Reading Pali Canon in English Page 45 of 186 Parivara 5. Parivara consists of Catechism on knowledge about the Discipline): Discuss before Reading, What:Why? KWL (1) Parivãra Pali which is Book V and the last book of the Vinaya Piṭaka serves as a kind of manual. It is compiled in the form of a catechism, enabling the reader to make an analytical survey of the Vinaya Pitaka. All the rules, official acts, and other matters of the Vinaya are classified under separate categories according to subjects dealt with. (2) Parivara explains how rules of the Order are drawn up to regulate the conduct of the bhikkhus as well as the administrative affairs of the Order. Precise procedures are prescribed for settling of disputes and handling matters of jurisprudence, for formation of Sangha courts and appointment of well-qualified Sangha judges. It lays down how Sangha Vinicchaya Committee, the Sangha court, is to be constituted with a body of learned Vinayadharas, experts in Vinaya rules, to hear and decide all kinds of monastic disputes. (3) The Parivara Pali provides general principles and guidance in the spirit of which all the Sangha Vinicchaya proceedings are to be conducted for settlement of monastic disputes. Reading Comprehension Discuss each question with your partner, then write your answer. 1. What does Parivara explain about ? ____________________________________________________ 2. Who deals with the monastic disputes? ___________________________________________________ Vocabulary Practice Completion : Choose the best answer for each question. 1.The word “ catechism ” (paragraph1) means _______. a. the form of question and answers b. the way to answer question c. the style of speech d. the system of learning 2. The word “ affairs ” (paragraph 2 ) means _______.
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 46 of 186 a. business b. transformation c. analysis d. practise 3. The word “procedures ” (paragraph 2 ) means _______. a. scheme b. stage c. system d. way 4. The word “settling ” (paragraph 2 ) means _______. a. decide b. consider c. send d. solve 5. The word “ jurisprudence ” (paragraph 2 ) means _______. a. science of law b. science of education c. rules of action d. rules of speech 6. The word “ lays down ” (paragraph 2 ) means _______. a. put down b. consider c. confirm d. give up 7. The word “ to be constituted with” (paragraph 2) means _______. a. establish b. find c. stand up d. compose with 8, The word “ disputes ” (paragraph 2 ) means _______. a. argument b. agreement c. fear d. awareness 9. The word “ principles ” (paragraph 3) means _______. a. system b. ability c. explorer d. style 10. The word “ proceedings ” (paragraph 3) means _______. a. process b. translation c. description d. communication
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 47 of 186 3.4 The important scriptures of Vinaya Piṭaka Arranged along the line of the Pali Canon and commentaries, all the scriptures are of the following hierarchy: a. the Pali Canon, or the Tipitaka; b. the commentaries (Atthakatha), or the scriptures expounding on the Pali Canon; c. the sub-commentaries (Tika), or the scriptures elaborating on the commentaries; d. the sub-sub-commentaries (Anutika), or the scriptures further clarifying the subcommentaries. There are several types of scripture other than these down the hierarchy, which are sometimes collectively referred to as tabbinimutta ‘scriptures over and above [the main ones]’ Source Text : Vinaya Piṭaka Commentary (Atthakatha) : Samantapasadika (Buddhaghosa; 5th c.) Sub-commentary (Tika) Vajirabuddhi-tika (Vajirabuddhi; 11-12th c.) Saratthadipani (Sariputta; 12th c.) Vimativinodani (Mahakassapa of Cola; 12th c.) Source Text : Patimokkha Commentary (Atthakatha) : Kankhavitarani (Buddhaghosa; 5th c.) Sub-commentary (Tika) : Vinayatthamañjusa (Buddhanaga; 12th c.) Matching : Match the words to their meanings correctly. 1.Pali canon :_____________ a. sacred book or writing 2. hierarchy :_____________ b. to provide additional detail 3. commentary : _____________ c. to describe in detail ` 4. expound : ____________ d. a written explanation or criticism or illustration that is added to a book or other textual material 5. elaborate : _____________e. to make clear` 6. clarify : _____________f. system in which persons or things are arranged one above the other according to rank 7. scripture : _____________g. Pali book of Buddhism collecting Buddha’s Teachings
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 48 of 186 Vocabulary Essential Vocabulary (3.1) is made up of สราง, เตรยม..ใหพรอม : compose of laid down of idiom วางไว, บญญต : set down regulate vt. วางระเบยบ : to manage admitted vt. ยอมรบ : accept the Order n. คณะสงฆ : a group of person living under a religious rule embody vt. ทใหสงทเปนนามธรรมเปนรปเปนรางขน; to manifest or personify in concrete form authoritative adj. ซงมอนาจสนบสนน, ซงเชอถอได ; having authority, or ascendancy or influence injunctions n. คสงหาม : a formal command or admonition restraints n. การหนวงเหนยว : control of one’s own emotions, constraint, reserve physical and verbal action n. การกระททางกายและวาจา deal with phrv. จดการกบ,ดเนนการ : to handle transgression n การกระทผด : crime; violation admonitions n คกลาวตกเตอน : warning; reproof; reproval in according with adv. ตามท : in accord with; under Essential Vocabularies (3.2) elaborate adj. ละเอยด,อธบายเพมเตม (detailed) etiquette n. มารยาท (manners) harmonious adj. อยางเขากนได (concordantly,) evolve vt. คอยๆพฒนา (develop) inevitable adj. อยางหลกเลยงไมได (unavoidable; certain) deterrent adj.n. สงทขดขวางไมใหกระทบางสงบางอยาง (hindrance) reprimand vt. ตหน (blame; rebuke; scold) minor adj. เลกนอย, อยางเบา (insignifiant) offence n. การกระทผด,อาบต (misdeed, misbehaviour)
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 49 of 186 offense n. การกระทผด (felony; crime) detriment n. ความเสยหาย (harmfulness; ill; damage) Essential Vocabularies (3.3) entail vt. สงผลซงไมอาจหลกเลยง (conduce) forfeiture n. (the loss or giving up of something as a penalty for wrongdoing) expulsion n. การขบไล (ออกจากโรงเรยน,พรรค, สถาบน) dismissal ejection; purge) compendium n. บทสรป (commend; abridgement) procedure n. ขนตอน (scheme, mode) penance n. การสนกบาป (compensation) observance n. การปฎบตตาม,การสงเกต (obedience) reinstatement n. การใหกลบมาตแหนงเดม (give back) miscellaneous adj. เบดเตลด (various) strife n. การขดแยงกน (conflict) suspension n. การหยดชวครวร (interruption) entreaty n. การขอรอง (request) synod n. การประชมทางศาสนา, การสงคายนา (council, assembly) Essential Vocabularies (3.4) catechism n. คถามและคตอบทใชในการสอนถงหลกการทางศาสนา(ครสต) jurisprudence n. ศาสตรเกยวกบกฎหมาย ; science of law; body of law Pali canon n. :Pali book of Buddhism collecting Buddha’s Teachings พระไตรปฎก hierarchy n : system in which persons or things are arranged one above the other according to rank , การจดระบบตามลดบชน commentary n.: a written explanation or criticism or illustration that is added to a book or other textual material อรรถกถา` expound vt : describe in detail อธบายในรายละเอยด elaborate vt : to provide additional detail ; อธบายเพมเตม` clarify vt : to make clear: อธบายใหชดเจน scripture n : sacred book or writing คมภร
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 50 of 186 CHAPTER 4 : Suttanta Concept The Suttanta Piṭaka is a book that has collected all the discourses in their entirety delivered by the Buddha on various occasions. (A few discourses delivered by some of the distinguished disciples of the Buddha, such as the Venerable Sariputta, Maha Moggallana, Ananda, etc., as well as some narratives are also included in the books of the Suttanta Piṭaka.) Outline of Chapter 4 Suttanta Tipiṭaka 4.1 Meaning and definition of Suttanta Piṭaka - What is Suttanta Piṭaka? 4.2 Significance of Suttanta Piṭaka 4.3 The books of Suttanta Tipiṭaka 4.4 The important scriptures of Suttanta Piṭaka: Objectives 1. Students can understand and explain about the meaning and definition of Suttanta piṭaka. 2. Students can recognize the significance of Suttanta piṭaka 3. Students classify and explain about the components of Suttanta piṭaka. 4. Students understand and explain about the important scriptures of Suttanta Piṭaka: Commentary; Sub-commentary and other (Pakarana visessa)
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 51 of 186 Suttanta Pitaka Before studying the topic student will improve the skill of guessing meaning of words what students do not know their definition. Students sometimes guess meaning without opening a dictionary. Students can know their meaning with prefixes, suffixes and roots of these words . Reading Skill How to improve your vocabularies Whenever we do not know the meaning of words we can guess meanings of words by studying prefixes, suffixes and roots. Prefixes : What is a prefix? Prefixes are added to the beginning of a word to make a new word, e.g. mis+take = mistake. Some common prefixes are 'mis', 'dis', 're', 'for', 'anti', 'ante', 'sub', 'un' and 'in'. New words are made by placing a prefix in front of a word. It is helpful to know the meanings of prefixes. Prefix 're' means again, therefore reappear means to appear again. Negative prefixes Negative statements are the opposite of affirmative statements. In English, one way to make negative statements is with negative prefixes. Here is a list of English negative prefixes: a-, dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, non-, un-. Prefixes Meaning Exmaples pre- before preface mis- bad(ly) misconduct inter- between internation sub- under subject semi- half semin-colon
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 52 of 186 For example, the prefix un- can be attached to the adjective happy to create the negative adjective unhappy. Note: There are two ways to make this statement negative. There is no difference in meaning between these two sentences. Using negative prefixes Words that take a- as a negative prefix always begin with a consonant. Words that take dis- as a negative prefix may begin with a vowel or a consonant. Words that take il- as a negative prefix always begin with the letter l. Affirmative Negative Meaning Negative prefix Negative adver not Tom is happy. Tom is unhappy. Tom is happy. Affirmative Negative political apolitical sexual asexual typical atypical Affirmative Negative agree disagree comfort discomfort mount dismount orient disorient Affirmative Negative legal illegal legible illegal literae illiterate logical illogical
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 53 of 186 Words that take im- as a negative prefix always begin with the letter m or p Words that take in- as a negative prefix can begin with a vowel (except i and u) or a consonant. Note: There are many words that begin with in- that are not words with a negative prefix, for example incline indulge insist invoke Words that take ir- as a negative prefix always begin with the letter r. Affirmative Negative mobile immobile moral immobile perfect imperfect possible impossible Affirmative Negaitive accurate inaccurate eligible ineligible organic inoganic decent indecent sane insene Affirmative Negative rational irrational reconcilable irreconcilable regular irregular resistible irresistible
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 54 of 186 Words that take non- as a negative prefix may begin with a vowel or a consonant. Words that take un- as a negative prefix may begin with a vowel or consonant. Remember, not all words that appear to have a negative prefix are negative. Correct Incorrect alike not like discuss not cuss universe not iverse illuminate not luminate important not portant involve not volve irrigate not rigate16 Affirmative Negative conformist nonconformist essential nonessential fiction nonfiction sense nonsense Affirmative Negative able unable interesting uninteresting usual unusual comfortable uncomfortable Lawless English, Negative prefix : http://www.elearnenglishlanguage.com/esl/grammar/negative- 16 prefixes.html. [Retrieved on September 29, 2013]
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 55 of 186 Before Reading A. True or False. The photo above shows the Buddha and Buddhist disciples. Read the sentences below (1-3), and circle T (True) or F (False) 1. The Buddha preached Dhamma to His disciples T F 2. The Buddha preached Abhidhamma piṭaka T F 3. The photo taken in Thailand T F B. Scan. Quickly scan the reading on page 58-64 to answer this question. What does Suttanta Piṭaka mean and why is it called ‘Suttanta Piṭaka’?
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 56 of 186 4.1 Meaning and definition of Suttanta Piṭaka What is Suttanta piṭaka?17 Discuss before Reading, What:Why? KWL 4.1 Meaning (1) Suttanta piṭaka is one of three important sacred books of Theravada BuddhismVinaya Piṭaka, Suttanta piṭaka and Abhidhamma Piṭaka. Suttanta piṭaka is known in English ‘Pãli Canon’. Suttanta piṭaka was derived from Pali ‘Sutta-heard, anta-the end, goal, or top and Piṭaka-a basket or a book. It literally means a book that has important top essence of knowledges got from listening to Buddha’s Teachings. (2) Suttanta piṭaka is a collection of all the discourses in their entirety delivered by the Buddha on various occasions. A few discourses were delivered by some of the distinguished disciples of the Buddha, such as the Venerable Sariputta, Maha Moggallana, Ananda, etc., as well as some narratives are also included in the books of the Suttanta piṭaka. (3) The discourses of the Buddha compiled together in the Suttanta piṭaka were expounded to suit different occasions, for various persons with different temperaments. Although the discourses were mostly intended for the benefit of bhikkhus, and deal with the practice of' the pure life and with the exposition of the Teaching, there are also several other discourses which deal with the material and moral progress of the lay disciples. (4) Suttanta piṭaka is a collection of sermon, histories, stories and accounts is divided into five divisions and consists typically of one of the nine-formed factor of doctrine or Navaṃgasatthusãsaṃ A term ‘Sutta’ indicates six meanings as follows. 1. Atthãnaṃ Sũcanato : indicating use for both oneself and another 2. Suvuttato : indicating the proper text for those who should be suggested. 3. Savnato : indicating the result to arise as if rice seedings produce fruits in the future. Tipitaka network, www. tipitaka.net [Retrieved on 8 December 2024] 17
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 57 of 186 4. Sũddanato : giving fruits as if milk cows produce milk to their calfs. 5. Suttãṇã: preserving the use well. 6. Suttasbhãgato : being the standard model of practice for reasonable men. Particularity of Sutta (Discourse) The full Sutta of Suttantapiṭaka consist mainly of three factors. 1. In introduction of Sutta or known ‘Nidãnavacana’ Venerable Ãnanda saying ‘ Evamme sutaṁ’. 2. In the full text of the discourses it is consisted largely of Saying of Buddha and Disciples. 3. In conclusion of discourses or known ‘Nigamavacana’, ending with the term ‘Idamavoca Bhagavã’ translated ‘Buddha said this’ Reading Comprehension Multiple Choice : Choose the best answer for each question. 1. What is the reading mainly about? a. Vinaya pitaka b. Suttanta pitaka c. Abhidhamma pitaka d. Dhamma-vinaya 2. What is Suttanta pitaka known in English? a. Listener b. Pali Canon c. Text d. Scripture 3. What does the word “Sutta” mean? a. hearing b. speaking c. walking d. sitting 4. Who is the disciple who delivered Suttanta Pitaka? a. Ven.Sarittupa b. Ven.Kaccayana c. Ven.Kassapa d. Ven.Devadatta 5. What is Suttanta Pitaka consisted of ? a. Doctrines b. Sermons
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 58 of 186 c. Teachings d. all of them 6. What does ‘Navaṃgasatthusãsaṃ’ mean? a. the nine-formed factor of disciple b. the nine-formed factor of Triple Gem c. the nine-formed factor of doctrine d. the nine-formed factor of Truth 7. Which one does not indicate meanings of Sutta? a. Sugato b. Sũddanato c. Suttãṇã d. Suttasbhãgato 8. How many meanings of Sutta are there? a. five b. six c. seven d. eight 9. In The full Sutta of Suttantapiṭaka, how many mainly factors are there? a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 10. In introduction of Suttanta pitaka, it begins with…… a. Itipiso bhagava b. Idamavoca Bhagavã c. Evamme sutaṁ d. Supatipanno bhagavato Vocabulary Practice Completion : Choose the best answer for each question. 1.The word “ sacred ” (paragraph1) means _______. a. holy b. very good c. standard d. desire 2. The word “ derived from ” (paragraph1) means _______. a. take or obtain from a source b. be born from c. to product d. to be made of 3. The word “ distinguished ” (paragraph 2 ) means _______. a. mark as different b. appear c. structure d. mixture 4. The word “ narratives ” (paragraph 2 ) means _______. a. story b. lecture
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 59 of 186 c. activity d. shows 5. The word “temperaments ” (paragraph 3 ) means _______. a. nature b. goodness c. consciousness d. lust 6. The word “ exposition ” (paragraph 3 ) means _______. a. clarification b. position c. conduct d. speech 7. The word “ moral ” (paragraph 3 ) means _______. a. ethic b. tradition c. culture d. festival 8, The word “ lay disciples ” (paragraph 3 ) means _______. a. not clerical b. monastic c. monk d. animal 9. The word “ Venerable ” (paragraph 4 ) means _______. a. profoundly honoured b. good c. very d. welcome 10. The word “ text ” (paragraph 4 ) means _______. a. words b. discourse c. book d. scripture 4.2 Signcance of Suttanta Piṭaka Discuss before Reading, What:Why? KWL
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 60 of 186 (1) Suttanta Piṭaka is the collection of both Buddha’s and some disciples’ Teachings that He preached in the difference of Times, Persons and Places with compassion to human beings as follows. 1. Observances and Practices in the Teaching of the Buddha. In the Suttanta Piṭaka found not only the fundamentals of the Dhamma but also pragmatic guidelines to make the Dhamma meaningful and applicable to daily life. All observances and practices which form practical steps in the Buddha’s Noble Path of Eight Constituents lead to spiritual purification at three levels: • Sĩla: moral purity through right conduct; • Samãdhi: purity of mind through concentration (Samatha); • Paññã: purity of Insight through Vipassanã Meditation. 2. On the right way to giving alms (2) As a practical step, capable of immediate and fruitful use by people in all walks of life, the Buddha gave discourses on charity, alms-giving, explaining its virtues and on the right way and the right attitude of mind with which an offering is to be made for spiritual uplift. The motivating force in an act of charity is the volition, the will to give. Charity is a meritorious action that arises only out of volition. Without the will to give, there is no act of giving. Volition in giving alms is of three types: (i) The volition that starts with the thought ‘I shall make an offering’ and that exists during the period of preparations for making the offering - Pubba Cetanã, volition before the act.
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 61 of 186 (ii) The volition that arises at the moment of making the offering while handing it over to the donee - Muñca Cetanã, volition during the act. (iii) The volition accompanying the joy and rejoicing which arise during repeated recollection of or reflection on the act of giving - Apara Cetanæ, volition after the act. Whether the offering is made in homage to the living Buddha or to a minute particle of his relics after his passing away, it is the volition, its strength and purity that determine the nature of the result thereof. 3. Moral Purity through right conduct, Sĩla (3) Practice of Sĩla forms a most fundamental aspect of Buddhism. It consists of practice of Right Speech, Right Action and Right Livelihood to purge oneself of impure deeds, words and thoughts. Together with the commitment to the Threefold Refuge (as described above) a Buddhist lay disciple observes the Five Precepts by making a formal undertaking: (i) I undertake to observe the precept of abstaining from killing. (ii) I undertake to observe the precept of abstaining from stealing. (iii) I undertake to observe the precept of abstaining from sexual misconduct. (iv) I undertake to observe the precept of abstaining from telling lies. (v) I undertake to observe the precept of abstaining from alcoholic drinks, drugs or intoxicants that becloud the mind. In addition to the negative aspect of the above formula which emphasizes abstinence, there is also the positive aspect of Sĩla. For instance, we find in many discourses the statement: ‘He refrains from killing, puts aside the cudgel and the sword; full of kindness and compassion he lives for the welfare and happiness of all living things.’ Every precept laid down in the formula has these two aspects.
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 62 of 186 4. Practical methods of mental cultivation for development of concentration, samãdhi. (4) Mental cultivation for spiritual uplift consists of two steps. The first step is to purify the mind from all defilements and corruption and to have it focused on a point. A determined effort (Right Exertion) must be made to narrow down the range of thoughts in the wavering, unsteady mind. Then attention (Right Mindfulness or Attentiveness) must be fixed on a selected object of meditation until one-pointedness of mind (Right Concentration) is achieved. In such a state, the mind becomes freed from hindrances, pure, tranquil, powerful and bright. It is then ready to advance to the second step by which Magga Insight and Fruition may be attained in order to transcend the state of woe and sorrow. 5. Practical methods of mental cultivation for development of Insight Knowledge, paññã (5) The subject and methods of meditation as taught in the suttas of the Piṭaka are designed both for attainment of samãdhi as well as for development of Insight Knowledge, Vipassanã ñãṇa, as a direct path to Nibbãna. The Buddha taught with only one object: the extinction of Suffering and release from conditioned existence. That object is to be obtained by the practice of meditation (for Calm and Insight) as laid down in numerous suttas of the Suttanta Piṭaka. Reading Comprehension Multiple Choice : Choose the best answer for each question. 1.Why did Buddha preach Dhamma to being human.? a. because goodness b. because meditation c. because compassion d. because perfection 2. The phrase “Noble Path of Eight translated into Pãli _______ a. Majjhimãpaṭipadã b. Ariyasacca c. Paṭiccasamupãda d. Ovãdapãtimokkha 3. What is Sĩla, Samãdhi and Paññã listed ? a. LokaDhamma b. Ariyacca
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 63 of 186 c. Tisikkha d. Agati 4. How many types of volition giving alms are there? a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 6 5. When does “Muñca Cetanã”(volition) raise to make an offering? a. volition before the act. b. volition during the act. c. volition after the act. d. volition after the practice. 6. What is the fundamental aspect of Buddhism? a. Sila(Moral) b. Samãthi (Concentration) c. Paññã (Wisdom) d. Magga (Noble paths) 7. What is “Right Mindfulness” in Pãli? a. Sammã Kammamta b. Sammã Ãjhĩva c. Sammã Sati d. Sammã Samãthi 8. How do we develop the insight knowledge? a. to preserve five precepts b. to practice insight meditation c. to listening to sermon d. to do good Vocabulary Practice Completion : Choose the best answer for each question. . 1.The word “preached” (paragraph1) means _______. a. to give a sermon b. to practise c, to show d. to obey 2. The word “compassion” (paragraph1) means _______. a. sympathy b. goodness c. mindfulness d. obstacle 3. The word “ Observances” (paragraph1) means _______. a. act of keeping religious laws b. keep awareness c. act to good deed d. practise meditation
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 64 of 186 4. The word “ pragmatic” (paragraph1) means _______. a. practical b. note c. working d. risking 5. The word “charity” (paragraph 2) means _______. a. alms-giving b. giving Buddha’s Teaching c. explanation d. scripture 6. The word “volition” (paragraph 2) means _______. a. free will b. ill-will c. free do d. acting freely 7. The word “ donee” (paragraph 2) means _______. a. receiver of a gift or donation b. giver of donation c. receiver of merit d. giving things 8, The word “abound in ” (paragraph 2 ) means _______. a. to be plentiful b. to be benefit c. to be beautiful d. to be asleep 9. The word “ cudgel” (paragraph 3) means _______. a. club b. tool c. killig d. motivate 10. The word “ hindrances, ” (paragraph 4) means _______. a.obstacles b. causes c. guides d. ways 4.3 The Essential scriptures of Suttanta Piṭaka : Discuss before Reading, What:Why? KWL (1) The Suttanta Piṭaka brings out the meaning of the Buddha's teachings, expresses them clearly, protects and guards them against distortion and misconstruction. Just like a string which serves as a plumb-line to guide the carpenters in their work, just like a thread which protects flowers from being scattered or dispersed when strung together by it, likewise by means of suttas, the meaning of Buddha's teachings may be brought out clearly, grasped and understood correctly and given perfect protection from being misconstrued.
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 65 of 186 (2) The Suttanta Piṭaka is divided into five separate collections known as Nikãyas or Division. They are Digha Nikãya, Majjhima Nikãya, Samyutta Nikãya, Anguttara Nikãya and Khuddaka Nikãya written shortly ‘Dĩ, Ni, Ma, Saṃ, Aṅ, and Khu’ The structure of Suttanta Piṭitaka A criterion of classification of Suttanta Piṭaka (3) According to a book of the essence of Tipiṭaka of Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya university, quoted to Phradhammasaṅgahakãcãriaya - Compilers of scriptures, Suttanta Piṭaka was neatly divided into four patterns according to contexts of sutta (4) 1. The lenght of Sutta - Suttas with the great length are grouped in Dĩghanikãya or a long division. - Suttas with the middle length are grouped in Majjhimanikãya or a middle division. - Suttas with the less length are grouped in other groups. (5) 2. The contents of Sutta Suttas with the same main components of Dhamma are grouped in the some way known ‘Saṃyuttanikãya’ (6) 3. The list of Dhamma factors Suttas with the equal components of Dhamma are grouped in the group called ‘Aṅguttaranikãya’. Aṅguttaranikãya divided in the sub-group named ‘Nipãta’, there are eleven topics. Sutta, for example, with the factor of Dhamma is called ‘Ekkanipãta’, two named ‘Dukkanipãta’ respectively. 4. Other of Suttas (7) Sutta- a collection of small texts of different forms or genres are not grouped in the criterion. It is separated from another one that is called ‘Khuddhakanikãya’ because of being a small or insignificant one. ‘Khuddhaka’ derived from Pali means ‘a small or insignificant’. In Khuddhakanikãya there are fifteen topics, namely 1. Khuddhakapãṭha 2. Dhammapada 3. Udãna 4. Itivuttaka 5. Suttanipãta 6. Vimãnvatthu Digha Nikãya Majjhima Nikãya Saṃyutta Nikãya Anguttara Khuddaka Nikãya Dĩ. Ma. Saṃ. Aṅ. Khu.
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 66 of 186 7. Petavatthu 8. Theragãthã 9. Therĩgãthã 10. Jãtaka 11. Niddesa 12. Piṭisambhidãmagga 13. Apãna 14. Buddhavaṃsa 15. Cariyãpiṭaka The table of The Essential scriptures of Suttanta Piṭaka 1.DĪGHA NIKĀYA (Dĩ) (collection of long discourses) 2. MAJJHIMA NIKĀYA (Ma) (collection of Middle Length Discourses’ 3. SAṂYUTTA NIKĀYA (Saṃ) (Collection of Connected Discourses’) 4. AṄGUTTARA NIKĀYA (Aṅ) (collection of Numerical Sayings’) 5. KHUDDAKA NIKĀYA (Khu) (Collection of Minor Words’) 1. Sīlakkhandha Vagga Pāḷi 2. Mahā Vagga Pāḷi 3. Pāthika Vagga Pāḷi 1. Mūlapaṇṇāsa Pāḷi (a) Mūlapariyāya Vagga (b) Sīhanāda Vagga (c) Opamma Vagga (d) Mahāyamaka Vagga (e) Cūḷayamaka Vagga 2. Majjhima Paṇṇāsa Pāḷi (a) Gahapati Vagga (b) Bhikkhu Vagga (c) Paribbājaka Vagga (d) Rāja Vagga (e) Brāhmaṇa Vagga 3.Uparipaṇṇāsa Pāḷi (a) Devadaha Vagga (b) Ānupada Vagga (c) Suññata Vagga (d) Vibhaṅga Vagga (e) Saḷāyatana Vagga 1. Sagāthā Vagga Saṃyutta Pāḷi 2. Nidāna Vagga Saṃyutta Pāḷi 3. Khandha Vagga Saṃyutta Pāḷi 4. Saḷāyatana Vagga Saṃyutta Pāḷi 5. Mahā Vagga Saṃyutta Pāḷi 1. Ekaka Nipāta Pāḷi 2. Duka Nipāta Pāḷi 3. Tika Nipāta Pāḷi 4. Catukka Nipāta Pāḷi 5. Pañcaka Nipāta Pāḷi 6. Chakka Nipāta Pāḷi 7. Sattaka Nipāta Pāḷi 8. Aṭṭhaka Nipāta Pāḷi 9. Navaka Nipāta Pāḷi 10. Dasaka Nipāta Pāḷi 11. Ekādasaka Nīpata Pāḷi 1. Khuddakapāṭha Pāḷi 2. The Dhammapada Pāḷi 3. Udāna Pāḷi 4. Itivuttaka Pāḷi 5. Suttanipāta Pāḷi 6. Vimāna Vatthu Pāḷi 7. Peta Vatthu Pāḷi 8. The Thera Gāthā Pāḷi 9. The Therī Gāthā Pāḷi 10. Jātaka Pāḷi 11. Niddesa Pāḷi 12. Paṭisambhidā Magga Pāḷi 13. Apadāna Pāḷi 14. Buddhavaṃsa Pāḷi 15. Cariyā Piṭaka 16. Netti 17. Peṭakopadesa 18. Milindapañha Pāḷi
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 67 of 186 Reading Comprehension Matching : Choose to match the best question. Column A. Column B. ________1.Dĩgha nikãya a. a collection of Numerical Sayings ________2.Majjhima nikãya b. a long division ________3.Suṃyutta nikãya c. a small or insignificant ________4.Aṅguttara nikãya d. Sutta with the same main components of Dhamma. ________5.Khuddhaka nikãya e. a middle division f. Suttanta Jataka g. the middle way Vocabulary Practice Completion : Choose the best answer for each question. 1.The word “ distortion ” (paragraph1) means _______. a. discussion b. falsification c. observation d. mistake 2. The word “ scattered ” (paragraph1) means _______. a. settle b. build c. sprinkle d. spring 3. The word “ dispersed ” (paragraph1) means _______. a. scatter b. disappear c. scholar d. explain 4. The word “grasped ” (paragraph1) means _______. a. comprehend b. correct c. insight d. smoothy 5. The word “ Division” (paragraph 2) means _______. a. faculty b. education c. ministry d. partitioning 6. The word “ criterion” (paragraph 2) means _______. a. standard b. system c. rank d. style
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 68 of 186 7. The word “ quoted ” (paragraph 3) means _______. a. to cite b. to decide c. to discuss d. to measure 8, The word “ Compilers ” (paragraph 3) means _______. a. a person who compiles information b. a person who does activities c. a person who practise meditation d. a person who study at university 9. The word “ contexts ” (paragraph 3) means _______. a. supporting b. background c. facts d. topics 10. The word “ components ” (paragraph 5) means _______. a. way b. subtile c. part d. synonym 4.4 The important scriptures of Suttanta Piṭaka Discuss before Reading, What:Why? KWL 1. Pali Canon 2. Nikãya(Division) 3. Atthakathã(Commentary) 4. Tĩkã (Sub-commentary) 5. Anutĩkã ( Sub-sub-commentary) 6. Pakaraṇavisessa (other) Tipiṭaka or Pãlĩ Canon are divided into three parts of scriptures. The first is primary source written in Pali text. The second source is commentary or Atthakathã written by Buddhaghasa or most venerable monks for explaining the Pali text that is difficult to understand the meaning. The sub-commentary or ṭĩkã is a book for explaining the difficult part of commentary. Arranged along the line of the Pali Canon and commentaries, all the scriptures are of the following hierarchy: a. the Pali Canon, or the Tipiṭaka; b. the commentaries (Atthakatha), or the scriptures expounding on the Pali Canon; c. the sub-commentaries (Tika), or the scriptures elaborating on the commentaries; d. the sub-sub-commentaries (Anutika), or the scriptures further clarifying the subcommentaries.
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 69 of 186 There are several types of scripture other than these down the hierarchy, which are sometimes collectively referred to as Pakaraṇavisessa ‘scriptures over and above [the main ones]’; example 1. Nettipakaraṇa written by Phramahakaccayana thera (Myanma ;Palĩ Canon) 2. Peṭakapadesa written by Phramahakaccayana thera (Myanma ;Palĩ Canon) 3. Milindapañna written by PhratipiṭdcũỊãbhaya thera 4. Vimuttimagga written by Phra Upatissa thera 5. Visuddhimagga written by PhraBuddhaghasa The table below illustrated the list of Pali text, Commentary and sub-commentary. Nikãya (Pali Texts) Atthakathã (Commentary) Tikã (Sub-commentary) Digha Nikaya Sumangalavilasini Dighanikaya-tika Majjhima Nikaya Papancasudani Majjhimanikaya-tika Samyutta Nikaya Saratthappakasini Samyuttanikaya-tika Anguttara Nikaya Manorathapurani Saratthamanjusa-tika Khuddaka Nikaya see table below - n/a - Khuddaka Text Atthakatha (Commentary) Khuddakapatha Paramatthajotika Dhammapada Dhammapadatthakatha Udana Paramatthadipani Itivutaaka Paramatthadipani Suttanipata Paramatthajotika Vimanavatthu Paramatthadipani Petavatthu Paramatthadipani
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 70 of 186 Reading Comprehension Discuss with the partner after reading contents to answer questions. 1. How many collections, Nikayas is Suttanta Piṭaka divided ? ___________________________________________________________________ 2. Write the list of Atthakatha and Tĩkã of Suttanta Piṭaka 1. Digha Nikaya = ____________________________ 2. Majjhima Nikaya = ___________________________ 3. Samyutta Nikaya = ____________________________ 4. Anguttara Nikaya = ____________________________ 5. Dhammapada = ____________________________ 3. What is Sub-Commentary of Anguttara Nikaya? ___________________________________________________________________ 4. What is Sub-commentary of Samyutta Nikaya? ___________________________________________________________________ True or False : Read the topic (4.4 above, and circle T (True) or F (False) Theragatha Paramatthadipani Therigatha Paramatthadipani Jataka Jatakatthakatha Niddesa Saddhammapajjotika Patisambhidamagga Saddhammapakasini Apadana Visuddhajanavilasini Buddhavamsa Madhuratthavilasini Cariyapitaka Paramatthadipani Nettippakarana - n/a - Milindapanha - n/a - Petakopadesa - n/a -
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 71 of 186 1. The Pali Canon is the Tipiṭaka. T F b. The commentaries (Atthakatha) are the books expounding on Tĩkã T F c. The sub-commentaries (Tĩkã) are the books elaborating on the commentaries. T F d. The sub-sub-commentaries (Anutika) are the books further clarifying the Tipiṭaka. T F Vocabulary Essential Vocabularies (4.1) delivered (vt.) แสดง, ประกาศ : announce distinguished (vt.) แยกแยะ : discriminate, differentiate compiled (vt) รวบรวม : collect, gather, amass expounded (vt) อธบายอยางละเอยด : delineate; describe suit (vi) เหมาะสมกบ : agree; appropriate temperaments (n) อารมณ : disposition; temper; mood intended for (phrv.) อยากใหรวม : aim, purpose to deal with (phrv) ดเนนการ : to do with, exposition (n) คอธบายอยางละเอยด: explanation lay disciples (n) สาวกทเปนคฤหสถ: one who was not ordinated as a monk Essential Vocabularies (4.2) preach vt. เทศนา ; moralize; teach compassion n. ความเมตตา,ความเหนใจ: sympathy; empathy observance n. การปฎบตตาม, กฎหรอหลกเกณฑทางศาสนา: rule pragmatic adj. เนนการปฏบต; useful; practical charity n. การทการกศล; giving of money; donation; alms volition n. ความปรารถนา ; free will; wish donee n. ผไดรบบรจาค; recipient; assignee; receiver of gift. abound vi. มมากมาย; be plentiful; be full of- ; teem in cudgel n. ไมกระบอง ;stick; bat; club hindrance n. เครองกดขวาง, อปสรรค ; barricade; obstacle
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 72 of 186 Essential Vocabularies (4.3) distortion n การบดเบอน : to lie; untruth misconstrued vt. เขาใจความหมายผด : misinterpret be divided into แบงเปนสวน : to cut into; divide in; separate into separate vt. แยก : divide, part
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 73 of 186 CHAPTER 5 Abhidhamma Piṭaka Concepts Abhidhamma is the third great division of the Piṭaka. It is a huge collection of systematically arranged, tabulated and classified doctrines of the Buddha, representing the quintessence of his Teaching. Outline of Abhidhamma Tipiṭaka 5.1 Meaning and definition of Abhidhamma Piṭaka - What is Abhidhamma Piṭaka? 5.2 Significance of Abhidhamma Piṭaka 5.3 Books of Abhidhamma Piṭaka 5.4 The important scriptures of Abhidhamma Piṭaka Objectives 1. Students understand and explain about the meaning and definition of Abhidhamma piṭaka. 2. Students understand and explain the significance and the components of Abhidhamma piṭaka. 3. Students understand and explain Books of Abhidhamma Piṭaka 4. Students understand and explain about The important scriptures of Abhidhamma Piṭaka
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 74 of 186 Before You Read A. True or False. The image above shows the stories that Buddha preached Abhidhamma. Read the sentence below (1-3), and circle T (True) or F (False) 1. Buddha preached Abhadhamma on the heaven, Tãvatiṁsa T F 2. Buddha preached Abhidhamma to Buddha’s mother T F 3. Abhidhamma is general doctrine that is about gods and human beings T F B. Scan. Quickly scan the reading on pages 76 to answer this question: 1. abhi means ____________ 2. How many words “Buddha” are there ____________ 3. paramattha sacca translated in English ____________
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 75 of 186 5.1 Meaning What is Abhidhamma Piṭaka? Discuss before Reading, What:Why? KWL (1) Abhidhamma is the third great division of the Piṭaka. It is a huge collection of systematically arranged, tabulated and classified doctrines of the Buddha, representing the quintessence of his Teaching. It derives from two words “abhi, higher, subline, special distinguished” and “Dhamma, teaching, ultimate realities”. (2) Abhidhamma means Higher Teaching or Special Teaching; it is unique in its abstruseness, analytical approach, immensity of scope and conduciveness to one's liberation. (3). The Buddha dhamma has only one taste, the taste of liberation. But in Suttanta discourses, the Buddha takes into consideration the intellectual level of his audience, and their attainments in parami. He therefore teaches the dhamma in conventional terms (vohara vacana), making references to persons and objects as I, we, he, she, men, woman, cow, tree, etc. But in Abhidhamma the Buddha makes no such concessions; he treats the dhamma entirely in terms of the ultimate reality (paramattha sacca). He analyses every phenomenon into its ultimate constituents. All relative concepts such as man, mountain, etc. are reduced to their ultimate elements which are then precisely defined, classified and systematically arranged. (4) Thus in Abhidhamma everything is expressed in terms of khandhas, five aggregates of existence; ayatanas, five sensory organs and mind, and their respective sense objects; dhatu, elements; indriya, faculties; sacca, fundamental truths; and so on. Relative conceptual objects such as man, women, etc. are resolved into ultimate components of khandhas, ayatanas, etc. and viewed as an impersonal psycho-physical phenomenon, which is conditioned by various factors and is impermanent (anicca), suffering (dukkha) and is without a permanent entity (anatta). (5) Having resolved all phenomena into ultimate components analytically (as in Dhammasangani and Vibhanga) it aims at synthesis by defining inter-relations (paccaya) between the various constituent factors (as in Patthana). Thus Abhidhamma forms a gigantic edifice of knowledge relating to the ultimate realities which, in its immensity of scope, grandeur, subtlety, and profundity, properly belongs only to the intellectual domain of the Buddha.
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 76 of 186 Reading Comprehension Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer for each question. 1. What does Abhidhamma mean? a. a good deed b. a good action c. higher Teaching d. higher Speaking 2. What is the taste of Buddha Dhamma? a. a goodness b. liberation c. meditation d. wisdom 3. What is the main point of Abhidhamma Piṭaka a. it consists of ultimate reality b. it says to persons and objects c. it says the principle of reasons d. it says the law of action 4. What is the terms of khandhas? a. five pattern of Pali Canon b. five aggregates of existence c. five precepts for all of lay people d. Foundation of Life 5. Aniccã translated into English_________ a. truth b. goodness c. impermanent d.suffering 6. Why do Abhidhamma belong only to the intellectual domain of the Buddha? a. immensity b. Noble c. goodness d. Truth Vocabulary Practice Completion : Choose the best answer for each question. 1.The word “ tabulated” (paragraph1) means _______. a. arrange information b. get rid of tex c. collect information d. arrive in 2. The word “ quintessence ” (paragraph1) means _______. a. essence b. ambiguity c. consciousness d. apathy
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 77 of 186 3. The word “ ultimate ” (paragraph1) means _______. a. extreme b. safe c. conduction d. liberation 4. The word “ unique ” (paragraph 2 ) means _______. a. single b. plural c. secondary d. free time 5. The word “ abstruseness ” (paragraph 2) means _______. a. ambiguity b. bilingual c. comfortable d. excellent 6. The word “ conduciveness ” (paragraph 2) means _______. a.contributiveness b. ability c. convention d. abstract 7. The word “ liberation ” (paragraph 3) means _______. a. release b. happiness c. beautiful d. hated 8, The word “ concessions ” (paragraph 3 ) means _______. a. giving up b. come on c. stand up d. get up 9. The word “khandhas” (paragraph 4 ) means _______. a. five aggregates of existenceb. five objects c. eight precepts d. five precepts 10. The word “gigantic ” (paragraph 5) means _______. a. impermanent b. massive c. goodness d. feeling
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 78 of 186 5.2 Significance of Abhidhamma Piṭaka Importance of Abhidhamma18 Discuss before Reading, What:Why? KWL (1) Abhidhamma is the analytical doctrine of mental faculties and elements. The Abhidhamma Piṭaka contains the profound moral psychology and philosophy of the Buddha's teaching, in contrast to the simpler discourses in the Sutta Piṭaka. (2) The knowledge gained from the sutta can certainly help us in overcoming our difficulties, as well as in developing our moral conduct and training the mind. Having such knowledge will enable one to lead a life which is peaceful, respectable, harmless and noble. By listening to the discourses, we develop understanding of the Dhamma and can mould our daily lives accordingly. The concepts behind certain words and terms used in the Sutta Piṭaka are, however, subject to changes and should be interpreted within the context of the social environment prevailing at the Buddha's time. The concepts used in the sutta are like the conventional words and terms lay people use to express scientific subjects. While concepts in the sutta are to be understood in the conventional sense, those used in the Abhidhamma must be understood in the ultimate sense. The concepts expressed in the Abhidhamma are like the precise scientific words and terms used by scientists to prevent misinterpretations. (3) It is only in the Abhidhamma that explanations are given on how and at which mental beats a person can create good and bad karmic thoughts, according to his desires and other mental states. Clear explanations of the nature of the different mental faculties and precise analytical interpretations of the elements can be found in this important collection of discourses. (4) Understanding the Dhamma through the knowledge gained from the sutta is like the knowledge acquired from studying the prescriptions for different types of sicknesses. Such knowledge when applied can certainly help to cure certain types of sicknesses. On the other hand, a qualified physician, with his precise knowledge, can diagnose a wider range of sicknesses and discover their causes. This specialized knowledge puts him in a better position to prescribe more effective remedies. Similarly, a person who has studied the Abhidhamma can better understand the nature of the mind and analyse the mental attitudes which cause a human being to commit mistakes and develop the will to avoid evil. Venerable K. Sri Dhammananda Maha Thera, What Buddhists Believe, What is Abhidhamma? 18 http://www.budsas.org/ebud/whatbudbeliev/67.htm. [Retrieved on March 2, 2018]
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 79 of 186 (5) The Abhidhamma teaches that the egoistic beliefs and other concepts such as 'I', "you", 'man' and 'the world', which we use in daily conversation, do not adequately describe the real nature of existence. The conventional concepts do not reflect the fleeting nature of pleasures, uncertainties, impermanence of every component thing, and the conflict among the elements and energies intrinsic in all animate or inanimate things. The Abhidhamma doctrine gives a clear exposition of the ultimate nature of man and brings the analysis of the human condition further than other studies known to man. (6) The Abhidhamma deals with realities existing in the ultimate sense, or paramattha dhamma in Pali. There are four such realities: 1. Citta, mind or consciousness, defined as 'that which knows or experiences' an object. Citta occurs as distinct momentary states of consciousness. 2. Cetasika, the mental factors that arise and occur along with the citta. 3. Rupa, physical phenomenon or material form. 4. Nibbana, the unconditioned state of bliss which is the final goal. (9) The clear exposition of thought processes in Abhidhamma cannot be found in any other psychological treatise either in the east or west. Consciousness is defined, while thoughts are analysed and classified mainly from an ethical standpoint. The composition of each type of consciousness is set forth in detail. The fact that consciousness flows like a steam, a view propounded by psychologists like William James, becomes extremely clear to one who understands the Abhidhamma. In addition, a student of Abhidhamma can fully comprehend the Anatta (No-soul) doctrine, which is important both from a philosophical and ethical standpoint. (10) The Abhidhamma explains the process of rebirth in various planes after the occurrence of death without anything to pass from one life to another. This explanation provides support to the doctrine of Kamma and Rebirth. It also gives a wealth of details about the mind, as well as the units of mental and material forces, properties of matter, sources of matter, relationship of mind and matter. (11) According to the Theravada tradition, the essence, fundamentals and framework of the Abhidhamma are ascribed to the Buddha, although the tabulations and classifications may have been the work of later disciples. What is important is the essence. It is this that we would try to experience for ourselves. The Buddha Himself clearly took this stand of using
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 80 of 186 the knowledge of the Abhidhamma to clarify many existing psychological, metaphysical and philosophical problems. Mere intellectual quibbling about whether the Buddha taught the Abhidhamma or not will not help us to understand reality. (12) The question is also raised whether the Abhidhamma is essential for Dhamma practice. The answer to this will depend on the individual who undertakes the practice. People vary in their levels of understanding, their temperaments and spiritual development. Ideally, all the different spiritual faculties should be harmonized, but some people are quite contented with devotional practices based on faith, while others are keen on developing penetrative insight. The Abhidhamma is most useful to those who want to understand the Dhamma in greater depth and detail. It aids the development of insight into the three characteristics of existence - impermanence, unsatisfactoriness, and non-self. It is useful not only for the periods devoted to formal meditation, but also during the rest of the day when we are engaged in various mundane chores. We derive great benefit from the study of the Abhidhamma when we experience absolute reality. In addition, a comprehensive knowledge of the Abhidhamma is useful for those engaged in teaching and explaining the Dhamma. In fact the real meaning of the most important Buddhist terminologies such as Dhamma, Kamma, Samsara, Sankhara, Paticca Samuppada and Nibbana cannot be understood without a knowledge of Abhidhamma Reading Comprehension Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer for each question. G. No-soul, I. death, A. psychology, F. bliss, B. philosophy, H. rebirth, E. phenomenon, C. mind or consciousness, D. the mental factors, 1. The Abhidhamma Piṭaka contains the profound moral ________ and _______of the Buddha's teaching, 2. Citta, ___________, defined as 'that which knows or experiences' an object. Citta occurs as distinct momentary states of consciousness. 3. Cetasika, ____________ that arise and occur along with the citta. 4. Rupa, physical ____________or material form. 5. Nibbana, the unconditioned state of _______ which is the final goal. 6. Anattã means _____________. 7. The Abhidhamma explains the process of _______ in various planes after the occurrence of_______ without anything to pass from one life to another.
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 81 of 186 Vocabulary Practice Completion : Choose the best answer for each question. 1.The word “ gained” (paragraph 2 ) means _______ a. to earn b. to ascribe c. to be d. to like 2. The word “ mould ” (paragraph 2) means _______. a. shape b. do c. happen on d. ascribe 3. The word “ accordingly” (paragraph 2) means _______. a. correspondingly b. deeply c. crue d. sandy 4. The word “ prevailing ” (paragraph 2) means _______. a. general b. good c. very d. mistake 5. The word “ misinterpretations ” (paragraph 2) means _______. a. misunderstand b. understand c. necessary d. useful 6. The word “ remedies. ” (paragraph 4) means _______. a. treatment b. making c. doing d. standing 7. The word “ egoistic ” (paragraph 5) means _______. a. selfish b. absolve c. strick d. fool 8, The word “ intrinsic ” (paragraph 5) means _______. a. real b. bad c. harmony d. verify 9. The word “ quibbling about ” (paragraph 11 ) means _______. a.happiness b. suffering c. hindrance d. ambiguous speech 10. The word “mundane ” (paragraph 12 ) means _______. a. dissertation b. worldly
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 82 of 186 c. essay d. study 5.3 Books of Abhidhamma Piṭaka Discuss before Reading, What:Why? KWL The Abhidhamma Piṭaka consists of seven books: 1.Dhammasaṅgaṇī Pāḷi 2. Vibhaṅga Pāḷ 3. Dhātukathā Pāḷi 4. Puggalapaññatti Pāḷi 5. Kathāvatthu Pāḷ 6. Yamaka Pāḷi 7. Paṭṭhāna Pāḷi (1) The Abhidhamma approach covers a wide field of study, consisting of analytical and synthetical methods of investigation, describing and defining minutely the constituent parts of aggregates, classifying them under well-ordered heads and well-arranged systems and finally setting out conditions in which they are related to each other. Such a large scope of intellectual endeavour needs to be encompassed in a voluminous and classified compilation. Hence the Abhidhamma Piṭaka is made up of seven massive treatises, namely, (i) Dhammasangani, containing detailed enumeration of all phenomena with an analysis of consciousness (citta) and its concomitant mental factors (cetasikas); (ii) Vibhanga, consisting of eighteen separate sections on analysis of phenomena quite distinct from that of Dhammasangani; (iii) Dhatukatha, a small treatise written in the form of a catechism, discussing all phenomena of existence with reference to three categories, khandha, ayatana and datu (iv) Puggalapannatti, a small treatise giving a description of various types of individuals according to the stage of their achievement along the Path; (v) Kathavatthu, a compilation by the Venerable Moggaliputta, the presiding thera of the third Great Synod in which he discusses and refutes doctrines of other schools in order to uproot all points of controversy on the Buddha dhamma;
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 83 of 186 (vi) Yamaka, regarded as a treatise on applied logic in which analytical procedure is arranged in pairs; (vii) Patthana, a gigantic treatise which together with Dhammasangani, the first book, constitutes the quintessence of the Abhidhamma Pitaka. It is a minutely detailed study of the doctrine of conditionality, based on twenty-four paccayas, conditions or relations. Thus the collection of teachings and explanations in purely academic terms is divided sharply into seven books. 1. Dhammasngani consisting of Enumeration of Phenomena 2. Vibhanga consisting of the Book of Divisions 3. Dhatukatha consisting of Discussion with Reference to the Elements 4. Puggalapanntti consisting of Designation of Individuals 5. Kathavatthu consisting of Points of controversy 6. Yamaka consisting of he book of Pairs 7. Patthana consisting of the book of Relations (Abbr. DVD-PKYP) Reading Comprehension Matching : Review the collection of teachings and explanation, then select the bold words below for filling the blank correctly. a. Puggalapanntti b. Patthana c. Dhammasngani d. Vibhanga e. Dhatukatha f. Kathavatthu g. Yamaka 1.______________ consisting of Enumeration of Phenomena 2.______________ consisting of the Book of Divisions 3 .______________ consisting of Discussion with Reference to the Elements 4.______________ consisting of Designation of Individuals 5 ______________ consisting of Points of controversy 6 .______________ consisting of he book of Pairs 7. ______________ consisting of the book of Relations
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 84 of 186 Truth from Abhidamma piṭaka Conventional Truth (Sammuti Sacca) and Ultimate Truth (Paramattha Sacca) Two kinds of Truth are recognised in the Abhidhamma according to which only four categories of things, namely, mind (consciousness), mental concomitants, Materiality and Nibbana are classed as the Ultimate Truth; all the rest are regarded as apparent truth. When we use such expression as 'I', 'you', 'man', 'Woman', 'person', 'individual', we are speaking about things which do not exist in reality. By using such expressions about things which exist only in designation, we are not telling a lie; we are merely speaking an apparent truth, making use or conventional language, without which no communication will be possible. But the Ultimate Truth is that there is no 'person', 'individual' or 'I' in reality. There exist only khandhas made up of corporeality, mind (consciousness) and mental concomitants. These are real in that they are not just designations, they actually exist in us or around us. Essential Vocabularies materiality n. ลกษณะของแท ลกษณะธาตแท, (corporeality; physicalness) apparent adj. ซงเหนได ชดเจน (visible; obvious; evident) designation n. การกหนด การแตงตง ชอ (title; descriptive name) merely adv. เพยงเทานน ; (only exclusively) concomitants n. ทเกดขนดวยกน (accompanying; co-active) regard as vt ถอวา, พจารณาวาเปน conventional adj. in according with or being a tradition or practice accepted from the last
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 85 of 186 5.4 The important scriptures of Abhidhamma piṭaka Discuss before Reading, What:Why? KWL Arranged along the line of the Pali Canon and commentaries, all the scriptures are of the following hierarchy: a. The Pali Canon, or the Tipiṭaka; The Pāli Canon (Pali: Tipiṭaka, Sanskrit: IAST: Tripiṭaka) is the standard collection of scriptures in the Theravadan Buddhist tradition, as preserved in the Pāli language. It is the first known and most-complete extant early Buddhist canon. b. The commentaries (Atthakatha), or the scriptures expounding on the Pali Canon; Aṭṭhakathā (Pali for explanation, commentary) refers to Pali-language Theravadin Buddhist commentaries to the canonical Theravadin Tipitaka. These commentaries give the traditional interpretations of the scriptures. The major commentaries were based on earlier ones, now lost, in Pakrit, which were written down at the same time as the Canon, in the last century BCE. Some material in the commentaries is found in canonical texts of other schools of Buddhism, suggesting an early common source.19 c. The sub-commentaries (Ṭika), or the scriptures elaborating on the commentaries; The sub-commentaries (Pali: tika, ṭīkā) are primarily commentaries on the commentaries (Pali: atthakatha) on the Pali Canon of Theravada Buddhism, written in Sri Lanka. This literature continues the commentaries' development of the traditional interpretation of the scriptures. (Note that some commentaries are apparently also named with the term Ṭika.) These sub-commentaries were begun during the reign of Parakramabahu I (1123–1186) under prominent Sri Lankan scholars such as Sariputta Thera, Mahakassapa Thera of Dimbulagala Vihara and Moggallana Thera.20 d. The sub-sub-commentaries (Anutika), or the scriptures further clarifying the subcommentaries. There are several types of scripture other than these down the hierarchy, which are sometimes collectively referred to as tabbinimutta ‘scriptures over and above [the main ones] Commentary (Atthakatha) of Abhidhamma Piṭaka 19 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atthakatha. Jan.12,2017 20 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcommentaries,_Theravada, Jan.12,2017
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 86 of 186 The List of Pali commentaries Discuss before Reading, What:Why? KWL Among the Commentators, Buddhaghosa is the most influential one. He is from South India. The major parts of Commentary are belonging to him including Sutta,Vinaya and Abhidhamma. There are also Dhammapala, Buddhadatta, Upasena, Mahanama. They translated the Commentaries of Khuddaka Nikaya Below is a listing of fourth- or fifth-century CE commentator Buddhaghosa's fourteen alleged commentaries (Pāli: atthakatha) on the Pāli Tipitaka (Norman 1983). The Work of Buddhaghosa ABHIDHAMMA PIṬAKA Commentary (Atthakatha) Sub-commentary (Tika) Dhammasangani Aṭṭhasãlinĩ (Buddhaghosa; 5th c.) Linatthapada-vannana (Ananda Vanaratanatissa; 7-8th c.) Vibhanga Sammohavinodani (Buddhaghosa; 5th c.) - Katthavatthu (k) Pañcapakaraṇanṭṭhakathã - Puggalapaññati “ - Dhatukatha “ - Yamaka “ - Patthana “ - Pali Tipitaka Commentary from the Vinaya Pitaka Vinaya (general) Samantapasadika Patimokkha Kankhavitarani from the Sutta Pitaka Digha Nikaya Sumangalavilasini Majjhima Nikaya Papañcasūdani Samyutta Nikaya Saratthappakasini Anguttara Nikaya Manorathapurani from the Khuddaka Nikaya Khuddakapatha Paramatthajotika (I) Dhammapada Dhammapada-atthakatha Sutta Nipata Paramatthajotika (II), Suttanipata-atthakatha
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 87 of 186 The Books Of The Pāli Canon - The Commentaries21 Nikaya Jataka Jatakatthavannana, or Jataka-atthakatha from the Abhidhamma Pitaka Dhammasangani Atthasalini Vibhanga Sammohavinodani Dhatukatha Pancappakaranatthakatha Puggalapannatti Kathavatthu Yamaka Patthana Pāli Title Commentary Title Translation Vinaya-piṭaka Samantapāsādikā Kaṅkhāvitaraṇī (on the Pātimokkha) The Inception of Discipline (Bāhiranidāna only) Sutta-piṭaka: Dīgha-nikāya Majjhima-nikāya Saṃyutta-nikāya Aṅguttara-nikāya Sumaṇgalavilāsinī Papañcasūdanī Sāratthappakāsinī Manorathapūraṇī The Buddha's Last Days (Mahāparinibbāna-sutta only) Pali Text Society, Commentary; http://www.palitext.com/subpages/comm.htm. [Retrieved on March 2, 21 2018\
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 88 of 186 Reading Comprehension Scanning skill: Scan the Books Of The Pāli Canon - The Commentaries, Subcommentaries and sub-sub-commentaries, then fill the blank correctly. Khuddaka-nikāya: Khuddakapāṭha Dhammapada Udāna Itivuttaka Suttanipāta Vimānavatthu Petavatthu Theragāthā Therīgāthā Jātaka Niddesa Paṭisambhidāmagga Apadāna Buddhavaṃsa Cariyāpiṭaka Abhidhamma-piṭaka: Dhammasaṅgañī Vibhaṅga Dhātukathā Puggalapaññatti Kathāvatthu Yamaka Tikapaṭṭhāna Dukapaṭṭhāna Paramatthajotikā (I) Dhammapada-aṭṭhakathā Paramatthadīpanī (I) Paramatthadīpanī (II) Paramatthajotikā (II) Paramatthadīpanī (III) Paramatthadīpanī (IV) Paramatthadīpanī (V) Paramatthadīpanī (VI) Jātaka-aṭṭhakathā Saddhammapajjotikā Saddhammappakāsinī Visuddhajanavilāsinī Madhuratthavilāsinī Paramatthadīpanī (VII) Atthasālinī Sammohavinodanī Pañcappakaraṇa-aṭṭhakathā The Illustrator of Ultimate Meaning Buddhist Legends Udāna Commentary Commentary on the Itivuttaka Vimāna Stories Peta Stories The Commentary on the Verses of the Therīs The Stories of the Buddha's Former Births The Story of Gotama Buddha (Introduction only) The Clarifier of the Sweet Meaning The Expositor Dispeller of Delusion Darlegung der Bedeutung The Debates Commentary Pãli Canon (Piṭaka) Commentary (Aṭṭhakatha) Sub-comentary (Ṭĩkã) Sub-sub-commentary (Anuṭĩkã) Jataka Dhammasangani Yamaka Digha Nikaya Apadāna Majjhima-nikāya Samyutta Nikaya Dhammapada
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 89 of 186 Reading Skill For improving skill for reading you study about reading technique and how to form words which are useful for your comprehension Affixes How to guess the unknown words is to study the suffixes. When we add the suffixes to the end of words their meanings are not changed but their functions are changed. Suffixes : What is a suffix? A suffix is a letter or letters added to the end of a root word to form a new word. For example, in harmful, the root word is harm and suffix is –full. A suffix usually identifies the part of speech of the word without giving important information about the word’s meaning. For example, Different (adj.)+ly = Diffent-ly (adv.) Beauty (noun) +ful = beauti-ful (adj.) Found (verb)+ation = found-ation (noun) 1. Adjective suffixes These suffixes are added into the end of words to form an adjectives form. Suttanipāta Cariyāpiṭaka Suffix Meaning Example -abl, ible having a particular quality Manageable -al, ial the act of doing something electrical -ant, -ent Someone or something that does something Servant, repellent -er more shorter -est most Tallest hardest -full full of Beautiful, harmful -ic, ical Of; like historical -ish people or language,having a quality spanish, English -ive having a particular quality Assertive, attractive
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 90 of 186 2. Noun suffixes The noun suffixes are the affixes that are added the end of roots to make words the nouns 3. Verbal and adverbial suffixes 4. Adverb suffixes -ly In a particular way; at regular times Quickly -ward Afterward, backward -less without something Childless, careless -ous,ious used in order to make adjective from nouns dangerous, furious -y full of or covered with something Hairy, fuzzy Suffix-Meanings Example -ance, -ence A state or quality -Intelligence -ation, -tion -ion The act of doing something - Examination -ist Relating to a political or religious belief -Buddhist -ity Having a particular quality - regularity -ment The act or result of doing something -Government -ness Used in order to make nouns -softness -ship Having a particular position -friendship -hood The state or time of being something -Childhood -s Plural form -Boys, girls, persons Suffixes Meaning Example -ed v+ed : past participle played -ing V+ing: present participle working -ify to affect in a particular way falsify -ize to make something have a quality modernize -s The verb for the third person V+s : He speaks
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 91 of 186 Vocabulary Essential Vocabularies (5.1) view-ed adj. พจารณา. มความคดเหน to observe) unique adj.n. ซงเปนหนงเดยว. ความเปนหนง (single) treat tv. ปฏบต.รกษา (give a treat) resolve into แบงออกเปนสวน (separate into constituent part) tabulated vt. จดทเปนตาราง,เรยบเรยง (arrange information into rows and columns) quintessence n. แกนสาร (essence) precisely adv. อยางแมนย (correctly) conduciveness n. การนไปส (accessory) concession n. การยอมให (yielding, granting) component n. สวนประกอบ (element) approach n. วธการทใหถงจดหมาย (access) abstruseness n ความเขาใจยาก (ambiquity) synthesis n. การปะตดปะตอ, การสงเคราะห (combining of separate elements into a complete whole) gigantic adj. มหมา (very big) edifice โครงสรางดานความคดทซบซอน; large and impressive structure immensity n. ความกวางใหญมาก (massive) subtlety n. ความบอบบาง (elegance, exquisiteness) domain n. ขอบเขตของความร ความคด ความสนใจ (field) grandeur n. ความสงางา (magnificence) profundity ความลก (deepness)
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 92 of 186 Essential Vocabularies (5.2) gained vt. ไดรบ to acquire, to earn ) mould vt. ทใหเปนรปราง (shape, form) accordingly adj. อยางสอดคลอง (correspondingly, proportionately) conventional adj. เกยวกบประเพณนยม (customary) prevailing adj. ซงมอยทวไป (general; current; common) precise adj. แมนย (accurate; correct; explicit) misinterpretations n. การเเปลความหมายผดๆ (misunderstand; misconceive) specialize vt. ศกษาพเศษ (to make special (also specialize) remedies.n. การรกษา (cure; treatment) egoistic adj. การถอตวเองวาสคญ (self-centered; selfish; self-involved) adequately adv. อยางพอเพยง (sufficiently; enough; satisfactorily) intrinsic adj. เนอเเท ( congenital; natural; real) bliss n. ความสขสราญอนสดยอด (happiness; joy) treatise n. บทความ (essay; dissertation) set forth เรมทสงหนงสงใด (express verbally or in writing, state) propounded adj. ซงเสนอใหพจารณา (suggested) ascribed to phrv. พจารณาวาเขยนได (arbitrate to) quibble about/over vt. พดคลมเครอ (dodge; complain; evade) Ideally adv. ตามหลกการ, ถาสมบรณแบบ, อยางสมบรณแบบ (perfectly) harmonized vi/ vt. เขากนได, ประสานกน, ทใหเขากนได (agree; go together) penetrative adj. ทผานทะลได (permeable; pervious; sharp; piecing) engaged in phr v. ทใหเกยวพนกบ (got into; got involved with; occupied with) mundane adj. เกยวกบโลก (normal; ordinary; world; earthly) chore n. งานบาน (routine; tast) terminology n. คศพทเฉพาะทาง (nomenclature; specification) Essential Vocabularies (5.3) approach n. การเขาใกล,วธการทใหถงจดหมาย (method; procedure) analytical adj. วเคราะห (using or skilled in using analysis) synthetical สงเคราะห (systematic combining of root and modifying elements into single words.)
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 93 of 186 investigation n. การตรวจสอบหาความจรง (examination; exploration; scrutiny) aggregates n. ขนธ (collection; mass; gathering) endeavour n. ความพยายาม (attempt; effort; try) to be encompassed in รวมเขาไวทงหมด (contain; include) voluminous adj. มากมาย (immense; massive; tremendous) compilation n. การรวบรวม (gathering; compiling) enumeration n. การแจกแจง (listing; itemization) contain vt. ประกอบดวย ( be composed of; include; have with) consist of phrv. ประกอบดวย (composed of; comprise of; consist in, inhere in) catechism n. คถามและตอบทใชในการสอนถงหลกการของศาสนาครสต ( an elementary books written as questions and answers) achievement n. การบรรลผสเรจ (attainment; accomplishment; fulfilment) preside vi. รบผดชอบ(โดยตแหนง) (direct; control; mange) refutes vt. พสจนวาไมจรง (confute; disprove) individuals adj. แตละบคคล n. บคคล synod n. สภาสงฆ ; (church, council) controversy n. การโตเถยงอยางรนแรง (disagreement; debate; argument) uproot vt. ถอนตนไม ทลาย (displace; remove from a native environment) regarded as ถอวาเปน มองวาเปน (consider; take notice) procedure n. ขนตอน ; scheme; mode (a set sequence of steps;) gigantic adj. มหมา (massive; immense) quintessence n. แกนสาร (essence; perfect embodiment of)
Reading Pali Canon in English Page 94 of 186 CHAPTER 6 SaṅgÃyanã : Buddhist Council or Rehearsal Concepts The method of preserving the word of the Buddha is [for the assembly of monks] to collect the Buddha’s teachings, classify them in such a way as to facilitate memorisation, rehearse and review them until everything is in place, and chant them in unison, thus showing approval for the text in question to serve as the model to be committed word for word to memory, then to be passed on to others and handed down to posterity. This method is called sangàyana, or sangãti, literally ‘chanting together’ (from san ‘together’ + gàyana or gãti ‘chanting’). Objective 1. Students should understand and explain about the meaning and definition Saṅgāyanā : Buddhist Council or Rehearsal. 2. Students should understand and explain about the essentials of Saṅgāyanā : Buddhist Council or Rehearsal. 3. Students should understand and explain about the short history of Saṅgāyanā : Buddhist Council or Rehearsal. Outline of Rehearsals 1. The First Rehearsal Sattapanni Caves,Rājagaha,India.543 BCE (Two months after the Buddha’s passing.) 2. The Second Rehearsal Vesāli, India : 5th Century BCE (A century after Buddha’s passing.) 3. The Third Rehearsal Patāliputta, India : 3rd Century BCE (250 years after Buddha’s passing.) 4. The Fourth Rehearsal Ālokalena, Sri Lanka; 1st Century BCE (454 years after Buddha’s passing.) 5. The Fifth Rehearsal Mandalay, Burma (Myanmar) : 1871CE (2,415 years after Buddha’s passing.) 6. The Sixth Great International Rehearsal Yangon, Burma (Myanmar) : 1954-1956 CE (2,500 years after Buddha’s passing.