above. 1.The word “ prudence” (paragraph 2) means _______. 2. The word “ inquiries” (paragraph 2) means _______. 3. The word “dogmatism” (paragraph 2) means _______.
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 135 of 186 4. The word “ clan” (paragraph 3) means _______. 5. The word “ ascetics” (paragraph 3) means _______. 6. The word “ criteria” (paragraph 4) means _______. 7. The word “misery” (paragraph 4) means _______. 8, The word “ surmise” (paragraph 5) means _______. 9. The word “ axiom” (paragraph 5) means _______. 10. The word “fallacies” (paragraph 5) means _______.
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 136 of 186 7.3 Abhidhamma Pitaka28 The Ultimate Realities Discuss before Reading, What:Why? KWL (1) The Abhidhamma deals with realities existing in an ultimate sense, called in Pali paramattha dhammã. There are four such realities: 1. Citta, mind or consciousness, defined as that which knows or experiences an object. Citta occurs as distinct momentary states of consciousness. 2. Cetasikas, the mental factors that arise and occur along with the cittas. 3. Ruupa, physical phenomena, or material form. 4. Nibbaana,Citta, the cetasikas, and rũpa are conditioned realities. They arise because of conditions and disappear when their conditions cease to sustain them. Therefore they are impermanent. Nibbaana is an unconditioned reality. It does not arise and therefore does not fall away. These four realities can be experienced regardless of what name we give them. Any other thing — be it within ourselves or without, past, present, or future, coarse or subtle, low or lofty, far or near — is a concept and not an ultimate reality. (2) Citta, cetasikas, and nibbãna are also called nãma. The two conditioned naãmas, citta and cetasikas, together with rũpa make up nãma-rũpa, the psycho-physical organism. Each of us, in the ultimate sense, is a nãma-rũpa, a compound of mental and material phenomena, and nothing more. Apart from these three realities that go to form the nãma-rũpa compound there is no ego, self, or soul. The naama part of the compound is what experiences an object. The rũpa part does not experience anything. When the body is injured it is not the body, which is rũpa, that feels the pain, but nãma, the mental side. When we are hungry it is not the stomach that feels the hunger but again the nãma. However, nãma cannot eat the food to ease the hunger. The nãma, the mind and its factors, makes the rũpa, the body, ingest the food. Thus neither the nãma nor the rũpa has any efficient power of its own. One is dependent on the other; one supports the other. Both nãma and rũpa arise because of conditions and perish immediately, and this is happening every moment of our lives. By studying and experiencing these realities we will get insight into: (1) what we truly are; (2) what we find around us; (3) how and why we react to what is within and around us; and (4) what we should aspire to reach as a spiritual goal. Reading Comprehension Discuss with your partners, and then answer the questions. 1. What is the main point of the topic? 2. What is human beings’ body consisted of? https://www.accesstoinsight.org/ati/lib/authors/mendis/wheel322.html,[16 Sept. 2561] 28
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 137 of 186 3. What is Citta in your opinion? 4. What does Cetasika mean ? 5. Explain ‘nibbãna and nirvana’ ? Vocabulary Practice Completion : Choose the best answer for each question from the text above. 1.The word “ phenomena” (paragraph1) means _______. 2. The word “ cease” (paragraph1) means _______. 3. The word “ coarse” (paragraph1) means _______. 4. The word “ lofty” (paragraph1) means _______. 5. The word “ ingest” (paragraph1) means _______. 6. The word “ perish” (paragraph1) means _______. 7. The word “ Ultimate” (paragraph1) means _______. 8, The word “ distinct” (paragraph1) means _______. 9. The word “ organism” (paragraph 2) means _______. 10. The word “ perish” (paragraph 2) means _______.
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 138 of 186 Reading Skill Inference 29 The following are examples of questions that ask you to infer information from a passage . 30 a. Which statement would the author most likely agree with? b. Which statement is best supported by the passage? c. According to the passage, we can reasonably infer that_____ . d. Based on the passage, it could be suggested that______ . Inference : Choose the best answer for each question. 31 Re is used for signs of danger, such as STOP signs and fire engines. 1. From the examples, you can infer that signs of danger are generally___signs. a. important b. cheerful c. interesting 2. Another example of a sign of danger is a. a movie theatre sign b. a government automobile c. an exit People wear black clothes at some serious ceremonies, for example at funeral and graduations. What Is Inference? Inference is using observation and background to reach a logical conclusion. You probably practice inference every day. For example, if you see someone eating a new food and he or she makes a face, then you infer he does not like it. Or if someone slams a door, you can infer that she is upset about something. Before you can begin to practice inference in literature, you should know what you are looking for. Your goal is to find the intended meaning of the text. Intended meaning is what we think the author is trying to teach us. Why is it important to make inferences? When writing a story, an author will not include all the information for us. He/she will expect us to read between the lines and reach conclusions about the text. When making inferences, you are looking beyond what is stated in the text and finding the ideas to which the author only hints. This makes you a more active reader and critical thinker. It also makes it easier to understand what the author is sharing with you. https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-inference-how-to-infer-intended-meaning.html[5 Feb.2018]. 29 Nancy Douglas, David Bohlke, National Geographic Learning, Reading Explorer 3, second Edition, 30 (USA. pp.203) 31 เศรษฐวทย,How to overcome reading obstacles, พมพครงท ๘, (กรงเทพมหานคร :โรงพมพเมด ทราย,๒๕๔๕),หนา ๑๕๘-๑๖๑
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 139 of 186 3. From the example, you can infer that a ceremony is a. a special occasion b. a special sport c. a special holiday 4. Another example of a ceremony is a. a wedding b. a tennis game c. Christmas Cold beverages, like ice tea, soft drinks, or milk shakes, are refreshing on a hot day. 5. From the example, you can infer that a beverage is something to ___ a. drink b. eat c. hold 6. Another example of a beverage is ____ a.ice cream b. pie c. coffee Inference : Look back at the article of Abhidhamma Pitaka, the Ultimate Realities on page 131. Can you infer the following information? Circle Yes or No. Vocabulary Essential Vocabulary 7.1 should ถา renounced vt. ละทง ; give up; engage in phrv. ทใหเกยวพนกบ; got involved with intercourse n. การมเพศสมพนธ ; coitus; copulation defeated vt. ทใหพายแพ; conquer; crush; rout affiliation n. การรวมเขาดวยกน; connection; attachment (a person’s connection with a political party, religion etc.) reckoned vt. นบ, พจารณา; count; judge; regard inhabited vt. อยอาศย; occupy; live; reside wilderness vt. บรเวณรกรางวางเปลา ; barren; waste; wasteland flog vt. เฆยน ; whip; beat; lash banish vt. เนรเทศ; ostracize; expel benighted adj. ซงปราศจากความเขาใจ; ignorant; uneducated no longer adv. ไมอกตอไป; no more; not any more deprive vt. ปลดตแหนง, ยดทรพย; bereave; strip; take away assassin n. ผรายทลอบฆา; murderer; slayer; butcher incite…to phrv. กระตน..ใหกระท; instigate to; stimulate
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 140 of 186 superior adj. เหนอกวา; better; greater; higher; grander remorseful adj. ซงสนกผด ;regretful; sorrowful desirous adj. ซงตองการ; craving; longing idly adj. อยางเกยจคราน lazily; slothfully; infolently vainly adv. อยางไรประโยชน; uselessly Essentail Vocabulary 7.2 contained vt. ประกอบดวย ; be composed of, hold; include advocate vt สนบสนน ; support prudence n. ความรอบคอบ; caution; wisdom inquiries vt. ไตถาม,สบหาความจรง; ask; question; examine; inspect; investigate dogmatism n การคดวาความเหนของตนเองถกตอง ; tendency to force one’s opinions on others spawned vt. สรางขน ; to make a series of things happen or start to exist; generate clan n. กลมคนทสนใจในเรองเดยวกน ; clique; set ascetic n. ผบเพญตบะ ; abstainer; recluse; hermit expounding vt. อธบายอยางละเอยด : explain; comment; criticising vt. วจารณ ; study; probe mere adj. เพยงเทานน ; small; minor; insignificant ; บรสทธ revelation n. การเปดเผย ; disclosure; exposure spectacular adj. นาตนเตน; striking; dramatic; sensational un-convinced vt. โนมนาว ; persuade discerning vt. เขาใจไมกระจาง ; descry; distinguish; see proceed vi. ดเนนการ ; progress; move; continue criteria pl.(criterion) เกณฑ ; standard against which something is measured ground vt. สราง ; establish; found call upon phr.v. เลอก,ใช ; to use something or someone’s help in order to achieve what you want. heed vt. เอาใจใส ; attend; mind; beware take into account idiom: คดคนง , ใครครวญ misery n. ความทกขยาก; suffering; agony
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 141 of 186 verifiably adv, อยางพสจนความจรงได ; confirm go upon phr.v ดเนนตอไป ; go on acquired vt. ไดรบ; get; take; obtain surmise vi, n. สนนษฐาน, การสนนษฐาน ; assume; guess, suppose axiom n. กฎเกณฑทยอมรบกนทวไป ; maxim; saying; adage notion n. ความคด, ความคดเหนโง, ความเขาใจ,; idea; odd idea: understanding ponder on/upon phr.v ไตรตรอง; think about fallacies n. ความคดทไมถกตอง ; delusion; misconception Essentail Vocabulary 7.3 ultimate adj. ทสด, สงสด ; greatest; extreme distinct adj. แตกตางชดเจน ; detached; separated phenomena n. ปรากฎการณ cease vi. หยด; stop; halt; break sustain vt. รกษา, สนบสนน ; support; provide for regardless of prep. ทงๆท ; nevertheless coarse adj. หยาบ; harsh; rough subtle adj. บาง ; faint; slight lofty adj. สงตระหงาน,สงสง, หยงยโส ; high; tall :exalted; noble organism n. สงมชวต, ระบบ : creature; being : organization; network ingest vt. นเขาสรางกายทางปาก take in; absorb; dine; eat perish vi. พงทลาย, ตาย suffer; ruin: die; disappear; expire; pass away aspire vi. มความตองการ ; yearn; want
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 142 of 186 Reference Books U Ko Lay, Guide to Tipitaka.Buddha Dharm Education Association Inc.1984. Ven. Narada, Thera, An Elemenary Pali Course. Buddha Dharm Education Inc, 1952. P.A Payutto, The Pali Canon, What a Buddhist Must Know,Translated into English by Dr. Somseen Chanawangsa: Bangkok, 2002. Crystal, David. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. The Third Edition, 1991. DOU Liaison Office, The History of Buddhism, Translated by Dr. Anunya Methmanus, Bangkok : Thailand, 2555. DOU Liaison Office, Sciences as Explained in the Buddhist Scriptures ( Tripitaka). Bangkok: Thailand, 2556. Nancy Douglas, David Bohlke, National Geographic Learning, Reading Explorer 3, second Edition,USA. 2015 เศรษฐวทย,How to overcome reading obstacles, พมพครงท ๘, กรงเทพมหานคร :โรงพมพเมด ทราย,๒๕๔๕ Web sites https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pāli_Canon http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/ http://www.palicanon.org http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/history/s_theracanon.htm http://www.tipitaka.org http://buddhism.about.com/od/thetripitaka/a/tripitakahistor.htm http://www.budakoda.ee/en/a-selection-of-articles-by-vaddhaka/an-introduction-to-the-palicanon/ http://www.religionfacts.com/tripitaka http://www.dharmanet.org/lcsutrastherv.htm https://crossrivermeditation.com/pali-canon-buddha-taught/ http://www.mahamevnawawinnipeg.org/sutta-pitaka.html http://www.urbandharma.org/udharma2/tipmap.html http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/tipitaka.pdf http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an03/an03.065.than.html http://www.buddhanet.net/ipp.htm http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/nanamoli/PathofPurification2011.pdf
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 143 of 186 https://www.scribd.com/document/139118668/111183940-Vimuttidhamma-From-Chakra-toDhammachakra http:// www.buddhanet.net แหลงขอมลพระไตรปฏก ๑. http://www.dhammathai.org/buddhism/tripitaka.php ๒.https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/พระไตรปฎก ๓. http://www.84000.org ๔. http://tripitaka-online.blogspot.com/2016/09/tpd-main.html ๕. http://www.tipitaka.com ๖.http://www.geocities.ws/tmchote/tpd-mcu/
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 144 of 186 Appendix REVIEW : English Grammar for Reading Pali Canon ****** Part of Speech Overview32 In the English language, words can be considered as the smallest elements that have distinctive meanings. Based on their use and functions, words are categorized into several types or parts of speech. This article will offer definitions and examples for the 8 major parts of speech in English grammar: noun, pronoun, verb, adverb, adjective, conjunction, preposition, and interjection. http://partofspeech.org. [Retried on 18 th April,2018] 32