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Table 1 Forecast on future of smart farming Table 3 Benefits of smart farming
Year Data Analysis Benefit Description
2000
2016 525 Million Farms connected to IoT Water Soil, water, light, humidity,
2035 540 Million Farms to Date are Conversion temperature
connected to IoT.
2050 Real-Time Farmers could imagine
780 Million Farms would be Data and output patterns, soil moisture,
connected to IoT and total costs. Production sunshine strength, and more
Insight in real-time and remotely to
2 Billion Farms are likely to be accelerate decision-making.
connected to IoT
Automation processes in
Related Work / Literature Review Lowered planting, processing, and
Operation harvesting can minimise
Smart Farming resource use, human error,
Cost and total costs.
Smart farming refers to the application Increased Analysing the level of
of Information and Communication Quality of production and the effects
Technology in agriculture (Ahmad Safwan Production of treatment correlation will
& Zareen, 2019). Table 2 below shows the reach farmers to change
technologies used in smart farming: procedures to improve the
quality of the crop.
Table 2 Technologies used in smart farming
Accurate analysis of output
Types of Description Accurate Farm rates by field over time allows
technology
Soil, water, light, humidity, and Field for accurate forecasts of
Sensors temperature Evaluation potential crop yields and farm
Specialised software solutions
Software Cellular, LoRa value.
Connectivity
Improved Sensors and machines may
Livestock be used to track sexual and
Farming health activities in animals in
the past. Geofencing location
Location GPS, Satellite tracking will also, enhance
the tracking and handling of
livestock.
Robotics Autonomous tractors, All sustainable efforts, such
processing facilities Reduced as water use and improved
Data Environmental land unit production, have
Analytics Underlies the decision making Footprint a positive effect on the
and prediction
environmental footprint.
These smart devices and robotic systems Remote Multiple fields are tracked by
and precision farming make farms more Monitoring local and business farmers
profitable, efficient, safer, and ecological from an internet connection
(Pilehforooshha et al., 2014). Table 3 in many countries around
explains the benefits of smart farming. the world. Decisions can be
taken in real-time and from
everywhere.
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Benefit Description Design and Development
Equipment The production rate, labor
Monitoring efficiency, and failure
predictions of farm machinery
can be tracked and sustained.
Internet of Things (IoT)
IoT is an integrated network of smart devices Figure 1 Proposed design of the prototype
which interact and produce important
environmental data under which it operates Figure 1 is the proposed design of the
(Navarro et al., 2020). The term “Things” prototype. The hardware (Water sensor,
in IoT refers to a collection of devices with Temperature & Humidity sensors, GPS
a unique identity and the ability to remotely module, and GSM module) are connected
sensor, run, and track certain types of data to Arduino UNO which will then be
in real-time (Nayyar & Puri, 2016). IoT has placed underground in a paddy field. The
become the megatrend for the technology Arduino collects water level, temperature
of next-generation including agriculture and humidity reading, and location of the
(Vimal & Shivaprakasha, 2017). device which will then be stored. The user
(farmer) will be able to view the status of
Research Methodology the device and location by a mere text,
for example, ‘STATE’, in which in GSM
Agile methodology is used for this project. module triggers a response and sends the
The method consists of requirements, data to the farmer through the means of
design, development, testing, and SMS. If there are any errors or malfunction
deployment. occur, the device will automatically send a
text message to the farmer notifying them
Requirements to check the device.
Interview and observation methods are In development, the software used for
used for collecting requirements by visiting SMARTFARM+ is Arduino IDE. Arduino
a farmer and learning about the difficulties IDE is open-source software that is used
and collecting knowledge. However, due to primarily to write and build code into
COVID-19 prohibition, no interview was Arduino Module. It is an official program
performed. Despite that, observation has by Arduino, which makes compiling code
also been made by watching some views too simple that the learning process for an
on Youtube regarding the new approach average citizen without previous technical
farmers in Malaysia used to achieve the experience is easy.
goals.
Hardware and Software Requirement
Table 4 below shows the hardware and
software requirements for this project.
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Table 4 Hardware and software requirement
Hardware and software requirement
Arduino UNO GSM SIM Sim Card
900A Module
DHT11 GPS Smartphone Figure 3 User interaction of SMARTFARM+
Temperature U-BLOX
& Humidity NEO 6M Figure 4 shows the fundamental flow
Sensor Version 2 of SMARTFARM+ data. The user will be
asked to read and send an SMS to allow the
Water Sensor Breadboard Arduino IDE sensors to read through a smartphone. If a
malfunction occurs, an SMS will be sent to
Testing and Deployment that venue.
Once the development phase is completed,
the functionality testing was conducted with
farmers and the device was deployed at the
paddy field.
Result And Discussions Figure 4 Data flow of SMARTFARM+
Figure 2 demonstrates the SMARTFARM+
components which are Arduino IDE and a The system will be constantly receiving
mobile phone (smartphone). readings from the water sensor and
temperature and humidity sensor. At the
Figure 2 System content of SMARTFARM+ same time, the system will receive real-
Figure 3 demonstrates the high-level time GPS location updates. If any of the
components malfunctions, the error will be
view of the relationship and technology logged, and an automatic text message will
and SMARTFARM+ users. To maintain, be sent to the user notifying the issue with
upgrade or change the SMARTFARM+ the precise location of said component.
program, developers or administrators can With this, the user can locate their device
use their desktop or laptop. Meanwhile, easily, diagnose the error immediately and
users (farmers) may update their mobile proceed to fix it.
devices for reading the sensor and location.
Conclusion
To summarise, this prototype will most
definitely be used among farmers especially
in paddy fields to ensure they can track
their device’s location and detect if the
device malfunctions. Thus, eliminating the
farmer’s problem in locating their device
and reducing the probability of significant
crop damage. The future for this project
will be focused on the development of
SMARTFARM+ by developing a mobile
100 NURCCOINS 2021 PROCEEDING
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application for the user to request the Vimal, P.V. & Shivaprakasha, K.S.
readings. The mobile application will be (2017, July). IoT-based greenhouse
able to navigate the shared location. environment monitoring and controlling
system using Arduino platform. In 2017
References International Conference on Intelligent
Computing, Instrumentation and
Ahmad Safwan, A.B. & Zareen, Z. (2019). Control Technologies (ICICICT) (pp.
Challenges of Smart Farming in Oil Palm 1514-1519). IEEE.
Plantation in Malaysia: An Overview.
Konvensyen Kebangsaan Kejuruteraan
Pertanian Dan Makanan, 280-2.
Ayre, M., Mc Collum, V., Waters, W.,
Samson, P., Curro, A., Nettle, R.,
Paschen, J.-A., King, B. & Reichelt,
N. (2019). Supporting and practising
digital innovation with advisers in smart
farming. NJAS-Wageningen Journal of
Life Sciences, 90, 100302.
Lin, Y.B., Lin, Y.W., Lin, J.Y. & Hung,
H.N. (2019). SensorTalk: An IoT
device failure detection and calibration
mechanism for smart farming. Sensors,
19(21), p. 4788.
Navarro, E., Costa, N. & Pereira, A. (2020).
A systematic review of IoT solutions for
smart farming. Sensors, 20(15), p. 4231.
Nayyar, A. & Puri, V. (2016, September).
Smart farming: IoT-based smart sensors
agriculture stick for live temperature
and moisture monitoring using Arduino,
cloud computing & solar technology.
In Proc. of The International
Conference on Communication and
Computing Systems (ICCCS-2016).
Doi:10.1201/9781315364094-121
Pilehforooshha, P., Karimi, M. & Taleai,
M. (2014). A GIS-based agricultural
land-use allocation model coupling
increase and decrease in land demand.
Agricultural Systems, 130, pp. 116-125.
Rodríguez-Robles, J., Martin, Á., Martin,
S., Ruipérez-Valiente, J.A. & Castro, M.
(2020). Autonomous sensor network for
rural agriculture environments, low cost,
and energy self charge. Sustainability,
12(15), p. 5913.
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University Student Self-management, Attendance Recording, and
Tracking (USmart) Application: A Proposed Design
Muhammad Yusry Hadi Mohd Yazid*, Saipunidzam Mahamad
Department of Computer and Information Sciences,
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia
Email: [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract along with an online survey were conducted
and distributed to the students and staff
Further propelled by external factors of the Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS
such as the recent COVID-19 pandemic, (UTP). From the survey, the majority of
many universities have now taken further the respondents preferred to have a mobile
precautions by revamping all classes from application that can allow them to record
physical classes into remote classes known and track their attendance easily with the
as the Open and Distant Learning (ODL) help of a QR code for the instant transaction.
mode. However, with these sudden changes, Hence, USmart will be able to solve these
many organisations have problems keeping problems and provide a better experience to
up with new changes and demands. Paper- the users both students and staffs (lecturers
based solution for attendance tracking is and administrators).
no longer viable due to students are now
being far away from each other be it with Keywords Progressive Web App, JWT,
the lecturers themselves, the lecturer was attendance system, QR code, mobile
unable to view and knows who is attending applications, responsive applications,
and paying attention to their classes and integrity checking, time-based token
administrators have a difficult time in keeping generation.
track of student’s attendance since no proper
method was introduced and used consistently Introduction
throughout these virtual semesters. Thus, the
main objective of this project is conducted to As technology evolves rapidly in this current
develop an integrated application and system, era, other sectors, including the conventional
that can assist universities in better managing industry such as education, are also affected
and tracking their student’s attendance by these rapid changes and need to cater to it
throughout this challenging and distant along time. New devices and software have
learning period along with the capability been developed and are being used or adopted
to reduce attendance forgery or cheating. everywhere to make sure that the education
To better understand the problems faced by industry is not left behind in this technology
the students, lecturers, and administrators, race. Propelled by the emerging of the Novel
an interview with relevant stakeholders Coronavirus 2019 Disease (COVID-19) that
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spread throughout the world, many industries rate of the smartphone proves that most of the
including the education sector itself have higher learning institutions students (within
moved from conducting physical classes to the age range of 18-23 years old) each have
fully online or virtual classes. However, this their smartphones.
will cause another problem to both lecturers
and students themselves as it is hard for them In addition, the usage of Quick Reaction
to track and record attendance remotely in an Code (QR Code) has been vastly applied
effective manner. in every new technology and system that
is currently available in the market. For
Initially, attendance was used to keep instance - in the current day, QR codes have
records and track the participation, and the been used as an e-Ticket for access into train
number of persons who are present in a session stations, cinemas, entries into premises, and
be it schools, lectures, or work. As stated by more. Further affected by the Coronavirus
Singh et al. (2015), “It is a very important Disease (COVID-19) pandemic, the usage of
strand in maintaining discipline among QR codes has since increased exponentially
employees…if someone drifts from required especially in Malaysia. This is because, as
standards proper action can be taken”. The stated by Khalid (2021), “to ensure effective
same goes for the students of a university contact tracing, all public places and offices
or college, where the attendance is used to must display a QR code at the entrance, and
keep track of their focus and attention during the government built an app that enables
the class, including whether they attend the everyone to register before entering any
lectures or class sessions or otherwise. The premise.”
conventional paper-based attendance which
requires physical appearance or physical Such approaches mentioned earlier
signature using fresh ink is still currently includes using the online form to record
being in use at most establishments including students’ attendance and/or downloading
education higher learning institutions itself. user or attendees list from the conference call
However, with the recent implementation of application. However, these approaches also
the remote or distant learning method, this have their shortcomings to all the stakeholders
way of recording and tracking attendance is including both lecturers and the students, and
no longer viable to be conducted. also to the academic management.
Several new approaches have since been Among a few of the shortcomings that
implemented to overcome this issue by come with the new approaches as mentioned
using the internet and mobile devices as the earlier are students can submit their attendance
replacement of paper. According to a study without actually attending the class itself
published by MCMC, almost around 86.3% (by sharing links with other students) and
of the respondents below 20 years old and students might not really attend the class but
around 87% of the respondents within the instead they will join the call and leave it as is
range of 20 to 34 years old have already until the end of the class, respectively. Thus,
owned a smartphone in between 2017 and resulting in lower attention given to online
2018 alone. This further proves the claims classes as compared to physical classes. In
inside of the study that younger people and addition, most systems in universities that
those with high income and education levels are made for students are not well integrated
have a higher adoption rate of smartphones in or not integrated at all. Students will need
Malaysia (Malaysian Communications and to use various systems just to accomplish a
Multimedia Commission (MCMC), 2018). few easy tasks. For instance, users (students)
Such an increase in the adoption or ownership will have to install another application just to
submit their attendance, browse to another
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site to view their timetables. In addition, implementation of the QR code system and
these separated systems make it harder for the development of a centralised dashboard
administrators to view each of its data due to will improve both processes efficiencies and
the different database systems used and less end-user experiences.
interoperability between the systems.
Related Work / Literature Review
Thus, this study is conducted to provide
an integrated application suite for the use Introduction
of University’s students, to enhance the
capability of recording, monitoring, and With the current advancement of technologies,
tracking of users’ (students) attendance, and trusted by the Coronavirus Disease 2019
to reduce attendance forgery/cheating and (COVID-19) Pandemic, the world has begun
manual attendance recording. This study to aggressively implement remote working
will mainly be focusing on the development and learning solutions throughout their
of an integrated application for the uses business environment, including universities
within Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (Ali, 2020). The sudden implementation of
itself. The relevant stakeholders for this remote working and learning environments
study will be, the academic department, prompts for a newer approach to be made
students, and lecturers. This study also to solve the new problems that arise from
focuses on how this application can serve these changes. The higher smartphone
as a multipurpose application or suite for adoption or ownership rate among the
students to do self-management and manage younger generation (within the age of 18 to
their attendance registration, along with 23 years old) (Malaysian Communications
providing a centralised system for lecturers and Multimedia Commission (MCMC),
and administrators to record and keep track 2018) indicates that the best course of action
of students’ attendance. is to enhance the current conventional system
into those that can work remotely. These
Significance of Study include implementing full Open and Distant
Learning (ODL) environment to temporarily
Based on the problems above, the proper replace physical classes and replacing the
implementation of the QR code for attendance conventional attendance system that was
recording purposes is crucial since it can give based on a paper with an online version of
a significant impact on the end-user itself, the attendance system for the convenience
the students. In addition, the lecturers and of both students and lecturers during this
administrators will also gain benefit from this pandemic season. This project entitled,
project since it will ease their daily attendance University Students Self-Management,
tracking and reporting process just within a Attendance Recording, and Tracking
single system. By providing a simple mobile (USmart) Application, is established and
application for the students to submit their intends to provide a better user experience
attendance by scanning a dedicated QR code in attendance recording and tracking for
in an instant, along with a dashboard for the end-users both namely, the students and
lecturers to track and monitor their students’ the lecturers for their uses throughout the
attendance, will also improve the overall pandemic season and the post-pandemic
time taken to complete these processes world.
as compared to the previous system and
conventional approaches such as using paper-
based attendance tracking. Therefore, proper
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Study on the currently available system information including data with or without
encryption performed (Masalha & Hirzallah,
There are already some similar systems or 2014). Moreover, the QR code also allows
applications that have been developed and can the overall attendance process to be done
be readily used or implemented in the market in less than a minute by any student or the
nowadays. These systems are using various whole class itself (Patel et al., 2019).
approaches such as the Short Messaging
System (SMS), online forms or computerised Dynamic QR Code for integrity checking
forms (using desktop or web applications),
and using QR codes to record and submit To make the QR code and the system more
their attendance. However, these approaches secure from any forgery or cheating attempts,
have their limitations, for instance, the SMS- as mentioned previously, a lightweight and
based attendance system requires that, as non-extensive verification method can be
stated by Somasundaram et al. (2016), “once used. In addition, a dynamic QR code is
the student is registered they can send/receive also required to be implemented because,
the SMS from/to the concerned staff about as stated by Aulya et al. (2016), “Using
the leave and reasons for leave”. This is no dynamic QR code which is made changeable
longer viable to be used as an SMS-based based on … the current time, can [prevent]
approach is very costly on the server-side, damage and theft of a QR code”. As was
as it requires for Application Programming done in a study by Eminagaoglu et al. (2014),
Interface (API) subscription which is based “When the user receives the QR image, it
on the number of SMSes to be sent and has to be shown and scanned…the duration
received. Next, the online or computerised- limit has been set to five minutes but this
forms approach is limited to the lecturer’s can be modified if necessary.” This project
uses only. In addition, this approach only intends to use similar verification method, by
provides a digital register (attendance book) implementing a short duration timer (within
for the lecturers to mark and submit to the 10 seconds) for the QR code to be displayed.
administrator and no student’s participation Upon reaching the end of the timer, a new
was involved in the overall process at all QR code with the same data and new hash
(Singh et al., 2017). will be generated and replace the old QR
code that has been displayed previously.
Finally, the QR code-based attendance Students will then be required to scan for
that was proposed by Kumar & Kareemulla the new QR code and the application will
(2017) [includes] “Verification [a process send the information decoded to the server
that] can be done through fingerprint or for authentication and verification. This is to
voice recognition”. The verification method prove that the user (students) are in a live and
proposed is very extensive and not viable to be active class session, for the system to allow
implemented as it requires detailed research them to submit their attendance (Kim & Jun,
and development process. In addition, it 2011). If any of the users attempted to scan
is also not suitable for student attendance the old QR code, it will now be nullified or
purposes. A lightweight and non-extensive invalidated through the implementation of
verification method can be used to verify hash validation in the back-end logic.
the authenticity of the attendance submitted.
Furthermore, the proposed usage of QR
codes to be used for attendance purposes is a
good move as it has a lot of benefits, such as a
simple QR code alone could contain various
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Hash validation for integrity checking Hansen et al., 2017). One of the gaps that this
project intends to cover from the currently
To validate the student’s attendance existing systems with the implementations
submission, each QR code will be embedded of PWA is, “… web-based applications can’t
with a JSON Web Token or JWT, generated work properly with narrow Internet bandwidth
specifically for each interval. A similar and low reliability of network connectivity.”
approach has been conducted in a study by (Tahir et al., 2020). Thus, this project will
Ahmed & Mahmood (2019), where a time- equip an offline service worker that will
based JWT generation is used to validate assist the mobile PWA to allow students to
the identity and the change made by a user. submit their attendance even when they have
This approach will include a parameter that no or weak internet connection. The service
corresponds to the client or server response worker works locally in the user’s device
time during each request done [p.2]. This and transmits data to the server when there
project will also adopt a similar approach is an active internet connection detected.
where the timestamp parameter will be used to Development-wise, PWA only requires the
validate the submission request and generate use of web stack language such as HTML,
a new JWT token and QR code upon the CSS, and JavaScript (JS) to develop a simple
expiry of the interval set during the initial QR working web application or page (Nurwanto,
code generation process from the dashboard 2019). However, to make it more responsive
page. The JWT token that is embedded into to all screen sizes and to satisfy the PWA
the QR code will also contain a payload of standards, the guidelines for each mobile
information or data, including the timestamp platform must be followed and styled based
parameter mentioned earlier. For increased on it correctly (Majchrzak et al., 2018). This
security, it will also be encrypted by an can be accomplished simply by referring to
encryption hash such as SHA256, HMAC, or the documentation provided online, such as
RSA (Doewes, 2018). During the submission the Material Design Lite by Google, or using
of the attendance, the decoded JWT will then available mobile development frameworks
be transmitted to the server, validated against such as React Native, Xamarin, or Flutter.
the timestamp of the initial generation of the
current QR code, and submit the data into Comparative Studies
the server or the database once it has been
validated.
Progressive Web Applications as multi-
platform solutions
The usage of Progressive Web Applications Figure 1 Comparison done between the available
(PWA) will allow the mobile version of this similar system in the market
system to work side-by-side with its desktop
version in which that allows the lecturers to Research Methodology
generate and display the attendance QR code
to the students, along with a dashboard for The data for the research done for this project
the administrators to monitor and keep track was gathered through a survey conducted that
of the students’ records. In addition, PWA targets university students all over Malaysia,
also enables web applications to be installed particularly UTP students, as its respondents.
similar to native mobile applications (Biørn-
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This project will be using the Agile displayed for the students to start scanning
methodology for its Software Development and submitting their attendance through the
approach and its Project Management usage of the USmart mobile application.
methodology. The Agile methodology was Upon scanning of the QR code by a student, the
chosen to be used in this project because, mobile application will decode the QR code
as stated by Ran et al. (2009), “[it has] short and parse the JWT that was encoded in the
development life-cycle times…”. This is QR code earlier. Upon receiving the required
useful, especially when developing full- data from the payload, the application will
featured applications such as in this project, then initiate communication with the database
whereby all modules within the applications and submit the user attendance along with the
itself can be segregated into multiple small required data from the payload – that is used
development life-cycle known as sprints for verification and validation purposes to
instead of completing it in bulk within the the system and the database. Lecturers and
whole project duration as in the Waterfall administrators can control the duration of the
methodology. In addition, this also allows attendance recording through the portal itself.
for the project or its components within each In addition to the duration of the attendance
sprint to be revisited as much as possible and recording, to prevent students from sharing
refined until it satisfies the output required the same QR code to the absentees, the QR
or the systems requirements that were code will be refreshed within a certain period
established earlier during the planning and set – which in this case, we used 10 seconds.
analysis phases (Gemino et al., 2021). Hence, students will be served with different
QR codes every 10 seconds and the same or
System Architecture old QR code will no longer be valid. This will
be explained more further in the validation
part below.
Validation Methods
Figure 2 System architecture of the USmart The validation method for this attendance can
application be achieved and done without a short period
and processes. This process can be divided
Based on Figure 2 above, the utilisation of into two modes, which comprises Online and
USmart is initiated through the use of a Web- Offline mode. Referring to the JWT Payload
based portal which is developed specifically as mentioned above, the payload contains
for both the lecturers and administrators. required information such as course code,
The lecturers or administrators can generate QR generation time, and QR hash for every
a new QR code for their class attendance QR that was generated during the 10 seconds
through the web portal itself and it will then interval in between the duration set by the
automatically generate a JSON Web Token lecturers. For online mode, the validation
or JWT that will then be encoded into a QR method will start when the student scanned
code. This QR code later will be used to be the QR code and the application submitted
the attendance to the back end of the system.
The back-end system will then verify and
validate the QR hash against the records in
the database and calculate the difference in
time between the time submitted and the
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time at which the QR was generated (QR Result And Discussions
generation time). In this process, a deviation
of 5 seconds is added to allow for any delay Preliminary Study
in the connection or server responses. Once
the calculated difference of the time has been For requirements gathering for this project,
done (inclusive of the delay), if it is within an interview session and a survey were
the legitimate duration of 10 seconds, the conducted during the commencement of
back end will record the students’ attendance this project. The interview was conducted
into the database, else, it will deny and show to gain related information that may be
the user that the QR code is no longer valid. beneficial towards this project including
main requirements from respective subject-
System Design matter experts from Information Technology
and Media Services (ITMS) of Universiti
Teknologi PETRONAS. In addition, a survey
was also conducted to study the public
opinion on the current system, what they seek
for a new system to have and improve from
the existing ones.
Background of Interview and Survey
Figure 3 Use Case diagram for the USmart The interview was conducted with two
system executives from the Information Technology
and Media Services (ITMS) of Universiti
Further studies on the data and existing Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) namely,
systems including the linkages between them Ms. Jamilah Mariam Bt Johari, Head of the
were conducted during the analysis phase Application Services Department, and Ms.
and it has been documented as the Unified Nurhannan Bt M Yusof, Senior Executive
Modelling Language (UML) diagrams for the App Services Department. They are
mainly in the form of Use Case Diagram. currently and still active members of the
Figure 3 above is the Use Case Diagram for UTP Program GENESYS, a project which
this project, and it shows and describes the aims to improve, transform and digitalise
main functionalities of the USmart system UTP’s overall systems. The interview was
inclusive of the both web-based portal and done on the 29th of January 2021 virtually
the mobile application. Amongst the main through Microsoft Teams video conference
functionalities that will be developed are, call. Meanwhile, the survey was conducted
attendance recording, barring notifications, publicly and was distributed to 32 students
and attendance analytics. and staff of UTP mainly. Participations are on
a volunteer basis and it was conducted using
online forms, namely Microsoft Forms to ease
the data collection process and distribution of
the survey during this pandemic season.
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Results of the Interview and Survey opinions towards a few general statements
provided. Among few of the options or
From the interview that was conducted, good statements that were provided were as
feedbacks were received for the idea and follows,
the development of this project. Among the
feedbacks received were, to reduce the overall a. Paper-based form/attendance is much
scope of the project – to only develop and better than mobile application
focus on the QR Attendance system and its
functionalities, and to add a few new features b. QR code is much faster and easier to use
that might improve the current and proposed than short links
attendance system as a whole. However, there
are a few limitations for the development of The first statement given is mostly and can
this project that will be discussed later in the be used as a control statement to measure the
Limitations section of this paper. authenticity of the respondent’s answer. For
this statement alone, around 53.8% of the
The survey that was conducted has been respondents do disagree with this statement,
answered by 32 respondents mainly from while only 11.5% do agree with this
within the UTP community (Students and statement. This shows that majority of the
Staffs). Based on this survey, most of the respondents were authentic throughout their
respondents have mixed views on the current attempts in responding to this survey. On the
systems specifically the attendance system. other hand, this question also was provided
Around 25.1% of the respondents were to test their general reaction and opinion on
not satisfied with the Attendance System the paper against mobile views. As per the
(QR), a QR-based linked to Online Form results above, most of the respondents do
system, while 31.3% of the respondents accept that mobile application is much better
were satisfied with this system. To compare and has more benefits than the paper-based
further, this survey also includes a poll on form or attendance. The following question
the current Microsoft PowerApps based also was provided to test the respondent’s
attendance system. There were 40.6% of the general knowledge of technical-related items
respondents stated that they were dissatisfied and terms such as QR code and short links,
with the Attendance System (PowerApps) and their opinions on it. 65.4% of the total
while around 46.9% of the respondents were respondents do agree with the statement given
satisfied with the current system. that the QR code is much faster and easier to
use than short links. This also represents that
the respondents are well-versed with basic
technical terms and have experience in using
these two approaches or instances (QR code
and short links).
Figure 4 Respondents feedback on the current Figure 5 Statements that was provided to the
university’s systems respondents to be rated
Furthermore, the next question on the
survey further tests the respondents on their
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Lastly, among the questions that were requirements gathered from the Analysis
asked to the respondents were on their Phase done earlier. Below are a few of the
preferences on which type of application did main user interface designs of the developed
they prefer the most for attendance recording applications:
and tracking or recording. The results
received were 53% of the total respondents Login Page (Mobile & Web)
preferred QR code – Application-based for
attendance recording and reporting purposes
while only 31% preferred QR code linked
with Online Form (Form-Based).
Figure 6 Question on respondent’s preferences
towards the type of application for attendance
reporting/recording purposes
Limitations Figure 7 Login Page (Mobile)
Based on the interview that was conducted as Figure 8 Login Page (Web)
mentioned in the Preliminary Study section,
a few limitations have been identified, that Two types of users will be using this
may limit the full reach of the development application, which is students and, staff
of this project. Amongst it is as follows: (Lecturer and Administrators). For students,
a. No access to the real data was and will they will be able to access the system only
through the mobile application as per Figure
be provided – This real data was planned 7, while staff will access the system only
to be used to simulate actual linkage through the web application as per Figure
between the application and the existing 8. For both web and mobile applications,
systems. both types of users will use a Single Sign
b. This also includes access to On provided by Microsoft 365. Thus, users
Organisation (in this study, UTP) Azure will be able to log in seamlessly using their
Active Directory for Single Sign-On University ID or Email address, without the
implementation. need for a new account
c. Few existing systems are currently
under upgrading process and will not
be accessible for integration processes
planned.
User Interface Design
During the research and development for
this project, user interface designs, main
features of the system and its functionalities
have been developed using the data and
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Main Dashboard (Mobile & Web) explained more in the subsection QR/Class
Generation Page (Web).
QR Code Scan Page (Mobile)
Figure 9 Dashboard Page(Mobile)
Figure 11 QR Code Scan Page (Mobile)
Figure 10 Dashboard Page (Web) This page is accessible through the use
of the centre button in the bottom menu
After both users have successfully logged bar (refer to the red box in Figure 11). This
in to their account using the Single Sign-On page allows the user (student), to point their
function provided on the login page, they will smartphone camera to the QR code displayed
then be redirected to these pages. Same as by their lecturer to submit their attendance.
the login page above, Figure 9, which is for The QR code reader on this page will identify
students, will display a welcome message, and decode the QR code displayed and will
a button to start scanning QR code for their send the decoded data from the QR code to
attendance registration, and a list of their the server to submit and register the student’s
classes (collected based on their attendance attendance.
history). Meanwhile, Figure 10 shows the
user interface for the staff especially lecturers
to monitor their students and classes statistics,
at the same time allowing them to create a
new QR code to be displayed and to collect
their student’s attendance later. This will be
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Attendance History List (Mobile) Upon clicking at any of the submitted
attendance items from the Attendance
History List page, the users will be redirected
to this page. This page will provide the users
with detailed items on what data that they
have submitted to the server, such as the
course code, submission time, and class time
or duration.
Barred Notifications (Mobile)
Figure 12 Attendance history list Figure 14 Exam Bar Alert
Users (students) can also check their past
submitted attendance through this page.
Users will be able to see a list of all of their
submitted attendance and can view the details
of each submission.
Attendance History Details (Mobile)
Figure 13 Attendance history details
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Barred Courses List (Mobile)
Figure 15 Barred Alert Figure 16 List of Courses and its status
For every course that the student has
If a user missed or did not attend a class registered for, it will be reflected here on this
for a particular course, and if they almost page. The system then will track and check
met the absence threshold/limit set by the the student’s attendance on whether they
university (for example, 3 times), they will met the threshold or otherwise. If they have
be alerted and notified of almost being barred met the threshold, the course status will then
(Figure 14). At the same time, their study change to “Barred” in the red box, while if
status will remain as “Active” (refer to the they have not met the threshold, the status
green box in Figure 14). Meanwhile, if they will remain as “Active” in the green box.
have reached the threshold (for example,
3 out of 3 absences), they will be notified QR/Class Generation Page (Web)
once again, and their study status will be
changed to “Barred” (refer to the red box
in Figure 15). Thus, this will also reflect the
data in the main dashboard for lecturers and
administrators, showing that this particular
student is now barred from the stated course.
Figure 17 QR generation page
Before initiating the attendance recording
process, the users (lecturers) will need to
create a new QR code for that class first
before the students can start scanning and
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submitting it. Users will be required to fill Conclusion
in all of the details as required in Figure 18,
or if they already have done it before, the To conclude, with the higher adoption rate of
necessary information will be pre-populated technology along with the higher adoption
and the users will be required to press on the rate of mobile devices, this shall be the main
“Create” button to start generating the QR catalyst for any project shortly, including this
code for their students. This module will study. Based on the survey conducted, many
become an overlay over the dashboard page. of the respondents agreed that paper-based
Users may cancel the action by clicking on forms are no longer suitable to be used when
the “Close” button. comparing them with mobile applications
(via mobile devices). In addition, a mobile
Active QR Display Page (Web) applications-based attendance system is the
most preferred choice answered by all of the
Figure 18 QR Display Page respondents in the survey conducted. Thus,
an integrated system and mobile application
Once the user has successfully filled in the that can be used by both students and lecturers
details required as in the previous section/ are to be implemented, to allow for seamless,
page (refer to Figure 18) and clicked at the faster, and modern attendance recording and
“Create” button, they will be then redirected tracking purposes. With USmart, students can
to this page. A modal overlay over the now easily submit their attendance just by
dashboard page will now show the dynamic scanning one QR code for each class, without
QR code for the students to start scanning for any additional steps needed to be taken,
them to submit their attendance. In addition, while lecturers and administrators can now
there is also an additional function that allows monitor and track students’ attendance easily
users, to add students’ attendance manually, through the usage of the built-in dashboard in
in case of students come in late, no internet the USmart web application.
connection or they also can add students with
special cases, for instance, on-permitted leave References
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T.M. (2017, April). Progressive web apps: students attendance system using QR
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Parkerly: Designing A Parking Contact Management System
Muhammad Haziq Haiqal Kamaruddin, Saipunidzam Mahamad
Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Universiti Teknologi
PETRONAS, Malaysia
Email: [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract Introduction
With the advancement of information People’s lives have become significantly
technologies and applications, personal more convenient as a result of technological
information exchange with society had advancements such as the smartphone.
expanded its scope. Accordingly, the QR It helped to enhance the communication
scanner software is the medium that is process, changed the mobility phenomena,
commonly and mostly used by people. and had a big impact on our ability to survive
This technology has made it more efficient in this rapidly changing world. There are
and effective for us to do our daily chores numerous features available in the mobile
easily and quickly because everything space, such as social networking, which
is at our fingertips. Currently, a way to includes calling and messaging. As a result,
contact irresponsible parkers is by using the various social media applications, such as
conventional approach of seeking the person WhatsApp, Telegram, and other applications,
responsible for the infringement parking have been developed to provide free contact
without any contact information left inside services to users, such as WhatsApp and
the car. From a survey conducted, 86.4% of Telegram. Specifically, what type of media
the respondents have faced a similar problem. may be used as identification to obtain contact
Thus, the main aim of this project is to information if it is required by the situation is
create a parking contact management system a consideration.
(Parkerly) that is integrated with a quick
response (QR) code scanner, automated data Quick Response Code, commonly known
entry technology for fast recording of data by as QR Code, is a platform for capturing
scanning the provided QR code. The mobile information from a matrix barcode (or 2D
app will be developed using cross-platform barcode), which is made up of random bits
development that will be carried out and of black and white pixels and numerous
tested on Android, IOS, and the Web. rectangle boxes and displaying it on a mobile
phone. QR Code is a short version of Quick
Keyword QR Code, parking violation, Response Code. Furthermore, the data is
mobile application, technology, parking successfully saved by employing one of the
contact management four established forms of encoding (numeric,
alphanumeric, byte/binary, and kanji) as
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described above. QR Codes are becoming of Transportation, 2007). According to the
increasingly popular due to their easy data, there will be a significant rise in the
readability and greater storage capacity when number of registered vehicles in the current
compared to traditional UPC barcodes. year 2021, which would need the use of more
parking spots by the driving public.
QR Codes are also becoming more user-
friendly by providing various features such Related Work / Literature Review
as high data storage capacity, fast scanning,
error correction, and ease of use to the user Parking spaces play a key role in the
(Tiwari, 2016). Furthermore, the system transportation system. Regardless of the
becomes more convenient since it can be criteria specifying the ride, each vehicle needs
read using a camera, such as that found in an a parking space at its origin and destination.
iOS smartphone; as a result, numerous QR Since the early 19th century,various parking
Code scanners have been developed and are management and control systems have
available for free download from the Play been used worldwide to solve this problem
Store or App Store. In connection with this, (Spiliopoulou & Antoniou, 2012). Nowadays,
anybody and any devices, regardless of their many cities all over the world are facing
age or technological sophistication, may major parking issues. Drivers who arrive
support the QR Code system. at their destination must want to park their
vehicle properly and quickly. It is because
Following the QR Code description, this usually, they want to park as close as possible
article addresses one of the most prevalent by their point of visited place. Accordingly,
issues that exists not only in our country but most drivers, especially in urban areas,
also around the world, namely the issue of find difficulties when searching for parking
double park issue. Parking is often defined as especially in peak hours. However, with
the act of halting, disengaging, and leaving a current levels of vehicle occupancy, most
vehicle unattended, whereas parking lots are locations simply cannot have enough parking
defined as the area designated for parking. spaces to satisfy the demand of any visitor. So,
Parking lots are often identified by white or the concern could lead to the parking violation
yellow lines drawn on the ground in the shape which is most disliked and troublesome other
of squares, each of which can accommodate drivers. Parking in a prohibited area or in an
just one vehicle. The number of parking spots illegal way, such as double parking, parking
accessible near a location (such as a shopping in a handicapped zone without an authorised
mall, restaurant, or another establishment) can permit, parking for longer than the maximum
have an impact on the environment. Parking time, or parking to close with a crosswalk, is
spots will be required in large numbers for considered a parking violation.
any location that attracts large numbers
of people to maintain an environmentally According to research conducted
friendly atmosphere. by Spiliopoulou & Antoniou (2012),
unauthorised parking is one of the main
In the worst-case situation, if the parking parking concerns in Greece’s cities. Illegal
lots are filled, it is possible to have duplicate parking of cars completely occupied road
or triple parking spaces, which might result spots, therefore causing imbalanced parking
in a negative impact on the environment. demand. Illegal parking is mostly caused
In 2006, 458,293 new registered cars were by a shortage of parking supply and a lack
recorded, compared to just 296,716 new of parking information. Due to poor urban
registered vehicles in 1999, representing planning, this problem occurred. Thus, illegal
an estimated 54.5 percent increase over the
previous seven years (Malaysian Ministry
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parking in Malaysia has been thoroughly or iOS. This phenomenon imposes severe
researched and a corresponding rise in restrictions on any mobile device such as the
parking knowledge has been disseminated. use of various development environments,
Hence, a survey has been conducted to assess technologies, and APIs (Application
driver behaviour and parking space utilisation Programming Interfaces), which eventually
in Malaysia. To gather multiple opinions, the leads to a waste of time and effort and an
study was done throughout Malaysia. increment in maintenance costs. In addition,
the deployment of mobile apps is achieved
Now these days, a Quick-Response code through special distribution app stores,
also known as a QR code is implemented which may or may not charge a fee. Each
in various application streams related to app store is, in general terms, owned by the
marketing, security, academics, etc., and operating system provider, such as the Apple
gains popularity at a very high speed. Day App Store and Google Play. Gartner says,
by day, more people become conscious of cited by (Xanthopoulos & Xinogalos, 2013)
it and use this technology. The use of QR that operating systems monopolising the
codes is growing rapidly with smartphone smartphone market are Android (by Google)
users, so the QR code reaches a high degree with a 69.6% share and iOS (by Apple) with
of acceptability worldwide. Below is the 20.9%. The remaining operating systems
reason for the reinforcement of the QR code have much smaller market shares where RIM
technology. received 3.5%, Microsoft 2.9%, Symbian
1.2%, and the remaining 1.9%.
Therefore, there are several other contexts
in which individuals build QR codes as a Methodology
method for transferring information such as
personal card information. Examples are the Agile methodology was chosen as the best
encryption by others of personal data into match for the Parkerly Mobile Application
QR code to search or decrypt on devices or project because it was designed to increase
the scan of QR code by third parties to load the development speed while also allowing
their data into the reader’s phone as defined decisions to be checked and rejected early
by Petrova et al. (2016). In addition, some with feedback loops, which provides benefits
users use QR code technology to share their not seen in waterfall development.
location, so the QR code can be published on
websites, printed, or scanned to other media Moreover, there are various agile
by people who want the codes.(Shin et al., frameworks but others can be more
2012) explore user motives for the use of challenging or complicated to an agile
QR codes. They analyse the relationships beginner, so this project is implementing the
between perceived quality of information, scrum model in agile methodology as scrum
perceived system quality, perceived utility, offers a simple way to execute agile among
ease of use, customer behaviour, customer them all (Srivastava et al., 2017). The agile
purpose, customer perceptive interactivity, methodology uses fast development cycles
and subjective standards. They have called “sprints”, each sprint integrating
developed their research model based on and adjusting input to stakeholders and
a technological acceptance model (TAM). customers to deliver an accomplished end
Their study shows that the performance of product. So, the development of Parkerly can
QR codes has implications for user intentions be fastened as each sprint will require 1 to 3
and compliance towards QR codes. weeks to complete and to be reviewed which
is also called a “sprint review”. Each sprint
At present, native mobile apps are aimed at
particular mobile platforms such as Android
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aims to achieve a Minimum Viable Product
(MVP) where a product with enough features
is completed. Sprint objectives cannot be
modified in the middle of a sprint, but the
product owner can add new functionality to
the project with each increment.
System Design
Figure 1 shows the design of system Figure 2 Use case diagram
architecture for the parking contact
management system also known as Parkerly. Both of the actors can log in to the mobile
The communication of the user starts by application using their phone number as
scanning a QR code displayed inside the required. The application then will send a
vehicle to get the contact details of the verification code to the user’s phone to secure
parking violator. Before they can proceed the credential. After the login is successful,
with the QR code scan step, each user will the application will lead the user to the
be required to register and input their contact application’s main page. In addition, the user
details into the system then it will be stored could edit their profile such as username,
in the database. Based on each profile, the email, change phone number or password.
user will be able to generate their QR code/s
from the details fill in. After the user (victim) As for the victim, the main feature provided
query the contact information of the parking in Parkerly is they will be able to retrieve the
violator in the database, the system will person’s contact details by scanning a QR
navigate to the push-notification page where code displayed from the parking violator
they can send the notification to the parking vehicle. Next, another page will appear to
violator and notification will be received by require the user to send a push notification
the parking violator. or call the parking violator. The system will
send the push notification every 5 minutes
Figure 1 System architecture until the parking violator reacts with the
alert message. Thus, the user also can choose
Figure 2 shows the use case diagram for to call directly with the parking violator to
this integrated contact management system fasten the process of settling the problem.
application. Two different actors engage
in this system which are the victim and the For the next actor, which is a parking
double parker. violator for a parking violation (parking
violator), they will receive a push notification.
In addition, the notification received by
the parking violator will be repeated every
5 minutes if they did not respond to the
message. Besides, the victim also could
use the call function along with the push-
notification to get a fast response from the
parking violator.
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Result And Discussions 2. Around 7.7% of the respondents do not
like the idea of some parking lots should
Even though a similar existing application lower the parking rent.
exists on the market, there is still some
inflexibility in the existing application, such 3. 3.86.4% of people who answered the
as inconvenient access to user contact details survey have the same opinion agreeing
and bad system navigation. As a result, the on a driver displaying their phone
proposed development of Parkerly is to number if any violation park wants to be
improve the existing apps in such a way the made.
problem and inconveniency that drivers face
can be overcome. 4. Some of the respondents (16.2%) are
unsure if they are going to be responsible
To strengthen the hypothesis, a or not for the parking violation (double
preliminary survey has been conducted parking) that they do while most of the
with 121 respondents of drivers around people will be responsible in case, they
Malaysia. The purpose of this survey is to double parking others.
study the drivers’ behaviour and perception
of parking violations such as double parking, Figure 4 Pre-acceptance survey
parking in a handicapped zone without an
appropriate permit, and others. Besides, this Figure 4 shows a Net Promoter Score (NPS)
survey also aims to study the acceptance of of users’ acceptances of implementation
an implementation system that can solve parking contact management using the mobile
the violation parking problem by using the application with integration of QR code. The
mobile application with integration of QR NPS illustrates that most drivers consist of
code. From the survey, it can be concluded 58% are agree to consider using the platform
that most of the respondents rate themselves for solving the problem of violation parking.
with high responsibility when they involve However, 12% of the drivers responded not
in a parking violation. However, some of the agree with the development of this platform.
drivers are not willing to take responsibility While the remaining respondents choose
for the parking violation that they are doing. to stay passives, which means they agree
neither disagree with the development which
Figure 3 Result survey overview comprises of 30% drivers from the survey.
Based on the questionnaire conducted was Conclusion
to find out the people’s perception of various
factors about parking and self-responsibility. To sum up, information technology and
The result is shown in Figure 3. software have made personal information
1. The majority of the respondents (84.8%) sharing more widespread. Thus, our
advancement provides a quick and easy
agree that parking spaces should method to find other people’s information.
be increased at most visited places Now, QR code scanner apps are common.
especially crowded spaces to smoothen Users rely on their apps to provide different
the parking flow. purposes. Preliminary research to obtain
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data on public drivers was done. This makes Xanthopoulos, S. & Xinogalos, S. (2013,
finding parking somewhat difficult, which September). A comparative analysis of
forces drivers to double park. Furthermore, cross-platform development approaches for
victims of parking violation fees have mobile applications. In Proceedings of the
difficulty locating the mover. 6th Balkan Conference in Informatics, pp.
213-220. Doi:10.1145/2490257.2490292
Consequently, the parking contact
management application, which utilises
the idea of service innovation to offset the
discomfort of car blocker contact details.
The Parkerly Mobile Application can
generate QR codes for each user and transmit
that information in case of an emergency.
Additionally, non-installing users will be able
to utilise the online application to scan the
QR code and access the parking scofflaw’s
contact information.
References
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Spiliopoulou, C. & Antoniou, C. (2012).
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An IoT Based Real-time People Counter: Monitoring and
Notification Application
Nur Iffah Inani Muhammad
Department of Computer and Information Sciences,
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia
Email: [email protected]
Abstract Introduction
Avoiding crowded and poorly ventilated Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) not
spaces is very crucial during this Corona only impact public health but has caused a
Virus Diseases 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic major economic shock and unprecedented.
to control the social distancing among From this point, the Ministry of Health (MoH)
people as this virus can be spread easily. has enforced new rules and regulations
As government launched the restricted law on the public that directly impacted the
intended for public and private spaces to business operation procedure. Hence, the
maintain the occupancy limits for social main aims of this project are to develop an
distancing especially in commercial IoT based monitoring application that can
settings. Impacting the businesses in terms automatically capture the number of people
of maintaining operation within the ample entering/leaving the premise or shop, reveal
condition while complying with the federal the live occupancy numbers of people, and
rules and regulations. Therefore, this An automatically alert the respective personnel
IoT Based Real-Time People Counter: when the capacity is at maximum or exceeded
Monitoring and Notification Application the limit. Furthermore, the application will
allocates visitors with real-time notification have additional features that allow the visitor
on the current occupancy via integration to be aware of the number of capacities
of the PIR sensor, the Fresnel lens, and the allowed in each premise.
associated electronic circuitry. The target
users are formed from three different groups As a visitor, having a medium that
including customers, shop owners, and shared the information regarding the current
building owners. occupancy would be very helpful in managing
their time. Additionally, this system will
Keywords: internet of things, people counter, provide the recommended time to visit the
occupancy monitoring, notification, standard premise or shop in which to reduce the issues
operating procedures, COVID-19 of long queues and uncertain waiting times.
A user can navigate to the application via
his/her mobile device for a live occupancy
widget granting to the recent update. In this
application, the user shall be able to view
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the wait in line to enter store or premise business operation effectively according to
from a variety of merchants available. the adhere of strict conditions and standard
Furthermore, this application is an all-in-one operating procedures such as ensuring
product designed to empower businesses by the number of people on the premise and
understanding the behaviours of potential enforcing the social distancing as set by
visitors. This application will ensure the the government. In short, this application
general data and privacy of the users are help in controlling, managing, and notifying
protected. Moreover, the decentralised the users’ activities that accommodate
traceability subsystem is embedded in which the challenges and problems especially
assures the availability and security of the during this pandemic period. Moreover,
collected information. It comes with different this application benefits the businesses by
features which not only beneficial for the assisting the organisation to determine their
visitors but for the building owners and shop peak times or lowest-performing hours which
owners in enhancing the business efficiency benefit in operational decisions and different
by extracting the overview of data to deliver business metrics while complying with the
transparent decision-making based on data- social distancing regulations
driven analysis and planning that can be used
to measure different business metrics. Related Work / Literature Review
From the building owners’ and shop Recent survey research based on the
owners’ perspectives, they need to ensure retail store from Washington Post and the
the safety of their visitors and employees. University of Maryland found that 67% of
Unfortunately, for the shop or stores that have buyers have been uncomfortable going into
small spaces area might be overcrowded, and a retail store, whereas 62% of shoppers will
the waiting time will be longer if people just even stop coming to retailers that do not
come randomly. This matter looks simple but take health and safety measures critically
not anymore in this new norm, which may (Balz & Guskin, 2020). There are numbers
lead to another dilemma such as people will of sensors used in developing the people
feel uncomfortable and unpleasant to shop. counter by previous projects and research
The unpleasant situation makes people feel including the Pyroelectric Infrared (PIR)
uncomfortable to wait longer as they will be sensors (Yun & Lee, 2014; Erden et al.,
exposed to a high risk of being infectious. 2015; Jinqiao et al., 2015), ultrasonic sound
This might lead to the misunderstood kind of distance sensor (Hossain & Nahiyan, 2014),
situation when a visitor might see the building and thermal sensor (Abuarafah et al., 2012).
owners and shop owners not taking this The integration of people counter help in
initiative seriously in ensuring the safety of managing the number of customers for
their visitors. Hence, the building owners and business purpose in which there are various
shop owners need to emphasise and implement methods in counting people that can be
all protocols set forth by the government. categorised into three tactics namely contact-
The capacity issues are particularly severe, type counters, sensors implemented system,
which may not even be profitable to open and vision-based system using a camera
up the business at all. Therefore, having a (Velipasalar et al., 2006). Previously, the
monitoring and notification system would people counter was built by using the vision-
help the building owners and shop owners based system mechanism. However, this
convince potential customers to visit the mechanism is unable to count people passing
stores. This application will benefit building accurately except if the people passing the
owners and shop owners in monitoring their
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system one by one through the door or gate People Counter Algorithm
per one time (Chen et al., 2006). Furthermore,
one of the proposed methods to build the The proposed system will normally be
people counter is by using the stereo came in installed at the entrances door to automatically
which this system can count the height and count the number of people going in and
perform real-time 3D reconstruction (Beymer, out. It helps to capture the number of people
2000; Terada et al., 1999) The stereo camera entering a premise at one time and trigger
method is also able to obtain and segment instant alerts to the person-in-charge if
the people or image accurately (Terada et al., the capacity limit is exceeding or almost
1999). PIR sensor technique helps to track exceeding the limit permitted. Besides, this
movements at detection area using simple application will waste less time on visitor site
motion sensors which are required low- in which allow them to plan for their shopping
power and inexpensive (Raykov et al., 2016). time according to the recommended time
Some of the research did produce the people given. This recommendation time has been
counter by implementing almost similar calculated based on the average shopping
application as to what been proposed in this times in a chain of shops that result, people
paper but differentiate from this development will spend 3-4 minutes including the time to
is the additional features of monitoring and walk in, purchase an item, and depart (Xia
notification application. This application et al., 2012). The people counter has been
will assist users in monitoring the current implemented with a PIR sensor and Fresnel
occupancy remotely. lens to have a more precise output that has an
effective range of about 10 meters (30 feet)
Research Methodology and a field of view up to 180°.
The proposed method to develop An IoT System Architecture
Based Real-Time People Counter: Monitoring
and Notification Application was divided into Figure 1 System architecture and IOT based
three phases including the observation phase real-time people counter: monitoring and
that emphasises people counting algorithm notification application
development. Next, is the tracing phase for
the people counter system requires a process
of integration between developed algorithms Passive Infrared (PIR) Motion Sensors
into Arduino Uno via PIR sensor to assimilate
data intended for different business metrics. method will track the movement at the
Moving to the counting phase in which detection area with the low-power and low
the sensor will count the object and pass it cost. This sensor will be placed next to each
to the monitoring and notification system for entrance door to count people coming and out
managing the data. Additionally, users of the of the stores, shops, or premises. Each time
application of this system consist of visitors, a person passes through the detection area
building owners, and shop owners. Therefore, the sensor will trigger by the emitted body
this system will offer to build owner or shop heat in which will wake up the Arduino Uno
owner to monitor real-time occupancy data in microcontroller to transmit the data packet to
which will be valuable in enhancing business the wireless communication module for the
strategy.
124 NURCCOINS 2021 PROCEEDING
Sustaining Tomorrow with Digital Innovation
following transmission. However, this PIR Figure 2 Flowchart on how the counting method
sensor might produce an inaccurate output has been implemented
since this sensor is only competent to detect
one motion per one time. The subnetwork People counter will be captured several
is resulting from the devices that have been people enter and exit the premise by analysing
placed in the same room that will send the the motion on both sides of the sensor. Figures
information to the gateway. In addition, 3 and 4 shows how the counting algorithm
the gateway is having higher transmission works for sensor 1 and sensor 2:
power compared to sensors in case the sensor
modules are unable to connect using Wi-Fi it
will help enable the communication between
the Internet. Moreover, the server acts as an
information centraliser for the monitoring
and notification application. In which the
publish or subscribe service sends out the
update message from the gateway to the
application frequently while for the database
it stores all the information required in which
will be useful for the building owners and
shop owners. Application is the medium that
delivers the value to users which for this
project, the application has been developed
to serve the requirements of visitors, building
owners, and shop owners, especially to
monitor the number of people on-premises.
Below shows system architecture that defines
the structure and behavior of the system:
By implementing the PIR sensor along
with the Fresnel lens in this works required
the detail works in which these sensing
elements are sensitive to the IR radiations. In
which the output might be different according
to the parameters such as,
1. Distance between the subject and PIR
sensor (d),
2. The discrepancy in the overlapping
area (a) between the subject and sensor
systems
3. Time spent for the subject to be captured
in the FoV of the PIR sensor (t),
4. Main Angle of the sector the subject is
crisscrossing (Ѳ)
NURCCOINS 2021 PROCEEDING 125
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Changing Pulse Time and Timeout Length:
Figure 3 Sensor 1 for Entrance Door For the PIR sensor motion, there are two
Figure 4 Sensor 2 for Entrance Door types of ‘timeouts’ which is the “Tx” timeout
that defines on times duration of LED-lit
Figure 5 People counter interface in the after motion is identified. Another one is the
application “Ti” timeout in which refers to the time’s
durations of the LED to be off when there is
no movement. Below shows Table 1 on the
parallax of PIR motion sensor specifications
for PIR sensor testing:
Table 1 The Parallax of PIR motion sensor
specification
Parameter Symbol Detection
ΔL
Detection Vⅽⅽ 20feet to 25
Distance tᵣ feet
Supply Tₒₚᵣ 3. 5 to 5 VDC
Voltage at 100 µA
Typical 15sec to 60
Startup Delay sec
Output Type Analogy
Operating +33°F to
Temperature +158 °F
Result And Discussions
This project is commenced to propose a people
counter device that comes together with the
monitoring and notification application that
help to estimate real-time people occupancy
level in the public or private spaces for
instances shops a lot, shopping mall, store,
library, restaurant, and buildings. The
proposed system will normally be installed at
the entrances door to automatically count the
number of people going in and out. It helps
to capture the number of people entering a
premise at one time and trigger instant alerts
to the person-in-charge if the capacity limit
is exceeding or almost exceeding the limit
permitted.
The applications will be connected to the
Arduino Uno via Wi-Fi to display the current
available occupancy and number of present
126 NURCCOINS 2021 PROCEEDING
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people inside the premise. If the number of Conclusion
people reached the limit, the building owners
or shops owners will receive a notification for This paper presents an occupancy and
them to cater to the issues. If there are person monitoring system aimed at estimating
goes out, then the counter will permit for occupancy levels, especially in the public
other people to enter. The system calculation spaces during the current COVID-19
number of people present in the premise is by pandemic. The proposed system works as the
subtracting the number of people entering the monitoring and notification devices deployed
premise with the number of people leaving. in the monitored areas. All of the collected
information will be stored in the database in
This system will cater to the needs and which will be used for further business metric
solve the problem of each of their users as purposes. The experiment will be conducted
stated in the objectives. The shop owners to evaluate the accuracy of the detection
will benefit from having an automatic system occupancy level and how efficiently the
that is capable to monitor and calculate the data is transmitted to the application. Future
number of people that coming in and out of work will be focused on implementing the
the premises which help reduce the issue of social distancing element embedded with the
having wrong calculation that result indirectly applications.
in compliance with the social distancing
regulations. Moreover, this system will help References
the shop owners to reduce the extra cost of
having extra workers to monitor the social Abuarafah, A.G., Khozium, M.O. &
distancing and ensure all the regulations set AbdRabou, E. (2012). Real-time crowd
by the government are properly implemented. monitoring using infrared thermal video
sequences. Journal of American Science,
Furthermore, the building owners will get 8(3), pp. 133-140.
the benefit in terms of having a monitoring
system that is capable to generate information Balz, D. & Guskin, E. (2020). “Americans
on how to optimise the building capacities widely oppose reopening most businesses,
but yet still complying with the social despite easing of restrictions in some
distancing regulations. In which this system, states, Post-U. Md. poll finds,” The
shall provide the shop owners or building Washington Post, 05-May-2020. [Online].
owners information on the performance and Americans widely oppose reopening most
operation data that would be beneficial for businesses, despite easing of restrictions
them in terms of planning effective business in some states, Post-U. Md. poll finds -
operations. The Washington Post [Accessed: 20-Mar-
2021].
As a visitor, having a medium that
shared the information regarding the Beymer, D. (2000, December). Person
current occupancy would be very helpful in counting using stereo. Proceedings
managing their time. Moreover, this system Workshop on Human Motion (pp. 127-
will provide the recommended time to visit 133). IEEE.
the premises or shop in which to reduce the
issues of long queues and uncertain waiting Chen, T.H., Chen, T.Y., & Chen, Z.X. (2006,
time. June). An intelligent people-flow counting
method for passing through a gate. 2006
IEEE Conference on Robotics, Automation
and Mechatronics, pp. 1-6. IEEE.
NURCCOINS 2021 PROCEEDING 127
Sustaining Tomorrow with Digital Innovation
Erden, F., Alkar, A.Z. & Cetin, A.E. (2015).
A robust system for counting people using
an infrared sensor and a camera. Infrared
Physics & Technology, 72, pp. 127-134.
Hossain, M.S. & Nahiyan, H. (2014,
December). Automatic Control System
for Lighting of a Single Door Room
with Bidirectional People Counter.
International Conference on Mechanical,
Industrial and Energy Engineering, pp.
26-27.
Jinqiao, Y., Yong, H., Honghua, L., Jianjun,
T. & Shenglin, J. (2015). Pyroelectric
infrared sensor and its application in
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Raykov, Y.P., Ozer, E., Dasika, G.,
Boukouvalas, A. & Little, M.A. (2016,
September). Predicting room occupancy
with a single passive infrared (PIR) sensor
through behavior extraction. Proceedings
of The 2016 ACM International Joint
Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous
Computing, pp. 1016-1027.
Terada, K., Yoshida, D., Oe, S. & Yamaguchi,
J. (1999, October). A method of counting
the passing people by using the stereo
images. Proceedings 1999 International
Conference on Image Processing (Cat.
99CH36348), 2, pp. 338-342). IEEE.
Velipasalar, S., Tian, Y.L. & Hampapur,
A. (2006, July). Automatic counting
of interacting people by using a single
uncalibrated camera. 2006 IEEE
International Conference on Multimedia
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Xia, F., Yang, L.T., Wang, L., & Vinel, A.
(2012). Internet of things. International
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Yun, J. & Lee, S.S. (2014). Human movement
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128 NURCCOINS 2021 PROCEEDING
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Tutor Finder Mobile Application using Machine Learning-based
Recommendation System
Mastura Zaim
Faculty of Science and Information Technology,
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia
Email: [email protected]
Abstract Introduction
Presently, online learning is said to be The COVID-19 pandemic has been striking
replacing our old physical class where the since the end of December 2019 and it has
students and tutor are engaged in the physical shaken many countries worldwide. The
class having the teaching and learning session. education institutes are unable to operate as
The reason for this was due to the particular usual and this affects the whole education
reason of being a result of the outbreak. The process among the students. Due to the
main objective of this application is to offer situation, the students need to learn from home
the students the most optimal tutor based via an online platform and a lot of students
on their learning styles and characteristics. have complained that online learning is not
The proposed methodology of this Tutor as effective and efficient as a real-life class
Finder Mobile Application is Agile as it session. This research proposes an innovative
predicts modifications and offers much Tutor Finder Mobile Application using
more flexibility than traditional methods Machine Learning-based Recommendation
that might have been required in the future. System. Presently, no Tutor Application can
To conclude, by the end of this project, the find the tutor based on learning styles and
Tutor Finder Mobile Application can find the learner characteristics even though there is a
most suitable and accurate tutor to student’s lot of Tutor Application. Learning styles are
recommendation system where it would defined as the educational circumstances in
recommend the student to tutor based on data which a student would be most keen to grasp
collected. while characteristics refer to a distinguishing
trait of a person, place, or thing that helps to
Keywords mobile application, machine determine them (Stewart & Felicetti, 1992).
learning, recommendation system, learner To conclude everything that has been stated
characteristics, online learning, learning so far, we all can agree that the current Tutor
style. Finder Mobile Application does not propose
students’ preferences such as learner styles
and characteristics as there are only a few
parameters proposed which would affect the
effectiveness of their learning. Also, there is a
NURCCOINS 2021 PROCEEDING 129
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lack of recommendation in the current Tutor for the user which is mainly a student. The
Finder Mobile Application and this would author found out that the learners encountered
lead the student to have an unsuitable tutor several obstacles as the learners struggled to
despite long hours searching for the right reach relevant tools to their area of study
tutor. amongst these vast number of options
available. Thus, the author came with the
Related Work / Literature Review project objective to build a recommendation
system by categorising the learners based
Tutor Application System on their attitude to cater them following to
their needs. The approaches that have been
The tutor application system can be defined proposed by the author were based on the
as tutors and students able to engage with one content as well as collaborative filtering.
another in real-time (Arif & Khalifa, 2012).
Online tutoring or tutor application system Comparison between collaborative and
consists of numerous benefits compared content filtering
to the traditional teaching methods which
include the ability for students to concentrate Most of the time the majority of recommender
on a task and obtain more possibilities for systems use two methods which are
collaborative interaction (Welsh et al., 2003). collaborative filtering or content-based
Hence, there is a lot of tutor application system filtering. A recommender system aims to
that has been developed with different kind make significant recommendations to a group
of approaches following the demand. While I of users for items or products that they may
did researches on the tutor application system, be focused on. Due to difficulties of choosing
I have found a research paper regarding tutor the best course for students relying on their
finder web-based where the system can find particular groups, the author created a system
tuition or tutor. After I thoroughly read the where it able to classify and separate groups
research paper, the author stated the idea of of students into appropriate courses based on
developing the tutor application system due their previous courses and preferences. Thus,
to 4.2 percent of the population being jobless the approach that has been made is that The
and most people are having trouble securing Apriori algorithm was implemented in the
jobs in Bangladesh. Thus, the author wanted system to come up with an association rule
to create a project along the line of an online (Obeidat et al., 2019).
work portal to overcome this issue and this
approach is claimed to be time-consuming.
Recommendation System
A recommendation system is referred to
as assisting people in informing decisions
in these dynamic knowledge spaces and
recommenders recommend things to the
customer based on details about the individual
and the scope of necessary items (Rashid et
al., 2002). During my research finding, I have
found there is a recommendation system
where the system can track and find the tutor
130 NURCCOINS 2021 PROCEEDING
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Table 1 Comparison between collaborative and content filtering
No Collaborative Filtering Content Filtering References
Aggarwal et al., 2017
1. Generates a recommendation Produces a suggestion Aggarwal et al., 2017
referring to the previous user based on the previous user Aggarwal et al., 2017
behaviour model. behaviour model. Ariff et al., 2018
2. Recognise the usefulness of Suggests items based on a
objects for a particular user comparison of two or more
based on the items previously variables such as the objects’
classified by other end-users. content as well as a user
profile.
3. Either a user-based or an Produce relevant
item-based approach is recommendations by
applied. employing a variety of
models to discover the
similarities between
documents.
4. Some movies that received The evaluations data set
high ratings from the active excludes certain movies that
user are excluded out of the have been rated by the active
rating data set. user.
Research Methodology that has been collected and analysed during
the first stage. Apart from that, during the
This proposed research methodology is used first phase of Agile methodology, the logical
in Agile methodology. design produced is turned into a physical
design.
Requirements and Design
Initially, the requirement phase should be Development and Testing
taken seriously by the developer to ensure
the project is executed well. The requirement Then, the next stage is the implementation
analysis phase is crucial whenever initiating phase. It requires some time to complete as
any projects as it analyses the issues of the developer writes the code that has been
the project on the reasons for developing gathered and designed during previous phases
the project as well as other potential ways to ensure the system is well-functioning.
of intensifying the project. Moreover, the As the implementation phase has been
objectives of the project should be listed out completed, the project needs to go through
on the outcome to ensure it achieves and system testing where all the issues and bugs
meets the project’s objectives by the end of are being identified and fixed. A test plan is
the project. Also, problem statements of the supposed to be developed and executed on a
project should be identified so that the issues given set of test data after writing the code
that arise can be fixed. Next, system design. for the whole programme. Moreover, the
After completing the first phase in Agile result of the test execution should be similar
methodology, there is the second stage which to the expected results to ensure it meets the
is system design. System design is created objectives of the project.
based on the user requirements and analysis
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Deployment and Review a page where the user is required to fill in
the information details. After that, the user
The deployment phase is where it puts the will be asked to have the tutor finder process
product into production and the project is which is the student will be provided with a
ready to be released as well as to go live in set of questionnaires to answer to recommend
a real environment after receiving approval. with the most suitable tutor. The set of
Lastly, the system maintenance phase. The questionnaires is mainly based on learning
system maintenance phase is where the styles and learner characteristics with the aid
project should meet the scope of any future of machine learning integration. However,
enhancement, functionality, and other useful if in case the user does not want to find the
functional features to cope up with the latest tutor yet, the system will bring the user to the
future needs. The project is always being menu page.
reviewed from time to time to ensure the bugs
or issues found are being fixed accordingly. Conclusion
Result And Discussions To conclude, it is clear that there are tons of
studies that have been conducted about the
The above figure displays the proposed use of it in learning especially on the learning
flowchart on how Tutor Finder Mobile side which involves content recommendation
Application is working for the user. The user but in practice, none of the ideas have yet to
can access this application by registering and see the light of day and remains as a concept
login into the account by using a smartphone. entirely. Based on the questionnaire that I
prepared, most of them answered that they
have encountered problems finding the right
tutor and they never heard of any app capable
of doing so. Based on this research, it is
finally time somebody takes an initial step
to embrace the power of machine learning
and incorporate it into an application that can
do it all, from identifying the learning style
and characteristics of an individual, giving
the right content for the learning process to
providing the right tutor for each student that
fit their requirements.
Figure 1 Tutor finder mobile application Acknowledgement
flowchart
First of all, I would like to thank Allah SWT,
The user is required to register an account The Almighty, a place where I pray and
if the user is new. However, if in case the surrender, who has given me the strength and
message prompt the email exists, it means ability to work on this project. Next, special
the email has been registered and stored in thanks go to Mrs. Ts. Nazleeni Samiha binti
the database. Hence, the user needs to log Haron as my supervisor for this project. I
in to the account and reset the password if would like to suppress my best regards for
in case the user is unable to remember the her kind attention, great advice, bright ideas,
password. The system will bring the user to and guidance for guiding me throughout this
132 NURCCOINS 2021 PROCEEDING
Sustaining Tomorrow with Digital Innovation
project. Last but not least, I would like to Welsh, E.T., Wanberg, C.R., Brown, K.G.
express my deepest gratitude to my family & Simmering, M.J. (2003). E‐learning:
especially my parents for their endless prayer emerging uses, empirical results and
and support to work on this project. future directions. International Journal of
Training and Development, 7(4), pp. 245-
References 258.
Aggarwal, P., Tomar, V. & Kathuria, A.
(2017). Comparing content based and
collaborative filtering in recommender
systems. International Journal of New
Technology and Research, 3(4), p. 263309.
Arif, R.M. & Khalifa, O.O. (2012, July).
Online tutoring system in college:
Case study in private education. 2012
International Conference on Computer and
Communication Engineering (ICCCE),
pp. 608-611. IEEE.
Ariff, N.M., Bakar, M.A.A. & Rahim,
N.F. (2018, October). Comparison
between content-based and collaborative
filtering recommendation system for
movie suggestions. In AIP Conference
Proceedings, 2013(1), p. 020057. AIP
Publishing LLC.
Obeidat, R., Duwairi, R. & Al-Aiad,
A. (2019, August). A collaborative
recommendation system for online courses
recommendations. 2019 International
Conference on Deep Learning and Machine
Learning in Emerging Applications (Deep-
ML), pp. 49-54. IEEE.
Rashid, A.M., Albert, I., Cosley, D., Lam,
S.K., McNee, S.M., Konstan, J.A. &
Riedl, J. (2002, January). Getting to
know you: learning new user preferences
in recommender systems. In Proceedings
of The 7th International Conference on
Intelligent User Interfaces, pp. 127-134.
Stewart, K.L. & Felicetti, L.A. (1992).
Learning styles of marketing majors.
Educational Research Quarterly,
15(2), pp.15-23.
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