Panduan Ringkas Covid-19 dan Vaksin dalam 3 Bahasa

HAK CIPTA TERPELIHARA

Hak cipta terpelihara. Tiada bahagian terbitan ini boleh
diterbitkan semula atau ditukar dalam apa jua bentuk
dengan apa cara jua sama ada elektronik, mekanikal,
fotokopi, rakaman dan sebagainya sebelum mendapat
kebenaran bertulis daripada Fahmi bin Hassan.

Diterbitkan oleh: www.fahmihassan.net
ISBN: 978-967-19717-0-3

PENULIS DAN PENTERJEMAH

Fahmi Hassan, Pharmacist
Mohd Shahiri Abd Ghapar, Pharmacist
Angeline Tan Meng Wah, Pharmacist
Nurnadia Shazreen Abdul Wahab, Pharmacist

Shakirin Shaik Rahmat, Pharmacist
K. Heygaajivan Kernas, Pharmacist

Choe Sze Hwe, Pharmacist



ISI KANDUNGAN

1. Maklumat Penggunaan Dokumen Ini
2. Apakah COVID-19?
3. Double Mask
4. Pemilihan Hand Sanitizer
5. Apa Fungsi Vaksin?
6. Jenis-jenis Vaksin COVID-19
7. Bagaimana Vaksin untuk COVID-19 Boleh Dihasilkan

dengan Cepat?
8. Kenapa Dua Dos?
9. Kesan Sampingan Vaksin
10. Kesan Sampingan Serius
11. Risiko Darah Beku
12. Apa Manfaat Vaksin?
13. Adakah Vaksin Ini Sesuai untuk Saya?
14. Hamil, Merancang Hamil atau Menyusu
15. Nak Makan ’Panadol’ Apa Jika Demam Selepas

Vaksin?
16. Vaksin AstraZeneca Murah dan Tak Berkualiti?
17. Benarkah Ada Babi Dalam Vaksin?
18. Janin Dalam Vaksin
19. Soalan Lazim Vaksinasi

PANDUAN MAKLUMAT PENGGUNAAN
RINGKAS DOKUMEN INI
COVID-19 &
VAKSIN

• Penulis telah sedaya upaya menyemak silang
maklumat yang diletakkan di dalam dokumen ini
dengan sumber-sumber saintifik yang sah.

• Maklumat dalam dokumen ini adalah maklumat
umum dan bukan pengganti kepada konsultansi dan
pemeriksaan. Dapatkan rawatan dan pemeriksaan dari
doktor jika anda tidak sihat dan mempunyai kerisauan
berkaitan kesihatan.

• Sentiasa patuh kepada arahan rasmi dari pihak
berwajib jika ia bertentangan dengan apa-apa
maklumat dari dokumen ini.

• Jika terdapat kesilapan maklumat atau komen
berkaitan fakta di dalam dokumen ini, sila e-mel
kepada [email protected].

• Kandungan di dalam dokumen ini boleh disebarkan,
disalin semula, dan diolah dengan syarat ia bukan
dengan tujuan mendatangkan keuntungan.

• Layari www.fahmihassan.net atau twitter.com/
fahmibinhassan untuk maklumat lanjut mengenai
penulis.

2

APAKAH COVID-19? PANDUAN
RINGKAS

COVID-19 &
VAKSIN

• Penyakit Coronavirus Disease 2019 akibat jangkitan dari
virus “SARS-CoV 2”.

• Pada awalnya didapati menjangkiti melalui titisan
air (droplets) yang disebarkan melalui sentuhan,
pernafasan, bersin, batuk dan lain-lain.

• Terdapat bukti terkini yang menyokong teori yang virus
ini boleh tersebar melalui udara (airborne).

• Virus ini sangat mudah tersebar dan boleh membawa
maut.

• Kini wujud pelbagai varian virus baru yang lebih
berbahaya.

3

PANDUAN DOUBLE MASK
RINGKAS
COVID-19 &
VAKSIN

• Pemakaian pelitup muka berganda dicadangkan untuk
meningkatkan perlindungan dari virus memasuki
saluran pernafasan.

• Gunakan satu pelitup muka pakai-buang di bahagian
dalam, dan satu pelitup muka fabrik di bahagian luar.

• Tak perlu dua lapisan penutup muka jika anda
menggunakan pelitup muka jenis N-95.

Gambar: Laman web CDC

4

PEMILIHAN HAND SANITISER PANDUAN
RINGKAS

COVID-19 &
VAKSIN

• Penggunaan hand
sanitiser hanyalah
digalakkan apabila
ketiadaan sabun dan air.

• Mencuci tangan
menggunakan sabun
dan air dengan
sempurna sekurang-
kurangnya dalam
tempoh 20 saat
adalah lebih berkesan
membunuh virus dan
bakteria berbanding
hand sanitiser.

• Hand sanitiser
berasaskan alkohol
dengan kepekatan
65% atau lebih adalah
digalakkan.

• Keberkesanan
membunuh bakteria
dan virus menurun pada
kepekatan rendah.

5

PANDUAN APA FUNGSI VAKSIN?
RINGKAS
COVID-19 &
VAKSIN

• Vaksin adalah satu cara pencegahan penyakit yang
berfungsi dengan merangsang sistem imuniti badan
untuk melindungi diri dari jangkitan penyakit.

• Virus yang dilemahkan atau dimatikan komponen virus
akan diproses dan disuntik ke dalam badan.

• Bahan ini akan merangsang badan untuk
menghasilkan antibodi.

• Apabila jangkitan sebenar berlaku, badan akan
bersedia untuk melawan jangkitan.

6

JENIS-JENIS VAKSIN COVID-19 PANDUAN
RINGKAS

COVID-19 &
VAKSIN

• Setakat 31 Mei 2021, terdapat tiga jenis vaksin untuk
pencegahan COVID-19 yang digunakan di Malaysia.

• Vaksin-vaksin ini telah melalui proses pendaftaran
oleh Bahagian Regulatori Farmasi Negara (NPRA) bagi
memastikan keselamatan dan keberkesanannya.

• Oleh itu, tiada isu untuk mendapatkan mana-mana
vaksin yang ditawarkan melalui program imunisasi.

• Banyak lagi vaksin-vaksin yang akan didaftarkan bagi
memenuhi keperluan semasa.

PFIZER SINOVAC ASTRAZENECA

Jenama Comirnaty CoronaVac Vaxzevria, Covishield
Teknologi
Dos mRNA Virus tidak aktif Vektor virus

2 dos, sela 2 dos, sela masa 2 dos, sela masa 4 – 12
masa 21 hari 21 hari minggu

7

PANDUAN BAGAIMANA VAKSIN UNTUK
RINGKAS COVID-19 BOLEH DIHASILKAN
COVID-19 & DENGAN CEPAT?
VAKSIN

• COVID-19 datang dari keluarga virus yang sama
dengan Middle East Respiratory Syndrome
(MERS) dan Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome (SARS). Kita telah mengkaji virus
ini lebih dari 10 tahun malah pernah ada
percubaan menghasilkan vaksin untuk MERS
dan SARS. Ilmu tersebut telah memendekkan
masa kajian berbanding jika ia bermula dari
sifar.

• Memandangkan ia pandemik yang memberi
impak kepada seluruh dunia, semua pihak,
kerajaan dan swasta sanggup menyumbang
puluhan bilion ke atas penghasilan vaksin.
Berbanding penyakit lain, hanya segelintir
pihak yang sanggup melaburkan duit dalam
usaha seperti ini.

• Terdapat kolaborasi seluruh dunia dari
segi ilmu, teknologi dan kepakaran. Malah
kebanyakan jurnal-jurnal antarabangsa
mengecualikan bayaran untuk ahli sains
membaca kertas kajian berkaitan COVID-19.
Secara tidak langsung ia membantu dalam
pemecutan ilmu dalam topik ini.

8

KENAPA DUA DOS? PANDUAN
RINGKAS

COVID-19 &
VAKSIN

• Dos pertama vaksin akan menyediakan badan untuk
menghasilkan antibodi.

• Dos kedua akan meningkatkan kuantiti antibodi dan
memanjangkan tempoh perlindungan.

• Sela masa di antara dua dos vaksin adalah ditetapkan
oleh pengilang dengan kajian mereka.

• Setakat ini, setiap orang hanya boleh dapat dua dos
vaksin dari jenis yang sama.

• Kajian sedang dijalankan ke atas keselamatan dan
keberkesanan menggunakan dua dos dari jenis vaksin
berbeza.

9

PANDUAN KESAN SAMPINGAN VAKSIN
RINGKAS
COVID-19 &
VAKSIN

• Sakit di tempat suntikan
• Keletihan
• Demam
• Sakit badan
• Batuk
• Sakit tekak
• Cirit-birit
• Sakit kepala

Majoriti kesan sampingan adalah ringan. Ia akan hilang
sendiri atau boleh dirawat dengan mengambil ubat
seperti paracetamol.

10

KESAN SAMPINGAN SERIUS PANDUAN
RINGKAS

COVID-19 &
VAKSIN

1. Alahan teruk selepas 2. Darah beku (Blood clot)
suntikan (Anaphylaxis)
• Berlaku dalam 4-21
• Berlaku dalam 2-5 insiden bagi setiap 1
insiden bagi setiap 1 juta suntikan
juta suntikan
• Boleh berlaku dalam
• Reaksi dalam 5-30 minit tempoh 30 hari selepas
selepas suntikan suntikan

• Boleh dirawat serta • Simptom:
merta
• Sakit kepala yang
terlalu teruk

• Masalah penglihatan

• Kaki sakit dan
bengkak

• Loya dan muntah
teruk

• Kesukaran bernafas

• Tompokan merah di
bawah permukaan
kulit

• Boleh dirawat

11

PANDUAN RISIKO DARAH BEKU
RINGKAS
COVID-19 &
VAKSIN

12

APA MANFAAT VAKSIN? PANDUAN
RINGKAS

COVID-19 &
VAKSIN

• 70%-90% berkesan dalam menghalang sebarang
komplikasi berkaitan COVID-19.

• Hampir 100% berkesan dalam menghalang komplikasi
serius berkaitan COVID-19.

• 75%-90% berkesan mengelakkan kemasukan hospital
akibat COVID-19.

• Hampir 100% berkesan mengelakkan kematian
berkaitan COVID-19.

• 70%-80% keberkesanan mengelakkan jangkitan
COVID-19.

• 50% keberkesanan mengelakkan menjangkiti orang
lain dengan COVID-19.

Sumber:
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.20.21257461v1

13

PANDUAN ADAKAH VAKSIN INI SESUAI
RINGKAS UNTUK SAYA?
COVID-19 &
VAKSIN

• Semua orang berumur 18 tahun dan ke atas disarankan
untuk mengambil vaksin COVID-19 termasuklah
mereka yang berpenyakit kronik.

• Sekiranya mempunyai sebarang penyakit berkaitan
imuniti, masalah pembekuan darah, dan sejarah
alahan teruk, dapatkan pemeriksaan dan pengesahan
pre-vaccination assessment dari mana-mana doktor
terlebih dahulu.

• Anda tidak
dibenarkan
untuk
mengambil
vaksin
sekiranya
mempunyai
sejarah
alahan serius
dengan
mana-mana
kandungan
dalam vaksin
yang diberi.

14

HAMIL, MERANCANG HAMIL PANDUAN
ATAU MENYUSU RINGKAS

COVID-19 &
VAKSIN

• Jika hamil, boleh disuntik dengan vaksin keluaran
Pfizer semasa kandungan berusia 14-33 minggu.

• Pada usia kandungan yang lain, tidak disyorkan untuk
divaksin dengan mana-mana jenis vaksin.

• Ibu menyusu sesuai untuk divaksin dengan vaksin
keluaran Pfizer dan AstraZeneca. Tidak disyorkan untuk
divaksin dengan vaksin jenis lain setakat ini.

• Jika merancang untuk hamil, boleh menerima
suntikan. Dapatkan penjelasan di pusat pemberian
vaksin atau mana-mana doktor/ahli farmasi.

• Maklumat ini hanyalah berbentuk saranan berdasarkan
bukti semasa. Semua keputusan adalah bersifat
individu dan perlu dibincang dengan doktor/ahli
farmasi.

15

PANDUAN NAK MAKAN ‘PANADOL’ APA
RINGKAS JIKA DEMAM SELEPAS VAKSIN?
COVID-19 &
VAKSIN

• Sebenarnya, Panadol hanya jenama. Bahan aktif dalam
Panadol adalah paracetamol.

• Paracetamol inilah yang berfungsi untuk
mengurangkan suhu bila demam, dan mengurangkan
rasa sakit-sakit badan.

• Jenama Panadol sendiri ada banyak jenis sediaan.
Majoritinya hanya berbeza dari sudut formulasi.

• Contohnya Actifast diformulasi untuk diserap dengan
pantas. Panadol Optizorb pula direka supaya tidak
memberi rasa tidak selesa dalam perut.

• Untuk orang dewasa, dos maksimum paracetamol
adalah 1000 mg, empat kali sehari.

• Hati-hati jika ambil Panadol Extend untuk sengal
otot. Dosnya sekitar 650 mg setiap tablet. Maksimum
pengambilan adalah dua tablet, tiga kali sehari.

• Jadi, ambillah mana-mana jenis paracetamol (seperti
Uphamol) jika anda demam atau sakit badan setelah
suntikan.

• Ikut dos yang betul tanpa mengira jenama atau jenis.

16

VAKSIN ASTRAZENECA MURAH PANDUAN
DAN TAK BERKUALITI? RINGKAS

COVID-19 &
VAKSIN

• Ada yang tidak mahu vaksin dengan vaksin keluaran
AstraZeneca sebab harganya murah. Nak tahu kenapa
harganya murah?

• Ia tak memerlukan kawalan suhu yang rumit seperti
vaksin Pfizer. Proses penghantaran dan simpanan
adalah lebih murah dan ini mengurangkan kos
berkali ganda.

• Proses penghasilan vaksin AstraZeneca banyak
menggunakan dana awam. Ia hasil kerjasama
dengan Oxford University.

• Pihak AstraZeneca berjanji untuk tidak mengaut
keuntungan dari vaksin ini sepanjang tempoh
pandemik.

• Murah bukan bermaksud tak berkualiti. Vaksin yang
telah diluluskan oleh NPRA adalah yang dijamin kualiti,
keselamatan dan keberkesanannya.

• Vaksin apa yang paling bagus? VAKSIN YANG
DITAWARKAN KEPADA ANDA.

17

PANDUAN BENARKAH ADA BABI DALAM
RINGKAS VAKSIN?
COVID-19 &
VAKSIN

• Penghasilan ubat-ubatan ni bukan macam masakan.
Buka buku resepi, letak bahan aktif, letak pelarut, letak
babi secukup rasa, siap ubat. Bukan! Bukan!

• Dalam ubat/vaksin biasanya ada dua kandungan
utama. Bahan aktif dan excipients.

• Penghasilan bahan aktif adalah satu proses yang
kompleks. Kebiasaannya, jika terdapat unsur haiwan,
ia digunakan sebagai pemangkin dalam penghasilan
bahan aktif.

• Contoh, bagi sesetengah vaksin, ada yang guna unsur
babi sebagai tapak semaian dalam membiak sel.

• Sel ini kemudiannya akan digunakan untuk
penghasilan bahan aktif/membiak virus. Virus itu pula
kemudian akan diproses. Hasilnya baru digunakan
untuk menghasilkan vaksin.

• Sebab itu dalam kebanyakan fatwa antarabangsa,
penggunaan unsur begini dihalalkan kerana proses
istihalah dianggap telah berlaku. Tiada langsung
unsur babi dalam produk akhir. Tetapi jangan risau,
vaksin-vaksin untuk COVID-19 dan program imunisasi
kebangsaan bebas dari unsur ini.

18

JANIN DALAM VAKSIN? PANDUAN
RINGKAS

COVID-19 &
VAKSIN

• Kebiasannya, isu ini adalah berkaitan penggunaan
MRC-5 cells dalam pembuatan vaksin.

• MRC-5 cells sememangnya dihasilkan pertama kali dari
janin yang digugurkan 50 tahun yang lalu.

• Selepas itu, ia dihasilkan semula di makmal-makmal.

• Tiada lagi janin digunakan untuk proses ini. Sel ini
menjadi tempat untuk pembiakan virus.

• Virus ini kemudiannya akan diasingkan dan
ditulenkan (purified) sebelum digunakan untuk proses
menghasilkan vaksin.

• MRC-5 cells boleh dianggap hanya sebagai tapak
semaian untuk virus.

• Tiada MRC-5 cells yang terkandung di dalam mana-
mana vaksin!

19

PANDUAN SOALAN LAZIM
RINGKAS
COVID-19 & VAKSINASI
VAKSIN

1. Perlukah makan 6. Makan ubat cair darah
Panadol sebelum boleh suntik?
suntikan? BOLEH (penilaian di
TAK PERLU PPV/Dr merawat)

2. Berapa lama perlu 7. Tak demam lepas
tunggu untuk vaksin normal atau
terima vaksin setelah tidak?
dijangkiti COVID-19? NORMAL
SEBAIKNYA SELEPAS 3
BULAN 8. Berapa ml suntikan
akan diberi?
3. Ada darah tinggi BERBEZA IKUT VAKSIN
kencing manis boleh (boleh tanya jurusuntik
suntik? untuk pengesahan)
BOLEH (penilaian di
PPV/ Dr merawat) 9. Dah vaksin perlu
asingkan diri tak?
4. Ada sejarah alahan TAK PERLU (tapi perlu
ubat/ makanan boleh patuh SOP)
suntik?
BOLEH (penilaian di 10. Berapa lama perlu
PPV/Dr merawat) tunggu untuk makan
Panadol?
5. Arahan kuarantin BILA MULA RASA
akibat kontak rapat SAKIT ATAU DEMAM
boleh datang?

20 TIDAK BOLEH

PANDUAN
RINGKAS

COVID-19 &
VAKSIN

11. Boleh bersenam lepas 16. Boleh derma darah
vaksin? selepas vaksin?
BOLEH (jika rasa sihat) BOLEH (7 hari selepas
suntikan/ tiada kesan
12. Perlu pantang samping)
makanan pedas atau
lain-lain? 17. Boleh ‘bersama’
TIDAK PERLU dengan suami isteri
selepas suntikan?
13. Saya ada lelah. Boleh BOLEH
vaksin?
BOLEH (melainkan tak 18. Boleh mandi selepas
terkawal. Penilaian di suntikan? Takut kena
PPV/ Dr merawat) air.
BOLEH (letak pek ais di
14. Saya dah terambil tempat suntikan juga
Panadol sebelum boleh)
suntikan. Boleh suntik?
BOLEH (tak perlu ambil 19. Boleh makan vitamin/
tapi jika dah ambil tak supplements sebelum
mengapa) atau selepas suntikan?
BOLEH
15. Penyakit jantung,
pembedahan dan lain- 20. Kalau tak tahu positif
lain boleh?
BOLEH (penilaian di covid masa dapat
PPV/ Dr merawat)
vaksin macam mana?
*PPV – Pusat Pemberian Vaksin
Bahaya ke?

TIDAK BAHAYA 21





COMPLETE

CONTENTGUIDES ON

COVID-19 &
VACCINES

1. DISCLAIMER FROM THE AUTHOR
2. WHAT IS COVID-19?
3. DOUBLE-MASKING
4. SELECTING HAND SANITISERS
5. VACCINES AND HOW THEY WORK
6. COVID-19 VACCINES AVAILABLE IN MALAYSIA
7. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCED THE RAPID DEVELOPMENT

OF COVID-19 VACCINES
8. WHY MUST WE TAKE TWO DOSES OF THE COVID-19

VACCINE?
9. SIDE EFFECTS OF THE COVID-19 VACCINES
10. SERIOUS SIDE EFFECTS OF THE COVID-19 VACCINES
11. WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS ASSOCIATED WITH A COVID-19

VACCINATION?
12. HOW DO I KNOW IF THE VACCINES ARE APPROPRIATE FOR

ME?
13. COVID-19 VACCINES FOR PREGNANT AND BREASTFEEDING

WOMEN
14. IF I’M HAVING A FEVER AFTER THE VACCINATION, WHICH

TYPE OF PANADOL® SHOULD I TAKE?
15. IS THE ASTRAZENECA VACCINE CHEAP AND OF LOW

QUALITY?
16. DO THE VACCINES CONTAIN PIG-DERIVED INGREDIENTS?
17. DO THE VACCINES CONTAIN FOETUS?
2148. FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTION (FAQ) REGARDING

COVID-19 VACCINATIONS

DISCLAIMER FROM THE COMPLETE
AUTHOR GUIDES ON
COVID-19 &

VACCINES

• The information provided in this e-book was written
based on credible scientific references/sources.

• The information provided in this e-book serves as a
general guide for the public. The public should not
regard this information as a form of health consultation
or assessment. Seek medical attention immediately if
unwell or if you have concerns regarding your health.

• If there are contradictions regarding information
present in this e-book, it is customary that the
public only follow official directives from healthcare
authorities, such as the Ministry of Health, Malaysia.

• If necessary, please send an e-mail to fahmibinabd@
gmail.com with feedback regarding incorrect/
inaccurate information present in this e-book.

• You may share, copy, rephrase and paraphrase contents
in this e-book, provided it is not for commercial
purposes.

• Visit www.fahmihassan.net or follow twitter.com/
fahmibinhassan for more information about the author.

25

COMPLETE WHAT IS COVID-19?
GUIDES ON
COVID-19 &
VACCINES

• Coronavirus Disease 2019 or COVID-19 is an infection
caused by SARS-CoV 2 virus.

• Initially, the virus was transmitted by respiratory water
droplets through breathing, sneezing, coughing or by
touching contaminated surfaces.

• However, a newer theory suggests that the virus is an
airborne infection (transmitted through the air).

• The virus is exceedingly contagious and potentially fatal.

• Several new variants of the virus were recently
discovered, which are evidently more deadly.

26

DOUBLE-MASKING COMPLETE
GUIDES ON
COVID-19 &

VACCINES

• The Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
recommends double-masking to provide extra
protection to the respiratory tract against the Covid-19
virus.

• Use a disposable face mask for the inner layer and a
cloth face mask for the outer layer.

• Double-masking is unnecessary if you are using an N-95
face mask.

The diagram was obtained from the CDC’s official website

27

COMPLETE SELECTING HAND SANITISERS
GUIDES ON
COVID-19 &
VACCINES

• A Hand sanitiser
can be used as an
alternative when there
is no soap and water for
handwashing.

• Washing hands with
soap and water for
at least 20 seconds is
more effective in killing
viruses and bacteria
when compared to hand
sanitisers.

• Choose a hand sanitiser
that contains at least 65%
alcohol or more.

• The effectiveness of a
hand sanitiser reduces
as the alcohol content
decreases.

28

VACCINES AND HOW THEY COMPLETE
WORK GUIDES ON
COVID-19 &

VACCINES

• Vaccines protect the body from infectious diseases by
stimulating the body’s immune system.

• A vaccination occurs when a person receives either
an inactivated vaccine, live-attenuated vaccine, or a
vaccine that contains viral components. These are
known as antigens.

• An antigen will trigger an immune response which
leads to the production of antibodies.

• Thus, when the person gets infected by the actual
bacteria or viruses in the future, the body is ready to
fight the infection.

29

COMPLETE COVID-19 VACCINES
GUIDES ON AVAILABLE IN MALAYSIA
COVID-19 &
VACCINES

• As of 31st May 2021, there are three types of Covid-19
vaccines available in Malaysia.

• These vaccines are registered with the National
Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency (NPRA) after a
rigorous and thorough assessment of their quality,
safety and efficacy.

• Therefore, there should not be any concerns
regarding the vaccines received through the Covid-19
immunisation programme.

• More vaccines will be registered in the future to meet
population demands.

Pfizer Sinovac Astrazeneca

Brand Comirnaty CoronaVac Vaxzevria, Covishield
Technology
Dose mRNA Inactivated virus Viral vector

Two doses with a Two doses with a 21 Two doses with a 4 –

21 days interval days interval 12 weeks interval

30

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCED COMPLETE
THE RAPID DEVELOPMENT OF GUIDES ON
COVID-19 &
COVID-19 VACCINES
VACCINES

• The COVID-19 disease • Because COVID-19 is a
belongs to the same global pandemic, many
coronavirus family as the individuals, organisations,
Middle East Respiratory and nations from
Syndrome (MERS) all around the world
and the Severe Acute were willing to spend
Respiratory Syndrome billions of dollars on
(SARS). vaccine development
programmes.
• Comprehensive scientific
studies on this family • Additionally, there
of viruses started more are ongoing global
than a decade ago, collaborations in
including an attempt to developing knowledge,
produce a vaccine for technology, and
SARS. The knowledge, expertise related to
skill, and technology covid-19. Furthermore,
acquired from the International journals
studies mentioned above have excluded the access
allowed for a shorter fees to scientific journals
duration of study on the related to COVID-19,
COVID-19 vaccine. consequently speeding
up the process of vaccine
development.

31

COMPLETE WHY MUST WE TAKE TWO
GUIDES ON DOSES OF THE COVID-19
COVID-19 & VACCINE?
VACCINES

• The first dose initiates the body’s antibody production.

• The second dose amplifies the number of antibodies;
hence the protection against the disease is prolonged.

• The manufacturer determines the interval between the
two doses based on their clinical research.

• Each recipient can only receive two doses of the
Covid-19 vaccine from the same brand/type.

• However, there is ongoing research to determine the
safety and efficacy of administering two doses of the
Covid-19 vaccine from different brands/types.

32

SIDE EFFECTS OF THE COMPLETE
COVID-19 VACCINES GUIDES ON
COVID-19 &

VACCINES

• Pain at the injection site
• Fatigue
• Fever
• Body ache
• Cough
• Sore throat
• Diarrhoea
• Headache

The majority of the side effects are mild and will subside
naturally. If intolerable, you may take over-the-counter
medications such as paracetamol.

 

33

COMPLETE SERIOUS SIDE EFFECTS OF
GUIDES ON THE COVID-19 VACCINES
COVID-19 &
VACCINES

1. A severe allergic reaction • It can be treated
after the vaccination immediately.
(anaphylaxis)
2. Formation of blood clots
• 2-5 incidents occur
for every 1 million • 4-21 incidents occur
vaccinations. for every 1 million
vaccinations.
• The reaction starts
within 5-30 minutes • The side effect occurs
after the vaccination. within 30 days of the
vaccination.

• The symptoms include:
• Severe headache
• Impaired eye-sight
• Pain and swelling in
the leg
• Nausea and severe
vomiting
• Difficulty in breathing
• Visible red spots
underneath the skin

• It can be treated

34

WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS COMPLETE
ASSOCIATED WITH A COVID-19 GUIDES ON
COVID-19 &
VACCINATION?
VACCINES

• 70%-90% effective in preventing COVID-19
complications.

• 100% effective in preventing severe COVID-19
complications.

• 75%-90% effective in preventing COVID-19-related
hospital admissions.

• 100% effective in preventing COVID-19-related deaths.

• 70%-80% effective in preventing COVID-19 infections.

• 50% effective in preventing COVID-19 transmission to
other individuals.

Source: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.20 .21257461v1
35

COMPLETE HOW DO I KNOW IF THE
GUIDES ON VACCINES ARE APPROPRIATE
COVID-19 & FOR ME?
VACCINES

• It is recommended for individuals aged 18 and above to
receive the COVID-19 vaccine, including patients with
chronic diseases.

• Individuals with immune-related disorders, blood
clotting impairments, or a history of severe allergic
reactions should receive a “pre-vaccination assessment”
verification from certified medical practitioners
(doctors).

• Individuals
who have
experienced
severe
allergic
reactions to
any vaccine
ingredient
cannot
receive the
COVID-19
vaccine.

36

COVID-19 VACCINES COMPLETE
FOR PREGNANT AND GUIDES ON
BREASTFEEDING WOMEN COVID-19 &

VACCINES

• The COVID-19 vaccine from Pfizer is safe for use in
pregnant women who are within 14-33 weeks of
gestational age.

• The COVID-19 vaccine is not recommended for
pregnant women who are either earlier than 14 weeks
or later than 33 weeks of gestational age.

• COVID-19 vaccines from Pfizer and AstraZeneca are safe
for breastfeeding women; vaccination with other types/
brands of vaccines are not recommended.

• Women who are trying to conceive may be vaccinated.
If needed, further information can be obtained from the
doctors and pharmacists at vaccination centres.

• The information

provided in this e-book

is based on current

evidence and serves

as a general guide.

The suitability for

vaccination differs

for every individual

and may require

further consultation

with a healthcare

professional. 37

COMPLETE IF I’M HAVING A FEVER AFTER
GUIDES ON THE VACCINATION, WHICH TYPE
COVID-19 & OF PANADOL SHOULD I TAKE?
VACCINES

• Panadol is a medication hand, reduces the risk of
brand that contains stomach irritation.
paracetamol as the
active ingredient • For an adult, the
(active pharmaceutical maximum daily dose of
ingredient). paracetamol is 1000 mg,
four times a day.
• Paracetamol functions to
reduce body temperature • Please be extra cautious
when someone has a if you are taking Panadol
fever (antipyretic). It may Extend to relieve muscle
also be used to relieve pain. It contains 650mg
body aches (analgesic). of paracetamol per tablet;
thus, the maximum dose
• There are several is two tablets three times
pharmaceutical a day.
preparations of Panadol.
These preparations • You may choose
differ in terms of their any pharmaceutical
formulation. preparation containing
paracetamol to treat your
• For example, the fever or body ache after
formulation of the vaccination.
Panadol Actifast allows
faster absorption of • The correct dose must
paracetamol. Panadol be taken at all times,
Obtizorb, on the other regardless of brand or
types of preparation.
38

IS THE ASTRAZENECA VACCINE COMPLETE
CHEAP AND OF LOW QUALITY? GUIDES ON
COVID-19 &

VACCINES

• A handful of individuals are refusing the AstraZeneca
vaccine due to its lower price. In all truthfulness, the
vaccine’s low price is owed to the fact that:

• The vaccines do not require stringent cold chain
maintenance during transport and storage, as
opposed to the Pfizer vaccine.

• The development fund for the AstraZeneca vaccine
was primarily contributed by the public. It was also
developed with the help of oxford university.

• AstraZeneca pledged to not profit from the sales of
its vaccines during the pandemic.

• The price of a vaccine does not represent its quality.
Furthermore, all vaccines registered with the NPRA are
guaranteed to be of quality, safe, and efficacious.

• So, which vaccine is the best? IT IS THE ONE OFFERED
TO YOU.

39

COMPLETE DO THE VACCINES CONTAIN
GUIDES ON PIG-DERIVED INGREDIENTS?
COVID-19 &
VACCINES

• You cannot compare the production of medicines
(including vaccines) to making a meal. It is not as easy
as stirring active pharmaceutical ingredients, solvents
and pig pieces in a pot. It is not! Not even close!

• Ideally, there are two primary components in every
medication or vaccine; an active pharmaceutical
ingredient and excipients.

• The manufacture of the active pharmaceutical
ingredient is a rigorously complex process that usually
uses an animal-derived element as a catalyser.

• For example, the manufacture of some vaccines uses
pig-derived elements as a “growth medium” for cells
(cellular proliferation).

• These cells are then used to produce active
pharmaceutical ingredients or used to grow viruses
and bacteria. In the latter case, there is a subsequent
step that processes the viruses or bacteria, yielding final
products for the manufacture of vaccines.

• Almost all international fatwas agree that the use of
these extensively processed pig-derived ingredients
is halal. The process adopts the ‘istihalah’ concept. As
a result, the final vaccine products do not contain any
pig-derived ingredients.

• It is important to note that all vaccines used for the
National COVID-19 Immunisation Programme are free
from pig-derived ingredients.

40

DO THE VACCINES CONTAIN COMPLETE
FOETUS? GUIDES ON
COVID-19 &

VACCINES

• This question arises from the use of MRC-5 cells for
vaccine production.

• The MRC-5 cells were initially obtained from an aborted
foetus 50 years ago (an elective abortion).

• Since then, the original culture of MRC-5 cells has been
reproduced repeatedly in laboratories. Thus, foetal
cells obtained from aborted foetuses were no longer
necessary for the replenishment of MRC-5 cells.

• MRC-5 cells function as a growth medium for viruses.

• The viruses are then separated and purified, removing
all traces of the MRC-5 cells before being incorporated
into the final stages of vaccine production.

• Final vaccine products do not contain MRC-5 cells.

41

COMPLETE FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTION
GUIDES ON (FAQ) REGARDING COVID-19
COVID-19 & VACCINATIONS
VACCINES

1. Do I need to take 5. Can I come for the
Panadol before receiving vaccination during
the vaccine? home quarantine after
NO, YOU DON’T HAVE being in close contact
TO. with a COVID-19
patient?
2. I had COVID-19; how long NO, YOU CAN’T. You
must I wait before I can will receive a new
get vaccinated? vaccination date.
IT IS RECOMMENDED
YOU WAIT FOR 3 6. Can a patient who is
MONTHS. currently taking blood-
thinning medication
3. Can a diabetic or get the vaccination?
hypertensive patient get YES, prior assessment
vaccinated? with a doctor/ a doctor
YES, prior assessment at the vaccination
with a doctor/a doctor at centre.
the vaccination centre.
7. Is it normal if someone
4. Can someone with a does not have a fever
history of drug or food after the vaccination?
allergy get the vaccine? YES, IT IS NORMAL.
YES, prior assessment
with a doctor/a doctor at
the vaccination center.

42

COMPLETE
GUIDES ON
COVID-19 &

VACCINES

8. How many millilitres of 12. Do I need to abstain
injection will I get? from spicy food?
IT DEPENDS ON NO, YOU DO NOT HAVE
WHICH TYPE/BRAND TO.
OF VACCINE YOU
ARE RECEIVING. 13. Can a patient with
Dose confirmation asthma get the
with administrative vaccination?
personnel. YES, unless your
asthma is uncontrolled.
9. Do I need to Prior assessment with
isolate myself after a doctor/a doctor at the
vaccination? vaccination centre.
NO, YOU DO NOT
NEED TO but SOP and 14. I have taken Panadol
preventive measures before the vaccination.
must still be followed. Can I proceed with the
injection?
10. When should I take YES, YOU CAN. But it is
Panadol? unnecessary to take it
TAKE IT ONLY if before the vaccination
you have a fever or
experiencing pain. 43

11. Can I exercise after
being vaccinated?
YES, YOU CAN IF YOU
FEEL WELL.

COMPLETE
GUIDES ON
COVID-19 &
VACCINES

15. Can a patient with heart disease or who has
undergone surgery get the vaccine?
YES, prior assessment with a doctor/a doctor at the
vaccination centre.

16. Can I donate blood after being vaccinated?
YES, YOU CAN. After seven days of vaccination and
there are no longer any side effects.

17. Can I have sexual intercourse after being vaccinated?
YES, YOU CAN.

18. Can I take a bath after being vaccinated? Is it okay if I
wet the injection site with water?
YES, YOU CAN. You may also place an ice pack at the
injection site, if necessary.

19. Can I take vitamins or supplements before or after
the vaccination?
YES, YOU CAN.

20. Is it dangerous for me to get the vaccination if I am
unsure of my COVID-19 status?
NO, IT IS NOT.

44