Учебно- методическое пособие по английскому языку по профессиям\ специальностям металлообработки

A slotted or "flat-blade" screwdriver
№2 Выполните технический перевод текста. Perform a technical translation of the text.

"Perfect Handle" screwdrivers Screwdriver with rubber handle

The handle and shaft of screwdrivers have changed considerably over time. The design is
influenced by both purpose and manufacturing requirements. The "Perfect Pattern Handle"[further
explanation needed] screwdriver was first manufactured by HD Smith & Company, which operated

from 1850 to 1900. Many manufacturers adopted this handle design. At the time, the "flat

bladed" screw type was prevalent and was the fastener with which they were designed to be

used. Another popular design was composed of drop-forged steel with riveted wood handles.

The shape and material of many modern screwdriver handles are designed to fit comfortably in
the user's hand, for user comfort and to facilitate maximum control and torque. Designs include
indentations for the user's fingers, and surfaces of a soft material such as thermoplastic elastomer
to increase comfort and grip. Composite handles of rigid plastic and rubber are also common.
Many screwdriver handles are not smooth and often not round, but have flats or other
irregularities to improve grip and to prevent the tool from rolling when on a flat surface.

Some screwdrivers have a short hexagonal section at the top of the blade, adjacent to the handle,
so that a ring spanner or open wrench can be used to increase the applied torque. Another option
are "cabinet" screwdrivers which are made of flat bar stock and while the shaft may be rounded,
will have a large flat section adjacent to the handle which a wrench (often an adjustable) may be
used on for additional leverage. The offset screwdriver has a handle set at right angles to the
small blade, providing access to narrow spaces and giving extra torque.

101

№3 Выполните технический перевод текста. Perform a technical translation of the text.

Screwdrivers come in a large range of sizes to accommodate various screws—from tiny
jeweller's screwdrivers up. A screwdriver that is not the right size and type for the screw may
damage the screw in the process of tightening it.
Some screwdriver tips are magnetic, so that the screw (unless non-magnetic) remains attached to
the screwdriver without requiring external force. This is particularly useful in small screws,
which are otherwise very difficult to attempt to handle. Many screwdriver designs have a handle
with a detachable tip (the part of the screwdriver that engages the screw), called bits as with drill
bits. This provides a set of one handle and several bits that can drive a variety of screw sizes and
types.

Выполните технический перевод текста. Perform a technical translation of the text.
A jeweler's screwdriver

Screwdriver with magnetic tip

102

A set of "secure" or otherwise less
common screwdriver bits,
including secure Torx and secure
hex or "allen" variants.

Comparison of Phillips and
Frearson screw heads

A variety of Robertson sizes

Phillips and Pozidriv compared.

The tool used to drive a slotted screw head is called a standard, common blade, flat-blade, slot-
head, straight, flat, flat-tip,[6] or "flat-head"[7] screwdriver. This last usage can be confusing,
because the term flat-head also describes a screw with a flat top, designed to install in a
countersunk hole. Furthermore, the term implies that a screwdriver has a "head"; it does not.
Such a flat-headed screw may have a slotted, cross, square recessed, or combination head.
Before the development of the newer bit types, the flat-blade was called the "Common-Blade",

103

because it was the most common one. Depending on the application, the name of this
screwdriver may differ. Within the automotive/heavy electric industries, it is known as a "flat
head screwdriver";[8] within the avionics and mining industries, it is known as a "standard
screwdriver".[9] Though there are many names, the original device from 1908 was known as a
"flat-head screw turner".[citation needed]

Among slotted screwdrivers, variations at the blade or bit end involve the profile of the blade as
viewed face-on (from the side of the tool). The more common type is sometimes called
keystone, where the blade profile is slightly flared before tapering off at the end, which provides
extra stiffness to the workface and makes it capable of withstanding more torque. To maximize
access in space-restricted applications, the cabinet variant screwdriver blade sides are straight
and parallel, reaching the end of the blade at a right angle. This design is also frequently used in
jeweler's screwdrivers.

Many textbooks and vocational schools instruct mechanics to grind down the tip of the blade,
which, due to the taper, increases its thickness and consequently allows more precise
engagement with the slot in the screw. This approach creates a set of graduated slotted
screwdrivers that fit a particular screw for a tighter engagement and reduce screw head
deformation. However, many better-quality screwdriver blades are already induction-hardened
(surface heat-treated), and tip grinding after manufacture compromises their durability. Thus, it
is best to select a tip made to fit precisely to begin with, and avoid weakening the factory heat-
treatment.

Phillips screwdrivers come in several standard sizes, ranging from tiny "jeweler's" to those used
for automobile frame assembly—or #000 to #4 respectively. This size number is usually stamped
onto the shank (shaft) or handle for identification. Each bit size fits a range of screw sizes, more
or less well. Each Phillips screwdriver size also has a related shank diameter. The driver has a
57° point and tapered, unsharp (rounded) flutes. The #1 and smaller bits come to a blunt point,
but the #2 and above have no point, but rather a nearly squared-off tip, making each size
incompatible with the other.

The design is often criticized for its tendency to cam out at lower torque levels than other "cross
head" designs, an effect caused by the tapered profile of the flutes which makes them easier to
insert into the screw than other similar styles. There has long been a popular belief that this was
actually a deliberate feature of the design. Evidence is lacking for this specific narrative and the
feature is not mentioned in the original patents.[10] However, a subsequent refinement to the
original design described in US Patent #2,474,994[11][12][13] describes this feature.

Robertson, also known as a square,[14] or Scrulox[15] screw drive has a square-shaped socket in
the screw head and a square protrusion on the tool. Both the tool and the socket have a taper,
which makes inserting the tool easier, and also tends to help keep the screw on the tool tip
without the user needing to hold it there. (The taper's earliest reason for being was to make the
manufacture of the screws practical using cold forming of the heads,[16] but its other advantages
helped popularize the drive.) Robertson screws are commonplace in Canada, though they have
been used elsewhere,[17] and have become much more common in other countries in recent
decades. Robertson screwdrivers are easy to use one-handed, because the tapered socket tends to
retain the screw, even if it is shaken.[17] They also allow for the use of angled screw drivers and
trim head screws. The socket-headed Robertson screws are self-centering, reduce cam out, stop a
power tool when set, and can be removed if painted over or old and rusty.[17] In industry, they
speed up production and reduce product damage. One of their first major industrial uses was the
Ford Motor Company's Model A & Model T production. Henry Ford found them highly reliable
and saved considerable production time, but he couldn't secure licensing for them in the United

104

States, so he limited their use solely to his Canadian division. Robertson-head screwdrivers are
available in a standard range of tip sizes, from 1.77mm to 4.85mm.

Reed and Prince, also called Frearson, is another historic cross-head screw configuration. The
cross in the screw head is sharper and less rounded than a Phillips, and the bit has 45° flukes and
a sharper, pointed end. Also, the Phillips screw slot is not as deep as the Reed and Prince
slot.[18][19][20] In theory, different size R&P screws fit any R&P bit size.[21]

Pozidriv and the related Supadriv are widely used in Europe and most of the Far East.[22] While
Pozidriv screws have cross heads like Phillips and are sometimes thought effectively the same,
the Pozidriv design allows higher torque application than Phillips. It is often claimed that they
can apply more torque than any of the other commonly used cross-head screwdriver systems, due
to a complex fluting (mating) configuration.

Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) cross-head screwdrivers are still another standard, often
inaccurately called Japanese Phillips. Compatible screw heads are usually identifiable by a
single depressed dot or an "X" to one side of the cross slot. This is a screw standard throughout
the Asia market and Japanese imports. The driver has a 57° point with a flat tip.[23]

Many modern electrical appliances, if they contain screws, use screws with heads other than the
typical slotted or Phillips styles. Torx is one such pattern that has become widespread. It is a
spline tip with a corresponding recess in the screw head. The main cause of this trend is
manufacturing efficiency: Torx screwdriver tips do not slip out of the fastener as easily as would
a Phillips or slotted driver. (Slotted screws are rarely used in mass-produced devices, since the
driver is not inherently centered on the fastener.)

Non-typical fasteners are commonplace in consumer devices for their ability to make
disassembly more difficult, which is seen as a benefit for manufacturers but is considered a
disadvantage by users than if more common head types were used. In microwave ovens, such
screws deny casual access to the high-power kilovolt electrical components, which are very
dangerous.

However, Torx and other drivers have become widely available to the consumer due to their
increasing use in the industry. Some other styles fit a three-pointed star recess, and a five-lobed
spline with rounded edges instead of the square edges of the Torx. This is called a Pentalobe.

Specialized patterns of security screws are also used, such as the Line Head (LH) style by OSG
System Products, Japan, as used in many Nintendo consoles, though drivers for the more
common security heads are, again, readily available. Another type of security head has smooth
curved surfaces instead of the slot edges that would permit loosening the screw; it is found in
public rest room privacy partitions, and cannot be removed by conventional screwdrivers.

№4

Screwdrivers are available—manual, electric, and pneumatic—with a clutch that slips at a preset
torque. This helps the user tighten screws to a specified torque without damage or over-
tightening. Cordless drills designed to use as screwdrivers often have such a clutch

105

№5
Interchangeable bits allow the use of powered screwdrivers, commonly using an electric or air
motor to rotate the bit. Cordless drills with speed and torque control are commonly used as
power screwdrivers.

A rechargeable battery-powered electric screwdriver.

Driving a screw with a cordless drill

Stanley Yankee No 130A, spiral or ratchet screwdriver

№6
Переведите текст.Составьте к тексту план.Составьте вопросы к тексту. Translate the
text.Make a plan for the text.Compose questions to the text.
Some manual screwdrivers have a ratchet action whereby the screwdriver blade locks to the
handle for clockwise rotation, but uncouples for counterclockwise rotation when set for
tightening screws—and vice versa for loosening.
Spiral ratchet screw drivers, often colloquially called Yankee screwdrivers (a brand name),
provide a special mechanism that transforms linear motion into rotational motion. Originally the
"Yankee" name was used on all tools sold by the North Brothers Manufacturing Company but

106

later, after Stanley purchased the company, it became synonymous with only this type of
screwdriver. The user pushes the handle toward the workpiece, causing a pawl in a spiral groove
to rotate the shank and the removable bit. The ratchet can be set to rotate left or right with each
push, or can be locked so that the tool can be used like a conventional screwdriver. One
disadvantage of this design is that if the bit slips out of the screw, the resultant sudden extension
of the spring may cause the bit to scratch or otherwise damage the workpiece.

Once very popular, versions of these spiral ratchet drivers using proprietary bits have been
largely discontinued by manufacturers such as Stanley. Some companies now offer a modernized
version that uses standard 1⁄4-inch hex shank power tool bits. Since a wide variety of drill bits
are available in this format, the tool can do double duty as a "push drill" or Persian drill.

№ 7.Поставьте существительные в скобках во множественное число. .Put the nouns in
brackets in the plural.

1. There are ten ….............(flower) in the vase.
2. My sister has got two …............(baby).
3. There are two …............. (man) in the car.
4. How many …............. (tooth) has the baby got?
5. She's got four ….......... (duck) in her garden.
6. Have you got any ….......... (child)?
7. I bought two …......... (scarf} yesterday.
8. These shoes are too large for my …...........(foot).
9. These ….........(story) are very interesting.
10. The cat has caught a lot of ….........(mouse).

№8Степени сравнения прилагательных. Choose the correct answer.Выберите
правильный ответ.

1. This is …............ in Moscow.

A an older B the oldest C the most old
2. Our new house is four storeys …...........than the one we lived before.

A more higher B higher C high
3. Is Lomonosov …........... than Pavlovsk?

A famouser B more famous C the most famous.
4. That was …............man I have ever met.

A the worst В the most bad C worse
5. To my mind thrillers are …........interesting than adventure books.
A more В better C least

107

6. Mary is ….......... student in class.

1. A better В the best C gooder

7. It's …................ book I have ever read.

A exciting В more exciting C the most exciting

1. My brother knows English much better than I do. I'd like to know this
language …............my brother.

A as bad as В as well as С more than

1. There's plenty of food, so eat............... you like.

A as much as В as many as C more than

1. This lunch was …......... as it was yesterday.

A not tasty В not so tasty C more tasty

№9 Поставьте подходящий глагол в соответствующей форме: 9 Put the verb in the
appropriate form:

tell, beg, suggest, order, ask

1. “Please, forgive me,” he said to Clara. – He ... Clara to forgive him.
2. “Be careful of the broken glass,” my father said. – My father ... to be careful of the

broken glass.
3. “How about calling your colleague?” Annie said to me. – Annie ... calling my colleague.
4. “Don’t shoot!” the policeman shouted. – The policeman ... not to shoot.
5. “Listen to me, please,” Tom said to the lawyer. – Tom ... the lawyer to listen to him.
6. “Let’s play volleyball,” Brian said to the kids. – Brian ... playing volleyball.
7. “Fire!” the General said to the soldiers. – The General ... the soldiers to fire.
8. “Please, please, don’t tell this to anyone,” she said to the doctor. – She ... the doctor not

to tell that to anyone.

№10 Преобразуйте высказывания воспитателя (просьбы и предложения) на занятии
с детьми в косвенную речь. Transform the statements of the educator (requests and
suggestions) in the classroom with children into indirect speech.

Н-р: “Sit down.” – The teacher asked to sit down.

1. “Don’t make so much noise, please.” («Не шумите так сильно, пожалуйста.»)
2. “Let’s make a Christmas card.” («Давайте сделаем рождественскую открытку.»
3. “Be careful with the scissors.” («Будьте осторожны с ножницами.»)
4. “Don’t open the glue.” («Не открывайте клей.»)
5. “Shall we sing a Christmas song?” («Споем рождественскую песенку?»)

№11 Преобразуйте предложения в косвенную речь. Convert sentences into indirect
speech.

108

1. The doctor said: “Stop drinking beer.”
2. “Let’s do some research on this subject,” the manager said.
3. The flight attendant said: “Please, switch off your mobile devices.”
4. “Find my pearl necklace!” the stepmother said to Cinderella.
5. “How about eating out tonight?” he said.
6. Alex said: “We should advertise our product on TV.”
7. “Don’t move!” the police officer said.
8. “Please, please, wait a little!” she said to Peter.
9. “Shall we go to the swimming pool?” Fran said to Helen.
10. “Don’t touch the flowers,” I said.

№12 Выберите в скобках правильный вариант модального глагола. Переведите
предложения. Choose the correct version of the modal verb in parentheses. Translate the
sentences.

1. He … (can’t/couldn’t) open the window as it was stuck.
2. Interpreters … (may/must) translate without dictionaries.
3. … (Can/May) I use me your bike for today?
4. … (May/Could) you give me the recipe for this cake?
5. I hardly ever see Jane, she … (may/might) have moved to Africa.
6. Take an umbrella. It … (may/can) rain.
7. You … (could/should) stop smoking. You know you … (cannot/must not) buy health.
8. You … (may/must) finish the article as soon as possible.
9. Liz doesn’t … (ought to/have to) keep to a diet anymore.
10. Lara … (can/might) get a playstation for her birthday.
11. You … (must not/needn’t) read in the dark.
12. My grandfather is retired, so he … (shouldn’t/doesn’t have to) go to work.
13. The fridge is full, so we … (must not/needn’t) go shopping.
14. Our employees … (can/must) sign this agreement.
15. We … (may/ought to) reserve a table in advance if we want to have dinner there.
16. I … (can’t/needn’t) believe it! You … (have to/must) be joking.
17. Ann … (must/is to) finish school next year.
18. Sorry, I’m late. I … (needed to/had to) wait for the plumber.
19. What time do we … (should/have to) be at the railway station?
20. Don’t wait for me tonight. I … (might/must) be late.
21. I … (maynot/can’t) watch this film. It’s too boring.
22. We’ve got a dishwasher, so you … (couldn’t/needn’t) wash-up.
23. You look very pale, I think you … (need/should) stay at home.
24. … (Could/Might) you, please, pass me the mustard?

№13 Преобразуйте предложения с модальными глаголами в прошедшее время,
начиная с данных слов. Используйте could, had to, was to, was allowed to. Convert
sentences with modal verbs to the past tense, starting with these words. Use could, had to,
was to, was allowed to.

Н-р: Bob can’t dive. (Боб не умеет нырять.) – Last year Bob couldn’t dive. (В прошлом году
Боб не умел нырять.)

1. You must show your identity card here. (Ты должен показать удостоверение личности
здесь.) – Last night …

109

2. We can’t buy a new car. (Мы не можем купить новую машину.) – Last summer …
3. Mike may take my laptop computer for a couple of hours. (Майк может взять мой

ноутбук на пару часов.) – This morning …
4. Victor has to call his mother. (Виктору нужно позвонить своей маме.) – Yesterday …
5. You don’t need to paper the walls. (Вам не нужно оклеивать стены обоями.) –

Yesterday …
6. She is to be at the office at 9 a.m. (Ей нужно быть в офисе в 9 утра.) – Last Friday …
7. You must not tell lies. (Ты не должен лгать.) – Last night …

№14 Преобразуйте предложения с модальными глаголами в будущее время,
начиная с данных слов. Используйте will be able to, will be allowed to, will have to.
Convert sentences with modal verbs into the future tense, starting with these words. Use
will be able to, will be allowed to, will have to.

Н-р: The baby can talk. (Малыш умеет разговаривать.) – Soon the baby will be able to talk.
(Скоро малыш сможет разговаривать.)

1. He can’t get the tickets. (Он не может достать билеты.) – I’m afraid …
2. You may use my camera. (Ты можешь пользоваться моей камерой.) – Tomorrow …
3. I am to wait for him at the airport. (Мне нужно подождать его в аэропорту.) – Next

Sunday …
4. You must tell me the truth. (Ты обязан рассказать мне правду.) – Very soon …
5. I have to take these pills 3 times a day. (Мне нужно пить эти таблетки 3 раза в день.) –

Tomorrow …
6. I can read this book in Italian. (Я могу прочитать эту книгу на итальянском языке.) –

In two years …

№15 Переведите английские пословицы, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы.
Постарайтесь вспомнить русские эквиваленты пословиц, где это возможно. Translate

English proverbs, paying attention to modal verbs. Try to remember the Russian

equivalents of proverbs, where possible.

1. A man can do no more than he can.
2. Anyone who has to ask the price cannot afford it.
3. People who live in glass houses should not throw stones at their neighbours.
4. You must learn to walk before you can run.
5. He who falls today may rise tomorrow.
6. A bird may be known by its song.
7. He who laughs at crooked men should need to walk very straight.
8. Talk of the devil and he is to appear.
9. A tree must be bent while young.
10. The wind can’t be caught in a net.

№16 Дайте совет, используя модальный глагол should. (Возможны несколько
советов.) Give advice using the modal verb should. (Several tips are possible.)

Н-р: My eyes are tired. (Мои глаза устали.) – You should go to bed. (Тебе следует поспать.)

1. I am cold. (Мне холодно.)
2. I am thirsty. (Я хочу пить.)
3. I am hungry. (Я голоден.)
4. My life is too hectic. (Моя жизнь слишком насыщенная.)

110

5. I’ve caught a cold. (Я простудился.)
6. Somebody has stolen my purse. (Кто-то украл мой кошелек.)
№ 17 Составьте предложения с модальными глаголами, расставив слова в нужном
порядке. Переведите получившиеся предложения. Make sentences with modal verbs,
placing the words in the right order. Translate the resulting sentences.
Н-р: don’t / to / I / answer / have / questions / your. – I don’t have to answer your questions.
(Я не обязан отвечать на ваши вопросы.)
1. the party / Linda / to / come / might / tonight.
2. round / work / have to / farmers / the year / all.
3. you / not / hospital / noise / must / make / in.
4. the light / I / switch / may / on ?
5. your / look / could / passport / I / at ?
6. my / cook / can / quite / wife / well.
7. catch / last / able to / we / were / train / the.
8. not / jeans / you / must / wear / to / school.
9. didn’t / you / drink / have to / much / yesterday / so.
10. ought to / bill / Robert / the electricity / pay / today.
11. better / we / find / a / should / job.
12. too much / you / salt / and / eat / sugar / shouldn’t.
13. do / get / to / Turkey / I / have to / a visa ?
14. he / manners / improve / his / needs to.
15. needn’t / you / complain.

111

2.Инструментальная мебель

Хранение мелких деталей Storage of small parts
транспортировка transportation
Системы органайзеров Organizer systems
верстаки workbenches
Шкафы для инструментов Tool cabinets
Системы запирания Locking systems
Разделительные элементы Separating elements
Дополнительное оснащение Additional equipment
стулья chairs
табурет stool
лестница ladder
стремянка stepladder
Сборный стеллаж Prefabricated shelving
мобильность mobility
Отдельные компоненты Individual components
Обзор изделий Product Overview
Рабочее место монтажника The installer's workplace
Ассортимент изделий Product range
модели models
обьем volume
недорого inexpensive
прочно durable
эргономично ergonomically
изысканно exquisitely
универсально versatile
Храниение инструментов для станков с Storage of tools for CNC machines
ЧПУ
Потолочный стеллаж Ceiling shelving
Рабочие коврики Work mats
Решетчатые деревянные мостки Latticed wooden bridges
хранение storage

№1 Translate the text.Make up questions to the text. Features of modern machine tools.
Make a plan for the text.

It's difficult to overestimate the role of science and technology in our life. They accelerate the
development of civilization and help us in our life.

112

The scientific and technological progress will continue in engineering along two main headlines.
Firstly, it is automation, including the creation of “unmanned” industries. Secondly, raising the
reliability and extending the service life of machines.

This certainly requires new technology. The machine modules on a large scale are well suited for
“unmanned” industries.

Intense work is being carried out on new robots. What we need is not merely manipulators which
can take up a work piece and pass it on, but robots which can identify objects, their position in
space, etc.

The machine industry or machinery industry is a subsector of the industry that produces and
maintains machines for consumers, the industry, and most other companies in the economy.

This machine industry traditionally belongs to the heavy industry. Nowadays, many smaller
companies in this branch are considered part of the light industry. Most manufacturers in the
machinery industry are called machine factories.

The machine industry is a subsector of the industry that produces a range of products from power
tools, different types of machines, and domestic technology to factory equipment etc. The
machine industry provides:

 The means of production for businesses in the agriculture, mining, industry and
construction.

 The means of production for public utility, such as equipment for the production and
distribution of gas, electricity and water.

 A range of supporting equipment for all sectors of the economy, such as equipment for
heating, ventilation, and air conditioning of buildings.

The production of the machinery industry varies widely from single-unit production and series
production to mass production.

Machine tools can be operated manually, or under automatic control. Early machines used
flywheels to stabilize their motion and had complex systems of gears and levers to control the
machine and the piece being worked on. From the simplest to the most complex, most machine
tools are capable of at least partial self-replication, and produce machine parts as their primary
function.

113

The machine-tool is the principal manufacturing equipment in a machine shop. It is essential in
the manufacture of every product from a giant turbine to minute jewels for aircraft instruments.

One of the simplest tools is the ordinary drilling machine. It consists of a spindle which imparts
rotary motion to the drilling tool, mechanism for feeding the tool into the work, a table on which
the work rests, and a frame.

The drilling machines or drill presses are grouped into the following four classes: sensitive,
upright, radial and multi-spindle machines.

A milling machine is a machine-tool that removes metal as the work is fed against a rotating
cutter.

The lathe is a machine tool which can perform a wide variety of operations. It is primarily used
for turning and boring operations. In addition, the lathe can be used for drilling, reaming, tapping
and, by employing suitable adapters, operations of milling and grinding may be carried out
without difficulty. The lathe is the oldest machine-tool, but it is still widely used.

There are many types of lathes that differ in their size, design, method of drive, arrangement of
gears and purpose.

According to the character of work performed, the design and construction lathes are divided
into the following types: bench lathes, chucking lathes and automatic lathes. There are also
screw machines, boring mills, crankshaft lathes, wheel lathes, etc.

Metal undergoes a number of processes before it is formed into the required shape: casting,
rolling, welding, piercing, trimming, spinning, bending, drawing, etc.

The machines which perform all these kinds of works are called machine-tools. The most
common machine-tool found in almost any workshop is the lathe. The main parts of it are: the
headstock, the chuck, the tailstock, the carriage.

The automatic lathe is a perfection of the ordinary lathe. Its tools are changed automatically. A
worker skilled in the use of a lathe is called a turner.

There are many other machine-tools that work on plane surfaces, for example, milling machines,
planing and shaping machines. Circular holes are drilled by a drilling machine or bored by a
boring machine or a boring mill. Thread milling machines are used in the production of different

114

machine elements. Gear cutting machines include gear milling machines. All these machines use
cutting tools made of high speed steel.

There are three types of lathes produced by our machine tool manufacturing works: heavy,
medium and light types. The type of a lathe depends upon the size of diameter of workpieces.

A most convenient and efficient machine is the model combination lathe for turning, milling,
drilling, grinding, slotting, and tool sharpening jobs. It can be used both in stationary and mobile
repair shops, on ships, etc.

The most drilling machines are equipped with mechanisms, permitting not only drilling,
countersinking and reaming, but also cutting female threads with the help of taps.

Both universal and special-purpose type radial drills are built.

Machine tools are used to shape metals and other materials. The material to be shaped is called
the workpiece. Most machine tools are now electrically driven. Machine tools with electrical
drive are faster and more accurate than hand tools: they were an important element in the
development of mass-production processes, as they allowed individual parts to be made in large
numbers so as to be interchangeable.

All machine tools have facilities for holding both the workpiece and the tool, and for accurately
controlling the movement of the cutting tool relative to the workpiece. Most machining
operations generate large amounts of heat, and use cooling fluids (usually a mixture of water and
oils) for cooling and lubrication.

We also need machine that would trace the entire process of machining. Some have been
designed and are manufactured. Modern engineering thinking has created new automated coal-
digging complexes and machine systems, installations for the continuous casting of steel,
machine-tool for electrophysical and electrochemical treatment of metals ,unique welding
equipment, automatic rotor transfer lines and machine-tools modules for flexible industries.

In the last 20 years, machine building in the UK has changed beyond recognition. Of course
some of this is driven by new technology, but much more is about meeting today's vastly
different user requirements whilst also fending off competition from low cost entrants to the
market. New technologies and equipment have been designed for most branches of engineering.

115

In the shortest time possible the engineers are to start producing new generations of machines
and equipment which would allow manufacturers to increase productivity several times and to
find a way for the application of advanced technologies.

Large reserves in extending service life for machines can be found in the process of designing.
At present, advanced methods have been evolved for designing machines proceeding from a
number of criteria. Automatic design systems allow for an optimizing of the solutions in design
and technology when new machines are still in the blueprint stage.

Machine tools have a strategic place within the industry as they enable the production of all other
industrial equipment and machinery which are covered by mechanical engineering. Machine
tools are at the origin of almost any manufacturing process which includes metal. Most of the
objects that one can see in the environment, from cars to planes, from wind turbines to satellites,
and from watches to computers and to mobile phones are made thanks to machine tools.

Machine tools have had a direct impact on cost reduction, set-up and lead times, quality
improvement and productivity. As such, the machine tool industry is the backbone of modern
manufacturing; the prime mover of progress; and is the cornerstone of economic development.
Today, machine tools have a wide range of applications in major industries of the economy
ranging from automotive to aerospace, energy generation, mechanical construction and medical
engineering.

The machine tool industry, as such, is fundamental to the productivity and the competitiveness of
the entire European manufacturing base. Europe has the world’s largest machine tool
manufacturing base. Machine tools endowed with the state-of-the-art technology are shipped to
countries all around the world and contribute to the industrialization of countries.

Machine tools enable to transfer the latest technological developments in information and
communication technologies or material sciences into production systems, which allow to
increase the efficiency of the production process and to machine new materials which are used
later in new fields of application.

Machine tools are a key contributor to sustainable mobility. 21st century society needs faster and
safer transport solutions with the lowest impact on environment. Aviation, aerospace, automotive
and rail vehicle industries will need to improve their environmental performance significantly to
live up to this challenge. Machine tools are used on almost every stage of the manufacturing
process of means of transportation, from the production of simplest parts to increasingly

116

sophisticated and high precision components (engine turbines, bearings etc) which have a
remarkable impact on the energy savings potential of transport vehicles. They rely entirely on
processing technologies provided by machine tools to process the new materials and use them in
new products.

№2 Find the translation of sentences in the text.

1.Машинные модули больших масштабов хорошо подходят для "беспилотных" отраслей
промышленности.

2.Машиностроение или технология машиностроения – отрасль промышленности, которая
производит и обслуживает станки для потребителей, индустрии, а также для большинства
других компаний в экономике.

3.Производство машиностроительной промышленности колеблется в широких пределах
от одной единицы производства и серийного производства к массовому производству.

4. От самых простых до самых сложных, большинство станков способны, по крайней
мере, к частичному самовоспроизведению и изготовлению деталей, что является одной из
основных функций.

5. Металл проходит через ряд процессов до того, как формируется в требуемую форму:
литье, прокат, сварки, пронизывающим, обрезка, вращение, изгиб, рисунок и т.д.

6. Зуборезные станки включают зубофрезерные машины. Все эти машины используют
режущие инструменты, изготовленные из быстрорежущей стали.

7. Наилучшие сверлильные станки оснащены механизмами, которые позволяют не только
сверлить, зенковать и зенкеровать, но и резать женские волокна с помощью сверла.

№3 Underline the basis of the sentence in the sentence.Specify a part of speech above each
word.

Machine tools are a key contributor to sustainable mobility.

117

№4 Read and translate.

Wooden furniture machine operators run machines that manufacture wooden furniture parts,
according to the established operating procedure. They ensure the machine works smoothly and
repair parts if necessary




 Maintain furniture machinery
Maintain machinery and equipment in order to ensure that it is clean and in safe, working
order. Perform routine maintenance on equipment and adjust when necessary, using hand
and power tools.

 Dispose of cutting waste material
Dispose of possibly hazardous waste material created in the cutting process, such as
swarf, scrap and slugs, sort according to regulations, and clean up workplace.

 Supply machine with appropriate tools
Supply the machine with the necessary tools and items for a particular production
purpose.

 Operate furniture machinery
Operate machines and equipment used for making furniture parts and the assembling of
furniture.

Machine-tools
Machine-tools are used to shape metals and other materials. The material to be shaped is called
the workpiece. Most machine-tools are now electrically driven. Machine-tools with electrical
drive are faster and more accurate than hand tools: they were an important element in the
development of mass-production processes, as they allowed individual parts to be made in large
numbers so as to be interchangeable.

All machine-tools have facilities for holding both the workpiece and the tool, and for accurately
controlling the movement of the cutting tool relative to the workpiece. Most machining
operations generate large amounts of heat, and use cooling fluids (usually a mixture of water and
oils) for cooling and lubrication.

118

Machine-tools usually work materials mechanically but other machining methods have been
developed lately. They include chemical machining, spark erosion to machine very hard
materials to any shape by means of a continuous high-voltage spark (discharge) between an
electrode and a workpiece. Other machining methods include drilling using ultrasound, and
cutting by means of a laser beam. Numerical control of machine-tools and flexible
manufacturing systems have made it possible for complete systems of machine-tools to be used
flexibly for the manufacture of a range of products.

Machine-tools

Vocabulary
machine-tools — станки
electrically driven — с электроприводом
shape — форма
workpiece — деталь
accurate — точный
development — развитие
to allow — позволять, разрешать
interchangeable — взаимозаменяемый
facility — приспособление
relative —относительный
amount — количество
fluid — жидкость
to lubricate — смазывать
spark erosion — электроискровая обработка
discharge — разряд
by means of — посредством
beam — луч
drilling — сверление
flexible — гибкий
range — ассортимент, диапазон

119

Robots in manufacturing

Today most robots are used in manufacturing operations. The applications of robots can be
divided into three categories:

1. material handling

2. processing operations

3. assembly and inspection.

Material-handling is the transfer of material and loading and unloading of machines. Material-
transfer applications require the robot to move materials or work parts from one to another.
Many of these tasks are relatively simple: robots pick up parts from one conveyor and place
them on another. Other transfer operations are more complex, such as placing parts in an
arrangement that can be calculated by the robot. Machine loading and unloading operations
utilize a robot to load and unload parts. This requires the robot to be equipped with a grip-per
that can grasp parts. Usually the gripper must be designed specifically for the particular part
geometry.

In robotic processing operations, the robot manipulates a tool to perform a process on the work
part. Examples of such applications include spot welding, continuous arc welding and spray
painting. Spot welding of automobile bodies is one of the most common applications of
industrial robots. The robot positions a spot welder against the automobile panels and frames to
join them. Arc welding is a continuous process in which robot moves the welding rod along the
welding seam. Spray painting is the manipulation of a spray-painting gun over the surface of the
object to be coated. Other operations in this category include grinding and polishing in which a
rotating spindle serves as the robot's tool.

The third application area of industrial robots is assembly and inspection. The use of robots in
assembly is expected to increase because of the high cost of manual labour. But the design of the
product is an important aspect of robotic assembly. Assembly methods that are satisfactory for
humans are not always suitable for robots. Screws and nuts are widely used for fastening in
manual assembly, but the same operations are extremely difficult for an one-armed robot.

Inspection is another area of factory operations in which the utilization of robots is growing. In a
typical inspection job, the robot positions a sensor with respect to the work part and determines
whether the part answers the quality specifications. In nearly all industrial robotic applications,
the robot provides a substitute for human labour. There are certain characteristics of industrial
jobs performed by humans that can be done by robots:

1. the operation is repetitive, involving the same basic work motions every cycle,

2. the operation is hazardous or uncomfortable for the human worker (for example: spray
painting, spot welding, arc welding, and certain machine loading and unloading tasks),

3. the workpiece or tool is too heavy and difficult to handle,

4. the operation allows the robot to be used on two or three shifts.

Questions

120

1. How are robots used in manufacturing?
2. What is «material handling»?
3. What does a robot need to be equipped with to do loading and unloading operations?
4. What does robot manipulate in robotic processing operation?
5. What is the most common application of robots in automobile manufacturing?
6. What operations could be done by robot in car manufacturing industry?
7. What are the main reasons to use robots in production?
8. How can robots inspect the quality of production?
9. What operations could be done by robots in hazardous or uncomfortable for the human
workers conditions?
Agricultural machinery
Agricultural machines are used to till soil and to plant, cultivate, and harvest crops. Since ancient
times, when cultures first began cultivating plants, people have used tools to help them grow and
harvest crops. They used pointed tools to dig and keep soil loosened, and sharp, knife-like
objects to harvest ripened crops. Modifications of these early implements led to the development
of small hand tools that are still used in gardening, such as the spade, hoe, rake and trowel, and
larger implements, such as ploughs and larger rakes that are drawn by humans, animals, or
simple machines.
Modern large agricultural implements, adapted to large-scale farming methods, are usually
powered by diesel- or petrol-fuelled internal-combustion engines. The most important implement
of modern agriculture is the tractor. It provides locomotion for many other implements. The
power shafts of tractors can also be set up to drive belts that operate equipment such as feed
grinders, pumps, and electric-power generators. Small implements, such as portable irrigators,
may be powered by individual motors.
Use of agricultural machinery substantially reduces the amount of human labour needed for
growing crops. The average amount of labour required per hectare to produce and harvest corn,
hay, and cereal crops has fallen to less than a quarter of what was required only a few decades
ago.

121

3.Инвентарь

Электроинструмент power tool , electrical tools
power tool is intended
электроинструмент предназначен with this power tool
switch off the power tool
с этим электроинструментом electrical measuring instrument
electrical-insulating varnish
выключить электроинструмент hand power tools

электроизмерительный прибор spark erosion fabrication

электроизоляционный лак insulating compound
if the power tool
Инструменты Ручной use the correct power tool

электроинструмент operate power tools
use this power tool
изготовление изделий электроискровым power tool that cannot
the power tool for
методом

электроизоляционный компаунд

если электроинструмент

использовать правильный

электроинструмент

работать электроинструментом

использовать этот электроинструмент

электроинструмент, который не может

электроинструмент для

пневмоинструмент pneumatic tool

122

пневматическая трамбовка air rammer
pneumatic circuit
схема пневматической full pneumatic
multiple line suction pneumatic plant
полный пневматический
air loaded slitting knife holder
разветвленная всасывающая
single acting compressed air hammer
пневмоустановка
single solenoid pneumatic valve
пневматическое устройство для
portable air tool
крепления ножа продольной разрезки

бумажного полотна

пневматический молот одностороннего

действия

однокатушечный пневматический

клапан

пневматическая ручная машина

компрессоры compressors
опция компрессора compressor option
двигатель компрессора compressor motor
машинист компрессорной установки compressor operator
впуск компрессора compressor intake
Компрессорный модуль compressor module
гайка компрессора compressor nut
смазочное масло, компрессорное compressor oil
каплеуловитель компрессора compressor knockout drum
входной направляющий аппарат compressor inlet guide vane
компрессора
техническое обслуживание компрессора compressor maintenance
компрессорная установка compressor installation
на выходе компрессора compressor outlet

дополнитоельная оснастка additional equipment
для Accessories for pneumatics
Дополнительное оснащение
cable
пневматики drums
Sleeve reels
кабель

барабаны

Барабаны для намотки рукавов

светильники lamps
брызгозащищённый светильник drip-proof lighting fixture
регулятор светильника lamp dimmer
дисплей светильников display fixtures
закрытый светильник enclosed fixture

123

присоединенные светильники attached fixtures
латунные светильники brass fixtures
керамические светильники ceramic fixtures
производство светильников production fixtures

захваты grips
Корманные фонарики Pocket lanterns
Элементы питания Batteries
аккомулятор accumulator
пайка soldering
Востановление резьбы Thread restoration

ультразвук ultrasound
ультразвуковой генератор ultra audio oscillator
ультразвуковая частота ultra audible frequency
Должен быть в ультразвуковом Must be up in the ultrasonic range
диапазоне
процесс ультразвуковой ultrasonic process
ultrasonic pulse-echo ranging
измерение расстояния с помощью
ультразвука

Очистительный аппарат ditch apparatus

Технические аэрозоли data aerosols
аэрозольный распылитель aerosol atomizer
сухой аэрозоль dry aerosol
аэрозоль струя aerosol jet
распылительное устройство для создания bacterial agent pulverizer
аэрозольного облака ББС
применение аэрозоля aerosol application

Уплотнительные средства Sealing means
Клеящие средства Adhesives
масленки oil cans
Смазочные шприцы Lubricating syringes
Клейкая лента Adhesive tape
Масло для режущего инструмента Oil for cutting tools
Паста для режущего инструмента Paste for cutting tools
Ленточные сборники Tape collections
Гибкая система для подачи СОЖ Flexible coolant supply system
Нанесение надписей Application of inscriptions

маркировка marking

124

этикетки labels
гравировка engraving
штамп stamp
Навесной замок Padlock
магнит magnet
Крепление машины Fixing the machine
Подьемные инструменты Lifting tools
Универсальный прибор Universal device
тали tali
Гидравлика высокого давления High pressure hydraulics
Малярные инструменты Painting tools
кисть brush
кельма kelma
шпатель spatula
Салфетки для чистки Cleaning cloths
Защитный крем Protective cream
Защитное средство Protective agent

Дрель Drill
высокопроизводительная high-performance
ударная shock

гайковерт wrench
лобзик jigsaw
Угловая шлифмашина Angle Grinder
шуруповерт screwdriver
компактный compact
Большая мощность High power
Предохранительная муфта Safety clutch; overload clutch; overload
clutch
Антивибрационная система Anti-vibration system
Система быстрой замены буров Quick drill replacement system
перфоратор puncher
завинчивание screwing up
блокировка Pendulum stroke
Маятниковый ход Adjustable handle
Регулирумая рукоятка Quick-release system
Быстрозажимная система Power consumption
Потребляемая мощность Spindle locking
Стопорение шпинделя Speed control
Контроль скорости Angle Grinder
Угловая шлифовальная машина multifunctional
многофункциональный Borehole chuck clamping range
Диапазон зажима патрона Pendulum stroke

125

борфреза Adjustable handle
Single-speed hand Drill
Односкоростная ручная дрель Thread Cutter
Balancer
резьборез Ring drilling on metal
Corner Polishing Machine
балансир Shears for sheet metal
Die-cutting scissors
Кольцевое сверление по металлу Knife Segment
Belt grinders of modular design
Угловая полировальная машина
Belt grinding
Ножницы для листового металла Radius grinding
Longitudinal grinding
Высечные ножницы Grinding Machine
carbide
Сегмент ножов Industrial hair dryer
Vacuum cleaner for dry and wet cleaning
Ленточные шлифовальные машины Compressor for workshop
Pneumatic tool
модульной конструкции Pneumatic drill
Pneumatic Impact Wrench
Ленточное шлифование Pneumatic Engraving Cutter
Drums for winding the hose
Радиусное шлифование Cable Bobbin
Cable Drum
Продольное шлифование Working lamp
Plug pad
Точильный станок Cable Roulette
Spiral Cable
твердосплавный LED lamp for workshop
Viewing mirror
Фен промышленный Magnetic capture
Magnet for blind holes
Пылесос для сухой и влажной чистки Telescopic Magnetic Holder
Lamp
Компрессор для мастерской Battery
Chargeable batteries
Пневматический инструмент Krypton Pocket Flashlight
LED Flashlight
Пневматическая дрель Charger for chargeable batteries

Пневматический ударный гайковерт Soldering devices
Universal soldering iron with temperature
Пневматический гравировальный резец control
High-speed soldering iron
Барабаны для намотки шланга Lead-free soldering
Gas Soldering Device
Бобина для кабеля Soldering installation
A set of tools for thread restoration
Кабельный барабан

Рабочая лампа

Штекерная колодка

Кабельная рулетка

Спиральный кабель

Светодиодная лампа для мастерской

Смотровой зеркальце

Магнитный захват

Магнит для глухих отверстий

Телескопический магнитный держатель

светильник

батарея

Заряжаемые аккумуляторы

Криптоновый карманный фонарик

Светодиодный фонарик

Зарядное устройство для заряжаемых

аккумуляторов

Паяльные приборы

Универсальный паяльник с

терморегулированием

Скоростной паяльник

Пайка без использования свинца

Газовый паяльный прибор

Паяльная установка

Комплект инструментов для

126

восстановления резьбы

Ультрозвуковые очистительные Ultrasonic cleaning devices SW with heating

приборы SW с подогревом Headset for ultrasonic cleaning device

Гарнитура для ультрозвукого Wrench lock
Sealing agent for metals
очистительного прибора Joining of shaft/hub connections
Peristaltic hand pump for tank
Гаечный замок
Means for fixing connections
Уплотнительное средство для металлов Liquid metal ( glue)
Syringe gun with glue
Стыковка соединений валов/ ступиц Set of polyolefin adhesives for thermoplastic
plastics
Перистальтический ручной насос для Teflon tape
Silicone adhesive and sealing compound
емкости
Structural glue
Средство для фиксации соединений Industrial Sprayer
Machine syringe-oilcan
Жидкий металл ( клей) plastic oil can
Small-sized
Шприц-пистолет с клеем Combined funnel
Set of measuring containers
Комплект полиолефиновых клеящих Measuring tank for engine oil
Suction and filling syringes
средств для термопластичных пластмасс
Dosing capacity
Тефлоновая лента A set of brushes for lubrication
Lever Lubrication Syringe
Силиконовый клеящий и плотняющий Fabric-based adhesive tapes
Stabilized
состав sealing
adhesive
Конструкционный клей self-sealing
Fabric mugs made of adhesive tape in a
Промышленный распылитель dosing package
Plastic clamp
Машинный шприц-масленка Chip Removal Hook
Magnetic Chip Collector
Платиковая масленка Oil for lubrication
Tape collections
малогабаритная Emulsion mixer for canister/barrel
installation
Комбинированная воронка marking
Universal tube marker
Набор мерных емкостей Marker for deepened surfaces
Crayons and steatite crayons
Мерная емкость для машинного масла Carpenter's pencils

Отсасывающие и наполнительные

шприцы

Дозаторная емкость

Набор кистей для смазки

Рычажный смазочный шприц

Клейкие ленты на тканной основе

стабилизированная

уплотнительная

клейкая

самосваривающая

Тканевые кружки из клейкой ленты в

дозирующей упаковке

Пластиковый хомут

Крюк для удаления стружки

Магнитный собиратель стружки

Масло для смазки

Ленточные сборники

Смеситель эмульсий для установки

канистры\ бочки

маркирование

Универсальный тюбик-маркер

Маркер для углубленных поверхностей

Мелки и стеатитовые мелки

Карандаши плотника

127

Маркировочные фломастеры с Marking markers with a protective cap

защитным колпачком Electric Marking Machines
Stamp Drum
Электрические маркировочные машины Hand Hammered tool
Electric Engraving Device
Штамповый барабан Desktop Label Printer

Ручной чеканный инструмент

Электрический гравировальный прибор

Настольный принтер для этикеток

Стержневые магниты Rod Magnets
Фасонные магниты Shaped magnets
Мощные магниты Powerful Magnets
Плоские фасонные магниты Flat Shaped Magnets
Кнопочные магниты Push Button magnets
Цилиндрические магниты Cylindrical Magnets
Lifting magnet for sheet metal
Грузоподьемный магнит для листового
металла Manual Permanent Lifting Magnet
Ручной постоянный грузоподьемный
магнит

Защита для глаз Eye protection
Универсальные очки из цельного Universal glasses made of solid glass, safety
стеклазащитные очки glasses
Крем для защиты кожи Travabon, Skin protection cream Travabon, Prelabo,
Protect,Stokolan
Prelabo, Protect,Stokolan respirator
респиратор Hearing protection
Защита слуха Headphones for hearing protection of a new
Наушники для защиты слуха новой design
конструкции Work Gloves
Рабочие перчатки Leather gloves
Кожаные перчатки Fine Knit Work Gloves
Рабочие перчатки тонкой вязки Nitrile and latex gloves
Нутрилоновые и латексные перчатки First Aid Dressing Box
Ящик для перевязочных материалов для
первой помощи Eye Wash Kit
Набор для промывания глаз Aerosol for washing eyes and wounds
Аэрозоль для промывания глаз и ран

№1 Which power tools are shown in the picture? describe each power tool.

128

№2 Name a pneumatic tool, write it down
129

№3 Translate the text
Compressors are mechanical devices used to increase pressure in a variety of compressible
fluids, or gases, the most common of these being air. Compressors are used throughout industry
to provide shop or instrument air; to power air tools, paint sprayers, and abrasive blast
equipment; to phase shift refrigerants for air conditioning and refrigeration; to propel gas through
pipelines; etc. As with pumps, compressors are divided into centrifugal (or dynamic or kinetic)
and positive-displacement types; but where pumps are predominately represented by centrifugal
varieties, compressors are more often of the positive- displacement type. They can range in size
from the fits-in-a-glovebox unit that inflates tires to the giant reciprocating or turbocompressor
machines found in pipeline service. Positive-displacement compressors can be further broken out
into reciprocating types, where the piston style predominates, and rotary types such as the helical
screw and rotary vane.
Types of Air Compressor
Compressors may be characterized in several different ways, but are commonly divided into
types based on the functional method used to generate the compressed air or gas. In the sections
below, we outline and present the common compressor types. The types covered include:

Piston
Diaphragm
Helical Screw
Sliding vane
Scroll
Rotary Lobe
Centrifugal
Axial

130

Due to the nature of the compressor designs, a market also exists for the rebuilding of air
compressors, and reconditioned air compressors may be available as an option over a newly
purchased compressor.

№4 Translate the text.
Piston compressors, or
reciprocating compressors,
rely on the reciprocating
action of one or more
pistons to compress gas

within a cylinder (or cylinders) and discharge it through valving into high pressure receiving
tanks. In many instances, the tank and compressor are mounted in a common frame or skid as a
so-called packaged unit. While the major application of piston compressors is providing
compressed air as an energy source, piston compressors are also used by pipeline operators for
natural gas transmission. Piston compressors are generally selected on the pressure required (psi)
and the flow rate (scfm). A typical plant-air system provides compressed air in the 90-110 psi
range, with volumes anywhere from 30 to 2500 cfm; these ranges are generally attainable
through commercial, off-the-shelf units. Plant-air systems can be sized around a single unit or
can be based on multiple smaller units which are spaced throughout the plant.

To achieve higher air pressures than can be provided by a single stage compressor, two-stage
units are available. Compressed air entering the second stage normally passes through an
intercooler beforehand to eliminate some of the heat generated during the first-stage cycle.
Speaking of heat, many piston compressors are designed to operate within a duty cycle, rather
than continuously. Such cycles allow heat generated during the operation to dissipate, in many
instances, through air-cooled fins.
Piston compressors are available as both oil-lubricated and oil-free designs. For some
applications which require oil-free air of the highest quality, other designs are better suited.

131

№5 Translate the text.

A somewhat specialized reciprocating design, the diaphragm compressor uses a motor-mounted
concentric that oscillates a flexible disc which alternately expands and contracts the volume of
the compression chamber. Much like a diaphragm pump, the drive is sealed from the process
fluid by the flexible disc, and thus there is no possibility of lubricant coming into contact with
any gas. Diaphragm air compressors are relatively low capacity machines that have applications
where very clean air is required, as in many laboratory and medical settings.

№5 Translate the text.

Helical-screw compressors are rotary compressor machines known for their capacity to operate
on 100% duty cycle, making them good choices for trailerable applications such as construction
or road building. Using geared, meshing male and female rotors, these units pull gas in at the
drive end, compress it as the rotors form a cell and the gas travels their length axially, and
discharge the compressed gas through a discharge port on the non-drive end of the compressor
casing. The rotary screw compressor action makes it quieter than a reciprocating compressor
owing to reduced vibration. Another advantage of the screw compressor over piston types is the
discharge air is free of pulsations. These units can be oil- or water- lubricated, or they can be
designed to make oil-free air. These designs can meet the demands of critical oil-free service.

Sliding Vane Compressors

132

A sliding-vane compressor relies on a series of vanes, mounted in a rotor, which sweep along the
inside wall of an eccentric cavity. The vanes, as they rotate from the suction side to the discharge
side of the eccentric cavity, reduce the volume of space they are sweeping past, compressing the
gas trapped within the space. The vanes glide along on an oil film which forms on the wall of the
eccentric cavity, providing a seal. Sliding-vane compressors cannot be made to provide oil-free
air, but they are capable of providing compressed air that is free of pulsations. They are also
forgiving of contaminants in their environments owing to the use of bushings rather than
bearings and their relatively slow-speed operation compared to screw compressors. They are
relatively quiet, reliable, and capable of operating at 100% duty cycles. Some sources claim that
rotary vane compressors have been largely overtaken by screw compressors in air-compressor
applications. They are used in many non-air applications in the oil and gas and other process
industries.

№6 Translate the text.

Scroll air compressors use stationary and orbiting spirals which decrease the volume of space
between them as the orbiting spirals trace the path of the fixed spirals. Intake of gas occurs at the
outer edge of the scrolls and discharge of the compressed gas takes place near the center.
Because the scrolls do not contact, no lubricating oil is needed, making the compressor
intrinsically oil-free. However, because no oil is used in removing the heat of compression as it
is with other designs, capacities for scroll compressors are somewhat limited. They are often
used in low-end air compressors and home air-conditioning compressors.

№7 Translate the text.

Rotary-lobe compressors are high-volume, low-pressure devices more appropriately classified as
blowers. To learn more about blowers, download the free Thomas Blowers Buying Guide.

133

№8 Translate the text.

Centrifugal
compressor
s rely on high-speed pump-like impellers to impart velocity to gases to produce an increase in
pressure. They are seen mainly in high-volume applications such as commercial refrigeration
units in the 100+ hp ranges and in large processing plants where they can get as large as 20,000
hp and deliver volumes in the 200,000 cfm range. Almost identical in construction to centrifugal
pumps, centrifugal compressors increase the velocity of gas by throwing it outward by the action
of a spinning impeller. The gas expands in a casing volute, where its velocity slows and its
pressure rises.
Centrifugal compressors have lower compression ratios than displacement compressors, but they
handle vast volumes of gas. Many centrifugal compressors use multiple stages to improve the
compression ratio. In these multi-stage compressors, the gas usually passes through intercoolers
between stages.

A typical single-stage centrifugal compressor delivers large amounts of compressed air.

134

№ 9 Translate the text.

The axial compressor achieves the highest volumes of delivered air, ranging from 8000 to 13
million cfm in industrial machines. Jet engines use compressors of this kind to produce volumes
over an even wider range. To a greater extent than centrifugal compressors, axial compressors
tend toward multi-stage designs, owing to their relatively low compression ratios. As with
centrifugal units, axial compressors increase pressure by first increasing the velocity of the gas.
Axial compressors then slow the gas down by passing it through curved, fixed blades, which
increases its pressure.

Interior view of an axial compressor with fixed and moving blades.
№ 10. Translate the text.

Air compressors may be powered electrically, with common options being 12 volt DC air
compressors or 24 volt DC air compressors. Compressors are also available that operate from
standard AC voltage levels such as 120V, 220V, or 440V.

135

Alternative fuel options include air compressors that operate from an engine that is driven off of
a combustible fuel source such as gasoline or diesel fuel. Generally, electrically-powered
compressors are desirable in cases where it is important to eliminate exhaust fumes or to provide
for operation in settings where the use or presence of combustible fuels is not desired. Noise
considerations also play a role in the choice of fuel option, as electrically driven air compressors
typical exhibit lower acoustical noise levels over their engine-driven counterparts.
Additionally, some air compressors may be powered hydraulically, which also avoids the use of
combustible fuel sources and the resulting exhaust gas issues.

№ 10. Translate the text.

In selecting air compressors for general shop use, the choice will generally come down to a
piston compressor or a helical-screw compressor. Piston compressors tend to be less expensive
than screw compressors, require less sophisticated maintenance, and hold up well under dirty
operating conditions. They are much noisier than screw compressors, however, and are more
susceptible to passing oil into the compressed air supply, a phenomenon known as “carryover.”
Because piston compressors generate a great deal of heat in operation, they have to be sized
according to a duty cycle—a rule of thumb prescribes 25% rest and 75% run. Radial-screw
compressors can run 100% of the time and almost prefer it. A potential problem with screw
compressors, though, is that oversizing one with the idea of growing into its capacity can lead to
trouble as they are not particularly suited to frequent starting and stopping. Close tolerance
between rotors means that compressor needs to remain at operating temperature to achieve
effective compression. Sizing one takes a little more attention to air usage; a piston compressor
may be oversized without similar worries.
An autobody shop which uses air constantly for painting might find a radial-screw compressor
with its lower carryover rate and desire to run continuously an asset; a general auto-repair

136

business with more infrequent air use and low concern for the cleanliness of the supplied air
might be better served with a piston compressor.
Regardless of the compressor type, compressed air is usually cooled, dried, and filtered before it
is distributed through pipes. Specifiers of plant-air systems will need to select these components
based on the size of the system they design. In addition, they will need to consider installing
filter-regulator-lubricators at the supply drops.
Larger job site compressors mounted on trailers are typically rotary-screw varieties with engine
drives. They are intended to run continuously whether the air is used or dumped.
Although dominant in lower-end refrigeration systems and air compressors, scroll compressors
are beginning to make inroads into other markets. They are particularly suited to manufacturing
processes that demand very clean air (class 0) such as pharmaceutical, food, electronics, etc. and
to cleanroom, laboratory, and medical/dental settings. Manufactures offer units up to 40 hp that
deliver nearly 100 cfm at up 145 psi. The larger capacity units generally incorporate multiple
scroll compressors as the technology does not scale up well once beyond 3-5 hp.
If the application involves compressing hazardous gases, specifiers often consider diaphragm or
sliding-vane compressors, or, for very large volumes to compress, kinetic types.

№ 11. Translate the text.

Air compressors
may be powered electrically, with common options being 12 volt DC air compressors or 24 volt
DC air compressors. Compressors are also available that operate from standard AC voltage
levels such as 120V, 220V, or 440V.
Alternative fuel options include air compressors that operate from an engine that is driven off of
a combustible fuel source such as gasoline or diesel fuel. Generally, electrically-powered
compressors are desirable in cases where it is important to eliminate exhaust fumes or to provide
for operation in settings where the use or presence of combustible fuels is not desired. Noise
considerations also play a role in the choice of fuel option, as electrically driven air compressors
typical exhibit lower acoustical noise levels over their engine-driven counterparts.
Additionally, some air compressors may be powered hydraulically, which also avoids the use of
combustible fuel sources and the resulting exhaust gas issues.

137

Examples of oil-free air compressors.

№ 12. Translate the text.

If you run
jackhammers all
day, picking a compressor is straightforward: add up the number of operators who will be using
the compressor, determine the cfm of their tools, and buy a continuously running helical-screw
compressor that can meet the demand and which will run for 8 hours on a single tank of fuel. Of
course, it is not really that simple—there may be environmental constraints to consider—but you
get the idea.
If you are trying to provide compressed air for a small shop, things get a little more complicated.
Air tools can be segregated by use: either intermittent—a ratchet wrench, say—or continuous—a
paint sprayer, perhaps. Charts are available to help in estimating the consumption of various
shop tools. Once these are determined, and usage based on average and continuous use figured
out, a rough determination of the overall air compressor capacity can be made.

Typical job site rotary-screw compressor.

Defining compressor capacities for manufacturing facilities proceeds in roughly the same
manner. A packaging line, for instance, will likely use compressed air to actuate cylinders, blow-
off devices, etc. Ordinarily, the equipment manufacturer will provide consumption rates for
individual machines, but if not, cylinder air-consumption is easily estimated by knowing the
bore, stroke, and cycling rate of each air-actuated device.

138

Very large manufacturing operations and process plants will likely have equally large
compressed air demands that might be served by redundant systems. For such operations, having
air available at all times justifies the cost of multiple compressed-air systems to avoid costly line
stoppages or shutdowns. Even smaller operations can benefit from some level of redundancy.
That is a question that must be asked if sizing a small manufacturing air-system: is the operation
best served by a single compressor (less maintenance, less complexity) or would multiple,
smaller compressors (redundancy, room for growth) provide a better fit?

№ 13. Translate the text.

A compressor takes air in from the atmosphere and by
compressing it adds heat and sometimes oil to the mix, and, unless the intake air happens to be
very dry, generates a lot of moisture. For some operations, these additional constituents do not
affect the end-use and tools run well without performance issues. As air-driven processes
become more complex, or more critical, additional thought is usually given to improving the
quality of the output air.
Compressed air is usually quite hot, and the first step in reducing this heat is to collect the air in a
tank. This step not only allows the air to cool, but it also permits some of the moisture in it to
condense. Air-compressor receiving tanks generally have either manual or automatic valves to
allow accumulated water to be drained off. Further heat can be removed by running the air
through an aftercooler. Refrigerant-based and desiccant dryers can be added into the air-supply
piping to increase moisture removal. Finally, filtering can be installed to remove any entrained
lubricant from the supply air, as well as any particulates that may have gotten by any intake
filtering.
Compressed air will normally be distributed out to several drops. At each drop, the standard best
practice is to install FRLs (filter, regulator, lubricator) which adjust the air to the needs of the
particular tool and permit lubrication to flow to any tools that require it.

№ 14. Translate the text.

There are not too many choices when it comes to piston-
compressor control. Start/stop control is most common: the

139

compressor feeds a tank with upper and lower thresholds. When the lower setpoint is reached the
compressor switches on and runs until the upper setpoint is reached. A variant of this method,
dubbed constant speed control, lets the compressor run for some length of time after reaching the
upper setpoint, discharging to atmosphere, in case the stored air is being used at a higher-than-
normal rate. This process minimizes the number of motor starts during periods of high demand.
A selectable dual control system, usually available only on systems in the 10+ hp range, allows a
user to toggle between these two control modes.
More options are available for helical-screw compressors. In addition to start/stop and constant-
speed control, screw compressors can use load/unload control, inlet-valve modulation, sliding
valve, automatic dual control, variable speed drive, and, for multi-unit installations, compressor
sequencing. Load/unload control uses a valve on the discharge side and a valve on the intake side
which respectively open and close to reduce the flow through the system. (This is a very
common system on oil-less screw compressors.) Inlet-valve modulation uses proportional control
to regulate the mass-flow of air into the compressor. Sliding-valve control effectively shortens
the length of the screws, delaying the start of compression and allowing some intake air to
bypass compression to better match demand. Automatic dual-control switches between start/stop
and constant-speed control depending on the demand characteristics. Variable-speed drive slows
or increases rotor rpm by electronically altering the frequency of the AC waveform that is
spinning the motor. Compressor sequencing allows loading to be distributed among multiple
compressors, assigning, for example, one unit to run continuously for handling baseload, and
varying the starts of two additional units to minimize the restart penalty.
In selecting any of these control schemes, the idea is to strike the best balance between meeting
demand and the cost of idling versus the expense of accelerated equipment wear.

№ 15. Translate the text.

In selecting compressor machinery, specifiers have three main parameters to consider in addition
to the many points outlined above. These air compressor specifications include:
volumetric capacity
pressure capability
the power of the machine

140

Although compressors are typically rated by horsepower or kilowatts, these measures do not
necessarily give any indication of what it will cost to operate the equipment as this is dependent
on the efficiency of the machine, its duty cycle, and so forth.

№ 16. Translate the text.

Volumetric capacity
defines how much air the machine can deliver per unit time. Cubic-feet per minute is the most
common unit for this measure, although just what this is can vary between manufacturers. An
attempt to standardize this measure, a so-called scfm, seems to be dependent on whose standards
you follow. The Compressed Air and Gas Institute has adopted the ISO definition of an scfm as
being dry air (0% relative humidity) at 14.5 psi and 68°F. Actual cfm, of acfm, is another
measure of volumetric capacity. It relates the amount of compressed air delivered to the outlet of
the compressor, which will always be less than the displacement of the machine owing to losses
from blow-by through the compressor.

№ 17. Translate the text.

Pressure capability in psi is largely based around the needs of the equipment the compressed air
will be operating. While many air tools are designed to operate at normal shop air pressures,
special applications, such as engine starting, require higher pressures. Thus, in specifying a
piston compressor, for instance, a buyer would find a single-stage unit that delivers pressure up
to 135 psi adequate for powering everyday tools but would want to consider a two-stage unit for
special, higher-pressure applications.

141

№ 18. Translate the text.

The power
required to drive the compressor will be determined by these volume and pressure
considerations. A specifier will also want to think about system losses in determining
compressor capacity: piping losses, pressure drops through dryers and filters, etc. Compressor
buyers also have drive decisions to make such as motor belt- or direct-drive, engine gas- or
diesel-drive, etc.
Compressor makers will often publish compressor-performance curves to enable specifiers to
evaluate compressor performance over a range of operating conditions. This is especially true for
centrifugal compressors which, like centrifugal pumps, can be sized to deliver different volumes
and pressures depending on shaft speed and impeller sizing.
The Dept. of Energy is adopting energy standards for compressors against which some
compressors makers are publishing data sheets. As more manufacturers publish these data,
compressor buyers should have an easier time sorting through the energy usage of comparable
compressors.

142

№ 19. Translate the text.

Compressors find application in different industries and are also prevalent in settings that are
familiar to everyday consumers. For example, the portable 12V DC electric air compressor that
is often carried in the glove compartment or trunk of a car is a common example of a simple
version of air compressor that finds use among consumers to inflate tires to the correct pressure.
Some of the common applications and industries that utilize compressors include the following:
Truck and vehicle-mounted compressors
Medical and Dental applications
Laboratory and specialty gas compression
Food and beverage processing applications
Oil & Gas applications
Truck and Vehicle-Mounted Compressors
Vehicle-related use of air compressors and common vehicle applications involve truck mounted
electric air compressors, truck mounted diesel air compressors, or other vehicle-mounted air
compressors. For example, air brake systems on trucks involve the use of compressed air to
operate, thus requiring an air compressor onboard to recharge the braking system. Service
vehicles may require onboard air compressors to perform needed functions or to permit the
compressor to be mobile and able to be deployed as needed to various job sites or locations. For
example, fire trucks may include breathable air compressors onboard to provide air tank filler
capability to replenish breathable air tanks for firefighters and first responders.

Read and translate.

ультразвуковой инструмент станочника

143

Станки для

ультразвуковой обработки.

ULTRASONIC 20 linear -
DMG MORI

Станок для ультразвуковой
прошивки отверстий в
стекле и

Ультразвуковой станок
Модель СУЗ-0,8/22-О

Ультразвуковой
сверлильный станок для
бусин

144

Карусельный станок для
ультразвуковой сварки
Lihan

Ультразвуковая машина
для резки лент.800×600
Ультразвуковая машина
для резки лент Futan

ВЫСОКОЭФФЕКТИВНАЯ
УЛЬТРАЗВУКОВАЯ
СВАРКА

Ультразвуковой станок
продольно-поперечной
резки Futan

145

№20 Translate
1

146

Working Principle of Ultrasonic Machining
The figure shows the Ultrasonic machining operation. The electronic oscillator and amplifier,
also known as the generator, converts the available electrical energy of low frequency to high-
frequency power of the order of 20 kHz which is supplied to the transducer.
The transducer operates by magnetron striction. The high-frequency power supply activates the
stack of the magnetostrictive material which produces longitudinal vibratory motion of the tool.
The amplitude of this vibration is inadequate for cutting purposes. This is, therefore, transmitted
to the penetrating tool through a mechanical focusing device which provides an intense vibration
of the desired amplitude at the tool end.
The mechanical focusing device is sometimes called a velocity transformer. This is a tapered
shank or called ‘horn’. It’s upper end being clamped or brazed to the lower face of the
magnetostrictive material. Its lower end is provided with means for securing the tool.
All these parts, including the tool made of low-carbon or stainless steel to the shape of the
desired cavity, act as one elastic body that transmits the vibrations to the tip of the tool.

147

№21 Выполните перевод текста с русского на английский язык
Ultrasonic machining — Ультразвуковая механическая обработка.
Процесс механической обработки твердых, хрупких неметаллических материалов,
который использует ультразвуковую вибрацию вращающегося алмазного сверла или
дробящего инструмента. Вращательная ультразвуковая механическая обработка подобна
обычному сверлению стекла и керамики алмазными сверлами, за исключением того, что
вращающееся сверло вибрирует с ультразвуковой частотой 20 кГц. Вращательная
ультразвуковая механическая обработка не использует поток абразивной гидросмеси в
промежутке между заготовкой и инструментом. Вместо этого инструмент входит в
контакт и режет заготовку, а жидкий хладагент, обычно вода, пропускается через сверло,
чтобы охлаждать и вымывать струей удаленный материал.

148

149

4.ЛОГИСТИКА

надежность технические reliability
точность accuracy
ежедневные поставки Daily supply
позиция position
востребованность being in demand
возможность possibility
складской запас Warehouse stock
территория России territory of Russia
ведущие предприятия Leading enterprise
лучшее предложение Best deal
превосходные Excellent technical advice
консультации
цена Price
качество quality
оптимально optimally
группы инструмента Group of instruments
определенные цены Certain price
доставка позиций Delivery of items

Отсутствие в каталоге Missing in the catalog

наличие availability

150