2021 International Conference on Advance and Redesign Education Proceedings Final Draf

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Result And Discussions and it shows that both models did not show
good predictions. This is due to differences in
Prediction of Remaining Useful Life (RUL) engines data with the environment.
of engines is done based on the regression
model and binary classification model. Table In the regression model, there is three
1 shows the overall result and it shows that visualisation that the author has made which
both models did not show good prediction due are (1) Model loss (2) Mean Squared Error
to complications of the engine’s information. and (3) Coefficient of Determination (R^2).
However, on the other side, the author has One of the goals of the regression model is
compared the LSTM with Template Best M to identify how many cycles will the engine
odel and Table 2 shows LSTM has better service engine last until it has to be replaced.
accuracy than Template Best Model. Figure 1 Table 3 shows the result of a regression
shows the visualisation of the results. model. Figure 2 shows the visualisation of
theresult of the comparison of predicted and
actual data.

Table 3 Result of regression model

Table 1 Result of RUL prediction

Figure 2 Regression Model Visualisation

Figure 1 Result visualization In the binary classification model, there
are two visualisations that the author has
Table 2 Comparison of prediction accuracy made which are (1) Model loss (2) Model
accuracy. The goal of binary classification is
Prediction of Remaining Useful Life to predict is there any engine will fail within
(RUL) of engines is done based on the certain cycles. Table 4 shows the result of
regression model and binary classification a regression model; binary classification.
model. Figure 2 shows the comparison Figure 3 shows the visualisation of the result
of results from regression and binary of the comparison of predicted and actual
classification models compared to actual data.
RUL. The bar chart shows the overall result
Accuracy 0.97

Precision 0.92

Recall 1

F-Score 0.96

Table 4 Result of the binaryclassification model

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Figure 3 Binary Classification Visualisation to successfully complete the industrial
project. In addition, the author wishes to
Conclusion express her gratitude to all those people,
relatives, and friends who have helped her
Prognostic Health Management (PHM) of during her final year semesters. Second,
bearings machinery has gained popularity the author wishes to express her heartfelt
because of its effectiveness in increasing thanks and deep appreciation to Madam
the reliability of bearings in machinery. Shakirah Binti Taib, her Final Year Project
Remaining Useful Life (RUL) is one of the (FYP) Supervisor, for providing her with
PHM that predict bearings life to determine such a wonderful opportunity to experience
its downtime. Bearing is one of the most her final year semester and for providing her
sensitive components in machinery that needs with brilliant guidance and information to
to take care of, and its health monitoring assist her in completing her thesis. Last but
plays an important role in machinery not least, she wishes to express her gratitude
systems. Therefore, there is a variety of to University Technology PETRONAS
measurements that engineers gather to (UTP) for providing her with the opportunity
increase its reliability such as temperature, to undergo her final year semester at UTP.
oil, and pressure analysis. According to the The author is grateful for the opportunity to
result shown, Long-Short Term Memory complete her FYP successfully.
(LSTM) which is one of the deep learning
methodologiesis used to predict the RUL and References
regression and binary classification models
are used to show the result. As stated in the Ahsan, S. & Lemma, T.A. (2017). Remaining
result and discussion, LSTM showed a better useful life prediction of gas turbine engine
result compared to the template model. The using autoregressive model. In MATEC
final prediction result is moderate and has not Web of Conferences, 131, p. 04014, EDP
shown a very good prediction. In addition, Sciences.
researchers all around the world are still
researching and finding the right method of Babu, G.S., Zhao, P. & Li, X.L. (2016, April).
predictive maintenance to predict the RUL of Deep convolutional neural network based
machinery. regression approach for estimation of
remaining useful life. In International
Acknowledgement Conference on Database Systems for
Advanced Applications (pp. 214-228).
First and foremost, the author would like Springer, Cham.
to express her heartfelt gratitude to her
relatives, who have always helped her and Chen, X.W. & Lin, X. (2014). IEEE Access,
provided her with inspiration, passion, 2, p. 514.
and invaluable assistance, allowing her
Ellefsen, A.L., Bjørlykhaug, E., Æsøy,
V., Ushakov, S. & Zhang, H. (2019).
Remaining useful lifepredictions for
turbofan engine degradation using semi-
supervised deep architecture. Reliability
Engineering & System Safety, 183, pp.
240-251.

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Guo, L., Li, N., Jia, F., Lei, Y. & Lin, J.

(2017). A recurrent neural network-based

health indicator for remaining useful life

prediction of bearings. Neurocomputing,

240, pp. 98-109.

Kalgren, P.W., Byington, C.S., Roemer,

M.J. & Watson, M.J. (2006, September).

Defining PHM, alexical evolution of

maintenance and logistics. In 2006 IEEE

Autotestcon (pp. 353-358). IEEE.

Peng, Y., Wang, Y. & Zi, Y. (2018). Switching

state-space degradation model with

recursive filter/smoother for prognostics of

remaining useful life. IEEE Transactions

on Industrial Informatics, 15(2), pp. 822-

832.

Sutrisno, E., Oh, H., Vasan, A.S.S. & Pecht,

M. (2012, June). Estimation of remaining

useful life of ball bearings using data-

driven methodologies. In 2012 IEEE

Conference on Prognostics and

Health Management (pp. 1-7). IEEE.

Zhao, G., Zhang, G., Ge, Q. & Liu, X. (2016,

October). Research advances in fault

diagnosis and prognostic based on

deep learning. In 2016 Prognostics and

System Health Management Conference

(PHM-Chengdu) (pp. 1-6), IEEE.

50 NURCCOINS 2021 PROCEEDING
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Daily Morning Meeting Dashboard

Hilman Zafri Mazlan
Faculty of Science and Information Technology,

Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia
Email: [email protected]

Abstract According to Bosch Production System
(BPS) norm, the purpose of having a Daily
This project aims to develop an effective Morning Meeting is to check and prioritise
KPI Dashboard for Bosch Production their KPI deviations as well as complete the
System worldwide. This allows them to Open Point Lists (OPL). This daily morning
keep track of Bosch Production Line’s KPIs meeting is a time where Production Line
and demonstrate how effectively they are Leader can explain their problems to their
achieving their business goals in terms of superior, and the superior will take note and
its safety, quality, cost, and delivery. This assign tasks to the responsible person. These
project begins with a discussion with Plant tasks will then be listed down in the OPL and
Manager and Coordinator to determine will be tracked daily.
the important elements to include in the
dashboard. Following the requirement This KPI Dashboard is a project intended
analysis and collection of relevant data, a to work as a solution that could solve the
working dashboard prototype was produced problem of the previous inefficient and
with the design and necessary elements as ineffective reporting system. The objective
agreed upon in the previous discussion. Then, of this project is to create a system that can
usability testing was conducted to study the automatically track their daily KPI during
effectiveness, as well as minor modifications their daily morning meeting routine. This
and further enhancements. dashboard will be used and conducted
by the Production Line Supervisor and
Introduction Plant Coordinator and participated by the
Production Line Leader as well as the line
Key Performance Indicator (KPI) was mainly operators. The main target of this dashboard
used by the management people and has been is to accurately display and track the
widely implemented by many organisations performance of each production line while
to demonstrate how effectively a company being a user-friendly, simple, and useful KPI
is achieving its key business objectives. Dashboard for all Bosch’s Production Line.
It became a common occurrence in an
organisation as it enables them to monitor The requirements and expectation from
and keep track of their current performance Bosch higher management for this dashboard
towards achieving the intended goals. is to monitor and track the KPI according to
their category. There are a total of 8 KPIs

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and must be separated into Safety, Quality, data planning, data discovery, and interactive
Cost, and Delivery categories. After KPI has dashboards. The Key Performance Dashboard
been tracked and discussed, prioritisation is a tool that displays statistical data in the
and assignment of deviations must be made. form of a graph (chart) to meet strategic needs.
OPLs are also important to be tracked daily It’s also a component of Decision Support
to close any of the taken action tasks. Systems (DSS) that can interact with users
to provide layered information for decision-
The image below is the proposed design making. According to Widjaja & Mauritsius,
sketch from the higher management: research at Anna University in Chennai,
India, Power BI takes a revolutionary
Figure 1 Proposed sketch of Daily Morning approach to simplify Business Intelligence
Meeting Dashboard and analytic data, allowing individuals
and organisations to easily provide data,
Related Work / Literature Review create reports automatically, combine it
Business Intelligence (BI) Technology in on a dashboard, and share it with minimal
developing KPI Dashboard time and effort. Another study found that
combining both new technologies, such as BI
and Cloud computing, can improve decision-
making processes by creating a synergistic
effect in their integration. The dashboardwill
be developed not only for management, but
also for other departments such as finance,
rental, manufacturing, and other businesses.

An organisation must look for ways and Key Performance Indicator (KPI) in
find opportunities to improve the efficiency Dashboard for evaluating employees
and effectiveness of its operations. Business
intelligence (BI) is the process of analysing Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) are
and presenting a large amount of data as a performance measurement tools that assess
set of reports. This includes synthesising how well the desired requirements were met
the implicit key concepts and translating in an industrial production line, which is
these concepts into actionable conclusions crucial to the company’s success (Stan et al.,
in decision-making processes to improve 2012). KPIs serve as a benchmark for workers
business performance. Rapid technological and supervisors to consider the significance
advancement has affected traditional and of their jobs and the results that must be
existing business models in every industry. achieved. It is used by company managers to
One of the most important things that can be measure workers’ competence and approach
done to improve things is to adopt technology to clear business goals. Companies’ strategies
that focuses on strategic management through for establishing stronger links between
the use of Business Intelligence (BI) (Widjaja industrial production line output and the
& Mauritsius, 2019). Microsoft Power BI, an use of customised or general performance
analytical framework for analysing data and dashboards (Denton, 2005). According to a
exchanging information in theindustry, is one study, industrial organisations that use KPI
of the most commonly used BI technologies Dashboard are two times more effective at
today. It has cloud integration, which enables tracking KPIs than those who use a manual
it to provide data centre functionality such as tracking system. (Stan, et al., 2012). The main

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benefits of the KPI Dashboard as stated by Due to time constraints for this project
Stan are that it allows a faster implementation to be done, it is better to prioritise the back-
process, is easy to adapt to rapid change, end part to make sure it is working and to
and is much easier to customise in-house, show the reliability of the data. The front-
through software configuration. The average end (user interface and user experience) will
weekly work/employee by measuring the be improvised later during the upcoming
average number of hours worked by the working group meeting with the higher
employee “full-time equivalent” (FTE) week, management.
personnel turnover by measuring the rate at
which employees leave the organisation over Back-End Configuration
time, and so on are examples of KPIs related
to employee evaluation. The implementation Data from Central MES Server (FPY,
of the KPI dashboard on industrial production Laser Power Monitoring, DP, OEE,
lines helps the company achieve its business Output KPI)
goals.
After data extraction from the MES Oracle
Research Methodology Server process, it was shown that the
important data criteria including Plant Name,
Creation of System Prototype Value Stream, Cost Centre, Product, Product
Name, Area, Area Name, Line ID, and Line
After identifying the problems, solutions, and Name were not available.
gathering all the important data, we can start
developing the system prototype. Microsoft These data are crucial to be displayed
Power BI software was suggested during in the dashboard to fulfil the goals of an
the working group meeting with the higher “Interactive Dashboard”. As an example,
management in developing this dashboard. these data are required for the user to
This program has also been common in select which production lines, cost centre,
Bosch since the first digitalisation of the value stream they are currently viewing.
Bosch Production System. Nonetheless, this should not be a problem
because of the availability of a Primary Key
Basic knowledge of how to use Power which is Location_ID. This primary key will
BI is required before creating the prototype. relate one-to-one to the additional table with
Therefore, seekingout tutorials, reading user the required column created as shown in
manuals using resources that can be found on Figure 4.
the Internet is important.

The image below is the first working
prototype of the dashboard:

Figure 2 First draft of Daily Morning Meeting
Dashboard

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Figure 5 Individual line table

Figure 3 Central MES Oracle Server Data

Figure 6 Appending individual table to
MASTER

Figure 4 Additional Excel table

Data from Individual Production Line
Excel File (Accident, 7S, Levelling
Adherence)

During the import process of each production Figure 7 Overall data model
line’s Excel file, a large number of tables as
expected were shown. This large amount of As shown in the figure above, the data
table will cause a clutter in the data model model can be cleaned up by creating data
during the data relationship process. As a related to a single MASTER Table for each
solution for this, merging all the individual production line instead of having 1 Table for
line tables into a single Master Table by 1 production line.
using the Power Query Append method can
be useful.

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Colour code for each KPI (Red/Green) be seen in the dashboard,

The requirement from Bosch Production 1. Users can choose their Plant Name,
System Working Group was to display a Value Stream, Cost Centre, Line Name,
Green colour as a KPI that meets the target, and Date
and Red colour as a KPI that did not meet the
target. However, this simple requirement is 2. Users can see which KPI category
not a feature created and available by Power (SQCD) does not reach the target by
BI. With the help of the Power BI forum looking at the colour, as well as viewing
community, this feature can be done by the overall value of each KPI.
implementing a DAX Code inside of the KPI
Card to display the colour required as shown 3. Users can click on each KPI to view
in Figure 8. more information such as Quarterly,
Monthly, and Daily data view.

4. Users can click the blue buttons to direct
them to their specific files.

Figure 8 FPY DAX Code

Navigation Bar Button

In most cases, a single button can only Figure 10 Main page
open one (1) web link. However, the idea of
having a single button to a single link was not Figure 11 Detailed chart of FPY
accepted by the higher management during
the follow-up meeting. This is because the
initial requirement of this single button is to
open every selected individual production
line’s link. As an example, if the user selects
Line MT64, the button will direct them into
the MT64 link, and if the user selects other
lines, it will direct them into their respective
line’s link. Also, with the help of the Power BI
Forum Community, we can tweak this button
by implementing a DAX formula to make it
work as a single button to multiple links.

Figure 9 DAX Code implemented in button Figure 12 Detailed chart of Output

Finalisation Of The System

After multiple steps on improving the
usability and experience of the dashboard,
this is the final and accepted design of the
Digital DMM Dashboard. Features that can

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Figure 13 Monthly chart of OEE there are lots of unused reports that are being
refreshed in the background, causing the
Figure 14 Hourly Quantity Tracking Sheet slow performance of this dashboard. From
my perspective, the only major downside of
Execution Phase And Evaluation By Users this dashboard is the amount of data sources
used. Even though steps taken to minimise
After giving all the access to the authorised the number of data sources have been done,
personnel, the dashboard link was sent this dashboard will perform faster if they had
out using email to all involved personnel, a dedicated server for manually key-in KPIs.
including Plant Manager, BPS Plant This issue has been issued out to the Plant
Coordinator, Line Supervisor, and Line Manager and they will make a digitalisation
Leader. All the involved personnel has solution by the year 2025. In conclusion,
already tried out the dashboard according this project is still in its early stages of
to their roll-out schedule plan. Besides a implementation, and minor bugs will be
slight mathematical calculation error due present from time to time. Therefore, getting
to miscommunication between BPS Plant someone to actively monitor and troubleshoot
Coordinator and the data entry clerk, this these minor issues is crucial in this stage.
project was executed flawlessly at the early
stage. Results And Discussion

During the BPS Steering Committee While some applications had some limitations
sharing session held via Skype, positive in terms of their functionality, alternative
feedback and comments were given. Several measures were taken to temporarily or
suggestions were made on the data collection permanently resolve the issues. Most
process, and slight user-interface adjustment significantly, a general dashboard was
has been noted down. This dashboard has also successfully developed, which shows an
eased up the BPS Coordinator’s workload in overview of all required 8 KPIs on the main
terms of creating a report for each KPI every page and in-depth KPIs on the other pages.
month to show to the higher management. This greatly aids the BPS Plant Coordinator
in keeping track of their everyday tasks and
The only critiques was the time taken for concentrating on achieving their goals.
the dashboard to be loaded. However, this is
due to the Bosch Power BI Server-side since Before handing out the dashboard to
the user, two servers were tested and used
throughout the publishing process. The First
Power BI server was hosted in Sebnitz,
Germany while the others were hosted in
Stuttgart, Germany. Findings show that the
second server in Stuttgart refreshed a lot
faster than the first one, due to its low amount
of unused reports in the server. We value
refresh time because the data must be revised
and refreshed by 8:30 a.m., and the meeting
will begin at 9:00 a.m.

A better database system should be
implemented to reduce the amount of data
sources in the dashboard. This also cuts down

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on the time it takes to refresh the dashboard. and my University Supervisor, Dr. Shuib
Not only that, but data stored on the server Basri, for their constant supervision and
are more standardised and protected since guidance throughout my whole internship
only authorised staff is allowed to handle and programme. Their guidance by exposing
access the data there. me to the real working environment is very
much appreciated. I would also like to thank
In conclusion, as of April 2021, this project Bosch’s Plant Coordinator, IT Personnel both
has already been roll-out successfully to in Penang and Germany, who permitted me
45 production lines in Penang and 2 pilot to use necessary materials to help make the
production lines in Sebnitz, Germany. Other most of my internshipprogramme.
production lines such as Battery Pack,Combi
Laser, Thermal Camera will be continued by References
the next person in charge.

Conclusion Allington, M. (2018). Supercharge Power BI.
Holy Macro! Books.
It was an enjoyable opportunity to be part
of the Bosch Production System Team Denton, D.K. (2005). Measuring
(BPS) and to contribute to the Digital Daily relevant things. International Journal
Morning Meeting Dashboard project. This of Productivity and Performance
experience has allowed developing both my Management, 54, 4, pp.278-287.
soft skills and technical skills that are needed
in all aspects of working in a corporate setting. Hanim. S.S. (2020). Microsoft Power BI -
In terms of the technical side, I obtain a good User Manual Specifically for Bosch.
amount of exposure to Business Intelligence
software that was never thought in mind that Malik, S. (2005). Enterprise dashboards:
it can help an organisation to keep track of design and best practices for IT. John
their performances and productivity. In a non- Wiley & Sons.
technical aspect, interaction and professional
communication with employees have been Stan, L., Mărăscu-Klein, V., Neagoe,
improved drastically after being educated with L. & Tecău, A. (2012, April).
the supervisor, regardless of level of position. KPI performance indicators for evaluating
employees on industrial production lines.
The process flow of completing a project In 8th International DAAAM Baltic
was also being taught as a procedure in Conference (pp. 1-6). http://innomet.ttu.
executing tasks in a multinational company ee/daaam_publications/2012/stan2.pdf
like Bosch since there are several guidelines
needed to be followed to prevent some cyber- Webb, C. (2014). Power Query for Power BI
security issues such as data leakage. Other and Excel. Berkeley:Apress.
skills including critical thinking were trained,
as there will be an occasion where quick Widjaja, S. & Mauritsius, (2019). T. The
action is required to overcome a problem or Development of Performance Dashboard
issue in certain circumstances. Visualization with Power BI As Platform.
International Journal of Mechanical
Engineering and Technology, 10, 5, pp.
235-249.

Acknowledgements

Special appreciation goes to my Host
Company Supervisor, Jenny Khoo Su Yean,

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GoPark: The Development of Smart Parking
System in Shopping Mall

Nurul Hidayah Zailani, Ahmad Sobri Hashim
Faculty of Science and Information Technology,

University Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia
Email: [email protected]

Abstract Introduction

At the present, people are still facing problems Searching for a parking space during peak
securing a vacant parking spot, especially hours is like searching for a needle in a
during weekends and peak hours. Even though haystack. Especially the center of attraction
new technologies have been introduced in of the town which is the shopping mall. A
most of the other parking facilities, there are study shows that the number of passenger
still flaws and challenges thatoccur. This paper vehicles registered in 2018 rose to 533,302
introduced a mobile application that can help units compared to 514,675 units in 2017.
the drivers to have a smoother process to Thisis an increase of 3.6% growth. (Malaysia
secure a parking spot. This application helps Automotive Association, 2019). With the
to display the available parking spot, reserve, rapid advancementin growth and technology
and navigate the users towards their parking that has made people move to the urban areas,
spot. If there is no available parking, this the urbanisation process has come up with the
application will help to show the remaining overpopulated in some areas, these prove that
time left for the parking spots tobe available. the parking spaces would be lessened as the
The mobile application is user-friendly and number of cars has doubled. This shows that,
easy for the drivers to operate. For the System as the number of people is increasing, the
Development Life Cycle (SDLC), Agile number of cars shall rise too. It is known that;
Methodology has been chosen and a survey shopping trips are the second most frequent
has been conducted among 72 respondents to trips by people (Farag et al., 2003). People are
identify the needs for the implementation of attracted to go to shopping malls as there are
a mobile application that could help with the many entertainments such as supermarkets,
enhancement of the current available parking movie theatres, restaurants, and others that are
inside a shopping mall. being offered by the shopping mall (Meena
et al., 2019). The rises number of people
Keywords: parking problems, smart parking going to the shopping mall is resulting in an
system, book a parking, navigate to parking, increased number of people, as well as the
timer for parking spots. number of vehicles to the shopping mall.

With that, one of the parking management
solutions is by implementing a parking

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management system. Problems about traffic When the parking space in the targeted areas
congestion could be avoided if people were is full, people will search for an alternative
informed earlier about the availability of to park their car. The problem arises when
parking spots (Khanna & Anand, 2016), as there are not many parking options available.
they can plan their journey much earlier and Sometimes, the only alternative parking that
this would reduce the chances of getting stuck they can get is not within the walking distance
in traffic. From this research, the objective of (Dave, 2020), which would give difficulty to
this project is to develop a prototype called the drivers to go to their targeted areas.
“GoPark: the development of Smart
Parking System in Shopping Mall” to Research Methodology
optimise the current available parking spaces
in the shopping mall. System Development

Related Work / Literature Review For the development of the “GoPark: The
Development of Smart Parking System”
Metropolis Parking Problems project, Agile Methodology has been
chosen for the System Development Life
Today, parking issues have been one of the Cycle (SDLC) as a method to manage the
subjects most debated by the wider populace operation of each process. This project was
(Liu et al., 2012). People have long lived going into five processes which include
with the normalisation of having to search planning, analysing, design, development,
for parking spots for some time especially in and testing. All of these processes will keep
the urban areas. This is because, when there on a continuous iteration in case if there is
is an urban development in certain areas, any problem in any phase.
the number of people residing is increasing,
thus, the number of parking available would Development Tools
be decreasing. Although designated car parks
have doubled in most cosmopolitan areas, BuilderX
parking bays still struggle to routinely cater
to cars for peak hours. (Biswas et al., 2017). BuilderX is a design framework that helps
Other than that, sometimes the parking users to create a user interface by drag-and-
problem happened due to the operational drop of the Ui elements. The most powerful
problem. Some of the parking management feature of BuilderX is that the user can
has a confusing policy in which will make the extract the feature as a React Native script as
drivers end up paying different amounts than well as utilize it in the development of mobile
they planned (Banerjee & Associoates, 2003). applications.
Also, some management has poor operational
such as challenges on making the payment, React Native
inadequate enforcement, and poor reputation
of the operation (Rye & Koglin, 2014). This React Native is an open platform invented
shows that having unsatisfactory parking by Facebook to build mobile apps on both
management will affect the parking turnover the Android and IOS frameworks. The
as well as the income for the enforcement. advantages of using React Native are quick
Moreover, the next parking problem that is to refresh even without reloading the entire
being faced is due to the inconvenient parking application, plus broad engagement from
option (Banerjee & Associoates, 2003). the community allows the developer to find

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a resolution quickly if there is any problem in the respective mall. There are three types
with the development. of parking spots and colour indicators for
each of the parking spots which are green,
Cloud Firestore representing the parking spots are available
to book. Secondly, yellow, indicating that the
Cloud FireStore is a dynamic database for parking secured has been booked by another
smartphone, network, and server development user, but the duration of the parking spot left
that integrates Firebase and Google Cloud is less than 15 minutes. As for this parking
Platform. It allows users to construct reactive spot, users who do not have the chance
applications that could be runwithout paying to secure any parking spot will get an idea
into mind the network disruptions or internet that the parking spot in yellow boxes will
connectivity. be available soon. And finally, red boxes.
The parking area coloured in red represents
Expo Client the parking spot that is not available to be
booked yet.
Expo Client is used for testing purposes.
Using this application, the testers can test
the developed mobile application inside their
mobile phone, this will give them a more
realistic feel on testing the application as
Expo Client is a stable platform to perform
testing on the application.

Result And Discussions

System Design

The next phase after analysing is the design Figure 1 System flowchart
phase. Design is the phase where the
specifications are transformed into the design. After the user has decided on which
The product in the design phase is a system slot that they prefer, they should be able to
flowchart. Having a flowchart diagram, will book the parking by tapping on the parking
give a much clearer view of the process of spot that they want. There will be a pop-up
the application flow and make the analysis message that prompted the user to key in the
process easier. duration of parking that they want. As for
now, the duration time available to book is
System Flowchart from one hour to three hours. Once the user
has secured their preferred parking spot,
Figure 1 below shows the flowchart of the they should be able to see the green boxes
“GoPark: The Development of Smart Parking that they have chosen turned into the red box
System in the shopping mall”. The flowchart with the title “Booked” and “My Booked
contains the process flow of the application
from the car driver’s point of view. Once the
user has installed and launched the GoPark
application, the car drivers should be able
to view the list of the available parking spot

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Parking” button will be visible and clickable. Final Prototype
Inside the button, there are another three
options available on the screen. Which are, This section will be displaying the final
check-in and check-out QR code as well prototype of the user interface of the GoPark
as a navigation button. QR code will be Application. Starting from the splash screen
auto generated after they have successfully till the check-out user interface. Every
secured a parkingspot. As the availability of interface of the screens in the GoPark
the parking is based on the live update, and Application will be explained in this section.
the parking is based on a first come first serve
basis, the parking spot is not guaranteed to Splash Screen
be secured until the user book the parking.
As if there is another person who has booked This is the splash screen that is implemented
the parking spot that they see, the application for the GoPark Application. The splash
will be refreshed automatically and the spot screen will bedisplayed the same on iOS and
that has been booked would not be available Android. The purpose of putting the splash
to book by other people anymore. Then, the screen is to displaythe application’s logo and
QR code that has been generated will need to name. This is to give an impression to the
be scanned upon arrival at the entry point of users and aware of theexistence of the brand.
the parking for check-in purposes. They need
to scan the QR code to the scanner, and the Figure 2 Splash screen for GoPark Application
parking barrier will be released if the code
is valid. Dashboard

After they have entered the parking area, As for the dashboard, there are three buttons
they will have a choice to use the navigation which are the “View Available Parking Slot”,
feature that will help to guide them to the “My Booked Parking Slot”, and “Need
parking area. In the navigation feature, the Help?” button. Three of these buttons are
application will show animation from the the major feature of this application. The
entry point to their parking spot. This dashboard is used to give an overview of
will ease the process of searching for their the whole application. As you can see from
parking spot. Also, for a smoother process the picture in Figure 3 below, “My Booked
of navigation, there is a “repeat” button for Parking Slot” is greyed out because a user
the users to replay the animation back. They has not placed any booking for the parking
can click on the button a lot of times. This yet. Once the user has successfully placed
is to make sure that they can refer to the their booking, the “My Booked Parking slot”
navigation option for many times. Upon shall be visible and clickable.
arrival at the parking spot, users should park
their car at the respective parking spot. Once
the timer has turnedyellow, the user should get
ready to check out from the premises. Users
should use the check-out QR code that was
given in the “My Booked Parking” section.
The parking barrier will be released once the
user scans using their Check-out QR code.

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“My Booked Parking Slot” option

Users should be able to view detailed
information regarding their booking. There
will be three buttons available under this
option. Which are check-in, navigation, and
check-out button.

Figure 3 Dashboard screen for GoPark App

“View Available Parking Slot” option

As for this section, this is where the booking, Figure 5 “My Booked Parking Slot” section
viewing of the available parking spot took
place. Every user should be able to click on Firstly, once the user has placed a booking,
this button and see a set of parking spots that they should be able to check in and check
is available to choose from. Users should be out by using theQR code that is generated in
able to select a vacant parking spot that is this section. This QR code will be needed to
coloured in green. Once the user has clicked be scanned upon arrival at the parking gate.
on one of the green boxes, the user should be Users should be able to scan their QR codes
able to see a pop-up box appear to prompt to the scanner at the gate before entering the
the user toenter the duration between one to premises. The parking barrier will be lifted
three hours. once the user has scanned their QR code.
Figure 6 shows the screens for check-in and
check-out.

Figure 4 “View Available Parking Slot” screen
for GoPark App

Once the user has successfully placed a Figure 6 QR Code generated for GoPark users
booking, the user will be able to see the “My
Booked Parking” buttonon the bottom of the Secondly, for the navigation, there will
screen that will be visible. Users should be an animation that will show the users about
able to click and navigate to a screen where their directions from the entrance towards
QR codes for the check-in and check-out their booked parking slot. There will be a car
process as well as navigation animation for that will represent the user from the entrance.
the user to refer to will be displayed. Users The purpose of implementing navigation is
should be able to view this information
through this button and on the dashboard
named “My booked parking slot” section.

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to make sure users not be lost in finding their testing that is beingused is User Acceptance
parking slot. Figure 7 shows the navigation Testing. This section will be describing the
screen of the GoPark App. goals and outcomes of this testing.

User Acceptance Testing

Figure 7 Navigation (Animation) screen User Acceptance Testing (UAT) is a level
of assessment in which the end-user or
“Need Help?” option client verifies and accepts the software
application before it is moved to the
This section focuses on inquiries and production environment. Before the testing
information about the application. Users can starts, an email has been sent out to 10 users.
view more details by clicking on the “Need In the email, the introduction about the mobile
Help?” button. In this screen, there will be application, steps to install, the expectation
a few frequently asked questions (FAQ) of every screen, functionalities, and test cases
that are displayed. The information will be are being displayed. 10 users have agreed to
updated within the phase to make sure the perform testing on iOS and Android. Two
information displayed is up to date. Also, this out of 10 users are iOS users, and eight out
screen will be scrollable as this will give an of ten users are Android users. Among all the
ease ofnavigation for the users of the GoPark testers, the majority are from the 17-30 years
Application. old age group which is 50%. Figure 9 shows
the age group of the testers. Once they have
completed the testing, the users have sent
their results from their testing.

Figure 9 Demographic on age (Testers)

Figure 8 Frequently Asked Question screen After testing has been completed, 90%
of Android users have approved that all the
Testing Results & Discussion functionality mentioned in the test cases
are working as expected. One of them has
Following the completion of the development mentioned they faced the app crashing for
stage, a set of testing for this mobile the first time. But working fine right after
application were carried out. The goal of relaunching the application. As for iOS,there
testing is to determine and comprehend was a minor bug found on the navigation
whether this mobile application can meet the screen. The animation is working as expected
requirements and expectations. The type of but the problem is where the red boxes
appeared instead of a red car. However,

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as this is a minor bug, it does not affect Acknowledgement
the functionality of the application as the
navigation animation is working as expected. I’d want to take this moment to convey my
Also, some of the testers did leave some heartfelt appreciation to my family for their
feedbacks for the application. Figure 10 unending love, blessings, and support. Amid
shows the chart on the feedbacks collected. all the struggles and difficulties, I encountered
during the development of this project their
Figure 10 Feedback on App (Chart) unwavering guidance and inspiration were
the key motivators for me to work hard to
Conclusion complete it. Dr. Ahmad Sobri Hashim, my
superior, deserves my heartfelt respect and
“GoPark: The Development of Smart Parking gratitude. I’d like to express my gratitude
System in the Shopping mall” is a project for his continuous encouragement, support,
that was proposed to optimise the available and help throughout this project. Under his
parking spaces in the shopping mall and to constant supervision, I was able to complete
help the car drivers to secure a parking spot in this project with detailed oversight and within
a shopping mall in a much efficient way. By the timeline set. The advice and knowledge
conducting a literature review, survey, and provided under his guidance proved to be
interview, which were a part of the research invaluable in assisting me in completing this
methodology segments, this method helps to project efficiently. It would undoubtedly be
get insights and grasp on the current parking impossible for me to wrap up this project
management system. Based on the research, without that direction.
the challenges faced by the car drivers and
the flaws of the current parking management References
system are being studied to minimise the
problems. Other than that, the development Banerjee & Associoates. (2003). An overview
of the GoPark Application has successfully of common parking issues, parking
been implemented to support the current management options, and creative
parking management system and lower solutions. Department of Transportation,
the chances of the drivers facing parking Pasedena. http://pipta.org/wpcontent/
problems in the shopping mall parking area. uploads/2014/04/Parking-Problems-and-
Based on the user acceptance testing, 90% of Creative- Solutions.pdf
all the testers have given a good review of the
mobile application development. As for the Biswas, S., Chandra, S. & Ghosh, I. (2017).
conclusion, this project will be anticipated Effects of On-Street Parking in Urban
to be benefited to the parking management Context:ACritical Review. Transportation
and car drivers. As if the enhancement of in Developing Economies, 3(1), pp. 1-14.
the current parking management system Doi:10.1007/s40890-017-0040-2
will increase the efficiency of the business
process. Farag, S., Dijst, M. & Lanzendorf, M. (2003).
Exploring the Use of E-Shopping and
Its Impact on Personal Travel Behavior
in the Netherlands. Transportation
Research Record, 1858, pp. 47-54.
Doi:10.3141/1858-07

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Khanna, A. & Anand, R. (2016). IoT based

smart parking system. 2016 International

Conference on Internet of Things and

Applications, IOTA 2016, pp. 266–270.

Doi:10.1109/IOTA.2016.7562735

Liu, Y., Wang, W., Ding, C., Guo, H.,

Guo, W., Yao, L., Xiong, H. & Tan, H.

(2012). Metropolis parking problems and

management planning solutions for traffic

operation effectiveness. Mathematical

Problems in Engineering, 2012.

Doi:10.1155/2012/678952

Malaysia Automotive Association. (2019).

MarketReview2018. http://www.maa.org.

my/pdf/Market_Review_2018.pdf

Meena, S., Patil, G.R. & Mondal, A. (2019).

Understanding mode choice decisions

for shopping mall trips in metro cities

of developing countries. Transportation

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Behaviour, 64, pp. 133-146. Doi:10.1016/j.

trf.2019.05.002

Rye, T. & Koglin, T. (2014). Parking

management. Transport and Sustainability,

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994120140000005027

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Accelerating Agile Development by Providing
Test Execution as a Service

Shubham Gaikwad
Department of Computer Engineering College of Engineering,

Pune, India
Email: [email protected]

Abstract or Flask app leveraging the power python
programming language. This solution will
Industry-standard software products have enable a developer to run regression testing
become very complex comprising of many at the click of a few buttons abstracting out
sub-components interacting with each other all the complexity and thus accelerating the
creating a huge web of inter-dependencies development process.
between them. This makes testing a tedious
task. Agile methodology promotes testing as a Keyword agile, continuous integration,
continuous iteration throughout the software regression testing, jenkins, monoliths
development life-cycle of the project. Along
with writingthe code, a developer also writes Introduction
a few unit test cases and pushes the code in the
source code repository. If regression testing Continuous Integration is a practice of
fails due to a particular change the process frequently integrating the code changes
of reporting the bug toits fulfilment can span (once a day or several times a day) done
up to a few weeks thus delaying the product by developers into the central repository.
release. And performing regression testing by Continuous Integration servers are
a single developer is very difficult because of responsible for automating this process end-
the setup and configuration complexity. If to-end from committing the code, making a
we provide Test Execution as a Service, this build, verifying the build by running the unit
problem can be tackled. The solution will test/regression test, and finally deploying
involve triggering test execution for different it. CI implementation heavily depends on
branches and deployment topologies without the software architecture (Leite et al., 2019;
the knowledge of t h e complex process Shahin et al., 2019), thus there is no standard
involved in doing it manually. The solution way of implementing CI. CI implemented for
will involve a dashboard with the visualisation the monolithic architecture of software will
of different statistics all in one place. It will be very different from the SOA. It comprises
use a Continuous Integration server (such many different tools used at different stages of
as Jenkins, Travis CI, etc) as a backend continuous practices. It is not just about the
involving pipelines for job setups. Whereas processes and tools but also aboutthe teams
middlewarecan be implemented as a Django involved in this process. Before new features

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and functionalities are added to the project, t h e CI pipeline needs to be processed
several tests are done such as unit tests and and represented in a friendly manner to the
integration tests. Even if these new changes developers. The framework behind the
are well tested, they can still cause problems Test execution as a service consists of a
when merged with the central codebase. continuous integration server as a backend
It can break the already working features. to run thejob pipelines. Middleware could be
It is called regression. In this manner, it is a Django or Flask or any other similar service.
likewise important to ensure that the existing This provides an abstraction of all underlying
features stay isolated from defects. Manual complexity to the developers which leads to
testing will simply keep on taking more and faster product development.
more time as new features are added.
A team working on certain components
The complexity of software products has does not need to be very confident in
increased exponentially over the past few understanding and running the tests of a
decades. Modern industry-standard products different component. There should be a way
are made up of several components and their so that ateam member working on different
sub-components. These components need to components be able to run the test in a way
work together and have a lot of dependency that does not require him/her to know the
on each other. In a typical agile development specific technical details of it. Now talking
environment, a developer frequently commits about the results, how does the developer
changes to the version control system which know the outcome of tests? And regarding
includes the code for unit testing. From the specific details like how many tests passed/
developer’s perspective, this code might be failed, how much is the code coverage, etc.
working well as it is unit tested but because Usually, reports generated detailing out all
of the inter-dependency of components, the outcomes by the CI server are used by
something in another component might be the developers, but this process is a bit
breaking because of these commits. This tedious. A presentation layer above the CI
is called regression. To address this issue, server which will consume the information
regression testing can be done. If something generatedby the CI server and then present
fails in t h e regression test, it can take it in a friendly mannerto the user makes this
a few weeks to discover the root cause and process much convenient.
fix it. This leads to a delay in product
release. It is not even feasible for a single Few questions were asked while
developer to perform regression tests because interviewing the organisation’s teams
of configuration and setup complexity. members to better understand the problem
The goal is to address this problem. The and requirements.
solution enables the developers to trigger
regression tests against various branches 1. Is manual testing difficult/tedious?
and different deployment typologies very Testing can be very tedious depending
easily without warring about underlying upon what framework is used for it
complex configuration/setup. The developer and its complexity. These frameworks
only interacts with a graphical user interface are parameterised and finding correct
(or CLI) and because of regression test parameters can be difficult. Setting up
automation, developers will spend most an environment is time-consuming and
of their time doing productive work rather may not be consistent at a different
than dealing with the CI processes. The time as well as among different teams
information generated at various stages of resulting in inconsistent/conflicting
outcomes.

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2. Getting used to the Jenkins server. Literature Survey
Writing Jenkins pipeline in a groovy
language requires development and Bobrovskis & Jurenoks (2018) mention
maintenance in itself. Jenkins is the importance of automation required
notorious for its overwhelming user in QA practices. Business competition,
interface. It has a steep learning curve. surviving in the market, the evolution of
languages, technologies, etc. are the reasons
3. Is it required to learn Jenkins by behind the significance of automation.
every team member? Building a CI/CD pipeline requires the use
Jenkins is a great tool to learn. But its of many different tools, involves different
objective is to automate and orchestrate programming languages, each of those have
several stages of DevOps. If developers their advantages and disadvantages, as well
have to write and maintain the Jenkins as different community support/maturity.
pipeline then it will defeat the whole This study proposes a new framework that
purpose of having Jenkins. Developers addresses above mentioned issues. This
time is precious and should be spent framework consists of dynamic modules
in actual product development which and the outcome is that it gives a template
has some business impact rather than that can be used to carve out a custom CI/
maintaining the pipelines. CD solution quickly as required by the
organisationimplementing CI/CD.
4. How much time does it take to fix
bugs that occurred in regression Arachchi & Perera (2018) pointed out that
tests? What is your take on it? agile and continuous practices/processes are
Typically when code is written and well compatibleand can be integrated. There
committed in VCS we run unit tests. are many CI servers availableright now but
So from our perspective, we are the most popular one is Jenkins because
committing bug-free code. But because ofits wide community support, open-source,
of the dependency between the different and the volume of plugins available which
components, something might break allows Jenkins to be extended. The most
in another component. Then we have important feature of Jenkins is its groovy
to revisit this earlier committed code scripted pipelines. A literature review done
which takes almost as much effort which by Leite et al. (2019) reveals that designing
was required to write the code. a CI pipeline for monolithic architecture
is challenging (highly coupled software
5. Is it difficult to set up a Jenkins agent components).
for running the tests?
It is fairly easy but the issue here is that Shahin et al. (2019) concluded that
this needs to be done manually each time SOA and microservices are more suitable
before testing. And second thing is that architecture for CI practices, but still it is
we have to consider the specifications/ possible to implement a CI/CD for monolithic
requirements such as storage or main applications. Key findings by Shahin et al.
memory. Insufficient memory is a major (2017) are as follows,
cause of failing builds. This requires
constant monitoring of the jobs. a. When code is committed more frequently
into the SCM, the information generated
(as build and test result) increases
rapidly. It is important to handle this
information properly otherwise it can

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degrade the feedback in CI to developers. Proposed Work
It is hard to locate and understand the
reports generated by Jenkins for the 1. Problem Definition
non-team members. This study has
carried out a systematic review where a.What are Monoliths?: A monolith is
it is reported that many organisations informally defined as “a large block of
had to develop their framework which stone”. There is no one definition which
sits on top of the CI tools like Jenkins everyone agrees upon. An application,
to help stakeholders to better understand different builds of that application, or
the reports/results. even releases can be called monolithic.
In this study, the monolith is referred
b. There is significant management to as an artifact that is standalone
overhead for operating and maintaining installable/executable that contains all
the CI pipelines that may lead to its libraries, components, modules, etc
developers spending more time doing packed into a single unit even if the
these tasks. code base of each module or library is
independently maintained.
In recent times, continuous processes/
practices have taken a significant place b.Scaling CI/CD with an increase
in the research of software engineering in application size: As the size of
and its practices (Shahin et al., 2019). applications grows, the number of
The advantage of practicing CI is that it teams increases, scaling up the CI/
enables the team to release the product to the CD infrastructure becomes difficult.
production environment more frequently and Mono- liths slow down the deployment
in the development stage itself they received process too as incorporating a small
quite a good amount of feedback. Continuous change in codebase requires rebuilding,
integration is practiced differently from retesting, and redeployment entire
product/project to project. application.

From the above literature survey, there are c.Challenges in practicing CI/CD for
many things to consider here. In t h e case of monoliths: A monolithic application
monolithic software architecture, it is very is difficult to maintain when its size
clear that there is a lot of dependency and complexity increase. Introducing
among thecomponents and sub-components features or changes in the code
of them. It is important to havea well-defined base requires changes at too many
testing strategy because development and different places due to the strong
testing go together (according to agile interdependency of the components.
principles) and it is missing. Development As a result, deploying a monolithic
is carried out by different teams focusing on application frequently is tedious
different components. Development done by because even if there is a small change
different teams has their strategy, tools, and in the code base, it requires a thorough
methods but the product is shipped to the analysis of the dependencies among
customer as a whole. It is clear that while the components and maintains it. The
working together will be a huge problem. On small change introduced in a releasable
top of that,there is another factor called code application may require changes in all
coverage which is a significantmetric of QA the dependant applications. Hence, to
and is mostly taken for granted/overlooked. make sure there is no integration issue
with other applications, re-factoring of
these legacy applications is required.

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2. Re-architecting monoliths to support a cleanup of the test environment and
CI/CD pipelines send the results back to the user.

Our findings agree with the argument These results are stored on the
of Lewis and Fowler (2010), that a key server before the cleanup stage so that
architectural principle to successfully they can be used later. A notification
practice CD is to design software- is sent to the user immediately after
intensive systems based upon “small the completion of a Jenkins job which
and independent deployment units” includes the status of this current build.
(e.g., service, component, and database). The Jenkins jobs are implemented in a
By ‘architectural principle’, we mean shared library (Extending the pipelines
fundamental rules and approaches that with shared libraries). It can be defined
serve as a guide to architects to govern in the external source code repository
architecture designs (Beijer & de Klerk, which is dynamically loaded into the
2010). It is challenging to split the existing pipelines. The reason behind
monoliths into smaller chunks. Hence, it is that several patterns emerge while
this process is performed incrementally. implementing each job separately.
Reusing the code between all the
3. Framework implementation jobs makes this process efficient and
also complies with the “Don’t repeat
The framework consists of three yourself (DRY)” principle. Following is
components that are frontend, the structure of this library. Also, there
middleware, and backend as Jenkins (CI will be tasks that can run concurrently.
server). Components that are inside the Jenkins supports it with the help of the
dotted rectangle are hosted on the cloud. “parallel” pipeline basic step which
requires a map as input to run in parallel.
4. Backend: The reduces the time required to run the
a. Jenkins Master. jobs. To run tests, various resources are
Jenkins is the backend of TEaaS. Its required such as network services, build
primary objective is to run the CI/CD files, authentication services, hardware
pipelines (referred to as jobs in Jenkins). resources. These resources are shared
The pipeline is a series of stages that among the jobs using a concept similar
can run concurrently or serially. Each to operating system locks/mutex. Once
stage is a sequence of instructions and a lock is acquired on a resource then
carries out a logical/functional unit. We Jenkins prevents other jobs to use them
can imagine each phase of DevOps as a by blocking them. GCOV, GCOVR, and
stage in the pipeline. Jenkins can also be LCOV are the tools that are also used
seen as an orchestrator. Jenkins supports in the pipeline to automate the code
master-agent architecture and hence coverage.
stage execution can be delegated to the
agents. The pipeline is defined using
a Domain-specific language called
Groovy. Groovy is a JVM-based turing
complete programming language. In a
nutshell, it is responsible for the setup
all the prerequisite things before running
the test such as test infrastructure,
dependency management, etc. then
running the test, collect the result, do

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Figure 1 Architecture of TEaaS Figure 2 Orchestration of test execution in
Jenkins
b. Agents/Workers.
Jenkins agents are deployed as 5. Middleware
It can be thought of as a controller which
docker containers. Virtual Machines interacts with all other components.
would take a longer time to set up and It will expose a set of REST APIs that
start running whereas dockers would can be consumed by the frontend and
start much faster. As pointed out by command-line interface. This is the core
Leite et al. (2019), setting up virtual of this framework. It is implemented
machines as Jenkins agent is a tedious as a python Django app because of the
task and requires constant manual support that is available for python
monitoring. Jenkins master connects libraries/modules. Python packages
with docker agents over TCP. This such as “Jira”, “python-Jenkins” and
support is given by docker through “p4” are used to communicate with
API calls. Jenkins master maintains Jira, Jenkins, and Perforce VCS. The
a record of many agents. To run the Jenkins server canbe accessed using its
organisation’s proprietary frameworks, CLI or REST APIs. To perform all the
custom images are written. Directories/ operations shown on the frontend, this
network locations are required for the Django app communicates with Jenkins
job executing in a docker container. over the REST APIs and performs those
Those are made available by mounting tasks. Custom wrappers are developed
then using NFS or bind mounted which on top of ”python-Jenkins” to do so.
depends on their remote location. After All the operations listed in the previous
finishing the job, those containers are paragraph are the operations users can
destroyed so that nothing is left from see. The angular app will then send a
their workspace but if any artifacts need request to the Django app. Only the
to be stored then they are transferred to “what” part of the operation is given by
a persistent location. the user and requested to middleware
by the frontend. How exactly it has to
be carried out, what API calls to make
to Jenkins, what changes to do in the
database (or retrieve from database),
all the decisions are made at the
middleware.

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Figure 3 Sequence of interactions between wants to see the detailed report of a
developer and framework particular job, then an HTTP request
is made from the angular app with all
Middleware talks to multiple entities required information. This request is
such as Angular frontend, CLI, or processed by Django. To show a report,
Jenkins. The RESTful architectural Django will use the appropriate REST
style is followed by the middleware to API from Jenkins which will return a
work with all of them. REST stands link to the report. This link is given back
for representational state transfer. It as a JSON response to the frontend.
uses HTTP GET and POST methods.
The payload is usually JSON data. All 6. Frontend:
GET methods can be accessed without This is the point of contact between
authentication and they provide the user and the framework. All the
something similar to READ functionality. results, reports, etc. will be presented
POST requires authentication because it in a friendly manner. This will be a
is used to carry out functions that change web UI and the users will have to use
the state similar to WRITE. Basic their browser to access all the required
authentication is used and credentials information. In traditional CI systems, a
are supplied through HTTP headers. developer needs to understand the tools
and technologies used to implementthe
Another important thing to note here CI and spend a significant amount
is that applications with monolithic of time working with the pipelines,
architecture usually have a lot of finding results, and understanding them.
configuration maintained to run the test. By using this framework, the developers
So there is a need for proper management will be limited to only working with
of all this configuration information. We the frontend. This is developed as an
cannot expect the developers to know it angular app that will fetch its data
all. Also, the developersworking on t h e using REST APIs exposed by the
different components are not supposed middleware. The aim is to showcase all
to know the internal details. Hence we the necessary information that can give
need to store the configuration in the a good idea of the health of the entire
YAML files. YAML files are used for CI system which can be represented as
data serialisation and we are using them charts, reports, etc. It can also be used
for saving configuration. to run Jenkins jobs can be created and
auto-triggered and it should also provide
All the HTTP requests made from complete transparency, test result history,
angular are mapped to one of the views and codecoverage, etc.
in Django. Each of these views has a
specific task. For example, if the user Figure 4 Dashboard

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Result And Analysis

Analysis of proposed framework

Figure 5 Code coverage report Jenkins pipelines implemented as shared
libraries allow the job scripts to be version
Figure 6 Test result trend controlled, reduce redundant code, and
version history is also maintained in case
6. Command Line Interface: a n older version of the script is required.
The developer uses the command-line Most of the parts of these pipelines are
interface to trigger a Jenkins job. This executed on Jenkins agent. These agents
might not sound intuitive while GUI are docker containers. It is beneficial to
is present. But GUI is useful to check use docker containers rather than a virtual
the reports and outcomes whereas machine. VM usually takes very long to
developers are very comfortable with deploy andstart running (around 30-45 mins)
CLI to trigger jobs. It fits well with the whereas docker containers go up and running
developer’s workflow. For example, in a matter of a few seconds/minutes. Setup
for version control, we already use GIT and configuration management are also
which is a powerful CLI-based tool. simplified because of docker.
This CLIis written in python. “argparse”
package is used to parse the arguments Figure 7 Cloud service metrics
supplied while running the script.
Authentication is necessary here unlike Even though containers are destroyed after
frontend because we will be triggering execution, ar- artifacts or logs are transferred
test execution rather than consuming to a central location. This architecture is
reports/results. We al- ready use python replicable as well. Angular frontend and
at the middleware and this CLI consumes Django middleware are deployed using
the REST APIs of middleware so that the docker too. In this way entire system is
implementation staysat the middleware. modular. Finally, all the results of t h e job
Arguments are passed to the CLI to run reach the frontend and a r e shown on
list or run the Jenkins jobs. An optional t h e dashboard. Users can don’t have to go
argument can be passed as required for through Jenkins or anywhere else, all results
example to generate code coverage. like health status, history of jobs, etc can be
seen in one place. Following is the series
of stages from starting a job to viewing its
result.

Figure 8 Docker container statistics

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Results obtained The goal was to abstract the regression
testing from the developers. The framework
To follow the principle of “small and described in this paper does itby providing
independent deployment units”, vertical Test-Execution-as-a-Service. As an outcome,
layering (decomposition) of the monolithic the developers can run a regression test suite
application is a good approach. Instead in a matter of a few minutes by using the
of making the horizontal cuts/layers, the CLI on their workspace before pushing
application is decomposed by making the code to the central repository. Hence the
vertical cuts. This results in many vertical developers are aware of the bugs/regression
layers that form up the application. Ideally, a occurrence even before pushing the code to a
single team should be responsible for a single central repository. This CLI tool can tacklethe
layer throughout the entire development problem of code coverage which was mostly
lifecycle (Stranghoner, n.d.). This kind of overlooked earlier by just providing the
vertical layer helps to reduce the dependency arguments to the CLI script. Using CLI, the
among different teams. Also, changes done developer’s involvement in the CI processes
by a team do not affect whatever other teams is almost negligible.
are responsible for. But such a team would
consist of people working on different phases From the organisation’s point of view, this
of the software development lifecycle (such has a greater impact. Earlier developers had
as development, operations, etc) and hence to wait till regression testing is done on a
having an entirely different skill set. The central repository. By then they had moved on
traditional mindset of the organisation is to to something new and so revisiting the same
form a team with similar skills sets. code was like putting all the effort again.
Even worse would be facing a customer-
Conclusion found defect. This solution will benefit
developers by saving their time figuring
Re-architecting monolithic application outworking of another component,setting up
by adopting the architectural principle of a test environment before running regression
“Small and Independent Deployment Units” test, etc.This solution provides the abstraction
enables us to deploy CI/CD for monolithic from the complexity of the product. Testing
applications. Such an approach has several frequency is also increased which results
benefits such as, in the reliable product being delivered
early. Regardless of different tools, setup
1. Deployability; -The monolith is split configurations used by different components,
into those small components that can be one can take a look at the dashboard to know
deployed and reproduced more quickly the overall health of the full product (not just
to map smaller iterative deliverables, individual components).

2. Scalability - Each deployable unit is as
scalable as required,

3. Modifiability - separation of concerns
is done in such a way that changes are
likely to impact only one component,

4. Testability - It can be tested/qualified
by itself, and won’t break a product or
require other services/components to be
pushed.

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References

Arachchi S.A.I.B.S. & Perera, I.
( 2 0 1 8 ) Continuous Integration and
Continuous Delivery Pipeline Automation
for Agile Software Project Management,
2018 Moratuwa Engineering Research
Conference (MERCon), Moratuwa,
2018, pp. 156-161. Doi: 10.1109/MER-
Con.2018.8421965.

Beijer, P. & de Klerk, T. (2010). IT
Architecture Ð Essential Practice for IT
Business Solutions. Lulu. com.

Bobrovskis, S. & Jurenoks, A. (2018).
A Survey of Continuous Integration,
Continuous Delivery, and Continuous
Deployment. In BIR workshops (pp. 314-
322).

Leite, L., Rocha, C., Kon, F., Milojicic, D. &
Meirelles, P. (2019). A survey of DevOps
concepts and challenges. ACM Computing
Surveys (CSUR), 52(6), pp. 1-35.

Lewis, J. & Fowler, M. (2010). Microservices:
a definition of this new architectural term.
Available at goo.gl/me6tp5

Shahin, M., Babar, M.A. & Zhu, L. (2017).
Continuous integration, delivery and
deployment: a systematic review on
approaches, tools, challenges and
practices. IEEE Access, 5, pp. 3909-3943.

Shahin, M., Zahedi, M., Babar, M. A. &
Zhu, L. (2019). An empirical study of
architecting for continuous delivery
and deployment. Empirical Software
Engineering, 24(3), pp. 1061-1108.

Skelton, M. (2016). How to break apart
a monolithic system safely without
destroying your team. Available at: goo.
gl/pqBVm2.

Stranghoner, R. (n.d.). Self-Contained
Systems: Assembling Software from
Independent Systems. Available at: http://
scs-architecture.org/

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E-Green: Smart Monitoring for Chili Greenhouse System

Nur Nabilah Nor Azelan 1, Mazeyanti Mohd Ariffin2
1Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia

2 Department of Computer and Information Sciences,
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia

Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract due to unavoidable issues such as the current
condition of Pandemic Covid-19, where
Advanced technology is nowadays able to movement control order is enforced (Zhang
help farmers that face the problem of crops et al., 2020). explained that to maintain a
wilt due to infrequent monitoring especially comfortable condition in the greenhouse,
for a sensitive plant such as chili. Thus, this control strategy plays a vital role where
study aimed to develop a monitoring system sensors act as a controlled variable that can
for chili plants to grow in a greenhouse directly influence the internal environment.
equipped with Internet of Things (IoT) On the other hand, chili is categorised as a
devices.This project will have the greenhouse sensitive plant that has its optimal conditions
equipped with sensors, which are humidity to grow well. While soil that preserves
and temperature sensor and soil sensor, to moisture condition for a long time is the best-
keep the greenhouse at optimal condition. suited for chili farming (Prabha et al., 2018).
The result was observed and recorded from
the greenhouse through the number of leaves Literature Review
and height of the plant for three weeks. The
monitoring application is built to retrieve Development of Greenhouse in Agriculture
and analyse data from humidity and soil
sensors in the greenhouse and displayed on Most research about greenhouse development
a dashboard which is included as a feature in found that the greenhouse was built in
the mobile application. terms of enhancement of the technology
to be used with greenhouse. To illustrate
Keywords IoT, humidity and temperature one of the works, Azaizia’s (Azaizia et al.,
sensor, soil sensor, chili 2017) research has focused on creating a
model for a solar greenhouse drying system
Introduction (SGDS) to dry red peppers. In relation to the
agriculture field, IoT could tell the farmer,
Greenhouse provides a controlled when to plant crops and irrigate them, the
environment for better growth of plants under quantity and timing of spraying pesticides
certain conditions. In some cases, farmers and insecticides, predict the day of harvest
are unable to monitor their plants frequently (Balamurugan et al., 2016). Meanwhile, a

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strategic position of the wireless sensors greenhouse. The result of the study by Sahu
around fields will provide the farmers with et al. (2020) showed that the plant can grow
up-to-date information in real-time (Ayaz well in the greenhouse as compared to outside
et al., 2019). Since the environment in the the greenhouse.
greenhouse could give a big impact on crops,
a proper location of sensors being installed Research Methhodology
contributes to controlling the environment in
the greenhouse (Lee et al., 2019). The methodology used in the research
is the design thinking methodology.
Internet of Things (IoT) in Agriculture Figure 1 displays the process involved in
design thinking methodology.
Smart agriculture has become more
advancing with the help of the Internet of Figure 1 Design thinking process
Things (IoT). Anusha et al. (2019) gave a
brief meaning about smart agriculture where Mobile Application
it is an automated and directed information
technology implemented with the IoT. The Figure 2 shows the design of a mobile
usage of IoT especially in the greenhouse is application that will monitor the condition of
varied depending onthe aim of the project. It the plant in terms of temperature in Celsius
is mostly used to get data from the greenhouse (℃), humidity in per centage (%), and soil
for monitoring purposes. To illustrate, moisture readings. Meanwhile, Figure 3
Prathibha et al. (2017) worked on developing shows the flowchart of the mobile application.
a monitoring system that reads the data from
temperatureand humidity sensors using a chip Figure 2 E-Green smart monitoring mobile
embedded. In another work, Changmai et al. application interfaces
(2018) also highlighted a positive result of
the experiment where the lettuces cultivated
from the smart farm have a higher average in
weight than ones from a normal farm.

Growth of Chili

Chili is a tropical or sub-tropical region plant Figure 3 Flowchart of Mobile Application
(Prabha et al., 2018). Chili has been a major
production in Asia and exported to countries
all over the world. As reported by FAOSTAT,
the top production of Chilies is dominated by
the Asia Region by 68.1 per cent. In related
research work, most papers found were
related to the improvisation of the irrigation
system of the Chili plant using IoT devices.
For instance, one research conducted a study
on the growth of Chili at four different stages.
The study aimed to find the crop coefficient
(Kc) values of the chili irrigation system
and compared them inside and outside the

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System Architecture Monitoring System

The system architecture of this research Figure 6 shows a flowchart of the monitoring
work consists of the design of the greenhouse system. The reading of sensors will be
with the plan of the IoT device’s location captured and sent to the database. Based on
and input, output, and process involved in the data retrieved from sensors, the actuator is
the work. Components used in this study triggered by the condition set in each sensor.
include soil sensor and temperature sensor.
The system will get input from either the
soil moisture or humidity and temperature
sensor and send the reading to Arduino. To
activate the actuator, the condition is set to
the Arduino and if the condition is met, the
actuator will be triggered. Figure 4 shows the
input, process, and output of the system.

Figure 4 Input, process, and output of the
system

Greenhouse Model Design Figure 6 Smart monitoring flowchart

The greenhouse design is equipped with the Result And Discussions
location of sensors and actuators as labelled Greenhouse and IoT Devices
as shown inFigure 5.

To measure the effectiveness of the sensors
in the greenhouse, sample data of four hours
of observation from sensors were collected.
As a result, it is observed that both sensors
can collect data and detectchanges from the
environment. The reading from a temperature
sensor on the surrounding environment was
recorded between 13-19-degree Celsius and
it is found that there is a big difference is
detected between the temperature sensor’s
reading and the real temperature of the
surrounding. The difference could be as big
as 5 to 6 degrees Celsius which could affect

Figure 5 Greenhouse design

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the growth of the plant because actuators are
triggered based onthe condition set.

Chilli (Capsicum L. Annum)

The growth of Chili (Capsicum L. Annum) is Figure 7 Growth of plant in the greenhouse
observed and monitored for three weeks and
the result was recorded in Table 1. Meanwhile, Dashboard
Figure 7 shows the result of the plant in the
greenhouse after 3 weeks of observation. A dashboard was developed to analyse the
Based on the result, the plant can grow in data collected from the sensors. In this case,
the greenhouse equipped with humidity collected data of four hours is used to develop
and soil sensors by an increase of height a report on the dashboard. The dashboard
for three weeks. Throughout observation, it contains four sections; temperature, humidity,
is found that the number of leaves remains soil moisture data, and overall performance
the same for the consequence weeks. This of the sensors. Figure 8 shows the interface
might be caused by the irregular reading of the dashboard.
from the sensors causing the actuators to be
triggered. For example, as mentioned before,
there was a gap in humidity reading from
the sensor, therefore sometimes the actuator
is triggered although the humidity’s reading
of the environment is not supposed to trigger
the actuator because it has reachedits optimal
condition.

Table 1 Result of Monitored Plants in Smart
Monitoring System

Date (Week) Smart Gap
Monitoring Plant Between

Height No. of Days
(cm) Leaves

21.10.2020 0 0 - Figure 8 Screenshot of sensors data in dashboard
(W1)
Conclusion
28.10.2020 2.5 2 7
(W2) In conclusion, the objectives of this project
are to investigate existing work related to
04.11.2020 4.7 2 7 the growth of Chili, to develop a monitoring
(W3) system with IoT based in the greenhouse, and
evaluate the effectivenessand functionality of
the developed system. Based on the result,
the IoT devices can retrieve data thatisvaluable
for analysis despite some challenges in
the accuracy of the data collected from the
sensors while the selected plant, chili, can
grow in the greenhouse equipped with IoT
components.

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References Prathibha, S.R., Hongal, A. & Jyothi, M.P.
(2017, March). IoT based monitoring
Anusha, A., Guptha, A., Rao, G.S. & Tenali, system in smart agriculture. In 2017
R.K. (2019). A model for smart agriculture international conference on recent
using IoT. International Journal of advances in electronics and communication
Innovative Technology and Exploring technology (ICRAECT) (pp. 81-84).
Engineering (IJITEE), 8(6). IEEE.

Ayaz, M., Ammad-Uddin, M., Sharif, Z., Sahu, A.P., Chopda, A., Panigrahi, B.,
Mansour, A. & Aggoune, E.H.M. (2019). Mohapatra, J.B. & Senapati, S.C. (2020).
Internet-of-Things (IoT)-based smart Estimation of crop coefficient of green chilli
agriculture: Toward making the fields talk. grown under rooftop greenhouse. Journal
IEEE Access, 7, pp. 129551-9583. of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry,
9(4), pp. 692-696.
Azaizia, Z., Kooli, S., Elkhadraoui,A., Hamdi,
I. & Guizani, A. (2017). Investigation of a Zhang, S., Guo, Y., Zhao, H., Wang, Y., Chow,
new solar greenhouse drying system for D. & Fang, Y. (2020). Methodologies of
peppers. International Journal of hydrogen control strategies for improving energy
energy, 42(13), pp. 8818-8826. efficiency in agricultural greenhouses.
Journal of Cleaner Production, 122695.
Balamurugan, S., Divyabharathi, N.,
Jayashruthi, K., Bowiya, M., Shermy,
R.P., & Shanker, R. (2016). Internet of
agriculture: Applying IoT to improve food
and farming technology. International
Research Journal of Engineering and
Technology (IRJET), 3(10), pp. 713-719.

Changmai, T., Gertphol, S., & Chulak, P.
(2018, January). Smart hydroponic lettuce
farm using Internet of Things. In 2018 10th
International Conference on Knowledge
and Smart Technology (KST) (pp. 231-
236). IEEE.

Lee, S.Y., Lee, I.B., Yeo, U.H., Kim, R.W.
& Kim, J.G. (2019). Optimal sensor
placement for monitoring and controlling
greenhouse internal environments.
biosystems engineering, 188, pp. 190-206.

Prabha, R., Sinitambirivoutin, E., Passelaigue,
F. & Ramesh, M.V. (2018, March). Design
and development of an IoT based smart
irrigation and fertilization system for chilli
farming. In 2018 International Conference
on Wireless Communications, Signal
Processing and Networking (WiSPNET)
(pp. 1-7). IEEE.

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Immersive Learning: Designing an AR application for
Computer Systems Module

Muhammad Nurafiq Hazwan Khusairi, Saipunidzam Mahamad
Faculty of Science and Information Technology,

Department of Computer and Information Sciences,
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia

Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract an interesting way of deliverables. From the
survey that has been conducted, the writer
The rapid change in the development of has gained a positive response in designing
technology has fluence the change and the this project. During the preliminary study,
advancement in Teaching and Learning it can be concluded that the outcome and
process, and method. This same goes with results from this project is expected to benefit
the 21st century mindset where it might be and help the students with their studies.
differed from the previous generation and their
learning as well as their way of thinking is Keywords immersive learning, augmented
also quite different. So, with the development reality application, teaching and learning
and implementation of new application by method, technology
using the latest technology in education,
perhaps it can help the students to keep their Introduction
interest and enhance their understanding in
learning. The proposed idea that the writer is As of 02 February 2021, there are 666 million
trying to deliver in this paper is the designing of schools has been partially open and there
of an Augmented Reality application that are 222 million schools still being closed
works as a supporting tool in Teaching and worldwide due to the pandemic (UNESCO,
Learning. The objective in designing this 2021). These includes the pre-primary,
project is to enhance the learning experience primary, lower-secondary, upper-secondary
and understanding with enhanced Teaching as well as the tertiary education levels.
and Learning environment as well as to Malaysia is one of the countries where the
integrate the experiential learning model in school has been closed.
the community to leverage the technological
advancement in teaching and learning Even though the schools are closed,
experience. This project will be using the Ministry of Education Malaysia has come
Unity platform as the development platform out with the initiative where the teaching
and as well as implementing the Agile and learning must be continued by make
methodology in the development process. use of the online platform as a medium for
Perhaps, by having this kind of application, the teachers and students to communicate
it can help the students in their studies with and interact. According to the Microsoft
Education Learning survey, 61% of teachers

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and academic leaders around the world plan minimal used of the technology for teaching
to pursue their education in a blended learning and learning in which it needs to be done in a
system that requires a combination of online more effective and interesting ways with the
and in-person learning. It is also reported intent to maintain the interest of students.
that when the in-classroom returns, 87% of
educators are likely to use technology more Augmented reality refers to a virtual
than they did previously (Microsoft, 2020). interface, either 2D or 3D, that improves
what we perceive by superimposing extra
All the universities under Ministry of information from digital content onto the
Higher Education Malaysia have been also actual environment (Elmqaddem, 2019).
conducted all their classes and few lab’s Immersion in the virtual world is not complete
activities through hybrid learning and total since we can always see the actual world
online classes. With the intent to curb the around us. AR works by filming the actual
spread of Covid-19, online classes might world and generating live virtual objects,
be the best choice to continue the teaching animations, messages, data, or noises that
and learning process. However, online the user sees on the screen of a computer,
classes sometimes become a challenge to be smartphone, tablet, glasses, a headset, or any
conducted especially for those with lessen other on-screen display system. Based on
knowledge and less familiar with on how to the results of their experiment, Petrov and
utilize all the online platform that available Atanasova [10] believe that augmented reality
such as Microsoft Teams, Google Classroom is adequate to provide students with a sense
and Zoom. However, online classes can also of completeness in both the surroundings and
become less effective and efficient compared the learning process. The interaction between
to the physical classes when the educators the physical environment and technology is
are not able to know either their students are frequently overlooked; it is not recognized
really giving their full attention or not and that, in addition to virtual augmented reality,
the classes are conducted more on the one- there is also material augmented reality,
way interaction where only the educators which is created by the human imagination
are delivering the lectures while the students and combines art, science, and interior
are there to only listen to the lectures. Even design in a learning environment. A good
though conducting the online classes have learning process involves both conventional
become the best option, the environment and modern methods. A quality classroom,
and condition in delivering the lecture will similarly, must blend comfort with the
become quite different compared to the inspirational and motivating possibilities of
physical classes. design. Because the acquisition of various
kinds of information and skills necessitates
Furthermore, students will normally the use of an appropriate environment and
become more easily to lose their focus tools, the acquisition of various kinds of
during the lecture since there is nothing knowledge at school must include all feasible
they can do unless to hear the lectures. With teaching and learning resources.
regards to that, the mixture of interactivity
and interaction with emotion, as discussed Therefore, this paper presents the idea on
in Stanford News on VR’s applications in designing an Augmented Reality application
the classroom and the impact of the body’s to enhance the learning experience and
behavior on the mind, it could help to improve understanding with enhanced Teaching
the student’s ability to recall what they have and Learning environment as well as to
learned (S. University, 2019). All in all, the integrate the experiential learning model in
root cause found related to this problem is the the community to leverage the technological

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advancement in teaching and learning will need to change the way they are thinking,
experience. The scope of the study is not particularly in terms of how to develop a new
limited to only providing an augmented teaching and learning models and strategies
reality as a supporting tool for Teaching that can adapt to the current learning needs
and Learning, but it is also intended to help while still representing characteristics of
students to understand the theory as well as information and learning such as personal,
the application of the knowledge and the social, dispersed, complex, and flexible, as
students’ interaction with the application is described by the nature today. This is quite
also to be expected can help them to keep important as the acceptance of the knowledge
their interest in learning the subject. to the students will be depending on how the
knowledge in being delivered.
Related Work / Literature Review
With related to the immersive learning,
As the new technology is keep on coming in, immersive learning concept promotes
the way of delivering teaching and learning self-control, self- determination, informal
has also been improved and the latest way learning, as well as the lifelong learning
which can make the learning better and (Abdelaziz, 2014). This statement can be
become more effective and attractive is relatable as when an interactive learning is
by implementing the immersive learning. being conducted, the interaction between
Immersive learning is a method in which students and the situation will makes them
pupils are fully submerged in an immersive to think on how they should react with the
or virtual environment during the learning knowledge that they receive. Instead of a
process. There are few technologies that can one- way interaction in teaching and learning
help the educators to implement immersive process, immersive learning can persuade the
learning in their classroom which are process to become more interesting and keep
by making use of Virtual Reality (AR), the interest of students to learn more about
Augmented Reality (AR), Mixed reality the knowledge.
(MR), and 3D immersive learning (3D). Each
one of them will bring a different experience Immersion and appearance, as well as
to its users and the decision to make use any motivational, psychological, and emotional
of these technologies will be depending on influences, are also important factors in the
the needs and suitability of the contents that process of immersive learning (Dengel and
is going to design and develop. Magdefrau, 2018). Even though immersive
learning can produce more effective and
The current learning model that being efficient way in teaching and learning, but
used is facing a shift in terms of the contents all those factors can give a bad effect if it
that being delivered, the delivery method, as is not being considered and planned wisely
well as the techniques that being used for the when implementing immersive learning in
assessments (Abdelaziz, 2014). This shift is the learning process. It is about the contents,
happening because of the increased in the interest that can be offered to the students as
demand on the technology and social media well as the way it is being delivered.
network applications. As the new technology
always offered a better way in improving and Teachers are also able to make use of
can bring more benefits in our life, people the immersion components offered, such
will always find a way to catch up and bring as software and hardware, to help students
the technology and benefit it in their daily learn more effectively in interactive virtual
life. People living in the twenty-first century environments (Dengel and Magdefrau, 2020).
By using the AR or VR application, through
both immersive and dynamic visualization,

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it will also support students in adapting of gathering the requirements and developing
the presentation’s rhythm and sequence to solutions through the collaboration of self-
their cognitive needs and abilities for them organizing and cross-functional teams as well
to achieve a deeper understanding of the as the client or the end user. Agile aims to
content that they have learned. By having provide a better responsiveness to changing
an interactive supporting tool in teaching business needs and this is where the project
and learning process with the interesting and requirements and needs that be continuously
interactive contents, it can help to bring a updated. This means that the developers and
positive academic emotion. the stakeholders are able to work together
closely to constantly improve and innovate
An experiment on the students’ perception the product in order to come out with the
towards augmented reality applications best project outcome that can satisfied all the
specifically in learning the computer parties involved in the project in which it can
organization has been conducted and the bring such a huge advantage in running this
outcome shows that majority of students project.
were inspired to use virtual reality in their
learning because the technology could help System Design
them better understand the content they were
learning, and they also felt the application There are many topics that are available and
was very useful and appealing (Majid, related to the Computer System subject that
Mohammed and Sulaiman, 2015). The can be choose, but as for this project, Little
same kind of experiment which is intended Man Computer topic has been selected as
to see and explore the benefits of using the the starter before other contents and topics
AR application in education has also been in Computer Systems is being develop in the
conducted in which it can be conclude that AR application. Hence, based on the writer’s
the AR technologies can help to increase experience in learning the Computer Systems
the students’ learning motivation as well as subject, Little Man Computer topic is one of
enhancing the quality of learning experience the favourite topic and sometime students
(Bacca, 2014). In a nutshell, the use of struggle and need time to become familiar on
AR/VR application as a supporting tool in how the Little Man Computer works.
immersive learning can bring a lot of benefits
and positive impact to both students and The proposed system architecture for this
teachers compared to the traditional teaching mobile learning AR application is shown
and learning model. in Figure 1. All learning contents is being
stored in the database and it will be loaded
Methodology directly into the mobile phone once users
open the application. The flow of the system
Agile methodology has been considered as is quite simple as everything like learning
the most suitable methodology for Computer content and settings has been save during
Systems Immersive Learning Application the development by default and if there are
project because of the flexibility in terms any updates required, then the developer will
of the requirement that can be change release the update through the application
anytime during the development process and updates.
specifically when running every sprint or
phase.

Agile methodology can be defined as the
methodology that practice the involvement

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Figure 1 The proposed system architecture user will be able to scroll and going through
the contents of the slide about Little Man
The Figure 2 below shows the use Computer that is provided in the application.
case diagram for this augmented reality Besides that, user will also be able to project
application. As shown in the figure, this the mobile camera to run the AR function as
application will be focusing on two sides well as the content. Hence, user will be able to
which are the user and the system. Since this click and run the 3D Little Man Computer’s
application is an educational application and simulator. Since there is the exercise feature
everyone can use it as a supporting learning provided in the application, then user will
tool, then that is the reason why there are no also be able to play around and answer all the
actors like system admin or splitting between questions to test their understanding on LMC
the lecturers and the students. topics.

Figure 2 Use case diagram On the other side of the use case is
the system. As it is an augmented reality
In order for the user to use this application, application, then by default, the system
no login information will be required as when should be able to run all the AR functions.
user is opening the application, it will straight These includes detecting the plane, image as
away bring the user into the main page. The well as the wording as it is part of the AR
proposed design AR application is trying functions. This is where the system will run
to deliver an application that is as simple its function when user is projecting the AR
and user friendly as it can be. In the main camera towards the surface and specifically
page, there will be the main feature of the the picture that has been hardcoded in Unity
application that user can choose to click such to display or project its output. Last but not
as the learning module, little man computer least is that the system will be able to track
simulator and exercises. Moving forward, the user’s progress. This means that when
user is leaving or closing the application,
user will be able to go to the last section they
left before they are closing the application.
This is one of the functions that the developer
is trying to deliver to help bring the user
to continue their study when they use the
application to study on the topic.

The Figure 3 below shows the Flowchart
diagram of the Computer Systems Immersive
Learning application (CSILApps). It diagram
is representing and showing the flow of the
propose application. Tas mentioned earlier,
the application involves only two parties
which are the user and the system itself. The
flow of the application is quite simple as it
is trying to bring the burden to its user when
they are using it. The flow of the application
is as simple as when user is opening the
application, it will straight away bring the
user to the main page and from the main
page, user able to choose within the 3 main

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features provided. From the main page, by detecting the hardcoded pictures or wording
default, users can go to the learning module and display the output.
where they can scroll and going through all
the notes related to the Little Man Computer Result And Discussions
topics. They can make use of the module to
study, understand and getting some ideas To further the study on designing this
about Little Man Computer before they application, a preliminary survey has
proceed to the exercises or tried out the LMC been conducted. The target respondents
simulator. of the survey are all the students that has
the experience in learning the Computer
Figure 3 Flowchart diagram Systems related subject from various
universities and level of education with
the minimum of Diploma qualification. A
After user is done with the study, they set of questionnaires has been distributed
can proceed to the next section which can be to the related respondents in a form of
the exercises or the LMC simulator. If they short questions with five-point scale rated
proceed to the exercises, they can try to answer where 1 signifies strongly disagree and 5
a few theory questions provided to strengthen signifies strongly agree. From the survey, the
their understanding and then they can as well writer manages to get 31 respondents with
proceed with the LMC simulator. By using various responses and rated.
the provided LMC simulator, users are able
to play around and key in the inputs which Throughout the course of survey that
are the numbers and codes that appeared in has been conducted, it can be conclude that
the screen and run the LMC simulator to see students are seems to be satisfied with the
the output. Users are also expected to be able current Teaching and Learning for Computer
to understand on the definition of few terms Systems subject, but they also believe that
in the LMC simulator that can be use or select by having a supporting tool when learning
when they are running the LMC simulator. the subject would be a pretty much helpful
Then, the system will play it roles to run the to enhance their understanding, and more or
AR function as well as the LMC simulator by less can increase and keep their interest in
learning the subject. There are more than 15
questions that has been asked in the survey,
but the Figure 3 below shows only 5 questions
that has been choose and shortlisted from the
whole survey questions.

Figure 4 Pre-acceptance survey result

86 NURCCOINS 2021 PROCEEDING
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The bar chart in the Figure 4 above Reality and Virtual Reality. Finally, the result
illustrated the result from the preliminary from this project will be looking forward as a
survey that has been conducted. As mentioned supporting tool in Teaching and Learning as
earlier, students are seem to be satisfied with it is expected to help the students to enhance
the current Teaching and Learning style or their understanding on the learning topics
method with regards to the current situation, that is covered in the application.
but then they do agreed and think that a
supporting tools when learning the Computer References
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their understanding. Besides that, 25 out of A. Dengel & J. Magdefrau. (2018). Immersive
31 students also agree with the options on Learning Explored: Subjective and
developing an AR application as a Teaching Objective Factors Influencing Learning
and Learning’s supporting tool despite 6 of Outcomes in Immersive Educational
them remain neutral and also 26 students Virtual Environments, 2018 IEEE
agree that by using the AR application, it can International Conference on Teaching,
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Systems subject. Last but not least, even
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on student acceptance on the AR application Immersive Learning Predicted: Presence,
from their own point of view, there are still 2 Prior Knowledge, and School Performance
students that response by giving a low rate on Influence Learning Outcomes in Immersive
student’s acceptance due to their own opinion Educational Virtual Environments. 2020
in which there are still few students that has 6th International Conference of the
been yet to be expose and introduce to the Immersive Learning Research Network
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are also keep on working towards it to keep & Kishuk. (2014). Augmented Reality
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includes the development of the educational
applications that related to the Augmented Microsoft: Leading the future of education
with technology, Microsoft Malaysia
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Available: https://news.microsoft.com/
en-my/2020/07/23/microsoft- leading-the-
future-of-education-with-technology/.

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N. Elmqaddem. (2019). Augmented Reality

and Virtual Reality in Education. Myth

or Reality? International Journal of

Emerging Technologies in Learning

(iJET), 14, 3, p. 234.

N.A.A. Majid, H. Mohammed & R.

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affects-peoples-behavior-real-world/.

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Developing A System Architecture for Mobile Application
Supporting Local Hawkers and Home-Based Food Sellers during

COVID-19 Strict Order in Malaysia

Nurul Miza Hishamuddin, Noreen Izza Arshad
Computer and Information Sciences Department,

Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS,Malaysia
Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract interviews conducted with 9 business owners,
9 customers, and 2 platform owners. Based
Due to the spread of COVID-19, the on these user requirements data collected, a
government of Malaysia has announced system architecture is developed based on
lockdown and strict movement control orders target audiences’ needs and requirements.
with stringent standard operating procedures Overall, the result of this study which is the
(SOP) for all sectors including small system architecture may assist programmers
businesses. The hawkers, small business and system designers to develop a mobile
owners, home-based sellers, and single application that could support our local
mothers are largely affected by these rules, hawkers and home-based food sellers to
and many have lost their job and income due improve the process of selling and promoting
to the inability to operate their businesses food adhering to the strict control order
as usual. Therefore, this project aims to during a pandemic.
develop a mobile application for these groups
of people to promote and sell their food Keywords system architecture, mobile
online abiding by the strict business rules application, local hawkers, home-based
announced by the government. The mobile seller, supporting local, payment gateway,
application will include necessary features interviews
such as online payment to eliminate cash
transaction payments between customers and Introduction
sellers. This app aims to create a better online
platform meant for this small business owner The novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) is the
integrated with features that include payment virus that was originated in Wuhan, China in
gateway and ads rotation to help them to be December 2019. The first case of COVID-19
able to continue selling online adhering to the was detected in Malaysia on 25th January
strict order control. This paper presents the 2020. Day by day, the number of affected
system architecture of the mobile application people with this COVID-19 was increasing
that supports the local hawkers and home- especially in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor,
based food sellers to continue conducting Malaysia where the total can reach 100,000
their business online. The system architecture cases as of 30 January 2021. In preventing
is developed based on user requirements the virus from spreading, the government has

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implemented the Movement Control Order the system architecture which is created
(MCO), Conditional Movement Control based on stakeholders’ requirements and
Order (CMCO), and Recovery Movement preferences will provide clear guidance for
Control Order (RMCO) as the coping system designers and programmers to create
mechanisms for the current situation. All a useful mobile application for food sellers to
the activities including community activities use technology and sell food online adhering
and economic activities like selling food on to the strict control orders.
the roadsides and from house to house are
prohibited due to the Standard of Procedures Related Work / Literature Review
(SOPs) that are very strict (Mazlan, 2021).
Small businesses such as hawkers and
On top of that, one of the businesses that home-based sellers involved in the food
have been affected by this pandemic is those and beverages industry are categorised as
who are owning a small business, especially the informal sector category. Small business
hawkers and home-based based sellers. For owners are those willing to create, launch,
example, the operating hours were limited, and assume the risk for new economic
and at times they are not to be operating activities in the form of business ventures
their stalls at al. This has led to a decrease for their start-up business (Turner & Endres,
in the terms of income and own profit. Other 2017). While for the hawker or known as a
than that, some hawkers are experiencing street hawker is the people who carry their
a loss of jobs due to the inability to sustain equipment and use movable platforms such
their business. This is predicted by industry as carts and stalls to conduct their businesses
analysts as the food and beverages (F&B) (Chong & Stephenson, 2020). In the previous
sector has recorded one of the high-ranking study, Omar & Ishak (2016) defined hawker
jobless industries during MCO (Durai, 2020). business as the simplest and affordable type
This means that small business owners are of entrepreneurial venture to start up their
struggling to make daily ends meet. own business. The previous study also stated
that from the theoretical perspective, home-
The world is evolving with the internet based businesses are micro-business which
and technology where everything is at the is also defined as a business that has less
end of fingertips. As stated by (Barhatov than ten (10) employees (Anwar & Daniel,
et al., 2018), the creation and evolution 2017). There also have other researchers
of technology creates a faster interaction that defined home-based business as a
between all people and cost less rather than home industry where small entrepreneurs
a traditional channel. People nowadays live work independently from their own homes
with technology as it gives more benefit to (Alhothali, 2020). The business often
users than harm. On top of this, in the context employed either family members or friends
of this project, technology is important for and neighbours to make the product or
small businesses as it can help to increase service on a small scale.
the effectiveness and efficiency of business
processes which may contribute to customer As the instructions of MCO, CMCO, and
loyalty as well as the growth of the business. RMCO keeps being announced and extended
due to the increasing number of COVID-19
Therefore, this study aims to develop a cases, this has led to difficulties for business
system architecture for a mobile application owners especially hawkers and home-based
development that supports local hawkers and seller to conduct and sustain their business.
home-based food sellers during COVID-19 Although the government has announced that
strict order control (i.e., MCO, CMCO,
and RMCO) in Malaysia. It is hoped that

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the food and beverages sector is categorised (Hamdan et al., 2021). This also happens
as one of the essential services that can because many small business owners do not
continue to perform businesses, however, have enough money to survive and open
there are strict SOPs that have to be adhered their businesses daily. Other than that, the
to. One of the SOPs is the limited business per centage of drop in monthly income may
operating hours. For example, during MCO cause small business owners not to be able
on 18 March 2020, stalls can operate between to afford and pay for business costs. The
8 am to 8 pm, and customers are not allowed per centage of decrease in monthly income
to dine in. Customers could only opt for marked for the food services sector is one of
delivery or takeaways (Johnson et al., 2020). the highest that had been affected during this
These are some of the challenges that have strict order (Lim, 2020).
been faced by hawkers and home-based
sellers. This problem has motivated this study
to explore ways technology (i.e., mobile
Figure 1 Per centage of Losing Job for Food application) could alleviate the situation.
Services (Lim, 2020) For example, the food and beverages sector
in Singapore has been practicing using the
Many individuals operating food and online platform as one of the initiatives to
beverages businesses are badly affected right help small businesses to grow and expand
due to this pandemic as shown in Figure 1. more for their business during the pandemic.
According to Johnson et al. (2020), it was This has been proven by Tan (2020) that
stated that loss of job and income without stated, technology businesses nowadays
having any financial backup is one of the particularly in Singapore are helping the
challenges that has been faced by many small small business sellers to transform and
business owners. Referring to Figure 1, 35.4 embrace digital business that can help them
per cent of people in the food and beverage to continue sustaining their businesses during
sector have lost their job due to the MCO a pandemic. While for the home-based
conducted in 2020. Based on this statistic, it sellers, as Goh (2017) pointed out in The
can be seen that this sector marked the second- Straits Times Newspaper that home-based
highest per centage of job losses as compared food businesses should venture into low
with other services. This demonstrates that start-up costs of having the technology to
people in food and beverage service are badly support their business to continue operating
affected by the current pandemic situation adhering to the SOPs. Therefore, having an
happening in Malaysia. efficient online platform does help the sellers
in Singapore to adhere to the SOP through
This has also been proven by previous contactless interaction while operating their
studies where many small businesses have businesses.
lost their jobs and their business had to be
permanently closed due to financial problems Methodology

The interview method has been chosen to
be part of this study. The interview was
conducted in February 2021 through online
calls via Microsoft Teams, WhatsApp, and
phone calls. In total, 20 personnel were
interviewed: 9 business owners, 9 customers,
and 2 platform owners. Each interview lasted

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approximately between 10 to 20 minutes. The demographic profiles of the business owners’,
and customers are presented in Table 1.

Table 1 Respondents’ demographic profile

Respondent Roles Age Gender Location Type of Operation
Business Year

A Platform Owner 25 M - -1
B Platform Owner
C Business Owner 29 F - -1
D Business Owner
E Business Owner 55 F Melaka Nasi Briyani 5
F Business Owner
G Business Owner 30 M Selangor Pastries 3
H Business Owner
I Business Owner 50 F Melaka Kuih 2
J Business Owner
K Business Owner 34 F Melaka Frozen Food 1
M Customer
N Customer 52 M Selangor Local Food 1
L Customer
O Customer 30 F Kuala Lumpur Kuih 30
P Customer
Q Customer 20 F Johor Local Business 2
R Customer
S Customer 28 M Johor Popia Pisang 1
T Customer
23 F Selangor Cookies 1

22 F Selangor - -

21 F Selangor - -

24 M Selangor - -

29 F Selangor - -

28 F Selangor - -

24 M Selangor - -

20 M Johor - -

20 F Selangor - -

24 M Terengganu - -

During the interview, the interviewees were asked to answer relevant questions that stated
their preferences to what is best for the online platforms. Some of the questionnaires asked for
business owners are related to Marketing strategy, online preference, and selling online strategy.
Based on the interview data and findings, the system architecture and system design are built.
Interview data are tabulated in table format to better understand interviewees’ requirements
and preferences. A sample of data collected from business owners is presented in Table 2.

Table 2 Sample of quotations collected from respondents during interviews

Questionnaires C D E

What is the existing “Having difficulties in “To maintain the “Getting less customer
problem do you faced finding a new customer customers as they and only depends
currently in terms of and doing advertising.” might only to purchase on order per day.
the business process? once and might affect Normally, the orders
the profit.” made from her regular
customer only.”

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Questionnaires C D E

Do you think having “Yes, because having a “Definitely as this “Yes, because usually,
another online platform new platform will help will help to inform the home-based business
that helps you grow to expand the business customers on the new does not recognise
your business? Would to new places which menu, promotion and other than existing
you join the new will be beneficial for also can help to attract customers.”
platform? business growth.” new customers.”
“To make the platform
What do you want “To have online “Having filters on business friendly, so
from us if we decided payment as to made the price and meny as this that the owner can
to make a platform for payment easier”. will ease the customer upload and manage
you to marketise your and business owner the platform easily as
business? can manage to cater not all is familiar with
all order and have an technologies”.
online payment”.

Result And Discussions showed their support for local foods as it can
help to increase the economy as well as to
Based on the interviews conducted data help small business owners to survive during
were collected and analysed. The result this pandemic.
shows that there are two major groups; (1)
respondents without any problem who are Other than that, the results demonstrated
the ones that currently been using online that the majority of the respondents prefer to
platforms to marketise their business, and have online payment transactions, door-to-
(2) respondents who are facing difficulties in door delivery, and daily promotional offers.
getting customers to support their business. The respondent prefers online payment
The interview result helps this study to derive transactions as it is deemed safe. Respondents
stakeholders’ needs and requirements. This also prefer mobile applications as compared
study summarised the needs and requirements to the website as it is deemed very friendly and
in a form of system architecture that includes easy to use. Therefore, this study intends to
critical stakeholders’ needs that include incorporate all the stakeholders’ requirements
payment gateway and advertisement as well creating a valuable mobile app catering to the
as the business process flow. small businesses’ and customers’ needs.

Firstly, for the customer, the age of the As mentioned before, based on the
respondents is between 20 to 30 years old. results collected, the system architecture is
They are young buyers who are familiar developed to help future studies understand
with ordering food from mobile apps. Most the process flows of each feature and function
of the respondents also usually use other of the mobile app. The system architecture
existing applications such as FoodPanda, is the theoretical model that describes the
GrabFood, Bungkusit, and many more to behaviour, view, and structure of the system
order food. Most of them prefer fast food as (Selva et al., 2016). The system architecture
it is the fastest in food preparation. Although is one of the most important components in
most respondents prefer fast food, the main the system development lifecycle as it allows
intention of this study is to support local effective communication with stakeholders
products produced by our hawkers and as it is a common abstraction of a system
home-based sellers. This study has received that can be used as a framework for shared
a positive response through the interview understanding with them (Selva et al., 2016).
sessions where most of these respondents It also helps in decision-making as it produces
an early design that can be analysed by the
stakeholders (Selva et al., 2016).

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As a result, this study has developed the food vendors, and local food hawkers. Their
system architecture for the mobile application roles are to manage all orders received from
(i.e., named Hawkerista) as shown in Figure customers, add and update their products/
2. The system architecture presents the menu, and prepare the delivery of orders to
interactions in the context of this study customers. Finally, customers also play a big
that will occur among customers, business role as one of the users of the application
owners, and indirectly the platform owner. as presented in Figure 2. Customers are
The system architecture shows all the process the supporters of this mobile app who act
flows and the features and functionalities of as a buyer who orders food from sellers
the mobile app. Consequently, the proposed through the app. Customers can search for
design of the mobile application is having all food based on their current location. The
the preferred features and business process application also provides the filter function
flows based on sharing economic model that will help customers to easily filter by
between stakeholders: platform owner, food category, price, etc. Customers can
business owners, and customers. then easily place their order and checkout
once orders are completed. To ensure that
Referring to Figure 2, the first user of the order is successfully placed, customers
this application is the platform owner. The are required to complete the payment online
platform owner is also known as the admin through the payment gateway integrated into
who monitors and manages the system. The the app. This is safe as it refrains from any
admin will maintain the database and ensure contact adhering to the COVID-19 SOPs.
that all the system processes will be running Once payment is completed, the system will
smoothly. There have a few features and automatically notify business owners.
processes that are managed by the admin
which are viewing the dashboard, analysing Conclusion
the statistics of the platform, managing
payment process flow, maintaining the The main objective of this current paper is
database as well as knowing users of the to develop one of the most crucial steps in
application. All these features are planned developing a mobile application which is to
by this study to be monitored through a design the system architecture of the app.
dashboard since an admin plays an important Interviews are conducted in this study to
role in managing the business flows. collect stakeholders’ requirements and to
make strong justification for this project to
Figure 2 System architecture be successful in getting data from the right
target audience. The data collected, confirm
Other than that, as shown in Figure 2 and determine the valuable features of the
business owners are users who will be mobile application to meet target audiences’
actively involved in using the application. needs and requirements. Platform owners,
Business owners in the context of this study business owners, and customers are the main
are referring to home-based food sellers, local stakeholders that play an active role as users
of the app. By creating a complete system
architecture based on the stakeholders’
requirement analyses, it will assist
programmers and system designers that to
design a user-friendly platform, proper food
filters, and payment gateway, together with

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ads rotation that will be beneficial to users. Deciphering Food Hawkerpreneurship:
It is hoped that all the functions and features Challenges and success factors in
developed will allow business owners to franchising street food businesses in
marketise their business, gain more traction, Malaysia. Tourism and Hospitality
and welcome more buyers. It is hoped that Research, 20(4), pp. 493-509.
future system developers to use the system Durai, A. (2020). “F&B pandemic trends,”
architecture to develop a complete mobile The Star Online, August 03, 2020.
app. With the correct practices, it will help [Online]. Available https://www.thestar.
this study to achieve the bigger objective of com.my/food/food-news/2020/08/03/fb-
producing an efficient online platform for pandemic-trends [Accessed Aug. 3 2020].
small businesses to continue their businesses Goh, K. (2017). “Want a home-cooked
during the pandemic without neglecting the meal? Order it via an app, Food News &
strict SOPs. Top Stories,” The Straits Times, May 7,
2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.
Acknowledgement straitstimes.com/lifestyle/food/cooking-
for- strangers [Accessed May 7, 2017].
This study is part of the Final Year Project Hamdan, N.H.B., Kassim, S.B.H. & Lai, P.C.
for Bachelor of Information Technology (2021). The Covid-19 Pandemic Crisis
(Hons). I would like to express my deepest on Micro entrepreneurs in Malaysia:
appreciation and special thanks to Ms. Nur Impact and Mitigation Approaches.
Aisyah Hadi for the guidance and sharing Journal of Global Business and Social
of knowledge throughout the process of Entrepreneurship (GBSE), 7(20).
this project. Along with that, many thanks Johnson, D., Ren, S.E.C., Johnson, H.D. &
to my family and friends who had been my Letchumanan, V. (2020). COVID-19: Are
backbones to completing this project with Malaysians embracing or suffering the
excellence. new normality?. Progress In Microbes &
Molecular Biology, 3(1).
References Lim, L.L. (2020). The socioeconomic impacts
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during MCO in Malaysia.
Anwar, M.N. & Daniel, E.M. (2017). Ethnic Omar, A.R.C. & Ishak, S. (2016). The
entrepreneurs and online home-based business behaviours of Malaysian food
businesses: an exploratory study. Journal hawkers’. International Business and
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7(1), pp. 1-21. Selva, D., Cameron, B. & Crawley, E.
(2016). “Patterns in System Architecture
Barhatov, V., Campa, A. & Pletnev, D. (2018). Decisions,” Systems Engineering, 19(6),
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development on small business success in
Russia. Procedia-Social and Behavioral
Sciences, 238, pp. 552-561.

Chong, K.L. & Stephenson, M.L. (2020).

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Tan, S. (2020). “Tech firms help SMEs sell
food, products online,” The Straits Times,
June 11, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://
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Turner, S. & Endres, A. (2017). Strategies for
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SMARTFARM+: Location Tracker and Sensors Malfunction
Monitoring for Smart Farming System

Kuheneswaran Krishnan Kutty, *Mazeyanti M. Ariffin
Department of Computer & Information Sciences,
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia
*Email: [email protected]

Abstract (Rodríguez-Robles et al., 2020). “Smart
farming” refers to farm management using
This paper discusses the development technology to improve product quantitate,
of an agricultural environment smart efficiency, and to minimise human labour.
wireless sensor network (WSN). The goal Many farmers faced difficulty identifying
is to design and implement an agricultural the location of their smart farming devices
system using Arduino as a method basis. or even being notified when the device
The Arduino UNO is used in combination malfunctions. Farmer also faces challenges
with DHT11 and water sensor to measure that include connectivity in rural areas, non-
ecological factors including humidity, awareness of the varying farm production
temperature, and soil humidity. Commonly, functions, challenges for indoor farming,
these variables were manually calculated in technical failure, and resultant damages,
the agricultural environment by analysing and security factor (Ayre et al., 2019).
them at different times. Thus, this paper
aims to peruse these variables and monitor Thus, this project will focus on continuously
them using sensors. The collected data monitoring the status and location of the
from these sensors will be updated and sent devices using the GPRS module. A sensor’s
via SMS to users at selected intervals. This accuracy is the combination of resolution
project adopted an agile methodology. and precision which is the most significant
performance measure (Lin et al., 2019).
Keywords wireless sensor network Significant crop damage may result from
(WSN), smart farming, Internet of Things a mechanical failure or malfunction in the
(IoT), location tracker, agriculture, sensors, sensor. In the next few years, smart farming
Arduino UNO will have a huge impact on the farming
industry. Table 1 shows the growth of IoT-
Introduction based adoption in the Agriculture sector
from the Year 2000-2016 and Forecasts
In recent decades, agriculture has seen for the year 2035- 2050 (Nayyar & Puri,
various improvements in technology. The 2016).
existing technologies and IoT principles
have opened numerous opportunities