Book of Abstracts

[Paper ID: 80045]

Incorporating Rooftop Farming in Urban Residential Household of
Buddhanagar Neighborhood, Kathmandu

Gaurab Pant*, Martina Keitsch
Department of Architecture & Urban Planning, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU,
Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
Kathmandu is one of the fastest growing cities and population centralization
due to rural-urban migration has negatively affected the lives of its residents.
Economic shift from agricultural sector to service sector has increased food
circuit between the producer and consumer in urban cities which has resulted
to price hike on imported vegetables linking to affordability, freshness and
health risks associated. In this context, one possible remedy is to cultivate
consumable plants in household building rooftops by individuals. Urban
rooftop agriculture is gaining relevance because of its potential for increasing
resource efficiency, contributing to city food security and enhancing associated
ecosystem and social services. The research addresses the main features of
rooftop agriculture, providing an interdisciplinary assessment of different
approaches for development, bringing together existing experiences as well as
suggestions for planning of future sustainable community. The results indicate
the perception of people based on their needs and concerns in context to the
dimensions of sustainability which helps organization and policy maker for
development of sustainable community.

Keywords:
Urbanization – Rooftop farming – Sustainability – Social cohesion – Barriers

33

[Paper ID: 80046]

Sustainability Assessment of Reconstructed buildings in Pheta
Municipality - A Case of “Purainiya Village”

Nabina Shrestha*, Sushil B. Bajracharya
Department of Architecture & Urban Planning, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU,
Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:

Post Disaster Reconstruction is important aspects, which have direct impact on people’s life.
Post-earthquake reconstructions are example of unsustainable reconstruction regarding
social, cultural, economic and environmental dimensions. In context of Nepal, sustainable
house means material adobe in nature, cost effective, structural safety, integrate socio-
cultural values of life and incorporates the resistance to disaster which deals with coping
capacity of people to response during and recovery after disaster. Storm disaster in 31st
march force us to think about various aspects regarding reconstruction of residential building
design in Pheta Municipality. Wind resilience characteristics consideration in design seem to
be most efficient and effective with in depth assessment of four dimensions of sustainability
to understand basic needs, real issue and problems. Rapid reconstruction without studying
the contextual characteristics creating changes on local architectural style and have effects on
livelihood of community. Disaster create certain shift in lifestyle of local people and identity of
local architecture because local materials and technique are considered to be weak in
comparison to RCC construction. Local authorities and municipality are not concern about
preservation of long age traditional architectural identity, which can result in loss of local
identity of Purainiya. Main purpose of this research is to identify and address all these
problems through creation of the guideline for sustainable reconstruction approach and its
integration in post disaster recovery framework for case of tornado affected area. It also light
upon the basic understanding of reducing the vulnerability and risk through efficient and
sustainable house design. Taking the specific case area Purainiya village, guideline can be
developed for
tornado disaster affected areas in future. As the research is community oriented, related to
subject both qualitative and quantitative method are used to develop holistic approach for
basic framework of sustainable reconstruction through defining various rule and laws.

Keywords
Sustainability assessment – Reconstruction – Wind load – Tornado – Building design –
Sustainability matrix

34

[Paper ID: 80047]

Impact of Fast Track Project Envisaged from Kathmandu to Nijgadh
on Socio-Cultural and Economic Aspects of Khokana Settlement

Ashna Shrestha*, Sangeeta Singh
Department of Architecture & Urban Planning, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU,
Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
Transportation and development comes together. In course of development, the
settlements and land areas along the alignment of road has to face both positive
and negative impacts. These both impacts are dependent on type of roads
(highway, rural or access roads), location (developed area or undeveloped
area), and socio-cultural values. The link between transportation and
development needs to be carefully studied and analyzed if transportation
projects actually are bringing positive or negative impacts. My research work is
about studying and exploring the impacts of envisaged Fast Track road on
traditional community, Khokana and analyze whether the impacts are
beneficial or adverse. The part of my thesis also deals with flourishing positive
impacts and overcoming negative impacts. With problem identification,
objectives are defined. To achieve the objectives, methodology is prepared. The
ontological claim that is perception of inhabitant of Khokana on impacts of fast
track are identified based on interview with structured questionnaires. Other
than to explore the impacts, observations, literature study and case studies are
done. Most of the impacts are found to be adverse. To overcome adverse
impacts, government can work on the economic prospects for Khokana
settlement. Government need to strictly prepare plans and policies and use it
strictly to minimize the negative impacts.

Keywords:
Transportation – Highway – Sustainable Development – Impacts – Traditional
Settlement

35

[Paper ID: 80048]

Entrepreneurship for Sustainable Livelihood through Traditional
Crafts: A Case of Bhaktapur

Divya Poudel*, Sudarshan Raj Tiwari
Department of Architecture & Urban Planning, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU,
Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:

Entrepreneurship is the process of creating something new with a value,
particularly responding to the opportunities available. It involves time, efforts and
assumption of risk, with the expectation of receiving the rewards at the end. Nepal
is the country rich in art and craft especially Kathmandu Valley. Traditional skills
like wood carving, pottery, stone masonry, painting, etc have been handed down
from centuries in Kathmandu Valley which are the main source of income for
sustaining their living conditions. Lack of interest of younger generations and lack
of strong base have been threatening the sustainability of tradition and culture of
Bhaktapur. Existence and development of such activities in touristic areas lead to
tourism development. The main objective of this research project is to study
development of entrepreneurship of Bhaktapur for sustainable livelihood along
with preservation of traditional crafts. To achieve this aim of research, specific
objectives are as to explore the existing entrepreneurship practices of Bhaktapur, to
identify the parameters for enlarging existing entrepreneurship practices and pave
the way for new practice and to study the changing pattern and effects of
entrepreneurship on their livelihood and society. The ontological stance of this
project is lots of traditional crafts are going on in local level and if not preserved
and promoted properly, those traditional crafts will gradually extinct. The
qualitative research methodology was applied for the research and required
quantitative data are collected through observations. Key-informant survey, semi-
structured interviews accompanied by observation were used as methods of study.
Traditional crafts have helped in increasing national economy through tourism
development. This has directly or indirectly helped in preservation of place and
society.

Keywords:
Entrepreneurship – Sustainable Livelihood – Traditional – Craft – Development

36

[Paper ID: 80049]

Socio-Economic Impacts of Post-Earthquake of Nepal: A case of
Owner Driven Approach in Rural Housing Reconstruction of Nepal

Suresh Singh Thing*, Sushil Bahadur Bajracharya
Department of Architecture & Urban Planning, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, T.U,
Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
On 25 April 2015, a huge Mw 7.8 earthquake of Nepal, affected 31 of the
country’s 75 districts and more than 8 million people. 602,257 houses were
fully damaged, and 285,099 houses were partially damaged. Government
developed the Design Catalogue for Reconstruction of Earthquake Resistant
Houses in October, 2015, to support rural households in the reconstruction of
their houses. This research assesses Reconstruction impacts in Socio-economic
aspects of rural housing with sustainable design parameters to Owner driven
approach housing reconstruction of Sindhupalchok, Khalangataar Village of
Nepal. Urge to move into permanent structure from temporary built during
earthquake, financial burden of rural settlement mostly judged and exampled to
have two rooms house as better options according to their affordability.
Vernacular architecture, sense of place and identity has been greatly influenced
and impacted, creating chaos in livelihood and rural neighborhood because of
same resolutions given by DUDBC housing models and format similiar all over
Nepal. Likewise, reconstruction is in the end phase of its five year program.
Thus, this endeavor finds out villager’s opinion on the sustainability aspects
and impacts induced because of Owner-driven reconstruction design approach
in rural housing reconstruction of Nepal.

Keywords:
Reconstruction – Owner-driven approach – Socio-economic impacts –
Sustainability

37

[Paper ID: 80050]

Analysis on Idling Fuel Consumption and its Emission Trends of
Public Vehicle Based on Natural Age and Its Reduction Possibilities

Smarika Bhaila*, Bhakta Bahadur Ale, Laxman Palikhel
Department of Automobile & Mechanical Engineering Thapathali Campus, IOE,
TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
With increasing number of vehicles transport management has become worse
every year. The growth rate of energy consumption in transport sector was 8.9 %
annually. The growth rate of energy consumption in transport sector means
increase in import of fossil fuels, which would results in more expenses in fuels.
Idling of passenger vehicle is mainly due to waiting for passengers at the bus stops,
stop at red lights, stopped by traffic and during traffic jam. Idling contributes
significantly to energy consumption without any useful output. Many researchers
have found that idling is harmful to engine and increases maintenance. This
research analyze the idling fuel consumption and emissions of public vehicles of
Khwopa Yatayat Company Pvt. Ltd. according to its natural age and will quantify the
reduction possibilities of emission due to idling of the public vehicles. For that the
k-value was measured in different vehicles using opacitimeter. The idling time data
records of all routes were collected and fuel consumption has been tested using
pseudo method. These data were used to calculate the total idling time, fuel
consumption, GHG emissions and financial loss in the routes according to the
natural age. Idling time were as high as an hour in a trip. According to the result of
the research the traffic is high in the day and evening. The k-value partially depends
upon the age. Even the 20 years old vehicle passes the emission standards with full
engine remake. The proper maintenance and servicing of the vehicle is quite
important than the age of the vehicle in respect of k value.

Keywords:
Idling time – k value – fuel consumption

38

[Paper ID: 80051]

Short Term Load Forecasting Using Artificial Neural Network and
Time Series Methods: A Case Study of Bishnumati Feeder

Suman Adhikari*, Prof. Dr. Laxman Poudel
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
Electrical load forecasting plays an important role in planning, operation and
control of power system. The accuracy and forecasted value is necessary for
economically efficient operation and effective control. Proper forecasting may
result efficient generation and distribution and side by maintaining the
sufficient security operation. Due to deregulation in an energy sector and the
energy market, there is a pressing need of accurate STLF method. Accurate load
forecasting is helpful to improve the security and economic effect of power
systems and can reduce the cost of generation. Therefore, finding a fast and
appropriate load forecasting method to improve accuracy of forecasting has
important application value. This paper presents an investigation for the short
term (one day to seven days, and every months of one year) load forecasting
the load demand of Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) in Bishnumati Feeder of
Balaju Substation, by using artificial neural network and time series methods.

Keywords:
Short Term Load Forecasting (STLF) – Neural Network – Backpropagation
algorithm – Moving average – Exponential smoothing

39

[Paper ID: 80052]

Study of Social and Cultural Sustainability in Heritage Settlement –
A Case at Chapagaun

Anjana Tuladhar*, Sudarshan Raj Tiwari,
Department of Architecture & Urban Planning, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU,
Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected],

Abstract:

Historic settlements in Kathmandu Valley are the oldest settlement existing
from the Licchhavi and Malla era, which not only represents the ’Newari’
townscape in the rural context fitting with the local way of life and topography
but also possess architectural, aesthetical and symbolic values. Wise urban
planning was existing from that time with proper layout of buildings, road
networks, water bodies and open spaces concentric with the main temple.
Places of cultural significance enrich people’s lives, offering a deep and
inspirational sense of connection to community and landscape. Rapid increase
in population and accelerating influx of people to cities and town has
threatened existing heritage and settlement structure. The communities with
centuries old traditions, cultures and lifestyles are facing near irreversible
cultural social and economic losses. In this regard, the main challenge is to
balance development and heritage conservation in way that facilities
sustainable development. The main purpose of this research is to know about
sustainability status of the heritage settlement Chapagaun mainly focusing the
sustainability parameter of social and culture and how the urbanization trend
and mainly the extension of road affect in the social and cultural sustainability
of case area. The research was carried in pragmatic paradigm and the
information was gathered through qualitative method. For this method,data
were collected through different reports, interview etc, then it was analyzed
and recommendation and conclusion were generated.

Keywords:
Heritage settlement – sustainable settlement – open spaces – bylaws – impact –
streets – culture

40

[Paper ID: 80053]

Optimal placement of Dynamic Voltage Restorer for Voltage Sag
Mitigation using Artificial Neural Network Approach

Archana Ghimire*, Nawraj Bhattrai, Laxman Motra
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
Voltage sag has been considered as one of the most severe and frequently
occurring power system disturbances and in order to ensure the reliable
operation of the power system, Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) has been
considered as the efficient device to compensate the voltage sag. This paper
focuses on the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approach for optimal placement
of DVR in order to mitigate voltage sag under faults. The MATLAB/SIMULINK
model of a DVR system has been developed by control strategy based on Park’s
transformation. The SIMULINK model of IEEE 14 test bus system has been
developed and voltage sag under different type of short circuits has been
estimated. A Neural network fitting tool in neural network toolbox has been
used to build the feed forward neural network with back propagation algorithm
which has been trained by post-fault voltage magnitude of three phases at
different buses and optimal location of DVR has been identified on the basis of
training performance. The simulation results showing post fault voltages
without DVR and with DVR at the optimal location showing the reduction of
voltage sag under different types of short circuits are presented to verify the
effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

Keywords:
Voltage sag mitigation – DVR – Optimal Placement – ANN

41

[Paper ID: 80054]

Integration of Sanitary Landfill in Development of Eco-Park (A Case
at Nilbarahi, Madhyapur Thimi)

Binita Shrestha*, Sangeeta Singh
Department of architecture & Urban Planning, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU,
Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
Solid waste management (SWM) has been an integral part of every human
society. The exponential rise in the urban population of the developing
countries in the past few decades and the resulting accelerated urbanization
phenomenon has brought to the necessity to develop environmentally
sustainable and efficient waste management systems. Sanitary landfill
constitutes one of the primary methods of municipal solid waste disposal.
Madhyapur Thimi Municipality (MTM) being one of the urban municipalities in
Bhaktapur district, Nepal has put forward a project of integrating sanitary
landfill at Nilbarahi forest for sustainable solid waste management of the
municipality with a long term vision to developed reclaimed land after landfill
into an eco-park. This is a live project that has failed to gain social acceptance
and has faced sever protest from the nearest community to the site selected for
landfill. This research work is an attempt to understand the real ground
situation related to the project and visualize the challenges and opportunities
associated with it. This is an attempt to analyze the situation from neutral
position and evaluating it from environmental, economical and socio-cultural
visions.

Keywords:
Solid waste management (SWM) - sanitary landfill - Fukuoka method - social
acceptance - Trust issue

42

[Paper ID: 80055]

Flow analysis in eccentric bucket of Micro Pelton turbine:
Multiphase modeling with transient state condition

Sourav Dhungana*, Tri Ratna Bajracharya
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal.
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
This paper focuses on the flow analysis of eccentric micro Pelton bucket.
Mathematical model have been developed to find the torque generated by
eccentric bucket about three global axes. Torque has been obtained by
calculating unbalanced forces in whirl and flow direction and compared with
non-eccentric bucket condition to find the deviation. Numerical simulation has
been carried out to study the flow pattern in eccentric bucket and compared to
that of non-eccentric bucket at five different angular positions showing velocity
contour around the flow. Multiphase analysis at transient state condition has
been conducted with complete 140_ bucket rotation. Torque has been
monitored for single bucket and duplicated by using MATLAB software to
obtain total torque generated. Maximum Pressure exerted on bucket has been
obtained from numerical simulation. The accuracy of the results were
conformed by comparison of mathematical and numerical outputs.

Keywords:
Pelton Turbine – Flow Analysis – Pelton Bucket Eccentricity – Pelton
Multiphase – Pelton Transient

43

[Paper ID: 80056]

Analysis on AC-DC Hybrid Power Supply System: A Case Study
for Hospital Building in Kathmandu, Nepal

Bikram Gaihre*, Laxman Poudel
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
Because of some limitations found to use either completely DC supply system or
completely AC supply system, hybrid AC-DC supply system become prone topic of
the discussion for effective power supply solution as it helps to reduces multiple
conversion losses that may occur from generation to end use point. Implementation
of hybrid supply system within the hospital building can save the energy as
maximum numbers of DC loads like Light Emitting Diode (LED) lights, fan and
computer charging system are operated for maximum number of hours in
comparison with other buildings. This research includes the development of hybrid
supply system for a hospital building in which all lighting devices, fan and computer
charging system were supplied from DC side and remaining loads being supplied
from existing AC line. 48 volt DC line has been developed by converting existing AC
supply. Required AC-DC and DC-DC converter with regulator is designed and
simulated in PLECS (Piecewise Linear Electrical Circuit Simulation) software. Wire
sizes required to develop DC wiring model is selected by maintaining 4 percent
voltage drop limit from DC source point (AC to DC conversion point). Based on the
simulation results losses in developed model is calculated and energy saving
opportunity on implementing this model is evaluated. Certainty and sensitivity on
energy saving with change in factors like hour of operation per day and percentage
of load supplied by uninterruptible power supply (UPS) at a time is analyzed using
crystal ball simulation.

Keywords:
AC-DC hybrid supply model – Rectifier – Filter – Closed loop Buck converter –
Sensitivity analysis

44

[Paper ID: 80058]

Impact of Gated Communities on Local Mobility

Ashraya Pradhan*, Ajay Chandra Lal,
Department of Architecture & Urban planning, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU,
Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:

Gated communities are residential areas with restricted access designed to
privatize normally public spaces. These secluded clusters of houses form a
separate community within its walls. They often have facilities and
infrastructures that are not open to the public. Mobility is the ability to move or
travel around easily. Kathmandu has seen a surge in the development of gated
communities. These communities restrict access and contribute to densification
while reducing access. This research aims to identify the legal provisions and
restrictions of these gates. It shall look into if and how accessibility is or can be
affected. A literature review, and review of legal documents related to housing,
public roads and lands confirm that the law for approval and allowance of
construction of housing colonies and particularly gates in such colonies are
lacking. Direct observation and key informant interviews reveal that
accessibility is a growing issue with the increase in densification and opening
gates of communities should be an option to increase accessibility and mobility.

Keywords:
Gated community – Accessibility – Mobility – Housing colony – Apartment

45

[Paper ID: 80059]

Urban Heat Island in Kathmandu Valley: A Case of Patan

Anuja Rajkarnikar*, Inu Pradhan-Salike
Department of Architecture & Urban planning, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU,
Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
Urban Heat Island (UHI) is the phenomenon where a city has greater
temperature compared to its rural surrounding and it can be experienced in
cities of all sizes. The phenomenon has piqued interest of planners as increased
UHI has negative effects on human comfort and productivity, economy and
ecology and the through proper planning can be controlled to some extent.
Kathmandu valley, one of the emerging fastest growing agglomeration in South
Asia is also experiencing UHI. The temperature in the valley is increasing at rate
of 0.04°C per annum with maximum trend of 0.06°C. The few studies conducted
regarding urban heat island effects in the Kathmandu valley have been done
though Landsat imagery. Since Kathmandu is a valley, difference in temperature
due to wide range of altitudes is inevitable and the results of Landsat may not
accurately justify UHI Effects in the cities of the valley. To understand UHI at
micro level, the research has been conducted to study UHI in Patan, the second
largest city in the valley, using thermometers to record temperature at four
different locations representing different built-up composition. The study
shows the role of green cover and vegetation as well as the role of a planned
wind path in cooling the cities.

Keywords:
Temperature – Green Spaces – Built-up – Kathmandu valley – Patan

46

[Paper ID: 80060]

Effect of Orientation on the Energy Consumption Pattern of the
Existing Building

Samisha Budhathoki*, Sanjaya Uprety
Department of Architecture & Urban Planning, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU,
Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
The number of buildings is increasing abruptly and is constantly raising the issues
of the energy crisis. Some several researches and guidelines have been made to
reduce the energy consumption for the new construction buildings, however, there
are numerous existing buildings that are consuming the huge amount of the
country’s energy. Therefore, it is important to study energy consumption by
existing buildings and different energy retrofit methods. Energy retrofit measures
are categorized into passive and active retrofit measures which include the
improvement of building envelope, mechanical and electrical systems. This paper
focuses on the effect of building orientation, which is one of the most important
factors that affects the amount of energy consumption of the buildings. The “Ecotect
analysis” software is employed to test different orientations of the existing
commercial building, to obtain the importance of orientation with low energy
consumption. It is found that amount of the building oriented at all directions
consumes a high amount of energy for cooling purposes, while the building facing
South-West consumes the maximum amount of total annual energy of 41314
Whr/sq. m/year and the building facing North-East consumes the minimum amount
of total annual energy of 31361 Whr/sq. m/year. However, the load require for
cooling purpose in southern direction is 11 percentage greater than that in
Northern direction and the load require for heating purpose in Northern direction
is 23 percentage greater than that of the Southern direction.

Keywords:
Building Orientation, Passive techniques, Mixed-use Commercial Buildings, Energy
Consumption

47

[Paper ID: 80061]

Accessibility in Public Spaces for Persons with Disability – A
Case of Kathmandu Metropolitan City

Kopila Wagle*, Sudarshan Raj Tiwari
Department of Architecture & Urban Planning, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU,
Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:

Accessibility is the possibility of circulation and giving equal access to everyone.
One of the problems of an urban area like Kathmandu is the inaccessibility to
urban public spaces such as sidewalks, bus stops, pedestrian crossings etc. for
people with all kinds of abilities. There is a certain group of people in society i.e.
persons with disability (PWDs), who often struggle with the complexities of
built environment (structural barriers) in urban areas that hinder their equal
participation in daily activities. This research aims to identify the problems and
challenges faced by PWDs in using the public spaces of Kathmandu. A review of
literature and existing policies confirms that in the context of Kathmandu, there
is a lack of comprehensive and holistic approach to ensuring accessibility for
PWDs to public spaces. The findings made from direct observation,
questionnaire survey and key informant interviews conducted during the
research reveal several issues of urban accessibility in Kathmandu- such as
unsafe, overcrowded and encroached sidewalks, hazardous obstructions for
PWDs in public spaces, poorly maintained and improperly designed physical
infrastructures etc. In addition, it is also concluded that the problems to
accessibility seem to arise from the poor implementation of policies, lack of
legal framework for planning, implementing and monitoring that accessibility
mentioned in policies is ensured in action and a lack of coordination between
the various authorities of government who share the responsibility of providing
physical infrastructures and services.

Keywords:
Accessibility – persons with disability – public spaces – universal design –
usability

48

[Paper ID: 80062]

Theoretical Performance Analysis of Fixed Pitch Propeller
Operating at Low Reynolds Number Conditions

Milan Adhikari*, Hari Dura, Laxman Poudel, Lokesh Silwal
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
The propeller performance data at its design point and off design points are the
basis for the selection of suitable propeller for an unmanned air vehicles (UAVs)
system. Various research have been conducted for the development of a low-
fidelity tool for theoretical prediction of the propeller performance but are not
readily available in the public domain. In addition, the commercially available
propellers only have performances at on-design points. Thus, the current work
focuses on developing an analytical tool for the prediction of the propeller
performance which is based on the Blade Element Momentum Theory (BEMT).
The traditional BEMT theory has been adapted and modified to include the
effects of radial variations in the blade and flow properties for increasing the
accuracy of prediction. The airfoil properties at various radial sections have
been calculated from the XFOIL data base and the tool has been developed in
Matrix Laboratory (MATLAB). An arbitrary base line propeller has been chosen
for developing the current tool. The preliminary calculations were carried out
at the rotating speed and free stream velocity of 7500 RPM and 80 m/s
respectively. The efficacy of the prediction tool were then explored at various
on-design operating conditions. The rotating speed and forward speed were
changed from 6500 RPM to 8500 RPM and from 65 m/s to 90 m/s respectively.
The performance analysis was done for the designed base line propeller to
study the effects of rotational speed and free-stream velocity. For the base line
propeller at its design point, the thrust coefficient, torque coefficient and
propulsive efficiency were calculated to be 0.0724, 0.0347 and 83.5%
respectively.

Keywords:
Propeller – BEMT–XFOIL

49

[Paper ID: 80063]

Data-Driven Discovery of Governing Partial Differential Equations

Rojesh Man Shikhrakar*, Kamal Darlami, Laxman Poudel
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]
Abstract:
We propose a physics-informed neural network(PINN) based framework to
discover the governing partial differential equation(PDE) of a given system
from data. Given data, our method generalizes a neural network to compute a
matrix of candidate terms for PDE. Minimizing the residuals from the candidate
matrix allows us to find the coefficients for the equation. We present a
framework to discover pde not restricted to first order time derivative
equations.
Keywords:
data-driven discovery – machine learning – partial differential equations – deep
learning – physics-informed neural network

50

[Paper ID: 80066]

Energy Demand Analysis of a Five Star hotel:- A Case Study of
Tiger One Pvt Ltd

Shadananda Acharya*, Shree Raj Shakya
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
Hotels are large consumers of energy and fossil fuels to provide high-quality
services to the guests. This report aim is to develop energy mix concept in the hotels
sector to minimize the crisis of energy in the future, electrical and thermal energy
consumption patterns of a hotel, different scenarios were develop for end use
sector, and forecast future energy demand in various sectors of a hotel by using
LEAP software. Primary data was used for base year analysis and this study uses
LEAP modeling framework to analyze reference and demand side management
scenario. The base year for the study was 2019 and the end year up to 2040. The
base year electrical energy consumptions were 17522MJ whereas base year
thermal energy consumption was 12839 MJ. Base year total energy consumption
was 4.9 million Kwhr and energy consumption will be 15 million Kwhr by 2040.
Energy consumption per room was 81.5 thousand Kwhr in base year and energy
consumption per room will 3251 thousand Kwhr by 2040 in reference scenario
where as energy consumption per room will be 92.4 thousand Kwhr by 2040 in
demand side management scenario. The substitution of fuels like diesel, LPG, coal
and kerosene by hydroelectric, solar grid system and biogas which helps to reduce
greenhouse gases emission. Similarly, promotion of device like induction cooking
range, heat pump for hot water and reuse of losses steam in many purposes,
installation of LED light instead of CFL, installation of Capacitor bank and
installation of VFD on motor can lead to save energy in a hotel.

Keywords:
Energy Consumption – LEAP – LED – CFL – VFD – Energy mix

51

[Paper ID: 80067]

Life Cycle Cost Social Impact Analysis of Electric Vs Diesel Bus (A
Comparative Case Study of Saja Yatayat vs. Sundar Yatayat)

Roji Maharjan*, Shree Raj Shakya
Department of Architecture & Urban Planning, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU,
Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract

The pressure for the environment protection within the concept of sustainable development
in Nepal is constantly raising. This is also reflected in the transportation sector of Nepal. The
topic of electric mobility often discussed. Government of Nepal is planning to purchases 200
electric buses in the Kathmandu valley. The transportation sector is considered as significant
source of the air pollution of the Kathmandu. Using of Eco-friendly transportation system has
the potential impact for improving the environment and the greenhouse gas emission. In this
paper, I make an effort to compare the comparative life cycle cost analysis and social impact
analysis of two public buses with the consideration of time value of money and environmental
impact for the Kathmandu valley. For the compression I took two public buses, one is diesel
bus i.e. Saja Yatayat, one of the most popular diesel public buses in the Kathmandu valley for
public transportation and another one is Sundar Yatayat which is an emerging electric bus in
the public transportation in the Kathmandu valley. Life cycle cost analysis is a decision-
making tool that can be effectively used to establish the economic feasibility of a project. Use
determine the most cost-effective option among different competing alternatives to purchase,
own, operate, maintain, and finally dispose of an object or process. when each is equally
appropriate to be implemented on technical grounds. In the case of the electric vehicle many
benefits are still not well understood and still it is omitted from only on the basis of the life
cycle cost-benefit analysis. The benefits related to human health, air quality and the
environmental, economic growth, and the grid resilience. So, this paper focused in theses
sector. The total sum life cycle cost including social cost and environmental of Diesel bus is
NPR 25.90 Million where as for the electric bus is NPR 25.2 million for the same 12years
time.However, the acquisition cost and the operating costs of the electric vehicles generate a
certain cost structure that is different compared to the diesel vehicles. The aim of this paper is
to highlight the possibility of using life cycle cost analysis to quantify the support for the
acquisition of electric buses against diesel buses.

Keywords:
Life Cycle Cost Analysis – Social Impact Analysis – sustainability Transportation – Diesel Bus –
Electric Bus

52

[Paper ID: 80068]

Effects of Magnetohydrodynamics on Vortex Shedding Past a
Confined Square Cylinder

Shailendra Rana*, Rajendra Shrestha, Hari Bahadur Dura
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
Two dimensional laminar viscous steady flow of an electrically conducting fluid
past a square cylinder placed in magnetic field have been studied.
Computational simulations have been performed for Reynolds numbers and
Hartmann numbers ranging from 1 to 200 and from 0 to 8 respectively for a
fixed blockage ratio b = d/W = 1/8. The magnetic induction method in
magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) module of ANSYS Fluent solver has been
employed to compute the flow fields. The effects of transverse magnetic field on
vorticity, streamlines and flow coefficients such as drag and lift coefficients
have been studied. Results show that the complete suppression of vortex
shedding can be achieved and establish a steady flow if a sufficiently strong
magnetic field is applied. The average drag coefficient is decreased from 1.3742
to 1.0069 with the increase in Hartmann number from 0 to 3.0 as long as the
flow remains unsteady. For flows in the steady regime, the drag coefficient is
found to increase with the increment of Hartmann number. Similarly, the
amplitude of unsteady lift decreases with the increase in Hartmann number
indicating the reduction in strength of shed vortices. A critical value of
Hartmann number for Reynolds number of 200 has been found to be 3.6
required for complete suppression of the vortex shedding.

Keywords:
MHD–Wake– Vortex Shedding–Hartmann number–Low Magnetic Reynolds
Number–Square Cylinder

53

[Paper ID: 80071]

Assessment of Dense Settlement to Improve Its Scenario Through
Gi Retrofit- A Case of Chakupat, Lalitpur

Sunil Raj Karki*, Sangeeta Singh
Department of Architecture & Urban Planning, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU,
Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
This paper focuses on the benefits on the air quality, building energy saving and
urban heat island resulting from green infrastructure retrofit. The main
objective of research is to assess and study of settlements to develop strategic
planning for green infrastructure retrofit and exploring its multiple benefits
and sustainability impact. Green infrastructure plays a critical role in
environmentally sustainable urbanization in developing countries. The urban
open space design in contemporary urban development of Kathmandu Valley
demonstrates numerous problems starting from lack of open spaces itself to
their poor design, improper or lack of use and lack of maintenance. As
population and urban development increase rapidly in Kathmandu valley,
conversion of open space, unplanned housing and added imperviousness are
closely related to growth of dense settlements, increase urban heat island effect,
energy consumption for heating/cooling and poor air quality. Green
Infrastructure Retrofit approach will address issues with least possible
disturbance to existing urban scene. There is a lack of empirical research
assessing specific dimensions of green infrastructure retrofit and the balance
between green infrastructure and urban development. Also, little research has
been conducted on feasibility study and the potential benefits of green
infrastructure to reduce related issues.

Keywords:
Green Infrastructure – Urbanization – Green roof – Green wall – Urban heat
island effect – Air quality – Energy

54

[Paper ID: 80072]

Floor Area Ratio (FAR) and Energy Efficiency: A Case Study of
Sinamangal Land Pooling

Garima Nakarmi*
Department of Architecture & Urban Planning, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU,
Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
Massive increase in population, high demand of urban infrastructure and
limited availability of land resources is a global concern. When the inner part of
a town becomes more and more congested, it expands towards municipal limits.
Effective development control rules in such situation is imperative to tackle the
important issues such as environmental degradation, pollution, overcrowding,
congestion due to buildings in contravention of development control rules,
narrow streets having no further scope for widening, buildings devoid of
proper lighting and ventilation due to violation of setback rules, exceeding
building height limit and tendency to utilize FAR fully by covering the entire
plot area. Such situations affect systematic development as well as energy
consumption. Improper ventilation, no sufficient solar availability hampers the
indoor thermal comfort that direct links with the consumers’ behavior of
energy consuming pattern. In addition, the allowable higher FAR to
accommodate increasing density leading to high vertical urban form,
overshadowing surrounding environment have direct or indirect impact on
socio-cultural behavior and lifestyle. So, this research is to study FAR and its
casual relation to energy consumption pattern at Sinamangal Land Pooling.

Keywords:
Floor Area Ratio – Energy Consumption – Solar radiation – Natural Ventilation
– Thermal Comfort

55

[Paper ID: 80073]

Identification of Potential Solar PV Generation Strategy for
Province 2 of Nepal

Anil Kumar Panjiyar*, Kishan Jayasawal, Nava Raj Karki
Department of Electrical Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
Access to electricity may be taken as granted by many people in the twenty first
century but still there are many people who are either deprived of it or do not
have access to quality electricity. Providing access of electricity to all is
certainly a challenging task and capital intensive too. If a detailed study of
existing system is done and points for upgradation, construction are found out,
then considerable amount of energy can be saved along with speeding the
development process. This study involves the study of the identification of
potential solar PV generation strategy for province-2 of Nepal. For this, work is
divided into two parts, in first part existing status of electricity grid in Province
2 has been done as a base line requirement for study of Grid Access to all in
Province 2 to know about the voltage status and line loading of the grid and
second part covers the study of centralized and distributed PV generation in
province-2 for existing case, five years scenario and ten years scenario for
different forecasted value from system planning department of Nepal
Electricity Authority[1]. Optimal solar PV size is calculated for both generation
configuration on the basis of power loss minimization. Study shows that, power
loss in Decentralized PV generation is less than centralized PV generation in all
prospects. All system are Modelled and studied in Dig-silent Environment.

Keywords:
Photovoltaic system – voltage stability – centralization – Decentralization – line
losses reduction

56

[Paper ID: 80075]

Energy Efficiency in Traditional Newari Residential Buildings: A
Case of Bhaktapur (Itachhen Tole)

Sumina Tha Shrestha*, Sanjay Uprety,
Department of Architecture & Urban Planning, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU,
Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
Traditional architecture have some unique features to define themselves. Most of them
follow passive solar architecture and are climate responsive. At the same time, these
tend to be energy efficient. This research was conducted in order to know the essence of
traditional architecture of Newari house in terms of energy efficiency. In this research,
an extensive literature reviews were done to know about the traditional elements of
Newari traditional houses and their connection to energy efficiency. The study had been
divided into four phases: Literature study, Residential Energy Consumption, energy
efficiency of traditional Newari building and state of traditional features of the buildings
after earthquake 2015. A case area of Bhaktapur, Itachhen tole was selected to be the
study area which composed of 80 households among which 20 percent of them was
taken as sampling for questionnaire. Structured questionnaires were constructed with
the help of KoboTool Box and various variables were studied under SPSS analysis via
independent charts and correlations. From literature reviews, rectangular plan, three
and half storied with low storey height, clay tiled roofs, extensive use of mud and wood,
vertical division of spaces, brick exposed facade and thick walls, carved doors and
windows were found to be major traditional features of traditional Newari residential
buildings. Survey results showed that residential energy consumption was dominant for
lighting and cooking purposes. Electricity was found to be the major source for energy
consumption. Storey height, mud and brick masonry, vertical division of spaces, brick
exposed facades and thickness of walls were found to be energy efficient traditional
features of Newari residential buildings.

Keywords:
Energy efficiency – Residential Energy consumption – Traditional Newari Residential
buildings – Kobo Toolbox – SPSS analysis – correlation

57

[Paper ID: 80076]

Design of Rotor Disc Brake using Structural & Thermal Analysis

Bikesh Suwal*, Sanjeev Maharjan
Department of Automobile & Mechanical Engineering, Thapathali Campus, IOE,
TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:

These day technologies go beyond us. On comparison of vehicle production before 20-25
years ago & later, we find abundant difference in aspect of comfort, economy, function &
particularly in safety. Instead of having air bag, good suspension systems, good handling and
safe cornering, there is one most critical system in the vehicle which is brake systems. In old
days, brake system is very simple and less efficient.Even various brake systems are existed
now days, disc brake system has also got crucial attention with progressive development in
its performance.This reserach studies the problem existed in Yamaha Fz-25 disc brake and its
rectification with the imroved design of disc brake that delivered superior mechanical and
thermal performances than original disc brake.The current disc rotor using in Yamaha Fz-25
has a load of 1.05 kg which is heavier than other’s company bike of same power. So, 4
numbers of different disc rotor models with same geometric dimension with original disc
rotor are designed with different ventilation shape to reduce the weight than original disc
rotor. The 3D solid modelling of CAD is designed in Autocad 2017 software whereas the finite
modelling of CADs and simulation on structural and thermal strategies are based on ANSYS17
software. From the analysis, among all disc rotor models, disc rotor model 4 has highest
bearing stress of 15.752 MPa, disc rotor model 2 has least deformation of 0.00426 mm, disc
rotor model 1 can sustain high temperature upto 95°C and disc rotor 4 has high heat flux of
9.79*105 W/m2 where as original disc rotor has bearing stress of 13.7 MPa, deformation of
0.0072 mm, sustainable temperature of 53.8°C and heat flux of 1.63*105 W/m2.As the main
purpose of this research is to select the best design that rectifies the existing problem in
original disc rotor,so, disc rotor model 4 had succeeded to deliver its superior performance
against the original disc rotor with increased stress by 2.05 Mpa, decreased deformation by
0.0002 mm, increase of sustaining temperature upto 15.73°C more, increasing of heat
transfer by 8.16*105W/m2, decreasing weight by 0.05 kg and decreasing prodcution cost by
Rs 26.9.

Keywords:
Disc Brake – Yamaha Fz-25 – Stress – Deformation – Temperature – Heat flux

58

[Paper ID: 80078]

Energy Performance Evaluation of Double Skin Facades for
Office Buildings in Warm Temperate Climates

Archana Bajracharya*, Sanjaya Uprety
Department of Architecture & Urban Planning, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU,
Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:

The contemporary architectural and corporate trends seem to have embraced
glazed glass facades as ultimate design elements. In the present scenario,
energy concerns are growing in order to reduce the Green House Gas emissions
and designers as well as developers are urged to build energy efficient
structures. The main energy consuming activities in an office building are
lighting, operation of equipment, heating and cooling. The building fac¸ade is
responsible for effecting lighting, heating and cooling loads. Double Skin
Fac¸ade (DSF), usually constructed in European countries is taken as energy
efficient. This research has been carried out for testing the suitability of DSF in
Kathmandu. An instance of office building is selected and surveyed for thermal,
lighting and acoustic comfort near the glazed fac¸ade. As the result, the comfort
level was found to be unsatisfactory in terms of thermal comfort. Hence DSF
system was introduced in the building on the street side and checked for
improvements regarding thermal comfort through energy modeling and
simulation. Energy Plus along with Open Studio application and Open Studio
plug-in for Sketchup were used. Through rigorous simulations with varied
parameters, it was found that south oriented DSF fac¸ade, with optimized
parameters and configurations performed better than similar north oriented
DSF fac¸ade in terms of thermal energy consumption. It was concluded that a
naturally ventilated DSF cavity of 900 mm with double glazing in the inner skin,
single glazing in the outer skin and horizontal blinds within the cavity with
specific configurations can save heating and cooling loads by 10%.

Keywords:
Double skin façade – Glazed façade – Heating load – Cooling load – Office
building

59

[Paper ID: 80080]

Evaluation of Seismic Response of Reinforced Concrete Building
Designed as per as NBC 105:2019 (Draft)

Dipendra Raj Kandel*, Gokarna Bahadur Motra
Department of Civil Engineering, Thapathali Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: a [email protected] b [email protected]

Abstract:
In Nepal following the Udayapur earthquake, 1988, the first attempt for
development of National code for seismic design begun in Nineties as National
Building Code NBC 105:1994. Since 1994, after the first publication of this
document no revision has been made until 2019. NBC 105:2019 is revise of this
document which is however not yet approved,only the draft version has been
published till date. NBC 205:1994 is mandatory rule of thumb for reinforced
concrete building without masonry infill is based on NBC 105:1994. Thus NBC
205:1994 also required revision in near future. In this study three building
model prepared based on the structure layout restriction given in NBC
205:1994 and designed base on NBC 205:2019 were studied so that insight can
be developed on revise NBC 205:1994. Performance requirement were checked
for ultimate limit state and serviceability limit state. Time period was calculated
using empirical method and Rayleigh method, and compared with time period
obtained from analytical modal. Nonlinear static analysis was performed to
obtain capacity curve. Ductility factor and over strength factor were calculated
and compared with NBC 105: 2019.

Keywords:
Nonlinear static analysis – Limit state – ductility factor – over strength factor

60

[Paper ID: 80081]

Seismic Pounding Effect in Adjacent RC Buildings

Aviral Upadhayay* , Prem Nath Maskey
Department of Civil Engineering, Thapathali campus, IOE, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: aviral [email protected]

Abstract:
In metropolitan areas where the cost of land is very high, structures are being
built very close to each other. Due to the togetherness of the structures, they
often collide with each other when subjected to earthquakes. To mitigate the
amount of damage from pounding, the simplest and the most effective way is to
provide sufficient separation gap. Generally, most of the existing buildings in
seismically moderate regions are built without codal provisions and thus may
undergo structural and non–structural damages in the adjacent buildings. Floor
to floor pounding and floor to column pounding are the two types of pounding
that are seen in buildings between which, the most common type of pounding
in fast developing areas is floor to floor pounding. This research deals with
finding the minimum seismic gap between adjacent RC buildings having floor
levels at the same level i.e. slab are aligned at the same level. For this, 18
buildings are modelled in SAP 2000 v 20 and response spectrum analysis has
been carried out. As a whole, a total of 153 building combinations are carried
out and appropriate gap values are recommended. All the building models are
considered to be special moment resisting frames and the soil type is taken as
medium soil.

Keywords:
Seismic Pounding – Floor to Floor Pounding – Floor to Column Pounding – SAP
2000 – Response Spectrum Analysis (RSA)

61

[Paper ID: 80082]

Technique for Non-Linear Analysis of Masonry Wall Using
Discrete Crack Finite Element Method

Achyut Paudel*, Gokarna Bahadur Motra, Radha Krishna Mallik
Department of Civil Engineering, Thapathali, Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected],

Abstract::
Nepal has experienced a number of great earthquakes in different periods
including a recent Gorkha Earthquake 2015. A large destruction has occurred in
those earthquakes to the structures constructed in different locations in Nepal.
As Nepal is a developing country, masonry buildings with cement-sand mortar
or mud mortar is very common due to economy and availability of construction
material. Destruction due to earthquake is more in the case of masonry
structure because of lack of proper methods and technique for precise analysis
tool. In the last decades, a new line of research has been defined in the field of
earthquake engineering, trying to implement nonlinear structural analysis in
order to give more accuracy and safety to buildings and consistency between
the analysis and design methods. In this new line of research, “pushover curve”
of a structure is a very important element to be obtained. At present, a lot of
research has been made to characterize the non-linear structural behavior of
masonry structure however a clear model to describe the nonlinear behavior of
masonry structure is not yet developed. In this paper, a numerical method to
characterize the nonlinear in-plane behavior of masonry wall under lateral load
is developed. The main product of this study is a technique or method for
obtaining nonlinear “pushover curve” for a masonry structure using finite
element method.

Keywords:
Masonry Structures – Non-Linear Analysis – Pushover Curve

62

[Paper ID: 80083]

Effect of Frequency Content of Ground Motion in Low-rise
Reinforced Concrete Buildings

Pukar Joshi*, Rajan Suwal
Department of Civil Engineering, Thapathali Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
Ground motion parameters are essential for quantitatively describing strong
ground motion characteristics in a compact form. For engineering purposes
amplitude, frequency content and duration are of primary significance. The
response of the building depends on the ratio of natural frequency of the
building to the exiting frequency of the load. This paper focuses on studying the
effect of varying frequency content on ground motion in low-rise reinforced
concrete buildings keeping the other ground motion parameter such as peak
ground acceleration and duration constant. Seven ground motions having
different predominant frequency are selected, then are transformed to
frequency domain using Fast Fourier Transform. The so obtained Fourier
spectra are shifted preserving its other characteristics. The shifted ground
motions in frequency domain are transformed to time domain using Inverse
Fast Fourier Transform to obtain new time history. Linear time history analysis
is carried out in finite element software, ETABS, on two to five storey regular
building with obtained time history as an input. The response of buildings are
found in terms of maximum storey displacement and base shear. The results
show that response of the building increases with increase in frequency content
of the ground motion to a certain point and then decreases and the sensitivity
of the frequency content increases with increase in number of story.

Keywords:
Ground Motion – Frequency Content – Fast Fourier Transform – Linear Time
History Analysis – Base shear – Storey displacement

63

[Paper ID: 80084]

Influence of Geometrical Parameters on the Fundamental Time
Period of Masonry Structure

Kshitiz Paudel*, Gokarna Bahadur Motra
Department of Civil Engineering, Thapathali Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
The fundamental time period of vibration is one of the foremost important
parameters for the seismic design of structures. The fundamental time period is
reliant on the mass, strength, and stiffness of the structure but their actual
dependency on the geometric parameter is still a matter of study. The influence
of the geometric parameter for masonry building is studied. Finite Modelling
Element procedure is used to model several masonry buildings and to find their
corresponding fundamental time period. Based on Rayleigh Method and code-
based equations. Finally, the influence of such a selected parameter is
expressed in terms of an equation that is formulated based on the regression
analysis of output data.
Keywords:
Fundamental Time Period – Masonry – Rayleigh’s Method –Code-Based
Emperical Equations

64

[Paper ID: 80085]

Influence of Vertical Irregularity on Seismic Performance of
Masonry Building

Raul Gautam*, Prem Nath Maskey
Department of Civil Engineering, Thapathali Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
The behavior of masonry buildings during earthquake motion depends on the
configuration of the building. Irregular configuration in plan or elevation can be
a main cause of failure during earthquake. Vertical irregularity is recognized as
the major deficiency and a cause of failure during earthquake. Hence, this study
addresses the effect of vertical irregularity on seismic performance of masonry
buildings. A four storey regular masonry building is taken and is modified to 4
different vertical geometrical irregular buildings and the mass irregularity is
introduced in regular and one vertical geometry irregular building. The
magnitude and location of mass irregularity is changed in the building. All the
buildings are subjected to seismic loads and the response of the building is
computed numerically. It is observed that the vertical irregularity considered
affects the seismic response of the building. Also, the magnitude of mass
irregularity increases the response of the masonry building. The seismic
response is maximum when the mass irregularity is in the upper part of
masonry building. The combination of irregularity i.e. mass irregularity and
vertical geometry irregularity enhance the response of the masonry building.
Keywords:

Masonry – Vertical Irregularity – Mass Irregularity

65

[Paper ID: 80087]

Seismic Performance of Composite Frame and RCC- Moment
Resistant Frame for G+9 Storey Buildings

Shiva Sharma*, Rajan Suwal
Department of Civil Engineering, Thapathali Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
Composite structure is a structure made with steel and concrete where hot
rolled steel sections are used as structural members to take tensile force
whereas concrete take compressive load in structure. Now-adays construction
has gained wide acceptance worldwide as an alternative to pure steel and pure
concrete construction. There is a great potential for increasing the volume of
steel in construction, especially in the current development needs Nepal and
not using steel as an alternative construction material. So, it is better to use best
character of both steel and concrete in the structure which is known as
composite structure. This research has been carried out to study the behaviour
of composite structure in commercial buildings. Two different type irregular
building with varying floor height of G+9 storey building are taken to the
analysis and by using the linear time history analysis and Etabs v16
comparision is done on same plinth area of RCC model and composite model
and results obtained are discussed.The comparision is based on the different
parameter like Time period ,Base shear and Top displacement where as the
three different input excitation are taken i.e Loma-Priata Earthquake,Kobe
Earthquake and Northridge Earthquake.

Keywords:
Seismic Behavior Composite structure – Composite column – Comparision
parameter

66

[Paper ID: 80088]

Seismic Performance of Isolated Bridges

Deepa Chaudhary*, Gokarna Bahadur Motra, Radha Krishna Mallik
Department of Civil Engineering, Thapathali Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
Seismic isolation is one of the powerful tools in seismic response control. To
determine the effectiveness of the seismic isolation in bridges, the seismic
response of both isolated and non-isolated bridges are compared. A two-span
RC bridge is considered for the research and High Damping Rubber Isolator is
used as a seismic isolator. The abutments and bridge deck is idealized as rigid.
The non-linearity associated with the High Damping Rubber Isolator is modeled
using the hysteretic Bouc – Wen model. The global FEM model of non-isolated
and bridge isolated with seismic isolator is analyzed for seven spectrum
compatible earthquakes. The maximum possible isolator displacement,
acceleration at deck level, and base shear corresponding to various seismic
events are assessed using Time History Analysis. The results obtained show a
considerable decrease in seismic response parameters after the use of high
damping rubber isolators.

Keywords:
High Damping Rubber Bearings – Seismic Isolation – Bridges

67

[Paper ID: 80089]

Effects of Higher Modes on Capacity Curve and Hinge
Formation

Suman Kumar Tiwari*, Hariram Parajuli, Radha Krishna Mallik
Department of Civil Engineering, Thapathali Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
Developed herein is an improved pushover analysis procedure based on
structural dynamics theory, which retains the conceptual simplicity and
computational attractiveness of current procedures with invariant force
distribution. In this modal pushover analysis (MPA), the seismic demand due to
individual terms in the modal expansion of the effective earthquake forces is
determined by a pushover analysis using the inertia force distribution for each
mode. It is demonstrated that the higher- “mode” pushover curves reveal
plastic hinge mechanisms that are not detected by the first- “mode” or other
FEMA-356 force distributions. Combining these ‘modal’ demands due to the
first two or three terms of the expansion provides an estimate of the total
seismic demand on inelastic systems. When applied to elastic systems, the MPA
procedure is shown to be equivalent to standard response spectrum analysis
(RSA)

Keywords:
Capacity curve – modal pushover analysis–fundamental mode– Base Shear –
Displacement Demand

68

[Paper ID: 80090]

Seismic Response of Concrete Gravity Dam: Effect of Foundation
Elasticity and Geometry of dam.

Pawan Chand*, Rajan Suwal
Department of Civil Engineering, Thapathali Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
The Dynamic properties of any structures are function of its mass and stiffness
distribution. And the stiffness and mass distribution is defined by the geometric
profile of the structure. A gravity dam is uniform along its longitudinal axis,
therefore the cross-sectional profile plays an important role for dynamic
properties of the dam. A concrete gravity dam (210m) proposed for Nalgad
hydropower project in Jajarkot, Nepal is modeled in ABAQUS 2017 considering
the dam-foundation-reservoir interaction. A modal analysis has been
performed to access the effect of foundation elasticity (Ef ) on fundamental
natural frequency of the dam. A linear time history has been carried out using
Northridge ground motion to find out the seismic response of dam having
different dam geometry. It has been found that the change in modulus of
elasticity of foundation effects the fundamental frequency of the dam up to a
particular value. Additionally, it has been found that dam downstream (D/S)
shape effects the seismic response of dam, curved shape at downstream instead
of slope gives less response values for same cross sectional area.

Keywords:
Gravity dam – dam-foundation-reservoir interaction – seismic response –
modulus of elasticity

69

[Paper ID: 80091]

Seismic Response of RC Frame Building Considering Soil
Structure Interaction

Khemraj Pokharel*, Suraj Shah, Rameswor Shrestha, Premnath Maskeyd
Department of Civil Engineering, Thapathali Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
Foundation is a load transferring part of structure to soil. Recent trends have
made replacement of conventional practice of isolated and eccentric footing
with Mat foundation. Necessity to choose Mat foundation over conventional
isolated footing is when the bearing capacity of soil is considerably
low.However,consideration of properties of soil in contact with the foundation
has not been applied in detail practice,which is also called Soil structure
interaction (SSI).Literatures have revelaed that incorporating soil structure
interaction (SSI) will significantly affects the performance of structures.Our
study have used Winklers method to model the foundation soil as
spring.Moreover,three different buildings of five, seven and nine storeys were
modeled using finite element method to incorporate the soil structure
interaction effects.Performance parameter to measure the performance of the
structures was done using Roof displacement.This paper reports the change in
natural time period, roof displacement and base shear due to consideration of
SSI and concludes with the urge of consideration of SSI in structurla analysis
and design .

Keywords:
Soil Structure Interaction (SSI) – Mat foundation – Winklers method – Spring
Method – Roof Displacement – Natural time period – Base shear

70

[Paper ID: 80092]

A Novel Topology of Isolated Bidirectional Buck Boost DC-DC
Converter

Kishan Jayasawal*, Yuba Raj Purja, Kanchan Laxmi Rai, Khagendra Thapa
Department of Electrical Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
This paper proposes a bidirectional buck- boost isolated DC-DC converter to
realize the bidirectional and buck boost voltage conversion. To do so,
simulation of a 7.75-kW, full-bridge, bi-directional isolated DC-DC converter
using a 12-kHz transformer and battery energy storage system using
MATLAB/Simulink is operated. The full bridge converter is widely used for the
high power application and high frequency transformer is used for isolation
purpose. The DC voltage at the high-voltage side is controlled from 640 to 700 V
to low-voltage side battery voltage of fixed 330V. The converter operates as a
buck mode while charging the battery, while the DC mains is powering the
downstream load converter. On failure of the DC-mains, the converter operates
as if a boost converter and the battery regulates the bus voltage and thereby
powers the downstream converters. The voltage and current during both
charging and discharging the battery is observed and better energy utilization
is verified.

Keywords:
Buck Converter – Boost Converter – Battery Charging – Bidirectional Converter

71

[Paper ID: 80093]

Modeling of Urban Storm Water Drainage using HYKAS for
Lamachaur, Pokhara, Nepal

Manoj Neupane*, Keshav Basnet, Ganesh Prasad Parajuli
Department of Civil & Geomatics Engineering, Pashchimanchal Campus, IOE, TU,
Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:

Earlier in Nepal, the agricultural cultivable land consumed the rainfall by itself. Therefore, the
necessity of proper drainage system was not considered during those days. But nowadays, the
surface runoff amount is high due to urbanization such that the existing improper drainage system
becomes insufficient to discharge the total surface runoff and it leads to overflow problems. The
roads turning into streams can be easily observed in Pokhara valley and many other urban areas of
Nepal especially during rainy seasons. Therefore, the inadequate conveyance of storm water is the
associated problem in many cities of Nepal. Lamachaur area (Ward 16 and 19 of Pokhara
Metropolitan City) is also facing storm water drainage problem due to rapid urbanization, its
topographical nature and developmental activities like other major cities of Nepal. In the present
study, the existing situation of drainage system was evaluated for the Lamachaur area. Furthermore,
planning and design of modified drainage system for the area was performed. For this, various
thematic maps were generated by modeling with HYKAS based on both steady and unsteady flow
methods and newly designed drainage was suggested for the recent drainage system to prevent
overflow on streets in the area. HYKAS is widely used planning, analysis and design of storm water
drainage system. The catchment area (164.70 ha) was divided into 123 numbers of sub-catchments.
With the existing conditions, the outfall was observed to be at Tallo Deep, Madhyam Path and KI
Singh Pool. In the steady flow calculation, load factors for the drainage system with various rainfall
intensities were observed. The drainage size of the existing system (400mmX600mm and
900mmX1000mm on both sides of the road) was found to be insufficient to carry the runoff. For
unsteady flow analysis, Saint Venant equation was used for hydrodynamic computation of selected
as well as entire network system. The time series of heavy rainfall event that was occurred in 9th
September 2018 was used for unsteady flow analysis. It was found that the main region of flow
from Gharmi Village to Tallo Deep was having the problem of overflow for the rainfall intensity. The
region from Tallo Deep to KI Singh Pool was found to have less problem of overflow. Dimension of
the drainage system has been proposed after unsteady flow analysis. The proposed modified
drainage system will help in proper draining out of storm water from the study area. This will solve
the existing problems associated with overflow as the hydraulic analysis
has been considered. The methodology used in this study can also be adopted for other areas of
Pokhara and major cities of Nepal facing storm water drainage problem.

Keywords:
Flood – Overflow – HYKAS – Drainage – Storm Water Drainage Design

72

[Paper ID: 80094]

Seismic Performance of Dry Stone Masonry Building

Kapil Regmi*, Hariram Parajuli
Department of Civil Engineering, Thapathali Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
Dry Stone masonry is the oldest material technique used in hilly and
mountainous region of Nepal.Analysis of such structure present on even bigger
challenge due to high Vulnerability during the earthquake.This article presents
the macro-modeling Finite Element analysis of unreinforced dry stone masonry
Building to evaluate the seismic performance.Linear static analysis is done
using ANSYS workbench. Different mode shapes with their corresponding
natural frequencies and stresses (Compressive, tensile and shear) are
obtained.These stresses are compared with the permissible stresses given in
code of practice for unreinforced masonry structures (IS1905-1987).Results
show that building is safe in all stresses under both gravity and earthquake
loading and unsafe in tension and shear under seismic loads.The result thus
obtained will be useful for finding some weak failure zones and thus it is easy to
suggest some technique for enhancing seismic performance of
building.

Keywords:
Dry Stone Masonry – Macro-modeling Finite Element Method – Seismic
Performance – Linear Static Analysis

73

[Paper ID: 80095]

Smart Building Technologies and Passive strategies for Energy
optimization-a case of multi-residential buildings in Kathmandu

valley

Bijay Kumar Prajapat*, Tri Ratna Bajracharya, Sanjaya Uprety
Department of Architecture & Urban Planning, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU,
Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:

Energy efficiency is one of the most important attempts in the world because of various
environmental, economical and developmental aspects of energy. The climate change and its
adverse effect due to human activities has taken the central stage in the current global political
agenda and global news. In this context, energy performance of buildings has been a critical issue
since buildings constitute approximately half of total energy consumption. Architects, Designers
and Planners has continuously searched and experimented with many energy efficient strategies
and come up with many efficient passive design strategies. One of the new concepts in rise in terms
of building efficiency is smart building which has been attractive recently, contributes to the issue
with smart technologies. While some passive design techniques which have been used throughout
the history are still applicable for energy saving, the study is focused to evaluate the impact of
technological devices and traditional methods and how the two strategies combine together
performs in the location where the climate is temperate. While researching impacts of various
active or passive building components to energy efficiency, the study not only focused on heating
and cooling load reduction but also lighting electricity saving by use of daylight. Selected various
active systems and passive strategies is tested on a base-case module, which is a apartment flat in
an existing residential tower in Kathmandu valley, i.e. Guna Colony Apartment, Shinamangal and LP
Apartment, Lazimpart by the help of computer based energy simulations. Systems and strategies
are selected in the light of literature by considering wide availability in market and also the
limitation of the energy simulation software: Energyplus. During the process, three series of
simulation variations including eighteen different scenarios are tested. Only active systems is tested
in the first series and only passive strategies in the second. Finally, impact of using both active
systems and passive strategies together is tested in the third series in both the building Cases. The
result shows that with the combination of active and passive strategies the overall energy of about
30 percent can be saved in the multi- residential building in Kathmandu.

Keywords:

Smart Building Technologies – Passive strategies – Energy optimization – energy simulation –

multi-residential buildings

74

[Paper ID: 80096]

Assessment of Spatial Variation of Water Quality in Seti River,
Pokhara, Nepal

Bishnu Paudel*, Kishor Kumar Shrestha, Keshav Basnet
Department of Civil & Geomatics Engineering, Pashchimanchal Campus, IOE, TU,
Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
Water is one of the largest natural resources in Nepal. A major source of pollution of
water resources is disposal of waste, which is growing due to ever-increasing domestic,
commercial, municipal and industrial areas. The analysis of variation in water quality of
Seti River in Pokhara (Nepal) could be important in this context. The water samples
were collected from twenty different sampling location of Seti River, Pokhara during mid
of June and first week of July 2019. The study area extended from 28°9’40.53”N and
84°0’24.24”E to 28°18’25.14”N and 83°56’52.39”E. Sampling was conducted from
upstream and downstream of Pokhara City. Twelve samples were collected from
upstream of Seti gorge and eight samples were collected from Ramghat area and
downstream of Pokhara City. Physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters (TDS, EC,
pH, Turbidity, TH, Ca++, Cl-, NH3, DO and E-Coli) of collected water samples were
examined in laboratory. Spatial variation of water quality parameters was observed by
analyzing the obtained result as per sampling location. Turbidity and hardness values of
water samples were recorded very high; 913 NTU and 801mg/l respectively. The E-coli
counts were increasing towards the downstream which showed the increment of fecal
contamination. The average pH value was recorded as 8.14. Similarly, TDS and EC values
were observed 113 mg/l and 232 μS/Cm respectively. The seasonal variation in water
quality has great significance in overall quality monitoring of water. During monsoon
season discharge of river normally remains high so impurities discharged into river
water would be diluted frequently. Though anthropogenic activities can influence in city
area, there was no substantial variation of water quality on monsoon season observed
by this study.

Keywords:
Seti River –Water quality parameters – Spatial Variation – Monsoon Season

75

[Paper ID: 80098]

Security Analysis of SDN using Blockchain Technology

Prakash Pandey*, Rupesh Kumar Sah
Department of Electronics & Computer Engineering, Pashchimanchal Campus,
IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is an approach of networking architecture
that improvise conventional network in terms of control, scalability, security,
and availability. Currently, limited researches are being conducted on the field
of SDN security. Blockchain is one of the important techniques to overcome
SDNs security issues. Cryptographic techniques are useful for SDN but these
techniques has additional burden of computing time. The Blockchain
technology are more sophisticated than cryptographic techniques due to their
transparency, immutability, decentralize and computational efficiency. In SDN,
even though, the control plane is separated from underlying forwarding plane,
SDN is susceptible to many security challenges like Denial of Service (DoS)
attack, Distributed DoS (DDoS) attack and Brute force attack. This work
analyzes the security issues of SDN and overcomes it using Blockchain-based
monolithic secure mechanism.

Keywords:
Software Define Network (SDN) – Blockchain – Security

76

[Paper ID: 80100]

Distributed Generation Allocation Considering Uncertainties

Hitendra Karn*, Prabhat Kumar Pankaj Menaka Karki, Shahabuddin Khan
Department of Electrical Engineering, Pashchimanchal Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
This paper presents a distribution generation (DG) allocation strategy for radial
distribution networks under uncertainties of load and generation using genetic
algorithm (GA). Backward / forward (BW/FW) sweep algorithm is used for
load flow. The uncertainties of load and generation are modeled using fuzzy-
based approach. The optimal locations of DG and size to minimize system loss
under specified constraint is obtained by GA. The test is done for different
scenarios of power supplied by DG i.e., active and reactive power and it’s
combination. Further, all scenarios are run for different cases of load and
generation i.e., different combinations of deterministic and fuzzy data for load
and generation. The locations and sizes of DG obtained by fuzzy-based
approach are found to be different from those obtained with the deterministic
approach. The results obtained by the fuzzy-based approach are found to be
comparatively efficient for the future increasing load. The proposed approach is
demonstrated on the IEEE 33-node test network.

Keywords:
Distributed generation (DG) – fuzzy load and generation – Defuzzification –
genetic algorithm (GA)

77

[Paper ID: 80101]

Recession Plane for Residential Building of Kathmandu

Sanjaya Ratna Shakya a,
Department of Architecture & Urban Planning, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU,
Nepal
*Corresponding Email: a [email protected],

Abstract:
Making a healthy, safe, modern, and ecologically balanced city perhaps is one of the
big challenges in modern era. The population is creating pressure on land creating
burden on land and utility services. Urbanization and the expansion of urban
functionality with population growth is pressurizing the urban areas to build tall
buildings since there is a shortage of land to accommodate the extra population and
activities. Physical planning in developing now world is becoming a challenging task
for the planning agencies though multi-dimensional approaches are followed to
minimize the negative impacts to the environment as well as of whom those plans
are created. Physical environment planning in urban centers is a major concerning
issue in developing nations. The Light plane in the Byelaws of Kathmandu
illustrates the relationship between two adjacent buildings separated by street. As a
result, the adjacent buildings in remaining three directions are separated through
setbacks only, which is short in comparison with road length and the fact that roads
cover low area in the Kathmandu Valley, consequently, the buildings are stacked
compact and buildings cast its shadow on adjacent buildings. Thus, in this Scenario,
even if we create an energy efficient building, it will not perform to its creditability.
Furthermore, the inevitable cases of rapid growth have led to more cluttered city
and led to urban structures having negative impacts in urban planning and
functionality (e.g.: excessive energy use, traffic visually problem). Nevertheless, in
addition, shadows of unplanned high rises have also negative impacts to human
health, comfort living, block natural ventilation and/or reduces economic value of
land, affects building design, orientation, landscaping. Therefore, concept of
Recession Plane is necessary in general practice.

Keywords:
Light Plane – Recession Plane – Shadow Analysis – Simulation

78

[Paper ID: 80102]

Strategies for Sustainable Urban Mobility: A Case Dharan Sub-
Metropolitan City

Suman Limbu*, Padma Bahadur Shahi
Department of Architecture & Urban Planning, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU,
Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
Urban mobility is one of the components of integrated urban transport. Urban
transport plays a major role in urban planning and development, providing citizens
with access to a variety of land uses, such as education, markets, employment,
recreation, health care and other major services that are specific to cities in
developing countries. The objective of this research is to study the urban mobility
and to propose strategies for sustainable urban mobility in Dharan city.
Understanding people’s opinion in the survey questionnaire was made to determine
existing issues in urban mobility to gain appropriate decisions toward adequate
planning transportation system which would be able to meet the commuters need
and propose integrated strategies. Planning strategies are proposed to solve
identified problems and to achieve an integrated and sustainable urban mobility
system in central business district of Dharan city. The indicators used to measure
sustainable urban mobility in city are Affordability of public transport for the
poorest people, Accessibility for mobility impaired groups, Air polluting emissions,
Noise hindrance, Traffic Safety, Access to mobility services, Quality of public area,
Functional diversity, Commuting travel time, Economic opportunity, Net public
finance, Mobility space usage, Emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG), Congestion
and delays, Energy efficiency, Opportunity for active mobility, Resilience for
disaster and ecologic /social disruptions, Intermodal connectivity, Intermodal
integration, Occupancy rate, Comfort and pleasure, Security. It was analyzed using
likert’s scale from 1-5 rating.

Keywords:
Sustainable Urban Mobility –Strategies – Indicators

79

[Paper ID: 80103]

Study on flood inundation mapping for Ratuwa River catchment
using HECRAS 2D

Sunil Niraula*, Narendra Man Shakya
Department of Civil Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
Flooding has always been a major cause of loss of life and property in Terai
plains of Nepal. Rivers originating from Chure range are fragile and susceptible
to flash floods. Delineating flood plains and demarcating hazardous zones is
essential in flood management. 2D capability of HRECRAS allows flood
inundation mapping which has been used for mapping flood events in Ratuwa
Khola in Eastern Nepal in this paper. 12.5 m DEM has been used to create
terrain data. 2D flow area has been created around Ratuwa Khola and Mauwa
Khola which is a major tributary of Ratuwa Khola. Snyder’s Synthetic Unit
Hydrograph has been used for generating flood hydrograph of various return
period using Gumbel’s distribution. Water surface elevation and velocity
distribution obtained after 2D hydraulic simulation were used to determine the
extent of flooding which was visually interpreted using RAS Mapper. Effect of
flooding on various land use in the catchment was calculated and presented in
map view. 3671.94 ha of extent has been inundated by 2yrs flood, 5020.32 ha
for 25 yrs flood and 5589.93 ha of land was inundated by 50 yrs flood. The
simulated result has been well validated with the findings of report prepared by
Rastrapati Chure Conservation Program, in which flooding extent was
quantified by observing satellite images from 1990 AD to 2015 AD for the
period of 25 years. The results from this study can be used for flood
management as well as for making land use and infrastructure development
decisions.

Keywords:
HECRAS 2D – Unsteady flow analysis – RAS Mapper

80

[Paper ID: 80104]

Readiness to E-commerce adoption by Micro and Small Enterprises
in Small Town: A Case Study of Vyas Municipality,
Nepal

Lekhnath Timalsena*, Sanjeev Maharjan
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
E-commerce has substantial potential to foster the growth of micro and small-
sized enterprises (MSEs) in developed and developing countries alike. The
survey was aimed to investigate the current status and future direction to the
adoption of e-commerce by micro and small enterprises. A questionnaire
survey was conducted to collect data from 70 MSEs as samples located in Vyas
Municipality, Tanahun. The result shows that the overall scale value of all five
factors was 3.205, indicates the poor level of e-commerce adoption. Even
though 76 % of the enterprises were capable to adopt e-commerce based on
technology available and knowledge of ICT, only 33% of the enterprises were
ready to adopt e-commerce. Findings show that the important inhibiting factors
are lack of internal trust, lack of awareness, intolerance towards failure,
incapability of dealing with rapid change, and lack of online transaction system.

Keywords:
E-commerce - Micro and Small Enterprises - E-commerce Adoption

81

[Paper ID: 80107]

Numerical Analysis of Flow through Stilling basin Using CFD Model

Postaraj Khadka, Santosh Bhattarai
Department of Civil Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
This paper presents a study on performance of stilling basin located at
downstream of 140 m high dam by numerical simulation. The hydraulic
characteristics of stilling basin of 140 MW Tanahu (Upper Seti) Hydropower
Project situated on Tanahu district in Nepal were investigated by numerical
simulation using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling. The flow
patterns, velocities at various locations with three different elevations: 293.00,
305.00, 309.00 masl and water levels along a main water course in stilling basin
were recorded. In order to evaluate the capability of the computational fluid
dynamics on modeling stilling basin flow, a comparative study was made by
using results obtained from physical modeling and Computational Fluid
Dynamics (CFD) simulation. FLOW-3D, which solves the Reynolds-averaged
Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations, was used to model the numerical model setup
by defining cells where the flow is partially or completely restricted in the
computational space. Velocity and water levels were used to compare the
results of the physical model and the numerical model. The behavior of the flow
inside the stilling basin was well represented by the numerical model and there
was reasonably good agreement between the physical and numerical models in
flow characteristics.

Keywords:
Stilling Basin – Chute Spillway – Roller Bucket – Numerical Model – Turbulent
Model – FLOW-3D

82