Book of Abstracts

[Paper ID: 80108]

Response Reduction factor for RC buildings with Masonry Infill

Sujanraj Devkota*, Gokarna Bahadur Motra
Department of Civil Engineering, Thapathali Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
The actual earthquake force is considerably higher than what the structures are
designed for. The structure is allowed to be damaged in case of severe shaking.
The structures are not designed for the actual value of earthquake intensity as
the cost of construction will be too high for the events with lower probability of
occurrence. Hence, structure is designed for seismic force much less than what
is expected under strong shaking if the structure were to remain linearly elastic.
This reduction is done by the help of factor called response reduction factor R
which depends upon ductility factor, strength factor, structural redundancy and
damping of the structure. This study is focused to find out ductility factor, over
strength factor and then to find response reduction factor R for various
configurations of RC framed with infilled masonry structures by the non-linear
static analysis. The focus is also on the study of the effect of masonry infill on
the real behaviour of the building.

Keywords:
Non-linear static analysis – Response reduction factor – Ductility Factor – Over-
strength Factor

83

[Paper ID: 80109]

Seismic Performance of Compressed Stabilized Earth Block
Masonry Building

Bishwas Paudel*, Hari Ram Parajuli
Department of Civil Engineering, Thapathali Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
As from past earthquake in 1934 and recent Gorkha earthquake 2015, Nepal
experienced shows that an unreinforced masonry structures are the most
vulnerable and leads to collateral damage to human life and property in future
earthquakes. In the aftermath of the Gorkha Earthquake, many people in rural
remote affected areas cannot afford brick masonry because of its expensive
nature and not feasible in those areas, so to provide them an earthquake
resistant building method for houses to build a safer house. With the help of
Government of Nepal and Rural Housing Reconstruction Program (RHRP),
Compressed Stabilized Earth Block (CSEB) an alternate to brick materials was
introduced. This paper aims to study the seismic performance of un reinforced
masonry building constructed with compressed stabilized earth blocks. This
study highlights the building capacity to carry seismic loads and an assessment
of building in terms of the strength, expected performance of the building and
safety of building during an earthquake. When subjected to seismic effects,
masonry material exhibits little ductility because they are brittle material with
low tensile strength, so unreinforced masonry is highly susceptible to
earthquake damage and usually characterized by sudden and dramatic collapse.
This paper investigates the application of linear seismic analysis of masonry
building using ANSYS software. Thus, result obtained will be useful to evaluate
the seismic performance of building.

Keywords:
Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks(CSEB) – Masonry building – Finite element
modelling – Linear static analysis – Seismic performance

84

[Paper ID: 80110]

Determination of Impact of Maintenance on Traffic Volume
Threshold for Upgrading of Low Volume Roads

Saroj Acharya*
Department of Civil Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:

A good transport network plays a vital role in achieving economic success in
modern economics. The rural roads connect the people of rural areas to their
market centers and the administrative centers. Upgrading and maintaining
these roads to all weather roads need huge resources. A proper economic
decision tool is needed to mobilize the scare funds through prioritization of
roads for upgrading and maintenance on the basis of their importance. The in-
depth study on impact of maintenance on threshold for upgrading rural roads
which we lack in context of Nepal will help concerned authority in planning the
maintenance work on rural roads and decide the suitable time for upgrading of
these roads.The HDM-4 is used as the tool to calculate the Net Present Value of
a project alternative. The Net Present Value of a project alternative is the
difference between the Present Value of Total Transportation Cost of base
alternative and the project alternative. The traffic volume corresponding to the
Zero Net Present Value gives the threshold value of the traffic volume for
upgrading the road from base alternative to project alternative. The traffic
threshold (ADT) for upgrading the earthen road to gravel road, DBST road and
asphalt road is 50, 77 and 92 respectively for Ideal Maintenance Scenario and
48, 70 and 89 for Minimal Maintenance Scenario. Similarly, traffic threshold
(ADT) for upgrading the gravel road to DBST road and asphalt road is 108 and
131 respectively for Ideal Maintenance Scenario and 80 and 105 for Minimal
Maintenance Scenario.

Keywords:
Rural roads – Road Upgrading – Road Maintenance – Economic Analysis –
Threshold – Road User Cost – Vehicle Operating Cost – IRI

85

[Paper ID: 80111]

Social Media as a Strategic Marketing Tool to Study the Consumer
Behavior of Coca-Cola by K-Mean Cluster Analysis: Evidence from

Facebook

Sumit Chaulagain*, Sanjeev Maharjan
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
Social media is the collective of online communications channels leading to a deep
transformation of the organizational models, community-based input, interactions,
content sharing collaborations and changing the company’s marketing dynamics.
This study aims to recognize the consumer behavior of Coca-Cola and validate
consistency of respondents. Sets of questionnaire are developed for understanding
the consumer behavior and activities in Facebook. The consistency of respondent of
consumer analysis were viewed through K-mean cluster technique using through
SPSS version 16.0 software. Groups of similar and dissimilar of users attitude
regarding the product is categorized by the small distances among the cluster
members, dense areas of the data space and the intervals of particular statistical
distributions. The respondents were categorized into four clusters using two
variables: usage rate and preference. Cluster 1 were labelled consumers with high
usage rate and highly preference of Coca-Cola, whereas Cluster 2 were labelled
consumers with high usage rate and low preference of Coca-Cola. Cluster 3 were
labelled consumers with low usage rate and high preference of Coca-Cola and
Cluster 4 was labelled with low usage rate and low preference of Coca-Cola.
Majority of respondents are categorized under Cluster 3 while minority of
respondents are categorized under Cluster 2 by using K-mean cluster. Finding of
this research may facilitate the Nepalese business organizations for formulating
policies of sales promotion on soft drinks.

Keywords:
social media – consumer behavior – consistency – respondents – K-mean cluster

86

[Paper ID: 80113]

Grid Impact Study of a Distribution System Due to the Connection
of Fast/Slow Charging Station Load

Abhinav Jha*, Akhileshwor Mishra, Nawa Raj Karki
Department of Electrical Engineering, Pulchowk Cmapus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:

Growing concerns over environmental pollution and reduction of carbon emissions have
forced us to look for an alternative to the current mobility. The urban transportation
sector is rapidly being electrified and electric vehicles (EV) are being promoted
aggressively all over the world. The rise in EV must be complemented by a rise in the
number of flexible and easily accessible charging Stations (CS) infrastructures at
multiple locations. Home, workplace, and public charging stations of different capacity,
charging speed are being prioritized and extensively installed. The Fast Charging
Stations (FCS) needs to be installed at optimal locations to mitigate the possible risk to
the distribution network and power system. The EV charging loads have an adverse
impact on the operating parameters of the power system. The high charging loads of the
fast charging stations and numerous slow charging stations at homes results in
increased peak load demand, reduced reserve margins, voltage instability, and reliability
problems. In our study, we have mostly focused on the calculation, comparison, and
analysis of customer and energy-oriented reliability indices due to the connection of FCS
and Slow Charging Stations (SCS) separately on extended Roy Billinton Test System
(RBTS) Bus 2 Distribution Network. It has been observed that the placement of FCS at
stronger buses is imperative for the smooth operation of the power system. Moreover,
the study presents the importance of index based on VRP (Voltage stability, Reliability,
and Power Loss) for finding out the optimal location of the placement of FCSs. Also, a
sample study has been performed with coordinated Vehicle to Grid (V2G) discharging
using EVs with an average of 30 kWh batteries and its role in smoothening the load
profile of the distribution network has been evaluated. It has been found that the
reliability indices and Energy Not Served (ENS) gets improved with V2G discharging
phenomenon.

Keywords:
Fast Charging Station – Home Charging – V2G – EV – Distribution Network – Reliability
Indices

87

[Paper ID: 80114]

Impact of Distributed Generation Penetration in Voltage Stability of
Radial Distribution System

Tribhuwan Kumar Yadav*, Khagendra Bahadur Thapa, Netra Gyawali
Departmant of Electrical Enginnering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
This paper depicts the effect of distributed generation (DG) location on power
system voltage stability, voltage profile and power losses. Different categories
of DG types are used to check the effects on power system voltage stability,
voltage profile and power losses. The most suitable locations to connect DG
sources are identified by a modal analysis. A modal analysis is used to verify
both proximity and mechanism of voltage instability. Here, reduced power flow
Jacobian is used of full Jacobian to account for dependence of voltage stability
on reactive power flow. The weak buses are identified using bus participation
factors. Then, DGs are injected at these buses in order to evaluate voltage
stability, voltage profile and power losses for different scenarios. For these
scenario optimal sizing of the DG units in distribution system given their
location is determined by Genetic Algorithm. The analysis is conducted on a
well-known IEEE 33 bus radial distribution network. The results show the
impact of DG injection in radial distribution system on voltage stability, voltage
index and power losses.

Keywords:
Modal analysis – voltage stability – eigenvalue – participation factors – genetic
algorithm

88

[Paper ID: 80115]

Feasibility of Shape coefficient (A/V ratio) as an indicator of
heating and cooling energy demand.

Udvash puri*
Department of Architecture & Urban Planning, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU,
Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
The shape is a noticeable characteristic of a building which affects a building’s
energy demand. This article aims to search the relationship between total
heating and cooling energy demand of the building due to variation in
volumetric proportions. Based on numerous simulation and site studies, the
relationship between the ratio of total external envelop area to its thermal
volume (A/V) and annual energy demand of building has been established.
Based on findings, it can be concluded that (A/V) ratio is directly proportional
to energy demand in the case of Kathmandu. This statement helps to lessen the
dilemma arise during the conceptual design phase by helping designers to
choose the correct proportion of volume on the logical base. By the fact that
design is a result of a dynamic thinking process, balancing the exposure area
with its internal volume could be one of the techniques of energy-efficient
building design. Using interpretive research strategy this research demonstrate
a balanced exposure area, A/V ratio can be used as an indicator of energy-
efficient building.

Keywords:
Shape coefficient – building exposure – building compactness – heating- cooling
load

89

[Paper ID: 80116]

Assessing Climate Disaster Resilience of Post-Earthquake
Settlement: A Case Study of Bungamati, Lalitpur

Shami Adhikari*, Dibas Shrestha
Department of Applied Sciences & Chemical Engineering, Pulchowk Campus,
IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:

Assessment of climate disaster resilience is one of the major processes for
considering climate risks of the cities and consequences of disasters. This paper
highlights the significance of measuring the climate resilience to increase
awareness on current and future risk for disaster recovery and management.
Bungamati, a heritage settlement has salient features towards disaster
preparedness and mitigating climate risks. The reconstruction process after the
earthquake, 2015 can contribute to increase resilience capacity by
mainstreaming climate risks in rebuilding and planning phase. Therefore, the
research attempts to measure the existing level of climate disaster resilience of
Bungamati, one of the severe hit settlements by earthquake, using widely used
Climate Disaster Resilience Index (CDRI). Through literature review,
questionnaire survey and direct observation, variables and indicators for the
assessment process were identified. The research focuses on physical, social,
economic, institutional and natural aspects for assessing and strengthening
resilience. In general, the data obtained from the CDRI assessment shows that
the resilience level of Bungamati is at average with a climate disaster resilience
score of 3.00, which needs additional measures to increase the resilience
capacity of the settlement to withstand future climate risks.

Keywords:
Resilience – Disaster – Climate change – Risk

90

[Paper ID: 80117]

A Study on Adaptive Thermal Comfort in Naturally Ventilated
School Building in Kathmandu

Sudeep Ghimire*, Sushil Bahadur Bajracharya
Department of Architecture & Urban Planning, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU,
Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:

Students spend about 30% of their daily time in school.Extremely high and low
temperature inside the classroom interrupts the student learning ability and
focus. It will also degrade the health and productivity of the students. In Nepal,
classrooms do not meet the required thermal comfort standards.A classroom is
called satisfactory if 80% students feel thermally comfortable.The performance
of the building is directly related to the indoor thermal environment.
Ventilation and insulation have a direct impact on the thermal comfort of the
classroom. In naturally ventilated classroom, windows are mostly open during
school time. This study investigated the thermal perception of the students by
conducting a thermal comfort survey in 100 students in four different schools
in Kathmandu during February of 2020. In this study mean indoor temperature
range 20_C–22_C and the mean outdoor temperature range 19_C–24_C . Seven-
point thermal sensation vote survey shows that 92 % respondent voted for
central three points and only 8 % voted outside the central point.This shows
that the students are comfortable in their classroom in naturally ventilated
school in the month of February. The simulation results show that the thermal
performance of 9” brick wall is better than EPS sandwich panel and cement
board with rockwool wall.

Keywords:
Thermal comfort – schools – naturally ventilated classrooms – adaptive thermal
comfort

91

[Paper ID: 80118]

The Effect of Window to Wall Ratio and Orientation on Thermal
Performance of Residential Building: A Case of Butwal

Shiva Kafley*, Sanjaya Uprety, Barsha Shrestha
Department of Architecture & Urban Planning, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU,
Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
The glazing area and orientation of building have significant effect on indoor
visual and thermal comfort which also affects the energy consumption of the
building. Windows is sensitive spot for the exchange of energy through the skin
of the building. Increased use of glazed window leads to increased solar gain
inside the building, which is becoming a major problem in warm climate
regions. Thus, the effect of the window to wall ratio for different building
orientation on the thermal performance of residential buildings are studied. For
this, a typical residential building located in warm temperate climate of Butwal
was chosen as the study building in this paper. Window to wall ratio of glazed
windows in north and south fac¸ade varied with 9 different values from 0.1 to
0.9 with constant increment of 0.1 and the building orientation was also
changed for the comprehensive study. 80 different test scenarios were created
in the simulation tool. By using Ecotect Analysis 2011, annual thermal energy
consumption was computed for each test scenario. Findings from the research
showed that increasing WWR results in increased energy consumption. The
research also concludes that South orientation is the best orientation for all
WWR whereas North-East orientation had the poorest result.

Keywords:
Thermal comfort – Building orientation – WWR – Energy consumption

92

[Paper ID: 80119]

Bearing Capacity Zonation of Urban Areas of Dhulikhel and
Banepa for Shallow Foundation

Suvarna Singh Raut*, Indra Prasad Acharya
Department of Civil Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:

Most of the construction of residential and commercial buildings in Banepa and
Dhulikhel is being increased continuously without evaluating bearing capacity
of the particular zone. The target of this study is to prepare the Bearing capacity
zonation map of urban areas of Dhulikhel and Banepa. Bore log secondary data
(SPT-N) from various 72 locations are taken. Terzaghi(1943), Meyerhof(1963),
Hansen(1970) and Vesic(1973) approaches have been used to evaluate Bearing
capacity. Least value for Bearing Capacity is taken and plotted in map using GIS.
The results have been verified from numerical modelling using Plaxis 2D, a
Finite Element Program. The parameters of soil that should be well-thought-out
in Plaxis models and theoretical approaches are Cohesion, Angle of Internal
Friction, unit weight, Poisson’s ratio and modulus of elasticity. Finite Element
Method takes into account stress strain behavior and displacement observed
and hence analyzes the soil structure interaction. Finite Element Analysis is
executed using Mohr-Coulomb failure criteria. The Bearing capacity shall be
obtained from Load Displacement curve taken as effective stress.The Allowable
Bearing capacity of Dhulikhel ranges from 33 kPa at Dhulikhel-3 (85.554919E,
27.632540N) to 198 kPa at Dhulikhel-4 (85.5400E, 27.6256N) and Banepa
ranges from 57 kPa at Banepa-5 (85.53183 E, 27.635798 N) to 201 kPa at
Banepa-11 (85.516919 E, 27.623785 N) for shallow foundation.

Keywords:
Bearing capacity – Settlement – Dhulikhel – Banepa – SPT(N) – Mapping – Plaxi

93

[Paper ID: 80121]

An Assessment of Locals’ Perception on Changing Climate in
Chitwan, Nepal

Deepa Timilsina*, Rashila Deshar
Department of Applied Sciences & Chemical Engineering, Pulchowk Campus,
IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:

Climate change and natural calamities are serious global issues and Nepal is
facing huge challenge due to dependency of most of the household on climate
sensitive sector. A survey research was done to assess the locals’ perception
and realities of changing climate in settlements adjacent to Narayani basin
located in Bharatpur-15 and Bharatpur-16 of Chitwan district. The locals’
response were compared with the actual trends of temperature and rainfall
recorded in the meteorological station located near the study area. A probit
model was used to analyze the characteristics that differentiate the
respondents who perceive the changes in line with the recorded data from
those who do not. Drought was perceived to be the most important hazard by
the respondents. Average annual rainfall was found to be in decreasing trend by
2.98mm per year. Likewise, summer temperature was found to be increasing
with trend of 0.0025_C per year and winter temperature was found to be
decreasing with trend of 0.0267_C per year. Trend analysis of temperature and
precipitation strongly support the respondents’ perception as that of hotter
summer, colder winter and decreased rainfall. From probit model, it was found
that those household involved in commercial vegetable farming and those
having access good communication asset have significantly higher probability
to perceive the changes in rainfall and temperature.

Keywords:
Climate Change – Perception – Hazard – Trend Analysis – Probit Model

94

[Paper ID: 80122]

Effect of Change in Rise/Span Ratio on Performance of Open
Thin Circular Cylindrical Shells

Abinash Mandal*, Hikmat Raj Joshi
Department of Civil Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:

The analytical solution of differential equations of thin cylindrical shell,
although being very rare, is very useful in many ways, for instance to validate
the results of approximate theory like membrane theory, semi-membrane
theory, finite element method. Up until today the methods , based on classical
moment theory, commonly applied to analyze open thin cylindrical shell are
Schorer theory, D-K-J theory, Chandrashekhar theory where certain
assumptions are made to simplify the solution procedure. The more accurate
solution is presented in Timoshenko (1959) [1] also where small
simplifications are made. In this paper we solve the eighth order differential
equation as presented in Ventsel (2001) [2] without neglecting any terms
therein. The geometry is open thin circular cylindrical shell subjected to
uniformly distributed load in gravity direction. The boundary condition is rigid
diaphragm on curved edges and clamped on straight edges. The solution of
differential equation is achieved by writing a potential function in Fourier
series form. The numerical calculation is performed via MATLAB coding where
the operations made are solving system of linear equations and performing
partial derivatives. The results obtained are compared with results from CSI
SAP2000. Finally parametric study is conducted to study the effect of change in
ratio of rise to transverse span on force components. From the parametric
study it is seen that for straight edge clamped and curve edge on rigid
diaphragm, forces and moments are minimum at rise/transverse span at 0.1.

Keywords:
Open thin circular cylindrical shell – Moment theory – Analytical solution –
Rigid diaphragm – SAP2000 – MATLAB – Rise / Transverse Span

95

[Paper ID: 80123]

Assessment of Energy Efficiency of a Building through the
Choice of Building Materials for Walls

Rukmani Acharya*, Shree Raj Shakya,
Department of Architecture & Urban Planning, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU,
Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
Energy efficiency has become a growing issue all over the world .The buildings
sector is the largest energy consuming sector, accounting for over one-third of
final energy consumption globally and an equally important source of carbon
dioxide (CO2) emissions. In the energy efficient building design, the use of
energy efficient building materials plays the crucial role for lowering the energy
intensity and CO2 footprint. Choosing the right building materials and installing
them properly is key to the construction of an energy efficient house. This
paper presents the results of Life cycle assessment study by comparing the
different building materials. Embodied energy for Expanded Polystyrene
Blocks(EPS) has been found as lowest which is almost 50% lower than Bricks.
For analysing the operational efficiency, a hotel in Kathmandu is identified and
various walling material are used to observe the energy efficiency. It was
observed that bricks consumes 15% higher annual energy compared to EPS
block and Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) Blocks.

Keywords:
Energy Efficiency – Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) – Expanded
Polystyrene Blocks(EPS) – Life Cycle Analysis

96

[Paper ID: 80124]

Strength Optimization of Sawdust Concrete through Cement
Variation

Santosh Acharya*, Utsav Neupane, Sameep Adhikari
Department of Civil Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
The use of concrete in the modern world dominates material use worldwide.
Despite its prominent use, modification of concrete has been a topic of research
for a long time. The attempts made in modification to the strength of concrete
to minimize the density without significant impact on strength have resulted in
the use of various materials from sawdust, sawdust ash to coconut shell, and
many more. The attempts have incorporated sawdust as one of the fine
aggregates replacement varying its proportion of replacement. In spite of the
attempts, only a few have resulted in significant results in regards to strength,
and economical contribution. This paper provides an insight into the possibility
of fine aggregates replacement without a prominent decrease in the strength of
the concrete. The paper primarily focuses on the determination of optimum
content of sawdust incorporating the strength of the concrete, economical
aspects, and its environmental impact based on the replacement of sawdust.
The paper also attempts to optimize the partially replaced sawdust concrete
with the variation of cement. The results from the compressive strength test
and tensile strength test show significant improvement on strength of concrete.

Keywords:
Sawdust concrete – Cement Variation – Mechanical Properties – Concrete
Materials – Compressive Strength

97

[Paper ID: 80125]

Application of Automation Tool (BIM) for Seismic Retrofitting of
SMM (Stone Masonry with Mud Mortar) Building

Darshana Dhaubanjar*
Department of Civil Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
The primary motive of this paper is to understand the importance of accurate
and quick result-oriented technology. Although Nepal is now into the recovery
and reconstruction phase after Gorkha Earthquake 2015, maximum houses are
still standing unsafe. Several factors hinder the workflow during the post
disaster process. One of the reason for slow pace in terms of recovery is the
absence of such effective technology. Because the reconstruction process needs
to undergo as early as possible, applicability of new tools and technology needs
to be understood. Initially, the paper identifies the rural typology of SMM
(Stone Masonry with Mud Mortar) buildings. Based upon the study, retrofitting
design for such buildings is incorporated. Furthermore, the ways in which the
automation tool facilitates the process of retrofitting is studied. If there are
possible ways that can facilitate to the effectiveness of retrofitting then such
tools and technology should be put into consideration. So, to meet the objective
of the study, partially damaged houses of Bhimphedi palika and Thaha palika of
Makwanpur district are studied. An application of the tool is illustrated in one
of the houses. In addition, the possibility, if most of the damaged houses of two
palikas can be retrofitted or not will also be identified.

Keywords:
Stone Masonry with Mud Mortar (SMM) Building – Retrofitting – Automation –
BIM

98

[Paper ID: 80126]

Assessing Safety Level of Bus Stops A Case Study of
Kathmandu Ring Road (Kalanki - Koteshwor Section)

Sunita Pandey*, Saroj Acharya
Department of Civil Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
Bus stop is the point of interaction among passengers and bus. A bus stop is a
designated place where buses stop for passengers to board or leave a bus. Road
safety is a major concern in emerging countries such as Nepal and bus stops are
the major points of concern as they act as interfaces where the pedestrians
interact with vehicles. However, it is a challenge to evaluate bus stop safety in
the context of developing countries as reliable crash data near bus stops are
generally unavailable. The safety level of five existing bus stops located along a
ring road section (Kalanki – Koteshwor) in the Kathmandu and Lalitpur
Metropolitan city, Nepal were evaluated in this study. The unsafe acts were
identified and causal factors for those unsafe acts were identified. The
weightage of each causal factor of each unsafe act was calculated as product of
degree of danger of unsafe act and the contribution factor of causal factor.
Degree of danger of unsafe act was determined by Analytical Hierarchal Process
and contribution factor for unsafe act was determined through expert scoring
survey. The study showed that Kalanki, Gwarko and Satdobato Bus stops are
unsafe. Similarly Dhobighat and Balkhu bus stops found to be relatively safer.
The result was validated using the actual crash data for those bus stops from
traffic police. The comparison between the safety level value determined from
this methodology and the actual crash data shows a fair correlation between
each other.

Keywords:
Bus Stop – Safety Level – Bus Stop – Prioritization – Design Deficiency –
Management Deficiency – Emerging Countries

99

[Paper ID: 80127]

Sand Erosion in Francis Turbine- A Case Study of Middle
Marsyandi Hydropower Station

Prabesh Raj Devkota*, Laxman Poudel, Atmesh Poudyal, Nipesh Regmi,
Dadiram Dahal
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
Middle Marsyandi hydropower station (MMHPS) is situated in Siundibar, Lamjung and
has an installed capacity of 70 MW. Sand erosion is one of the major problem faced by
this hydro station .A huge amount of sand is present in Marsyandi river and it erodes the
turbine and its components, specially in rainy season in the month of June, July and
August. Runner is dismantled in every two year period of operation for overhauling and
it was found that the turbine and its components were eroded greatly due to which huge
amount of financial loss has been occurring for the maintenance activities of the turbine
and its components. NEA is facing a huge amount of financial loss due to the shutdown of
powerhouse during the overhauling period. To prevent this problem of erosion, it is
necessary to predict the erosion prone areas in the turbine components and necessary
solutions like coating types and techniques are to be used for the optimized performance
and reduced financial and power loss. In this study prediction of erosion prone area at
full opening is done using simulation software ANSYS CFX. Erosion analysis is done by
categorizing as qualitative and quantitative analysis. The qualitative result (from both
simulation and field visit) is of similar manner and inlet side (leading edge) and outlet
edge of the blade was found to be mostly eroded. Leading edge erosion is due to the
direct impact of water containing sediment emerging from guide vane opening and
outlet side erosion is due to the high outlet velocity, drop in pressure as well as due to
the curved shape of runner profile. The quantitative measurement was performed in the
site and reduction in the blade thickness was measured.

Keywords:
Coatings – Erosion – Overhauling – Turbine

100

[Paper ID: 80130]

Hydrodynamic Modelling of the Flow at the Headworks Site Using
Cfd Approach: A Case Study of Solu Khola Dudhkoshi Hydroelectric

Project (SKDHEP)

Agraj Khakurel*, BholaNath Sharma Ghimire, Santosh Bhattarai, Ram Krishna
Regmi
Department of Civil Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
Headwork design play a very important role in the operational period of the
project as these are components designed to divert a calm water flow and
reduce the sediment entering into the intake as much as possible. In this study,
three dimensional CFD modelling of Solukhola Dudhkoshi Hydroelectric project
is done using FLOW-3D. A free surface flow with water as a sole fluid is used for
the simulation. The model uses volume flow rate as inlet boundary condition
and outflow at the outlet with void initial condition. The effects of gravity and
viscosity and turbulence on the model is considered. The paper attempts to
justify and test the correctness of the models by establishing correlation
between flow parameters with physical model results for various flood
discharges in river as well as headwork site and analyze the hydraulics of flow
under varying conditions (changing intake orientation, changing divide wall
shape) of headwork component.

Keywords:
CFD modelling – FLOW-3D – Void condition – Viscosity and Turbulence –
Hydraulics – Intake Orientation – Divide Wall Shape

101

[Paper ID: 80131]

Seismic Microzonation of Kathmandu Valley

Saroj Guragain*, Khemraj Pokharel, Suprapti Gautam
Department of Civil Engineering, Thapathali Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:

Earthquake is one of the most dangerous natural disasters which is frequent in
Nepal. In general, the magnitude of earthquake and the distance from the
epicenter are the main parameters to determine the effect and extent of the
damage that an earthquake can create but local geological condition and soil
properties are also the considerable factors that determine the effects of the
earthquake. As Geological exploration has revealed that the Kathmandu Valley
is an ancient lake deposit, which measures several hundred meters at the
deepest point and is made up of thick layers of clay, silt, sand, and gravel in
irregular layers of deposition ranging in age. It is being subject that significant
differences in structural damage in basin as compared with the surrounding
exposed rock or even in the basin itself from place, have been observed during
earthquakes. The amplitude of shaking in basin can be more than 10 sometimes
stronger than the surrounding rocks. Due to varying geology bring forward a
possibility that two or more amplified frequencies occur during an earthquake.
As the valley accommodates a number of low-rise to medium-rise buildings,
historically important places and monuments, there are possibilities during an
earthquake that the multiple amplified frequency may cause a resonance with
structures in a broad frequency range, leading to an enhanced vibration of the
structures and possible collapse. Study realizes the necessity of local
amplification effects with Kathmandu basin and calculate the amplification
factor for various places with the micro-zonation of places under the value of
amplification factor.

Keywords:
Kathmandu valley – Earthquake – Local Amplification – Local Geology – Micro-
zonation

102

[Paper ID: 80132]

Energy Optimization Potential and Thermal Comfort,A case of Use
of Rat Trap bond in Residential Building of Terai Region

Samjhana Bhattarai*, Sanjay Uperety, Prativa Lamsal
Department of Architecture & Urban Planning, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU,
Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:

Currently in Nepal, extensive use of modern material and technology is seen in construction
industry. Buildings consume large share of energy in every stage of its life-cycle. The global
context shows that approximately 40 percentage of energy is consumed by building industry
at various stages and large amount of such energy is used for maintaining indoor thermal
comfort. The use of construction materials, technology, orientation, roof typology, provision
of ventilation etc. plays an important role in maintaining indoor thermal comfort. The major
heat transfer takes place through walls and roof. But lack of awareness about heat transfer
rates from various parts of building, climatic context of building and thermal properties of
materials and technology had led to poor indoor thermal environment. Due to unsatisfactory
thermal environment, occupants inside the buildings try to be thermally comfortable by use
of active and passive methods. The active methods such as fans air conditioners etc. not only
places stress on electrical energy, but also on global warming. Therefore, renewed interest
towards passive techniques which are more cost effective, eco-friendly and suited for the
local climate is being developed nowadays. Several building construction techniques and
environment friendly materials have been introduced. One such building technique to control
heat transfer through walls in order to enhance thermal comfort and save energy is the use of
‘Rat Trap Bond’ (RTB) masonry. The purpose of this research is to study residential thermal
comfort of the type design constructed in Ramnagar, Butwal .Simulation tool is used for
analysing thermal comfort and field study based on survey questionnaires with house owners
is used to validate the simulated data. NEA Electric bills of 21 residences were accessed to
identify electricity consumption for maintaining thermal comfort in summer and
winter .Attempt is made to compare and contrast the thermal performance of conventional
brick bond wall and RTB brick wall. For this a typical residential building constructed with
solid wall on ground floor and RTB wall on first and top floor was purposefully selected for
simulation to keep all the other parameters constant.

Keywords:

Construction Technology – Rat Trap Bond – indoor thermal Comfort – Energy Efficiency –

Thermal Performance

103

[Paper ID: 80134]

Experimental Analysis of Free-Surface Single Jet Impingement on
the Performance of the Thermoelectric Cooler

Sandeep Dhakal*, Yogesh Gautam, Bibek Pandey, Bibek Prajapati, Vishwa
Prasanna Amatya
Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE,
TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
Thermoelectric (TE) refrigeration is considered a promising system when
lightweight, compactness, ease of maintenance, less power consumption,
environmental friendliness, and portability are major concerns over high COP.
TE refrigeration employs Peltier effect to produce a temperature gradient
across two sides of the module. Most of the previous literature employed heat
sinks on both sides of the module for effective heat exchange but the thermal
interface between module and heat sink and thermal resistance of heat sinks
hindered the cooling performance. This study presents a performance analysis
of the TE refrigeration, when coolant is formed to impinge directly onto the
surface of the module, eventually reducing thermal and contact resistance and
improving the performance of the module. COP of a single-stage TE refrigerator
was obtained to be 1.046 for the load of 5ml at 5V, 0.730 for the load of 5ml at
12V, 0.833 for the load of 10ml at 12V and 0.730 for the load of 15ml at 12V.
Although the COP of the system degraded with a corresponding increase in
input voltage, the cooling capacity of the system increased considerably. Active
hot side cooling with impinging jet not only ensured a high rate of temperature
drop but also considerably decreased the minimum achievable temperature on
the cold side of the module.

Keywords:
Thermoelectric Cooler – TEC – Water Impingement – COP – Figure of Merit

104

[Paper ID: 80135]

Detection and Prevention from Blackhole attack in MANET

Sujan Shrestha*, Surendra Shrestha,
Department of Electronics & Computer Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU,
Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
A Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is an infrastructure-less network where
nodes can move randomly without help of any fixed infrastructure. There is no
centralized administrator, dynamic topology and wireless connections so it is
powerless against various types of assaults. MANET has more threat contrast to
any other conventional networks. AODV (Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector)
is the most utilized well-known routing protocol in MANET. AODV protocol is
vulnerable to “Black Hole” attack. A blackhole node replies for each path
requests even if it doesn’t have active path to targeted destination and drops all
the packets that received from sending node. If blackhole nodes are present in
the network, then the targeted receiver won’t be able to receive the packet. In
this paper, a new concept for detection and prevention of black hole attack is
presented with the help of transmitting fake RREQ packet that has non-existing
destination which results blackhole node to response while normal nodes just
bypass it by broadcasting for neighbor nodes.

Keywords:
mobile ad-hoc network – AODV routing protocol – black hole attack – detection
and prevention

105

[Paper ID: 80136]

Impact of Injection of Upper Tamakoshi Hydro Electric Power
Station on Operation of Integrated Nepal Power System

Sujan Acharya, Rajendra Shrestha
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:

Power flow analysis is the basic approach for electrical power system design
and power system planning. It is the most important and essential tool for
attaining an efficient electricity market and reliable operation of associated
power system network. The goal of the research work is to develop operating
models to help system planners addressing transmission expansion planning
on injection of Upper Tamakoshi hydroelectric power station on integrated
Nepal power system. It suggests the possible mapping of the demand and
supply management. For the reliable operation N-1 criteria is implemented
which tells us that all the load could be quickly restored if any single
component fails. Nepalese power system results poor voltage supply and
unusual system collapse because of poor planning of transmission line. The
injection of large hydropower Plants play significant impact in electricity
supply system in terms of operation and reliability. This study focused on the
INPS systems with injection of Upper Tamakoshi Hydroelectric power station in
national Grid addressing recent changing supply and demand scenario. The
study has been performed in different possible operating modes including
import and export cases in dry and wet peak season. Electrical Transient
Analyser Program (ETAP) has been selected for the analysis of the overall
system. It identifies the best optimal operating condition and suggests new
approach of transmission line expansion plan. Finally, it is concluded by
providing facts and figure and giving suggestions and recommendations for the
future work.

Keywords:
National Grid – Power Flow – Import – Export – Stability – Voltage limit

106

[Paper ID: 80137]

Optimal Design of Battery Bank for Stand Alone
PV/Wind Hybrid System

Santosh Adhikari*, Tek Nath Tiwari
Department of Electrical Engineering, Pashchimanchal Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:

In this paper optimal sizing of Battery bank for grid connected hybrid PV/wind system is
developed.This paper proposes an optimal design for hybrid grid-connected
Photovoltaic wind(PV/wind)Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS). A smart grid
consisting of PV generation units, wind turbine, stationary Energy Storage Systems (ESS),
and domestic loads develops a multi objective optimization algorithm. The optimal
solution for the optimization of the PV-battery system sizing with regard to economic
viability and the stability of operation is found while using the Genetic Algorithm (GA) in
matlab. The reliability of the MG system is modeled based on the loss of power supply
probability (LPSP). For optimization, Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used to minimize the
total cost of the system over a 20-year period, while satisfying some reliability and
operation constraints. The optimization criteria is validated in a PV-Wind-Diesel
connected microgrid system to eliminate power curtailment losses and utilize the
potential of the power evacuation. The methodology is tested on two different types of
battery systems, from conventional Lead-acid battery and Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries
considering Nepalese power market scenario taking hourly load profile of a annapurna
housing and historical meteorological data. Various economic parameters are explored
to effectively quantify the benefits gained from the integration of battery energy storage
systems.Although the batteries require high initial investments, the study proves that
the benefits gained over time and increased reliability will be more. Profits gained by
cutting down on spilling and shedding losses, are used as payback for recovering the
investment

Keywords:
Battery Energy Storage System – Capital Recovery Factor – Distributed Generator –
Depth of Discharge – State of Charge – Payback Period – Genetic Algorithm – Loss of
power supply probability – Voltage Drop

107

[Paper ID: 80139]

Post – Disaster Reconstruction: Thermal and Visual Comfort
Analysis of Reconstructed School Buildings after Gorkha

Earthquake 2015 (Case of Type Design of Lalitpur District)

Nira Shrestha*, Sanjaya Uprety
Department of Architecture & Urban Planning, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU,
Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:

Several school buildings were rebuilt which were destructed by the massive earthquake
followed by innumerous aftershocks of April 2015. The school buildings i.e. type design
has mushroomed considering earthquake resistance design. However, the study on its
indoor thermal and visual environmental is still lacking. The purpose of this research is
to study thermal comfort and visual comfort of the type design constructed at the
Lalitpur district using a simulation tool whereas a field study based on survey
questionnaires with secondary students and teachers is used to validate the simulated
data. The study was carried out in 9 naturally ventilated classrooms of four different
schools during the winter season. Besides collecting energy consumption data and
environmental data, a self-reported questionnaire and an observation form were
employed to record children’s thermal comfort and visual comfort. From four schools,
154 students aged 11-16 and 9 teachers were surveyed and questionnaires were
collected. A methodology is based on a holistic approach that correlates students’ post-
occupancy evaluation with software simulations. Different scenarios of school buildings
under natural ventilation were created for simulation where Case A is base case scenario
whereas other scenarios are created making changes in building orientation, building
envelope, glazing materials and openings which showed Base Case has discomfort hours
and problem in daylight which is then corrected in Case C by introducing optimal
passive parameters which showed a decrease in discomfort hours and sufficient daylight.
The result confirms that the proper design consideration and suitable building materials
aids to improve both thermal and visual comfort in the school buildings.

Keywords:
Post disaster Reconstruction – Type design – School Building – Classrooms – Thermal
Comfort – Visual Comfort

108

[Paper ID: 80140]

Window to Wall Ratio for Day Lighting in Context of Apartment
Building in Kathmandu Valley

Birat Sangraula*, Sanjaya Uprety
Department of Architecture & Urban Planning, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU,
Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract
Day lighting is a required admission of natural light into an enclosed space for
proper visibility and reduction or elimination of electric lighting. Day lighting is
provided by the use of windows or any transparent or translucent surfaces.
Provision of natural day lighting helps to create healthy living and working
environment and to reduce the energy consumption of any building. Some of
the main passive design factors that controls the admission of day light are
window to wall ratio, fenestrations, orientation, shading devices, louvers and
climatic condition. In this research, Window to wall ratio is considered to
optimize day- lighting inside a room of an apartment building located in
Kathmandu valley. The study was carried out by simulation using VELUX
Daylight Visualizer software. The analysis was performed for a habitable room
model with 4.6 m x 3.3m x 3.3m dimensions. Window to wall ratio 10% to 30%
was considered for analysis. The result shows that minimum window to wall
ratio required for better illuminance and distribution of daylight from the
window inside the room is 24%.

Keywords:
Window to Wall Ratio (WWR) – Day-Lighting – Daylight Factor

109

[Paper ID: 80143]

Numerical Simulation of Vortex Rope Formation and Pressure
Oscillation in Francis Turbine

Chandan Kumar Sah*, Bikki Chhantyal, Binod Singh, Aabhushan Regmi,
Rajendra Shrestha
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected],

Abstract:

Francis turbines are designed to operate at a particular flow rate called the Best
Efficiency point (BEP) and operation of turbine at flow rates away from the BEP not
only decreases its efficiency but also shortens the life of turbine due to formation of
flow instabilities, pressure oscillations and cavitation bubbles. The purpose of this
study is to numerically investigate the behavior of flow through the simplified
Francis turbine at 0.5 BEP and 0.85 BEP (50% and 85% of the Best efficiency flow
rate respectively). Transient simulation, carried out using DES turbulence model
indicated the formation of roughly axi symmetrical precessing vortex rope at 0.85
BEP whereas the formation of double helical precessing vortex rope at 0.5 BEP flow
rate indicating more regular flow at flow rates closer to BEP. The velocity profile
and streamlines of flow inside the draft tube indicated that the vortex rope is
formed due to roll up of shear layer at interface of inner low velocity stagnation
region and outer high swirl flow. Further, increase in the ratio of azimuthal to axial
velocity at 0.5 BEP compared to 0.85 BEP due to increased residual swirl causes
vortex breakdown, which is more prominent at 0.5 BEP flow rate. The comparison
of pressure amplitude at observation points showed that the amplitude of pressure
oscillation increased along radial direction, while it decreased along the axial
direction (along the flow). Also, the maximum amplitude of pressure oscillation is
found at runner outlet near the draft tube wall. The comparative study of two flow
rates indicated more severe pressure oscillations at 0.5 BEP than 0.85 BEP.

Keywords:
best efficiency point – flow instabilities – Pressure oscillations – Vortex Breakdown
– vortex rope – DES turbulence model – double helical – streamlines – draft tube

110

[Paper ID: 80144]

Building envelope as Insulating Barrier for Adaptable Building
with Response to Climate Change

Jasmina Joshi*, Shree Raj Shakya
Department of Architecture & Urban Planning, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU,
Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:

Due to climate change, much greater temperature increases, change in precipitation
pattern, extreme weather events are expected in the coming decades. These changes in
weather patterns affect both energy demand, especially with increased peak electricity
use for air conditioning, and energy supply, with reduced reliability and efficiency. The
built environment generally has a design life of 40–100 years. This makes climate
change a current, rather than a future issue. Accordingly, this research aims to find out
the potential of reducing energy consumption of buildings through proper selection of
building envelope to adapt present as well as future climate. For this purpose, the
research examined the effect of thermal properties of various building envelope
elements on energy required.The future forecast of climatic data was performed using
least square method. In order to validate temperature calculated by least square method,
the forecasted temperatures were compared with the expected increment in
temperature of 2050 and 2080 provided by IPCC 5th Assessment Report. The research
focused on finding out the comparative evaluation in the energy performance of
commercial building in Kathmandu valley with future weather files modifying the
building envelope. Ecotect program was used to carry out simulation and to calculate the
amount of energy required in all three years. The study and analysis of energy
performance of building in different timeframes were done in order to find the impact of
climate change in indoor comfort in future by ensuring long-lived characteristics such as
orientation, insulation, and windows for expected climate conditions. Energy efficiency
being one of the ways for adaptation of building for climate change, this research looked
briefly at the current and expected impacts of climate change, and focused ways on how
building envelope as insulating barrier can be applied in creating adaptable buildings to
tackle the impacts of climate change.

Keywords:
Building envelope – adaptable building – climate change – thermal insulation

111

[Paper ID: 80145]

Biomimicry, An Approach to Energy Efficient Building Skin
Design: A Case of green commercial building in Kathmandu

Samikshya Kandel*, Sanjay Uprety, Sudarsan Raj Tiwari
Department of Architecture & Urban Planning, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU,
Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
The major problem worldwide is shortage of energy with the high consumption
of energy in buildings. Architects are attempting to find solutions for managing
buildings energy consumption. One innovative approach is Bio-mimicry ,Which
is defined as the applied science that derives inspiration for solutions to human
problems through the study of natural designs, systems, and process. This study
examines how eco practitioners perceive bio-mimicry as a design approach in
architectural eco design practice. Bio mimicry though not a new field of study,
has been designated as a separate scientific field just in recent decades. It
emphasized the importance of seeing bio-mimicry as a potential approach to
architectural eco design practice. In context of Nepal nature inspiring green
building are taken to incorporate the concept of bio-mimicry. Energy modeling
of a green commercial building called Hama Iron and Steel Building is done to
explore the energy efficient measures and other qualitative approached are
highlighted. Through applying the bio-mimicry approaches on the building 42.7%
total load reduction is seen in the rental floor of the building.

Keywords:
Bio-mimicry – Energy Efficiency – Building Skin – Bio-inspired design –
Commercial Buildings

112

[Paper ID: 80146]

Sediment Simulation and Impact of land cover changes using
SWAT Model in Karnali Basin

Surendra Maharjan*, Ajay Yadav, Narendra Man Shakya
Department of Civil Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal.
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:

Understanding the impacts of land-use changes on hydrology at the watershed
scale can facilitate development of sustainable water resource strategies as well
as sediment studies when it comes to constructing headworks for hydropower
projects. This paper investigates the hydrological effects of land-use change in
Karnali basin(Phukot and Betan).The water balance was simulated using the
Soil and Water Assessment Tool (QSWAT2000). Model calibration and
uncertainty analysis were performed with sequential uncertainty fitting (SUFI-
2).Simulation results from January 2018 to December 2018 were used for
parameter calibration, and then the model was validated for annunal sediment
produced when compared to nearby gauging station(Asaraghat). The predicted
daily streamflow matched the observed values: during calibration the
correlation coefficient was 0.78 at phukot and 0.81 at Betan and the Nash–
Sutcliffe coefficient was 0.60 at phukot and 0.68 at Betan.Furtherore, daily
Sediment matched the observed values: during calibration the correlation
coefficient was 0.78 at phukot and 0.81 at Betan and the Nash–Sutcliffe
coefficient was 0.60 at phukot and 0.63 at Betan. The model was used to
simulate the main components of the hydrological cycle, in order to study the
effects of land-use changes like conversion of forest and grass land to barren
creating a hypothetical scenario of construction of roadways and development
activities.

Keywords:
land-use change – hydrological responses – QSWAT – surface runoff – Sediment

113

[Paper ID: 80147]

Stabilization of soft soil with pine needles and lime

Ashish Kandel*, Bhim Timilsina, Mukul Bhattarai, Nabin Thapa, Pranik
Koirala, Saurav Shrestha,
Department of Civil Engineering, Himalaya College of Engineering, IOE, TU,
Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
This research studied the effect of addition of locally available pine needles
along with a chemical binder as lime, on the compressive strength of a soft
clayey soil. The pine needles were added in the parent soil corresponding to
proportions of 0, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1% of dry weight of soil with two
different lengths (1 cm and 2cm) of needles. Similarly, lime was added as 0,
2.5%, 5% and 7.5% of the dry weight of soil along with water. Altogether 216
samples of cylindrical specimens were tested after 7, 14 and 28 days for
Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) of the modified soil. The result
indicated that addition of pine needles and lime increased the compressive
strength of soil by 2.13 times or 113% on average. The proportion for
maximum compressive strength was found to be 2.5% of lime and 0.5% of pine
needles by dry weight of soil. Also, it was found that shorter fibers in soil matrix
gave greater strength than that of longer fibers.

Keywords:
Soil stabilization – pine needle – lime

114

[Paper ID: 80149]

Seismic Performance Evaluation of Reinforced Concrete Shear
Wall Building with End Return

Binod Raj Giri*, Jagat Kumar Shrestha
Department of Civil Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
The design of Reinforced concrete civil engineering structure is often based on
standardized methods of building codes, so is the load and our design are based
on the assumption on the result in elastic structural behavior. However, under a
strong earthquake event, the structure may be exposed to the forces beyond its
elastic limit, as re-occurrence of earthquake is frequent in our country
earthquakes indicate the vulnerability of various inadequate structures, each
time they occur. Shear walls have been the most common structural elements
used for stabilizing the building structures against horizontal forces, meanwhile
study on proper location and performance of shear wall showed that the shear
wall with flange represents an effective solution for strengthening the
structural system as it enhances the rigidity for the lateral load resistance due
to interaction of web and flange[1].The present study is carried out with
Equivalent static load analysis of a buildings varying from nine storied to
twenty first storied in ETABS version 18.0.2. From equivalent static analysis
procedure structure response like maximum drift, displacement, time period
and base shear has been calculated and comparison has been made. It is found
that Shear Wall with end return enhances the property of shear wall to resist
the lateral forces, torsion perpendicular to its plane by enhancing rigidity.

Keywords:
Equivalent Static Procedure – shear wall – end return

115

[Paper ID: 80150]

Analysis of Atrium Design for Improved Building Performance in
Public Building

Sweta Waiba*, Sanjaya Uprety, Prativa Lamsal
Department of Architecture & Urban Planning, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU,
Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:

Energy consumption and energy efficiency is one of the most discussed issue in
the construction and building sector. With the rise in the development of
different building strategies and the several challenges the world is
encountering, constructing energy efficient building has become one of the
prime concerns. Atrium is a popular architectural feature utilized widely by
building designers and it can perform an indispensable task to improve the
energy performance of a public building. The environmental benefits in terms
of daylight, natural ventilation, and heating that an atrium offers are widely
recognized. This study aimed to examine the impacts of different physical
properties of an atrium on the energy performance of public building in
Lalitpur. To be more specific, this research intended to understand the impacts
of atrium roof type, material and the atrium building height on the heating,
cooling and lighting loads of the atrium buildings. This research used computer
simulation to study how the physical properties of the atrium will work in
controlling air temperature and improve illuminance level. Three models were
prepared (Case I-model with existing atrium design, Case II-model with
increased atrium building height and improved material selection and Case III-
model with the improved atrium roof design) and were simulated under real
climatic condition of Lalitpur. According to this research, atrium roof design has
the most considerable influence in the energy performance followed by atrium
height and optimized material selection.

Keywords:
Atrium – public building – energy performance

116

[Paper ID: 80151]

Optimal Location of Phasor Measurement Units in Transmission
Yystem: A case study of Integrated Nepal Power System

Deeksha Sharma*, Nava Raj Karki
Department of Electrical Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:

Power grid monitoring plays a vital role in stable and secure power transfer
from generating stations to consumer load points. Comprehensive and precise
monitoring and controlling is possible only when the measurement taken from
the network is accurate and reliable. Incorporation of synchrophasors
measurement units like Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) can enhance present
power grid monitoring system. Due to high cost of PMU and its installation, it is
not recommended to place PMU in every nodes of the system. Hence it is
advisable to determine the optimal number and locations of PMU in the grid
ensuring full system observability. This paper presents a procedure by which
optimal location of PMU can be determined in order to render an observable
system. The proposed algorithm calculates optimal number of PMUs along with
their location by considering Zero Injection (ZI) bus which makes the system
fully observable. In addition to that, System Observability Redundancy index
has been calculated in order to select the set of solution that maximizes
reliability of the network by installing minimum number of PMU.The simulation
for proposed method is tested by using MATLAB for IEEE-14 bus, IEEE-30 bus,
IEEE-57 bus and Integrated Nepal Power System (INPS)-74 bus systems
ensuring full system observability. The results obtained in this paper proved
the effectiveness of the proposed method since the number of PMUs obtained is
comparable with other available techniques.

Keywords:
Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) – Simulated Annealing (SA)– Bus
Observability Index (BOI) – System Observability Redundancy Index (SORI)–
Integrated Nepal Power System (INPS)

117

[Paper ID: 80154]

Optimal Placement of Charging Station and Capacitor in
Electrical Radial Distribution Network

Kavindra Kumar Jha*, Nitesh Kumar Yadav
Department of Electrical Engineering, Paschimanchal Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
One of the major contributor of global warming and environmental changes
which is considered as global problem is fossil operated internal combustion
engines vehicles. To sort out this problem, enhanced battery technology and
subsidies provided by the Government has caused rapid increase in number of
electric vehicles (EVs) which requires charging station (CS) connected to the
existing electrical distribution network. Random placement and sizing of such
increasing number of CS causes adverse impact on the network like increase in
power loss, voltage instability of the system, high voltage deviation at various
buses, etc. This paper proposes a methodology for optimal placement and sizing
of CSs and allocates capacitor optimally by using particle swarm optimization
algorithm in the distribution network to improve the system parameters.
Simulation is carried out on the IEEE-34 bus radial distribution network. The
objective function to be optimized considers the parameters like power loss,
voltage stability index, voltage sensitivity factor, cost of capacitor, cost of
charging station. Results shows the best allocation of CSs and advantages of
capacitor placement.

Keywords:
Electric Vehicles – Charging Station Placement – Capacitor placement – Particle
Swarm Optimization Algorithm – Voltage Sensitivity factor – Voltage Stability
Index.

118

[Paper ID: 80155]

Comparision between Analytical and Finite Element Solution of
Natural Frequencies of Open Circular Cylindrical Roof Shells

Avinab Malla*, Hikmat Raj Joshi
Department of Civil Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
An algorithm is derived to compute the natural frequencies of a simply-
supported open circular cylindrical roof shell based on the Goldenveizer-
Novozhilov shell theory. The algorithm is implemented as a computer program,
and the results obtained are verified using the results that have been previously
reported. The natural frequencies computed using the analytical method is
used to verify the accuracy of solutions obtained from finite element analysis
using ABAQUS, ANSYS and SAP2000, using different element formulations and
mesh sizes. It is observed that the the natural frequencies computed using the
finite element programs are mostly in close agreement with the analytical
solution at lower modes, but tend to drift away with increasing mode number,
and this can be corrected by using a finer mesh and higher order elements. It is
also observed that using a coarse mesh can result in severely inaccurate
estimates of the free vibration frequencies. The fournoded linear shell elements
were found to have large errors in computed natural frequencies in comparison
to quadratic elements, and therefore the use of such elements is not
recommended for the dynamic analysis of roof shells.

Keywords:
Free Vibration of Shells – Classical Shell Theory – Finite Element Analysis

119

[Paper ID: 80156]

Load Sharing In Inverter Based Islanded Microgrid Using Virtual
Impedance

Binod Sharma*, Prabhat Kumar Pankaj
Department of Electrical Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:

The Concept of DGs is developed to utilize the small scale renewable energy
resources to meet the local power demand and microgrids are getting importance
as they allow the penetration of DGs. Microgrid should be operated in an islanded
mode to increase supply reliability. To operate a microgrid in islanded mode, there
are two major issues to be addressed. First is power-sharing between the DGs and
second is the maintenance of system voltage and frequency. One of the widely used
methods to solve the above issues is the droop control method. Droop controller
poses simplicity, modification possibility, and no requirement of communications
between the DGs. However, the performance (mostly reactive power-sharing) of
conventional droop controller degrades when the DGs have unequal feeder
impedances and required to share non-linear and unbalanced loads. The
conventional droop control method is modified by introducing the virtual
impedance in the controller to solve the impedance mismatch issue. The use of an
inner current and voltage controller helped to regulate the voltage and minimize
the harmonics in the outputs. The control scheme is used in various grid scenarios
such as inductive, resistive, and general LV distribution systems. The value of feeder
impedance is varied to observe the performance of the controller. Also, the
controller is used to share the load between four DGs to decide its effectiveness
with a large number of DGs. MATLAB software is used for the simulation of the
microgrid and the controllers. FFT analysis of MATLAB/Simulink is done for
harmonic analysis. The simulations results verify that the controller can be used for
load sharing in the microgrid having different feeder impedances and supplying
different types of loads.

Keywords:
Islanded Microgrid – Parallel Operation of Inverters – Droop Control – Virtual
Impedance – Non-linear and Unbalanced loads.

120

[Paper ID: 80158]

Seismic Analysis of Elevated Water Tank With Different Staging
Configuration

Shailesh Adhikari*, Gokarna Bahadur Motra
Department of Civil Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
Earthquake being one of the most destructive natural calamities which can
directly affect in lives as well as in Lifeline facilities. Elevated water tanks are
considered as structure of high importance and are considered to remain
functional during earthquakes as well. Elevated Water tanks are highly
vulnerable to the lateral forces due to earthquake. This paper presents the
performance of the Elevated water tank for the different Staging Configuration.
For the analysis 450m3 RC Intze type water tank is taken. The behavior of
water tank is investigated considering different types of bracing like Normal
staging, hexagonal staging, Cross Staging, Radial staging with central column, X
bracing , Chevron Bracing, Global Bracing, K-bracing ,V-bracing using SAP2000
software for full fill tank condition in 5 storey and 6 storey. Pushover analysis is
mainly used to strength and storey drift of the structure. In particular case,
static pushover analysis is used to estimate strength capacity of elevated water
tank under the action of lateral force. From pushover analysis Sequence of the
member yielding and the progress of the overall capacity curve is also obtained.

Keywords:
Elevated water tank – Staging – Pushover – SAP2000

121

[Paper ID: 80159]

Evaluation of Overstrength Factor and Ductility Factor for
Masonry Infilled Steel Frame Buildings

Prayush Rajbhandari*, Prem Nath Maskey,
Department of Civil Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
Steel framed buildings has a growing popularity in Nepal due to its faster
construction, availability of material and availability of manpower. Yet it is
common to see masonry as an infill to create partitions and external cladding
because of its good functionality, cheap construction and little expertise.
Masonry infill present in these structures however increases the stiffness in a
global aspect which leads to shorter time period and smaller drift. The over
strength factor and ductility factor, which depends upon the time period and
drift of the structure, are hence affected due to this. In this study, steel framing
buildings are investigated with regards to their over strength and ductility
incorporating the effect of infill. Number of frame layouts with and without the
effect of infill are studied and evaluated. Steel frames are designed and analyzed
as per IS 800: 2007 and the seismic code used is NBC 105: 2019. Nonlinear
analysis is carried out as per available literature and provisions in
FEMA356:2000.

Keywords:
Brick Masonry Infill – Steel Frame – Overstrength Factor – Ductility Factor –
Response Reduction Factor

122

[Paper ID: 80160]

Seismic Performance Evaluation of Eccentric Beam Column
Joint of RC Frame Buildings

Prativa Sharma*, Premnath Maskey
Department of Civil Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected],

Abstract:
Aftermath of devastating earthquakes have shown that beam column joint of RC
frame buildings has suffered severe damage which consequently interrupted the
structural behavior of the buildings. Eccentric beam column joints are often
constructed in towns and cities due to architectural demands and geometric
constraints. Due to complexity and construction difficulty beam column joints are
overlooked. Moreover, there are no such provisions in design building codes related
to proper design of eccentric beam column connections. The nonlinear static
analysis (pushover analysis) method is used here to accomplish the nonlinear
behavior of the structural elements in response to seismic excitation.Both linear
and nonlinear static analysis is performed to compare the behavior of concentric
and eccentric beam column connections of multi storied buildings. The method
provide insight on plastic behavior of elements with the formation of plastic hinges
on structural elements and characterize seismic demands on structural elements. In
order to investigate the effect, five RC framed buildings of story numbers varying
from 1 to 4 with different joint aspect ratios are analyzed using FEA software
ETABS 17.0.1 . The general objectives of this research is to quantify the effect of
eccentricity on strength parameters.It is observed that concentric joints perform
better than eccentric joints during seismic excitation as they have higher energy
dissipating characteristics.Eccentric joints are less stiffer and it affects the ductility
behavior of the structural elements. Also higher torsional effects found in eccentric
joints reduce the shear capacity and strength of the joint and can have damaging
effects on the structural response of the buildings which necessitates the need of
inclusion of eccentric effects of beam column joints in the analysis procedures.

Keywords:
Eccentric Beam Column – Capacity curve –Joint aspect ratio–Pushover analysis

123

[Paper ID: 80161]

Strategy Selection For Reliability Based Maintenance In
Hydropower Plant: A Case Study On Bijaypur-I Small
Hydropower Plant

Rajan Sharma*, Nawraj Bhattarai
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:

Maintenance is any activities that are carried out to preserve the function of the system. so its
role is important in keeping and improving the availability, reliability, quality, safety
requirements and operating cost levels of the product and service industries. The role of
maintenance in energy sector cannot be quantify easily. As the country like Nepal where the
government of Nepal aim to large transition of energy consumption from 198 kWhr to 700
kWhr in the coming five year creates great role of reliability. so to supply reliable energy to
the consumer, it needs firstly the source of energy must be reliable. As hydropower is main
source of energy , so to make hydropower reliable each hydropower should select specific
maintenance strategy which is most important task. so this paper approach to selection of
strategy for the implementation of reliability based maintenance. As Reliability based
maintenance is an integrated approach of preventive and breakdown maintenance to make
maintenance activities cost effective and applicable to all type of industries. This paper foster
the approach with the case study of Bijaypur-I Small Hydropower Plant which is located in
Kaski District. From the study of past seven years failure data of BSHP-I the reliability and
availability of the plant were analysed to find the critical assets of the plant. The study
concluded that the reliability of BSHP-I was only 0.986 which is lower than the sunkoshi
hydropower and the cooling system is the main contributing component and marked as
critical assets. The study also highlights some of the solution to improve the reliability of
critical assets such as redundancy, increase the time of flushing, use of cyclone separator to
separate the dissolved
limestone and dissolved sand , and to use close loop cooling system instead of open system.
Beside this the study also suggest the maintenance strategy for BSHP-I unit-I by critical
analysis of the various component of the hydropower plant which will be helpful to reduce
the cost of maintenance by balancing the cost of preventing maintenance and breakdown
maintenance

Keywords:

critical assets – cooling system – cost – hydropower –reliability – maintenance – strategy

124

[Paper ID: 80163]

Soil Structure Interaction of Soft Storey Building in Kathmandu
Valley

Nirajan Paudel*, Jagat Kumar Shrestha
Department of Civil Engineering, Pulchowk Campus , IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email:: [email protected]

Abstract:

Nepal geography is susceptible to frequently reoccurring earthquakes. Major
thrusts run parallel in the east-west direction throughout the country, where
special seismic designs for infrastructures are necessary. Also, heavy structures
like high rise building, Hydropower plant, Bridges etc., on different types of soil
strata is in rapid progress. Seismic force is being analysed considering the fixed
base as per the seismic code IS 1893 (Part 1): 2016 [1]. Thus, to apply the
appropriate site condition, the site soil type must be taken in consideration for
the structural analysis. With rapid urbanization and rising land prices, there has
been a growing tendency in the construction of open floor spaces to meet the
practical needs of parking, shopping malls, car park etc. The conventional
practice for design treats the infill wall as a non-structural member and is
therefore overlooked. However, the latest IS Code has recognized the need of
infill wall in modelling. Consideration of infill walls in the frames of a building
changes its behavior under lateral loads. A Reinforced Concrete (RC) framed
Building (G+3) has been considered to evaluate the result. So, nine models of
the building (Bare Frame Model, Open Ground Storey Model and Fully Infilled
Model with and without considering Soil Structure Interaction (SSI) are
prepared and analysed in SAP 2000. As a result, it is concluded that design of
building without considering SSI may lead to unsafe design.

Keywords:
Infill Wall – Diagonal Strut – Soft Storey – Soil Structure Interaction

125

[Paper ID: 80164]

Effects of Semi Rigid Connections in Response of the Steel Frame
Structure

Bishal Koirala*, Rajan Suwal
Department of Civil Engineering, Pulchowk Campus ,IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
In steel structures,the connections in the joints are idealized as either rigid or
pinned. However in reality the connections display characteristics over a wide
range of spectrum between these two idealisations. Rigid connections have
some degree of flexibility, whereas pinned connections have some stiffness.
Connection stiffness has a considerable effect on forces developed in the frame
members as well as the lateral displacements of joints. This paper aims in
determining the effects of the semi-rigid behaviour of the beam-column
connection in the response of the frames. The semi-rigid connections are
specified by their moment-rotation relationship. Linear moment-rotation
relationship based on secant stiffness corresponding to 0.01 rad rotation has
been considered in this paper. Based on this moment rotation relationship,the
moment resisting frame is modelled considering rigid connections as well as
semi-rigid connections. Response parameters like lateral dislacement and
frame bending moments are compared for both the rigid as well as different
types of semi-rigid connections. The semi-rigidty of the connection was found
to increase lateral displacements as well as mid-span moment and decreases
the end moment as compared to rigid connections.

Keywords:
Semi-rigid – Connections – Effective stiffness – Moment-rotation–SAP2000

126

[Paper ID: 80167]

Design, Simulation and Analysis of an Air-Conditioning System:
A Case Study of the Proposed Aerospace Building of Pulchwok

Engineering Campus in the Context of Nepal

Sudin Bhuju Shrestha*, Hari Bahadur Dura, Nawraj Bhattara,
Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE,
TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:

Optimization of energy consumption has been on the lime light from the beginning of
this 21st century, with more than half of the energy being spent on the controlling
indoor atmospheric condition. Taking into account that the field of Heating, Ventilation
and Air-conditioning (HVAC) is in its preliminary developing stage in Nepal, researches
associated to HVAC system optimization is only starting to germinate with detailed
HVAC optimization studies being implied only in major HVAC projects. Commercially
available software are available for that however, they only do so much in predicting the
load not so much on how that load will after the temperature distribution with respect
to time and space. At such Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can be a very effective
tool in simulating the steady and unsteady temperature distributions. The present work
focuses on design, simulation and analysis of an air conditioning system best suited for
the auditorium hall of the proposed Aerospace building of the Pulchwok Engineering
Campus. Considering the fact, that the climate of Kathmandu is of subtropical type, the
cooling loads were calculated for summer months from March to October via various
methods implying Cooling Load Temperature Differences(CLTD), Hourly Analysis
Program (HAP) and Autodesk RevitMEP. Consequently the loads were estimated to be
9.87 Tons, 8.52 Tons and 9.487 Tons respectively. Simulations were then performed in
Fluent ANSYS for boundary conditions meeting the requirements of the weather data for
8, 9, 10 and 11 Tons of air-conditioning system setups which led to the conclusion that
10 Tons had the best performance in terms of yearly average of kWh used per hour for
comfortable condition as well as the total energy consumed year round.

Keywords:
CFD – Fluent, RevitMEP – Radiant Time Series – Houly Analysis Program – Conduction
Transfer Function – Cooling Load Temperature Difference – Air Conditioning

127

[Paper ID: 80168]

Comparative Study of Water Quality Index of Phewa, Rupa and
Begnas Lakes

Biwas Babu Sadadev*, Keshav Basnet, Kishor Kumar Shrestha
Department of Civil & Geomatics Engineering, Pashchimanchal Campus, IOE, TU,
Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:

Phewa, Begnas and Rupa are the three major lakes of Pokhara valley. Phewa Lake which is a
major tourist destination of Nepal is at present facing high human pressure at both its urban
and rural watershed areas in the absence of proper sewage system in Pokhara city. Also, the
sedimentation and eutrophication problem has been a threat. Similarly Begnas and Rupa
lakes are situated side to each other not being an exception to the possible threats of pollution.
So, the assessment of water quality and identification of the variation
of water quality parameters could be important. The samples were collected from the
representative points within the lake with standard sampling procedure and tested in
laboratory following their own standard testing procedure. Most of the water quality
parameters of these lakes were observed to be within the desired limit of Nepal Drinking
Water Quality Standard, except for E coli in all cases. Along with that, pH values of samples in
Begnas Lake and Turbidity value of samples in Rupa Lake were recorded to be significantly
high. Thus, there could be the chance of harm to human health if directly consumed or used.
With the results obtained Water Quality Index was determined. By Canadian method, the
water quality of Phewa Lake was obtained as Fair, Begnas as Marginal and Rupa of Poor
quality. As per the Water Quality Index by Arithmetic method, Begnas Lake and Phewa Lake
had a good water quality whereas it was poor in case of Rupa Lake. Rupa Lake had the
poorest water quality out of three lakes and the rest two however did not have an excellent
quality. Effective purification process has been recommended prior to the distribution and
consumption of water. Improving the water quality in these three lakes by appropriate
measures could be of high concern. Water Quality Index has ensured the water quality
condition in three lakes. Based on this, an appropriate measure regarding the parameters that
exceeded beyond the desired limit were recommended. This can support for the conservation
activities of lake, maintaining water quality, controlling pollution through identification of
probable locations of pollution and maintaining ecosystem.

Keywords:
Water Quality Index – Sedimentation – Turbidity – Eutrophication – Pollution

128

[Paper ID: 80170]

Sustainability Assessment of School Building: A Case of hilly Region
of Nepal

Aastha Thapa*, Sudarshan Raj Tiwari
Department of Architecture & Urban Planning, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU,
Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:

Among existing buildings, schools buildings provide, first and foremost spaces and
services for the acquisition of knowledge, and socialization and are essential foundations
for forming of good citizens of the future. Most of the existing schools in Nepal are built
without considering the sustainability aspect. At present some privately owned or
funded schools have initiated a step towards sustainability and adopt green techniques
to some extent, which is a positive attitude of school towards sustainability. While on the
other hand the financial status of public or government school might be one of the
reason that drags it off from the path of sustainability. Nowadays, Schools have started
to incorporate sustainability education through their coarse study plan and through
different activities like program for cleanliness, awareness campaign regarding
environmental issues, issues relating to water and waste management etc. In case of
Nepal, there is no any guidelines for designing a sustainable school building. But after
the massive earthquake of 2015, due to heavy damage on education and health sector,
Department of Education together with two partners ADB and JICA published two
guideline document for school building, which were only about type design and
structural design criteria for school design, which is not sufficient documentation for
leading or creating school buildings towards sustainability. The thesis has focused to
identify the indicators for sustainability of school building with creating framework
matrix for sustainability criteria. Further, it has tried to focus on sustainability
parameters and issues and the state of sustainability in school building through
identification of unsustainable, party sustainable and sustainable indicators and its
possibilities that can be adapted leading school towards path of sustainability.
Recommendations that support the sustainability aspect of school have been provided.

Keywords
Sustainable school – Sustainability Parameters – Green Techniques

129

[Paper ID: 80172]

Assessment of Sustainable Sediment Management Strategies using
RESCON 2 Model: A Case Study of BudhiGandaki Hydroelectric
Project

Sujata Adhikari*, Umesh Singh, Ishwar Joshi, Bhola Nath Ghimire
Department of Civil Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:

Reservoir sedimentation is one of the main challenges faced by storage hydroelectric projects
all over the world. Particularly for a country like Nepal which lies in the center of “Himalaya
Arc”, a region with one of the highest sediment yields in the world, reservoir sedimentation
can be one of the biggest issues for storage type projects. It may result in the loss of huge
capital investment and revenues. Thus to minimize the reservoir sedimentation problem and
to ensure the sustainability of the existing as well as upcoming future storage projects, timely
measures for sediment management strategy are required. RESCON 2 model sponsored by
Word Bank is the tool for the rapid assessment of sustainable sediment management
strategies. The model is based on the Life Cycle Management approach which focuses on
managing the reservoir by economical and technical evaluation of different sediment
management alternatives to extend the life of the reservoir for an almost indefinite lifetime.
Thus this study is carried out for the assessment of sustainable sediment management
technique for proposed Budhi Gandaki Hydroelectric project (BGHEP) using the RESCON 2
model. One of the important parameters for the assessment of sustainable sediment
strategies is specific sediment yield. So in this study 9 sediment management techniques
incorporated in RESCON 2 model have been evaluated based on two specific sediment yield, 1)
estimated from BQART empirical method, 2) data from the BGHEP study report. From the
calculation it was found that the BQART model overestimated the sediment yield than
presented in BGHEP report and the result indicated Sluicing as the best sediment
management technique for both the cases having the highest Aggregate net present value.
From sensitivity analysis, Aggregate Net present value and reservoir capacity were found
sensitive to unit benefit of reservoir yield, coefficient of variation and annual runoff.

Keywords:
Reservoir Sedimentation – RESCON 2 model – Life cycle management approach –
BudhiGandaki Reservoir

130

[Paper ID: 80173]

Analysis of Dam Foundation in Alluvial Deposits

Mabin Dahal*, Mohan Prasad Acharya, Indra Prasad Acharya
Department of Civil Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
This paper presents a study made to analyse a gravity dam foundation on
alluvial deposits. Alluvial deposits consist of fine fraction and coarse fraction
which can be characterised as boulder mixed soil. The percentage fines fraction
of alluvial deposits has direct impact on the engineering characteristics of soil
including density compactness and consequently affect the stability of Gravity
dam in alluvial deposits. In this paper, a relation is established between the
percentage of fines fraction with the bulk modulus of elasticity, shear modulus
of elasticity and density. This relation is used to predict the mechanical
parameters after the improvement of soil with consolidation and compaction
grouting which decreases the percentage of void with fines. FDM software is
used for the analysis and stability of gravity dam at full reservoir conditions.
The effect of the mechanical parameters for the stability of gravity dam is
analysed. The soil material is modelled as homogeneous and heterogenous
material consisting different fraction of boulders and fines. The results from
FDM analysis demonstrated the decrease deformation in dam foundation with
the decrease in percentage fine fraction in alluvial soil.

Keywords:
Alluvial deposits – Fine fraction – Coarse fraction – Gravity Dam – Displacement

131

[Paper ID: 80175]

Geotechnical Analysis of Tunneling for Metro Rail in the ground
condition of Kathmandu-Patan Line (Bhrikutimandap to Satdobato

section)

Pawan Babu Bastola*, Binod Lal Amatya, Akal Bahadur Singh
Department of Civil Engineering, IOE, Pulchowk Campus, TU. Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
This paper gives an account of the Geo-technical analysis and Tunnel Support
System Design of Kathmandu Metro Rail from Bhrikutimandap to Satdobato
Section. Construction has to be done in very difficult condition through the
congested urban areas passing below the Bagmati River and Bishnumati
River.Modern design techniques and field instrumentation has to be used
precisely to cope this challenging project.Twin tunnel each of 6m diameter is
prefered to be bored by Highly mechanised EPB TBM. 6.3Km long onstreet
underground alignment of tunnel is mostly preferred at the depth of 30m
station level as per settlement criteria. It will be one of the pioneer mass rapid
transit projects on soft,lacustrine deposit of Kathmandu Valley Soil.
Determination of the extent of feasilbility of Metro Rail facility in Kathmandu is
the ultimate aim of this project.

Keywords:
Support System – Geo-technical – Design – Finite Element Method Analysis –
Station – Formation – Lining

132