จุดกำเนิดและพัฒนาการกองทัพเรือ (นาวาเอก ชัชวลาลย์ โตรุ่ง ผู้อำนวยการสำนักงานราชนาวิกสภา หัวหน้าคณะทำงานจัดทำหนังสือที่ระลึก) ฉบับภาษาอังกฤษ Translated By: RADM Araya Amrapala, WRTN CAPT Poranee Sornmayura, WRTN Director, Royal Thai Navy Language Center, Naval Education Department, Royal Thai Navy CAPT Temduen Sirinupabmit, WRTN Deputy Director, Royal Thai Navy Language Center, Naval Education Department, Royal Thai Navy LCDR Anusara Yearkyen, WRTN English Instructor, Education Section, Royal Thai Navy Language Center, Naval Education Department, Royal Thai Navy LT Phraewphan Puangkasem, WRTN English Instructor, Education Section, Royal Thai Navy Language Center, Naval Education Department, Royal Thai Navy
The 100th Anniversary of Admiral H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse, Prince of Jumborn’s Passing 19 May 2023 The Meaning of the Emblem The Thai numerals “100” design with Admiral H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse, Prince of Jumborn’s personal seal centrally placed marks the commemoration of the 100th anniversary of his passing from 19th May 1923 (B.E. 2466) to 19th May 2023 (B.E. 2566). For one hundred years, the Royal Thai Navy has sustained strong growth to thrive with perseverance, building upon the foundation for the development of the navy. The Navy Blue Colour represents the Royal Thai Navy. The two wave crests upon which the Thai numerals one hundred float represent the two maritime zones: the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea under Royal Thai Navy protection. The red breaking wave design at the final zero highlights Admiral H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse, Prince of Jumborn’s birthday colour (Sunday) and his dedication to drive the Navy forever forward.
Abhakara Family Emblem H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse, Prince of Jumborn The personal emblem of H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse, Prince of Jumborn was allegedly derived from the emblem on the “Wild Tiger Corps Commissioned Officer’s Flag” he received from King Vajiravudh (Rama VI) when he was a sergeant on 22nd July 1911 (B.E. 2454).
Admiral His Royal Highness Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse, Prince of Jumborn
A FOREWORD Admiral H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse, Prince of Jumborn, known as “The Father of the Royal Thai Navy” is widely respected and honored due to his great contribution to the progress of the Royal Thai Navy, as well as his talent and compassion for navy personnel and Thai people. On the occasion of the 100th Anniversary of Admiral H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse, Prince of Jumborn’s passing on 19th May 2023 (B.E. 2566), the Royal Thai Navy held commemorative ceremonies and appointed A Committee to prepare a Commemorative Book and Educational Activity of the 100th Anniversary of the Passing to compile and curate information regarding the history, the duty, and photos of Admiral H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse, Prince of Jumborn, along with history and development of the Royal Thai Navy. This book is a token of homage to the Father of the Royal Thai Navy and a source of a well-preserved historical information for interested navy personnel and civilians. In remembrance of Admiral H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse,Prince of Jumborn, the Royal Thai Navy personnel respectfully pay homage to His Royal Highness. May His Royal Highness forever reside in peace in the heavens. Admiral Cherngchai Chomcherngpat Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Thai Navy
A Admiral Cherngchai Chomcherngpat Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Thai Navy
B REMARKS On the occasion of the 100th Anniversary of Admiral H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse, Prince of Jumborn’s passing on 19th May 2023 (B.E. 2566), the Royal Thai Navy appointed the Commemorative Ceremony of the 100th Anniversary of the Passing Committee and appointed the Commemorative Book and Educational Activity of the 100th Anniversary of the Passing Subcommittee to compile and curate information regarding the history, the duty, and photos of Admiral H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse, Prince of Jumborn, along with history and development of the Royal Thai Navy. Photos from commemorative ceremonies held to honor Admiral H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse, Prince of Jumborn’s tremendous contribution to the navy were also curated, which included the Admiral H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse, Prince of Jumborn’s Compositions Song-Singing Event, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities, the Fleet Review, the Commemorative Ceremony for the 100th Anniversary of his Passing on 19th May 2023 (B.E. 2566), the First Instructor of the Royal Thai Naval Academy Commemorative Ceremony, Educational Talk Show and Exhibition, and Mor Born Commemorative Ceremony. The book is titled as “The Creationand Development of the Royal Thai Navy on the Occasion of the 100th Anniversary of Abhakara Day”. The Committee hopes that this book will be beneficial to interested individuals who would like to find out more about the life and works of Admiral H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse, Prince of Jumborn, regarding the foundation of the Royal Thai Navy. Admiral Suvin Jangyodsuk Assistant Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Thai Navy President The Commemorative Ceremony of the 100th Anniversary of the Passing Committee
B Admiral Suvin Jangyodsuk Assistant Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Thai Navy President The Commemorative Ceremony of the 100th Anniversary of the Passing Committee
C INTRODUCTION The Commemorative Book and Educational Activity of the 100th Anniversary of the Passing Subcommittee was appointed in order to write the book “The Creation and Development of the Royal Thai Navy on the Occasion of the 100th Anniversary of Abhakara Day.” The content of this book is about the history of Admiral H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse, Prince of Jumborn, regarding the Royal Thai Navy, the history and development of the Royal Thai Navy, and photos from the commemorative ceremonies. This book aims to curate and provide the information about Admiral H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse, Prince of Jumborn’s contribution to modernize the navy, along with past and the present progress of the Royal Thai Navy. This book is also a token of homage to our beloved and honored Father of the Royal Thai Navy. The Subcommittee hopes that this book will be beneficial for all individuals who are interested in the well-preserved historical information. The Subcommittee would like to thank all organizations within and outside the Royal Thai Navy for their information, sources, and photos, which made it possible to compile this book, “The Creation and Development of the Royal Thai Navy on the Occasion of the 100th Anniversary of Abhakara Day”, as assigned by the Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Thai Navy. Vice Admiral Wasun Satornkij Director General, Naval Education Department President The Commemorative Book and Educational Activity of the 100th Anniversary of the Passing Subcommittee
C Vice Admiral Wasun Satornkij Director General, Naval Education Department President The Commemorative Book and Educational Activity of the 100th Anniversary of the Passing Subcommittee
Contents Introduction Page Foreword A Remarks B Introduction C Chapter 1 The Biography Episode 1 The Biography of Admiral H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse, Prince of Jumborn 1 Sending his Sons to Study Naval Science Abroad 2 Training in Naval Academic Studies within Siam 6 Establishment of Semaphore Training 7 Establishment of Training Unit in Bang Phra 8 Reorganisation of the Navy Department 8 Naval Force Development Project 8 Work as the Director General of the Education Department 9 Receiving Royal Permission to Use Wangderm Palace as the Naval Academy 10 Improving the Curriculum and Administration in the Naval Academy 12 H.R.H.’s First Term as the Director General of the Naval Education Department 12 H.R.H.’s Second Term as the Director General of the Naval Education Department 15 Regulation Amendments at the Royal Thai Naval Academy 17 Practical Training Management to Cultivate Naval Cadet Expertise 18 Inauguration of the Naval Academy, the Roots of the Royal Thai Navy 19 The Foundation of the Recruit Training School 20 Displaying the Thai Flag in Foreign Waters 20 Instilling Patriotism into the Hearts of Sailors 22 Tattooing “R.E. 112 Trad” 22 “Namtan” Boat 22 Establishment of the Fire Department 23 Military Discharge 23
Contents Page Resuming his Official Duties 24 Purchasing Phra Ruang Ship 25 Report to H.M. the King regarding the Procurement of Submarines in Siam 33 Requesting for the Granting of Sattahip Land as a Naval Base 33 Naval Air Arm Establishment 34 From the Royal Dockyard to the Navy Dockyard Department 34 The Establishment of the Navy Cremation Section 36 Minister of the Navy, the Last Position in His Royal Highness’ Life 36 Admiral H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse, Prince of Jumborn’s Genius 37 His Genius in Writing: Valuable Pieces to the Royal Thai Navy 37 Maritime Strategy 37 His Genius in Medicine: Mor Born, the Holy Doctor for People 40 His Genius in Painting: Mural Paintings at Pak Khlong Makham Thao Temple 42 Sadet Tia of all Thai people, the Father of all Thai Navies 43 The Father of All Thai Navies 43 Modesty 44 The Hero who Initiated Thai Naval Affairs and be always in the Heart for Eternity 44 Episode 2: Portraits of Admiral Phra Chao Barommawongse Ther Phra Ong Chao Abhakara Kiartiwongse Krom Luang Jumborn Khet Udomsakdi and Photos during the Royal Funeral and Cremation Ceremony 46
Contents Page Chapter 2 The History of the Royal Thai Navy Episode 1 The Origin of the Royal Thai Navy 88 The Royal Thai Navy during the Reign of King Chulalongkorn (King Rama V): Modernizing and Transitioning to Self-Reliance 90 Military Reconstruction and Military Training of Siam during the Critical Period 90 The Franco-Siamese War (The Incident of R.S. 112): from Foreign Dependency to Self-Reliance 92 The Siamese Navy after the Franco-Siamese War and Lessons Learned for the Military Development 94 The Naval Affairs in the Reign of His Majesty King Vajiravudh (Rama VI) 95 The Naval Affairs in the Reign of His Majesty King Prajadhipok (Rama VII) 97 The Naval Affairs after the 1932 (B.E. 2475) Siamese Revolution 98 The Naval Affairs in the Reign of King Ananda Mahidol (Rama VIII) 99 The Royal Thai Navy in the Reign of His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej the Great (Rama IX) 101 The Royal Thai Navy in the Reign of His Majesty King Maha Vajiralongkorn Phra Vajiraklaochaoyuhua (Rama X) 102 The Development and Self-Reliance of the Royal Thai Navy 103 The Royal Thai Navy has embarked on designing and building its own ships in 1967 (B.E. 2510). 104 Episode 2 The Royal Thai Navy’s Organization (From the Past to Present) 111 Episode 3 The Royal Thai Navy Flag, Navy Jack, Gade Flag, and Flag of the Royal Thai Navy 127 The Gade Flag, currently the Chan Flag: Navy Jack is hoisted in the prow of war ships and government vessels. 131 Episode 4 The Trusted Navy 133 Royal Thai Navy Missions and Roles 133 Episode 5 Strengthening Regional Security through Exercises and Cooperation with Neighboring Navies to Play More Key Roles in the Region 135 Cobra Gold 135
Contents Page CARAT (Cooperation Afloat Readiness and Training Exercise between Thailand and the USA) 137 Blue Strike (a Joint Military Exercise between Thailand and China) 138 AUSTHAI and KAKADU (Bilateral Maritime Exercises between Thailand and Australia) 141 SITMEX (Trilateral Naval Exercise between Thailand, Singapore and India) 142 RIM of The Pacific Exercise (RIMPAC) 143 Episode 6 The Royal Thai Navy and UN Security Mission 145 The Royal Thai Navy supported the UN Security Mission in Thai Armed Forces 972 in East Timor. 145 The Royal Thai Navy deployed Anti-piracy Task Force Fleet in Somalia. 146 The Royal Thai Navy supported the UN Security Mission in African Union-Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur: UNAMID. 148 Episode 7 The Royal Thai Navy’s Missions Assigned by the Government Thai Maritime Enforcement Command Center (Thai-MECC) 150 Conducting Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) Exercise with Fleet Force 150 Command Center for Combating Illegal Fishing (CCCIF) 151 Oil Pollution Prevention and Elimination Command Center, the Royal Thai Navy to Clean up Oil Spill in Rayong Sea 153 SEACAT (Southeast Asia Cooperation and Training) 153 Search and Rescue Exercise (SAREX) 155 The Royal Thai Navy Emergency Operation Center 156 Establishment of the Royal Thai Navy Hotline Coordination Center to support Call Center National Health Security Office 1330 156 The Royal Thai Navy’s Responsibilities for the Royal Barge Procession 157 The Royal Barge Procession on the Occasion of the Royal Coronation Ceremony of King Rama X in 2019 (B.E. 2562) 158 The Royal Thai Navy and the Support to Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Summit 160
Contents Page Episode 8 The Royal Thai Navy and Support Missions for Country Development and Humanitarian Assistance in Disasters Both in Country and Foreign Countries as Assigned by the Government 162 Disaster Mitigation and Permanent Housing Construction Team for Disaster Victims in Geohazard, the Royal Thai Navy 162 Disaster Relief Team for Victims in Northern Region, Disaster Mitigation Center, the Royal Thai Navy 2006 (B.E. 2549) 163 Disaster Mitigation Center, the Royal Thai Navy in case of Great Flood in 2011 (B.E. 2554) 164 The Royal Thai Navy and the Awareness Promotion of Global Warming and Sustainable Use of Natural Resources with Government Agencies and Private Sectors 166 Episode 9 The Royal Thai Navy’s Responsibility for National Interest Protection and Law Enforcement 168 Episode 10 The Royal Thai Navy and the Awareness Promotion of Global Warming and Sustainable Use of Natural Resources 170 Green Navy Campaign (Waste Separation Campaign) 170 The Royal Thai Navy’s Cooperation with Government Agencies and Private Sectors 170 Episode 11 The Royal Thai Navy and Royal Thai Volunteers Activities “Doing Good Deeds from the Heart” 172 Episode 12 Former Commander-in-Chiefs of the Royal Thai Navy 174 Bibliography 189
1 Chapter 1 The Biography Episode 1 The Biography of Admiral H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse, Prince of Jumborn The Royal Thai Navy has had a very long history along with the development of the country for centuries. It cannot be denied that Admiral H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse, Prince of Jumborn is respected by the Navy and the public. He was a high-ranking naval officer and a reformer who laid firm foundation and modernized the Royal Thai Navy to be at the same standard as the West. He was praised for his leadership, determination, humbleness, and affection, as well as his fatherly kindness toward navy personnel. Hence, the Royal Thai Navy officially revered him as "The Father of The Royal Thai Navy.” Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse in Siamese navy officer’s uniform
2 Admiral H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse, Prince of Jumborn (Ancestor of Abhakara family) was a son of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) and Chao Chom Manda Mode. He was born on 19 December 1880 (B.E. 2423). His former name was “Phra Ong Chao Abhakara Kiartiwongse.” In the Royal Letter of King Chulalongkorn, H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse was called as “Chai Abhakara” “Abhakara” or in short, “Abha” and people in the palace always referred to him as “Ong Abha.” He had two siblings from the same mother. For his private life, Admiral H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse married Her Serene Highness Princess Dibya Sambandhu Bhanubandhu who was formerly Mom Chao Dibya Sambandhu Bhanubandhu, daughter of H.R.H. Prince Bhanurangsi Savangwongse, Prince Bhanubandhuwongse Voradej. He also had other consorts and sired eleven sons and daughters. Several sons of Admiral Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse were sent to receive naval science education in England just like their father. To begin with, Mom Chao Samornbumtheng graduated from Britannia Royal Naval College and came back to serve as an officer in the military. Mom Chao Kanchitpon also served in the navy, reached the Admiral rank, and was appointed a Commander-in-Chief until the day he passed away. Mom Chao Rangsiyakhon also graduated from Britannia Royal Naval College, but he was more enamoured with aviation. Therefore, he requested to be transferred to serve in the Royal Thai Air Force. In 1940 – 1941 (B.E. 2483 – 2484), he fought in the Indo-China war and received the Medal of Honor. He served as Minister in various ministries for several terms and was appointed the Ambassador of The Philippines until he passed away. In addition, Mom Chao Dumkangrith was the only son who graduated in medical study in England, serving in the Royal Thai Army and rising to the highest rank of a Colonel. Mom Chao Rujayakhon worked at the Embassy of Belgium in Thailand from post-war time until his retirement. He passed away in 2006 (B.E. 2549) at 90 years old. Sending his Sons to Study Naval Science Abroad At the time, King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) was developing the nation and had a vision to send his sons to receive the best education in various fields that were crucial for the country. His Majesty decided to send his sons to study in Europe by considering their individuals’ possibility of advanced academics study, as well as the suitability of their competency and characteristics. King Chulalongkorn specified that H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse study naval science.
3 Phra Ong Chao Abhakara Kiartiwongse in Siamese navy cadet’s uniform When H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse was very young, he received his primary education in the Grand Palace. He also learned English language with a British teacher named Mr. Morant. He was a student at Pra Tamnak Suankularb, Royal School. When he turned thirteen, the Incident of R.S. 112 (B.E. 2436). which was called “the Franco-Siamese Crisis of 1893” or “Paknam Incident” occurred on 13 July 1893 (B.E. 2436), This led H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse to be sent, along with H.R.H. Prince Vajiravudh (later to become King Rama VI), to study naval science in England. Initially, they went to “Brighton” and “Ascot” to study English language and fundamental subjects. Later, on 1 October 1895 (B.E. 2438), Prince Abhakara started his naval preparatory school at The Limes, which was owned by Mr. William Thomas Littlejohn, in Greenwich, southeast of London.
4 Phra Ong Chao Abhakara Kiartiwongse in Ensign’s uniform, Royal Navy H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse arrived in England since November 1893 (B.E. 2436), but the British government informed the representative of the Siamese government that for security reasons, new regulations were imposed not allowing foreign students to study in the Royal Naval College. Even though the Siamese government representative put a lot of efforts to find the way to send Siam’s princes to study there, it did not succeed. After many negotiations, the Royal Navy informed Siam that it would accept H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse to be a midshipmanin British warship at the age of sixteen, the same age as other British naval cadets who already finished fundamental study. In addition, since H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse had never studied in any naval colleges, the Royal Navy requested that he gain the status of a Siamese naval cadet before joining the Royal Naval College. On 1 9 April 1897 (B.E. 2440) King Rama V then officially appointed H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse to be a Siamese naval cadet. He was then trained as midshipman on board the first Maha Chakri Royal Yacht heading for Europe, under the command of Captain Robert Dalton Stevenson Cuming R.N., an officer of the Royal Navy seconded to command the ship.
5 King Rama V, Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse in midshipman uniform, Captain Cumming and officers of Royal Navy, onboard the first Maha Chakri Royal Yacht in Venice on 16 May 1897 (B.E. 2440) H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse trained on board the First Maha Chakri Royal Yacht in navigation and ship command for approximately 6 weeks wherehe accompanied his father, King Rama V from Port Galle in Sri Lanka to Italy then travelled to England to attend the naval studies. Therefore, H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse is considered the first naval cadet of Siam though no Naval Academy existed at that time. When H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse achieved good marks in the final year of his study, he was assigned at the age of eighteen to work on board the battleship H.M.S. Revenge in the Mediterranean Fleet of the Royal Navy for 335 days. During this time, as one of the platooncommanders, H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse was sent on shore to help stop the revolt in Crete Island, conquered by Turkey (Türkiye) for 3 months where he faced extreme hardship and even had to spend some time among dead bodies of soldiers. It was said that H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse was the only son of King Rama V who ever had experience fighting in the war. H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse’s sea training continued on board several ships: the sloop H.M.S. Cruiser for 63 days, the cruiser H.M.S. Hawke for 15 days, and the battleship H.M.S. Ramillies for 3 days. In all, the training in the Mediterranean Sea lasted from 9 October 1897 (B.E. 2440) to 6 April 1899 (B.E. 2442). After H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse passed certification tests in navigation, gunnery, and steam engine, he took the final examination to
6 become a lieutenant in the Royal Navy and passed, with 1st class. Later, the Prince studied navigation at Greenwich Naval College where he received the 2nd class certificate. Another subject he studied was piloting. As he was prohibited to study torpedo and warship building with the navy, the Prince went on study visits of large private companies that built torpedoes, cannons, and warships. In1900 (B.E.2443), H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongsegraduated in naval science from England and travelled back to Siam by sea. King Rama V picked up his son by royal car at the train station and brought him back to the Grand Palace on 12 June 1900 (B.E. 2443). In total, the Prince spent 6 years studying in the Royal Navy. Studying naval science in England, then the most powerful Maritime empire of the era, allowed Admiral H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse to acquire deep and broad knowledge of naval science from his best first-hand experience in that time. His success fulfilled King Rama V, his father’s intention to send him to study in Europe in order that Siam would no longer depend on westerners. Admiral H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse’s skills in naval science and his determination in being a true naval officer had gradually led the Siamese Navy to modernization. He was a role model for the study of naval science enabling all naval personnel to learn and follow in his footsteps. This was considered a firm foundation in developing naval personnel and strengthening the Navy. Training in Naval Academic Studies within Siam His Majesty King Chulalongkorn graciously commanded the Siamese Navy Department to initiate naval training by using employed foreign personnel as instructors. The Naval Cadet School and the Naval Sergeant School were established in 1895 (B.E. 2438). Sons and relatives of Royal Thai Navy officials were selected to enroll as students. Subjects comprised, for instance, gunnery and infantry, and were taught by Danish instructors serving in the Navy department. Graduates from the Naval Academy were assigned with onboard tasks or to work as mechanics. For Naval Sergeant School graduates, those with good marks were sent to pursue further education at the Naval Academy. Others were promoted to private first class (petty officers) to work on ships and at forts. In 1898 (B.E. 2441), the Naval Academy was established and was later called “The Naval Commissioned Officer School” as graduates were promoted to naval commissioned officers by the King.
7 When it was first established, the Naval Academy had no educational building, so the Navy Department then decided to use the First Maha Chakri Royal Yacht and the warship Muratha Wasitsawat as the temporary school. Classes were regulated by a Danish Commander, C.P. Seidelin who was the commanding officer of Muratha Wasitsawat. Therefore, he was considered the first commandant of the Naval Academy. In the beginning, a total of twelve students underwent a selection process, where those possessing knowledge, skills, and good behavior were chosen from among seamen, petty officers from ships, and students at the Naval Cadet School. The subjects provided for the students included Naval Science, Mathematics, Infantry, Thai, English, and practical training on board ships for regular crew members. Training in ship artillery and cannons were also conducted. The teaching staff comprised both local Thai instructors and foreign instructors. After completing his studies in modern naval sciencein England, H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse started serving the Siamese Navy on 23 June 1900 (B.E. 2443) with the rank of “Commanding First Lieutenant” (the equivalent of a lieutenant commander in modern navy). He was at the same time assigned as "Flag Lieutenant" or Aide de Camp to the Minister of Defense who also held the position of Commander-in-Chief of the Siamese Navy Department, where he provided advice to the minister on navy-related topics and perform various duties as assigned. At the time, His Royal Highness had not yet reached the age of twenty, and yet his first notable contribution to the Thai navy was the report on the inspection of the defense of the Chao Phraya River, along with recommendations for improvements, submitted to King Rama V. This early work indicated that His Royal Highness was a true expert in naval affairs and already saw what essential components were required for the Siamesenavy. Thus, he initiated the following trainings and the department reforms: Establishment of Semaphore Training H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse adapted the use of the British naval semaphore system or two-flag signals and signal lamps for the Royal Thai Navy for the first time. On 8 July 1900 (B.E. 2443), he initiated the training of "Signal Troops" (Tassana Sanyan), whose students became the first set of students trained by His Royal Highness with close teachers and students’ rapport.
8 On 16 September 1901 (B.E. 2444), he was appointed Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Navy Department. Establishment of Training Unit in Bang Phra When H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse proposed the Navy Sakdina Act Draft in 1902 (B.E. 2445), he proposed the establishment of a training unit at Bang Phra to recruit sailors from the Eastern coastal provinces for joint naval training. This initiative aimed to equip trainees with knowledge, abilities, and to instill a unified spirit. H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse operated and supervised the training at the Bang Phra naval unit from 3 July to 17 November 1902 (B.E. 2445), and thenreturned to Bangkok toresume his position as Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Navy Department. Reorganisation of the Navy Department In 1902 (B.E. 2445), H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse decided to reorganise the structure and administration of the Navy Department since the former administration of 1890 (B.E. 2433) was much outdated. Therefore, in 1903 (B.E. 2446), with royal permission from His Majesty King Rama V, the Navy Department was reorganised into five main units as follows: 1. Naval Headquarters 2. Ship and Fort Operations Command 3. Naval Land Operations Command in Bangkok (Marines) 4. Naval Education Department 5. Coastal Operations Command Naval Force Development Project In the year 1905 (B.E. 2448), His Royal Highness commenced the development of a maritime defense plan to safeguard the nation at sea. This plan encompassed the requirement for naval combat capabilities and strategies for utilizing naval forces. This marked the inception of the first military plan of the Navy Department, entitled "Sea Defense Management Brief Guidelines” Subsequently, in the year 1906 (B.E. 2449), the Navy Department was allocated budget to construct a torpedo boat Destroyer which was later royally named "Sua Tayarn Chol." Later, three additional torpedo boat destroyers were acquired, and the Navy Department commissioned these four vessels in 1908 (B.E. 2451). The "Sea Defense
9 Management Guidelines" also prompted the Navy Department to accelerate the development of naval mines as well. Sua Thayan Chon Destroyer Torpedo Boat Destroyer in training Work as the Director General of the Education Department H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse established a solid foundation of naval knowledge within the organization which has gradually evolved into a modern administrative institution internationally recognized at the present day. This transformation is evident through His Royal Highness's incorporation of Western knowledge to "prepare people" and enhance their readiness. This endeavor aimed at strengthening "iron in individuals" to be tougher than the "iron in ships." His Royal Highness refined modern naval training and was graciously bestowed with the position of the Director General of the Naval Education Department. His Royal
10 Highness dedicated two years to training naval cadets, the success of which was recognized and appreciated by His Majesty King Chulalongkorn. Receiving Royal Permission to Use Wangderm Palace as the Naval Academy When training first started, naval cadets had to study on board the ship “Muratha Wasithsawat”and the sermon hallof a nearby temple. Classrooms were later moved to Nanta U-tayan Royal Residence (a former residence of King Rama V) in 1900 (B.E. 2443). Due to the increasing number of students, the cadet training school was moved again to Sunanthalai Palace, Pak Klong Talat in 1902 (B.E. 2445). Around this time, the Naval Academy could not yet be located in a permanent site, nor could graduates of the school manouver ships out to the open seas on their own, nor use modern weapons. Sunanthalai Palace in 1902 (B.E. 2445) In 1900 (B.E. 2443), His Majesty King Chulalongkorn graciously granted permission for Wangderm Palace to be used as the Naval Academy ina written letter dated 23 February 1900 (B.E. 2443).
11 The training of naval cadets at Wangderm Palace Accommodation of naval cadets at Wangderm Palace The Naval Academy conducted its training in Wangderm Palace until 1944 (B.E. 2487), when the Allies dropped bombs on Bangkok, prompting the relocation of the Naval Academy to temporary buildings in Sattahip, Chon Buri Province. In 1946 (B.E. 2489), the Academy moved into a newly constructed building in Kled Kaew, Chon Buri Province. Finally, in 1952 (B.E. 2495), the Naval Academy was moved to Sua Son Leb Fortress in Samut Prakan Province, which is its present location.
12 Naval Academy building at Kled Kaew, Sattahip, Chon Buri Province in 1946 (B.E. 2489) Improving the Curriculum and Administration in the Naval Academy Classes offered at the Naval Cadet School when it was first established in 1900 (B.E. 2443), were Navigation, Explosive Ordnance, Landmine, Engineering, Shipbuilding, Cartography, and English. Cadets were divided into two groups: the General-Subject Section and the Seamanship Section, each group with specified ages and characteristics. However, an important obstacle was the lack of qualified instructors to teach these advanced classes. Officers who graduated from Europe were appointed to teach but they could only be temporary instructors as they also had other duties to perform. Later, as more officers graduated from the Naval Academy, they could assist in teaching and this problem was solved. However, after five years of establishment, only four naval cadets had passed the required scores, and their skills have not reached the level to effectively navigate ships. The Siamese Navy therefore assigned a committee to reform the curriculum, with responsibilities to revise administrative regulations and to administer teaching for various subjects, as well as to redefine the age and qualifications required for entry into the naval cadet program. H.R.H.’s First Term as the Director General of the Naval Education Department In 1905 (B.E. 2448), His Majesty King Chulalongkorn, Rama V, appointed H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse to three naval positions at the same time: Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Siamese Navy Department, Commander of the Ship and Fort Operations
13 Command, and Director General of the Education Department, which oversaw the Naval Cadet School. In his first term as Director General of the Education Department, H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse added higher-level general subjects to the curriculum and introduced additional scientific courses. He maintained the maritime studies program as originally envisioned but expanded the overall curriculum. He also established the Naval Engineering School for the first time. In laying foundation for the Navy, a strong emphasis was placed on providing education to naval personnel because His Royal Highness understood that individuals lacking sufficient fundamental knowledge would be unable to pursue advanced studies. Consequently, in 1906 (B.E. 2449), the Educational Department was organised into four divisions: the Central and Accounting Division, the Naval Academy and the Engineering School Division, the Cartography Division, and the Ordinance Division. As the Naval Engineering School was already established in 1906 (B.E. 2449), H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse integrated the curriculum of the Naval Cadet School and the Naval Engineering School together as core subjects to be taught and integrated both schools into one: “The Naval Cadet and Engineering School”, which subsequently changed its name to “The Naval Officers’ School” on 27 August 1919 (B.E. 2462). During his tenure as the Director General of the Education Department, H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse prioritized the establishment of a solid educational foundation, which was crucial for the development of naval officers, before obtaining advanced knowledge. This vision was reflected in his essay: "Prosperity of the Navy." H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse reformed the whole curriculum of the Naval Academy by requiring all cadets to undergo knowledge examinations, and classes were then organized based on their exam results. The highest classes, if they passed the exam, were all made naval officers, while all those who did not pass the test became a single class. His Royal Highness added several important subjects for naval cadets to enable them to effectively navigate ships in deep waters and personally taught certain subjects he mastered, such as trigonometry, astronomy, naval science, and hydrography. He dedicated himself and closely supervised the training and education to ensure the academy’s success. Under the educational curriculum implemented during this period, courses were divided into five levels. Students started at the elementary level for one year, and then proceeded to the next level, with each level lasting six months. The entire program lasted three years, after which students would have acquired enough knowledge and skills to
14 navigate ships out of the Gulf of Thailand. This curriculum was more advanced compared to the previous generations of naval officers who graduated from the Naval Cadet School. The education of naval personnel was further organized into seven separate schools: 1. The Primary Officer School, for those who wished to become naval officers 2. The Naval academy, to educate ship officers 3. The Engineering School, to train engineering officers 4. The Ordnance School, to train those who passed the Naval Academy or the Engineering School exams and have been serving in ships for a minimum of six months 5. The Senior Naval Officers’ School, to instruct naval officers who graduated from the Ordnance School with a rank no higher than Assistant Second Lieutenant (equivalent to Lieutenant in the modern Navy) 6. The Senior Engineering School, to educate naval officers who graduated from the Engineering School with high scores and held a rank no higher than Assistant Second Lieutenant 7. The Command and Staff School, to teach ship officers who served as ship commanders, holding the rank of Second Lieutenant (equivalent to Lieutenant Commander in the modern Navy) or higher and had graduated from the Ordnance School The Navy Department also provided opportunities for commissioned and noncommissioned officers to further their education by self-study or by attending lectures at the Naval Cadet School during their off-duty hours and take exams which was organized once a year. There were twelveoptional subjects, including general subjects, naval studies, navigation, mathematics, gunnery, torpedoes, mechanics, chemistry, foreign languages, medicine, law, and trumpets. Those holding regular administrative positions and teaching duties were eligible for teaching pay, effective from 11 January 1905 (B.E. 2448). The advanced subjects included navigation, naval studies, trigonometry, geometry, and algebra, while the intermediate subjects encompassed mathematics and English. The basic subjects included drawing, regulations, various practical exercises, rope work, gunnery training and physical training. These payment measures aimed to encourage those with knowledge and provided opportunities for naval personnel to enhance their knowledge and skills. Between 1906 and 1908 (B.E. 2449 – 2451), the Navy Department established seven naval rating schools in coastal provinces. These schools were located in Samut Songkhram Province, Samut Sakhon Province, Phra Pradaeng in Samut Prakan Province, Chon Buri Province, Rayong Province, and Chanthaburi Province. Additionally, a weapon school was
15 opened at the Ranrukpairee Ship. The Navy Department ordered the Naval Educational Department to install large cannons on the Ranrukpairee Ship, starting on 5 June 1907 (B.E. 2450). Once the Ranrukpairee Ship was decommissioned in 1908 (B.E. 2451), the students were moved to temporary accommodations at the old Wongsamoon Temple and continued their weapon studies at the Naval Cadet School from 17 October 1908 (B.E. 2451) until a permanent weapon school was established. In 1910 (B.E. 2453), the name "Weapon School" was changed to "Petty Officer School." On 25 May 1910 (B.E. 2453), it included naval navigation in its curriculum. In 1916 (B.E. 2459), the Ministry of the Navy ordered the relocation of the Petty Officer School to the Sua Son Lep (current location of the Naval Rating School) in Samut Prakan Province, effective from 4 April 1916 (B.E. 2459). On 9 April 1913 (B.E. 2456), His Majesty King Rama VI graciously established the Naval Operations Department within the Naval Headquarters, Ministry of the Navy. This Department's responsibilities encompassed military operations, naval affairs, combat readiness, training, and the appointment of naval officers. The Naval Operations Department was also responsible for setting the curriculum, teaching methods, examinations, and sea training for various units within the entire Ministry of the Navy. The individual units with their own schools were commanders of the institutes and would follow the curriculum and guidelines set by the Naval Staff College. In 1917 (B.E. 2460), the Ministry of the Navy issued an order to the Naval Education Department to establish a Naval School for Petty Officers on 11 April 1923 (B.E. 2466). Its purpose was to provide further education and training to Petty Officers who will advance to the rank of Chief Petty Officer. This school operated under the commander of the Petty Officer School Division. Then, on 16 April 1917 (B.E. 2460), the Ministry of the Navy renamed the Petty Officer School and the Chief Petty Officer School to the Chief Petty Officer and Petty Officer School. However, the chain of command remained under the Naval Education Department. H.R.H.’s Second Term as the Director General of the Naval Education Department His Royal Highness resumed his service in the Navy on 27 September 1918 (B.E. 2461). In this second tenure, His Royal Highness focused on elevating academic levels of navy personnel as well as allowing them to acquire knowledge in various essential fields for their duties. Therefore, in the year 1919 (B.E. 2462), the Ministry of the Navy amended regulations for admitting new naval rating students. Instead of solely accepting voluntary applicants, the
16 selection process was modified to choose individuals with qualifications, who were then sent for further studies in various training establishments as follows: 1. The Six Coastal Seaman Recruit Schools under the operation of the Naval Coastal Regiment, composing of the 1st Recruit School Division (in Samut Songkhram Province), the 2nd Recruit School Division (in Samut Sakhon Province), the 3rd Recruit School Division (in Phra Pradaeng, Samut Prakan Province), the 4th Recruit School Division (in Samut Prakan Province), the 5th Recruit School (in Bang Phra, Chon Buri Province), and the 6th Recruit School (in Ban Phe, Rayong Province). 2. The Six Naval Rating Schools: 2.1 The Petty Officer Seamanship School 2.2 The Petty Officer Artillery School 2.3 The Petty Officer Torpedo and Mine School 2.4 The Petty Officer Diving School 2.5 The Petty Officer Mechanic School 2.6 The Petty Officer Signal School Recruited seamen from the Naval Coastal Regiment sent to each rating school were selected and then posted to different classes within the Rating School Department and were to be called “Rating Students.” Those with eligible knowledge, once agreed upon with the commanding officer of each department, could be posted to the designated unit requiring specific skills or to join classes at rating schools. New recruits had to go through the basic military training, then received education according to their designated branch for six months. Recruits were then divided into two groups to learn about seamanship and electric power technician as preparation for their service in the navy. In his second term as the Director General of the Naval Education Department, H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse put his efforts into improving the operations of the Naval Academy, as well as other education facilities as explained above. The Royal Thai Navy can develop in a progressive manner up to the present day. His Royal Highness stayed in this position until 1 December 1921 (B.E. 2464).
17 Regulation Amendments at the Royal Thai Naval Academy H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse increased the training intensity both in academic content and disciplinary rules. The adjustments included regulations, protocols for formation, dining arrangements, sleeping quarters, bathing, dress codes, leaves, and daily schedules within the school premises. The implementation of a system based on naval governance on ships was initiated, whereby senior students oversaw junior ranks. Furthermore, the students were entrusted with self-governance responsibilities, with capable individuals assuming the role of captains to oversee and guide their peers. Regular captain's meetings were convened to discuss school management matters on a weekly basis, fostering leadership skills and encouraging collaborative development. Subsequently, this system was adopted as a foundation for establishing the Naval Command Council within the Ministry of the Navy.
18 Discipline Training, Formation and Table Etiquette The Naval Academy made much progress. This led to the establishment of the Engineering Officer School in 1906 (B.E. 2449), which was in charge of training cadets to take care of a ship’s boilers and machinery, as well as all the mechanical jobs ashore. This effort was a mean to replace foreign contractors with Thai graduates. Engineering students took different subjects from naval cadets, except for some compatible subjects. Applicants of this course were naval cadets who applied for engineering classes. Initially, the practicum engineering program had no site; therefore, H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse ordered a workshop to be constructed, with boilers and machinery installed. When this second school was built, the navy consolidated the administration of both schools and established the headquarters which was known as “the Naval Academy Department.” Practical Training Management to Cultivate Naval Cadet Expertise During the initial phases of education and training for naval cadets, the emphasis was not on academic knowledge but on honing practical skills. As the school saw the academic progress, the textbook-based teaching approach was used to enhance the theoretical knowledge. For some subjects such as navigation, engineering, cartography, and explosive gunpowder, both theoretical and practical segments were needed. Some specific subjects required the full practical application, such as Rope and Pulley, Drill Commands with Weapons, and Physical Education. Therefore, the program was divided into the theoretical section (using textbooks) and the practical section (hands-on).
19 For instance, H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse trained naval cadets to climb masts, man the sails including furl and unfurl sails. Sailboats were also made available for rowing and sailing practice. Knot tying Handbooks were published to facilitate knot-tying classes. For physical education, guest teachers from the Ministry of Education were invited to train cadets on horizontal and parallel bars and rings training. In 1906 (B.E. 2449), H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse also led cadets in a one-month practical sea training on the mid-sized steamboat "Yongyot Ayochiya” in the east of the Gulf of Thailand, to Chanthaburi Province. His Royal Highness aimed to create a model that all sailors could follow without any disparity,enhancing personnel’s maximum efficiency. Gymnasium (at present the Naval Finance Department Building) Inauguration of the Naval Academy, the Roots of the Royal Thai Navy An unforgettable milestone in the history of the Royal Thai Navy transpired on 20 November 1906 (B.E. 2449). King Rama V granted permission to the Royal Thai Navy to utilize Phra Racha Wangderm Palace in Thonburi as the Naval Academy. His Majesty presided over the inauguration ceremony and signed the “Siam Naval Academy 123” guest book. Thus, the Royal Thai Navy designates 20 November each year as "Navy Day" to commemorate and take pride in the legacy of H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse, who dedicated himself to the development of the Thai Navy into a proficient and capable maritime defense force, safeguarding the nation's sovereignty, independence, and interests at sea.
20 Four months after the inaugurationof the Naval Academy, Naval Cadet Sri Kamol-navin (later known as Phya Rajawangson) became the first graduate under the new curriculum prepared by H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse. He was the epitome of Thai naval officer training, fulfilling the requirement to replace foreign officers with Siamese navy officers, reflecting the Prince’s vision and determination of “Personnel Development” through education and training, as well as to enhance the capability of Siamese navy to go beyond ocean navigation and warfare so that a modern navy with a solid foundation can be created. The Foundation of the Recruit Training School Apart from training Naval Cadets and transforming them to efficient navy officers, H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse also emphasized on the education and training of seaman recruits. Therefore, to prepare them for the service in the navy, several schools and training facilities were established. 11 April 1906 (B.E. 2449) The 1st Seaman Recruit School at Samut Songkram Province 10 July 1906 (B.E. 2449) The 2nd Seaman Recruit School at Samut Sakhon Province 15 March 1906 (B.E. 2449) The 5th Seaman Recruit School at Bang Phra, Chon Buri Province The 6th Seaman Recruit School at Ban Phe, Rayong Province The 7th Seaman Recruit School at Chanthaburi Province 18 May 1908 (B.E. 2451) The 4th Seaman Recruit School at Samut Prakan Province 20 May 1908 (B.E. 2451) The 3rd Seaman Recruit School at Phra Pradaeng, Samut Prakan Province H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse closely monitored and taught the recruits at each school and trained these sailors in simulated warfare on land in Chon Buri Province. The aim was to equip the naval recruits with the shore combat competency and to assign the coastal defense role to these schools. Displaying the Thai Flag in Foreign Waters Another historical event for the Navy which was also a significant marker of Siamese sovereignty was the presence of the "Royal Siamese Navy Ensign" and the "His Majesty’s Ships" in foreign waters during cadet sea training in Singapore, Batavia, Java, and the Billiton Islands in 1907 (B.E. 2450). It was widely known that only sovereign states would
21 possess their own navy ensigns, and that ships flying such a flag were the floating territory of those sovereign states. H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse served as commanding-officer of the First H.T.M.S. Makut Rajakumarn Royal Yacht and navigated the ship overseas for the first time, manned by one hundred naval cadets and naval engineering officer students for sea training from 29 July to 18 September 1907 (B.E. 2450), a total of 51 days. These cadets were commanded and assigned to different posts on board with roles and responsibilities on the ship by His Royal Highness so that they would learn courage, patriotism, and true seamanship. The Siamese Flag Act of 1897 (B.E. 2440) stipulated that all warships had to display a royal navy ensign, which was a red flag with a white elephant in regalia on a platform facing the flagpole in the middle of the flag. To command a ship with an “all-Siamese crew” displaying national colours announced to the world that Siamese people can navigate the open seas, and fully replace foreign captains. The flag display of the Royal Navy Ensign in 1907 (B.E. 2450) yielded four positive outcomes: Firstly, Siamese naval cadets had the opportunity to see foreign ports and brave the high seas. They navigated the ship through the Riau Passage, Linga Passage, then anchored at the Daisy passage. They had a chance to perform the Equator Crossing Ceremony for the first time, then travelled through the Bangka Channel up to Batavia (Jakarta, Indonesia). Additionally, they visited foreign battleships, tasted foreign cuisine, and practiced dining etiquette according to British naval traditions. Secondly, Siamese warships and royal yachts’ hulls were traditionally painted white, with funnels and main masts painted yellow and waterlines were in red. When the First Makut Rajakumarn Royal Yacht arrived at the Singapore island which was a British colony, the naval cadets discovered that other nations' warships were painted in haze gray or battleship gray. This colour choice allowed the ships to blend with the sea and the landscape, as well as providing better camouflage in all weather conditions. Following this observation, the First Makut Rajakumarn Royal Yacht was subsequently repainted from white to gray. Up until today, all Royal Thai Navy ships are painted haze gray, except the First Maha Chakri Royal Yacht. Thirdly, during this journey, naval personnel practiced international customs, including rendering salutes upon entering foreign harbors and visiting foreign warships alongside foreign dignitaries. This demonstrated the Navy's understanding of international naval protocols.
22 Lastly, the flag display during this occasion signified that, after the Incident of R.E. 112 in 1913 (B.E. 2456), within merely 14 years, Siam had successfully fulfilled the wish of King Rama V to have Siamese naval personnel regularly serve aboard warships instead of foreign sailors. H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse leading naval cadets on the sea training to display the naval ensign in Singapore and the East Indies for the first time was a testament to the capability of all Siamese crew to navigate through foreign seas. As such, this highlighted Siam and the navy’s honour and dignity in human resources capability: sailors who were able to navigate the open seas without having to rely on foreigners. This journey thus represented H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse’s ability to develop the navy and indicated that the Siamese Navy had entered the modernization phase. Instilling Patriotism into the Hearts of Sailors Instilling patriotism was the focus of H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse’s teaching principle. He aimed to set a concrete example to all trainees and navy personnel by forming a sense of love and loyalty to the nation and consciousness for the public’s greater good in the following ways: Tattooing “R.S. 112 Trad” The Incident of R.S. 112 (the Franco-Siamese Crisis of 1893) had forced Siam to cede some territories and to pay indemnity to France. Chanthaburi and Trad provinces were also seized and controlled byFrance in 1908 (B.E. 2451). As the sea training ship Yongjot Ayochaniya arrived in Chanthaburi Province, H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse, the ship’s commander, saw the French soldiers’ tombs in the graveyard, and this triggered his grudge against the French enemy. Therefore, he and all naval cadet trainees decided to tattoo “R.S. 112 Trad” on their chests as the reminder of the past painful incident caused by the French Imperialism. With just a few gun boats in Siam’s territorial waters, French could put pressure on Siam to hand over territory and act according to the French demands due to the differences in military power between the two nations. “Namtan” Boat In 1906 (B.E. 2449), H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse ordered a small wooden ship model to be made and displayed with the name of “Namtan” (sugar) and “R.S. 112”
23 engraved on the bow. The boat was called “Namtan” as the sweetness of “sugar” can overcome any heat or spice, as a reminder that one should prevent the painful Incident of R.E. 112 from recurring again. The boat was used to train senior naval cadets in magnetic compass and degree correction, which was important for keeping the ship’s course for longdistance navigation. Today, the Namtan Boat is on display at the Royal Thai Naval Academy in Samut Prakan Province. Establishment of the Fire Department Another task completed by H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse that showed his determination to instill in Siamese sailors a sense of public service, and courage, was the establishment of the Fire Department. The Navy Department already had water pumps and small steamboats available, so His Royal Highness trained both officers and cadets to extinguish fire effectively. The Fire Department comprised the following sections: Bucket Section, Ax Section, Fire canvas Protection Section, Fire-fighting Section, Support Section, Medical Section, and later, Fire Hose Section was added. His Royal Highness assigned engineering students to collaborate with naval cadets, with position rotation to gain skill in all areas. When a fire broke out, H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse would go to the site and commanded the firefighting himself as a role model for the students. With dedication, he was always ready for the distress call with his gears and uniform readied by his bedside and would be at the site in no time. The Fire Department’s accomplishment and immediate relief in assisting the people to move their belongings was appreciated and much praised by Siamese citizens. The Navy Department was also commended by King Rama V for these good deeds. As the one and only Fire Department in Bangkok and Thonburi proximity, the department established for public service by His Royal Highness proved to be of great service to the public. Military Discharge On 14 April 1911 (B.E. 2454), King Rama VI issued a royal order to discharge H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse who was then the Assistant Minister of Defense and the Director General of the Naval Education Department. H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse was appointed a reservist with pension after having worked in the Navy for 11 years in total. Even after leaving naval services, H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse continued to serve the country and people by joining the Wild Tiger Corps three months after his discharge
24 from the navy. The Wild Tiger Corps was founded in 1911 (B.E. 2454) by King Rama VI – the same year as the discharge. Moreover, during this time as he turned 31 years old, His Royal Highness expanded his field of expertise to traditional Thai medicine until he was called “Mor Born” (Dr. Born) by the people. During the years of discharge: 1911 – 1917 (B.E.2454 – 2460), H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse also became a student of Luang Pu Suk (Venerable Monk Suk), who was famed for his meditation skills at Pak Khlong Makham Tao Temple in Chai Nat Province. It is believed that His Royal Highness gained knowledge of supernatural power while studying with Luang Pu Suk. Many legends come about during this time that His Royal Highness had special powers and he had thus gained much awe and respect from the people. This showed that H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse could combine the concept of modernization with Thai traditional beliefs. Resuming his Official Duties As the geopolitical tensions of the Western world escalated and resulted in World War I, His Majesty King Rama VI, declared Thailand's participation on the side of the Allies. On 22 July 1917 (B.E. 2460), Siam declared war against Germany and Austria-Hungary in World War I, and Siam’s Ministry of the Navy had to play a significant role as Allies in the war. Lieutenant Commander Luang Harn Klang Samut (Boonmee Panthumnavin) with 37 officers and 404 sailors were the first to take part in the war by seizing 25 German ships as enemy’s vessels. On 1 August 1917 (B.E. 2460), His Majesty King Rama VI graciously permitted H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse to resume duties in the Ministry of the Navy as the first Director General of the Naval Inspector-General Department. The very next day, His Royal Highness was tasked with supervising the inspection of weapons seized from the Germans. He performed his naval duties with great devotion, receiving praise and confidence from His Majesty King Rama VI. Later, H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse represented the Royal Navy League of Siam in purchasing the warship "Phra Ruang," which marked a significant historical achievement for the Royal Thai Navy in navigating across continental waters.
25 Purchasing Phra Ruang Ship Phra Ruang was considered Siam’s “new generation” warship that was procured to serve His Majesty the King and to protect maritime sovereignty. The ship was named after a mighty king in Siam’shistory who won agreat war against theKhmer in the past; it was believed that his name could ward off bad lucks and enemies. It was the first and last warship in Siam’s naval force history whose acquisition was financed by donations from royals, civil servants, and citizens. However, the transport of Phra Ruang Ship to Siam was not an easy task, and at that time, there was no one better suited than H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse. This assignment to procure a ship from Europe was one of H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse’s most significant missions. In 1914 (B.E. 2457), government officials and loyal citizens recognized the necessity of having warships to defend the kingdom's maritime territory. Consequently, they established "The Royal Navy League of Siam" to raise funds from citizens across the country to purchase warships as a tribute to His Majesty King Rama VI. His Majesty approved the establishment of this society, accepted the role of its patron, bestowed money from his privy purse, and granted the name "Phra Ruang" to the ship to be acquired.
26 King Vajiravudh, Rama VI, the Patron of the Royal Navy League of Siam (Photo taken on the First Maha Chakri Royal Yacht) Royal Navy League of Siam Insignias presented to donors Royal Navy League of Siam Insignia Royal Navy League of Siam Insignia Version 1 Version 2 H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse was bestowed the title of "Kha Luang Phiset" (Special Commissioner) by His Majesty King Rama VI and was assigned, along with six officers, to procure a ship from Europe as the Royal Navy League of Siam committee members agreed with a consensus that H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse was the ultimate expert in the field of navy science. In considering this important role in maritime defense, His Royal Highness
27 selected the most suitable warship with cutting-edge technology of the time for the Navy: a torpedo destroyer H.M.S. Radiant, built by Thornycroft Co., in Southampton, England. Second person from the left: Krom Muen Jumborn Khet Udomsakdi with the delegation transporting Phra Ruang Ship in England H.M.S. Radiant of Thornycroft Co., Southampton, England was the most advanced and largest warship of its time, with a displacement of 1,046 tons. It was launched in November 1916 (B.E. 2459) and was completed in February 1917 (B.E. 2460). The Admiralty deployed the ship in World War I but after the war ended in 1918 (B.E. 2461), agreed to sell the ship to Siam for £200,000 or around 2,150,000 Thai Baht at the time.
28 Phra Ruang, the biggest and first modern warship in Siam at that time, with H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse as the commander The ship arrived at the estuary of the Chao Phraya River on 7 October 1920 (B.E. 2463) and welcome celebrations were held at Ratcha Woradit Pier from 8 to 10 October 1920 (B.E. 2463). The purchase of Phra Ruang was made possible with the financial support from His Majesty’s Privy Purse and donations from other royal family members, civil servants, and people from all over the country. His Royal Highness commanded the ship on its return journey to Siam himself with members of the delegates managing the 60 British crew hired for the return trip. The ship sailed to Singapore, where Siamese officers relieved the British crew. During this mission in Europe, H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse was promoted to Admiral on 23 April 1920 (B.E. 2463).
29 Leaflets urging donations for the purchase of Phra Ruang Ship A frowning sailor The caption mentioned that the sailor was frowning because he was sad that Phra Ruang Ship could not yet be commissioned in Royal Thai Navy. All these leaflets reflect the drive for officers and people to make a donation for the purchase of Phra Ruang ship.
30 Sailing route of Phra Ruang Ship to Siam H.M.S. Radiant or H.T.M.S. Phra Ruang left the port in Southampton, South of England on 20 July 1920 (B.E. 2463) and arrived in Siam on 6 October 1920 (B.E. 2463). The route was as followed: 20 July 1920 (B.E. 2463) Departed from Britain 28 August 1920 (B.E. 2463) Arrived in the Gulf of Aden, Somalia, and Yemen 30 August 1920 (B.E. 2463) Departed from the Gulf of Aden, Somalia, and Yemen 6 September 1920 (B.E. 2463) Arrived in the Gulf of Bombay, India 7 September 1920 (B.E. 2463) Departed from the Gulf of Bombay, India 9 September 1920 (B.E. 2463) Arrived in Colombo, Sri Lanka 12 September 1920 (B.E. 2463) Departed from Colombo, Sri Lanka 16 September 1920 (B.E. 2463) Arrived in Singapore 20 September 1920 (B.E. 2463) Departed from Singapore 7 October 1920 (B.E. 2463) Arrived at the sand bars of the Chao Phraya River The Royal Navy League of Siam offered the ship to King Rama VI and commissioned her as a H.T.M.S. This was a historic milestone for the navy as it was the first time for a Thai commanding officer to navigate the ship from Europe back to Siam successfully. The ship flew the new Royal Siamese Navy flag on the mast, a newly designed tri-coloured, highly regarded and respected by many countries.
31 Royal Siamese Navy Flag A lavish welcoming ceremony was held for the ship and King Rama VI also mentioned H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse’s accomplishments regarding the ship procurement at the Royal Dinner on the occasion of Welcoming Ceremony on 9 October 1920 (B.E. 2463). H.T.M.S. Phra Ruang was a high-performance warship and was well-equipped with state-of-the-art weapons. However, it was difficult to man the ship as crew members needed knowledge and skills regarding the use of sextant and telegraphy, quite new to Siam, and the ship was also powered by steam enginethat required engineering and machinery skills in order to maneuver and navigate. Therefore, it was a good assessment of the commanding officer’s capacity to see how well His Royal Highness was able to bring the ship from Britain across the seas and back to the Chao Phraya delta, how he managed the welfare of the crew members, and how he dealt with the nature and the rough, unpredictable seas. This was the testament of H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse’s talent in naval science, together with long accumulated knowledge, skills, and experiences regarding navigation and seafaring. H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse was recognized for his exceptional leadership, administration, planning, coordination, and navigation of the ship throughout its extensive maritime journey. Subsequently, he was appointed as the Minister of the Navy on 1 April 1923 (B.E. 2466).
32 The use of sextant to locate the position of ships at the time of Phra Ruang Ship voyage Commissioned on 11 October 1920 (B.E. 2463), H.T.M.S. Phra Ruang became a part of the core maritime defense for the Navy. Her most prominent mission was the assignment to the 3rd Fleet during the Indochina War, the same period as the naval battle of Ko Chang when H.T.M.S. Thonburi, H.T.M.S. Cholburi, and H.T.M.S. Songkla of the 1st Fleet fiercely fought in the battle. She was also a training ship for naval cadets and was decommissioned on 19 June 1959 (B.E. 2502), concluding her 39 years of service. The news of Admiral H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse’s death at Sai-Ree Beach, Chumphon Province caused grief and sorrow amongst the navy personnel and those who admired him. His Royal Highness’ body was transported back to Bangkok by H.T.M.S. Chen Thale, then transferred to H.T.M.S. Phra Ruang. The ship carried his body up the Chao Phraya River and anchored at Wat Rachathiwas, where his body was transferred on to the Siamese Red Cross ambulance, and to Nang Lerng Palace, his residence. H.T.M.S. Phra Ruang united Thai people and reinforced a sense of patriorism as represented in the mass donation to finance the procurement. It displayed Siam’s seapower and capability through the careful selection process by the Royal Navy League of Siam and the long journey from Britain to Siam. The ship was truly meant for all Siamese people. Crew members who gained knowledge and experiences from using the newest technology at that time were installed on the ship, including the weapon system, communication system, engines, and machinery. His Majesty King Rama VI mentioned that this torpedo destroyer ship
33 was worth remembering as it was considered the nation’s maritime fence due to its patrolling role. It was also the sign of maritime readiness during both peace time and war time. It could be said that the acquisition of H.T.M.S. Phra Ruang highlighted and engraved the name of Admiral H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse in the history of the then Royal Siamese Navy, as he was the first naval officer to command a warship safely back to Siam. Report to H.M. the King regarding the Procurement of Submarines in Siam Since 1910 (B.E. 2453), in the structure of the naval force organization, the Siamese Navy initiated the procurement of submarines. As committee member under the Ministry of the Navy, H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse officially presented a report asking for royal permission from King Rama VI for the navy to procure six submarines for attacking enemy ships. However, due to budgetary constraints at that time, no action was taken. After resuming official duties as Chief of Staffof the Navy after the conclusion of World War I, H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse submitted another report to His Majesty King Rama VI on 2 March 1919 (B.E. 2462), declaring the necessity of acquiring submarines, as the best maritime defense for the country. Such initiation reflected the constant view that submarines were important for Siam. His Royal Highness’ vision came true when the government promulgated the Maritime Development Act of 1935 (B.E. 2478). Due to the rising intensity of the French Indochina conflict, it was agreed to build four submarines, royally named H.T.M.S. Matchanu, H.T.M.S. Wirun, H.T.M.S. Sinsamut, and H.T.M.S. Phlai-Chumphon. Requesting for the Granting of Sattahip Land as a Naval Base When King Rama VI boarded the First Maha Chakri Royal Yacht to view naval training exercises in Sattahip in 1914 (B.E. 2457), His Majesty saw that the area and its vicinity was suitable for establishing a naval base as the mountains, bays, and islands made it a secluded setting for anchoring warships. On 17 December 1914 (B.E 2457), His Majesty ordered that Sattahip area and its vicinity, including islands, become protected areas and not for civilian ownerships. In 1920 (B.E. 2463), H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse, as Chief of Staff of the navy, knew that King Rama VI had earlier ordered that the Sattahip municipality be secured for governmental use. After a detailed survey of the Sattahip area, H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse concluded with great foresight that Sattahip Bay, where the Navy used to dock
34 warships for sea training and torpedo launching training, should be used as a strategic navy base. Sattahip’s geographical location was ideal for controlling the Gulf of Siam, with deep water channels suitable for construction of large ship piers and protected by big and small islands which can be used as cover for small boats conducting tactical operations. This area can also be utilized for sea training at any given time. Subsequently, on 5 September 1922 (B.E. 2465), H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse wrote a letter to His Majesty the King, requesting land in Sattahip Bay, which was reserved territory, to be granted for the establishment of a naval base. After His Majesty the King acknowledged the request, a royal letter granting permission was bestowed on 22 September 1922 (B.E. 2465). Today, Sattahip is home to the most important naval base of the Royal Thai Navy. This development has catalyzed the economic growth in the eastern corridor, as industrial estates and economic zones flourish here. Naval Air Arm Establishment While serving as Chief of Staff of the Ministry of the Navy in 1921 (B.E. 2464), H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse had the idea of establishing a Naval Air Arm. He presented his suggestion at the 3rd Naval Command Council Meeting on 23 November 1921 (B.E. 2464), proposing that a Naval Air Arm and base be established in Sattahip along with necessary regulations, with two seaplanes to be acquired initially in 1922(B.E. 2465). In addition, selected pilots and suitable officers should be trained in the Army Air Corps. The Command Council later approved the proposal at the 4 th meeting on 7 December 1921 (B.E. 2464), and H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse was tasked with developing a scheme on this matter. Currently, the Naval Aviation Division observes 7 December as the establishment day of the unit and considers H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse as the "Father of Naval Aviation." From the Royal Dockyard to the Navy Dockyard Department “The Royal Dockyard,” located on the Chao Phraya Riverbank, south of Rakhang Kositaram Temple, Bangkok, was established on 9 January 1890 (B.E. 2433) during the reign of King Chulalongkorn the Great. On 11 December 1922 (B.E. 2465), His Majesty King Rama VI graciously appointed H.R.H. Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse to assume additional position as the Director General of the Department of Naval Civil Works Department, or the Naval Dockyard Department. Later,