2021 International Conference on Advance and Redesign Education Proceedings Final Draf

NURCCOINS 2021
PROCEEDING

(National Undergraduate Research
Conference On Computer and
Information Sciences)

Sustaining Tomorrow with Digital Innovation

Editor
Ahmad Sobri bin Hashim

UTP Press
Seri Iskandar, Perak • 2022

NURCCOINS 2021 PROCEEDING
(National Undergraduate Research Conference on Computer and Information Sciences)
© Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 2022

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NURCCOINS 2021
National Undergraduate Research Conference on Computer and Information Sciences
(NURCCOINS) 2021 is a conference that was organised and co-organised by UTP’s Syntech
Club and the Computer of Information Sciences Department. NURCCOINS is a national-
level, intervarsity platform for final year computing undergraduates to present their Final Year
Projects in a computing-related discipline in both the academic and industrial limelight. The
conference aims to promote research, innovation, and entrepreneurship among undergraduates.
The theme for NURCCOINS2021 is “Sustaining Tomorrow with Digital Innovation”.
NURCCOINS 2021 welcomes the presentation of recent results from research related to the
areas including computational intelligence, cybernetics, informatics, and software engineering
and development.

Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
National Undergraduate Research Conference on Computer and Information
Sciences (2021 : Perak)
NURCCOINS 2021 PROCEEDING : (National Undergraduate Research Conference
On Computer and Information Sciences), Sustaining Tomorrow with Digital
Innovation / Editor Ahmad Sobri bin Hashim.
Mode of access: Internet
eISBN 978-967-2880-12-7
1. Computer science--Congresses.
2. Information technology-- Congresses.
3. Education, Higher--Malaysia--Congresses.
4. Electronic books.
I. Ahmad Sobri Hashim.
004

Contents

BookTableLa: Customer Management System 1
Navanitha Moorthy, Savita Kavita Sugathan

Café’s Dine-In Booking System with Auto Sitting Arrangement 15
Meena Lozshini Manogaran, Rohiza Ahmad

Mobile Application for COVID-19 Monitoring System in Malaysia 23
Afifah Nadhira Aminuddin, Shakirah Mohd Taib

Ignition Interlock Device (IID) for Fatigue Driving Prevention System 31
Tun Akif Tun Zainal Azni, Ahmad Sobri bin Hashim

Learn BKD (Bahasa Kadazandusun) - Mobile Application 39
Maychelle Roger Mool

Development of Remaining Useful Life (RUL) for an Aircraft Turbofan Engine 45
by using Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM)

Faatih Nuraliah Sohaidan

Daily Morning Meeting Dashboard 50
Hilman Zafri Mazlan

GoPark: The Development of Smart Parking System in Shopping Mall 57
Nurul Hidayah Zailani, Ahmad Sobri Hashim

Accelerating Agile Development by Providing Test Execution as a Service 65
Shubham Gaikwad

E-Green: Smart Monitoring for Chili Greenhouse System 75
Nur Nabilah Nor Azelan, Mazeyanti Mohd Ariffin

Immersive Learning: Designing an AR application for Computer Systems 80

Module
Muhammad Nurafiq Hazwan Khusairi, Saipunidzam Mahamad

Developing A System Architecture for Mobile Application Supporting Local 88
Hawkers and Home-Based Food Sellers during COVID-19 Strict Order in
Malaysia

Nurul Miza Hishamuddin, Noreen Izza Binti Arshad

SMARTFARM+: Location Tracker and Sensors Malfunction Monitoring for 96

Smart Farming System
Kuheneswaran Krishnan Kutty, Mazeyanti M. Ariffin

University Student Self-management, Attendance Recording, and Tracking 101

(USmart) Application: A Proposed Design
Muhammad Yusry Hadi Mohd Yazid, Saipunidzam Mahamad

Parkerly: Designing A Parking Contact Management System 115
Muhammad Haziq Haiqal Kamaruddin, Saipunidzam Mahamad

An IoT Based Real-time People Counter: Monitoring and Notification 121

Application
Nur Iffah Inani Muhammad

Tutor Finder Mobile Application using Machine Learning-based 128

Recommendation System
Mastura Zaim

BookTableLa: Customer Management System

Navanitha Moorthy, Savita Kavita Sugathan
Department of Computer and Information Sciences,

University Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia
[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract application. The desired system was carefully
designed and developed after receiving all of
The world is now facing a dangerous virus the specifications and input from the users.
infection caused by severe serious respiratory The entire system was built on the Flutter
syndrome with coronavirus. Several factors framework, which included a lot of the user
give caused a rise in the number of cases. interface to make it more user-friendly. The
Comprehensive and persistent strains of this restaurant owners and their customers are
epidemic have become a significant concern the primary stakeholders in this application.
in Malaysia, with the stock sector predicted They should be able to understand and
to collapse, with the potential for a new comprehend the entire application process.
financial crisis. To defeat this pandemic, The researcher will discuss the user interface
the Malaysian government implement of BookTableLa, which includes all of the
Movement Control Order (MCO) to keep application’s functions. The author will also
spread and mortality under control. During go over the system’s main features, which
this time, Malaysian people can go to public include register, login, menu, booking table,
places by complying with a few laws. These updating the status ofa booked table, viewing
guidelines require social space, wearing the restaurant’s popularity, and viewing a
face masks, and avoiding busy areas. Many list of restaurants, which are all very useful
customers prefer to go to food outlets at the and appealing to the users who use this
most active hours of the day, such as lunch application. The purpose of the project is to
and dinner, which can create multiple queues reduce crowding inside or in front of food
in a single location that goes against the SOP establishments, and customers can save time
followed by food outlets. by using the BookTableLa application. In
conclusion, this project will be beneficial to
BookTableLa is an application to help food establishment owners and will assist
people escape crowded areas, particularly in Malaysians in living more efficiently and
the food outlet, and to save time by displaying without wasting time. This new option, which
the per centage of people inside the food outlet. is a user of the BookTableLa app, allows the
Around the same time, the customer can even user to see the number of customers entering
book a table before dining-in food shops. On the restaurant, especially during peak hours.
the other hand, the owner of the restaurant
may also advertise their services through this

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Introduction government threw different sectors of the
economy in peril.
Background of the study
During this period, citizens of Malaysia
The world is now facing a lethal viral can go to public places by abiding by a few
infection caused by severe intense respiratory rules such as social distancing, wearing
syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), called facial masks, and avoiding crowded places.
coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Moreover, most of the industries started to
The growth in the number of cases has been operate regularly, especially food industries
affected by many factors, such as the amount (pmo.gov.my, 2020). Concerning this, people
and inhabitants of the respective countries. will go to restaurants or other food outlets
It would not be appropriate to arbitrate the to have their meals without considering any
experts’ ability to deal with the disease time of the day. Most people tend to go to
incidents based on the total number of deaths. food outlets during peak hours of the day,
The total number of instancesrecovered alone such as lunch and dinner, which will cause
since various infected issues in each country large crowds in a particular place, which goes
(Shahet al., 2020). against the SOP practiced by food outlets
(Chan, 2020).
In the latest study by Shah et al. (2020),
Malaysia’s cases can be split into three waves. Problem statement
Initially, Malaysian people did not know how
lethal the virus was. Malaysia showed no During Recovery Movement Control
intent to ban travellers from China (The Star, (RMCO), complying with a few rules such
2020). Malaysians were not well willing to as social distance, wearing face masks, and
fight the pandemic, predominantly because avoiding crowded areas, Malaysian people
of the simultaneous political crisis and also may go to public places. Many customers
because they were assured that the virus would prefer to go to food outlets at busy hours of
not disperse quickly in Malaysia. Although, the day, such as lunch and dinner, a specific
with Malaysia’s number of positive cases of location that can create huge queues against
COVID-19 rising in less than a week. the SOP, followed by food outlets. According
toLivingston (2020), dining out in restaurants
According to an article by COVID-19: will take on a whole new sense. Behaviours
Impact on Malaysian businesses (2020), the that bring you close to other persons while not
effect of COVID-19 is, On March 18, 2020, wearing masks, mostly indoors, drastically
a Movement Control Order (MCO) was increase the possibility of spreading or
introduced to boost the Ministry of Health of becoming infected with the virus. In July, the
Malaysia (MoH) attempts to keep scattered Ministry of Health (MOH) report discovered
and impermanence under control. The MCO thatpeople who tested positive for COVID-19
was worried about the restriction of people’s had eaten out in Kedah’s restaurant (Abidin,
movement into or out of a locale. 2020). In this case, the problem statements
that the scholar has acquired are “How to
The comprehensive and continuing monitor the safety during dine-in at food
epidemics of this virus have been a major outlets?”
concern in Malaysia, with great ramifications
for the economy and financial markets as a As stated by Picoult (2020), people are
total. The financial marketplace is forecasted waiting longer and more regularly for various
to crumble, with the chance of a new essential services. Social distancing has
international recession (Majid, 2020). The steered businesses to slash their in-store
abrupt implementation of the MCO by the

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capacity significantly. Citizens are waiting by consumers. At all times, cleaning should
in line up for their take-out orders, as many be highly noticeable, and procedures should
cafes stay closed for indoor banqueting. be posted. It will be critical to ensure that
It can be very maddening for consumers, employee teams feel comfortable going back
and while it is perhaps a little early to aim to work (FIU Chaplin School of Hospitality
for customer satisfaction during the queue & Tourism Management, 2020). In this case,
practice. In this situation, the problem the researcher has collected the problem
statements the researcher has obtained are statements: “How to find the consumers’
“How to supervise thelong queueing in front current practices out there?”
of the restaurant?”
Objective
In real-time, the Popular Times of Google
Maps uses anonymised data to estimate the The essential objectives of this project are as
crowd’s size in the hotspot and predict how ensues:
long they will remain. It would improve if
you searched for a placeon Google Maps, and 1. To study the pain point of the customer
a portion of Famous Times will appear on during a pandemic for the application.
your phone, showing the number of people
in the building (Hazelton, 2018). In this state, 2. To investigate the existing table booking
the problem statements that the scholar has system
collected are “How to identify the existing
application/system to solve it? 3. To develop a mobile application,
consumers can view the popularity
inside the restaurant during peak hours
and book the table before check-in.

4. To test and validate the application,
whether it is fulfilled the project
requirements

Scope of the study

Figure 1 Populartime in google map For this development, the study’s scope is
to solve the problem described above in the
In the post-pandemic world, there desire to statement of the issue by user experience.
be a hyper-awareness of safety and sanitation The development is intended to provide
by consumers. At all times, cleaning should a consolidated structure for registered
be highly noticeable, and procedures should customers and the food outlets’owners, where
be posted. It will be critical to ensure that all partiescould profit from it. The result will
employee teams feel comfortable going back be focused on registered customers and food
to work (FIU Chaplin School of Hospitality outlets owners around Johor.
& Tourism Management, 2020). In this case,
the researcher has collected the problem This project is planned as a smartphone
statements: “How to find the consumers’ application that focuses on the Android
current practices out there?” operating system. As well as the user interface
In the post-pandemic world, there desire to and user experience, it will focus mainly on
be a hyper-awareness of safety and sanitation its core features. It will provide different data
to encourage end-users to use the application.

The customers and the food outlet owners
will be the scope of the person in the scheme.
It is anticipated that this mobile application

4 NURCCOINS 2021 PROCEEDING
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will enable the user to view the number of certain standard of service and usually judge
customers entering the restaurant, especially the excellence and dining experience as a
during peak hours. Besides, the customer can whole based on the rate collection offered by
even book a table in a particular restaurant the restaurant(Ha & Jang, 2013).
before joining the restaurant. On the other
hand, on a specific day, the food outlets’ Fast food restaurants prioritise fast
owners will advertise their facilities and a delivery and relatively low food costs, and
special menu. All parties will need to register customers expect to eat their food straight
and provide login credentials to obtain access from plastic containers. Previous studies
to the system. evaluating perceived consistency or customer
satisfaction have shown that customers
Literature Review attending fast-food restaurants consider
many important features such as low costs,
Introduction to the food industry polite employees, timely service, comfort,
business hours, take-out service, venue, etc.
According to an article by Revfine.com. (Bojanic, 2007).
(2020), hospitality is a sector involving
restaurants, hotels, casinos, amusement Revolution of the food industry
parks, festivals, cruises, entertainment, and
other facilities connected to tourism. As such, In the 1980s, early prevailing investigation in
this business is essential not only to firms but the field was mainly linked to fast food. Over
also to investors, workers, and economies. the past 30 years, the quantity of examined
articles related to the restaurant industry
The first step in determining if restaurants has amplified dramatically. More studies are
were among the mid-eighteenth-century carried out almost daily on the mechanisms of
powers that side-lined hospitality is to operations, service superiority, and restaurant
create workable hospitality (Symons, 2013). financing (DiPietro, 2017).
Research in restaurant administration and
food service has been dedicated to several Foodservice study has become more
topics, ranging from business operations, prominent in both hospitality literature and
restaurant design, menu creation, tactical industry-academic literature over the past
management of foodservice functions to 30 years. For the last decade, the study on
human resource considerations relevant to foodservice and restaurant management has
foodservice’s power. The history and range of been a primary topic of this literature review.
foodservice management facilities will vary Several new issues relating to corporate social
from fine dining restaurants to foodservice responsibility (CSR), recycling, marking of
operations in accommodating establishments, menus, and food trucks have now started to
formal dining venues, and the recent trend to be investigated (Harrington et al., 2013; Jang
use food trucks, mobile food carts, and even and Park, 2011).
pop-uprestaurants (DiPietro, 2017).
Consumer crowding and waiting time in
Services provided by the food industry food outlets

A restaurant is a location where an amenity Fifty hotel customers and 50 customers using
employee serves prepared foods and drinks a hotel over a week on a five-point scale,
to customers and pays for certain foods and Harvester Restaurant, were asked to rapid their
amenities. As a result, consumers expect a degree of the treaty with the 15 statements. Of
all respondents, over 70percent were worried

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about waiting times. The per centagesturdily Ahmadi-Javid, 2019). Directly in front of
agreed with views 1 to 13 and was not in each server, the clock, the clients will line up
agreement with statement 14. (Jones & Dent, in rows. Generally speaking, the user would
1994). A crowded waiting area indicates a feel happier because fewer individuals are
popular, exciting spot. But due to customers’ queuing in front of them when separated into
presence in front of them, customers can numbers of rows, rather than in one row as in
wisdom difficulties accessing the restaurant’s a single-channel queuing system technique.
dining area and may sense that the absence of
control over their surroundings and revoke While this could help minimise the queue
their booking. Therefore, a restaurant’s duration, if many individuals are queuing,
waiting room gives the main service the waiting time to be served is still long.
prospect that promotes or disheartens client This happens because it will undoubtedly
benefaction (Hwang et al., 2012). take time for the customer at the front of the
queue to order.
Servicescapes have vital effects on
separate behaviour that affect customers’ Existing technology in the food industry
behaviour about a spot (Zeithaml et al.,
2000). Crowding is unique in its human QR Code system
and latitudinal dimensions that influence
gratification in various ways. A closed, According to Patil and Karekar (2019),
constrained sensation is the social dimension, Restaurants need a complete programme to
and a little sense of movement is the spatial manage their day-to-day purchases, orders,
dimension (Hu, 2020). Diners in India have and daily updates on accounts. Utilising
also risen in recent years, with a population QRCODE technology, the aim is to create
of 1.32 billion. People have to wait for at a menu. QR Code tags can be affixed to the
least 10-20 minutes in a crowded restaurant, menu of the restaurant. Day by day, QR code
which raises frustration (Rarh et al., 2018). is becoming more popular, and we can see
them easily everywhere. It is increasingly
Queuing in front of the food outlets used in hubs, magazines, and shops for
public transportation. It is also said that the
Single-Channel Queuing System popularity of the QR code is related to the
growing prevalence of smartphones (Wilson,
In post offices and banks, in which one single 2012). In a study by ScanLife, QR codes
queue diverges into a limited counter, this had 16 million scans by the second quarter
form of the queuing method can easily be of 2012, increasing 10 million scans than in
found (Ebadi & Ahmadi-Javid, 2019). Then 2011. The use of QR codes often increases as
the customer leaving the counters is replaced mobile use increases.
by the queue head. The only downside to this
type of queue is that it will be too long and Booking System
potentially prevent a new client from entering
the line. Recent research by Wang et al. (2017)
established the discrepancy between size and
Multiple-Channels Queuing System value when a restaurant that accepts booking
applications from the customer parties elects
The multi-channel queuing method is widely to pick up cherry from the intending parties
used by traditional fast-food restaurants and recommended average expenditure per
such as KFC and McDonald’s (Ebadi & person per minute is a better measure for

6 NURCCOINS 2021 PROCEEDING
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determining the real value of any intending Methodology
party. Thompson (2016) has developed a
comprehensive analysis tool to recognise the Introduction
right combination of restaurant tables. The
toll used in the Microsoft Excel Solver add-on It is indispensable to achieve the critical goals
returns the recommended table combination of this project within the period allotted.
for the best revenue depending on consumer Therefore, the execution of the mission
inputs. within the timeframe requires careful
planning and scheduling. Fair scheduling and
Notwithstanding the reservation scheme, preparation would have a significant effect
all restaurants must participate in the on the project’s outcome. In this chapter, the
preparation of staff. They described it as part methodology will cover preliminary study
of the customer’s dining experience, which and system creation (Anuar & Othman, 2020).
consists of six main parts.The first is the “pre- Preliminary analysis to obtain information
arrival”: they want to come to the restaurant for literature review from studies. Design of
before they reach the restaurant before the structures using an agile methodology.
customer wishes to go to the restaurant
(Kimes, 2008, p. 299). Waiters were the most Preliminary Study
famous blunder to render customer order
errors. Customers have to wait for a waiter to Preliminary studies are typically carried
take their order. If the waiter has more tables, out before the implementation phase of the
the food can take longer to be cooked and system. Preliminary studies aim to broaden
served (Pujari et al., 2017). this project’s definition and understand the
essential, context, and project requirements.
Real-time technology using GPS As part of the initial research, a literature
review, survey, and interview will be
The cumulative number of cell phone users performed during this segment.
is projected to reach 97% of the global
population by the end of 2015. A smartphone Literature Review
incorporates the functions of a computer, a CD
player, a phone, a radio, and a video camera. It is crucial to perform a literature review as a
Advanced sensors such as accelerators and starting point for research. It will help to gain
GPS receivers have enabled large-scale data the basis of information in the preliminary
collection (Sainioet al., 2015). studies on the project topics. The literature
review’s fundamental goal is to recognise
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is the differences in how an issue has been
a system made up of 24 U.S. satellites. It is investigated to date and link researchers with
used to measure a person’s position in a three- broader social realities and ideas (Snyder,
dimensional space. The recipient of a GPS 2019). To be compared and analysed during
gets signals from at least three satellites for the literature review, a selection of research
distance and distance measurement (Chadil papers was obtained. Research papers and
et al., 2008). journals were reviewed for this project to
classify the food industry’s revolution,
Real-time car monitoring has become part consumer crowding and waiting in food
of critical services as the online taxi booking outlets, the existing technology in the food
industry is hitting new heights. The Global industry, which is QR code system, booking
Positioning System (GPS) is a crucial factor system, and real-time technology using GPS.
that makes monitoring possible for both the
customer and the service provider (Shukla &
Jain, 2018).

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Survey Defining Statement

After the literature review, the next one in With identifying the statement stages, the
the preliminary studies is a survey. In this agile approach began. Inthis process, the issue
project, quantitative approaches highlight statement, priorities, and scope overview of
the aims and the statistics of the survey data the project are defined and addressed in this
obtained (Przybylski, 2019). This research is project. To demonstrate the visibility and
carried out on the consumer’s ability to use management of the whole project, the primary
this application while preparing to dine in vital tasks of the project are planned in the
restaurants or book a table before dine-in. For Gantt map. The Gantt chart’s main activities
data collection, it was formed a questionnaire are process description, study, stage design,
with nine questions is linked to this project. phase of development, and testing phase.

Interview Requirement Analysis Phase

An interview is the last phase of a preliminary The software system requirements are
report. The goal of the interview is to obtain described in detail in this process. During
specifications for software that will be the study process, an interview will be
produced in this project (Levinson, Vanzhula, performed. And brainstorming is needed
& Christian, 2019). This approach has been for ideas as well. A survey was conducted
carried out to provide a more in-depth insight to identify consumers’ ability to use this
into stakeholders’ interests. Using these program. During the interview, software
insights can help develop an application that specifications were obtained from customers
is well-tailored to the needs of stakeholders. who frequently dine-in at restaurants. But,
For this project, customer interviews were because it is a continuous operation, we will
performed via a data collection call to not know all the demands. I may, however,
determine the application’s requirements. It define the necessary things required for the
helps to build a quality system by doing this implementation of the system.
process, which can satisfy the users. In the
discussion section, the results of the interview a. Use case Diagram
will be discussed.
Figure 2 shows, the use case diagram of the
System Development phase BookTableLa application. The system has
2 actors which are customer and restaurant
An agile approach will be used to improve owner.
project quality for the BookTableLa
application. Agile methodology built based
on end-system user criteria. Then, once the
framework is fully developed, you can begin
designing the interface and developing the
prototype based on requirements. The agile
approach consists of 5stages:

Figure 2 Use caseDiagram

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b. Physical Architecture Diagram The testing stages are as follows,

Figure 3 shows BookTableLa architecture. a. Phase 1: Testing for restaurant owners
In this system, there are 5 levels in the b. Phase 2: Testing for customers.
diagram. The first level is showing the user
interface. The second level shows user In phase 1, restaurant owners must validate
action while the third level shows user and the completed portion of the BookTableLa
restaurant owner function. Level 4 shows mobileapplication fromthe restaurant owner’s
the system and Level 5 shows the database perspective, as consumers would need to see
of the system. A system architecture is a all the information, such as booking tables,
conceptual model that describes a system’s viewing the restaurant’s popularity, and
structure, behaviours,and views. viewing the menu list. Customers will need
to test the software functionalities on a pre-
installed BookTableLa app on a smartphone
for customers testing strategy phase 2.
Until completing all phases of this research
programme, the planner will send a briefing
to the interested customer to give them an
idea of how the programme will function.

Figure 3 PhysicalArchitecture Diagram Result And Discussion

Design Phase All findings and discussions that were learned
and obtained responses from different parties
The third stage is a stage in the design. It involved in the implementation of this app
focuses on providing a software system will be displayed in this chapter. This was
design that will be generated for the owner done through surveys and interviews with
of the customer and food outlets to use this the potential stakeholders of this framework.
application. The software application’s design Before beginning the development phase, a
interface will be covered in the appendices. series of questions were asked to ensure that
this device will provide significant benefit
Testing Phase and assist users in solving their problems.
This step is being taken to ensure that the
The system will be checked in terms of framework is designed specifically for our
usability and reliability of the application target audience. This study was carried out
after the prototype’s production by delivering and received a lot of positive feedback from
the software system to the user to check if the users.
they find it useful through the system’s use.
Survey
The testing process has two goals,
a. To see if the interface is running A total of 65 participants indicated to the
consumer-distributed survey. The result of
correctly. each question will be shown in appendices.
b. To see if the consumers can use the
The first question of this study is to
programme. identify how much the customer eats in
restaurants. The outcome of the study was
that 46.2 per cent of consumers eat less than

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three days a week in a restaurant, 24.6 per Interview
cent of consumers eat 2 to 6 times a week
in restaurants, 15.4 per cent of consumers eat In addition to the regular survey questions,
every day in restaurants, and 13.8 per cent an interview was conducted to obtain user
have never eaten in restaurants in the past software requirements from Perak and Johor.
month. The second question of the survey is Two customers and a restaurant owner,
to find the need for customers to line up for Miss Syuhuda from Johor, Mrs. Thanisha
the last month to join the restaurant. 63.1 per from Johor, and Mrs. Jenny from Johor
cent of consumers had to queue up to enter were interviewed via Google Meet. Since
the restaurant due to the study,while 36.9 per Mrs. Thanisha is a workaholic, she had no
cent said they did not queue up to join the time in preparing her meals, so she often ate
restaurant. her lunch at food outlets. According to her,
there would be countless people occupying
In this study, the third question is to find her favourite restaurant, hence she needs to
the customer still interested in eating at wait for her turn to get a table and order her
crowded restaurants. This survey’s result was meal. She feels that she is wasting her time
that 63.1 per cent of customers did not agree and energy waiting for her turn at a certain
with it, while 18.5 per cent replied and would stage. She was feeling quite elated when
not eat in a crowded area. The fourth question I discussed the BookTableLa application
aims to determine how consumers view their with her because she can finally solve her
protection during restaurant dinners. 86.2 dilemma. I also showed her the application’s
per cent of customers take their safety into graphical user interface and demonstrated
account during dine-in for this study. The how the application should be operated. She
fifth question focuses on how the customer agrees that it is quite convenient for her to
supervises the long queue in front of the understand and utilise this application for
restaurant. 38.5 per cent did not oversee the her benefit. She also said that since she owns
long line in front of the restaurant, resulting a mobile phone for her personal use which
from this study. she brings everywhere and every time, it is a
guarantee that she would make good use of the
The idea of the sixth question is to find BookTableLa application.
out that on the google map, the user is aware
of standard periods that you can see the Miss Syuhuda is a student currently
popularity of visitors to a specific location. studying in Johor. She was excited about
The questionnaire results are that 47.7% of utilising this application when I asked for
customers on google maps did not know feedback from her about this application since
about that feature. The seventh and eighth she is a person who enjoys eating her meals
questions are about this BookTableLa request at restaurants. Most of the time, since the
that the customer is interested in getting an restaurant is packed with many individuals,
application to check the restaurant’s capacity she would have trouble finding a seat, so she
before going. The customer is also interested has to wait for her turn to get a table. She feels
in reviewing the restaurant’s capacity before like she is putting her time to waste just to find
having an application that allows you to book a table to eat ata specific restaurant during this
a restaurant’s table before going there. 81.5 time. She also stated that by booking a table
per cent of consumers agree with the seventh for her by using this application, she can also
question, while 84.6 per cent of consumers easily identify the number of people eating in
agree with this feature in the eighth question a particular restaurant, thus she could decide
application. on a time to enter the restaurant to enjoy her
mealaccording to her preferences.

10 NURCCOINS 2021 PROCEEDING
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Mrs. Jenny owns and operates a restaurant as a restaurant summarywhen they sign up for
in Kluang, Johor. Mrs. Jenny was ecstatic the app. They can also upload a photo of their
when I told her about this application regular or special menu to the application.
because she had always intended to use They can also look at a list of customers
something similar to this application during booking tables in the booking tab. Once a
the worsening Covid-19 pandemic for customer has left the restaurant or has not
convenience and safety. When I asked her arrived after one hour, the restaurant owner
about the restaurant, shesaid that during peak can adjust the booking status so that other
hours, particularly lunchtime, her restaurant customers have a chance to book tables in
will be packed and that most customers will be their restaurant.
queuing up in longlines at the entrance of the
restaurant. She also stated that using this type Stakeholder Customer
of application for her restaurant would make
it more convenient because customers will Customers who register for this system must
be able to book tables ahead of time and will click allow and enablethe Global Positioning
be able to see how many people are dining- System (GPS) feature on their phone. The
in at the selected restaurant allowing them reason for this is that the customer can access
to adjust their arrival time without worrying a list of restaurants by entering their current
about their safety and time wastage. She also location in the restaurant tab. As they browse
mentioned that it is easier for her to track the list of restaurants, they can click on a
customers entering and exiting the restaurant specific restaurant to learn more about it, such
during peak hours by using this application as its success or the type of menu it serves.
for better and safer restaurant management Customers can book a table by clicking on
by abiding by the SOP. the booking button in the same tab.

System flow and framework User Acceptance Testing

After receiving all the specifications and Usability testing was successfully conducted
feedback from the users, the desired system after the framework was fully implemented to
was carefully designed and developed. ensure that the application worked flawlessly
The whole system was built on the Flutter and was developed by the requirements and
framework, and most of the user interface needs of stakeholders. Respondents included
was built into it to make it more convenient, the restaurant owner and a small number
attractive, and user-friendly. The primary of customers. Mrs. Jenny, the restaurant
stakeholders of this application are the owner, was present during the interview.
restaurant owners and their customers. They The respondents were given a usability
should be able to learn and understand the assessment questionnaire, and the results were
entire process of this application before gathered to assess the system’s effectiveness
actually utilising it for a better outcome. and efficiency in terms of usability and user
experience.
Stakeholder Restaurant owner

The proprietors of restaurants will also be
included in the application. The restaurant
owner will upload a photo of their
establishment or background details as well

NURCCOINS 2021 PROCEEDING 11
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Conclusion And Recommendations be upgraded and to become more sophisticated
to strengthen the objective of this project.
Conclusion This will enhance the methodology of this
system to make it more meaningful and
The primary goal of this project is to minimise worthwhile. Firstly, improvement can be
the crowd inside or in front of food outlets, done by allowing more tables to be allocated
and by using the BookTableLa application, for online table booking. Besides, the
the customer can also save time. application should develop in IOS operating
system because most people in Malaysia are
In conclusion, this project will be a good using IOS.
project for food outlet owners and help
Malaysian citizens live efficiently without Moreover, the application should have a
the hassle and wasting their time. This new payment gateway. This isfor the customers to
alternative allows the user of the BookTableLa directly pay their bills using the BookTableLa
application to view the customer’s population application. Lastly, the application should also
entering the restaurant, especially during have a menu order option to ease customers by
peak hours. Besides, the consumer can even enabling them to order food whilst they book
book a table in a particular restaurant before their table. Hence, by the time they arrive at
going to the restaurant. Moreover, the food the restaurant, the food is ready to be served
outlets’ owners can advertise their facilities which will be very beneficial to the customer.
and unique menu.
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There is some limitation of this system. with the Agile Software Development
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snapping a picture. Secondly, the customer
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give access to their location. Besides, the 80% of hotel rooms in the US are empty,
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a huge impact on the customer management
system, there are some ways for the systemto

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Café’s Dine-in Booking System with Auto Sitting Arrangement

*Meena Lozshini Manogaran, Rohiza Ahmad
Department of Computer Sciences,

Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia
*Email: [email protected]

Abstract Health Organization (WHO), Dr. Tedros
Adhanom Ghebreyesus, announced that
This paper intends to share the development the COVID-19 epidemic has affected 213
of a web-based café’s dine-in booking countries, with 1,524,162 confirmed positive
system, which has been built for students cases and 92,941 deaths. Around 80 per cent
of one university in Malaysia to book café’s of the patients undergo and recover from mild
seating online. The system is inspired by the infections, while the remaining have serious
problem brought by the Covid-19 pandemic dyspnoea and low blood oxygen saturation
which limits the number of people in a venue. infections, which may lead to critical
The system provides an automated seating conditions with respiratory or multiple
arrangement that caters to social distancing. organ failure (Elengoe, 2020). With the
Data collection has been conducted before fast spreading of the virus, many countries,
development to confirm system need; and including Malaysia, have taken measures
as a result, a web-based portal has been to curb the spread such as implementing
successfully developed, and its acceptability movement control order (MCO) as well as
has been proven through feedbacksacquired providing standard operating procedures
from samples of potential users. (SOP) for activities that involve crowds.

Keywords: web-based, seat booking As COVID-19 is far from over and has
system, automated sitting arrangement, greatly impacted the economy, in Malaysia,
social distancing businesses have been gradually allowed to
operate again, including restaurants and
Introduction cafes. Dine-in is allowed but with tight SOPs
to be followed to ensure social distancing
Adeadly infectious disease caused by extreme is abided. At the moment, these SOPs
acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 are carried out manually and the success
(SARS- CoV-2), dubbed coronavirus disease hugely depends on whether they are strictly
2019 (COVID-19), is currently occurring all followed or not. Hence, this has inspired us
over the world. In his opening remarks at to come out with a system that can automate
the media briefing on COVID-19 on April some parts of the SOPs for dine-in. As a start,
10, 2020, the Director-Generalof the World a web-based café’s dine-in booking system
for university students was proposed and

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developed as Final Year Project (FYP). The more effectively especially in congested
system allows students to book seats online urban communities. In another work, a fuzzy
before physically coming to a cafe. Not only approach and expert system for hotel booking
this will ensure the students have confirmed systems were proposed (Walek et al., 2016).
seats, but their seats will also be arranged The approach evaluates hotel services for
automatically by the system to address the different kinds of hotel guests and proposes
need for comfortable group socialising, but suitable hotel services for hotel guests during
at the same time abides by social distancing the process of hotel booking.
requirements.
In terms of restaurant booking systems, a
Hence, the rest of the paper shall present work by Rath et al. (2017) has incorporated
the work that has been done in developing the time series prediction into their system. With
system.The next section shall begin with the such an approach, diners can book their seats
discussions on some of the literature which online and avoid long waiting times at the
has been reviewed to support the system restaurant. The work of Lianage et al. (2018)
development. This is followed by sections on the other hand, improves restaurant
on methodology, results, and discussions, as services by providing a real-time seating
well as conclusions. map of the restaurant. By looking at the
seating map status, customers can plan their
Related Work / Literature Review trip to the restaurant. Other than the works
presented earlier, most restaurant-related
To develop the web-based café’s dine- systems reported in the literature are focusing
in booking system with automated sitting on restaurant recommendations such as
arrangement, several pieces of literature have Alsaaran (2020) and Utama et al. (2017).
been reviewed which can give us some ideas
on the gap that can be addressed by the system Approaches for system development
as well as the approaches that can be adopted
for system development. Hence, in this paper, According to Hashemi et al. (2010), in
the reviews are categorised into existing developing a user-friendly system, designers
booking and restaurant-related systems and often adoptthe Three- Click Rule to improve
approaches for system development. the efficacy of website use. The Three-Click
Rule advocates that users are upset or may
Existing booking and restaurant-related abandon activities that require upwards of
systems three taps to finish. However, through the
research done by the authors, it was found
Online booking facilities such as booking that after 3 clicks, there was no greater chance
flight tickets, hotel rooms, movie seats, to of a user stopping their search as compared
name a few, have been in abundance these to after 12 clicks. Hence, they suggested that
days. From simple booking, some of these clear instructions are the key for users to
systems have been enhanced to incorporate continue their search.
some intelligence to further help users to get
the best from their booking. For instance, the In providing updated information to users,
work of Prabu et al. (2021) has shown the use systems with dynamic content are needed.
of IoT technology in helping users to book Customary sites, sometimes referred to as
parking spaces. With the use of the Raspberry static sites, are available using the program
Pi processor and high-resolution cameras, to see static information, for example, text
finding available parking spaces can be done sections and computerised substance like
pictures, music, and recordings, as per

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Rarh et al (2017). The data provided to Figure 1 Survey Feedbacks on preference for
users, however, is uniquely extracted from dine-in
the database, and not constantly modified.
Normally, such a site is composed of basic System design and development
HTML, CSS, and insignificant JavaScript.
Moreover, Raibagi et al (2021) said that if a Once the need for the system has been
website is designed for read-only purposes, a established, we continued the system
developer can build a conventional website development by constructing a use case
and the designer is inexperienced with diagram. The diagram, as shown in Figure
JavaScript and TypeScript. In comparison, 2, outlines the functionalities ofthe system.
once the specifications reveal a rich user Among others, the system has two external
interface with loads of functionalities, one users, i.e., student/diner and admin. Students
can choose to create a web application with can book seats, while the admin has abilities
dynamic content. The developer must, at the to set the relevant restaurant information
same time, be comfortable with JavaScript, such as tables and seating. Other functions
TypeScript and ready to be exposed to API such as seating placement, cancelation of
services. booking, etc., are handled automatically by
the system. It is also worth noting that the
Research Methodology system also incorporates email as a means
for communication. Two different actions
The web-based café’s dine-in booking system will initiate the email sending function,
was developed following the Agile Software which is: booking details email, which is sent
Development Life Cycle methodology. The whenever a student successfully registers
development project started with a collection into the website; and booking notification
of requirements and continued to design email, which will be sent to the student if
development, and testing of the system. the table has been cleared. Havingthe emails,
Before starting the project, an online survey students no longer need to check manually
has been conducted using Google Forms. The the restaurant seating status.
survey was distributed to get confirmation on
the need for such a booking system. From the
feedback received, 66% of 56 respondents
as shown in Figure 1 mentioned that they
do prefer eating in restaurants, even during
the COVID-19 pandemic. Hence, this has
opened up an opportunity for us to develop
the booking system by incorporating the
social distancing element.

Figure 2 Use case diagram for system

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Using the use case diagram as a guide, Admin Portal/Interaction Pages
development activities were conducted.
For the development, the development Before the system can be used for seat
platform and services chosen were MySQL booking, administrators will need to do a
for database, LocalHost (Mamp) for one-time registration of themselves as well
server, Laravel for backend development their cafes. As for this project, the cafes
technology, and VueJS for frontend. As for are located in dormitory blocks which are
the user interface, HTML, CSS, Javascript, referred to as villages. After that, they will
and PHP were the programming languages need to set up/specify the number of tables
used for coding. Besides, Visual Studio, and seats that are available for booking in
PhpMyAdmin, Google Chrome, and Vue their cafes. Once, café setup is done, a QR
Developer Tool were also utilised as tools for code can be generated and printed for display
development. at the café’s door. The QR code is for diners
to scan later when they come to dine-in and
Result And Discussions when they leave after meal. Besides system
setup, the administrators can also use the
Following the methodology and using the system to keep track of seat availability which
tools stated earlier, the cafés dine-in booking are denoted using different colour schemes;
system with the auto sitting arrangement was to list all bookings; as well as check specific
successfully developed within the timeframe bookings. Table 2 shows each interaction
specified. The web-based system supports to page.
type of users which are students who are the
customers of a cafe, and administrator who Student Portal/Interaction Pages
is a person who works with the café. Table 1
shows the pages supported by the system for Students are provided with a booking
each respective type of user. function. They can choose which café they
want to dine-in and proceed with the booking
The below sections present some of the which can either result in success (available)
pages available to the two types of users. or failure (a table full). Booking confirmation
shall be issued if successful. However, to
Table 1 Pages supported by café’s dine-in ensure seats are optimised, a booking will be
booking system with auto sitting arrangement cancelled automatically if the students do not
present themselves at the café. As for failure,
Pages in Student Pages in Admin students will have a choice to be notified via
Portal Portal email once seats are available. Table 3 shows
some of the mentioned interaction pages.
Login page Login page
Café dashboard page Cafe dashboard page
Booking table page Add/edit table chair
Confirmed booking page
page Checking availability
Cancellation done in page
30 minutes (auto)
Extension for booking
pages

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Table 2 Screenshots of admin interaction pages

Page Screenshot Explanations

This is Add village page. Admin specifies
information on cafe including uploading of café’s
logo. Admin can decide how many tables and
chairs can fit the café following SOP on social
distancing.

This page is where the admin can add and arrange
tables and chairs according to the size of the café.
The red colour indicates not to be occupied seats.
Whereas, green indicates seats that can be booked.

This page is where seat status can be tracked. Three
colours are used regarding the booking status of
the table with green indicating availability, orange
indicating booked, and blue indicating in used.

This page shows booking details that have already
been done by customers. Admin can also search
for a particular booking.

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Table 3 Screenshots of student/diner interaction pages

Page Screenshot Explanations

This is the Café Dashboard. Students can choose
which café they want to dine in.

This is the page that will pop out once students
select the café. And here they should key in total
persons in the group (max 6).

These are booking result pages.

User Testing Results

To ensure the system is acceptable to users, user testing was conducted. However, due to
the travel restrictions imposed by the government due to COVID-19, face-to-face testing was
unable to be conducted. Hence, own system interactions on behalf of students/diners and café
administrators were videotaped and sent to 14 respondents. Table 4 presents the questions
posed and the feedbacks received on a likert scale of 1 to 5 with 1 denoting strongly disagree
and 5 denoting strongly agree.

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Table 4 User testing results

Question Feedbacks

Q1 – Does the UI design ease your usage of the Agree = 6 (42.9%) Strongly Agree = 8 (57.1%)
system?

Q2 – Does the system meet your usage Agree = 5 (35.7%)
expectations? Strongly Agree = 9 (64.3%)

Q3 – What is your overall satisfaction regarding Agree = 4 (28.6%)
the system? Strongly Agree = 10
(74.4%)

Q4 – Any comment? Comments received were:Awesome, Good,
Good Job, Good can Add Take Away Option,
Impressive, Nice, and Short and nice

Conclusion Hashemi, H.B., Yazdani, N., Shakery,
A. & Naeini, M.P. (2010, December).
COVID-19 pandemic has posed challenges to Application of ensemble models in
the normal way of going about daily activities. web ranking. In 2010 5th International
This includes dine-in in restaurants. As Symposium on Telecommunications (pp.
such, this project has taken the challenge by 726-731). IEEE.
developing a café’s dine-in booking system
with an automated sitting arrangement. Liyanage, V., Ekanayake, A., Premasiri, H.,
Using the system, automatic seating will be Munasinghe, P. & Thelijjagoda, S. (2018,
assigned to accommodate the socialising December). Foody-Smart Restaurant
need and at the same time addresses social Management and Ordering System. In
distancing requirements imposed by the 2018 IEEE Region 10 Humanitarian
government. With the system, diners, in Technology Conference (R10-HTC) (pp.
particular students can book seats at cafes 1-6). IEEE.
before physically going to the eating venue.
With a few enhancements, the system can be Prabu, A.V., Tolada, A., Mishra, J.,
implemented in any eating place outside of Rajasoundaran, S. & Deepak, T. (2021).
universities. Automatic vehicle parking space
booking system using IoT. Materials
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booking system. In 2016 17th International
Carpathian Control Conference (ICCC)
(pp. 804-807). IEEE.

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Mobile Application for COVID-19 Monitoring System in Malaysia

*Afifah Nadhira Aminuddin, Shakirah Mohd Taib
Department of Computer Information Sciences,

Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia
*Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract required to protect the lives of the people in
need to improve national capacities to gather
The study intended to propose a mobile accurate data. As of August 2020, with no
application to facilitate the handling of approved vaccines for COVID-19 treatment,
COVID-19. The root-cause analysis is based many health systems and governments rely
on the suggested advanced functionalities on contact tracing as one of the methods of
that could aid the monitoring of COVID-19. prevention and containment. Also, public
Theproposed mobile application aims to help health authorities rely on case management
in monitoring and managing contact tracing. duringCOVID-19 monitoring, which includes
In this paper, a survey and literature review quarantine, contact tracing, and self-isolation
are conducted to highlight the development of infected and suspected individuals. The
of the application. This project was assisted diverse nature of people’s activities within the
by Design Thinking methodologies. The communities makes it challenging to perform
outcome of this project is an advanced contact tracing. In that case, it is important to
feature to the current monitoring system: a provide a monitoring system that is capable
mobile application that enables the user to of contact tracing (Mbunge, 2020).
check in using GPS technology, detect body
temperature, and book an appointment that Contact tracing is a well-established aspect
is assessed during User Acceptance Testing of public health practices during infectious
(UAT). disease outbreaks and epidemics. The manual
methods of contact tracing are slow to deter
Keywords: COVID-19 Monitoring Apps, infection from spreading in the population,
Contact tracing, SARS-CoV-2, Body hence many countries in the world have
Temperature Detection deployed or are developing mobile phone
apps that can support contact tracing (Parker
Introduction et al., 2020), including Malaysia, to solve
this issue. These applications are meant to
Coronavirus (COVID-19) is a newly notify using ongoing mapping of proximity
discovered coronavirus-induced infectious incidents to notify the public and for health
disease. Robust and credible monitoring is authorities to alert people who have been in
contact with an infected individual.

Due to COVID-19, the Government of

24 NURCCOINS 2021 PROCEEDING
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Malaysia has declared a movement control community-wide monitoring could prove
order after a spike in COVID-19cases. In May, of enormous international significance. This
the government of Malaysia has eased some expertise is important for better alerting on
MCO rules and they have allowed inter-state containment and preventive strategy and
travel in Malaysia. Upon monitoring, the for better targeting individual diagnostics
Government of Malaysia has developed the for individual follow-up testing (Daughton,
MySejahtera app to assist in managing the 2020).
COVID-19 outbreaks in the country (Ismail,
2020). Upon observations, some features can The purpose of contact tracing is to speed
be improved to the current system. up the method of manual monitoring-based
contact tracing to easily and rapidly control
Related Work / Literature Review an outbreak (Dar et al., 2020). In other words,
on average, providing a mandatory contact
General Definition of COVID-19 tracing may help monitor individuals who
are or may be COVID-19-positive and will
COVID-19 or Coronavirus disease 2019 reduce new cases by 3.3%, ceteris paribus.
outbreak began last December in Wuhan, Although the severity of the effect seems
China. On January30, 2020, the World Health minimal, this would significantly flatten the
Organisation (WHO) has declared that this rapid growth of new cases if this technique
epidemic was a globally concerned public is applied at the early stage of an epidemic
health emergency and this novel coronavirus (Urbaczewski & Lee, 2020).
is originally referred to as 2019-nCoV and
formally as coronavirus 2 severe acute Contact tracing has emerged as a crucial
respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) (Meng method to mitigate the dissemination of
et al., 2020). COVID-19 (Rothan & Byrareddy, 2020)
because contact tracing may detect contacts
One of the main viruses that mainly that need precautionary self-isolation for
attacks the human respiratory system is the a 14-day duration if the outcome of one
coronavirus. Previous coronavirus (CoVs) individual test with a positive SARS-Cov-2
outbreaks include severe acute respiratory were detected (Marcel et al., 2020).
syndrome (SARS)-CoV and the Middle
East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV Moreover, according toAhmed et al. (2020),
have been identified as agents that cause the eventual interest in the implementation
a major threat to public health (Rothan & of tracing technologies would boost health
Byrareddy, 2020) and now another severe authorities’ tracing capabilities in helping
acute respiratory syndrome (SARS- CoV 2), health officials recognise individuals thatmay
an unprecedented epidemic of pneumonia have been exposed to the virus. Not only that,
associated with a novel coronavirus, has contact tracing may support monitoring and
been a major public health issue for countries identifying health care staff with symptoms
around the world (Meng et al., 2020). that are compatible with or suggestive of
SARS-CoV-2 infection to ensure proper duty
Importance of Monitoring to Facilitate triage, further examination, and follow-up of
Contact Tracing During COVID-19 employees (Bielicki et al., 2020).

The patterns to evaluate in which the General Technology Used in COVID-19
dissemination of COVID-19 in individual Pandemic
populations is growing or declining, rapid
Digital technologies are being used to
facilitate the global public-health approach

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to COVID-19, including population and epidemiological research shows that such
monitoring, case recognition, contact tracing, an app can help mitigate the misery caused
and action assessment based on mobility by the pandemic and to decrease the damage
data and public communication (Budd et caused (Parker et al., 2020) because most
al., 2020). According to Lin & Hou (2020), contact tracing solutions are focused on
contact-tracing applications have been mobile devices, the implementation of contact
adopted by at least 29 countries/regions as tracing is associated with the number of
a solution to a more targeted approach to downloads obtained by a specific application
locking and containing COVID-19. The (Dar et al., 2020).
use of mobile devices may extend not only
for monitoring COVID-19 but as of 2019, Digital infrastructure offers a portal that
mobile devices were subscribed by 67% of enables access to data for public health
the global population and 204 billion apps organisations to track the COVID-19
havebeen downloaded in 2019 and 3.8 billion pandemic (Ting et al., 2020). The new
people have regularly used social media as of COVID-19 crisis has begun the practice by
January 2020 (Budd et al., 2020). using a scale-basedvirus monitoring app and
if it is carefully implemented and tested, it
According to Budd et al. (2020), might have been well prepared fora pandemic
COVID-19 is not the first health issue for the proportions (Ahmed et al., 2020).
that has used mobile technologies and Big
Data to tackle epidemics because, in 2011, There is proof to suggest that this method
Cambridge University in the UK launched is easy to adapt to other societies’ cultures
a smartphone app, FluPhone, to monitor the with diverse political and cultural systems.
spread of daily influenza. Similarly, to tackle According to Parker et al. (2020), the use
the Ebola epidemic, cell phone data and of cell phone data combined with rigorous
software were used in Africa between 2014 research systems has been implemented by
and 2016, for better handheld sequencing China and many other East and South East
devices that provided more efficient Asian countries, which have been extremely
communication and a better understanding of effective in minimising cases.
the outbreak complication. Similarly, during
the COVID-19 pandemic, digital tools were Research Methodology
also used to support public health initiatives
to mitigate the pandemic. There are 4 phases as part of the research
methodology to conduct the project as shown
According to Ferretti et al. (2020), it is in Figure 1. The study starts with qualitative
unfeasible to monitor the disease through research as part of requirement gathering
manual contact tracing. The use of acontact- to address questions about why and how
tracing app that generates data of near contacts individuals behave themselves in the manner
and automatically notifies contacts of positive they do. It gives detailed knowledge of
cases will be adequate to avoid the outbreak. human behaviour. (Phase 1). The second
Consequently, through creating contact phase is comprised of defining & ideating.
tracing software and facilities, agencies This defines the project functionalities
around the world have tried to overcome and tools to be used for the project. The
the problem (Rothan & Byrareddy, 2020). requirement gathered from the first phasewill
Mobile applications can enable interactivity, be referred to as a guideline in developing
visual and auditory information, real-time the application. (Phase 2). The third phase
data processing, as well as links to social of the project is the prototype phase. The
functionalities (Islam et al., 2020). Scientific development of the prototype was conducted

26 NURCCOINS 2021 PROCEEDING
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in this phase. The application was developed generated by the system – detecting where
using Ionic Framework. (Phase 3). The final the user is. The check-in information will
phase is testing and user acceptance testingto appear in the list-of history check-ins. The
assess the success of the application and to next functionality is body temperature, where
ensure the application meets its requirements. the user will measure their body temperature
(Phase 4). by using facial recognition or thumbprint. If
the data measure was successful, the body
temperature will be auto-generated to the
body temperature field. The third feature
is where users can book swab test booking
appointments. Users are given choices of
COVID-19 swab test places.The price, result
estimation, and location are available, and
users can also make an appointment based on
their preferences.

Figure 1 Research process

Result And Discussions

Findings from the survey had provided the Figure 2 High-level view
author with a comprehensive capability to
collect findings and to draw conclusions and The activity diagram shown in Figure
make vital decisions. Hence, the development 3 depicts the general flow of the mobile
of the mobile application with additional application for the COVID- 19 Monitoring
features from the current monitoring system. System in Malaysia. The system flowchart
The readiness of the public for this type of is developed based on the survey that was
mobile application system was positive; conducted. From the survey, we had obtained
from their responses, we can conclude that unbiased information from respected
the overall idea of the mobile application is respondents to acquire information and
greatly appreciated. insights about the current monitoring system.
The survey questions focus on the problems
Overview of the Mobile Application for faced by the users when using the current
COVID-19 Monitoring System system.

In this project, the mobile application is
developed by integrating features for an
easier way for people to check in to the
premises. A use case diagram is developed
to identify the main functionalities of the
mobile application. Figure 2 represents the
high-level view for the mobile apps. There
are 3 main functionalities in mobile apps.
Briefly, the first functionality is GPS-enabled
check-in, in which the user can check in to the
current places as the location would be auto-

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Figure 3 Activity diagram Figure 5 Body temperature using facial
recognition

Figure 4 Check-in interface Figure 6 Body temperature using fingerprint

28 NURCCOINS 2021 PROCEEDING
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Figure 7 Swab test booking appointment Discussion
Figure 8 Swab test booking appointment
The challenges of implementing the project
included meeting the user expectation
which means that the outcome of the
application meets the user requirement and
gives satisfaction to the user when using the
application. As smartphone users, we tend
to use an application that displays accurate
results according to our needs, an application
that can respond quickly to users’ requests,
and an application that can give the feel of
simplicity to the user. Other than that, the
challenge of this project is that to give the
accuracy of this application to the user.
Accuracy is a very important aspect; thus, the
application must be accurate when the user
uses it. Essentially, accuracy and effectiveness
are important elements in creating a mobile
application because they will encourage
the user to download it and use it as their
favourite application. In this project, some
limitations need to be acknowledged.

GPS Technology

a. The app depends on a good internet
connection. If the mobile device’s
internet connection is bad, then the app
will load data slower or not retrieve any
data at all.

b. The app depends on Google’s API
including Google Maps Geocoding
API, and Google Maps Distance Matrix
API. So, the server requires a good
internet connection, as well as the
server, uses these services from Google.
The accuracy of the results depends on
Google. If Google returns an inaccurate
result, the app will provide inaccurate
results as well.

Body Temperature Detection

The result shows that each of the respondents
suggested a body temperature feature should

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be included in the monitoring system. As a a. The user must have a smartwatch
requirement to check a body temperature, all to calculate the heart rate; as the
of the respondents give positive feedback on development of this project, the user
having a body temperature feature. For the extracted the value of heart rate to
body temperature, the users would also have measure body temperature.
to measure their body temperature by using
facial recognition or thumbprint. b. The body temperature measurement
might have a conflict. This is due to the
The coverage of this study/project is limited sorting algorithm implemented.
to developing a mobile application that can
detect temperature. In this project, the author Conclusion
presented that the body temperature is derived
from a heart ratevalue. The heart rate value is The emergence of new technologies in
extracted from another app that is connected COVID-19 contact tracing is seen as a
to a smartwatch. In this case,the smartwatch hopeful alternative that Governments, Health
calculates the heart rate value, and then it is Authorities, and IT technocrats must strongly
estimated to form a body temperature value. adapt in mitigating the spread of coronavirus.
By using this formula obtained from (Jensen When it comes to creating a system as a solution
et al., 2019); ΔHR/°C = BPM. For example: to improve the current mechanism, a solution
Initial Heart Rate = 68 , Final Heart Rate = 70 of Mobile App is the right method to choose
70-68/37 = 0.05 in this case. After the whole deliverables have
been carried out throughout this project, the
According to Conrad (2020), a US anatomic idea and concept of the development have been
pathologist; fever without symptoms is called successfully done by the author. The project
FUO (Fever Unknown Origin). The fever has successfully overcome the problems of
can be proven by tracking the heart rate, the current contact tracing and successfully
where the heart rate will increase if there is achieved the objectives. Further research is
an elevation in body temperature. Hence, the required on how to improve the reliability
development of the mobile application for and effectiveness of the use of contact
body temperature is based on the following tracing technologies in the fight against the
concept: COVID-19 pandemic while observing the
security and privacy of individuals.
Table 1 Body Temperature Heart Rate Concept
References
HR BT Status
< 75 < 97.8 F Undercooling Ahmed, N., Michelin, R.A., Xue, W., Ruj, S.,
75 - 90 97.8 - 98.6 F Malaney, R., Kanhere, S.S., Seneviratne,
> 101 99.5 - 102.02 F Normal A., Hu, W., Janicke, H. & Jha, S. (2020).
Fever A Survey of COVID-19 Contact Tracing
Apps. ArXiv, pp. 134577-4601.
For the time being, the mobile application
is usable as the body temperature is derived Bielicki, J.A., Duval, X., Gobat, N.,
from the heart rate. The usability testing Goossens, H., Koopmans, M., Tacconelli,
for body temperature result and the final E., & van der Werf, S. (2020). Monitoring
value from by the formula is within ± 1. approaches for health-care workers during
Nevertheless, the limitations of the body the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet
temperature are: Infectious Diseases, 20(10), pp. e261-e267.
Doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30458-8

30 NURCCOINS 2021 PROCEEDING
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Budd, J., Miller, B.S., Manning, E.M., Marcel, S., Christian, A.L., Richard, N.,
Lampos, V., Zhuang, M., Edelstein, M.,
Rees, G., Emery, V.C., Stevens, M.M., Silvia, S., Emma, H., Jacques, F., Marcel,
Keegan, N., Short, M.J., Pillay, D., Manley,
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A.M. & McKendry, R.A. (2020). Digital
technologies in the public-health response W.S., Isabella, E., Matthias, E. & Nicola,
to COVID-19. Nature Medicine, 26(8),
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Switzerland: On the importance of testing,
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A.A., & Naaz, R. (2020). Applicability contact tracing and isolation. Swiss
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pandemic (COVID-19): Issues, challenges Medical Weekly, 150(11-12), pp. 4-6.
and solutions. Computer Science
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cosrev.2020.100307
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Daughton, C. (2020). The international
imperative to rapidly and inexpensively technologies into COVID-19 contact
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infection status and trends. Science of tracing: Opportunities, challenges
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Doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138149 and pitfalls. Diabetes and Metabolic

Ferretti, L., Wymant, C., Kendall, M., Zhao, Syndrome: Clinical Research and Reviews,
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5X.2020.1802358

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Ignition Interlock Device (IID) for Fatigue Driving
Prevention System

Tun Akif Tun Zainal Azni, Ahmad Sobri Hashim
Faculty of Science and Information Technology,

Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia
Email: [email protected]

Abstract other drivers, passengers, and pedestrians.
The most dangerous effect of this offense is
Fatigue driving is the act of driving while the occurrence of road accidents that have
being in a fatigued state and has caused led to multiple fatalities. Fatigue driving has
multiple road accidents resulting in injuries become one of the main reasons that lead to
and even deaths. This paper presents an road accidents worldwide, where according
ignition interlock device (IID) that detectsthe to the National Highway Traffic Safety
drivers’ fatigue state using heart rate sensors. Administration in the United States, fatigue
The system alerts other road users when driving is estimated to be the cause of over
fatigue driving is detected, determined when 100,000police-reported road accidents every
the driving heart rate falls more than 9.3% year (National Sleep Foundation, 2020).
of normal driving heart rate. The system is
a user-friendly, non-invasive, and improved The dangers of fatigue driving are caused
alternative to existing fatigue-driving by fatigue impairment on the human body.
preventive measures. Agile methodology was The major effect of fatigue on a driver is the
used throughout the Software Development gradual diversion of the driver from the road
Life Cycle (SDLC) of the system. and its traffic, along with the poor driving
performance (Makowiec-Dabrowska et al.,
Keywords fatigue driving, heart rate, heart 2011). In the industry of road transport, work
rate change, ignition interlock device, driving or sleep time is heavily regulated as within the
prevention system industry, a piece of evidence suggested that
sleep deprivation is correlated to increased
Introduction risk in accident occurrences (Dawson et al.,
2021). Negative effects on alertness and
Fatigue driving, or drowsy driving, is a driving performance have also been observed with
offense due to a person controlling or operating sleep deprivation. National Safety Council
a vehiclewhile being in a fatigued or sleepy suggested that the impact of fatigue driving
state, which causes the person to be incapable is like drunk driving, where drivers’ reaction
of driving the vehicle safely. The conducted times, awareness of road hazards, and
offense will not only cause harm to the driver the ability to stay attentive on the road
alone, but also to other road userswhich are, significantly worsens as the fatigue state
gets worse (National Safety Council, 2021).

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They also stated that driving after more than yawning, eye closure, facial expressions, and
20 sleepless hours is equivalent to driving head pose.
with a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of
0.08%. Furthermore, since the system is designed
with behavioural parameters in mind, it is a
Multiple initiatives have been made to non-intrusive method of detecting the driver’s
reduce the occurrences of fatigue driving. drowsiness because it does not require any
As mentioned earlier, there are regulations sensor placements on the driver’s body and
regarding sleep or work time in the road thus does not interrupt him while driving.
transport industry that will limit the amount Using a Raspberry Pi camera mounted on
of time spent by drivers on operating a vehicle the vehicles’ dashboard approximately 20
(Dawson et al., 2021). This is especially cm away from the driver’s face, the driver’s
important to the heavy vehicle drivers that face was constantly recorded to detect eye
are mostly the cause of road accidents. There movements. Haar Cascadeclassifier was used
are also campaigns made by organisations to perform the detection of facial landmarks.
such as the Malaysian Ministry of Health The eye regions were extracted once the
where they encourage thepublic to not begin various areas of the face were detected to
a drive while having sleep deprivation or in a measure the eye closure ratio. A buzzer will
fatigued state (Bernama, 2017). Despite that, immediately alert the driver if the eye closure
these initiatives are still insufficient to curb ratio declines from the standard ratio of a
the issue that affects many stakeholders. person in a normal state. The system has
an additional measure to ensure the driver
The main objective of the Ignition stays awake by notifying the owner of the
Interlock Device (IID) for Fatigue Driving vehicle through an e-mail if the driver is
Prevention System is to computerise and detected to be falling asleep multiple times.
automate current manual processes to lessen Jang and Ahn (2020) improvised the facial
the impact of the problems and improve the features-based detection system by adding
current automated prevention systems. a carbon dioxide sensor as it was found that
fatigue driving occurrences are also caused
Related Work / Literature Methods by the air quality in the vehicles. According
to the study, the fatigue state of drivers would
Existing Fatigue Driving Prevention most likely occur when the concentration
Methods of carbon dioxide exceeds 1500 ppm or
parts per million. Furthermore, when carbon
Real-time fatigue driving detection systems dioxide levels were high, it caused not only
have been studied by various researchers drowsiness and stiffness, but also dizziness,
with most of them using technologies such headaches, and other health issues.
as IoT and image recognition. The various
parameters that were found in studies used Heart Rate for Measuring Fatigue State
for detecting the fatigue state of drivers
were implemented by involving various Heart rate change during sleepy, drowsy, or
sensors available. Hossain and George fatigue driving has never been investigated. A
(2018) proposed a method using the basis of pilotstudy was conducted by Jo et al. (2019)
behavioural measurements to detect fatigue to study the relationship between heart rate
driving. The input that is used in the method change and fatigue driving. According to Jo
is the eye closure ratio and the behavioural et al. (2019), no study was conducted on
measurement that includes using an external the change of heart rate while falling asleep
camera to monitor eye blinking patterns,

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during driving a vehicle. Furthermore, it is much process, enabling it to work in dynamic
very difficult to acquire thedata on heart rate environments where frequent changes
change while driving a vehicle, even without in requirements occur while attempting
the relation to sleepiness, as it is very rare. for software products of high quality. The
intent of the methodology is seen through
The result of the study by Jo et al. (2019) the four principles of the Agile Manifesto,
shows that the mean heart rate during driving which include individuals and interactions
significantly increased from 80 ± 4.7 beats/ over process and tools, working code over
min (total period heart rate) to 89.9 ± 5.6 comprehensive documentation, customer
beats/min,which is as much as 12.6%. When collaboration over contract negotiation,
comparing to the daytime mean heart rate and responding to change over following
of 85 ± 5.6 beats/min, the driving heart rate a plan (Coram & Bohner, 2005). These
increased as much as 7%. When sleepiness principles are what lead to theadvantages of
was considered, the mean heart rate during the methodology related to its development
sleepy driving significantly decreased from process, which is fewer bugs, faster delivery,
89.8 ± 5.6 beats/min (driving heart rate) to effective communication, better quality, and
81.5 ± 9.2 beats/min, which is by 9.3% ± better risk analysis (Rasnacis & Berzisa,
7.4%. Comparing the daytime heart rate to 2017).
the night-time sleeping heart rate shows a
decrease from 85 ± 5.6 beats/min (daytime) Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
to 68.8± 6.0 beats/min (night-time sleeping),
which is by 19% ± 4.9%. The Software Development Life Cycle
(SDLC) of the “Ignition Interlock Device
Based on this study, the data that is very for Fatigue Driving Prevention System” was
useful for the development of IID for Fatigue based on the phases that include planning,
Driving System is the decreased heart rate analysis, design, development, and testing.
of 9.3% ± 7.4% from normal driving heart Since the methodology to be used is Agile,
rate to sleepy driving heart rate. This data the phases or iterations may return to the
can be used as the input to determine whether predecessors based on the needs and changes
the driver is in a normal state or fatigue state that may occur throughout the development
using a heart rate sensor which will be used process.
for the system.
Development Tools
Research Methodology
Microcontroller
Agile Methodology
The development of the system’s
For the development of the “Touch- prototype required a microcontroller. The
based Infrared System for Drunk Driving microcontroller, Arduino, was used to
Prevention”, an Agile methodology was control the system and read the inputs from
implemented to guide the various phases in the thesensor as well as give outputs to show the
Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC). result of the readings. Arduino was used as it
Agile is an approach for software design and is simple and easily accessible with various
development, arose in the late 1990s for high resources that could help throughout the
compatibility with the fast development of development process as it is an open-source
the World Wide Web (WWW) (Al-Zewari platform (Arduino, 2020). In addition, it is
et. al, 2017). The methodology finds an
equilibrium between no process and too

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also relatively inexpensive compared to other Flowchart Diagram
microcontroller platforms.

Heart Rate Sensor

As the heart rate sensor technology is the
focus of this system, a heart rate sensor
was required for the development of the
prototype. The specific sensor that was used
for the system is the MAX30100 heart rate
sensor and pulse module that is widely used
for Arduino projects.

Light Emitting Diode (LED)

To simulate the ignition process of a vehicle
and the hazard warning lights of a vehicle,
a light-emitting diode (LED) was used in
the prototype system to show the result of a
successful vehicle’s engine ignition.

Integrated Development Environment Figure 1 Flowchart diagram
(IDE)

To make sure the inputs were captured Figure 2 shows the flowchart diagram that
and processed by the microcontroller, an illustrates the flow of processes in the IID
integrated development environment (IDE) for Fatigue Driving Prevention System from
was required. Various tools were used for the the beginning to the end after the system had
development in addition to the language that is been developed. Based on the figure, after
expandable through C++ libraries (Arduino, the system begins, the systemwill prompt the
2020). To produce the visualisation of the driver to put a finger on the sensor which is
heart rate readings fromtime to time, Phyton placed as part of the ignitionbutton in vehicles.
language was used to utilise the pySerial and Next, the driver will put a finger on the sensor
Matplotlib libraries. (also the ignition button).

RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS Once the sensor detects a finger is put on
it, it will detect the heartbeats of the driver
System Design and measure the heart rate of the driver. After
collecting several heart rate readings, the
The system design based on the requirements system will calculate the average heart rate
gathered during the analysis phase isshown of the driver. The average heart rate will then
in the flowchart diagram. be compared to the allowed heart rate limit
(more than or equal to 90.7% of normal heart
rate) of the driver saved in the system.

If the average heart rate is found to be
within the limit, the system will then check if

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the state of the engine. If the state of the engine The equations involved in the measurement
is yet to be started, the systemwill display a process are shown in Equation 1and Equation
message that says, “Engine is started!”, on 2. The average heart rate will be compared
the liquid crystal display (LCD). Then, the with the allowed heart ratelimit.
system will ignite the engine (simulated by
turning on the LED in the prototype). After Allowed heart rate limit (1)
that, the system will change the engine state = 90.7% x Normal heart rate
stored in it to start. The next step will be (Equation 1 Allowed heart rate limit)
the display of visualisation of average heart
rate data and allowedheart rate limit using a Average hear rate (2)
scatter diagram. The system will then wait = (Sum of 5 heart reading)/5
for 15 minutes (following the principle of the
Karolinska Sleeping Scale) until the prompt (Equation 2 Average heart rate, where heart
of the next heart rate reading to check the rate readings are taken 5 times)
fatigue state of the driver, which returns to
the beginning of the cycle. However, if the Real System Visualisation
average heart rate is found to be within the
limit, but the state of the engine is started. When the real system is implemented in the
The system will then display a message that vehicle, the system will be incorporated into
says, “Driver is OK!”, on the LCD. Then, the the ignition interlock device where the sensor
visualisation of average heart rate data and will be placed as part of the ignition button.
allowed heart rate limit will be displayed. The sensor placed there is used for the sole
The cycle will be followed by the system purpose of the ignition process. However,
waiting for 15 minutes until the next heart when the driver is driving, it is unnatural for
rate reading prompt and then returning to the the driver to place the finger on the ignition
beginning of the cycle. button every time the system prompts for
heart rate measurement. Therefore, the
On the other hand, if the average heart rate system is proposed to place another sensor
is found to be below the limit, the system will on a much natural driver touchpoint during
be displaying a message that says, “Driver the driving process. Since the driver will be
is fatigued!”, on the LCD. Next, the state of controllingthe steering wheel throughout the
the engine will be checked. If the state of the driving process, it is the perfect spot to place
engine has yet to be started, the IID will be the second sensor that will measure heart rate
restarted and returned to the prompt of heart from time to time during a drive.
rate reading to allow the driver to have another
chance at igniting the vehicle’s engine. Figure 2 Keyless push-button ignition interface
Alternatively, if the engine has been started, that can incorporate the system
the system will be displaying a message that
says, “Please stopdriving!”, on the LCD. The
system will then give a warning to other road
users by blinking the signal lights (simulated
as the blinking of the LED in the prototype).
The system will also display the visualisation
of average heart rate data and the allowed
heart rate limit. The system, in this case, the
prototype, will end after that.

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FatigueDriving Prevention System is shown
in Figure 4. An example of visualisation
using a scatter plot, shown to the user after a
measurement, is shown in Figure 5.

Testing Results & Discussion

Figure 3 Steering wheel, a perfect place to place Series of testing of the final prototype system
the second sensor (the red squaresmark the were executed after the completion of the
possible areas to put the sensor) development phase. The objective behind the
testing phase is to estimate and understand the
Final Prototype system’s ability to meet the requirements
and objectives. The series of tests include
Figure 4 Final prototype for Ignition Interlock User Acceptance Testing and Usability
Device (IID) for Fatigue Driving Prevention Testing. 15 respondents representing end-
users were chosen to carry out the tests.
System Before the testing was conducted, the system
was tested thoroughly to ensure that no
Figure 5 The final prototype’s visualisation of problems occur during run time and caused
heart rate data after a successful engine it to behave unintendedly. The functionalities
ignition of the system were also explained to the end-
users to avoid confusion.
The final prototype that was developed
for the Ignition Interlock Device (IID) for User Acceptance Testing (UAT) is a
testing method where a developed system is
being evaluated by the end-users to verify
the system’s flow. The test cases tested
in the UAT were designed based on the
use cases that were designed during the
design phase. The flow of each test case
is determined accordingly along with its
expected outcomes. The activities or steps
in each test case are then evaluated with a
pass or fail result. The users performed the
tasks both when fatigued and not fatigued.
The determination of the fatigue state is
done through theKarolinska Sleepiness scale
where the user will rate themselves from 1 to
9 on their sleepiness subjectively. The users
are deemed sleepy when their sleepiness
ratings are 7 and above. Through the UAT
conducted, it was found that there were no
difficulties faced by the users who took part
in the testing. All the steps in the test cases
have met their expected outcomes. The UAT
shows a 100% rate of user acceptance towards
the system developed. All the requirements

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and objectives of the system are also met interaction between the users and the system
accordingly and successfully. thus improving the user experience with
the system. The user interface should also
Usability Testing is a testing method be simplified to avoid users’ confusion on
where a developed system is being evaluated the system through the reduction of time in
by the end-users to determine whether the the user’s thinking process when using the
developed system meets its objective or system.
purpose qualitatively.

Conclusion

Figure 6 Average rating on usability of the Ignition Interlock Device (IID) for Fatigue
system Driving Prevention System development can
help prevent fatigue driving in much better
Based on Figure 6, which illustrates the ways. IID for Fatigue Driving Prevention
IID for Fatigue Prevention System in terms System is a system that was proposed to
of its usability, the end-users who participated computerise and automate current manual
in the testing agree in the majority that the processes to lessen the impactof the problems
system’s functionalities are usable for the on the stakeholders and improve the current
users. There is no difficulty faced by the end- automated prevention systems. The system
users intesting the system. However, they still has three main functionalities which are
need to receive some form of guidance such engine ignition, vehicle operation, and
as a manualguide to allow them to understand visualisation of measurement results. All
the usage of the system better. three of the functionalities depend on the
heart rate measurement that is takenpromptly.
In a nutshell, the proposed system will be
expected to be very useful to its stakeholders.
The system shows improvements compared
to existing prevention methods.

Acknowledgement

Figure 7 Average rating on user-friendliness of I would like to use this opportunity to express
the system my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Dr.
Ahmad Sobri bin Hashim for his guidance
On the other hand, based on Figure 7, which and support throughout the development of
illustrates the IID for Fatigue Prevention the system. The recommendationand sharing
System in terms of its user-friendliness, the given under his supervision have been a great
end-users who participated in the testing help for me to complete the system according
agree in themajority that the system and its to a high standard. Without his guidance and
graphical user interface (GUI) are user- teachings, surely it would be hard for me to
friendly. It is crucial to design and develop ensure the completion of the system.
a user-friendly system with a good interface
as it will increase its attraction towards the
users. A good interface also facilitates the

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References Makowiec-Dabrowska, T., Bortkiewicz,
A., Siedlecka, J., & Gadzicka, E.
Al-Zewairi, M., Biltawi, M., Etaiwi, W. (2011). Wpływ zmeczenia na zdolność
& Shaout, A. (2017) Agile software prowadzenia pojazdów [Effect of fatigue
development methodologies: Survey on the fitness to drive]. Medycyna pracy,
of surveys. Journal of Computer and 62(3), 281–290.
Communications, 5, pp. 74-97. Doi:
10.4236/jcc.2017.55007. National Safety Council. (2021). Drivers are
falling asleep behind the wheel. fatigue
Arduino. (2020). Introduction. Arduino - driver - National Safety Council. https://
Introduction. https://www.arduino.cc/en/ www.nsc.org/road-safety/safety-topics/
guide/introduction. Bernama. (2017, May fatigued-driving.
28). Don’t drive if you are fatigued,
sleepy - Health DG. https://www. National Sleep Foundation. (2020, September
astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/dont- 30). Facts and Stats. Drowsy Driving - Stay
drive-if-you-are-fatigued-sleepy-health- Alert, ArriveAlive. https://drowsydriving.
dg- 144224. org/about/facts-and-stats/.

Coram, M. & Bohner, S. (2005). The impact Rasnacis, A. & Berzisa, S. (2017). Method
of agile methods on software project for adaptation and implementation of
management. 12th IEEE International agile project management methodology.
Conference and Workshops on the Procedia Computer Science, 104, pp. 43-
Engineering of Computer-Based Systems 50. Doi:10.1016/j.procs.2017.01.055
(ECBS’05). Doi:10.1109/ecbs.2005.68

Dawson, D., Sprajcer, M. & Thomas, M.
(2021). How much sleep do you need?
A comprehensive review of fatigue
related impairment and the capacity to
work or drive safely. Accident Analysis &
Prevention, 151, 105955. Doi:10.1016/j.
aap.2020.105955

Hossain, M.Y. & George, F.P. (2018). IoT
based real-time drowsy driving detection
system for the prevention of road
accidents. 2018 International Conference
on Intelligent Informatics and Biomedical
Sciences (ICIIBMS). Doi:10.1109/
iciibms.2018.8550026

Jang, S.-W. &Ahn, B. (2020). Implementation
of detection system for drowsy driving
prevention using image recognition
and IoT. Sustainability, 12(7), 3037.
Doi:10.3390/su12073037

Jo, S.-H., Kim, J.-M. & Kim, D.K. (2019).
Heart rate change while drowsy driving.
Journal of Korean Medical Science, 34(8).
Doi:10.3346/jkms.2019.34.e56

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Learn BKD (Bahasa Kadazandusun) - Mobile Application

Maychelle Roger Mool
Department of Computer Information Sciences,

Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia

Abstract Learn BKD will act as another alternative
to encourage the teaching and usage of
Language plays a big role in society. It the Kadazandusun language. Android
portrays the identity and the sense of application is chosen to be the medium for
belonging to a group of people. There is this projectbecause it is easily accessible to a
roughly 6909 living language in the world wide range of users. Learn BKD will use the
as of now and a lot of these languages are Bunduliwandialect as it is the official dialect
still around but is dying. The same goes for for the Kadazandusun language. So, there
the Kadazandusun community in Sabah, the is no longer any confusion for what dialect
usage of their mother tongue declined from is used considering Sabah has more than 30
day to day. Nowadays, the community uses different dialects been spoken among the
less and less of their language. To lose the Kadazandusun community. Usability testing
language is tolose their identity. This project and system testing are conducted upon
aims to study the Kadazandusun language finishing the development of the application
level of utilisation among the community. prototype.
This project also intended to develop an
android mobile application named Learn Introduction
BKD (Bahasa Kadazandusun) that aims to
help the community to learn the language Background
in a more interesting way. Furthermore,
this project is conducted using a research One of the big roles in a society is its
phase methodology which consists of five language. “It portrays identity and the sense
phases. A survey is conducted to study the of belonging to a group of people” (Lewis,
Kadazandusun language level of utilisation 2009). In based on research conducted, it is
and as for development methodology, the found that “there are roughly 6,909 living
chosen approach is Rapid Application languages in the world right now” (Lewis,
Development (RAD). 2009). A lot of these languages are still
around yet dying with the issue of language
Other than that, this project is also an effort endangerment becoming more serious in
to preserve the Kadazandusun language as it the last two decades. The same goes for the
has become an endangered language and Kadazandusun community in Sabah, the
fear it will reach the point of extinction.

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usage of their mother tongue declined after Scope
gaining independenceand joining Malaya in Scope for this project are:
1963 to form Malaysia as we know it now
(Mary Cassandra et al., 2020) Nowadays, the 1. To develop a mobile application in
community use less and less of their language. learning Kadazandusun Language
To lose the languageis to lose their identity.
a. Android mobile application
Problem Statements
b. Learning the basics and daily
According to (Pungit, 2016) it is predicted
that the Kadazandusun Language of the conversations of Kadazandusun
Kadazandusun race will extinct in 30 years
from now as its younger generation is speaking language
less and less of the language. There are many
reasons for the extinction of the language c. Learning modules uses
namely mixed marriage and wide usage of
another language. Quoted from Gontusan, Kadazandusun Bunduliwan dialect
“Kadazandusun language is difficult to learn
and master” (Gontusan, 2017)because of the 2. The application will be trilingual which
less speaker. “Only when one is immersed
in an environment in which the language is is Kadazandusun Language, English,
solidly spoken can one master the essence of
the language” (Gontusan, 2017). and Bahasa Malaysia to ease the

learning.

a. To evaluate the functionality and
usability of the application

Literature Review
Language of Kadazandusun

Objectives The indigenous language of Sabah is coming
to extinct and a Sabah identity may never be
The objective of this project is to develop a born. Based on the research there are 138
mobile application that can attract youngsters languages in Malaysia, there are 54 indigenous
in learning the Kadazandusun language. languages of Sabah (Scholz, 2020). Borneo’s
It will be designed to help the beginner in linguistic past is complicated, but its origins
learning the language. The objective of this can be traced back to Austronesian speakers
project is, from the Philippines who settled in Sabah
4,000-4,500 years ago (Mary Cassandra et
a. To study the Kadazandusun language al., 2020). Nowadays, the modern languages
level of utilisation among the of Borneo began to develop and diverse
Kadazandusun communities because of modernism.

b. To develop a mobile application in Endangered Language
learning Kadazandusun language (Learn
BKD) Based on the Ethnologue website (Lewis,
2009) Kadazandusun is rated 6b (Threatened)
which means the language is still used in
face-to-face communication within the
community but it is losing speakers. The
Kadazandusun language was successfully
integrated into Sabah schools starting in

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1997. To safeguard social andeconomic, the Development (RAD) methodology.
community started to use the Malay language Finally, phase five is the testing phase of
at home after Sabah gained itsindependence
(Tarmizi et al., 2020). In conjunction with Learn BKD application where the scope,
the fast-growing Malaysian culture, fewer functionality, and usability testing are
and less family even taught their children conducted. Figure 1 shows the diagram of the
to speak in their mother tongue language. methodology used in this project.
Parents prefer to teach other languages to
their children because they believe it would
give them better chances in life especially in
searching for a job (Dani et al., 2019).

Methodology

It is crucial to choose the right methodology Figure 1 Learn BKD Methodology diagram
to complete the project. Since this project has
a deadline, the deliverable has to be done on Results And Discussion
time. In completing this Learn BKD project
research phase methodology is chosen. This Learn BKD modules
methodology consists of five phases which
are, The proposed module’s vocabulary must be
gathered from accurate and credible sources
1. Phase One: Background Study before the application can be created. The
2. Phase Two: Literature Review Kadazandusun words used in Learn BKD
3. Phase Three: Data Gathering and are limited to the most common words
and phrases only. The words are translated
Analysis in English, Bahasa Malaysia, and Bahasa
4. Phase Four: Development of Learn Kadazandusun and their accuracy is cross-
checked with a professional reference Dr.
BKD App Rosliah Kiting. A Senior lecturer of Bahasa
5. Phase Five: Testing of Learn BKD App Kadazandusun at Universiti Pendidikan
Sultan Idris (UPSI). The words gathered are
In phase one, background studies and shown in the following tables, according to
theoretical studies are conducted where its module. The application has a greetings
research topics, objectives, and scope are module, number module, days module, and
defined. Phase two is where a literature daily conversation modules.
review is conducted for related work and
past studies. This includes reading journals, Kadazandusun language level of utilisation
articles, and findings. Moving on to phase survey
three, data gathering and analysis is
conducted by surveying to identify the level In line with the first objective which is to
of utilisation of Kadazandusun language study the Kadazandusun language level of
among the community. utilisation, a survey has been conducted from
30 November 2020 – 6 December 2020. Target
This is done by developing and distributing respondents were among the Kadazandusun
questionnaires and making data analysis. The community and the platform is Microsoft
development of Learn BDK application is
done in phase four where the development
of the application will use Rapid Application

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Form. The survey was distributed through Figure 2 Homepage
WhatsApp and social media – Facebook and Figure 3 Learning page
Instagram. The initial target of response was
100 responses, but the responses received
wereoverwhelming. Over the seven days of
conducting the survey, 457 responses were
successfully gained. The survey is important
to fulfill the first objective.

In the survey, the respondents are also
asked to know their opinion on why they think
the new generation uses less Kadazandusun
language. The most common feedback
gained from the survey are:

1. No early exposure from parents
2. Less usage of the language means there

is no one to teach
3. No reference to learning
4. No support from surrounding

Based on the feedback gained, it is clear
that this project can benefit the community
by providing a platform for them to learn the
language.

Final Prototype

The application is developed using Android
Studio Developer. The screenshot of the Final
Prototype is shown below. Figure 21 shows
the homepage of Learn BKD user can choose
whether to go straight for the learning or go
for a tutorial. If users click on the tutorial,
they will be brought to the tutorial page. If
the user clicks on the learning button, the
user will be broughtto the learning page as in
Figure 20 where the user can choose which
module to learn, and also the user can choose
the module for children. In Figure 21, the
Kids page is shown. This moduleis suitable
for users aged four to eight years old.

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in the community. Therefore, thisplatform is
another effort to make learning interesting
and fun for the newer generation. With all
these criteria considered, in hopes that this
project will be able to help the Kadazandusun
community in keeping the language alive for
generations to come with thisapplication.

Recommendations

Figure 4 Kids Page To provide the correct inputs on the use of
the language, further readings and a thorough
Conclusions And Recommendations search of materials are needed. The amount of
material available on the Internet, especially
Conclusions articles about the Kadazandusun language, is
extremely limited. Researchers in the future
To summarise, this project was completed should consider researching Sabah, which
within two semesters. This projectwill benefit has a wealth of physical resources. Not to
the Kadazandusun community in preserving forget, more modules should be added to
the language which also means saving the the application for border learning. Other
identity of the indigenous ethnic. Learn BKD functions should also be added. Such as,
is a project to create an Android application voice recognitions, games, and even scores
to help the Kadazandusun community for better learning and making the app
learn basic Kadazandusun vocabulary more attractive. The focus of this project
and to measure the level of utilisation of is limited to Android smartphone users.
the Kadazandusun language among the Similar applications for other mobile phone
community. Learning BKD will act as an platforms, such as Apple’s iPhone, RIM’s
alternative to books as a means forlearningthe Blackberry, and other Symbian smartphones,
Kadazandusun language. Users will be able could be developed in the future. It is also
to learn new vocabulary related to numbers, possible to develop a stand-alone system
days, greetings, and simple conversation for PCs that will further inform users of the
phrases, as well as learn how to spellcertain language.
Kadazandusun words. Furthermore, the
pronunciation of the words given will assist Acknowledgment
users in learning how to pronounce each
word correctly. The level of utilisation of First of all, I would like to take this
the language is poor among the youngsters opportunity to express my sincere gratitude
and appreciation towards my project
supervisor, Dr. Aliza Binti Sarlan for her
constant supervision, numerous suggestions,
guidance, and support throughout this
project. I am honoured to be under her
supervision during this project.I would also
like to thank the committee of the Computer
Information Systems (CIS) department and
also to committee of the Final Year Project

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(FYP) of Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS
(UTP). They have provided guide, support,
and aid in completing the project. Last but
not least, I would like to deeply thank my
family for giving constant moral support.To
my fellow friends Olivia Stanley, Clariessa
Dublin, and Nur Jihan Haziqah that have
been giving support and become a source
of reference in completing the project. To
AlyssaConrod Mool, that had been featured
as the voice for this Learn BKD app. To all
individuals that willingly participated in the
surveys and testing conducted.

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Development of Remaining Useful Life (RUL) for an Aircraft
Turbofan Engine by using Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM)

Faatih Nuraliah Sohaidan
Faculty of Computer Sciences and Information Technology,

University Technology PETRONAS, Malaysia
Email: [email protected]

Abstract Introduction

Over past decades, research regarding Prognostic Health Management (PHM) of
Prognostic Health Management (PHM) has the machinery has been known for over
gained popularity in the field of engineering the decades by researchers all around the
due to the machinery fault (Chen & Lin, world. PHM is important in maintaining
2014). The failure of machinery systems can the reliability of the machinery systems and
cause many incidents such as delays or an it depends on the capabilities of the sensor
increase in operating costs for the industry and analysis by monitoring the state of the
(Peng et al., 2018; Ellefsen et al., 2019). machinery components to test the health
Over years, there are a lot of techniques portion (Chen & Lin, 2014; Babu et al.,
and methodologies have been discovered 2016). In this project, the author will be
by researchers to develop the prediction using sensors data extracted from aircraft
Remaining Useful Life (RUL) of PHM for turbofan components that are provided by
the machinery systems (Kalgren et al., 2006; NASA Ames Prognostics Data. Aircraft
Babu et al., 2016; Ellefsen et al., 2019). RUL turbofan is one of the complex machines in
is used to predict the future performance the engineering field and its maintenance
of the machinery to prevent fault (Kalgren is very important to increase the reliability
et al., 2006). In this project, Data-Driven of the systems. Aircraft turbofan engines
Methodology has been used to predict the are widely known for their high reliability
machinery as well as Long- Short Term and maintenance. This is because aircraft
Memory (LSTM). The prediction model turbofan is used as a prime mover to a variety
will be based on two models which are the of power generation applications. The
regression model and binary classification maintenance method of such a system should
model. In these models, the validation will be be stable and scalable to increase its stability
shown based on testdata and validation data. and improve its performance whereas the
Keywords: availability would result in lower downtime
and running costs. The datasets received are
in the form of three datasets (1) Training
datasets (2) Testing datasets and (3) Ground
Truth datasets. Training datasets consist of

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20k rows with 100 unique engine id while Research Methodology
testing datasets consist of 13k rows with 100
unique engine id. For ground truth datasets, it According to Ahsan & Lemma (2017), there
consists of 1 column and 100 rows. are various methodologies that researchers
used in predictive maintenance. In this chapter,
Literature Review the author will discuss what methodology is
used to predict the Remaining Useful Life
The study of Prognostic Health Management (RUL) of Aircraft Turbofan Engine.
(PHM) has been widely known by all the
researchers around the world with different Data-driven Methodology
types of engineering fields (Sutrisno et
al., 2012; Ellefsen et al., 2019; Chen & The data-driven methodology can be
Lin, 2014). PHM of the machinery can be defined as a methodology where it predicts
defined as a process system that can predict future performance based on the previous
the future performance of the machinery performance (Ahsan & Lemma, 2017). The
systems in the engineering field (Kalgren previous performance will form a Health
et al., 2006). The future performance of the Indicator (HI) and it will be as an indicator
machinery components is very important to to predict the RUL. Generally, it is consisting
avoid accidents such as delays, increasing of 4 steps. The first step is where the data is
production cost and the fault of the acquired. In this step, the measured data from
machinery components can cause injury the acceleration sensors are recorded and
to workers as well (Sutrisno et al., 2012). will be visualised. The next step is where the
In the real world, PHM is considered a author needs to construct the HI. From the
challenge for research for its complexity to data calculated, HI is designed with the deep
understand (Peng et al., 2018). However, the learning approaches representing the health
researchers are still struggling to come out state of the system components. Next, the
with accurate methods in the prediction of author needs to divide HI where in this steps,
Remaining Useful Life (RUL) (Zhao et al., it shows the degradation of the HI whether in
2016; Ellefsen et al., 2019). The principle of healthy stage or unhealthy stage. The last step
RUL is used to estimate the future life span is where the prediction of RUL occurred.
of machinery systems to reduce catastrophic
failures in both the production and service Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM)
industries (Guo et al., 2017). Therefore,
the purpose of this project is to develop the LSTM is one of the methods in Recurrent
prediction of RUL of machinery systems Neural Network (RNNs) where it is designed
based upon its past data (Zhao et al., 2016). to manage a series of data/events that happen
In this project, the author willbe used a deep in succession as well as to understand each
learning methodology called data-driven occurrence based on knowledge from the
methodology. The data-driven methodology previous data/events. The architecture of the
can be defined as a methodology where it LSTM network consists of three gates; (1)
predicts future performance based on the Forget gate (2) Input gate (3) Output gate.
previous performance (Guo et al., 2017). These gates allow the network to keep and
The previous performance will form a Health store the data information for a long time.
Indicator (HI) and it will be as an indicator In addition, gates are re-regulated by the
to predict the RUL. concatenation of the performance from the
previous time stage where the present input
and optionally the vector for the cell state.