Military History_ The Definitive Visual Guide to the Objects of Warfare

399

CLOSE AIR SUPPORT OPERATION CEDAR FALLS

OPE R AT ION
CEDAR FALLS

American ground troops were committed to a war
against communist guerrillas in South Vietnam in 1965.
US commander General William Westmoreland adopted an
aggressive strategy, directing forces in large-scale “search
and destroy” operations in guerrilla-controlled areas.
Operation Cedar Falls in January 1967 exemplified the
successes and failures of this approach.

Operation Cedar Falls was directed mechanized infantry were protected
against the Iron Triangle, a guerrilla against the anti-personnel mines
stronghold 25 miles (40km) from and sniping that took such a toll on
the South Vietnamese capital Saigon. soldiers on foot patrol. Newly
Over many years the guerrillas had introduced Rome plows, designed for
fortified the area with a complex heavy land-clearance, carved swathes
system of tunnels protected by through the jungle, while specially
booby-traps and concealed firing trained and equipped soldiers were
positions.The Americans planned sent in to search the dark maze of
to encircle and destroy the guerrillas tunnels.These “tunnel rats” found
in a “hammer and anvil” operation. caches of weapons and munitions,
Troops along the southwest side of uniforms, food dumps, and an
the Triangle would be the “anvil,” abundance of documents valuable
blocking the guerrillas’ escape as they to US intelligence.
were hit by the “hammer”—forces
attacking from the north and east. DESTRUCTION OF RESOURCES
The plan relied on helicopters to lift
infantry swiftly into their combat The Americans and South Vietnamese
positions, thereby bypassing difficult allies went on to render the Iron
forested terrain and avoiding possible Triangle unusable for guerrilla forces.
ambushes to convoys on roads. Tunnels were filled with acetylene
Helicopter gunships were not yet gas and blown up, while much of the
available, but the infantry received area was sprayed from the air with
supporting firepower from tactical Agent Orange herbicide, poisoning
bombers, fixed-wing gunships, and forest and agricultural land.The
artillery firebases. peasant population was evacuated at
gunpoint to refugee camps and Ben
The operation began on January 8 Suc was totally destroyed, the buildings
with the placing of the “anvil” forces, burned, then flattened by bulldozers.
including elements of the South But the objective of locating and
Vietnamese Army. One of the first destroying communist soldiers
objectives was to secure the village largely failed.The lightly equipped
of Ben Suc, considered a hotbed of guerrillas were expert at concealment
guerrilla activity. A flight of 60 and slipped through the US cordon.
helicopters zoomed in at treetop The combination of the Americans’
level and landed an entire American firepower and mobility allowed them
infantry battalion at positions around to clear populated regions of
the village, which was then occupied guerrillas—but at the cost of
with only light casualties. Other devastating the peasant society that
airmobile formations and mechanized sustained them and laying waste to
infantry executed the “hammer” land US troops were deployed to
element of the operation over the defend.What American forces could
following days.Traveling in M113 not do was bring enemy formations
armored personnel carriers, the to decisive combat and destroy them.

400 THE NUCLEAR AGE 1945–PRESENT ▼ BELL UH-1 IROQUOIS The UH-1 “Huey”—which first saw
service during the Vietnam War—was
HELICOPTERS Date 1959 Origin US a workhorse of the US Army, operating
Rotor span 48ft (14.63m) in many roles, including gunship, troop
The helicopter has been a major force in Length 57ft (17.4m) transport, search and rescue, liaison,
transforming warfare on the modern battlefield. Top speed 135mph (217kph) and casualty evacuation.
Transport helicopters—such as the CH-47 Engine 1,100hp (820kW) Lycoming
Chinook and the UH-60 Black Hawk—are able T53-L-11 turboshaft
to deliver heavy stores to forward troops, and
having no need for a runway they can do this Fenestron shrouded
in almost any type of terrain. More important tail rotor
still has been the introduction of the attack
helicopter, or “helicopter gunship,” which Tail boom
provides close air support to ground troops
and targets enemy armor.The Russian MI-24 Wide sliding Underfloor skids
Hind is a rare hybrid—a gunship that doubles side door
up as a troop carrier.

Hydraulic power units
and tanks (cover open)

Cabin window
(jettisonable)

▶ BOEING VERTOL CH-47 CHINOOK Utility hatch Fuel tank
Date 1962 Origin US Two-crew tandem cockpit
Rotor span 60ft (18.3m) each Cargo hook
Length 99ft (30.2m)
Top speed 196mph (315kph)
Engine Two 3,750hp (2,796kW)
Lycoming T55-GA-712 turboshafts
The twin-rotor CH-47 has been one of the
longest-serving and most effective of cargo-
carrying helicopters. Large loads can be slung
underneath the helicopter, and a wide loading
ramp is situated at the rear.

Engine exhaust duct

TOW missiles (four on each stub wing) ▼ MESSERSCHMITT-BÖLKOW- The BO-105 was the first helicopter
BLOHM BO-105 to offer the safety provided by twin
▲ BELL AH-1 COBRA The first dedicated gunship— Two 7.62mm engines. Its low weight and agile
with a fighter-style two-man miniguns Date 1971 Origin West Germany performance were combined with a
Date 1967 Origin US cockpit—the AH-1 Cobra Rotor span 321⁄4ft (9.84m) potent punch provided by six HOT
Rotor span 44ft (13.6m) proved highly effective in (High subsonic Optical remote-guided
Length 52.3ft (16.1m) Vietnam, providing close fire Length 39ft (11.86m) fired from Tube) anti-tank missiles.
Top speed 196mph (315kph) support to slower and more
Engine 1,800hp (1,300kW) vulnerable helicopters such Top speed 167mph (270kph)
Lycoming T53-L-703 turboshaft as the UH-1.
Engine Two 420hp (313kW)
Allison 250-C20B turboshafts

Tail boom with German
Air Force insignia

401

Rotor blade made Thermal imaging sight HELICOPTERS
from composite
materials ◀ SA GAZELLE
Date 1971 Origin France
TOW anti-tank Rotor span 341⁄2ft (10.5m) A lightweight utility helicopter
missile tube Length 39ft (11.97m) produced for the French army,
Top speed 193mph (310kph) the Gazelle was also produced
Engine 590hp (440kW) in the UK.Variants were armed
Turbomeca Astazou IIIA turboshaft with TOW (Tube-launched,
Optically tracked,Wire-guided)
Titanium rotor head anti-tank missiles, 20mm cannon,
and Mistral air-to-air missiles.

Armed with a 12.7mm
Gatling gun, plus window-
mounted machine-guns,
rocket launchers, and up to
3,300lb (1,500kg) of bombs

Turboshaft engine Stub wing with
(cover raised) missile pylons

Loading ramp (raised) ▲ MIL MI-24 HIND The Hind is a very large
gunship and troop transporter.
Date 1973 Origin Soviet Union Its armament includes a
Rotor span 561⁄2ft (17.3m) rotary-barrel heavy machine-
Length 571⁄4ft (17.5m) gun under the nose, as well
Top speed 215mph (346kph) as under-wing pylons for a
Engine Two 2,200hp (1,641kW) Isotov variety of missile types.
TV3-117 turboshafts

Rotor head

▶ SIKORSKY UH-60 BLACK HAWK Troop/cargo Tail rotor
compartment
Date 1979 Origin US Tail rotor
◀ APACHE AH MK1
Rotor span 53¾ft (16.36m) Date 2004 Origin UK
Rotor span 48ft (14.6m)
Length 64¾ft (19.76m) Length 58¼ft (17.7m)
Top speed 227mph (365kph)
Top speed 222mph (357kph) Engine Two 2,100hp (1,566kW)
Rolls-Royce RTM322 turboshafts
Engine Two 1,890hp (1,410kW) The Apache AH Mk1 (or AugustaWestland
GE T700-GE-701C turboshafts Apache) is the UK version of the Boeing
AH-64D Apache Longbow helicopter. It
The UH-60 is a twin-engined utility helicopter has been successfully deployed by the British
able to ferry up to 14 soldiers, carry cargo, Armed Forces in Afghanistan (see pp.436–37).
and evacuate up to six stretcher cases at a
time. It can also be configured as a gunship.

Longbow fire-control radar

Armed with rockets and
Hellfire and Stinger missiles

402

THE NUCLEAR AGE 1945–PRESENT ATTACK/RECONNAISSANCE HELICOPTER

AH-64 APACHE

The anti-armor AH-64 is used by a number of the world’s
armed forces. It employs many of the offensive and defensive
technologies that dominate the modern battlefield.

Initially developed by Hughes Helicopters WEAPONS SYSTEMS
and now produced by Boeing, the twin-
engined AH-64 Apache was introduced in ▲ 30MM CHAIN GUN
1984. It performed well in the Gulf War The Hughes M230 chain gun can fire 625 rounds
of 1991 and subsequently during the per minute, fed from a 1,200-round magazine by
invasions of Afghanistan in 2001 and Iraq an electrically driven chain mechanism.
in 2003. Shown here is the AH1—a version
of Boeing’s AH-64D Apache Longbow built
under licence by AugustaWestland for the
British Army.

The Apache’s weaponry includes a chain
gun, rockets, and its primary armament of
Hellfire missiles. Using target-acquisition
and fire-control systems, the crew can
merely select targets and fire; the missiles
will then lock on to the targets and do the
rest. This “fire-and-forget” capacity allows
the Apache to take evasive action as soon
as it has launched its own weapons.

To make this slow-flying helicopter less
vulnerable in battle, the Apache is equipped
with a variety of defensive systems.These
include the suppression of infrared radiation
(to avoid detection by hostile heat-seeking
missiles), and sensors that give advance
warning of incoming threats.

Target Mast-mounted Flare ▲ MISSILE
acquisition Up to 16 Hellfire guided missiles can be carried
sensors radar dome container (a training round is shown above). These anti-armor
weapons have a range of 5 miles (8km).
PILOT’S COCKPIT

HIDAS sensors SIDE VIEW

Armor-protected Fully articulated
turboshaft engine rotor blade

Stub wings Chain gun Rocket and missile
launchers

Nonretractable
landing gear

FRONT VIEW

AH-64D APACHE LONGBOW ▲ ROCKET POD ▲ INSTRUMENT PANELS
The helicopter’s fuselage is 51ft (15.5m) in length Mounted under the wings, the two rocket pods The pilot sits above and behind the co-pilot/gunner. All
and the main rotor diameter measures 48ft (14.6m). are for use against infantry and light armor. the helicopter’s systems are displayed in both cockpits
With a range of 334 miles (537km), the Apache has Each one can launch 19 unguided 70mm rockets. and managed using the buttons around the screens.
a cruising speed of around 162mph (260kph).

403

◀ RADAR “HAT” AH-64 APACHE
The hatlike structure above the main rotor is the Longbow radar.
It gives the crew a 360-degree electronic picture of the battlefield,
regardless of conditions, and locates enemy targets.

HELICOPTER EXTERIOR

◀ HIDAS
SENSORS
The Helicopter
Integrated Defensive
Aids System (HIDAS)
automatically detects
and responds to
enemy missiles.

◀ MAIN ROTOR
ASSEMBLY
The rotor blades are
attached to the hub
by laminated steel
straps. The blades
can easily be folded
or removed for
transportation by
air or ship.

▲ WIRE CUTTER ▲ FLARE CONTAINER
Blades on the airframe can Decoy flares housed near the
cut through power cables tail are fired by the helicopter’s
and telephone wires that automatic defense system to
could bring the craft down. confuse hostile missiles.

◀ CONTROL
STICK
Both pilot and
gunner have flight
and weapons
controls. They
can take over
from each other
if necessary.

▲ CANOPY JETTISON ▲ SAFETY BELT
The armored cockpit An array of safety features
canopy can be jettisoned gives the crew a good chance
in an emergency. of surviving crash landings.

◀ PILOT’S MONOCLE
The monocle provides thermal
(infrared) imaging and flight
information in all conditions.

THE NUCLEAR AGE 1945–PRESENT404 Recoil spring
housing
SPECIAL FORCES WEAPONS
▲ FN BROWNING HP35 John Moses Browning’s
Special Forces units are sometimes required to deploy specialized weapons. Date 1935 last design, this high-
Rock-solid reliability is a precondition for any such selection; a high-level of Origin Belgium capacity weapon set the
firepower makes small arms such as the Franchi shotgun and the Glock pistol popular Weight 21⁄4lb (1kg) standard for modern
choices.At other times stealth weapons are needed. But the most interesting recent Barrel 43⁄4in (11.8cm) self-loading pistols,
development has been the introduction of the Personal DefenseWeapon (PDW), such Caliber 9 × 19mm and has been used by
as the FN P90.This dispenses with the old Parabellum submachine-gun cartridge British, German, and
in favor of a smaller but more powerful round that can penetrate body armor. Canadian forces.

Fore sight Cocking handle

Attachment lugs
for barrel-mounted

accessories such
as a suppressor

▶ HECKLER & KOCH MP5 The most important and widely
Date 1966 used submachine-gun of the
Origin Germany modern period, combining
Weight 63⁄4lb (3.1kg) accuracy and reliability, the
Barrel 83⁄4in (22.5cm) MP5 has three rates of fire:
Caliber 9 × 19mm single-shot, three-round
burst, and automatic.

Weapon can be fitted with a
15- or 30-round magazine

Suppressor

▲ INGRAM M10 Retractable Magazine
Date 1970 butt stock release catch
Origin US
Weight 7½lb (3.4kg) Combined pistol grip and Optical sight
Barrel 4½in (11.4cm) magazine holding 32 rounds
Caliber 0.45in
With a cyclical rate of fire of well Cocking
over 1,000 rounds per minute, handle
the Ingram M10 can empty its
magazine in just over a second. Muzzle
The suppressor is essential to
retain control over firing. ▲ FRANCHI SPAS 12 Developed as a close-combat
Date 1978 weapon for both police and
Folding Origin Italy military, the Special Purpose
butt stock Weight 93⁄4lb (4.4kg) Automatic Shotgun (SPAS) is
Barrel 21½in (54.5cm) gas-operated (with an optional
Caliber 12-bore pump mode) and holds eight
rounds in an under-barrel
tubular magazine.

405

Telescopic sight SPECIAL FORCES WEAPONS

Plastic body

Ejection port

Rear sight ▲ RUGER MODEL 10/22 When fitted with an
Date 1980s integral suppressor, the
Origin US 10/22 fires a lightweight Enlarged trigger guard
Weight 61⁄4lb (2.8kg) bullet that is useful in for gloved hands
Barrel 181⁄2in (47cm) relatively close-range
Caliber 0.22in situations, where a full- ▶ GLOCK 17 Famous for its all-plastic
power cartridge could Date 1982 frame, the Glock is a
cause collateral damage. Origin Austria leading modern-generation
Weight 11⁄4lb (0.6kg) automatic pistol, fitted with
Barrel 41⁄4in (11.4cm) a 17-round magazine housed
Caliber 9 × 19mm in the pistol grip.

Magazine

Three-phase fire Grip ▲ STEYR SPP A cut-down version of
selector (plus safety) Date 1993 Steyr’s TMP submachine-
Magazine Origin Austria gun, the SPP—or Special
Butt stock Weight 23⁄4lb (1.3kg) Purpose Pistol—fires on
(retracted) Barrel 5in (13cm) semiautomatic only, and
Caliber 9 × 19mm can take either a 15-
or 30-round magazine
housed in the pistol grip.

Advanced
collimator
(red-dot) sight

▼ FN P90 A ground-breaking PDW, Ambidextrous fire Folding vertical
Date 1990 the FN P90’s nonmechanical selector foregrip
Origin Belgium body components are all
Weight 6lb (2.68kg) moulded from plastic,
Barrel 10¼in (26.3cm) and its unique horizontal
Caliber 5.7 × 28mm ammunition feed allows the
magazine to be incorporated
within the receiver.

Injection- ▲ HECKLER & KOCH MP7
moulded
plastic butt Date 2001
stock houses
receiver, bolt, Origin Germany
and lock
Weight 4¼lb (1.9kg)

Barrel 7in (18cm)

Caliber 4.6 × 30mm

Similar in concept to the FN P90,
the MP7 is a PDW that fires one
of the new-generation reduced
caliber, high-velocity rounds,
in this case the 4.6 × 30mm
cartridge.The fully ambidextrous
design accommodates both left-
and right-handed operators.

THE NUCLEAR AGE 1945–PRESENT406

MEDALS OF THE
MODERN ERA

The fragmentation of the colonial empires and the
rise of new nations led to different forms of conflict, often
without defined battles, but for which the combatants needed
to be recognized. Some military operations, such as in Korea
and Kosovo, involved forces acting on behalf of international
organizations, rather than countries, which therefore issued
medals.While the nature of war was changing, traditional
acts of valor continued to provide the grounds for the award
of many long-standing medals.

◀ LIAOHSI MEDAL ▲ ETHIOPIAN CONGO MEDAL Medal suspended
from stylized wings
Date 1950 Date 1964

Origin China Origin Ethiopia

Conflict KoreanWar Conflict Congo Crisis

The distinctive bronze Liaohsi Medal for This medal was awarded to Ethiopians
the Struggle to Resist the United States who served under the UN banner
of America and Support Korea was issued during the Congo Crisis of 1960–64.
to Chinese “volunteers” in the Korean About 3,000 troops from the Imperial
War (1950–53).The enamelled front Bodyguard and part of an air squadron
bears a map showing the Korean carried out peacekeeping duties.
Peninsula and China.

Stars representing
the 13 original

American colonies

▶ UN KOREA MEDAL

Date 1950

Origin UK/United Nations

Conflict KoreanWar

Different versions of the UN Korea
Medal were awarded to forces from
each participating nation, although
all shared the same ribbon.The
British medal (shown) was issued
to British and Commonwealth forces
who had served at least one full
day in Korea.

◀ ORDER OF ▲ GENERAL SERVICE MEDAL ▲ AIR FORCE DISTINGUISHED
THE RED STAR Date 1962 SERVICE MEDAL
Origin UK
Date 1930 Date 1960
This award was made for minor operations
Origin Soviet Union and campaigns—those short of full-scale Origin US
war. It was open to all the UK armed
services.Thirteen clasps were awarded and This medal has a sunburst motif with a central
130,000 medals with the Northern Ireland blue stone representing the sky. Generally
clasp (shown) were issued (1969–2007). issued to high-ranking officers, it is awarded
for “exceptionally meritorious service in
The Red Star was awarded for achievements a duty of unique and great responsibility,”
in the defense of the Soviet Union (both in in a combat or non-combat role.
war and peace) in the fields of state security,
military science, weapons development,
and courage and valor in battle. More than
4 million people received the order of the
Red Star, with the last award made in 1991.

407

Head of Queen ▼ KOSOVO NATO SERVICE MEDAL MEDALS OF THE MODERN ERA
Elizabeth II
Date 1999

Origin NATO

Conflict Kosovo War

This bronze medal bearing the NATO star
emblem set in a wreath of olive leaves was
first instituted to reward personnel who
took part in operations during the Kosovo
War (1998–99) in the former Yugoslavia, for
30 days continuous service inside the country.

▲ VIETNAM SERVICE MEDAL ▲ VIETNAM MEDAL ▲ SOUTH ATLANTIC MEDAL

Date 1965 Date 1968 Date 1982

Origin US Origin Australia/New Zealand Origin UK

Conflict VietnamWar Conflict Vietnam War Conflict Falklands War

Depicting an oriental dragon and a bamboo The first operational service medal to be The South Atlantic Medal was issued to
grove on the front, theVietnam Service Medal designed and produced in Australia, this all UK military personnel involved in the
was awarded to military personnel who took was awarded to members of the Australian liberation of South Georgia and the Falkland
part in combat or support operations in and New Zealand armed forces who served Islands after Argentina’s invasion in 1982.
Vietnam,Thailand, Laos, or Cambodia inVietnam between May 1964 and January The coat of arms of the Falklands appears on
between July 4, 1965 and March 28, 1973. 1973.The reverse shows a figure of a man the reverse. A rosette on the medal ribbon
standing between two spheres. denotes service in the battle zone.

Lamassu, a ◀ IRAQ MEDAL
winged bull with Date 2004
Origin UK
a man’s head Conflict Iraq War

This award was given to all military and
civilian participants in British actions in Iraq
from 2003 to 2011, known as Operation
Telic.Those who saw combat from March 19,
2003 were awarded a silver ribbon rosette.
The reverse of the medal (shown) depicts a
lamassu (a figure from Assyrian mythology).

Cross motif formed by
four-bladed propeller

“For Valor” ◀ DISTINGUISHED SERVICE CROSS ▶ DISTINGUISHED FLYING CROSS
inscribed
on scroll Date 1918 Date 1927

Origin US Origin US

The second highest military decoration after This bronze medal for air crew is given for
the Medal of Honor, this medal is awarded “heroism or extraordinary achievement
to US forces for extreme gallantry and risk while participating in an aerial flight,”
of life in actual combat. Just over 1,000 and has been awarded in all the major US
were issued in the Vietnam War—400 conflicts since its institution, most recently
of which were awarded posthumously. in Iraq and Afghanistan (see pp.436–37).

408

THE NUCLEAR AGE 1945–PRESENT KEY DEVELOPMENT KEY ATTACK

THE CONTEMPORARY ERA AL-QAEDA
ATTACKS AMERICA
The most significant developments in recent military technology have
been driven not by increased firepower, but by the integration of electronics SEPTEMBER 11, 2001
and computers into weapons systems; many modern conflicts bear witness
to the advantage these technologies can provide. The assault by al-Qaeda on the
US homeland in 2001 exposed the
The first steps toward precision-guided (“smart”) Aerial Vehicle (UAV), is one such example. inherent vulnerability of an open
weapons date back to the final stages ofWorld This remote-controlled aircraft can fly over society to attack. The terrorists,
War II, but it was not until the late 20th century hostile territory to provide detailed photographic armed only with knives, were able to
that these devices truly transformed the military reconnaissance, or even to conduct strike hijack four civilian airliners, crashing
environment.The combination of vast leaps in missions, without the risk of a pilot being two of them into the World Trade
computer power with the miniaturization of killed or captured. Center, and one into the Pentagon.
electronics over recent decades has led to the
development of projectiles with their own SOUND AND VISION ▲ The second aircraft crashes
guidance systems, enabling exceptional accuracy Battlefield communications have improved into the World Trade Center;
over long ranges.This process has extended from vastly over recent years.The “fog of war”—which 2,977 civilians died in the attacks
the radar and heat-seeking guidance systems that prevented a general from knowing what was going that day.
are now commonplace in missiles, to some artillery on in battle—is mostly a thing of the past, with
shells, ground-launched rockets, and even man- individual radios allowing officers and troops ▼ AFGHANISTAN
portable projectile weapons. to communicate directly. Global Positioning A US Army CH-47 Chinook helicopter
Satellites (GPS) enable a commander back at provides aerial security in Khost
Modern military aircraft are fitted with a base to maintain close control over patrols or Province, Afghanistan, in early 2012.
huge array of electronics to improve missile armored vehicles, with constant, real-time
accuracy and acquire targets alongside devices updates on their position and battlefield capability.
that help counter anti-aircraft weapons. Remote- For the troops on the frontline, laser range-finders
control guidance has been extended to the improve the accuracy of weapons, and nightfall no
weapons themselves: the “drone,” or Unmanned

409

◀ BAGHDAD, MARCH 2003 THE CONTEMPORARY ERA
This apocalyptic image shows Baghdad
burning during the opening stages of
the coalition assault. US electronic
countermeasures suppressed Iraqi
air-defenses, leaving the city fatally
vulnerable to attack.

longer brings military operations to a halt. Night- forces’ advanced weapons was confirmed a few years KEY EVENTS
vision equipment was initially based on heavy, later in the success of the well-coordinated 2003
infra-red scopes, but improvements, including the invasion of Iraq, against a much less well-equipped 20th–21st century
arrival of light-intensifying starlight scopes, have Iraqi army.This mastery has given the armed
made the 24-hour battlefield a reality. forces of advanced nations—especially the US—a ◼ September 1943 An air-
significant advantage over the less well-equipped launched radio-controlled German
The 1991 Gulf War proved the value of these, conventional armies of other nations. bomb (“Fritz-X”) hits the Italian
when a US-led force using the latest battlefield battleship Roma. This is the first
technology succeeded in ejecting the army of Iraqi However, terrorists armed with the simplest use of a guided weapon in combat.
dictator Saddam Hussein from Kuwait with little weapons have still been able to wreak havoc in
difficulty.The importance of the US and coalition Western societies, for example in the attacks on the ◼ April–May 1972 US aircraft
US in 2001. In Iraq, insurgent groups emerged from destroy the Thanh Hoa bridge in
the ruins to wage a sustained war against occupying North Vietnam with laser-guided
forces, and in Afghanistan, the materially superior bombs; the bridge had survived
US and its allies have been unable to defeat Taliban 800 previous US sorties using
fighters.The latter use classic guerrilla tactics— conventional bombs.
striking at weak points
before melting back into ◼ 1960s The first night-vision
the civilian population, devices are used, by US troops
or using civilians as in the Vietnam conflict.
human shields during
firefights. For all their ◼ 1991 Operation Desert Storm
advanced technology, sees the first mass use of precision-
the armies of the guided munitions against military
West have yet to targets in Iraq, including laser-guided
overcome simply-armed, bombs (LGBs).
determined insurgents,
some of whom would rather ◼ July 1995 The US Predator
face death than be defeated. UAV enters service, and is seen by
some military theorists as the future
of air warfare in the 21st century.

◼ 2000s Panoramic Night Vision
Goggles (PNVGs) are developed
and assigned to selected US aircrews,
providing 95-degree vision.

◀ RAPIER SURFACE-
TO-AIR MISSILE
LAUNCHER
The Rapier is noted
for its accuracy and fast
reaction time; it is used
for ground-to-air defense
by nine countries, including
Switzerland,Turkey, and
Iran. A mobile, tracked
version is also in service.

“Our troops will have the best possible
support in the entire world, and they
will not be asked to fight with one hand
tied behind their back”

US PRESIDENT GEORGE H.W. BUSH, 1991

410

THE NUCLEAR AGE 1945–PRESENT FIGHTER AND STRIKE AIRCRAFT Armed with six .5in machine-guns, Bubble canopy
plus up to 5,300lb (2,400kg) of
Fighter aircraft have been transformed since the first subsonic jets bombs/rockets
fought each other in the KoreanWar (1950–53).Today, they have the
capacity to travel at over twice the speed of sound, and are also capable Fuel drop tank
of carrying an enormous weight of missiles, rockets, and bombs—well
in excess of the bomb loads carried byWorldWar II heavy bombers such ▲ NORTH AMERICAN F-86 SABRE
as the B17 (see pp.314–17).The most recent advances, however, have
been made in the field of aviation electronics.The latest fly-by-wire (i.e. Date 1949 Origin US
computerized) control systems allow a maneuverability that would
be impossible using conventional mechanical or human means, while Wingspan 391⁄4ft (11.93m)
weapons can be guided toward their target with pinpoint accuracy.
Length 383⁄4ft (11.84m)
Armed with two 23mm cannons Polish aviation
(left fuselage), plus a single 37mm insignia Top speed 692mph (1,114kph)
cannon (right fuselage), and up to
2,200lb (1,000kg) of bombs/rockets Engine 5,910lb (26.3kN) General Inflight
Electric J73-GE-3D refueling probe

The first swept-wing fighter in the US
Air Force, the F-86 was also a highly
successful fighter that was able to take
on the MiG-15. Including all variants,
over 9,000 F-86s were built—more
than any other Western jet fighter.

▲ MIKOYAN-GUREVICH MIG-15 The Soviet Union broke new Armed with 20mm M61
ground with this advanced fighter Gatling Cannon, plus guided
Date 1949 Origin Soviet Union that saw the first ever jet combat missiles and up to 17,000lb
Wingspan 33ft (10.08m) with the US F-86 over Korea.The (7,700kg) ordnance
Length 33ft (10m) MiG-15 was also manufactured in
Top speed 684mph (1,100kph) China, Czechoslovakia, and Poland.
Engine 5,950lb (26.5kN) Klimov
VK-1 turbojet

Variable exhaust
nozzle

Ventral fin (port)

▲ GENERAL DYNAMICS F-16C The multirole F-16 was built in ▼ BAE HARRIER II GR9A The most advanced of all the Harriers,
FIGHTING FALCON response to the US Air Force’s a series that began in 1969, the GR9A
demand for a lightweight fighter. Date 1989 Origin UK is a Vertical/Short Takeoff and Landing
Date 1978 Origin US One of the first aircraft to use Wingspan 301⁄3ft (9.25m) (V/STOL) jet aircraft.This model is
fly-by-wire controls, it was fast Length 461⁄3ft (14.12m) primarily used as a light strike aircraft.
Wingspan 32¾ft (9.96m) and extremely maneuverable. Top speed 662mph (1,065kph)
Length 491⁄2ft (15.06m) Engine 21,750lb (96.7kN) Rolls-Royce
Armed with two 30mm Aden cannon in Pegasus Mk 105 vectored turbofan
Top speed 1,500mph (2,410kph) underwing pods, plus missiles and up to

Engine 17,155lb (76.3kN) F110-GE-100 8,000lb (3,650kg) other ordnance
turbofan

Fuel drop tank

411

Radome Twin fins FIGHTER AND STRIKE AIRCRAFT
containing radar

Armed with 30mm cannon, Undercarriage
plus guided missiles and up flap (down)

to 17,600lb (8,000kg) Weapon pylon ▲ SUKHOI SU-27 “FLANKER” Developed in response to the
other ordnance Two-seat trainer cockpit American F-15, the Su-27 is
Date 1984 Origin Soviet Union a large twin-engined multirole
Two-seat cockpit Wingspan 481⁄4ft (14.7m) aircraft employing advanced
Length 72ft (21.9m) avionics. In order to minimize
Top speed 1,550mph (2,494kph) weight, large sections of the Su-27
Engine Two 16,910lb (75.22kN) Saturn/ have been built from titanium.
Lyulka AL-31F turbofans

Variable exhaust nozzle

◀ DASSAULT MIRAGE 2000D The 2000D is the conventional
strike aircraft counterpart of
Date 1995 Origin France the nuclear-armed 2000N.The
Wingspan 30ft (9.13m) single-engined 2000D employs
Length 473⁄4ft (14.55m) advanced avionics and has
Top speed 1,453mph (2,338kph) seen active service over the
Engine 14,500lb (64.3kN) SNECMA formerYugoslavia, Afghanistan,
M53-p2 turbofan and Libya.

Armed with 27mm revolver Guided missiles and up
cannon, plus guided missiles to 13,670lb (6,200kg)

and up to 16,500lb other ordnance
(7,500kg) other ordnance
Radome
containing radar

Air-to-air missile Fuel drop tank Canard wings ▲ EUROFIGHTER TYPHOON
to increase Date 2003
Armed with 25mm ▼ LOCKHEED MARTIN F-35A Origin Germany/UK/Italy/Spain
Equalizer Gatling cannon, LIGHTNING II longitudinal control Wingspan 36ft (10.95m)
Date 2006 Origin US Length 521⁄2ft (15.96m)
plus missiles and up to Wingspan 35ft (10.7m) The advanced-stealth-technology- Top speed 1,550mph (2,500kph)
18,000lb (8,100kg) Length 511⁄2ft (15.67m) equipped F-35 comes in three different Engine Two 13,000lb (60kN) Eurojet
Top speed 1,200mph (1,930kph) models: the F-35A (conventional take- EJ 200 turbofans
other ordnance Engine 28,000lb (125 kN) Pratt & off and landing); the F-35B (short
Whitney F135 turbofan take-off and vertical landing), and The Typhoon is a twin-engined multirole
the F-35C (carrier-based aircraft). fighter that has an extra pair of forward
canard (“duck”) wings.The advanced
Clean lines for fly-by-wire artificial stability makes the
improved stealth profile aircraft exceptionally easy to maneuver.

Twin fins

Weapon bay
doors (open)

412

THE NUCLEAR AGE 1945–PRESENT STEA LTH GROU ND -ATTACK AIRCR A FT Faceted fuselage Cockpit

LOCKHEED Ruddervator Engine air intake
F-117 NIGHTHAWK SIDE VIEW

The first operational aircraft designed around stealth technology, Elevons
the F-117 used faceting—sharply angled surfaces—to reduce its radar
signature, enabling it to strike undetected at heavily defended targets. V-shaped Rear-facing
tail floodlight

Data
probes

The F-117 was a direct descendant of Have their source, and a coating of matt-black Exhaust outlet FLIR sensor
Blue, an experimental stealth aircraft that radar-absorbent material (RAM) further In-flight
Lockheed began developing in 1975. The reduced the signature. To avoid detection Brake-chute doors refueling port
USAF received its first F-117s in 1982, but the aircraft could not use radar itself,
the plane’s existence remained a secret until so navigation was by GPS and an inertial PLAN VIEW
1988. Despite its F (fighter) designation, guidance system. Efforts to conceal the
the Nighthawk was a ground-attack aircraft. Nighthawk from heat-seeking missiles ▲ LOCKHEED F-117 NIGHTHAWK
It typically carried a pair of 2,000lb (910kg) included dispensing with afterburners Nearly 66ft (20.1m) long and with a wingspan of
laser-guided bombs in its internal weapons on the engines and cooling the exhaust 43⅓ft (13.2m), the F-117 was powered by two
bay, but had no air-to-air capability. During by channeling it through long ducts General Electric F404 non-afterburning turbofans.
the Gulf War of 1991, F-117s carried out lined with heat-absorbent material.
more than 40 percent of all strategic air
strikes.The aircraft was retired in 2008.

Stealth technology gave the F-117 a radar
signature equivalent to that of a small bird.
Its angled surfaces scattered incoming radar
waves instead of reflecting them back at

DATA SENSORS

▲ DATA PROBES
Projecting from the tip of the Nighthawk’s nose
were four short probes that collected data on
the aircraft’s airspeed and angle of attack.

▲ INFRARED SENSOR
The Forward-Looking Infrared Sensor (FLIR) was
used to locate targets.There was also a downward-
looking sensor (DLIR) by the front undercarriage.

▶ IN FLIGHT
Stealth affected flying abilities: the F-117 was limited
to subsonic speeds, and its shape made it unstable.
Known as the “Wobblin’ Goblin,” it could be flown
only with a computer-controlled fly-by-wire system.

413

FUSELAGE AND WINGS ◀ PARACHUTE LOCKHEED F-117 NIGHTHAWK
The wings possessed
▲ ANGULAR WINDOWS elevons but no flaps,
The windows had a thin gold coating to so the landing speed
absorb radar energy into the airframe. was quite high. A
Dogtooth patterns along window and brake-chute was used
canopy edges, and on other openings and to reduce the length
panels, helped disrupt radar reflections. of the landing run.

◀ FORWARD VIEW
FROM TAIL
At night, a rear-facing
floodlight on top of the
canopy illuminated
the in-flight refueling
port (the central panel
just below the light).
Brake-chute doors were
located at the base of
the ruddervators.

▲ FRONT WHEEL ▲ V-SHAPED TAIL ▲ INTAKE GRILLES
The F-117 “borrowed” parts from Sometimes referred to as Fine-mesh grilles over the
other existing planes: the front “ruddervators,” the two forks of engine air intakes prevented
undercarriage, for example, was taken the tail combined the functions radar from reflecting off the
from the Lockheed A-10 Thunderbolt. of rudders and elevators. compressor blades.

INSIDE THE COCKPIT

▲ HEAD-UP DISPLAY ▲ INSTRUMENT DECKING
Located on top of the instrument decking, the head-up The F-117’s cockpit included a central screen for infrared
display (HUD) projected key information onto the imagery, twin multi-function color displays for flight and
pilot’s forward view through the windscreen. weapons data, and a digital moving-map system.

414

THE NUCLEAR AGE 1945–PRESENT ELECTRONIC WARFARE AND Armed with up to 20,000lb (9,100kg) of
RECONNAISSANCE AIRCRAFT air-to-ship missiles, torpedoes, and depth charges

Aerial reconnaissance plays a vital role in intelligence Developed from the Electra commercial airliner,
the Orion acts as a maritime surveillance and
gathering, whether at a tactical level via the MiG-21 and OV-1 anti-submarine aircraft. Its Magnetic Anomaly
Detector (MAD) boom is used to track the
Mohawk, or at a strategic level via the U-2 or SR-71.These presence of submerged submarines.

“eyes in the sky” reached a new level of sophistication with Engine air intake

the introduction of Airborne EarlyWarning (AEW) aircraft, MAD boom Radar
Two-wheel undercarriage equipment
which can build up an electronic picture of enemy movements
Swept-back fin
from enormous distances.These in turn have evolved into Airborne ▲ LOCKHEED P-3C ORION
Warning and Control System (AWACS) aircraft, which provide Date 1962 Origin US
all-weather command, communications, and surveillance. Wingspan 993⁄4ft (30.4m)

Length 1163⁄4ft (35.6m)

Top speed 466mph (750kph)

▶ LOCKHEED U-2 Engine Four 4,600hp (3,700kW)
Allison T56-A-14 turboprops

Date 1957 Origin US

Wingspan 103ft (31.4m)

Length 63ft (19.2m) Fin Pilot tube to
Top speed 500mph (805kph) determine air speed

Engine 19,000lb (8,618kg) General Extended glider-style wings
Electric F118-101 turbofan

A strategic reconnaissance aircraft,
the U-2—capable of cruising at
heights of 70,000ft (21,000m)—
was used by the Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA) as a spy plane. It
earned infamy when one was shot
down in Soviet airspace in 1960.

Two rear wheels Auxiliary wheel
on each wing

Radar

Exhaust nozzle

▲ MIKOYAN-GUREVICH MIG-21R One of the most prolific aircraft in the Three-wheel undercarriage
Soviet armory, the MiG-21R was a (including front wheel)
Date 1959 Origin Soviet Union tactical reconnaissance variant in which
Wingspan 231⁄2ft (7.15m) guns were replaced by optical and infrared Chin bulge with
Length 513⁄4ft (15.76m) cameras, either mounted within the Electronic Surveillance
Top speed 1,385mph (2,230kph) airframe or in external wing pods. Measures (ESM) suite
Engine 14,550lb (6,600kg) Tumansky
R-13-300 turbojet

Three-fin Bulletproof
tail assembly observation canopy

Underwing pods ◀ GRUMMAN OV-1 MOHAWK

Date 1959 Origin US

Wingspan 48ft (14.63m)

Length 41ft (12.5m)

Top speed 450mph (724kph)

Engine Two 1,400hp (1,044kW) Lycoming
T53-L-701 turboprops

Designed for battlefield surveillance, the Mohawk
was fitted with optical cameras and a Side-Looking
Airborne Radar (SLAR) that provided a detailed
picture of enemy movements on the ground.

415

▶ GRUMMAN E-2C HAWKEYE Cockpit containing Radome E L E C T RO N I C WA R FA R E A N D R E C O N N A I S S A N C E A I R C R A F T
Date 1964 Origin US two flight crew, with
Wingspan 801⁄2ft (24.56m) three AEW operators Four-fin tail assembly
Length 571⁄2ft (17.54m) in fuselage
Top speed 374mph (602kph)
Engine Two 4,910hp (3,663kW) Adjustable engine air
Allison T56-A-425 turboprops intake cones

The first true Airborne EarlyWarning
(AEW) aircraft, the Hawkeye’s distinctive
rotating radome was able to discover and
track enemy aircraft, and then direct
friendly aircraft to intercept them.

Flexible outer skin designed
for high speed

▲ LOCKHEED SR-71 BLACKBIRD ▼ BOEING E-3A SENTRY (AWACS) The US Air Force’s Airborne Warning and
Date 1966 Origin US Control System (AWACS) is a converted Boeing
Wingspan 551⁄2ft (16.94m) Date 1977 Origin US 707 airliner.The rotating dish antenna can
Length 1071⁄2ft (32.74m) Wingspan 1451⁄4ft (44.4m) detect aircraft within a radius of 245 miles
Top speed 2,275mph (3,661kph) Length 153ft (46.6m) (395km). Onboard computers assess the threat
Engine Two 32,500lb (14,742kg) Top speed 530mph (853kph) and control friendly aircraft in defense.
Pratt &Whitney J58-1 turbo ramjets Engine Four 21,000lb (9,540kg) Pratt &
Whitney TF33-PW-100 turbofans
A strategic reconnaissance aircraft that saw
extensive operational service during the
VietnamWar, the SR-71 is not only the world’s
fastest aircraft, it has also set the sustained
altitude record of 98,192ft (29,929m).

Radome revolving
at 6rpm

Tail plane

Flaps (down)

Pratt & Whitney turbojet ▼ BOEING E-6B MERCURY The E-6B Mercury is the command post
and communications relay designed to
Date 1989 Origin US maintain control of America’s nuclear
Wingspan 1481⁄4ft (45.2m) forces if ground-based control became
Length 1501⁄4ft (45.8m) impossible during a nuclear war.
Top speed 600mph (970kph)
Engine Four 34,000lb (150kN) CMFI Dorsal blister containing
CFM56-2A-2 turbofans satellite communications

416

THE NUCLEAR AGE 1945–PRESENT POST-WAR TANKS Plastic side skirts Snorkel for deep-
water fording
After 1945, a new class of armored fighting tank or vehicle evolved:
the Main Battle Tank (MBT), which was more heavily armored, had a
more powerful engine, and was armed with a more potent gun than its
WorldWar II predecessors. Although light and medium tanks were still
manufactured, it was the MBT that dominated tank production and tactics.
The major design development in this period was the introduction of new
armor types. Conventional steel armor had become vulnerable to high-
explosive anti-tank (HEAT) projectiles, and, to solve this problem,
composite armors were introduced, of which the composite Chobham
type, used on the Challenger and Abrams tanks, was the best known.

Upper section of turret ▲ T72 The three-man T72 was an effective,
(fixed to main gun) if not particularly advanced, tank that
Date 1971 Origin Soviet Union dispensed with the usual fourth crew
90/105mm Weight 45.7 tons (41.5 tonnes) member in favor of an automatic
main gun Length 223⁄4ft (6.95m) loader. It was widely exported to
Top speed 37mph (60kph) countries around the world.
Engine 12-cylinder 780hp
(582kW) diesel engine

Drive wheel ◀ AMX-13 Developed as an air-portable light tank
to support airborne forces, the AMX-13
Date 1952 Origin France featured an unusual two-part turret and
Weight 15.9 tons (14.5 tonnes) an automatic loading system with two
Length 16ft (4.88m) six-round magazines. It was manned
Top speed 37mph (60kph) by three crew.
Engine Model 8Gxb 8-cylinder
115mm 250hp (190kW) gasoline engine
main gun
12.7mm machine-gun

▶ T62 Reactive
armor
Date 1961 Origin Soviet Union

Weight 44 tons (40 tonnes)

Length 213⁄4ft (6.63m)

Top speed 31mph (50kph)

Engine V-55 12-cylinder 581hp
(433kW) diesel engine

A development from theT55, theT62
was equipped with infrared night-
vision equipment. It was operated by
a crew of four men: the commander,
driver, gunner, and loader. It was the
first modern tank to be armed with
a smoothbore main gun.

▼ STRIDSVAGN 103 Often known as the S-Tank,
this radical turret-less tank was
Date 1966 Origin Sweden armed with a fixed gun that
Weight 42.9 tons (39 tonnes) was traversed by engaging the
Length 291⁄2ft (9m) left or right tracks, and elevated
Top speed 31mph (50kph) by adjusting the hull suspension.
Engine Rolls-Royce 490hp (223kW) It was operated by three crew.
diesel/Caterpillar gas turbine engine

HEAT-round protection screen

105mm
main gun

Bulldozer blade
(folded)

417

▶ CHALLENGER 1 MBT Crew stowage P O S T- WA R TA N K S
Date 1983 Origin UK
Weight 68.3 tons (62 tonnes) Side skirts 120mm main gun
Length 373⁄4ft (11.5m)
Top speed 35mph (56kph) Flat-sided ◀ M1A1 ABRAMS MBT
Engine Rolls-Royce 12-cylinder Chobham armor 7.62mm Date 1986 Origin US
1,200hp (895kW) diesel engine Weight 67.5 tons (61.3 tonnes)
Manned by four crew, the Challenger 1 machine-gun Length 26ft (7.93m)
was one of the first armored vehicles Top speed 42mph (67kph)
to use Chobham ceramic composite Engine Honeywell 1,500hp
armor. It was a considerable (1,120kW) multi-fuel turbine engine
improvement over the underpowered
Chieftain tank, and has now been The four-man M1A1 has become the
superseded by the Challenger 2. US Army’s MBT, seeing service in
the 1991 Gulf War and the 2003
Crew invasion of Iraq. Its main armament
stowage boxes has been uprated from the M1’s
105mm gun, and it features a
12.7mm gas-turbine engine.
anti-aircraft gun
7.62mm 105mm
Caterpillar tracks machine-gun main gun
with rubber blocks
◀ LEOPARD C2
for road use
Date 2000 Origin West Germany
125mm
main gun Weight 46.2 tons (42 tonnes)

Length 271⁄4ft (8.29m)

Top speed 40mph (65kph)

Engine MB 838 10-cylinder 819hp
(610kW) multi-fuel engine

Developed in West Germany during
the 1960s, the Leopard 1 proved to
be a highly effective MBT. Several
models were created for export,
such as the improved C2 version
that was adopted by the Canadian
Army, among others.

◀ T90 MBT

Date 1993 Origin Russia

Weight 52.3 tons (47.5 tonnes)

Length 311⁄2ft (9.63m)

Top speed 40mph (65kph)

Engine V-84 12-cylinder 840hp
(618kW) diesel engine

An evolutionary design based on theT72,
the three-man T90 is the Russian army’s
MBT. It includes a new main gun, an
increased array of electronic devices,
and greatly improved armor protection.

418

THE NUCLEAR AGE 1945–PRESENT INFANTRY UNIFORMS ▶ MK 6 HELMET
AND EQUIPMENT Date 1986
Origin UK
The latter part of the 20th century saw the widespread Material Ballistic nylon
introduction of body armor as part of the basic infantry
kit in the armies of all developed countries. New synthetic This helmet was developed for the
materials, such as Kevlar and Spectra, were used to make vests British Army to improve protection
that could protect against small-arms fire; plates made from and to be worn in a variety of
ceramic or composite materials could be fitted into special environments, including inside
pockets in the vests to protect vulnerable areas of the body armored vehicles.
against high-velocity rounds. Cutting-edge technology also
shaped the development of uniforms, which incorporated ▶ DESERT CAMOUFLAGE UNIFORM
flame-retardant and even anti-malarial elements. Date 1990
Origin UK
Helmet-mounted Material Cotton, nylon
flashlight
Designed for the conditions encountered
Visor made from in Iraq and Afghanistan, this two-color
laminated acrylic Disruptive Pattern Material (DPM)
and polycarbonate desert uniform combines effective
camouflage with a material adapted
for use in high temperatures. Anti-splinter
collar
▼ 6B5 BODY ARMOR
Date 1986
Origin Soviet Union
Material Nylon, Kevlar, titanium/
ceramic plates

Used extensively during the conflict in
Chechnya in the 1990s, 6B5 body armor was
made of Kevlar sheets, with inserts
of either ceramic or titanium to provide
extra ballistic protection.

Integral
magazine pouch

▼ DESERT BOOTS

Date 1990s

Origin UK
Material Suede,
Cordura, rubber

Lightweight patrol boots

were designed for use in warm

weather.They have been used

extensively by British troops

operating in Iraq

and Afghanistan.

▲ ADVANCED BOMB SUIT Bomb suits are constructed from many

Date 1990s layers of armored material, since

Origin UK they are meant to protect against both
Material Nomex, Kevlar,
foam, armored plates explosive fragments and a bomb’s blast

wave.To minimize body heat, they are

also fitted with their own cooling system. Rubber sole

419

Two-color ◀ US ARMY ADVANCED INFANTRY UNIFORMS AND EQUIPMENT
camouflage COMBAT HELMET

Cloth cover in Universal Date 2003
Camouflage Pattern (UCP)
Origin US

Material Ballistic fiber

The US Army’s successor to the
PASGT helmet, the Advanced
Combat Helmet (ACH) shares
similarities with the US Marines
Lightweight Helmet (LWH). Like
the LWH, the ACH is lighter and
smaller than its predecessor
and makes use of the latest
ballistic-material technology.

Formation insignia: Mandarin collar,
101st Airborne worn up with
body armor

Nozzle connected to
drinking-water supply system

▲ OSPREY BODY ARMOR Developed as a modular system,
Date 2006 Osprey Body Armor enables
Origin UK protective elements for the upper
Material Kevlar, ceramic plates arms, neck, and throat to be
added to the main vest, which
protects the torso.

◀ US MARINE CORPS Flame-resistant
LIGHTWEIGHT HELMET material in UCP

Date 2004

Origin US

Material Ballistic armor

Developed for the US Marines, the
Lightweight Helmet (LWH) has a
complex suspension and chinstrap
configuration, which offers greater
comfort and less weight than its
predecessor, the PASGT.

Mounting bracket for Removable
night-vision aids neck protector

Two-tone desert
Disruptive Pattern
Material (DPM)

▶ INTERCEPTOR Groin protector ▲ ARMY The Army Combat Uniform
BODY ARMOR COMBAT UNIFORM (ACU) makes extensive use
of Velcro fastenings.The cloth
Date 2007 Date 2002 material is both flame-resistant
and impregnated with the
Origin US Origin US insecticide permethrin.
Material Cotton/nylon mix
Material Kevlar,
ballistic panels

Developed to improve
protection for US ground
troops, the modular Interceptor
Body Armor (IBA) is capable of
stopping most bullets, although
wearing a complete set does
burden the soldier with an
extra 33lb (15kg).

THE NUCLEAR AGE 1945–PRESENT420 Cheek pad

SNIPER RIFLES ▲ DRAGUNOV SVD The SVD came to be used as a Ten-round
Date 1963 sharpshooter platoon-support detachable box
Military sniper rifles traditionally derived from two Origin Soviet Union weapon by Warsaw Pact armies magazine
sources: first, the improved military rifle, fitted with a Weight 91⁄2lb (4.3kg) in the 1960s. Its four-power
telescopic sight and firing match-grade ammunition; and Barrel 24in (61cm) PSO-1 telescopic sight has
secondly, the hunting rifle, which although highly accurate was Caliber 7.62 × 54R limited infrared capability.
often insufficiently robust for field conditions. During the late
1960s, small-arms designers finally began to produce rifles
specifically designed for sniping.The M40 and the SS69 led the
way, and were followed by a succession of superbly accurate
firearms, such as the L96A1. Recent developments include
the introduction of the 50-caliber heavy sniper rifle, and the
.300Winchester and .338 Lapua Magnum rounds, which are
increasingly replacing the standard 7.62mm NATO cartridge.

Bolt

Free-floating
heavy barrel

Elevation
adjustment

Wooden ▲ M40 SNIPER RIFLE A military version of the
stock Date 1966 Remington 700 sporting rifle,
Origin US the M40 was first used by the
Weight 63⁄4lb (3.1kg) US Marine Corps inVietnam.
Barrel 24in (61cm) Subsequent models were
Caliber 7.62 × 51mm equipped with a fiberglass stock
and a Unertl ten-power scope.

Bolt Ten-power
handle telescopic sight

▼ STEYR SSG69 Five-round removable
box magazine
Date 1969
Six-power Kahles
Origin Austria ZF69 telescopic sight
Weight 81⁄2lb (3.9kg)
Barrel 251⁄2in (65cm)

Caliber 7.62 × 51mm

Developed for the Austrian army, the
SSG also proved popular with police
organizations.The SSG69 was unusual
in its use of a five-round rotating spool
magazine housed within the rifle body.

Port for spool Synthetic stock
magazine

421

Gas cylinder SNIPER RIFLES

Magnification
selector, 2.5–10x

Bipod in
folded position

▶ WALTHER WA2000 Developed primarily for Wooden fore end
Date 1978 police use, the WA2000
Origin Germany employed a “bullpup”
Weight 151⁄4lb (6.95kg) configuration and a
Barrel 251⁄2in (65cm) semiautomatic action fed by
Caliber .300Win Mag/7.62mm a six-round magazine. High
manufacturing costs ended
its production in 1988.

Bipod in Fully floating ◀ L96A1 The British Army’s L96A1
folded position stainless-steel barrel Date 1984 sniper rifle was the first to
Origin UK be developed specifically for
Polymer Weight 141⁄4lb (6.5kg) sniping, and it became the
fore stock Barrel 253⁄4in (65.5cm) forerunner of a whole series
Caliber 7.62 × 51mm of sniper rifles produced in
a variety of calibers.

Ten-round removable
box magazine

▶ HECKLER & KOCH PSG-1 Intended as a sniper rifle for the Five-round detachable
Date 1985 German police, the Heckler & Koch box magazine
Origin Germany PSG-1 employed a semiautomatic
Objective lens Weight 173⁄4lb (8.1kg) action and was fitted with a heavy
Barrel 251⁄2in (65cm) free-floating barrel, an adjustable
Caliber 7.62 × 51mm butt stock, and a six-power
telescopic sight.

Heavy steel barrel ▲ BARRETT MODEL 90

Bipod (folded) ▼ HECATE II SNIPER RIFLE As with other Western heavy Date 1995
Date 1993 sniper rifles, the Hecate II fires
1913 Origin France the .50 BMG (12.7 × 99mm Origin US
Picatinny rail Weight 301⁄2lb (13.8kg) NATO) round, and is based
optical mount Barrel 271⁄2in (70cm) around PGM’s metallic skeleton Weight 231⁄2lb (10.7kg)
Caliber .50 BMG system, complete with a
high-efficiency muzzle brake. Barrel 29in (73.7cm)

Caliber .50 BMG

Ronnie Barrett pioneered the anti-
materiel (AM) rifle in the early
1980s.This model, noteworthy for
its compact “bullpup” design, is an
effective sniping weapon for ranges
in excess of 5,900ft (1,800m).

▼ C14 TIMBERWOLF Following recent trends in
SNIPER RIFLE antipersonnel sniper-rifle design,
the Timberwolf has been chambered
Date 2005 for the powerful .338in Lapua
Origin Canada Magnum round, which extends
Weight 15lb (6.8kg) a rifle’s effective range to over
Barrel 26in (66cm) 3,940ft (1,200m).
Caliber .338in Lapua Magnum

Weight-reducing
helically fluted barrel

Five-round
detachable magazine

422

THE NUCLEAR AGE 1945–PRESENT MODERN FRIGATES Funnel
AND DESTROYERS
Twin 5-inch guns
While the aircraft carrier and the nuclear-powered submarine are
the capital ships of today’s major naval forces, smaller escort vessels ▲ USS HERBERT J THOMAS One of 98 Gearing-class anti-aircraft
remain as necessary as ever.The distinction between destroyers and Commissioned 1945 Origin US destroyers, the Herbert J Thomas was
frigates has become more indefinite during the post-war era, with the Displacement 3,460 tons designed for long-range patrols in the
(larger) destroyer and the (smaller) frigate dispensing with some of their Length 390ft (119m) Pacific, and was armed with six 5-inch
guns in favor of an array of guided missiles as their main armament. Top speed 36.8 knots guns in three turrets. It took part in
Escort vessels have usually been classified into anti-aircraft or anti- both the Korean and Vietnam Wars.
submarine vessels, but most are capable of performing a variety of tasks.

▶ HMS DIAMOND As a Daring-class destroyer, Diamond was the last
Commissioned 1952 Origin UK such vessel in the British Royal Navy to be fitted
Displacement 3,580 tons with guns as its main armament before the
Length 390ft (119m) widespread introduction of guided missiles.
Top speed 30 knots
Turret with two
4.5in guns

Funnel

Merlin
helicopter

▶ HMS LANCASTER Rudder
Commissioned 1992 Origin UK
Displacement 4,200 tons Twin ▼ HMS SHEFFIELD AType-42 Guided Missile Destroyer,
Length 436ft (133m) propellers Commissioned 1975 Origin UK Sheffield took part in the Falklands
Top speed 32 knots Displacement 4,350 tons campaign of 1982.While on patrol
A Type-23 frigate, Lancaster is a Flight deck Length 410ft (125m) off the Falkland Islands, Sheffield
versatile multi-role vessel, armed for helicopter Top speed 30 knots was sunk by an Exocet missile fired
with SeaWolf anti-aircraft missiles, by an Argentinian naval aircraft.
Harpoon anti-ship missiles, and
Stingray anti-submarine torpedoes.

Two 4.5in
guns

▲ HMNZCS CANTERBURY The Canterbury was a broad-beam Type 10006
Commissioned 1971 Origin UK Leander-class frigate commissioned into radar
Displacement 2,960 tons the Royal New Zealand Navy.The ship
Length 372ft (113.4m) saw service in a number of peacekeeping Type 992Q radar
Top speed 28 knots operations in the Pacific and Persian Gulf.
Anti-aircraft
radar

Hangar

4.5in Sea Dart
gun turret surface-to-air missile

423

Missile ◀ USS PHARRIS The Pharris was launched as a MODERN FRIGATES AND DESTROYERS
launcher Commissioned 1974 Origin US Knox-class destroyer, and was
Displacement 4,070 tons later reclassified as a frigate. It
Radar and Length 438ft (133.5m) was intended for anti-submarine
electronics Top speed 27 knots warfare duties, being armed with
Anti-Submarine Rocket (ASROC)
mast and Harpoon missiles.

Missile
launcher

▲ USS OLIVER The lead ship in its frigate class, the
HAZARD PERRY Oliver Hazard Perry was designed as
a general-purpose escort vessel,
Commissioned 1977 Origin US protecting merchant convoys or acting
Displacement 3,485 tons as part of a carrier battle group.
Length 436ft (133m)
Top speed 28 knots

Sea Wolf 4.5in Mark 8 gun
missile system

Hull painted with
anti-fouling paint
to increase speed

Vertical-launch ◀ USS ARLEIGH BURKE The first destroyer to be fitted
missile deck Commissioned 1991 Origin US with the advanced AEGIS missile
Displacement 8,375 tons system, the Arleigh Burke also
Length 505ft (154m) incorporates the latest stealth
Top speed 30 knots technology. It is the lead-ship of
its class of guided-missile destroyers.

▶ HMCS VANCOUVER The second Halifax-class series Radar
Commissioned 1993 vessel of the Canadian Navy, the
Origin Canada Vancouver is a modern multirole Funnel
Displacement 4,750 tons frigate, able to deal with surface
Length 440ft (134m) and aerial threats while possessing Sea King
Top speed 30 knots a full anti-submarine capability. helicopter

THE NUCLEAR AGE 1945–PRESENT424 Radar Bridge Forward
mast flight deck
A MERICAN AIRCRAFT CARRIER
Superstructure Flight deck Anchor
USS GEORGE
WA SH I NG TON Rudder Elevator SIDE VIEW

Aircraft carriers are the ultimate symbol of naval power. The Arrestor Jet blast Catapult tracks Angled
GeorgeWashington is one of 10 Nimitz-class supercarriers in wires deflectors flight deck
the US Navy—the largest military vessels ever to take to the seas.

Commissioned in 1992, the George During flying operations, the deck is a Superstructure Elevator PLAN VIEW
Washington can accommodate 85 aircraft, hive of activity, with aircraft taking off and
including fighter, strike, and transport landing, and being maneuvered, refueled, ▲ USS GEORGEWASHINGTON
planes, airborne early warning (AEW) and armed. Aircraft are launched by four The sixth Nimitz-class carrier, the George Washington is
aircraft, and helicopters. It is also a floating catapults, two at the forward end of the 1,092ft (333m) long and displaces about 103,000 tons.
home for around 6,000 service men and angled deck and two in the bows.The It is powered by two nuclear reactors.
women. Although designed primarily to landing deck is angled to the port side
offer an offensive strike capability, the ship to allow other activities to take place as ▼ PREPARING FOR TAKE-OFF
is equipped with its own defenses, such aircraft return to the ship.When touching Deck crew secure a Northrop
as anti-aircraft and anti-missile weapon down, a pilot must ensure that the plane’s Grumman E-2C Hawkeye AEW
systems, and rapid-fire 20mm guns. tailhook catches one of four high-tensile aircraft to a catapult shuttle.
steel arrestor wires that run across the flight
On the starboard side and overlooking deck. These decelerate the aircraft rapidly
the deck is the island superstructure—the and bring it to a halt within two seconds.
ship’s command-and-control center, which
houses the bridge and primary flight-control When not in use, most aircraft are stored
area. From here, officers keep a careful beneath the flight deck in the vast hangar,
watch on the massive flight deck, which which stretches for much of the ship’s
covers 4.5 acres (1.8 hectares)—about length. On the decks below are living
the size of two-and-a-half football fields. quarters for the ship’s personnel.

TAKE-OFF AND LANDING

▲ CATAPULT CONTROL POD ▲ CATAPULT SHUTTLE ▲ SHUTTLE TRACK
This observation pod, which retracts below the flight deck, enables For a catapult launch, a shuttle is attached The catapult shuttle runs along a
the crew controlling catapult launches to see what is happening to a plane’s undercarriage and propelled track set into the surface of the ship’s
while remaining safe from moving aircraft and their exhausts. along a track by a steam-powered piston. flight deck.

▲ JET-BLAST DEFLECTOR ▲ GRUMMAN F-14 TOMCAT LANDING
The yellow deflector shield behind this McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet A pilot increases the throttle at touch-down, so that if the aircraft fails
prevents the plane’s exhaust from causing damage or injury during takeoff. to catch the arrestor wires it still has enough speed to take off again
The deflector shield is cooled by sea water. and attempt another landing—a practice called “touch and go.”

AROUND THE DECK 425 U S S G E O R G E WA S H I N G TO N

▲ ELEVATOR ▲ ISLAND SUPERSTRUCTURE
Four hydraulic lifts, one to port and Much of the electronics, including radar and satellite
three to starboard, move aircraft communications equipment, is based on the island,
between the hangar and the flight which has the ship’s number painted on its sides.
deck. They also take containers ▼ FLOATING AIRSTRIP
of stores or spare parts to and Carriers such as the George Washington provide the
from the hangars. strategic benefit of a mobile strike platform that
can operate from anywhere in international waters.
▲ AIRCRAFT WEAPONRY ▶ HELICOPTER MAINTENANCE
Most of the George Washington’s An aircraft carrier’s helicopters
formidable firepower is reserved perform many roles, including
for its aircraft. The range of airborne anti-submarine work, rescue
weapons include bombs, rockets, missions, and the transportation
guided missiles, and torpedoes. of personnel.

THE NUCLEAR AGE 1945–PRESENT426 LAUNCH AND CATCH

INSIDE AND DOWN BELOW
The control rooms are based in the island
superstructure up above and elsewhere
below deck. In addition to the aircraft
hangar, the lower-deck areas include the
catapult and arrestor gear machinery,
44 magazines, and the power plant and
engine room. Facilities for the thousands
of crew and air wing include messes,
medical facilities, and a gym.

Arrestor Elevator Aircraft Catapult steam
gear hangar vessel

engine Ammunition
depots

Engine bay Engine room ▲ ARRESTING GEAR PISTON ▲ INSTRUMENT PANEL
CROSS SECTION Huge hydraulic pistons below the George Washington’s flight deck Gauges show the steam pressure in
provide the power to rein in the arrestor wires as they are caught the catapult mechanisms. The ship
by planes landing at speeds of up to 150mph (240kph). can launch four planes per minute.

CONTROL ROOMS AIRCRAFT HANGAR

▲ PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROL
Overlooking the deck, the air boss in charge of the
ship’s aircraft coordinates all takeoffs and landings.
The windows are angled to reduce glare.

▲ BRIDGE ◀ NO. 3 PUMP
The bridge gives panoramic views of the sky ROOM
and ocean. From here, the captain or watch JP5 aviation fuel is
officer oversees navigation and steering. pumped up to the flight
deck.To reduce the risk
▲ REACTOR CONTROLS of fire, JP5 has a lower
The reactors are controlled remotely from ignition temperature
this room. The ship can run for a year on a than commercial fuel.
fuel pellet the size of a soft drink can. It has
enough fuel to run nonstop for 18 years.

LIFE BELOW DECKS 427 U S S G E O R G E WA S H I N G TO N

▲ OPERATIONS ROOM ◀ PROPELLER
Staff monitor takeoffs, landings, and activities on the flight deck SHAFT
via television screens, and use radar to direct airborne planes. In the An engineer checks
event of an attack, the defense systems are also operated from here. a shaft that drives one
of the four propellers.
Powered by the ship’s
twin nuclear reactors,
a quartet of five-bladed
propellers give George
Washington a top speed
in excess of 30 knots.

▼ BAKERY
Along with the galley,
the bakery helps
provide around 18,000
meals each day. The
large ovens are visible
in the background.

◀ HANGAR ▶ ANCHOR
Aircraft are serviced CHAINS
in the hangar. Each of The George Washington
the staff involved have has a pair of 30-tonne,
a specific jacket color stockless anchors.
that denotes their role: The anchor chains
for example, a general run through the
maintenance petty officer bows, where they
wears a green one, while are stored when not
brown denotes a plane in use. Each chain link
captain—responsible weighs approximately
for the upkeep of a 360lb (160kg).
specific aircraft.

▼ ENGINE BAY ▲ BRIEFING ROOM
The maintenance, Flight instructions are given
testing, and storage in the briefing room. Each seat
of engines takes place is assigned to a specific pilot.
in this bay. An F-14
Tomcat engine can
be seen here, with the
engine of an F/A-18
Hornet visible in
the background.

▲ OPERATING ROOM ▲ DRINKING FOUNTAIN
The ship’s medical department must be ready for almost any kind of illness, accident, Distilling plants daily produce
or battle casualty. In an average year, the medical team sees over 10,000 patients, 330,000 gallons (1.5 million liters)
processes around 3,000 X-rays, and performs more than 100 surgical operations. of freshwater from seawater.

428

THE NUCLEAR AGE 1945–PRESENT KEY OPERATION KEY DEVELOPMENT

OPERATION THE HIGH-TECH
NEPTUNE SPEAR BAT T L E F I E L D

MAY 2, 2011 The pursuit of technology to improve battlefield performance continues
at an ever-increasing pace. In a race currently led by the US, all the major
The killing of the al-Qaeda (see p.408) military nations are incorporating the latest scientific and technological
leader Osama bin Laden by US SEAL advances into their weapon systems.
Special Forces, on May 2, 2011, was
achieved through a combination The development of the unmanned aerial vehicle battle tank to be hidden from infra-red sensors.
of intelligence and technology. (UAV) has brought about a profound change to the And, heading into the realms of science fiction,
Bin Laden’s Pakistani hideout was way battles are fought.Toward the end of the 20th research has also been conducted into a material
observed by satellites, and then by century, the UAV had already established itself as a called Metaflex, which may be able to hide soldiers
the covert Sentinel stealth UAV. valuable reconnaissance tool; in particular, the RQ-4 behind a kind of “invisibility cloak.”
The US SEALs were transported Global Hawk and the Predator and Reaper drones
by stealth UH-60 Black Hawk have revolutionized the process of gathering strategic
helicopters and carried the latest and tactical intelligence. Post-2000, the UAV has
equipment, including suppressed also assumed the role of hunter-killer.The MQ-9
carbines, night-vision goggles, Reaper, for example, can be armed with up to 14
and body armor. Hellfire air-to-ground missiles or two Paveway II
laser-guided bombs. It has seen extensive use in
Afghanistan, where it is controlled via a real-time
satellite link from an air force base in Nevada, some
6,000 miles (9,600km) away. A further advantage of
the UAV is its airborne endurance: the Israeli Eitan,
for example, can stay airborne for up to 70 hours.

▲ Osama bin Laden was the founder of UNMANNEDVEHICLES ON LAND
al-Qaeda, the jihadist group responsible As part as the American-led move toward the
for the terrorist attacks on the US, on “automated battlefield,” unmanned vehicles
September 11, 2001 (see p.408). are also used on land.This began with remote-
controlled bomb-disposal machines, but in recent
▼ XM25 GRENADE LAUNCHER years, larger, more complex vehicles have been
A US Army soldier tests an XM25 produced, including the remote-controlled Black
grenade launcher in Afghanistan.The Knight tank, which is based on the M2 Bradley
XM25 uses computerized optical infantry combat vehicle. An intriguing development
sights, and fires 25mm
grenades set to explode has been the Israeli remote-controlled robotic
in mid-air at or near snake. Used for surveillance in confined,
the target, and also hostile environments, it is equipped
pre- or post-impact. with a camera and microphone.
Progress made in applying stealth
technology to standard front-line
aircraft (such as the US F-35)
has now been extended to
warships and armored vehicles.
Developments in Adaptive
Camouflage allow such
high-profile ground
objects as a main

429

“Our moral authority is as important [as] our THE HIGH-TECH BATTLEFIELD
troop strength and our high-tech weapons”

ROBERT REICH, FORMER US SECRETARY OF LABOR, JULY 2004

Laser weapons have evolved into two distinct barrel shotgun—which attaches to an M4 or ▲ AN MQ-9 REAPER IMAGE
categories. Laser rifles, such as the American TR3 M16-type assault rifle—enables door-breaching A display screen in a ground control
and PHASR, cause temporary blindness, and are and close-range firepower, and can fire non-lethal station at a US Air Force base shows
intended to discourage rather than kill. A second projectiles such as tear gas. Another innovation is the the view captured by a MQ-9 Reaper
line of development consists of very powerful H&K XM25 Counter-defilade Target Engagement camera during a training mission.
lasers, such as the experimental Laser Avenger, (CDTE).This 25mm semi-automatic grenade
which is designed to shoot down incoming missiles. launcher uses a “smart” laser range finder to ensure
precise detonation of the grenade to a range of up
For the soldier on the battlefield, the conflict in to 1,090 yards (1,000m).The grenade measures the
Afghanistan has been a testing ground for a whole distance it travels by counting its own rotations.
range of new weapons.The XM-26 LSS under-

KEY EVENTS

1970–PRESENT

◼ 1972 The Wheelbarrow
bomb-disposal robot is developed
for the British Army for use in
Northern Ireland.

◼ 1982 The Lockheed F-117,
the first aircraft to feature stealth
technology, is adopted by the
US Air Force (see pp.412–13).

◼ 1994 The Predator UAV
makes its first flight. It is designed
for reconnaissance only.

◼ 2001 The Reaper UAV is
developed. It is larger and more
versatile than the Predator.

◼ 2006 The F-35 Lightning II—
a jet fighter with advanced stealth
technology—goes into production.

◼ 2007 Reaper UAVs begin
combat missions over Afghanistan.

◼ 2009 Combat field trials of
the IAWS take place in Iraq
and Afghanistan.

◼ 2010 Metaflex “invisible”
material is developed.

◀ A TALON 3B ROBOT
A claymore land mine is removed
from a sand dune by a Talon 3B robot
during a training exercise in Bahrain.
Designed to search and destroy
Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs),
the robot is operated remotely by
technicians using monitors and video
equipment attached to the unit.

430

THE NUCLEAR AGE 1945–PRESENT GUIDED -M ISSILE DESTROY ER Fire-control radar Tripod Pilothouse
5in gun Sonar array
USS DONALD COOK Phalanx mast

weapon system

The US Navy’s guided-missile destroyer Donald Cook saw action in Rudder Aft Forward
the Iraq War. Deployed in Operation Iraqi Freedom in March 2003,
it was among the first ships to launch strikes against Iraqi targets. deckhouse deckhouse SIDE VIEW

The Donald Cook and her fellow Arleigh strike operations against land targets. Missile vertical Harpoon Phalanx Missile vertical
Burke-class destroyers are among the most The ship also has a launch pad from launch system missile weapon launch system
advanced surface warships in service today. which an attack helicopter can operate. launchers system
Launched in 1997 and the 25th ship in the Anchor
class, the Donald Cook belongs to Flight II, The destroyer’s design is intended to windlass
which embodies significant advances in maximize its chances of surviving. The
armaments and electronics on earlier Arleigh Burke class were among the first Helicopter Torpedo Mk6 rigid
versions. The ship is packed with diverse ships to incorporate “stealth” technology, launch pad tubes inflatable boat PLAN VIEW
weaponry, giving her what the US Navy with buried funnels and angled shapes
calls “multi-mission offensive and defensive that reduce their radar profile, as well USS DONALD COOK
capabilities.” The heart of the destroyer’s as features to suppress infrared emissions. Despite being classed as a destroyer, Donald Cook is over
offensive capabilities are the two Mk41 They were also the first all-steel American 500ft (150m) long and displaces 8,400 tons, making her
Vertical Launch Systems (VLS).These can warships. Using steel rather than aluminum similar in size to many World War II cruisers.
fire anti-aircraft missiles, anti-submarine for the destroyer’s superstructure reduces
missiles, missiles for destroying other damage in the event of a missile hit. The
surface ships, and cruise missiles for Donald Cook has a crew of 30 officers and
over 300 enlisted personnel.

DECK FEATURES

▲ ANCHOR CHAIN ▲ HELICOPTER LANDING-LIGHTS ▲ HELICOPTER LANDING PAD
The two anchors are carefully positioned so Green lights indicate a good approach, amber signal The ship can embark and refuel a Sikorsky SH-60
that they do not strike the large sonar bulge on caution, and red mean that an incoming helicopter is Seahawk helicopter for search and attack missions
the ship’s hull as they are lowered and raised. too low. Flashing reds tell the pilot to abort the landing. or for transporting personnel and cargo.

▼ DECK PROFILE
Compact weaponry, some of it concealed, gives
the deck a rather bare look. Later ships in the class
have a covered hangar forward of the landing-pad.

▲ CHAFF AND DECOY LAUNCHER
The Super Rapid Bloom Offboard Chaff system
launches chaff and infrared decoys to confuse
enemy missiles and fire-control systems.

431

THE WEAPONS SYSTEMS USS DONALD COOK

▲ 25MM CHAIN GUN
Fed ammunition by an electrically operated
chain mechanism, two Mk38 guns provide
defense against patrol boats or floating mines.

▲ 20MM ROTARY CANNON
The two Phalanx Close-In Weapons Systems
use automated radar-controlled cannon to
identify, track, and destroy incoming missiles.

▲ TORPEDO TUBES
There are two sets of Mk32 triple torpedo tubes.
The torpedoes are fired using compressed air from
a flask at the rear of the tubes.
◀ 5IN GUN
The Mk45 gun is designed for use
against surface ships or aircraft, or
for shore bombardment.

432

THE NUCLEAR AGE 1945–PRESENT INSIDE AND BELOW DECK CONTROL AND COMBAT
Battle operations are coordinated by the
Combat Information Center (CIC).This is
dominated by the computer-based AEGIS
combat system, which can simultaneously
engage in air, surface, and subsurface
warfare. Steel bulkheads are located
throughout the ship in case a hit is suffered,
and vital equipment is also protected by
Kevlar shields. An air filtration system
helps guard against nuclear, biological, and
chemical attack.

Galley Bridge
Radomes
Satellite

dishes 5in gun

magazine

▲ SHIP’S BRIDGE

The helmsman steers from the helm station in the center of the

bridge.There is also an automated digital steering system that allows

Gas Combat Sonar a course to be entered and automatically maintained.
turbines Information array

Center SIDE VIEW

POWER PLANT

▲ GAS TURBINE
The four LM2500 gas turbines, derived from
the engines used on jets such as the Boeing 747,
give a top speed of over 30 knots.

▲ MAIN PASSAGEWAY
Double-plated bulkheads and interior
airlock doors provide protection and allow
vital areas—such as the turbine control
room at the end of the passageway—to
be isolated in the event of an attack.

▲ MAIN ENGINE ROOM ▲ HATCH
Two purification systems, one in each of the two Airtight hatches separate the ship into
main engine rooms, remove solid contaminants zones to protect against contamination
and water from the fuel supply. by biological or chemical agents.

AMMUNITION SYSTEM 433 USS DONALD COOK

▲ TACTICAL COORDINATOR ◀ AMMUNITION
A group of specialists staff the CIC, each of whom has a specific LOADING SYSTEM
role. For example, the Tactical Information Coordinator seen In combat situations,
here handles tactical data coming in from allied ships. a small team in the 5in
gun magazine operates
a computerized loading
system. The system
ensures that there is
an uninterrupted
supply of ammunition
to the Mk45 gun on
the deck above.

▲ 5IN GUN MAGAZINE ▲ PROPELLANT STORE
Situated beneath the Mk45 gun mounting, the Donald Cook’s 5in shell The propellant powder used to fire shells from the Mk45
magazine stores 680 rounds of ammunition. The yellow markings on gun is also stored in the magazine. The gun discharges up
the shells indicate that they are high-explosive rounds. to 20 rounds per minute.

LIFE ON BOARD

◀ MESS TABLES
Enlisted crew
members eat in an
informal self-service
canteen next to the
ship’s galley.

◀ BATTLE ROOM ◀ FIREFIGHTING
Based in the CIC, the AEGIS GEAR
combat system controls Fire stations with
and coordinates the ship’s hoses, protective
weapons and its electronic overalls, and
countermeasures devices. breathing apparatus
are located around
◀ CIC SCREEN the decks.
AEGIS integrates and displays
data from radar, sonar, and ▲ SHIP’S GALLEY
satellite systems.The AN/SPY The spacious and well-equipped kitchens on board the
1-D phased array radar can Donald Cook allow the ship’s galley staff to prepare three hot
track hundreds of different meals a day, with a choice of dishes, for the crew of more
targets simultaneously. than 330 officers and enlisted men and women.

434

THE NUCLEAR AGE 1945–PRESENT POST-WAR SUBMARINES Bridge

Nuclear-powered submarines and their armament of submarine- ▲ USS NAUTILUS (SSN-571) A ground-breaking vessel, the Nautilus
launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) are arguably the most potent was the world’s first operational nuclear-
weapon system ever developed. Hidden beneath the waves, they are Commissioned 1954 Origin US powered submarine and, in 1958, the
able to launch their deadly missiles without warning and are virtually Displacement 3,535 tons first to complete an underwater transit
immune from retaliatory action by the enemy.Their high level of (4,090 tons submerged) of the North Pole.
concealment also provides them with an invaluable second-strike Length 324ft (98.8m)
capability. More conventional attack submarines, powered either Top speed 22 knots (25 knots submerged) Missile hatch
by nuclear reactors or diesel-electric motors, operate against
surface vessels or hunt down other submarines.

▼ USS MARYLAND (SSBN-738) An Ohio-class ballistic missile submarine,
Maryland is at the forefront of America’s
Commissioned 1992 Origin US nuclear deterrent. Its 24 Trident missiles
Displacement 16,000 tons are capable of delivering up to 12
(18,700 tons submerged) warheads per missile to a range
Length 561ft (171m) of 7,021 miles (11,300km).
Top speed 20 knots (25 knots submerged)

▶ NOVOSIBIRSK (B-401) A diesel-electric attack Bow fitted with
submarine of the Kilo class, six torpedo tubes
Commissioned 1984 Novosibirsk was armed with
Origin Soviet Union minelaying equipment and
Displacement 2,325 tons conventional torpedoes,
(3,075 tons submerged) as well as anti-ship and
Length 220ft (67m) anti-aircraft missiles.
Top speed 15 knots (24 knots submerged)

Radar mast ◀ LE REDOUTABLE (S611)
Commissioned 1971 Origin France
Ballistic missile deck Single propeller Displacement 8,045 tons
(8,940 tons submerged)
Forward hydroplane Ballistic missile deck Length 420ft (128m)
Top speed 18 knots (25 knots submerged)

Le Redoutable was the lead vessel in its
class and France’s first ballistic missile
submarine. Its original M1 missiles had
a range of 1,243 miles (2,000km) while
carrying a 450 kilotonne warhead.

Rudder

▲ AKULA CLASS Codenamed Typhoon by Shrouded propeller
NATO, the Russian Akula to minimize sound
Commissioned 1981 (“shark”) class of submarines
Origin Soviet Union were the largest undersea
Displacement 18,500 tons vessels ever built.They were
(25,000 tons submerged) designed to fire SLBMs while
Length 574ft (175m) hidden under the Arctic ice.
Top speed 22 knots (27 knots submerged)

435

Bow sonar P O S T- WA R S U B M A R I N E S

Lower fin Bridge ▲ HMS VANGUARD (S28) The lead vessel of its class, the
segment nuclear-powered Vanguard is
Forward Commissioned 1993 Origin UK armed with 16 Trident SLBMs,
Trident missile hydroplane Displacement 15,160 tons each containing up to 12 warheads.
(16,190 tons submerged) It also has four tubes for Spearfish
Length 492ft (150m) guided torpedoes.
Top speed 25 knots submerged

Pressurized hull ▼ LE TRIOMPHANT (S616)

Commissioned 1997 Origin France

Displacement 12,640 tons
(14,335 tons submerged)

Length 453ft (138m)

Top speed 20 knots (25 knots submerged)

Le Triomphant is the lead vessel of its class (a
replacement for the French navy’s Redoutable
class). It is armed with 16 M45 SLBMs, each
with six warheads and possessing a range of
3,730 miles (6,000km).

Upper rudder Conning tower
segment

Shrouded
pumpjet propulsor

Hydroplane Conning tower ◀ USS VIRGINIA (SSN-74) The Virginia—lead vessel in its class—
is a nuclear-powered attack submarine,
▶ HMS ASTUTE (S119) Propeller within Commissioned 2004 Origin US armed with Mark 48 guided torpedoes
Commissioned 2010 Origin UK sound-minimizing shroud Displacement 6,455 tons and Tomahawk cruise missiles. It features
Displacement 7,130 tons (7,101 tons submerged) a pressure chamber that can release SEAL
(7,535 tons submerged) Length 377ft (115m) divers while submerged.
Length 318ft (97m) Top speed 25 knots (32 knots submerged)
Top speed 20 knots (30 knots submerged)
A nuclear-powered attack submarine, Astute is the Forward
lead vessel of its class. Along with conventional hydroplane
torpedoes, the vessel is armed with Spearfish
guided torpedoes and Tomahawk cruise missiles. Torpedo port

Ballistic-missile hatch ◀ YURI DOLGORUKI
Commissioned 2012 Origin Russia
Reduced-height Displacement 14,490 tons
conning tower (23,620 tons submerged)
Length 558ft (170m)
Top speed 15 knots (29 knots submerged)

One of the latest Borey-class nuclear-powered
submarines, the Yuri Dolgoruki is armed with
16 RSM-56 Bulava SLBMs, each missile
containing six warheads with a range of
up to 6,214 miles (10,000km).

THE NUCLEAR AGE 1945–PRESENT436

C OU N T E R I N S U RG E NC Y

COMBAT IN
A F G H A N I STA N

The soldiers of the International Security Assistance Force
(ISAF) operating against Taliban insurgency in Afghanistan had
access to the most advanced military technology available in
the early 21st century. But as Operation Moshtarak showed
in February 2010, this still left infantrymen vulnerable.

Operation Moshtarak was a large-scale The opening day of the operation was
offensive into a Taliban-controlled area impressively efficient and successful,
of Helmand Province in southern with pockets of Taliban resistance
Afghanistan. Some 15,000 American, overcome. US Marines established
British, Canadian, and Afghan army themselves inside Marjah and British
troops were sent in to wrest control troops entered Showal. Most Taliban
of the area in order to disrupt poppy forces had probably left by this stage,
cultivation and drug-trafficking but sufficient insurgents remained in
networks, and install government rule. the towns to pose a serious threat.
The insurgents were hiding among the The typical Taliban armory of AK
local population and occupying the assault rifles, RPG-7 rocket-
towns of Marjah and Showal. propelled grenade launchers, PK
machine-guns, and bolt-action sniper
Equipped with the latest night- rifles was a match for ISAF infantry
vision optics, the ISAF was able to weapons in an environment that
launch the operation under cover of offered plentiful concealment.
darkness. Small special forces units
that had infiltrated the target area— WAR AMONG THE PEOPLE
British SAS and US Navy SEALs—
called in strikes by Predator unmanned Clearing the town house by house
aerial vehicles (UAVs) and Apache was a demanding task.The obvious
attack helicopters against Taliban tactic for the Americans and British,
positions. About two hours before eager to keep their own casualties
dawn, Super Stallion and Chinook low, was to identify the buildings
helicopters, escorted by helicopter occupied by Taliban elements and call
gunships, airlifted troops to landing in air strikes or use surface-to-surface
sites near the target towns.The missiles to destroy them. Modern
soldiers advanced with caution across guidance systems ensured that specific
ground scattered with improvised targets could be hit with a high degree
explosive devices (IEDs), the cause of accuracy most of the time, but
of two-thirds of ISAF casualties in there was still a grave risk of politically
Afghanistan. Using portable aluminum undesirable civilian casualties. Indeed,
bridges, they were able to cross the on the second day of the operation,
numerous irrigation ditches without two missiles fired by an American
traversing existing bridges that would High Mobility Artillery Rocket
inevitably be mined.While the airlifted System (HIMARS)—a truck-mounted
troops approached the Taliban-held multiple rocket launcher— killed 12
towns, other US forces began Afghans in Marjah, including children.
advancing from their bases overland
into Taliban territory. M1 Assault Although the main towns were
Breacher Vehicles led the way along officially under Afghan government
the heavily mined and booby-trapped control within 12 days of the start
roads; occasionally line charges of the operation, draining low-level
(rockets towing cables of plastic combat continued, with sniper fire
explosive) were fired ahead to blow and IEDs imposing a steady toll on
up any concealed devices. ISAF and Afghan soldiers. In time, the
outcome would prove inconclusive.

CLEARING THE WAY
An American M1 Assault Breacher Vehicle
detonates a line charge near Marjah during
Operation Moshtarak. Fired ahead of advancing
vehicles, line charges carrying 1,753lb (795kg)
of explosives cleared any mines or IEDs hidden
along the track.

438

G L O S S A RY G LO S SA RY

Adze An axlike weapon on Bayonet A blade designed to fit Chaff Pieces of metal or plastic Electronic countermeasure Galleon A square-rigged,
which the blade is at a right into, over, under, or around the released into the air—usually by An electronic device designed three-masted sailing ship in use
angle to the shaft. muzzle end of a firearm, enabling it aircraft—to disrupt enemy radar. to disrupt enemy radar or sonar. between the 16th and 18th centuries.
to be used as a close-combat weapon.
Afterburner A component in Chain gun A machine-gun that loads Elevator A hinged surface on Gauntlets Armored gloves.
a jet engine that burns additional Besagew A round plate of and fires cartridges via an externally an aircraft’s wing that controls
fuel with the exhaust gases to armor used to protect the powered chain, rather than recoil. the aircraft’s vertical orientation. Gimbal A device that keeps
increase thrust. armpit. Also known as a rondel. a ship’s compasses horizontal
Chamber The part of a firearm Elevon A control surface on an despite the ship’s movements.
Aileron A hinged surface on Blunderbuss A muzzle-loading from which the cartridge is fired. aircraft’s wing that combines the
an aircraft’s wing that controls the firearm with a short, flared muzzle. functions of an aileron and an elevator. Glaive A European staff weapon
aircraft’s horizontal orientation. Chape See scabbard. consisting of a single-edged blade
Bolt action (rifle) A firearm with Elliptical wing An aircraft attached to the end of a pole.
Armet A helmet developed a manually operated bolt that, in Chasseur A French light wing design that minimizes drag.
in 15th-century Europe. one action, extracts a spent cartridge infantry, or light cavalry, soldier Gorget An armored collar
case and chambers a fresh one. trained for rapid action. Enfilade Gunfire directed at designed to protect the throat.
Arquebus A muzzle-loading an enemy’s flank.
firearm used between the 15th Bore The internal diameter of a Coaxial gun A secondary GPMG General-purpose
and 17th centuries, which was gun barrel—traditionally the number tank armament, used alongside Escort carrier A merchant ship machine-gun.
a forerunner of the 18th- of rounds it was able to take that the primary long gun. converted duringWorldWar II
century musket. could be cast from 1lb (454g) of lead. to carry aircraft. It carried 6–35 Greave Armor that protects
Composite bow A bow made aircraft, far fewer than the larger the leg from knee to ankle.
Arrestor wire A cable used on Bow The front of a ship or a boat. of multiple layers, combining fleet carrier.
aircraft carriers to decelerate wood with bone, horn, or sinew. Gunport A square hole cut
an aircraft as it lands on deck. Breech The rear part of the bore Extractor The moving part of a into the side of a sailing warship
of a firearm or artillery piece. Corbel An arched stone firearm that removes spent casings through which guns are fired.
Assault rifle A magazine- structure supporting the from the chamber after firing.
fed automatic rifle that uses Brigade Three infantry or higher parts of a castle’s walls. Half-track A vehicle with
an intermediate cartridge. tank battalions. Falconet A type of light wheels at the front and tank-style
Corps A military group of medieval cannon. caterpillar tracks at the back.
Automatic weapon A firearm Brigandine A type of medieval two to three divisions.
that will load and fire continually body armor made of small metal Fauld A skirt of armor that Hanger A sword with a short,
when the trigger is pressed. plates riveted to a textile covering. Corvette A small, lightly protects the waist and hips. wide blade, often used at sea.
armed ship.
Auxiliaries Additional troops Broadside The simultaneous Field gun Artillery designed Hauberk A thigh-length mail
that support the main body of an discharge of some or all of the Couter A plate or piece to be portable rather than fixed. coat or shirt.
army; troop support of any kind. guns on one side of a warship. of articulated armor that
protects the elbow. Firestep A step built or cut Head-up display A transparent
Aventail A curtain of mail that Bullpup A type of rifle with a firing into the wall of a trench to allow data screen that can be viewed
covers the neck and shoulders. mechanism set back in the shoulder Crenel An open space or soldiers to fire over the edge. looking forward out of an aircraft.
stock, allowing for a normal-length notch in a battlement or wall.
Ballista A Roman missile weapon barrel in a relatively short weapon. Firing pin The part of a firing Heavy cruiser A class of
designed for siege warfare. Crinet Armor that protects mechanism used in certain warship that is smaller than a
Burgonet An open-faced helmet a horse’s neck. firearms and explosive devices battleship; its main armament
Barb A spur on an arrowhead used widely in the 16th century. to detonate the charge. is usually 8in guns.
that makes it difficult to remove Crossbow A mechanical bow
the arrow once it is embedded. Butt The part of a rifle held to that shoots wooden or metal bolts. First-rate ship The designation Heavy machine-gun A
the shoulder; the part of a pistol used by the British Royal Navy machine-gun chambered for a
Barbette An armored held in the hand. Crossguard See quillons. for the largest ships of the line, round of larger-than-rifle caliber,
structure protecting a cannon its smaller vessels being classed usually 12.7mm; a machine-gun
or artillery piece. Caliber The internal diameter Cuirassier A cavalryman named as second- or third-rate. fired from a fixed mount.
of a weapon’s barrel; also used to after the metal breast- and back-
Barbuta A visorless steel helmet, describe specific cartridge types. plate (or “cuirass”) that he wore. Flanchards Armor to Hilt The handheld part of
which was a form of sallet, first protect a horse’s flanks. a sword, including the grip,
produced in the 15th century. Capital ship The most powerful Cuisse Medieval armor that guard, and pommel.
class of warship in a navy. protected the thigh. Flash suppressor/hider A
Bardiche An Eastern European device that reduces the flash caused Horsepower A unit of power
staff weapon with a long, Carbine A short-barreled rifle Dao A Chinese weapon with by gases burnt on firing a gun. equal to the energy required to
cleaver-type blade. raise 550lb (250kg) 1ft (30cm)
or musket, typically of a smaller caliber a single edge, used for slashing. Fleet carrier An aircraft in one second.
Barding Armor for horses. carrier intended to operate
than the rifle, first designed for cavalry. with the main fleet of a navy. Howitzer A high-angle artillery
Baselard A late-medieval piece used for destroying
short sword. Destroyer A fast, lightly Flintlock A firing mechanism fortifications and trench systems.
in which a flint strikes a steel
Basinet A medieval helmet Carrack A three- or four-masted armored vessel armed with surface, creating sparks that Hydropneumatic recoil
worn with a visor. ignite the charge. A recoil system with a gas-charged
sailing ship developed in Europe in guns and anti-submarine weapons. shock absorber, used in modern,
Battalion A military unit of Frigate An 18th- or 19th- quick-firing mounted guns.
between 300 and 1,200 soldiers. the 15th century. century warship with two full
decks; a 20th-century warship Iklwa A flat-bladed Zulu stabbing
Battery A group of artillery Dirk A dagger traditionally with anti-submarine capability. spear, also known as an assegai.
weapons—usually four to eight.
Carronade A short-barreled, used by naval officers. Fuller A groove cut into a Incendiary shell/round A
Battlecruiser A class of blade to make it lighter. projectile designed to start a fire.
heavily armed ship developed short-range cannon developed by
as a type of fast battleship in Fulminate A type of explosive Inertial navigation A high-
the years beforeWorldWar I. Carron Ironworks, Scotland, c.1770. Discharger cup A cup fixed that is sensitive to shock. tech navigation system that uses
dead-reckoning to calculate the
Battleship The largest type to the end of a rifle to accept Fuselage The main body of position of a moving object without
of armed ship in a fleet. an aircraft. requiring external references.
Cartridge The package that grenades or missiles for firing.

contains the projectile and

propellent used by a firearm. Dragoon A military unit trained

to fight on horseback or on foot.

Casemate A fortified structure

designed as a shelter for troops; Dreadnought A turbine-

an artillery enclosure on a warship. powered battleship class naval

craft armed with heavy guns

Catapult (aircraft carrier) of uniform caliber.

A track-and-piston system used

to launch aircraft from the deck Drone A remotely piloted aircraft

of an aircraft carrier. typically used for reconnaissance.

439

Intermediate cartridge Minesweeper A ship used for Pre-dreadnought A type Shaffron Protective armor for a Tang The part of a sword or G L O S S A RY
Medium-sized ammunition clearing mines at sea. of battleship with mixed heavy horse’s head. knife that extends inside the grip.
primarily used in assault rifles. and medium main armament.
Miquelet A type of snaphaunce Shako A tall, peaked hat adorned Tanto A traditional Japanese
Ironclad A mid-19th-century firing mechanism prevalent in Primer The small amount with a feather or pompom, worn short sword or dagger.
warship with a hull built from, the Mediterranean between the of fulminate lit by a firing by European and US soldiers.
or protected by, iron plates. late-16th and mid-19th centuries. mechanism to ignite the main Tomahawk A North American
charge in the barrel; another Shamshir A type of saber that Indian ax; a type of US cruise missile.
Jian A Chinese sword with a long, Misericorde A long, narrow word for percussion cap. spread from Persia from the 16th
straight blade with two edges. knife used in medieval times to century onward. It has a deep Tracer bullet A bullet
deliver the “mercy stroke” to a Privateer A private vessel used curve and tapers to a point. treated with illuminant to
KatanaThe long sword carried mortally wounded knight. to raid enemy shipping in war. show its direction and range.
by a samurai. Ship of the line A sailing warship,
Morion A 16th-century helmet Quillons Extended cross- usually of a third-rate class vessel Trebuchet A siege machine
Knot A unit used to measure with a flat or swept brim, and guards on either side of a sword with 74 guns. See also first-rate ship. employing either manpower or
a ship’s speed. One knot equals either a comb along its centre or knife blade designed to protect counterweights to launch missiles.
one nautical mile per hour. line or a “pearstalk” at its apex. the hand. Shrapnel shell A projectile
containing a number of small bullets Trireme An ancient Greek or
Lamellar A type of armor made Mortar A high-angle, Radar An instrument used to that explodes just before impact. Roman war galley, propelled by
of small plates laced together. short-ranged artillery piece. locate an object by transmitting three tiers of oars on each side.
and measuring radio waves. Silencer A device that reduces,
Langet A strip of metal secured Muzzle The open front end but rarely silences, the sound, Turbocharger A device
along the length of a wooden staff of a firearm’s barrel. Rapier Usually a thrusting flash, and recoil of a fired round; that compresses air into the
weapon to reinforce the wood. sword with a long blade. for this reason, it is also known combustion chamber of an engine
Musket A term originally used as a suppressor or moderator. to increase power and efficiency.
Light cruiser A cruiser for a large and heavy firearm Rating An enlisted member
typically equipped with 6in guns. shot from a rest, that, from of a navy. Skirmisher An infantryman Turtle ship A 16th-century
the 18th century, described or cavalryman who harasses the Korean armored warship that was
Light machine-gun A a smooth-bore longarm gun. Repeating rifle A rifle that can enemy in an irregular fashion. fitted with an iron cover to prevent
machine-gun chambered for discharge multiple consecutive shots. boarding by the crew of enemy ships.
rifle-caliber ammunition, but Naginata A Japanese infantry Sloop A sailing vessel with a
not capable of sustained fire. polearm with a curved blade. Revolver A gun which carries single mast and fore-and-aft U-boat (Unterseeboot)
ammunition in a rotating cylinder. rig; any minor class of warship. A German submarine.
Line of battle The formation Optical sight A sighting device
of a fleet before entering into providing a single point of aim Rifle A long-barreled firearm Smart weapon A precision- Vambrace Armor that was
battle, traditionally a line. and often a degree of magnification. with spiral grooves in the barrel. guided munition directed to its developed in the 14th century
target using laser guidance or GPS. to protect the forearm; from
Limber A simple trailer Ordnance The collective Rolling barrage A continuous the 15th century it was designed
attached to a gun carriage. term for cannon and artillery. firing of artillery shells. Smooth-bore A gun barrel to cover the whole of the arm.
lacking a rifled interior.
Mace A medieval staff weapon Orlop deck The lowest deck of Rondel See besagew. Vervelles Metal staples used
with a spiked or flanged head. a ship. Snaphaunce An early flintlock to attach an aventail to a helmet.
Rondel dagger A late-medieval mechanism featuring a separate
Mach number The ratio of OSS The Office of Strategic European dagger with a round pivoting striking surface made Visor A face defence attached
an aircraft’s speed to the speed Services, aWorldWar II covert hand guard, and pommel. of steel, and a sliding pan-cover. to a helmet to protect the eyes.
of sound. Mach 2, for example, US intelligence service.
is twice the speed of sound. Rotary cannon A revolving, Sonar An electronic device Volley gun A multi-barreled
Paravane A device towed by a multi-barreled gun that provides used primarily by submarines gun that fires several rounds at
Machicolation An opening ship to destroy mines in the water. a greater rate of fire than a single- to locate underwater objects. the same time.
in a castle wall through which barreled gun of the same caliber.
missiles could be dropped on Pennon A banner or streamer Sponson A semi-circular gun Wakizashi A 12–24in
an invading enemy. borne on a cavalryman’s lance. Running rigging The part turret on the side of a tank. (30–60cm) short sword
of a sailing vessel’s rigging that worn by samurai.
Machine-gun An automatic Percussion cap A firing controls the movement of the sails. Staff weapon A type of weapon
weapon intended for sustained fire. mechanism with a small cap mounted on a long wooden or Warhammer A medieval
containing fulminate that serves as a Sabaton Foot-covering armor. metal haft. close-combat weapon with
Machine pistol A pistol capable primer in muzzle-loading firearms. a handle of varying lengths.
of automatic or select fire. Sallet A 15th-century helmet Standing rigging Fixed
Phalanx An Ancient Greek featuring a tail to protect the neck. rigging that supports a ship’s sails. Warhead The explosive
Magazine The part of a firearm military formation of heavy material delivered by a rocket,
that holds the ammunition; a infantry armed with spears. Samurai A member of military Stock The portion of a firearm that missile, bomb, or torpedo.
storage area for ammunition and political aristocracy in is held by the person firing it; it is
in a building or on board a ship. Pike An infantry weapon with pre-industrial Japan. attached to the lock, which holds Wheellock The first self-igniting
a pointed metal head fixed on a the sparking mechanism, and the firearm. It featured a friction-wheel
Mangonel A type of medieval long, wooden shaft. Sap A deep, narrow trench barrel, which carries and guides that created a spark that lit the
siege catapult. used to approach or undermine the explosive-driven shot or bullet. charge when the trigger was pulled.
Plate armor Armor made an enemy position.
Matchlock A firing mechanism of articulating metal plates. Strakes The long planks that form Wolf pack A term used for
incorporating a piece of cord Sapper A combat engineer. the hull frame of aViking longship. a group of German submarines
(or “slow-match”) that ignites the Pommel A counterweight duringWorldWar II.
primer when the trigger is pulled. at the top of a sword grip. Scabbard A sword’s sheath, Strategic bombing The planned
terminating in a chape. destruction of specific targets with Yard The wooden spar
Medium machine-gun Pocket battleship A term the intention of weakening the perpendicular to the mast, from
A machine-gun chambered for that was given to three small Scimitar An Islamic sword economy of an enemy state and which a ship’s sails are hung.
rifle-caliber ammunition and but heavily armed German with a curved blade. the morale of its people.
capable of sustained fire. cruisers: Graf Spee, Deutschland, Yari A traditional straight-
and Admiral Scheer. Scramasax See seax. Submachine-gun A hand- bladed Japanese spear.
Mine An explosive laid beneath held automatic weapon firing
the surface of the ground or left Poleyn The part of medieval Seax A single-edged blade used pistol-caliber rounds. Zeppelin Any of the airships
floating on or just below the and Renaissance armor that by Anglo-Saxons and Franks as built by the Zeppelin company;
surface of the water. protected the knee. both a weapon and a tool. Talwar A curved Indian sword. a generic term used for airships.

440

INDEX INDEX

A Tupolev TU-95 “Bear” 386–87 Sentinel stealth UAV 428 full plate 126 Scottish 75
YakovlevYak-3 308–09 Sikorsky R-4 Hoverfly 321 helmets see helmets trench ax (WWI) 290
Afghanistan aircraft, Spain, Eurofighter Typhoon Vought F4U Corsair 347 Iranian 92–93 Aztec Empire 110–11, 114
Afghanistan medal 259 aircraft carriers 342–45 Japanese medieval 102–03, flower wars 106–07
guerrilla warfare 391, 409 410–11 American Enterprise, USS 345 weaponry 108–09, 111, 116
helicopters 401, 402–03, 408–09, aircraft, UK American Essex, USS 345 142–43
436 American GeorgeWashington, USS Middle Ages 60–65, 68, 74 B
International Security Assistance Airco D.H.9A “Ninak” 305 Middle East 92–93
Force 436 airships 343 424–27 Mongol 98–99, 101 Baker rifle 192–93, 222
Operation Moshtarak 446–47 Airspeed Horsa glider 321 American GeorgeWashington, USS Mughal 130, 136–37 sword bayonet 165, 193
Predator unmanned aerial vehicles Avro 504K 302 Norman 56–57 Waterloo, Battle of 194–95
(UAVs) 436 Avro 698 Vulcan B2 386 see GeorgeWashington, USS Osprey Body Armor 419 see also rifles
Second Anglo-Afghan War 259 Avro Lancaster 310–11 American Guadalcanal, USS 345 Ottoman Empire 132–33
Soviet occupation 391 BAE Harrier II GR9A 410 American Lexington, USS 343 pre-Columbian 108–09 battering ram 20–21
Taliban 409 Bristol Fighter F.2b 303 American Saratoga, USS 343, 344 Russian 418 Bayernwald trench 286–87
weapons 383, 395, 428, 429, De Havilland Mosquito B.16 American Yorktown, USS 343 Spanish tercio 120
436–37 British Argus, HMS 342–43 Viking 50, 52–53 see alsoWorldWar I
T12–13 British Ark Royal, HMS 344 armored vehicles Bayezid I, Sultan 90, 91
Africa English Electric Lightning F.1A British Furious, HMS 342, 344–45 American Dodge T214 light truck bayonets
guerrilla warfare 391 British Hermes, HMS 343
South Africa see South Africa 386–87 British Illustrious, HMS 344–45 361 Arras, Battle of 292
weapons and clothing 252–53 Eurofighter Typhoon 410–11 Japanese Akagi 344 American GMC 2½-ton 6x6 truck Baker rifle sword 165, 193
Fairey Swordfish “Stringbag” 342, Japanese Hosho 343 cavalry swords 236–37
Agincourt, Battle of 72, 73, 81 Japanese Shinano 329 360–61 double-barreled flintlock with 169
Ain Jalut, Battle of 96–97 346 strike aircraft 346–47 American M3A1 scout car 360 Egg’s carbine 165
air and sea battles, 1914–45 342–43 Gloster Gladiator 306 see also ships American M5 half-track 361 Elcho 237
aircraft Gloster Meteor 308 Aisne, Battle of the 286 American T17E1 Staghound 353 “Ersatz” knife 291
Handley-Page Halifax MK II 311 Akkadians 15 American Willy’s jeep 360–61 Indian tiger 165
airships 300, 343 Hawker Hurricane 306–07 al-Qaeda 428 British Rolls-Royce car 294–95 James II inscription on 164
helicopters see helicopters Hawker Tempest Mk II 308 Alexander the Great 24, 25 German Schwimmwagen MLE 1866 Chassepot 236–37
nuclear bombers and interceptors RAF F.E.2 304 Gaugamela, Battle of 25, 28 plug 164–65
RAF R.E.8 “Harry Tate” 304 Issus, Battle of 28–29 (amphibious vehicle) 361 socket 160, 161, 165
386–87 S.E.5A 302 Algeria, invasion by France 240 German SDKFZ 251-8 AUSF C see also muskets
predator drones (UAVs) 408, 409, Short S.25 Sunderland 321 American Civil War 218 Belgium
Short Stirling MK I 311 Antietam, Battle of 232–33 half-track 360 machine-guns see machine-guns,
428, 436 Sopwith Pup 303 Gettysburg, Battle of 220, 221 Rolls-Royce armored car 294–95
strategic bombing 300–01 Supermarine Seafire 347 ironclad ships 260–61 see also tanks Belgium
aircraft, France Supermarine Spitfire 306–07 Mobile Bay, Battle of 260–61 arquebus 116, 122–23 pistols see pistols, Belgium
Dassault Mirage 2000D 411 Vickers Vimy 304–05 railroads and electric telegraph 221 armor, ineffectiveness against 126 rifle, FN FAL Prototype assault
Dassault Mirage III C 387 Vickers Wellington 310 Spencer carbine Model 1865 rifle Galera Real war galley 150
Dewoitine D.520 307 Westland Lysander 320 initial use of 87 392
Voisin 8 304–05 aircraft, US 228 Japan, adopted by 138 Bergmann
aircraft, Germany B-25 Mitchell 310 uniforms 234–35 Mohacs, Battle of 114, 134–35
AEG G.IV 304 B-29 long-range bombers 300, 301 weapons 220–21, 228, 236–37, Osaka castle, Siege of 146–47 LMG15NA machine-gun 284–85
airships 300 Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress see see also matchlocks MP18/I machine-pistol 285
Albatros D.V 302 246–47, 261 Arras, Battle of 276, 292–93 No.3 pistol 255
Arado Ar 234B-2 313 Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress American Revolutionary War 160 arrowheads see bows and arrows bicycles, BSA folding 375
Dornier DO.17 310–11 Boeing B-29A Superfortress 313 Asian traditions 42–43 Bin Laden, Osama 428
Eurofighter Typhoon 410–11 Boeing B-47 Stratojet 386 Continental Army 161, 174–75, East Asia conflict 138–39 Blake, Admiral Robert 149
Fieseler FI.156 Storch (Stork) Boeing B-52 Stratofortress 386 222 East Asian warfare 96–97 Bodiam Castle, England 84–85
Boeing E-3A Sentry (AWACS) Assyrian empire 12, 15, 18, 19 Boeing
320 Saintes, Battle of the 197 Lachish, Siege of 20–21 AH-64 Apache helicopter 402–03
Focke-Wulf FW 190 Würger 414–15 uniforms 172–73, 174, 175 Til Tuba, Battle of 15 B-17 Flying Fortress 300–01,
Boeing E-6B Mercury 415 weapons 172–73, 175, 222 Austerlitz, Battle of 159, 182–83, 212
(Shrike) 306–07 Consolidated B-24 Liberator Yorktown, Battle 158, 161 Australia 314–17
Focke-Wulf FW 200 Condor amphibious operations Perth, HMAS (cruiser) 334–35 B-29A Superfortress 313
310–11 DUKW (“Duck”) truck 326 Vietnam Medal 407 B-47 Stratojet 386
320–21 Consolidated PBY Catalina 320 Leyte Gulf, Battle of 348–49 Austria B-52 Stratofortress 386
Fokker Dreidecker 303 Convair B-58 Hustler 387 Normandy landings 340–41 astrolabe 202 bomb sight computer 317
Fokker D.VII 302–03 Curtiss P-40 Warhawk 307 Ancient Egypt 14, 15, 22–23 Austrian Succession,War of 160 chain gun 402
Fokker Eindecker 302 Curtiss SB2C Helldiver 342, 346 see also Egypt Galera Real (war galley) 150–53, E-3A Sentry (AWACS) 414–15
Gothas heavy bombers 301 Douglas A-20 Havoc 313 Ancient Greece 12 E-6B Mercury 415
Heinkel HE 111 310 Douglas C-47 Skytrain 320–21 armor and weapons 24, 26–27, 29 154 “fire-and-forget” capacity 402
Heinkel HE 177 Grief (Griffin) Douglas SBD Dauntless 343, 346 Gaugamela, Battle of 25, 28 Jena-Auerstadt, Battle of 182 Hellfire missiles 402
General Dynamics Fighting Falcon hoplites and phalanxes 24–27 machine-gun, Schwarzlose M07/12 Vertol CH-47 Chinook helicopter
312 Lelantine War 25
Junkers JU 52/3M 320 410 Leuctra, Battle of 25 282 400–01
Junkers JU 87 Stuka 301 Grumman E-2C Hawkeye 415 Marathon, Battle of 24, 25 muskets 190 BoerWars 219, 241
Junkers JU 87D Stuka 312 Grumman F-14 Tomcat 424 Peloponnesian War 24–25 pistols see pistols, Austria
Messerschmitt BF 109 fighter 301 Grumman F4F Wildcat 346 Salamis, Battle of 24 rifles see rifles, Austria concentration camps 257
Messerschmitt BF 110 306 Grumman F6F Hellcat 347 trireme 30–31 Siege of Vienna 131 Queen’s South Africa medal 259
Messerschmitt ME 163 Komet Grumman F8F Bearcat 347 Anglo-DutchWars,Texel, Battle of 149 Avro scorched earth policy 257
Grumman OV-1 Mohawk 414 Anglo-Saxons 504K 302 smokeless gunpowder 257
(Comet) 309 Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk stealth Hastings, Battle of 58–59 698 Vulcan B2 386 Spion Kop 240
Messerschmitt ME 262 Schwalbe weapons and armor 56–57 Lancaster 310–11 weapons 256–57, 288
aircraft 412–13 Ankara, Battle of 91 axes bombs and missiles
(Swallow) 300, 308–09 Lockheed Martin F-35A Antietam, Battle of 232–33 Chinese guandao 142 American AEGIS 423, 445
Zeppelin Staaken 305 Arab and Turkish conflict 90–91 Congolese 253 American atomic bombs 319
aircraft, Italy, Eurofighter Typhoon Lightning II 411 see also Muslims; Ottoman Empire Danish bearded 74 American FIM-92 Stinger missile
Lockheed P-3C Orion 414 armor English bill 74
410–11 Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird 414–15 Almain rivet 120 francisca throwing 41 395
aircraft, Japan Lockheed U-2A 414 Ancient Egypt 15 French boarding 208 British Mills Bomb, No. 36 291
McDonnell Douglas F-15C Eagle Ancient Greece 24, 26–27, 29 French pollaxe 74–75 German A4 (V2) 319
Kawasaki KI-100 309 Anglo-Saxons 56–57 hand (ancient) 16, 17 German Blohm &Voss BV246
Mitsubishi A6M Zero 346–47 386–87 Assyrian empire 18 Mamluk 92
Nakajima KI-43 Hayabusa “Oscar” Martin B-26 Marauder 312 cavalry (17th century) 128–29 Maori ceremonial toki 253 Hagelkorn 318
Mitchell B-25 bomber 300–01 Chinese medieval 146–47 Mayan 108 German Fiesler Fi103 (V1)
307 MQ-9 Predator drone 428 Crusader 95 medieval double-handed
Yokosuka MXY7 Okha 313 North American F-86 Sabre 410 elephant 136 318–19
aircraft, Russia/Soviet Union North American P-51 Mustang 308 58–59 German Henschel HS 117H
Ilyushin IL-2 “Shturmovik” 307 Northrop P-61 Black Widow 309 Russian bardiche 75
Mikoyan-Gurevich MIG-15 410 Predator UAV 409, 429 Schmetterling 318
Mikoyan-Gurevich MIG-21R 414 Reaper UAV 429 German Ruhrstahl X-4 AAM 319
Mikoyan-Gurevich MIG-25 Republic P-47 Thunderbolt 308 German Ruhrstahl/Kramer X-1
RQ-4 Global Hawk UAV 428
“Foxbat” 387 (“Fritz-X”) 318
Sikorsky “Ilya Mourometz” 304 Bouvines, Battle of 68–69
Sukhoi Su-27 “Flanker” 411

441

bows and arrows Chile D F field guns see under field guns INDEX
Assyrian Empire 19 Almirante Simpson (torpedo gunboat) flintlocks see under flintlocks
bodkin arrows 77 272 Dacian Wars 36–37
crossbows see crossbows Steyr “Hahn” M1911 pistol 255 daggers Fairey Swordfish “Stringbag” 342, 346 Franco-PrussianWar 218, 220,
Hunnish bow 41
Japanese 103 China Celtic 40–41 Falklands War 395, 422 221, 236–37
longbow 72–73, 77, 80–81 Anglo-French invasion 240 English ballock (“kidney”) 76
Mughal 137 ax, guandao 142 English quillon 76 South Atlantic Medal 407 Grand Alliance 177, 181
Norman arrows 57 Boxer rebellion 240 English rondel 76
cannon see under cannon flint 16–17 field guns helicopter, SA Gazelle 401
Breitenfeld, Battle of 115, 126–27 crossbows 96 German Landsknecht 121
Bren gun 369 Great Wall 97, 104–05, 138 Indian katar 137 American M1A1 gun 370–71 Hundred Years’War 61
Browning guerrilla warfare 390 Italian stiletto 178
gunpowder 86, 96, 97, 138 Japanese tanto 103, 141 breech-loading artillery 248–49 Ivry, Battle of 127
automatic rifle (BAR) M1918 Liaohsi Medal 406 see also knives
284–85 Manchu Banner system 138–39 Darius III of Persia 28–29 British 9-pounder 239 Légion d’Honneur 259
matchlock gun 143 Dassault
Colt-Browning Model 1895 “potato medieval armor 146–47 Mirage 2000D aircraft 411 British 18-pounder QF Mark II 288 Louis XIV wars 176, 177, 180–81
digger” machine-gun 245 Mongol conquest of 48 Mirage III C aircraft 387
naval power, early 96, 97 Denmark, bearded ax 74 British, Armstrong RBL 40-pound machine-guns see machine-guns,
GP35 pistol 366–67 Opium Wars 240 Donald Cook, USS 430–33
HP35 pistol 404 Red Cliffs, Battle of the 42 chain gun 431 248 France
M2 HB machine-gun 369 rifles see rifles, China helicopter launch pad 430
M2 machine-guns 315, 317 swords see swords, China rotary cannon 431 British BL 15-pounder 7cwt 248 Marignano, Battle of 116–17, 127
M1917 machine-gun 283 Terracotta Army 43, 44–45 weapon systems 421, 430, 432,
M1919 machine-gun 368–69 tribal warfare 43, 96 British Blakely RML mountain gun Namur, Siege of 158, 177, 180–81
Burma, war elephants 139 433
Byzantine Empire 50, 60 Churchill,Winston 326 Douglas 239 Napoleonic Wars see Napoleonic
Dyrrhachium, Battle of 61 Omdurman, Battle of 219, 251
“Greek Fire” weapon 51 A-20 Havoc 313 British mountain guns 288–89 Wars
Manzikert, Battle of 90 Cold War 382–85 C-47 Skytrain 320–21
ballistic missiles 384–85 McDonnell Douglas F-15C Eagle British Whitworth 3in boat gun Nine Years’War 176, 177,
C guerrilla warfare 390–91
hydrogen bomb tests 384 386–87 248 180–81
Canada limited warfare, practice of 385 SBD Dauntless 343, 346
Timberwolf C14 sniper rifle Mutually Assured Destruction Drake, Sir Francis 148 French 6-pounder 179 Novara, Battle of 117
420–21 (MAD) doctrine 385
Vancouver (frigate) 423 NATO formation 384 E French 12-pounder “Voltaire” 179 Pavia, Battle of 117
nuclear arms race 382, 384, 385
cannon Vietnam War see Vietnam War East India Company 166–67, French 75 221 pistols see pistols, France
American Dahlgren gun 261 Warsaw Pact 384 230–31
bombards 86, 89 French bronze three-barreled 178 Revolution see French
British Armstrong RML Colt Egypt
12-pounder 239 Colt-Browning Model 1895 “potato Ain Jalut, Battle of 96–97 French Canon de 75mm Modèle Revolutionary Wars
British Blomefield pattern digger” machine-gun 245 Ancient 14, 15, 22–23
24-pounder 198–99 Dragoon revolver 220 Mamelukes 96, 97, 131 1897 249 rifles see rifles, France
British Maxim QF 1-pounder Frontier double-action 227
“Pom-Pom” 245 Lightning 227 England French Hotchkiss quick-firing Rouen, Siege of 82
British muzzle-loading 12-pounder M1902 255 Agincourt, Battle of 72, 73, 81
199 M1911A1 366 Anglo-Saxons see Anglo-Saxons 3-pounder naval gun 249 ships see ships, France
Chinese 18-pounder 238 Navy Model 1851 225 Battersea shield 40
Chinese 32-pounder 239 New Service 290 bayonets 164–65 German 7.58cm light mortar new siege warfare 176
Chinese iron 103 Paterson revolving rifle 224–25 bill (ax) 74
Chinese silk gun 143 pocket pistol model 1849 224 boatswain’s call 203 model 289 swords see swords, France
Congreve rockets 182, 183, 201 SAA (“Peacemaker”) 226 cannon see under cannon
English, cast-iron 3-pounder 199 Civil War 116, 127, 129 German 7.7cm Sockel-flak 289 tanks see tanks, France
English bronze falcon 118–19 communications daggers see under daggers
English bronze saker 118 modern warfare 408–09 Gravelines, Battle of 148 German Feldkanone 96 neuer Art trench knife 291
Flanders bronze demi-cannon naval conflict (18th century) Halidon Hill, Battle of 72
119 202–03 Hastings, Battle of 50–51 7.7cm 249 uniforms 160, 184–85, 231, 281
Flanders Mons Meg 89 radio direction-finding equipment Hundred Years’War 61
Fontenoy, Battle of 170–71 (“huff-duff ”) 327 longbowmen 72, 77 German Krupp 8.9cm 249 Franks 50, 51
French bronze demi-culverin 119 railroads and electric telegraph Marston Moor, Battle of 127
French bronze robinet 118–19 221 Mary Rose (carrack) 77, 149 German Nebelwerfer 41 371 Frederick the Great 160, 161, 163
Galera Real war galley 150–51 suitcase radio 350, 376 mortar, Coehoorn 178
German Krupp 218, 221 World War I 298–99 naval supremacy (17th century) gunner’s callipers and dividers 178 French RevolutionaryWars
Italian, bronze minion 118 World War II 322–23 149
Japanese hand cannon 142–43 pistol, John Waters blunderbuss howitzers 288–89, 370, 371 armies and conscription 182–83
Malaysian bronze saker 119 Constantinople, Siege of 86–87, 91 210
Middle Ages 48, 82, 86, 88–89 contemporary era see modern warfare Rouen, Siege of 82 hydro-pneumatic recoil system 249 Fleurus, Battle of 182
naval 198–99 Courtrai, Battle of 72 swords see swords, England
Ottoman Empire 91, 130, 131, Crécy, Battle of 73, 80–81 uniforms 57, 116, 163, 210–11 Indian 6-pounder 178, 238–39 Nile, Battle of the 159, 196,
148 Crimean War see also Scotland; UK
rammer and sponge 199 rifled (19th century) 238–39 206–07
rifled 238–39 Charge of the Light Brigade 220 Ethiopia 241
rotary 431 electric telegraph 221 Ethiopian Congo Medal 406 Russian M1938 field howitzer 370 reconnaissance balloon 182
Russian licorne 238–39 ironclad ships 260
Scottish Carron 200–01 sea mines 261 Europe Russian M1942 field/anti-tank gun uniforms 184–85
slow matches 198 Turkish Crimean medal 258 Imperial Wars 240–41
swivel guns 89, 201 Victoria Cross 258 infantry armor (16th century) 359 Valmy, Battle of 183
weapons 220, 221, 236–37 120–21
Carthage, PunicWars 33 Cromwell, Oliver 127 naval warfare (16th century) Fieseler weapons 184, 190–91, 208, 209
cavalry crossbow see also bows and arrows 148–49
crossbows 58, 72–73, 77, 78–79 naval warfare (19th century) Fi103 (V1) missile 318–19
armor and weapons 128–29 ballista 88 196–97 GFI.156 Storch (Stork) aircraft 320
charge 127 “Big Joe” 377 permanent armies
dragoons, introduction of 127 China 96 (18th century) 158 Finland, Lahti L39 anti-tank rifle 358
Fontenoy, Battle of 170–71 Crusades 60, 61 siege warfare (18th century)
lance, abandonment of 126–27 Hattin, Battle of 90–91 see siege warfare firearms see field guns; flintlocks; Gatling gun 220
Middle Ages 49, 51, 58–61, 68 Krak des Chevaliers castle 82, star forts (16th century) 117
Roman 33 uniforms (18th century) 160–61, matchlocks; muskets; pistols; rifles Gaugamela, Battle of 25, 28
swords and bayonets 236–37 83 163
chariots, horse-drawn 15 Siege of Acre 83 weapons (16th century) 116–17, Flanders Genghis Khan 96, 100–01
Charlemagne 50, 51 swords and armor 94–95 120–21, 126–27
Cumberland, Duke of 170, 192 weapons (18th century) 160, 161 Bayernwald trench 286–87 GeorgeWashington, USS 424–27

Bouvines, Battle of 68–69 defence systems 424, 425, 427

cannon see under cannon nuclear reactors 426, 427

Fontenoy, Battle of 170–71 Germany

Namur, Siege of 158, 177, 180–81 aircraft see aircraft, Germany

Fleurus, Battle of 182 armor 64–65, 121, 128–29

flintlocks armored vehicles 360, 361

adoption of 160 bayonet, “Ersatz” knife 291

double-barreled with bayonet 169 BMW R75 motorcycle combination

Dutch double-barreled 200–01 360

French carbine Model AN IX bombs and missiles 318–19, 327,

190–91 409

French Charleville Modèle 1777 cannon, Krupp 218, 221

184 “caracole” manoeuvre against pike

light dragoon carbine 168–69 squares 126–27

replacing matchlocks 117, 122 crossbow 78–79

smoothbore 194–95 Crusader sword 94–95

swivel gun 201 Eastern Front Medal 325

on Victory, HMS 215 field guns see under field guns

flower wars 106–07 halberd 120

Fokker helicopter, Messerschmitt-Bölkow-

Dreidecker 303 Blohm BO-105 400

D.VII 302–03 knife, airborne gravity 375

Eindecker 302 knight’s sword 70–71

Fontenoy, Battle of 170–71 Kursk, Battle of 351

France Landsknechte foot soldiers 116

Agincourt, Battle of 72, 73 Landsknecht dagger and sword 121

aircraft see aircraft, France Lechfeld, Battle of 51

Algeria invasion 240 machine-guns see machine-guns,

AMX-13 tank 416 Germany

artillery reform (Gribeauval) 161 Magdeburg, Sack of 177

Butterfield sundial 202 Magyar defeat 51

cannon see under cannon mortar, 50mm light M36 370

Chappe telegraph system 182 naval supremacy, race for 261

Chateau Gaillard 83 Operation Market Garden 372–73

Courtrai, Battle of 72 pike 75

Croix de Guerre medal 324 pistols see pistols, Germany

Duchy of Normandy, Pour le Mérite (Blue Max) medal

formation of 51 324

442

INDEX rifles see rifles, Germany Crusades, heaume 95 J L Sten Mark II 367
Sten Mk6 377
ships see ships, Germany desert camouflage 418 Jackson, General Thomas “Stonewall” Lachish, Siege of 20–21 Thompson M1921 (“Tommy Gun”)
232–33 Lebel
stick grenade 290 English triple-barred pot 129 351, 366–67
Japan MLE 1886 rifle 229 Vickers “Light Pattern” Model 1908
storm troopers 279, 280 Flemish cuirassier’s 128 aircraft see aircraft, Japan Modèle 1892 pistol 227
armor 102–03, 144–45 Lee-Enfield 282
swords see swords, Germany German burgonet 121 cannon, hand 142–43 Mark III (“Smellie“) rifle 243 Vickers Mk I 368
castle-building 138 No.4 rifle 364–65 Vickers-Maxim “New Light”
tanks see tanks, Germany Italian comb morion 121 Gempei Wars 97 Pattern 1913 rifle 242–43
Guadalcanal, Battle of 351 rifle 242, 251, 257 Model 1906 282
terrorism and Red Army Faction Japanese 103, 144–45 gunpowder 87 Lee, General Robert E. 232–33 machine-guns, US
Hansando, Battle of 138 Lee-Metford, rifle 229, 251, 257
391 knights’ 66–67 Hiroshima and Nagasaki 300, 313, Legnano, Battle of 72 Browning automatic rifle (BAR)
319, 378–79, 384 Leipzig, Battle of 183 M1918 284–85
uniforms 121, 362 Mamluk 93 Kagoshima, Battle of 248 Lepanto, Battle of 148, 154–55
kamikaze suicide tactics 342 Galera Real war galley 150–53 Browning M2 HB 369
Gravelines, Battle of 148 Moctezuma’s 109 Leyte Gulf, Battle of 277, 326, Leyte Gulf, Battle of 348–49 Browning M1917 283
348–49 Lockheed Browning M1919 368–69
Greece see Ancient Greece Mughal 136 matchlocks 138, 142, 168 F-117 Nighthawk stealth aircraft Colt-Browning Model 1895 “potato
Meiji Restoration 240
grenades Norman 57 Midway, Battle of 343 412–13 digger” 245
as modern military power Martin F-35A Lightning II 411 Gardner 245
American M67 “baseball” 397 Persian parade 92 (early 1900s) 240 P-3C Orion 414 Gatling 220
Mongol invasion of 97 SR-71 Blackbird 414–15 Lewis gun M1914 284–85
American XM25 launcher 428 Prussian Pickelhaube 231 Myongyang, Battle of 138 U-2A 414 M60 396–97
Nagashino, Battle of 87, 115, Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia Magyars
British Mills Bomb, No. 36 291 Spanish capacete 74 138–39 Lechfeld, Battle of 51
Noryang, Battle of 138 134–35 MahabharataWar 42–43
German stick 290 Sutton Hoo 56 Order of the Rising Sun 259 Louis XV of France 171 Mahdists 240, 245, 250–51
Osaka castle, Siege of 146–47 Malaysia, bronze saker cannon 119
launcher, Individual Airburst tank crew (WWI) 294 Pearl Harbor 327, 343 M Mamluks 90, 92, 93
peasant foot soldiers 114 Manchu Banner system 138
Weapon System (IAWS) 429 Turkish chichak 132 rifles see rifles, Japan Maastricht, Siege of 177 Mao Zedong 390, 391
Russo-Japanese War 218 McClellan, General George B. 232–33 Maoris see under New Zealand
South African Milkor MGL see also armor; uniforms Samurai warriors 96–97, 138, 144, Macedonians Marathon, Battle of 24, 25
146–47 Marignano, Battle of 116–17
launcher 395 Henry VIII 118–19, 120, 121 Sekigahara, Battle of 138 Gaugamela, Battle of 25, 28 Marston Moor, Battle of 127
Sengoku Period 138 Issus, Battle of 28–29 matchlocks 116
see also bombs and missiles; Hideyoshi,Toyotomi 139 ships see ships, Japan maces 99, 133, 633 arquebus see arquebus
staff weapons (16th century) machine-guns bandolier 122–23
mortars Hiroshima and Nagasaki 300, 313, 142–43 19th century 244–45 Chinese 143
swords see swords, Japan heavy 282–83 Indian 168, 169
Grumman 319, 378–79, 384 tank, Ha-Go Type 95 light 354 light 284–85 Indore Torador 169
Tennoji, Battle of 146 water- and air-cooled 368–69 Japanese 138, 142, 168
E-2C Hawkeye 415 Hittites 14, 15 Tokugawa shogunate 138, machine-guns, Austria, Schwarzlose Mughal Empire 130
240 revolving 169
F-14 Tomcat 424 Holy League fleet Tsushima, Battle of 264–65 M07/12 282 snapping 121
uniforms 362 machine-guns, Belgium Tibetan meda 169
F4F Wildcat 346 Galera Real war galley 150–53 White Mountain, Battle of 124–25
Judean empire, Lachish, Siege of FN Minimi 394 Mauser
F6F Hellcat 347 Lepanto, Battle of 148, 154–55 20–21 FN P90 404–05 C96 pistol 254–55
machine-guns, France GeW’98 rifle 291
F8F Bearcat 347 Hotchkiss Julius Caesar 32, 33, 36–37 De Reffye Mitrailleuse volley gun Infanteriegewehr 98 rifle 242–43,
Junkers
OV-1 Mohawk 414 Modèle 1914 machine-gun 283 244 364–65
JU 52/3M 320 FM Model 1924/29 368 KAR98K rifle 364
Guernica 300 quick-firing 3-pounder naval gun JU 87 Stuka 301 Hotchkiss Modèle 1914 283 M/71 rifle 223
JU 87D Stuka 312 Mitrailleuse rapid-fire gun 220 M1878 “Zig-Zag” pistol 227
guerrilla warfare 249 machine-guns, Germany M1896 rifles 243
K Bergmann LMG15NA 284–85 Model 71/84 rifle 229
Afghanistan 391 Hundred Years’War 61, 72, 80–81, DMW LMG08/15 285 Maxim
khaki, introduction of 280–81 DWM MG08 282 M1910 machine-gun 282
Africa 391 86–87 Killiecrankie, Battle of 164 Heckler & Koch MP5 391, 404–05 machine-gun 220, 240, 245
Kitchener, General (later Lord) Heckler & Koch MP7 405 QF 1-pounder “Pom-Pom” cannon
BoerWar 256–57 Hussites 86, 87 MG08/18 285
Herbert MG13 284 245
modern-day 382, 390–91, 409 Boer War 256–57 MG34 369 medals
VietnamWar 390, 398–99 Omdurman, Battle of 250–51 MG42 369
knives MG43 395 Afghanistan medal 259
IGulf War 382, 402–03, 409, 412–13 American Mk 3 fighting 375 MP40 367 Air Crew Europe Star 325
American V44 survival 377 machine-guns, Italy Chinese Liaohsi Medal 406
gunpowder Inca Empire 106, 107, 114 Aztec flint 109 Beretta M38/42 367 Crimea medal 258
British knuckle-duster, “Middle Breda Modello 30 368 Croix de Guerre medal 324
Baker rifle see Baker rifle India Fiat-Revelli Model 1914 283 Ethiopian Congo Medal 406
East” pattern 377 machine-guns, Russia/Soviet Union French Légion d’Honneur 259
China 86, 96, 97, 138 British rule, rebellion against 240 German airborne gravity 375 Degtyarev DSHK 1938 369 German Pour le Mérite (Blue Max)
Peruvian tumi 108 Maxim M1910 282
and fortifications 84, 86–87 field guns 178, 238–39 Saxon 56 PKM 394 medal 324
serrated flint 16–17 RPG-7V 394–95 Hanoverian Medal forWaterloo
matchlock musket 122–23 horseback raiders 43 see also daggers RPK74 395
Korea 138, 337 machine-guns, UK 258
Middle Ages 48, 82, 86 India General Service medal 258 Liaohsi Medal 406 Bren gun 369 India General Service medal 258
UN Korea medal 406 Maxim 220, 240, 245 Indian Mutiny medal 258
smokeless 257 Indian Mutiny medal 258 Kosovo, NATO Service Medal Maxim .45in Gatling-Gardner Iraq Medal 407
Japanese Order of the Rising Sun
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden 126, Kalinga, conquest of 43 407 caliber 244–45
Krupp Maxim MG08/15 284 259
127 Mahabharata War 42–43 Maxim Parabellum LMG14/17 NATO Service Medal 407
cannon 218, 221 Northern Ireland General Service
matchlock guns 168, 169 field gun 249 284–85
H Mughal Empire 130, 131, “Krupp Cemented” steel armor Maxim-Nordenfelt Model 1893 Medal 407
136–37 OttomanWar medal 324
266 245 Prussian Iron Cross 324
Hadrian’sWall 36, 37, 38–39 Punjab medal 258 Kublai Khan 96, 97 Maxim’s 254 Punjab medal 258
Sten 351 Queen’s South Africa medal 259
Hastings, Battle of 58–59 swords see swords, India Russian Medal for Courage 325
Russian Order of the PatrioticWar
Hattin, Battle of 90–91 war elephants 42
medal 324–25
Hawker Iran, mail and plate armor 92–93

Hurricane 306–07 Iraq War 402–03, 430–33

Tempest Mk II 308 Baghdad bombing 383, 409

Heckler & Koch guerrilla warfare 390, 409

G41 assault rifle 393 Iraq Medal 407

MP5 machine-gun 391, 404–05 Operation Telic 407

MP7 machine-guns 405 Islam see Muslims

PSG-1 sniper rifle 421 Israel

Heinkel Eitan UAV 428

HE 111 aircraft 310 Galil assault rifle 392–93

HE 177 Grief (Griffin) 312 remote-controlled robotic snake

helicopters 400–01 428

American Bell AH-1 Cobra 400 Soltam Commando mortar 395

American Bell UH-1 Iroquois 391, Issus, Battle of 28–29

400 Italy

American Boeing AH-64 Apache see Adowa, Battle of 241

Boeing AH-64 Apache helicopter armor 62, 120

American BoeingVertol CH-47 bronze minion cannon 118

Chinook 400–01, 408–09 cavalry flag 231

American Sikorsky UH-60 Black Eurofighter Typhoon aircraft

Hawk 401, 428 410–11

British Apache AH Mk1 401 Franchi SPAS shotgun 404

French SA Gazelle 401 heavy field howitzer M 1914/16

German Messerschmitt-Bölkow- 289

Blohm BO-105 400 Legnano, Battle of 72

Soviet MIL MI-24 Hind 401 machine-guns see machine-guns,

see also aircraft Italy

helmets matchlock, snapping 121

American US Army advance combat Pavia, Battle of 126

419 ships see ships, Italy

American US Marine Corps stiletto dagger 178

lightweight 419 sword 71

British Brodie 362 tank, Carro-Veloce L3-33

bronze 40–41 Flamethrower 354

Corinthian 26 uniforms 121, 231, 280

443

Russian Order of the Red Star 406 railroads and electric telegraph 221 swords 166–67, 208 Timur, defeat by 96 Kerr double-action revolver pistol INDEX
South Africa medal 259 Rapier surface-to-air missile 409 uniforms 184–85, 186, 187, weapons and armor 132–33 225
South Atlantic Medal 407 reconnaissance aircraft 414–15 see also Muslims
Turkish Crimean medal 258 robotic technology 428–29 188–89 Otumba, Battle of 110–11 New Land-Pattern 191
UK Distinguished Flying Cross 325 stealth technology 412–13, 430 Waterloo, Battle of 159, 179, 182, Webley & Scott MkVI 290
UK General Service Medal 406 submarines 434–35 P Webley Model 1910 255
UK Memorial Plaque 324 tanks 416–17 194–95 Webley-Fosbery 254
UK Military Cross 324 technological innovation 220 Waterloo medal 258 Palestine 391 Welrod silenced 377
UKVictoria Cross 258 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) see also France Panipat, Battle of 131 pistols, US
UN Korea medal 406 naval conflict Panzer Baby Dragoon 224
US Air Force Distinguished Service (“drone”) 408, 409 18th to 19th centuries 200–01 Colt Dragoon revolver 220
see also Cold War 1914–45 326–27 Kampfwagen II light tanks 354 Colt Frontier double-action 227
Medal 406 Mohacs, Battle of 114, 134–35 evolution to 1914 260–61 Kampfwagen III medium tank 355 Colt Lightning 227
US Distinguished Service Cross Mongols 100–01 navigation and communication Kampfwagen IV medium tank 354 Colt M1902 255
Ain Jalut, Battle of 96–97 Kampfwagen V medium tank 355 Colt M1911A1 366
407 armor and weapons 98–99, 101 (18th century) 202–03 Kampfwagen VI Tiger I heavy tank Colt Navy Model 1851 225
US Medal of Honor 259 China, conquest of 48 Paixhans gun 260 Colt New Service 290
US Purple Heart medal 325 Golden Horde, defeat of 96 race for supremacy 261 355 Colt pocket pistol model 1849 224
Vietnam Medal 407 Great Wall of China 104 sea mines 261 Kampfwagen VI Tiger II heavy tank Colt SAA (“Peacemaker”) 226
Vietnam Service Medal 407 gunpowder 101 seaplanes replaced by wheeled Dragoon 224
Waterloo medal 258 Liegnitz, Battle of 97 355 FP-45 Liberator 377
Messerschmitt mangonels 101 landplanes 342 Panzerbüsche anti-tank rifle 358–59 Ingram M10 404
BF 109 301 siege warfare 101 ships see ships Sturmpanzerwagen A7V tanks 295 M3A1 “Grease Gun” 367
BF 110 306 steppe horsemen 100–01 torpedoes 261 parachutes 375 Rappahannock 175
ME 163 Komet (Comet) 309 trebuchets 101 uniforms 210–11 Patton, General 350 Remington army Model 1875 226
ME 262 Schwalbe (Swallow) 300, Montgomery, General Bernard Nelson, Horatio 196, 197 Pavise shield 76–77 Remington revolver 220
Aboukir Bay, Battle of 207 Peloponnesian War 24–25 Smith &Wesson Model 1 226
308–09 372–73 flagships 207, 212–15 Peninsular War 192 Smith &Wesson Model 3 226
Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm mortars Nile, Battle of the 159, 196, Persia Poitiers, Battle of 73, 81
Issus, Battle of 28–29 Poland
BO-105 helicopter 400 British 179 206–07 Marathon, Battle of 24, 25 Klushino, Battle of 127
Mexico British 4.2in 371 Trafalgar, Battle of 196, 197, 199 parade helmet 92 Liegnitz, Battle of 97
British 13in 200 undress coat 211 Safavids 130, 131 Operation Market Garden 372–73
pre-Columbian warfare 106–07 English Coehoorn 178 Netherlands swords 19, 40–41 Portugal 168
pre-Columbian weaponry 108–09 German 50mm light M36 370 Anglo-Dutch Wars 149 Peru, tumi knife 108 Aljubarotta, Battle of 73
Middle Ages Israeli Soltam Commando 395 Downs, Battle of the 149 Phoenician dagger 18 Diu, Battle of 149
Agincourt, Battle of 72, 73, 81 Medieval 89 Eighty Years’War 117 pikemen 126–27, 128, 146 Pragmatic Army 170–71
archers 73, 76–77 Swedish 20-pounder 200 flintlock, double-barreled 200–01 White Mountain, Battle of 124–25 Prehistoric weapons 16–17
armor 60–65, 68, 73, 74–75 see also bombs and missiles; Maastricht, Siege of 177 pistols Prussia
Bodiam Castle, England 84–85 naval supremacy (17th century) belt, M1936 363 Franco-PrussianWar 218, 220,
bombards 86 grenades coast guard, pattern 1842 224
Bouvines, Battle of 68–69 Mosin-Nagent 149 flare 299 221, 236–37
cannon 48, 82, 86, 88–89 Operation Market Garden 372–73 flintlock 128 Iron Cross 324
castle fortification 84–85 carbine M1944 365 pistol, M1873 army revolver 226 machine-pistol 284, 285 Leuthen, Battle of 160
cavalry 49, 51, 58–61, 68 M91 “3-line” 242–43 swords see swords, Netherlands metallic-cartridge 226–27 musket, 1809 pattern 190
counterweight trebuchet 82, 83 M1891/30PU 364–65 New Zealand repeater, introduction of 218 rifles see rifles, Prussia
Courtrai, Battle of 72 motorcycles, BMW R75 combination Canterbury (frigate) 422 self-loading 254–55, 366 SevenWeeks’War 221
Crécy, Battle of 73, 80–81 Maori ceremonial toki (ax) 253 wheellock 87, 126, 127, 129 Seven Years’War 160, 168–69, 197
crossbow 58, 72–73, 77, 78–79 360 Maori wars 240 pistols, Austria uniforms 163, 231
Crusades see Crusades Mughal Empire 130, 131, 136–37 Vietnam Medal 407 Glock 17 405 PunicWars 32–33
gunpowder 48, 82, 86 muskets Nile, Battle of the 159, 196, 206–07 Rast and Gasser M1898 227
Hundred Years’War 61, 72, 86–87 Normandy landings 340–41 Steyr “Hahn” M1911 255 Q
infantry 48, 61, 72–75 Austrian 190 Normans Steyr M1905 254–55
Knights Templar 60 bayonets see bayonets Dyrrhachium, Battle of 61 Steyr SPP 405 Quiberon Bay, Battle of 197
lances 49, 51, 60 British Enfield rifled 220 weapons and armor 56–57 pistols, Belgium
longbows 72, 73, 80–81 British English Sea Service 168–69 Northern Ireland, bomb-disposal Browning GP35 366–67 R
mangonel 82 British India Pattern 190 Browning HP35 404
sieges 82–83, 88–89 British Minié ball bullet 221 robot 429 pistols, England, John Waters Ramesses II 14, 15
war-hammer 60, 61 carbines 127 nuclear warfare 378–79 Remington
warfare, evolution of 50–51 Charleville 222–23 blunderbuss 210
Middle East, weapons and armor Long Land Pattern “Brown Bess” medals 406–07 pistols, France army Model 1875 pistol 226
nuclear-powered submarine revolver 220
(11th to 16th centuries) 92–93 168, 175, 188 heavy dragoon 1747 190 rifles
Mikasa 266–69 Prussian 1809 pattern 190 388–89 holster 191 assault rifle 392–93
Turkish snaphaunce (tüfek) 169 Lebel Modèle 1892 227 bolt-action rifle 228
guns 266, 268 Muslims O Lefaucheux pin-fire revolver 226 breech-loading rifle 218, 220
“Krupp Cemented” steel armor Arab and Turkish conflict 90–91 sea service (Pattern 1757/1777) early repeating rifle 228–29
counterweight trebuchet 90 Oceania, weapons and clothing heavy dragoon carbine 190
266 Crusades see Crusades 252–53 209 laser rifle 429
Tsushima, Battle of 264–66 galley warfare 148–49 pistols, Germany manually-loaded repeater rifle
wireless telegraphy 264, 269 Hattin, Battle of 90–91 Omdurman, Battle of 219, 240,
Mikoyan-Gurevich Islam, foundation of 48, 90 250–51 Bergmann MP18/I machine-pistol 242–43
MIG-15 410 Islamic Empires at war 130–31 285 self-loading rifle 364–65
MIG-21R 414 Islamic shield 93 Operation Cedar Falls 398–99, 400–01 volley gun 201
MIG-25 “Foxbat” 387 Islamic sword 92 Agent Orange herbicide 401 Bergmann No.3 255 rifles, Austria
missiles see bombs and missiles Krak des Chevaliers castle 82 Borchardt C93 254–55 Mannlicher M1895 242–43
Moctezuma II, Emperor 110–11 Manzikert, Battle of 90 Operation Market Garden 372–73 Luger P’08 285, 290 Steyr AUG “bullpup” assault rifle 393
modern warfare Poitier (Tours), Battle of 50 Operation Moshtarak 446–47 Mauser C96 254–55 Steyr SSG69 sniper rifle 420–21
bomb disposal, remote-controlled Reconquista wars 61 Operation Neptune Spear 428 Mauser M1878 “Zig-Zag” 227 rifles, Belgium, FN FAL Prototype
see also Ottoman Empire Operation Telic 407 Reichsrevolver M1879 227
428, 429 Opium Wars 240 pistols, Netherlands, M1873 army assault rifle 392
camouflage 428, 429 N Osaka castle, Siege of 146–47 rifles, Canada,Timberwolf C14 sniper
communication advances 408–09 Ottoman Empire revolver 226
fighter and strike aircraft, modern Namur, Siege of 158, 177, 180–81 pistols, Russia/Soviet Union rifle 420–21
Napoleon Bonaparte 158, 182, 183 akinji scouts and raiders 130 rifles, China
410–11 Napoleonic Wars Ankara, Battle of 91 PPSH-41 367
frigates and destroyers 422–23 cannon 91, 130, 131, 148 Smith & Wesson Model 3 226 AK-47 Type 56S assault rifle 392
Global Position Satellites (GPS) Austerlitz, Battle of 159, 182–83, Constantinople, Siege of 86–87, Tokarev TT Model 1933 366 AK-74 assault rifle 393
212 pistols, Spain rifles, Finland, Lahti L39 anti-tank
408 91 Astra M901 366
high-tech battlefield 428–29 Grand Armée 182, 183 galley warfare 148–49 cavalry 224–25 rifle 358
infantry uniforms and equipment Hanoverian medal for Waterloo Janissaries (elite infantry) 130, 132 pistols, UK rifles, France
Lepanto, Battle of 131, 148, 149, Adams self-cocking revolver
418–19 258 Berthier MLE 1916 243
infantry weapons 220, 394–95 Leipzig, Battle of 183 154–55 Model 1851 224, 225 Chassepot breech-loading rifle 237
laser weapons 409, 429 Nile, Battle of the 159, 196, Mohacs, Battle of 114, 134–35 Deane-Harding Army model Chassepot percussion carbine 223
night-vision devices 409 Panipat, Battle of 131
precision-guided (“smart”) weapons 206–07 rifle, miquelet 133 double-action pistol 225
Russia, invasion of 182 rise of 91 Gabbett-Fairfax “Mars” 254
408 ships see ships, Ottoman Empire
Siege of Vienna 131
swords see swords, Ottoman Empire

444

INDEX FAMAS F1 assault rifle 393 Alesia, Siege of 36–37 capital ships 328–29 Holland No. 1, HMS (submarine) Spain
Hecate II sniper rifle 420–21 Aquae Sextiae, Battle of 33 cruisers 334–35 273 Aztec Empire see Aztec Empire
Lebel MLE 1886 229 Arbeia fort 38–39 cruisers, early 270–71 Basque separatist movement, ETA
LeMat Revolver 229 armor 34–35, 36, 40–41 destroyers and escorts 336–37 Hood, HMS 329 391
rifles, Germany Battersea shield 40 ironclad 260–61 Inflexible, HMS (hybrid battleship) Blenheim, Battle of 160
Gewehr 43 365 Bouvines, Battle of 68–69 Paixhans gun 260 capacete (helmet) 74
H & K G41 assault rifle 393 cavalry 33 sailing ships and naval combat 159, 263 CivilWar 118, 300, 301
H & K PSG-1 sniper rifle 421 Celtic dagger 40–41 Jackal, HMS (destroyer) 272–73 Downs, Battle of the 149
Mauser GeW’98 291 Dacian Wars 36–37 196, 206–07, 212–15 Lancaster, HMS (frigate) 422–23 Eighty Years’War 117, 176
Mauser Infanteriegewehr 98 forts, sieges and roads 36–39 submarines 338–39 Leviathan, HMS (cruiser) 271 Eurofighter Typhoon aircraft
francisca throwing ax 41 ships, Australia, Perth, HMAS (cruiser) Lightning, HMS (torpedo boat) 272 410–11
242–43, 364–65 Gaul, defeat of 33 Mary Rose (flagship) 121 fireships 149
Mauser KAR98K 364 Hadrian’s Wall 36, 37, 38–39 334–35 Mastiff, HMS (destroyer) 273 Gravelines, Battle of 148
Mauser M/71 223 Hunnish bow 41 ships, Austria, Galera Real (war galley) Prince of Wales, HMS 326 Guernica 300
Mauser M1896 243 javelin 35 Prince of Wales, HMS (battleship) Incas, defeat of 107, 114
Mauser Model 71/84 229 Jewish Revolt and Masada fort 37 150–53, 154 naval supremacy (16th century)
Panzerbüsche anti-tank rifle 358–59 Marian reforms 32–33 ships, Canada, Vancouver (frigate) 423 326 149
Sturmgewehr 44 351, 364–65 Punic Wars 32–33 ships, Chile, Almirante Simpson (torpedo Queen Mary, HMS (capital ship) 328 pistols see pistols, Spain
WaltherWA 2000 “bullpup” sniper sword, gladius hispaniensis 32 Rattler, HMS (composite gunboat) Reconquista wars 61
Trebia, Battle of 32–33 gunboat) 272 Spanish Armada 115, 148–49
rifle 420–21 weapons 32, 34, 35, 40–41 ships, England, Mary Rose (carrack) 270 Spanish Succession,War of 160
rifles, Israel, Galil assault rifle 392–93 Russia/Soviet Union Repulse, HMS (cruiser) 326 tercios (foot soldiers) 116, 120
rifles, Japan Afghanistan occupation 391 77, 149 Rodney, HMS (capital ship) 329
aircraft see aircraft, Russia/ ships, France Royal Sovereign, HMS (battleship) Spartans, PeloponnesianWar 24–25
Arisaka Meiji 30 243 spears
pill-lock carbine 143 Soviet Union fireship 148 263
rifles, Ottoman Empire, miquelet 133 bardiche (ax) 75 La Gloire (battleship) 260 Rupert, HMS (rammer) 262 Aztec atlatls (spear-throwing sticks)
rifles, Prussia body armor 418 Le Redoutable (submarine) 434 Sheffield, HMS (destroyer) 422 16, 111
Dreyse infantry rifle 221 cannon, licorne 238–39 Le Triomphant (submarine) 435 Snapdragon, HMS (minesweeper)
Dreyse needle gun 220 helicopter, MIL MI-24 Hind 401 L’Orient (flagship) 206–07 bone harpoon 17
Dreyse needle gun Model 1841 Hotchkiss quick-firing 3-pounder Médée (frigate) 197 336–37 German pike 75
ships, Germany Sturgeon, HMS (torpedo boat) 272 Japanese 142–43
222–23 naval gun 249 Bismarck (capital ship) 329, 346 T-class (1937–44) submarine 338 lance head 63
rifles, Russia/Soviet Union Jena-Auerstadt, Battle of 182 Derfflinger, SMS (capital ship) 328 torpedo boats 272 lance, medieval 68
Klushino, Battle of 127 Dresden, SMS (cruiser) 271 Vanguard (flagship) 207 Levallois point 17
Dragunov SVD sniper rifle 420–21 Kursk, Battle of 351 G37, SMS (destroyer-escort) 336 Vanguard, HMS (submarine) 435 Obsidian spear (Incas) 106
Mosin-Nagent carbine M1944 365 machine-guns see machine-guns, Prinz Eugen (cruiser) 335 Victory, HMS (flagship) Saxon 56–57
Mosin-Nagent M91 “3-line” Regensburg, SMS (cruiser) 334–35 Zulu iklwa 252–53
Russia/Soviet Union torpedo boats 273 see Victory, HMS Special Forces weapons 404–05
242–43 Medal for Courage 325 Type VIIC (submarine) 339 Warrior, HMS (battleship) 260, 262 Spion Kop 240
Mosin-Nagent M1891/30PU Moscow nuclear bunker 384 U-9, SM (submarine) 338 ships, US Stamford Bridge, Battle of 58
Napoleon invades 182 U-25 (submarine) 338 aircraft carriers see under aircraft Süleyman 114, 131, 134–35
364–65 Order of the Patriotic War medal U-boats 326, 327 Sumerians 14–15, 18–19
Tokarev SVT40 365 Wilhelm Bauer (submarine) 339 carriers sundial, Butterfield 202
rifles, Switzerland, Schmidt-Rubin 324–25 ships, Italy Archerfish, USS (submarine) 329 Sweden
Order of the Red Star 406 Roma (battleship) 409 Arleigh Burke, USS (destroyer) 423 Breitenfeld, Battle of 126–27
M1889 229 pistols see pistols, Russia/ Vittorio Veneto (capital ship) 329 Donald Cook, USS (destroyer) see Stridsvagn 103 (S-Tank) 416
rifles, UK ships, Japan Thirty Years’War, involvement in
Soviet Union aircraft carriers see under aircraft Donald Cook, USS
Baker see Baker rifle rifles see rifles, Russia/Soviet Union Gato, USS (submarine) 338–39 126, 127
Boys MK1 anti-tank rifle 358 Russo-Japanese War 218 carriers Hazelwood, USS (destroyer) 337 weapons 89, 200, 243
Enfield rifled musket 220 see under field guns Fuji (battleship) 262–63 Herbert J Thomas, USS (destroyer) Switzerland
L85A1 (SA80) “bullpup” assault swords see swords, Russia/ Fuso (battleship) 349 Marignano, Battle of 116–17
I-400 (submarine) 339 422 Schmidt-Rubin M1889 rifle 229
rifle 392–93 Soviet Union Mikasa (battleship) see Mikasa Maryland, USS (submarine) 434–35 swords
L96A1 sniper rifle 421 T90 MBT tank 417 Mogami (cruiser) 273 Nautilus, USS (submarine) 388–89, 18th-century 166–67
Lee-Enfield 242, 251, 257 tanks see tanks, Russia/ Musashi (battleship) 349 akinakes (Persian sword) 19
Lee-Enfield Mark III (“Smellie”) Seiki (cruiser) 270 434 Assyrian sappara 19
Soviet Union Suzutsuki (anti-aircraft escort) North Carolina, USS (capital ship) Aztec maquahuitl 109
243 Tsushima, Battle of 219, 264–65, basket hilt 166, 236
Lee-Enfield No.4 364–65 337 329 cavalry 166–67
Lee-Enfield Pattern 1913 242–43 268 Takao (cruiser) 270, 335 Oliver Hazard Perry , USS (frigate) Crusader 94–95
Lee-Metford 229, 251, 257 uniforms 162, 281 Yahagi (cruiser) 335 double-edged 94–95
Martini-Henry Mk I 223, 237, 240 Warsaw Pact 384 Yamashiro (battleship) 349 423 European 70–71
Minié ball bullet 221 Yamato (battleship) 329, 343 Parker, USS (destroyer) 337 Flemish bronze gilded 71
SMLE MkIII 290–91 S ships, Ottoman Empire Pharris, USS (destroyer) 423 Islamic 92
Westley Richards “Monkey Tail” Galera Real war galley 150–53 Quincy, USS (cruiser) 335 Italian 71
Safavids 130, 131 Sultana (flagship) 150, 154 St. Lo, USS (escort carrier) 349 Mughal 137
carbine 223 Saintes, Battle of the 197 ships, Russia/Soviet Union Tennessee, USS 327 naval 204–05, 208, 211
rifles, US Saladin 91 Akula class (submarine) 434 Texas, USS (battleship) see Texas, USS Norman 56–57
Scotland Borodino (battleship) 263, 264 Virginia, USS (submarine) 435 North African saif (nimcha) 167
Barrett Model 90 “Bullpup” sniper Novosibirsk (submarine) 434 West Virginia, USS 327 Pappenheimer 129
rifle 420–21 axes 75 Yuri Dolgoruki (submarine) 435 Yamato, USS (battleship) 343 Persian 40–41, 166
Bannockburn, Battle of 73 ships, UK siege warfare pommel 95
Browning automatic rifle (BAR) cannon, carronades 200–01 Acanthus, HMS (corvette) 336 bastions, protruding 82, 87, 176 sickle 41
M1918 284–85 Killiecrankie, Battle of 164 Adventure, HMS (cruiser) 271 citadels 176, 181 sword bayonet 236
see also England; UK Agincourt, HMS (destroyer) 337 development of 176–77 two-handed 75, 121
Colt Paterson revolving rifle Seven Years’War 160, 168–69 aircraft carriers see under aircraft hornworks 176 swords, China
224–25 “general chase” naval tactics 197 Lachish, Siege of 20–21 changdao 142
Quiberon Bay, Battle of 197 carriers mangonel 88 dao 140
Colt revolving rifle Model 1855 Zorndorf, Battle of 160 Astute, HMS (submarine) 435 medieval castle fortification 84 jian 103, 141, 166–67
228–29 Sherman Avon Vale, HMS (destroyer-escort) ravelins 176 swords, England
Firefly M4 353 star fort 176 Anglo-Saxon 56, 57
Ferguson 175 M4A1 medium 352–53 336–37 traction trebuchet 88 English 70
Henry Model 1860 228 shields Bellerophon, HMS (battleship) 207 trenches 177, 181 English hand-and-a-half 71
M1 carbine 365, 374 Ancient Greek 27 Captain, HMS (battleship) 262 weapons 176–77, 181 English short 71
M1 Garand 350, 351, 364 Battersea 40 Caroline, HMS (cruiser) 334–35 Sikorsky swords, France
M14 396–97 Bohemian Pavise 76–77 copper-bottomed 197 “Ilya Mourometz” 304 cutlass 205
M16A1 assault rifle 392–93 chimalli (Aztec) 108–09 Devastation, HMS (battleship) 262, R-4 Hoverfly 321 French 71
M40 sniper rifle 420 Islamic 93 UH-60 Black Hawk 401, 428 French Coronation 70
Pennsylvania 172–73 Mughal dhal 137 260 Smith & Wesson Model An XIII 187
PHASR laser rifle 429 Ottoman kalkan 133 Diamond, HMS (destroyer) 422 Model 1 pistol 226
Ruger Model 10/22 405 Zulu 252 Dreadnought, HMS (battleship) 261, Model 3 pistol 226
Spencer 228 ships South Africa
Spencer carbine Model 1865 228 aircraft carriers see aircraft carriers 328–29 Boer War see Boer War
Spencer repeating carbine 220 battleships, 19th century 262–63 E-class submarine 338 Milkor MGL grenade launcher 395
Springfield Trapdoor 223 Gibraltar, HMS (cruiser) 270 Queen’s South Africa medal 259
Stoner 63 assault rifle 392 Hindustan, HMS (pre-dreadnought South Africa medal 259
TR3 laser rifle 429 Zulu wars 240–41, 259
Winchester carbine Model 1866 battleship) 263 Soviet Union see Russia/Soviet Union

228–29
Rolls-Royce armored car 294–95
Romans 12

Adrianople, Battle of 33

445

Napoleonic infantry 184 T72 416 helicopter, Apache AH Mk1 401 Operation Cedar Falls see machine-guns 282–85 INDEX
swords, Germany T90 MBT 417 India General Service medal 258 Operation Cedar Falls medals 324–25
tanks, Sweden, Stridsvagn 103 (S-Tank) Indian Mutiny medal 258 Messines, Battle of 279
Crusader 94–95 Iraq Medal 407 Operation Market Garden 372–73 Michael offensive 279
knight’s 70–71 416 khaki uniforms, adoption of 280 Operation Neptune Spear 428 Passchendaele, Battle of 278
Landsknecht 121 tanks, UK knuckle-duster, “Middle East” Panoramic Night Vision Goggles poison gas 276, 278–79, 292
Ulfberht 70–71 reconnaissance and fighter aircraft
swords, India Boys MK1 anti-tank rifle 358 pattern knife 377 (PNVGs) 409
moplah 167 Challenger 1 MBT 417 machine-guns see machine-guns, UK Pearl Harbor 327, 343 302–03
ayudha katti 167 Cromwell, Cruiser Mk VIII (A27M) Memorial Plaque 324 pistols see pistols, US “rolling barrage” shellfire 279
Nizams’ talwar (curved sword) 167 Military Cross 324 Plains Indians’ wars 240–41, 246 Scapa Flow 328
swords, Japan 352–53 Mills Bomb, No. 36 291 Purple Heart medal 325 Somme offensive 279, 292
katana (samurai) 138, 140–41 “Little Willie” 294 mortars 200, 370–71 Quincy, USS (cruiser) 335 submarines 338–39
tachi 103 Mark IV 294 muskets see under muskets rifles see rifles, US tanks 279, 294–97
tsuba (hand guards) 141 Mark V 295, 296–97 Northern Ireland, General Service SEAL Special Forces 428 technology and observation
wakizashi (samurai) 140 PIAT anti-tank gun 359 ships see ships, US
swords, Netherlands Sherman Firefly M4 353 Medal 407 swords see swords, US techniques 279
5-bar hilted 204–05 Whippet, medium Mark A 294, Northern Ireland, bomb-disposal tanks see tanks, US trench warfare 278–79, 286–87,
S-bar hilted 205 terrorism and 9/11 383, 391, 408
swords, Ottomans 296 robot 429 Truman Doctrine 384 290–91
khanjar 132 tanks, US Operation Market Garden 372–73 uniforms 281, 363, 374–75, 419 U-boats 326
kilic 93, 133 Osprey Body Armor 419 Vietnam War see Vietnam War Verdun, Battle of 276, 278
swords, Roman, gladius hispaniensis 32 Adaptive Camouflage 428 pistols see pistols, UK War of Independence 159 Ypres, Battle of 279
swords, Russia/Soviet Union Black Night 428 Punjab medal 258 World War I Victory medal 324 WorldWar II
Model 1827 cavalry trooper’s 236 M1A1 Abrams MBT 417 Queen’s South Africa medal 259 aerial artillery 301
Pioneer Model 1847 236–37 M1A1 “Bazooka” anti-tank gun 359 rifles see rifles, UK V air attack on warships 326–27
swords, UK M24 Chafee light 353 Rolls-Royce armored car 294–95 air power, growth of 300–01
cavalry trooper’s Pattern 1796 M1942 field/anti-tank gun 359 Second Anglo-Afghan War 259 Valmy, Battle of 183 amphibious operations 351
Sherman Firefly M4 353 ships see ships, UK Vauban, Marquis de 176, 177, 181 artillery 370–71
190–91 Sherman M4A1 medium 352–53 South Africa medal 259 Vickers atom bomb 276
cavalry trooper’s Pattern 1853 telescope, Gregorian 203 South Atlantic Medal 407 Battle of Britain 301
Terracotta Army 44–45 Special Operations Executive “Light Pattern” Model 1908 Blitzkreig (“lightning”) tactics 350,
236–37 terrorism 382, 391 machine-gun 282
ceremonial small 204–05 al-Qaeda 428 (SOE) 376–77 351
Dragoon 166–67 Operation Neptune Spear 428 spiked club 290–91 Mk I machine-gun 368 bombers 300, 314–17
five-ball spadroon 204–05 Texas, USS 330–33 suitcase radio 350, 376 Vickers-Maxim “New Light” bombs and missiles 318–19
infantry hanger 236–37 Bofors anti-aircraft guns 330–31 swords see swords, UK British Special Operations
midshipman’s dirk 210 Oerlikon cannon 331 tanks see tanks, UK Model 1906 machine-gun 282
mortuary 126, 129 submerged mines, dealing with UN Korea Medal 406 Vimy 304–05 Executive (SOE) 376–77
swords, US uniforms 40–41, 211, 230–31, Wellington 310 BSA folding bicycle 375
American “foot” officer’s 236–37 331 Victory, HMS 212–15 capital ships 328–29
American infantry Model 1850 Texel, Battle of 149 280, 362, 418–19 Blomefield pattern cannon 198–99 carrier and maritime strike aircraft
Thailand, war elephants 139 Victoria Cross 258 weapons 213, 214–15
237 Thebans 25 see also England; Scotland Vietnam War 385 346–47
American light cavalry saber Thirty Years’War uniforms guerrilla warfare 390, 391 chemical weapons 276
19th-century armies 230–31 laser-guided bombs 409 communication and code-breaking
Model 1860 236–37 Breitenfeld, Battle of 126–27 airborne force, US 374 night-vision devices 409
Syria, Krak des Chevaliers castle 82, 83 Magdeburg, Sack of 177 American Civil War 234–35 Operation Cedar Falls see equipment 322–23
weapons 117, 129 American Revolutionary War Crete 351
T White Mountain, Battle of 124–25 Operation Cedar Falls crossbow, “Big Joe” 377
Tibet, weapons 166, 169 172–73, 174, 175 US Marine uniform and kit Dresden, bombing of 277, 300
Taiwan, Penghu, Battle of 139 Til Tuba, Battle of 15 England 57, 116, 163, 210–11 El Alamein, Battle of 276
Taliban see Afghanistan Timur 96, 97 European 18th century 160–61, 396–97 fighter and fighter-bomber aircraft
tanks Tokarev Vietnam Medal 407
SVT40 rifle 365 162–63 Vietnam Service Medal 407 306–09
anti-tank weapons 289, 358–59, TT Model 1933 pistol 366 France 160, 184–85, 231, 281 weapons 392–93, 396–97, 420 flamethrowers 351
390, 394 Tonga, war club 253 Germany 121, 362 Vikings Guadalcanal, Battle of 351
Tournai, Siege of 170 Italy 121, 231, 280 Lindisfarne raid 51 guided weapon, first use of 409
post-war 416–17 Trafalgar, Battle of 196, 197, 199 Japan 362 longship 51, 54–55 Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombing
see also armored vehicles Victory, HMS see Victory, HMS late 19th to 20th century 280–81 rise of 50
tanks, Finland, Lahti L39 anti-tank trench warfare see under World War I modern warfare 418–19 weapons and armor 50, 52–53 300, 313, 319, 378–79, 384
Truman Doctrine 384 Napoleonic Wars 184–85, 186, Von Richthofen, Baron (Red Baron) horse-drawn supply trains 351
rifle 358 Tsushima, Battle of 219, 262–65, 268 kamikaze suicide tactics 342
tanks, France “crossing the T” 264–65 187, 188–89 301, 303 Kursk, Battle of 351
destroyers 264–65 Prussia 163, 231 land warfare 350–51
AMX-13 416 “line astern” formation 264–65 Russia/Soviet Union 162, 281 W Leyte Gulf, Battle of 277, 326,
Char B1-bis heavy 352 wireless telegraphy 264, 269 UK 40–41, 210–11, 230–31, 280,
MILAN anti-tank missile 394 Tumu, Battle of 104 War of Austrian Succession 170–71 348–49
Renault FT-17 295, 296 Turkey 362, 418–19 Warsaw Pact 420–21 magnetic mines 327
SOMUA S35 352 Crimea medal 258 US 281, 363, 374–75, 419 Waterloo, Battle of 159, 182 medals 324, 325
tanks, Germany Ottoman War medal 324 Vietnam War 396–97 Midway, Battle of 343
Flak 36 AA/AT gun 358 tüfek musket, snaphaunce 169 World War II 362–63, 374–75 Hanoverian medal for 258 Normandy landings 340–41
Leopard C2 417 Turkish Crimean medal 258 US Waterloo medal 258 Operation Market Garden 372–73
PAK 36 anti-tank gun 358 see also Ottoman Empire Afghanistan see Afghanistan weapons 179, 194–95 PacificWar 327, 343
Panzer Kampfwagen II light 354 Tutankhamen 14–15 Air Force Distinguished Service Wellington, Duke of 182, 194–95 Pearl Harbor 327, 343
Panzer Kampfwagen III medium White Mountain, Battle of 124–25 submarines 338–39
U Medal 406 William the Conqueror 83 suitcase radio 350
355 aircraft see aircraft, US Hastings, Battle of 58–59 tanks 350, 351, 352–59
Panzer Kampfwagen IV medium UK armored vehicles 326, 353, World War I transport, reconnaissance, and
Afghanistan see Afghanistan air power, growth of 300–01
354 Air Crew Europe Star 325 360–61 airships 300, 343 liaison aircraft 320–21
Panzer KampfwagenV medium air defence system, early 300, 301 bombs and missiles 319, 395, 423, Aisne, Battle of the 286 trucks, half-tracks, and light
aircraft see aircraft, UK Arras, Battle of 292–93
355 armored vehicles 294–95, 353 445 Bayernwald trench 286–87 vehicles 360–61
Panzer KampfwagenVI Tiger I Battle of Britain 301 crossbow, “Big Joe” 377 bomber aircraft 304–05 U-boats 326, 327
bayonets 165, 193, 237 Distinguished Flying Cross 407 Cambrai, Battle of 279, 296 uniforms and equipment 362–63,
heavy 355 bicycle, BSA folding bicycle 375 Distinguished Service Cross 407 capital ships 328–29
Panzer KampfwagenVI Tiger II cannon see under cannon Guadalcanal, Battle of 351 communications equipment 374–75
Congreve rockets 182, 183, 201 helicopters see under helicopters
heavy 355 Distinguished Flying Cross 325 Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombing 298–99 Y
Panzerbüsche anti-tank rifle 358–59 Falklands War 395, 407, 422 convoys 326
SD. KFZ. 173 Jagdpanther tank field guns see under field guns 300, 313, 319, 378–79, 384 “creeping barrage” 292 Yorktown, Battle of 158, 161
General Service Medal 406 Leyte Gulf, Battle of 348–49 field guns, siege guns, and
destroyer 359 Gregorian telescope 203 Little Bighorn, Battle of 241 Z
Sturmpanzerwagen A7V 295 M1A1 field gun 370–71 howitzers 288–89
tanks, Italy, Carro-Veloce L3-33 machine-guns see machine-guns, US gas mask 279 ZuluWars 240–41
Manhattan Project 379 Jutland, Battle of 326, 328, clothing and weapons 246, 252–53
Flamethrower 354 Medal of Honor 259 Isandlwana, Battle of 241, 259
tanks, Japan, Ha-Go Type 95 light 354 Midway, Battle of 343 334–35 Rorke’s Drift 240, 259
tanks, Soviet Union Normandy landings 340–41 South Africa medal 259

T-34 tank 356–57
T-34/85 medium 353
T62 416

446

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AC K NOW L E D G M E N T S Mark Karrass (cla). DK: TheTrustees Alfredo Dagli Orti /The Art Archive

of the British Museum (bl). 14–15The (bc). 50 Corbis: The Gallery Collection

Art Archive: Egyptian Museum Cairo (cla). 50–51 Getty Images: BAL.

/ Gianni Dagli Orti (tc). 15The Art 51 akg-images: (tr). 52–53 DK:

Archive: British Museum / Gianni The Board ofTrustees of the Royal

The publisher would like to thank the CHIEF CONTRIBUTOR royalarmouries.org); Ellen Nanney Dagli Orti (tr). 16TheTrustees of Armouries (tc). 52 AAA Collection:
following consultants and contributors: R. G. Grant is the author of numerous and KealyWilson at Smithsonian
books on aspects of military conflict, (www.si.edu); Marc Farrance at the British Museum: (tr). DK: (br). DK: Danish National Museum
ROYAL ARMOURIES including DK’s Battle, Battle at Sea, Explosion!, Museum of Naval
CONSULTANTS Warrior, and Commanders. He was a Firepower (www.explosion.org.uk); Museum of London (cra); Museum (tr, cra);Vikings of Middle England
Thom Richardson consultant on DK’s History of the World Alexandra Geary at the Royal Navy
Keeper of Armour and and a major contributor to the ITV Submarine Museum (www. of London (fbl). 16–17 DK: Science (cla); Universitets Oldsaksamling, Oslo
Oriental Collections Visual History of the Twentieth Century. submarine-museum.co.uk); Captain
Peter Laidler and Belinda Alley at Museum, London (cb). 17 DK: (clb). 53 DK: Museum of London (cl,
Robert C.Woosnam-Savage CONTRIBUTORS the Ministry of Defence; Martin
Curator of European EdgedWeapons Philip Parker is the author of Langford, DavidWilley at the Tank American Museum of Natural History bl);The Board ofTrustees of the Royal
the DK Eyewitness Companion Guide Museum; (www.tankmuseum.org);
Jonathan Ferguson to World History, and a contributor Sean Penn at RAF Hendon (www. (c); Museum of London (cla, t). 18 Armouries (cla, ca). 54TheViking
Curator of Firearms to DK’s bestsellers Battle, Explorers, rafmuseum.org.uk/london); the staff at
History of Britain and Ireland, and RAF Cosford (www.rafmuseum.org. akg-images: (cl). AAA Collection: Ship Museum, Roskilde, Denmark:
Mark Murray-Flutter Mountaineers. He is currently working uk/cosford); Clive McPherson and
Senior Curator of Firearms on a major new book about theVikings. RichardWooldridge at the Combined Ronald Sheridan (tr). TheTrustees (clb, cb, crb, br). 55TheViking Ship
Military Services Museum (www.
Trevor Weston Ian Bottomley was a Further cmsm.co.uk); Paul Evans, Mark Smith, of the British Museum: (bl). Getty Museum, Roskilde, Denmark: (l,
Manager of Modern Military Firearms Education lecturer before joining Leslie Smith, Steve Hookins, andWendy
the Royal Armouries as Senior Best at the Royal Artillery Museum Images: G. Dagli Orti / De Agostini tr, cra, crb, br). 56 Corbis: The Gallery
Karen Watts Curator of Oriental Arms and (www.firepower.org.uk); the staff at
Senior Curator of Armor and Art Armour, and is now a Curator Scale ModelWorld (www.smwshow. (cra). 18–19 AAA Collection: (tc). Collection (cl). DK: Museum of London
Emeritus. He has contributed com);Wendy Hodkinson, Bryan Sitch,
Nicholas Hall articles on Indian armor for The Phyllis Stoddart, and Henry McGhee 19TheTrustees of the British (cla);The Board ofTrustees of the Royal
Keeper of Artillery Royal Armouries Yearbook, and has at Manchester Museum (www.
also written several books on the museum.manchester.ac.uk); David Museum: (b). DK: The Board of Armouries (clb, bc). 57 RA: (bl). The
Philip Magrath subject of Japanese arms and armor. Hill at Fleet Air Arm Museum
Curator of Artillery (www.fleetairarm.com); Laura Iles at Trustees of the Royal Armouries (cra, Art Archive: Ashmolean Museum
Charles Phillips is the author the Royal International AirTattoo
ADDITIONAL CONSULTANTS of more than 30 books, including (www.airtattoo.com); Jacqui Curtis crb). 20–21 akg-images: Erich Lessing. (fcla). Ashmolean Museum,
Brian Lavery is Curator of Naval a history of the Aztec and Maya, at the Hop Farm (www.thehopfarm.
History at the National Maritime and a two-volume narrative of the co.uk); Rex Cadman at the War and 22 DK: TheTrustees of the British Oxford: (cla). DK: Museum of London
Museum, Greenwich, UK, and Crusades and the age of chivalry. Peace Show (www.warandpeaceshow.
author of many books. A highly He has contributed to bestselling co.uk); PeterVallance at Gatwick Museum (tr, cla, b). 22–23 DK: The (t, cra, crb);Vikings of Middle England
respected maritime historian, he was books on military aircraft and Aviation Museum (www.
consultant on the film Master and theTimeLife Myth and Mankind gatwick-aviation-museum.co.uk); Trustees of the British Museum (c). 23 (clb). 58–59 Getty Images: Robert
Commander:The Far Side of theWorld, historical series. the staff of Yorkshire Air Museum
and advised on the replica constructions (www.yorkshireairmuseum.org); akg-images: Bible Land Pictures (ca). HardingWorld Imagery /Walter
of Captain Cook’s Endeavour. Roger Ford is the author of Claire Bowers, Claire Cordier,
dozens of books on military, RomaineWerblow, Martin Copeland, Corbis: SandroVannini (br, clb). DK: Rawlings. 60 Corbis: Gianni Dagli
Stephen Woolford is Head of maritime, and aviation history Susie Peachey, Fergus Muir, from DK
Interpretation and Collections at and technology, including DK’s Images; Karl Stange, for help with TheTrustees of the British Museum (t). Orti (cla). DK: Wallace Collection,
IWM Duxford, UK, one of the Weapon. His two-volume work on fonts; David Roberts and Rob Laidler
world’s premier aviation museums, the role of Allied Special Forces for database work; Hugh Schermuly 24The Art Archive: Pella Museum London (bl). 60–61 Corbis: Alfredo
where he created the award-winning in the liberation of France in 1944 and Cathy Meeus for additional design
exhibition AirSpace, the Story of British is rated as outstanding in that field. and editorial work; Karen Self and Greece / Collection Dagli Orti (bl). Dagli Orti /The Art Archive (b). 61
and Commonwealth Aviation. He was Phil Gamble for design assistance;
a consultant for DK’s Flight, and 100 Adrian Gilbert has written Kajal Mistry for editorial assistance; Mary Evans Picture Library: (cla). Corbis: Gianni Dagli Orti (tr). 62 RA:
Years of Aviation. In 2009, he received extensively on military history and andVictoria Khroundina for production
an MBE for services to heritage. weapons technology—from DK’s editorial assistance. 24–25The Art Archive: Musée (cr). 63 DK: TheTrustees of the British
Weapon to specialist titles on snipers
Information on Measurements and prisoners of war, as well as The The publisher would also like to thank Archéologique Naples / Gianni Dagli Museum (tr);The Board ofTrustees
Throughout this book, weights and Imperial War Museum Book of the Desert the following for their kind permission
measurements are provided in both War. He is currently working on a to reproduce their photographs: Orti (bc). 26 Corbis: (cla). DK: The of the Royal Armouries (tl);Warwick
imperial and metric, wherever the history of the British Army in 1914.
information is available, with the Key: Trustees of the British Museum (bl, Castle,Warwick (cra);Wallace
following exceptions (according Malcolm Claridge has headed the (a–above; b–below/bottom;
to the convention for each): Medals and Militaria Department c–center; f–far; l–left; r–right; br, tr). 27 BAL: Shefton Collection, Collection, London (br). 64–65 DK:
of the auctioneers Dreweatts since t–top) (Agency key:Ancient Art &
• Caliber (firearms) 2006, specializing in 20th-century Architecture-AAA; Dorling Kindersley- Newcastle University, Great North The Board ofTrustees of the Royal
This is expressed in either inches warfare, with a particular interest DK; National Maritime Museum,
or millimeters only, depending on in theWorldWar II in Europe. Greenwich, London-NMM;The Museum: Hancock, UK / ©Tyne & Armouries. 65 Getty Images:
the manufacturer’s specification. Bridgeman Art Library-BAL;The Board
The publisher would like to thank ofTrustees of the Armouries-RA) Wear Archives & Museums (cra). DK: DeAgostini (br). 66 DK: The Board of
• Displacement (ships) the other following individuals and
This is given in long tons only, organizations for their generous 1 DK: Courtesy of the Royal Artillery Courtesy of 4hoplites (l, br);The Board Trustees of the Royal Armouries (tr, cl,
and corresponds to “full-load/ help in producing this book: HistoricalTrust. 2–3 RA. 10–11The
deep” displacement, or that of Trustees of the British Museum. ofTrustees of the Royal Armouries clb, crb). 67 DK: The Board ofTrustees
the ship at full capacity. Peter Armstrong, Development 12 akg-images: Erich Lessing (br).
Director; Graeme Rimer,Academic The Art Archive: Egyptian Museum (tr). 28–29 Getty Images: Leemage. of the Royal Armouries (l, tc);Wallace
• Displacement (submarines) Director;AlisonWatson, Curatorial Cairo / Gianni Dagli Orti (bl). Corbis:
This is expressed in long tons: the Manager; Chris Streek, Image Librarian; Michael Freeman (bc). 12–13The Art 30–31 DK: Hellenic Maritime Museum. Collection, London (ca, cr, br). 68–69
displacement of the craft at the Natasha Roberts, Curatorial Assistant Archive: National Museum Bucharest
surface is given first, with the Oriental Collections;Victoria Adams, / Collection Dagli Orti (t). 13The Art TheTriremeTrust: (bc). 32–33 akg-images: British Library. 70
displacement of the submerged Documentation Assistant; Claire Archive: Musée Archéologique Naples
craft in brackets. Lambert, Documentation Assistant; / Gianni Dagli Orti (bl). Corbis: akg-images: Pietro Baguzzi. 32 akg-images: Hermann Historica
Suzanne Kitto, Conservation Manager; Nathan Benn / Ottochrome (br).
and Nyssa Mildwaters, Conservator Getty Images: National Geographic / DK: Simon James (cra). 33The Art (cla); Erich Lessing (c). RA: (br).
at the Royal Armouries (www. O. Louis Mazzatenta (bc). 14 Corbis:
Archive: National Museum Bucharest BAL: Germanisches Nationalmuseum,

/ Collection Dagli Orti (bc). BAL: Nuernberg (tr). 70–71 akg-images:

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uponTyne, UK (tr). 34 DK: Ermine Trustees of the Royal Armouries (fcla,

Street Guard (tr); British Airways ca, c, b);Wallace Collection, London

Archive Museum Collection (cla); (tr, fclb). 72 Getty Images: Hulton

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ca); Ermine Street Guard (br); Ermine DK: Wallace Collection, London (b). 74

Street Guard (tr, bl). 36–37 Alamy RA: (cb, cl). DK: The Board of Trustees

Images: Independent Picture Service. of the Royal Armouries (clb). 75 RA:

36 DK: TheTrustees of the British (ca/two-handed sword). DK: The Board

Museum (bl). 37 Corbis: Nathan Benn ofTrustees of the Royal Armouries (c,

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(br). 38–39 DK: Sharon Spencer / the Royal Armouries (cla, cla/rondel

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(tr). TheTrustees of the British Wigington,Arbour Antiques, Ltd.,

Museum: (fbl). DK: The Board of Stratford-upon-Avon (br). 78–79 DK:

Trustees of the Royal Armouries (cb). The Board ofTrustees of the Royal

hunarchery.com: (c). 42The Art Armouries. 80–81The Art Archive:

Archive: Museo diVilla Giulia Rome Bibliothèque Nationale Paris. 82

/ Collection Dagli Orti (bl). Corbis: akg-images: (cra). 83 akg-images:

Asian Art & Archaeology, Inc. (cla). Erich Lessing (br). 85The National

42–43 Corbis: Michael Freeman (b). Trust Photo Library ©NTPL:

43 Corbis: Asian Art & Archaeology, Alasdair Ogilvie (tr, cra). 86–87

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46–47 DK: The Board ofTrustees of (tc). TopFoto.co.uk: The Granger

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Florence: White Images (br). 48–49 of Military History, Brussels (cl).

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447

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Art (cla, r, bc). 93 Alamy Images: akg-images. 132 RA: (b). DK: cb). 169 DK: Courtesy of the Board of Trustees of the Royal Armouries (cl); Philadelphia (crb). 236–237 DK:
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94–95 akg-images: Interfoto (tc). RA: Armouries (tc, cl). 132–133 DK: b). 170–171 BAL: Chateau deVersailles, Royal Armouries (bc, c, tr). 208–209 Hall, New Orleans (c); Courtesy of
(cb). DK: The Board ofTrustees of the The Board ofTrustees of the Royal France. 172 DK: Courtesy of Queen’s DK: Courtesy of the Board ofTrustees the Board ofTrustees of the Royal
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Collection, London (cra). Photo Armouries (tl, crb, cb, b). 134–135 cl, br). 174 DK: Courtesy of Queen’s clb, tr, c, bc, br). 210 DK: The Board of Armouries (cb, crb, b). 237 DK:
SCALA, Florence: Metropolitan BAL: Topkapi Palace Museum, Istanbul, Rangers (cl, bl, cb, cr, crb). 175 RA: Trustees of the Armouries (bl); Judith Courtesy of the Gettysburg National
Museum of Art (cla/b). By kind Turkey / BAL. 136 RA: (bl). DK: (ca). DK: Courtesy of the Board of Miller, Judith Miller / Gorringes (clb). Military Park, PA (t, ca); Courtesy
permission of the trustees of The Board ofTrustees of the Royal Trustees of the Royal Armouries NMM: (tc, cl). 210–211 NMM: (c). of the Board ofTrustees of the Royal
theWallace Collection, London: Armouries (tc, r, cla/scabbard). 137 (t). 176 Alamy Images: The Art 211 NMM: (cl, bl, ca, r). 212 DK: Armouries (tl, cb, b). 240–241 Corbis:
(b). 95 BAL: Deutsches Historisches DK: The Board ofTrustees of the Royal Gallery Collection (cl). www. HMSVictory, Portsmouth Historic Stapleton Collection (b). 240 DK: By
Museum, Berlin / DHM (tr). DK: Armouries (cla, fcla, bl, bc, br). 138 historicalimagebank.com: (bl). Dockyard (bl, crb); Royal Navy kind permission ofTheTrustees of the
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Armouries (r). Photo SCALA, 138–139 DNP Art Image Archives: du Château deVersailles / Gianni Printer (cl, bc, br). 213 DK: HMS 241 Getty Images: De Agostini Picture
Florence: Metropolitan Museum of Tokugawa Art Museum. 139 BAL: Victory, Portsmouth Historic Dockyard Library (tc); Universal History Archive
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Collection (tc). 98 DK: TheTrustees and scabbard). 141 RA: (b, cr). DK: Arbour Antiques, Ltd., Stratford-upon- Royal Navy Museum, Crown Copyright 243 DK: Courtesy of the Board of
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ofTrustees of the Royal Armouries Armouries (cra/tanto and scabbard). Peter Chadwick (c) Museum of Artillery, HMSVictory, Portsmouth Historic cb). 244 DK: Royal Artillery Museum,
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SCALA, Florence: White Images. 144–145 DK: The Board ofTrustees of 182–183 akg-images: (bc). 183 Museum, Crown Copyright / Queen’s HistoricalTrust (tl); By kind permission
102 AAA Collection: (bl). Photo the Royal Armouries (c). 144 RA: (bc). Corbis: The Gallery Collection (br). Printer (tr, cr, r, bc, br). 218–219 ofTheTrustees of the ImperialWar
SCALA, Florence: Metropolitan DK: The Board ofTrustees of the Royal Getty Images: SSPL (tr). 184–185 Getty Images: Alexander Gardner / Museum, London (tr). 246The Art
Museum of Art / Art Resource (r). Armouries (bl, cr, br, tr). 145 DK: DK: Courtesy of David Edge (c). Buyenlarge. 218The Art Archive: Archive: (bc). DK: Courtesy of the
103 Alamy Images: XenLights (tc). The Board ofTrustees of the Royal 184 DK: The Board ofTrustees of the Musée Carnavalet Paris / Gianni Dagli Royal Artillery HistoricalTrust (cla).
RA: (ca). DK: The Board ofTrustees of Armouries (tl, cl, cr, br). 146–147 Armouries (cb); Courtesy of the Musee Orti (bc). Corbis: (br). Library Of 246–247 DK: Courtesy of the Royal
the Royal Armouries (cb, b). 104–105 Werner Forman Archive: Kuroda de l’Emperi, Salon-de-Provence (l); Congress,Washington, D.C.: (bl). Artillery HistoricalTrust (c). 250–251
Getty Images: Vetta / IlyaTerentyev. Collection, Japan. 148 Corbis: (cla). Courtesy of David Edge (cra). 185 DK: 219The Art Archive: (bc). BAL: DK: The Board ofTrustees of the Royal
106 DK: CONACULTA-INAH-MEX. 148–149The Art Archive: National Courtesy of the Musee de l’Emperi, Walker Art Gallery, National Museums Armouries (ca). 250 BAL: Private
Authorized reproduction by the Instituto Maritime Museum London / Harper Salon-de-Provence (tc, tr, bc, br). 186 Liverpool (bl). TopFoto.co.uk: The Collection / Photo Heini Schneebeli
Nacional de Antropología e Historia (b). Collins Publishers (tc). 149 NMM: DK: Courtesy of 1er Chasseurs a Cheval Granger Collection (br). 220–221 (cb). DK: Courtesy of the Powell-
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DEA / G. DAGLI ORTI / De Agostini Connection. 154–155 NMM. 187 DK: Courtesy of David Edge the Board ofTrustees of the Royal of Archaeology and Anthropology,
(bc); DEA PICTURE LIBRARY / 156–157 DK: The Board ofTrustees (bl, cra, cl); Courtesy of the Board of Armouries (cl). Getty Images: Time Cambridge (clb);The Board ofTrustees
De Agostini (br). 108–109 DK: of the Armouries. 158 BAL: Chateau Trustees of the Royal Armouries (br). Life Pictures / Mansell /Time Life of the Royal Armouries (t, cla, bc, br).
CONACULTA-INAH-MEX. Authorized deVersailles, France / Flammarion 188 DK: Courtesy of the 68th Durham Pictures (cla). 221The Art Archive: 252–253 BAL: Walker Art Gallery,
reproduction by the Instituto Nacional Giraudon (bc); Delaware Art Museum, Light Infantry (clb, cr, tr, crb, cb); Musée Carnavalet Paris / Gianni Dagli National Museums Liverpool. 254–255
de Antropología e Historia (c). 108 Wilmington, USA / Howard Pyle Courtesy of the 95th Rifles and Orti (tr). 222–223 DK: Courtesy DK: The Board ofTrustees of the Royal
AAA Collection: (bc). Corbis: Collection (br). Photo SCALA, Re-enactment Living History Unit of the Board ofTrustees of the Royal Armouries (t). 254 DK: The Board of
Werner Forman (cra, l). 109 DK: Florence: BPK, Bildagentur fuer (c, bl). 189 DK: Courtesy of the 68th Armouries (ca, c, b). 222 DK: Courtesy Trustees of the Royal Armouries (clb, cr,
CONACULTA-INAH-MEX. Authorized Kunst, Kultur und Geschichte, Berlin Durham Light Infantry (tl, cl); David of the Board ofTrustees of the Royal bl, br). 255 DK: The Board ofTrustees
reproduction by the Instituto Nacional (bl). 158–159The Art Archive: Edge (crb). 190 DK: The Board of Armouries (c). 223 DK: Courtesy of the Royal Armouries (cra, cr, br, bl).
de Antropología e Historia (tr, ca/flint Musée du Château deVersailles / Gianni Trustees of the Armouries (tl, ca, cb, of the Board ofTrustees of the Royal 256–257The Art Archive. 258 DK:
knife, ca/atlatl);Trustees of the National Dagli Orti (t). 159 akg-images: (bc). b). 191 DK: The Board ofTrustees of Armouries (t, c, cb, b). 224 DK: Courtesy of the Royal Green Jackets
Museums Of Scotland (cl); Michel Zabe Corbis: Derek Bayes—Art / Lebrecht the Armouries (tr, ca, cb); Courtesy Courtesy of the Board ofTrustees of Museum,Winchester (tc, c).
(br). 110–111 Getty Images: BAL. Music & Arts (bl). National Gallery of David Edge (tl). 192–193 DK: the Royal Armouries (tr, c, clb, crb, bl). Dreweatts,The Fine Art Auction
114 BAL: Topkapi Palace Museum, OfVictoria, Melbourne: Elizabeth The Board ofTrustees of the Royal 224–225 DK: Courtesy of the Board Group: (ftr, fcl, bl, bc, cr). 259 DK:
Istanbul,Turkey / BAL (bc). DNP Thompson, English 1846–1933The Armouries. 192 DK: Courtesy of the ofTrustees of the Royal Armouries (ca, Courtesy of Spink and Son Ltd, London
Art Image Archives: Tokugawa 28th Regiment at Quatre Bas 1875 95th Rifles and Re-enactment Living c). 225 DK: Courtesy of the Board (tc); Duxford / By kind permission
Art Museum (br). Getty Images: detail.; Oil on canvas 97.2 x 216.2 cm History Unit (tr/b);The Board of ofTrustees of the Royal Armouries ofTheTrustees of the ImperialWar
Leemage (bl). 114–115 akg-images: National Gallery ofVictoria, Melbourne. Trustees of the Royal Armouries (tr, br). (tl, tr, cra, cr, clb, bl); Courtesy of the Museum, London (clb); Courtesy of
Rabatti—Domingie. 115 akg-images: Purchased 1884 (br). 160 BAL: Private 193 DK: The Board ofTrustees of the Gettysburg National Military Park,
Nimatallah (bc); (br). The Art Collection (b). DK: Courtesy of David Royal Armouries (tr, clb, bc). 194–195 PA (cb, br). 226 DK: Courtesy of the the Royal Green Jackets Museum,
Archive: National Maritime Museum Edge (clb). Getty Images: Hulton National Gallery OfVictoria, Gettysburg National Military Park, Winchester (br, fcrb). Dreweatts,
London / Harper Collins Publishers Archive (cla). 161 BAL: Delaware Art Melbourne: ElizabethThompson, PA (tr); Courtesy of the Board of The Fine Art Auction Group:
(bl). 116–117The Art Archive: Museum,Wilmington, USA / Howard English 1846–1933The 28th Regiment Trustees of the Royal Armouries (ca, bl). (fcl). neateauctions.co.uk /
Basilique Saint Denis Paris / Gianni Pyle Collection. 162 Alamy Images: at Quatre Bas 1875 detail.; Oil on canvas 228–229 DK: Courtesy of the Board neatemedals.co.uk: (cb). 260–261
Dagli Orti. 116 DK: Courtesy of the Interfoto (tc). Getty Images: (r). 97.2 x 216.2 cm National Gallery of ofTrustees of the Royal Armouries (t, Corbis. 261 Corbis: Bettmann (br);
English CIvilWar Society (tr/a, tr/b, The State Hermitage Museum, Victoria, Melbourne. Purchased 1884. cb). 228 DK: Courtesy of the Board (cra). The Royal Navy Submarine
tr/c). 117 akg-images: Rabatti— St Petersburg: VladimirTerebenin, 196 Getty Images: BAL / SirWilliam ofTrustees of the Royal Armouries Museum, Gosport: (cr). 262 NMM:
Domingie (t). Wikipedia: (br). Leonard Kheifets,Yuri Molodkovets Beechey (cl). 196–197 NMM: (tc). (ca). 229 DK: Courtesy of the Board (tr, cla, crb, clb). 262–263 NMM: (b).
120 RA: (cl, cla). DK: Courtesy of (cl). 163 akg-images: Interfoto (tl); 197 BAL: Private Collection (tr). ofTrustees of the Royal Armouries 263 NMM: (tr, cla, crb). 264–265
theWallace Collection, London (c). (br). DK: Courtesy ofWarwick 200–201 DK: The Board ofTrustees (cla, ca, cb, clb, b). 230–231 Getty TopFoto.co.uk: The Granger
121 RA: (cra, cr). DK: The Board Castle,Warwick (tr). National of the Armouries (tc). 200 Statens Images: BAL / Courtesy of the Collection. 266–269 DK: Mikasa
ofTrustees of the Royal Armouries Army Museum: (tc). 164–165 RA: Maritima Museer: (cla). 201 Council, National Army Museum, Preservation Society. 270 NMM: (tr,
(t);Wallace Collection, London (cl). (c). DK: The Board ofTrustees of DK: (tl). Getty Images: SSPL (cr). London, UK. 231 DK: Christopher cla, cr). 270–271 NMM: (b). 271
122–123 DK: The Board ofTrustees the Armouries (b). 164 DK: Wallace 202 Corbis: Austrian Archives (tr). Seidler / Judith Miller (tc). Getty NMM: (t, c, b). 272 NMM: (tr, cla,
of the Royal Armouries. 123 Corbis: Collection, London (ca). 165 RA: (t, DK: National Maritime Museum, Images: DEA / G. Cigolini (tl, br, bc). cl, br). 272–273 NMM: (c, cb, b). 273
Bettmann (tr). 124–125 akg-images: cra, ca). DK: The Board ofTrustees of Greenwich, London (bc). 202–203 232–233 Getty Images: Alexander NMM: (tl, tr). 276 Getty Images:
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DK: The Board ofTrustees of the Royal Board ofTrustees of the Armouries (c, Greenwich, London (bc). 203 DK: Dave Courtesy of the CivilWar Library and (bl). TopFoto.co.uk: (bc). 276–277
Armouries (bl). 126–127 akg-images: t). 167 DK: Courtesy of the Board of King (a, c/br, d/br); National Maritime Museum, Philadelphia (tc); Courtesy of Getty Images: MPI (t). 277 Corbis:
(tc). 127The Art Archive: Cromwell Trustees of the Royal Armouries. (cra). Museum, Greenwich, London (tl, cla, the Gettysburg National Military Park, (bl); Hulton-Deutsch Collection (bc).
c). NMM: (clb). 204–205 NMM: (tc, The US National Archives and

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Records Administration: (br). 278 (ca). 313 RichardVandervord: Alamy Images: Jeremy Cozannet permission ofTheTrustees of the Military Images (crb). DK: The Board
Getty Images: Hulton Archive (cla). (tr). 314–315 Global Aviation (crb);Transtock Inc. (cla). aviation- ImperialWar Museum, London (bc). ofTrustees of the Armouries (tr, br).
278–279The Art Archive: Australian Resource/Karl Drage: Glenn images.com: KTokunaga (bl). 386 Alamy Images: Airpix (cla); 418–419 DK: The Board ofTrustees
War Memorial (b). 279 Corbis: Beasley (bc). 314 DK: By kind Corbis: Skyscan (tr). 347 Alamy Allstar Picture Library (bl). 387 of the Armouries (tc, bc). 419
Bettmann (tl). Getty Images: SSPL. permission ofTheTrustees of the Images: CS-Stock (crb);Tony Hobbs aviation-images.com: P Foster Dreamstime.com: Mediaimage (tr,
280 DK: Courtesy of the Royal Artillery ImperialWar Museum, London (cl); (tl). DK: Old Flying Machine Company (cb). Corbis: Bettmann (c). Global cl, bl). 420–421 DK: The Board of
HistoricalTrust (tr); John Pearce (cla, By kind permission ofTheTrustees of (br). 348–349 Corbis. 350–351 Aviation Resource/Karl Drage: Trustees of the Royal Armouries (tc,
c, bl);The Board ofTrustees of the the ImperialWar Museum, London (bc); Getty Images: Galerie Bilderwelt Lindsay Peacock (t). 388–389The c). 421 DK: Ministry of Defence Pattern
Armouries (clb); Gary Ombler / By kind permission ofTheTrustees of (b). 350 Corbis: Bettmann (bl). DK: US National Archives and Room, Nottingham (cr);The Board of
“Collection of Jean-PierreVerney” (br). the ImperialWar Museum, London (c); Royal Signals Museum, Blandford Records Administration: (b). Trustees of the Royal Armouries (tr,
281 DK: Gary Ombler / “Collection By kind permission ofTheTrustees of Camp, Dorset (tl). 351 Mary Evans 390–391 Corbis: Bettmann (t). 390 cla). 422 NMM: (b). SD Model
of Jean-PierreVerney” (l, crb). 282–283 the ImperialWar Museum, London (bl). Picture Library: Robert Hunt Library Corbis: Mohammed Khodor / Makers: (tr, clb). 423 NMM: (tl).
Alamy Images: Interfoto. DK: Gary 315 Alamy Images: Nic Hamilton (tl, (tc). 358 DK: Courtesy of the Royal Reuters (bl); Swim Ink (br). 391 DK: SD Model Makers:(tr, clb, br). 425
Ombler / “Collection of Jean-Pierre tc). DK: (ca, br); By kind permission Artillery HistoricalTrust (tr);The The Board ofTrustees of the Royal NAVY.mil: Photographer’s Mate 3rd
Verney” (bc). 282 DK: The Board of ofTheTrustees of the ImperialWar Board ofTrustees of the Armouries Armouries (br). 392–393 DK: The Class Summer M.Anderson (b). 428
Trustees of the Armouries (bl). 283 RA: Museum, London (cra); By kind (cl); Courtesy of the Ministry of Board ofTrustees of the Royal Corbis: US Army / Handout (bl).
(bc). DK: The Board ofTrustees of the permission ofTheTrustees of the Defence Pattern Room, Nottingham Armouries (tc, c). 392 DK: The Getty Images: AFP (cl). 428–429
Armouries (tr, crb). 284 RA: (cla). ImperialWar Museum, London (cr). (clb). 358–359 DK: Courtesy of the Board ofTrustees of the Royal Corbis: U.S. Navy—digital version
284–285 RA: (cb). DK: The Board of 316 DK: By kind permission ofThe Royal Artillery HistoricalTrust (c). 359 Armouries (cl, clb, br). 393 copy (b). 429 Getty Images: (tr).
Trustees of the Royal Armouries (tc). Trustees of the ImperialWar Museum, DK: Courtesy of the Royal Artillery DK: The Board ofTrustees of the 430 NAVY.mil: (br, cr). 430–433
285 DK: The Board ofTrustees of the London (bl); By kind permission of HistoricalTrust (cr);The Board of Royal Armouries (ca, b). 394–395 DK: USS Donald Cook. 434 SD Model
Royal Armouries (crb). 286–287 Peter TheTrustees of the ImperialWar Trustees of the Armouries (tl, ca). DK: The Board ofTrustees of the Makers: (tr, clb, bc). 436–437 Corbis:
Gombeir: BayernwaldTrench. 288 Museum, London (br). 316–317 DK. Armouries (tc, bc, c). 394 Alamy Bryan Denton. 213. 213 DK: Royal
DK: Courtesy of the Royal Artillery 319 DK: Courtesy of the Bradbury 360–361 Alamy Images: John Images: Stocktrek Images, Inc. (cb). Navy Museum, Crown Copyright /
HistoricalTrust (cl); By kind permission Science Museum, Los Alamos (bc, cl). Cairns (ca). DK: Courtesy of Neill DK: The Board ofTrustees of the Queen’s Printer (bc). 2236 DK:
ofTheTrustees of the ImperialWar National Air and Space Museum, Bruce and Peter Roberts (b). 361 DK: Armouries (bl). 395 DK: The Board Courtesy of the Board ofTrustees
Museum, London (br). 288–289 Smithsonian Institution: (tl). 320 By kind permission ofTheTrustees of ofTrustees of the Armouries (t, cr). of the Royal Armouries (tr).
DK: Courtesy of the Royal Artillery Alamy Images: Graham Mulrooney the ImperialWar Museum, London 396 DK: Vietnam RollingThunder (tr).
HistoricalTrust (c). 289 DK: Courtesy (cla). 322 DK: By kind permission (br). 362 RA: (crb). DK: Courtesy of 397 DK: The Board ofTrustees of the Jacket images: Front and Back: Front:
of the Royal Artillery HistoricalTrust ofTheTrustees of the ImperialWar the Michael Butler Collection (tr, cra); Royal Armouries (ca, clb, b). 398–399 akg-images: 35; Alamy Images:
(tr). 290 RA: (cr). DK: Board of Museum, London (bl). Military By kind permission ofTheTrustees of akg-images. 400 Alamy Images: David J. Green 29, Susan & Allan Parker
Trustees of the Royal Armouries (cla, Wireless Museum: Ben Nock (ca). the ImperialWar Museum, London (l); RichardWareham Fotografie (br). 25, Photos 12 31, Stocktrek Images, Inc.
bl); Board ofTrustees of the Royal 322–323 DK: By kind permission of By kind permission ofTheTrustees of Andrew Dent: (tc). 401 Alamy 30; Ancient Art & Architecture
Armourie (cl). 290–291 DK: Board TheTrustees of the ImperialWar the ImperialWar Museum, London (br). Images: Andrew Chittock (cra); Collection: 3; The Board of
ofTrustees of the Royal Armouries Museum, London (c). 323 DK: H. 363 RA: (tr). DK: Courtesy of Adrian Antony Nettle (crb). DK: Army Trustees of the Armouries: 6, 7, 8,
(t); Gary Ombler / “Collection of Keith Melton, spymuseum.org (c); By Stevenson—Second Guards Rifles Base Dishforth, NorthYorkshire, 11, 15, 19; The Bridgeman Art
Jean-PierreVerney” (c, cb). 291 kind permission ofTheTrustees of the Division (br); Courtesy ofTim Parker 9th Regiment Army Corps (bl). Library: Private Collection / Photo ©
DK: Board ofTrustees of the Royal ImperialWar Museum, London (tl, (tl, bl). 364 DK: By kind permission 402–403 DK: Crown Copyright / Agnew’s, London, UK 37; Corbis: 39,
Armouries (cra); Courtesy of the RAF clb); Royal Signals Museum, Blandford ofTheTrustees of the ImperialWar MOD. Global Aviation Resource/ Bettmann 40,Araldo de Luca 33,
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tr). Getty Images: Hulton Archive 331 DK: Texas Parks andWildlife ImperialWar Museum, London (tr). US Army. 409 Corbis: Patrick Dorling Kindersley: 1,The Board of
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311 DK: Texas Parks andWildlife 343 Cody Images: (tr). 344–345 384 Corbis: Sergei Chirikov / epa (tl). (tr). 416–417 Dreamstime.com: Background: Fotolia: Eky Chan.
Department (c);York MuseumsTrust SD Model Makers: (t). 344 SD 385 Cody Images: (tr). 386–387 Vladj55 (b). 417 Alamy Images:
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