Book of Abstracts

[Paper ID: 80176]

Impacts of Urbanization on Land Use in Urban Fringe (A case of
Gaindakot as fringe of Bharatpur Metropolitan City)

Seema Pandey*, Dr. Ajay Chandra Lal
Department of Architecture & Urban Planning, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU,
Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
The urban fringe areas go through lots of transformations due to urbanisation
but lack of proper planning and policies in such fringe areas leads to haphazard
and unplanned growth, placing enormous pressures on natural resources,
existing services and infrastructures.. Bharatpur Metropolitan City is one of the
fastest growing cities in Nepal which serves as commercial centre of Chitwan
district. The city has been growing bigger and it will have its impacts on its
fringe areas. Since migration rate is increasing in Bharatpur, this is likely to
spread urban sprawl in adjoining areas, Gaindakot municipality being one of
them.This paper uses multiple theoretical framework and qualitative research
approach to find out the effects of urbanization on various aspects and the
patterns of land use changes in Gaindakot with the increasing urbanisation over
the years. Managing rapid urbanization poses challenges that require urgent
policy attention. Otherwise, this may lead to rapid and uncontrolled sprawl;
irregular, substandard, and inaccessible housing development; loss of open
space, and decreased livability as in Kathmandu valley due to unplanned urban
development.

Keywords:
Urbanization – Urban fringe – Urban sprawl – Land use – Gaindakot.

133

[Paper ID: 80177]

Seismic Performance Analysis of RC Frame Building Using Different
Types of Steel Bracing

Arjun Poudel*, Rajan Suwal
Department of Civil Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:

In this research, the seismic performance of reinforced concrete RC frame
retrofitted with different types of steel bracing has been studied using dynamic
response spectrum method. Three models which represents moment resisting
RC frame of 7, 12 and 18 stories as low, mid-rise and high-rise buildings
respectively were selected as a case study and are designed for gravity loads
and seismic forces according to Indian standard code with the help of Finite
Element Software SAP2000. Efficacy of using different types of steel bracing
such as X, V, Inverted V, K, and diagonal as retrofitting measure on those models
has been studied. At least 25 percent of the design base shear should be
resisted by Moment resisting frame independently. The response of the
buildings in terms of Base shear, storey drift, storey displacement were studied
for both original building as well as retrofitted building. The seismic
performance enhancement of buildings using different types of steel bracing
has been studied by comparing those responses of the buildings. Results shows
that steel bracing can be effectively used as a retrofitting measure in order to
increase the structural stiffness and decrease interstorey drift as well as storey
displacement of RC frame structure. Among different types of steel bracing X-
type and Inverted V bracing showed significant decrease in storey displacement
as well as storey drift of the buildings.

Keywords:
Reinforced concrete frame – Steel braces – Retrofitting – Response spectrum –
Storey displacement – Storey drift – ratio – SAP2000.

134

[Paper ID: 80180]

Evaluation of Water Hyacinth Extract of Nepalese Lakes as an
Admixture in Concrete Production

Aadarsha Lamichhane*, Gokarna Bahadur Motra, Thaman Bahadur Khadka
Department of Civil Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
Concrete is an essential infrastructure material. During the construction of
concrete various admixtures are used before mixing or during mixing. It is used
as a component of concrete to modify one or more properties of concrete.
Chemical admixtures are normally added to the concrete during the mixing
period, to produce high strength concrete with good rheology. However, toxic
gases such as CO2 are emitted to the environment during chemical production
which accelerate global warming. Plant extract contains wide range of organic
matters and they have been used as bio admixture since ancient times. The aim
of this study is to evaluate the effect on concrete due to the partial replacement
of Water Hyacinth mixed in the form of powder and liquid extract. GCMS (Gas
Chromatography Mass Spectrometry) analysis of Water Hyacinth shows
content of lignin which is a water reducing agent. Compressive strength and
workability tests were performed on concrete made with different percentage
concentration of solution. Result showed that workability in concrete increases
with the increase in replacement of Water Hyacinth extract in the form of liquid
whereas compressive strength of concrete with the 0.25% and 0.5%
concentration replacement of Water Hyacinth was not significantly different as
that of control one.

Keywords:
Bio admixtures – Compressive strength –Concrete mix design – Lignin – Water
Hyacinth – Workability

135

[Paper ID: 80182]

Impacts of Urbanization on Intangible Cultural Heritage: A case of
Rato Matsyendranath Rath Jatra

Dipesh Pradhan*, Sudha Shrestha
Department of Architecture & Urban Planning, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU,
Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
Nepal with diverse ethnicity and culture has rich inherited heritage. Newari culture
is one of the richest ethnic societies with invaluable heritage passed on by past
generation. Like tangible heritages, the society is filled with immense culture of
intangible heritages. From the culture of music, dance, arts, architecture, cuisine, to
composite intangible heritage like festivals; it is abundant. Amongst the festivals,
Rato Matsyendranath Jatra in Patan takes an invaluable place in Newar people. It
has a long dated history and still the charm of this festival is immense. Urbanization
of the valley on the other hand has greater impact on every sector of human lives
including heritage. Due to rapid and haphazard urbanization the Jatra is exposed to
its vulnerabilities and also reinforcing qualities.This research is based on field
observation and interview with related key informants. Thus this research lies
within pragmatic paradigm. Field observation was conducted, required
photographs were taken meanwhile questionnaire were developed, interview with
key informants were conducted to extract views of people about impact
urbanization has on the festival. Analysis of collected information was done. Road
condition on which the Jatra is taking place is in damaged condition; open spaces
were being converted into spaces like parking and extension of retail stores;
Chowks were barred with railing that squeezed the Jatra route; state of buildings
was poor while there was increase in business of both formal and informal sector.
Primarily space crunch can be seen as the factor that was impacting negatively on
the festival. Besides, consequences of haphazard development are putting Jatra
under threat. Similarly, we can find that the Jatra is a good resource of economic
activities.
Keywords:
Intangible Cultural Heritage – Urbanization – Rato Matsyendranath Rath Jatra

136

[Paper ID: 80183]

Prediction of Traffic Conflicts at Signalized Intersection: A Case
Study of New Baneshwor Intersection

Abhash Acharya*, Anil Marsani
Department of Civil Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal.
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
Microsimulation environment has been widely used for the evaluation of a
network under various conditions. However, only few studies have been done
for the safety performance evaluation of networks and are rarely performed in
the Nepalese context. Such evaluation of an intersection is usually done with
the statistical analysis of the crash data collected over a period before and after
the modifications have been made in the intersection. However, the data
collected may not be reliable as the damage only crashes have a higher chance
of being unreported. Furthermore, the collection and documentation of crash
records demand a huge amount of time and the solution needed to reduce the
possible crashes may not be implemented timely on the site. This study
demonstrates the use of microsimulation environment to predict vehicular
interactions. VISSIM was used to model and calibrate New Baneshwor
Intersection and generate vehicles trajectories. The trajectories thus generated
was then fed into SSAM to predict the possible conflicts. Number of potential
crossing crashes, lane changing crashes and rear-end crashes that are likely to
occur per day at New Baneshwor intersection were found to be 1, 9 and 945
respectively. The relationship between the simulated and observed conflicts
was found to be statistically significant with a R-squared value of 0.8545,
0.8677, 0.7474 and 0.9138 for crossing, rear-end, lane-changing and total
conflicts respectively.

Keywords:
VISSIM – SSAM – Surrogate Safety Measure – PET – TTC – Traffic Conflicts –
Safety Performance

137

[Paper ID: 80184]

Ranking Road Safety Hazardous Locations in Nepal (A Case
Study of Kalanki Ch.10+600 km to Koteshwor Ch.20+994 km
Road Section)

Salin Shakya*, Anil Marsani
Department of Civil Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: : [email protected]

Abstract:
In Nepal, there are many emerging towns and cities due to rapid urbanizations
which have arose issues of increased traffic density resulting in frequent road
crashes like in Kalanki Koteshwor Ring Road Section. This study presents six
stage methodological framework for ranking road safety hazardous locations
based on Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and field survey (condition rating)
to identify the hazardous locations of Kalanki Koteshwor Ring Road Section by
weighing the safety parameters of the road section and calculating the Safety
Hazardous Index (SHI). The results show that road section ’Ch.12+600 km to
Ch.14+600 km’ is ranked as the most hazardous location with SHI 12.38
and ’Ch.10+600 km to Ch.12+600 km’ is ranked as the least hazardous location
with SHI 9.30 among the five road sections considered. This ranking can be a
prompt technique for prioritizing the treatment of the hazardous locations
keeping available road safety budget in mind.

Keywords:
Road Safety – Safety Hazardous Index – Weightage of safety factors – Condition
Rating – Analytical Hierarchy Process – Ranking of road safety hazardous
location

138

[Paper ID: 80185]

Estimation of Value of Travel Time Saving for Commuter Trips: A
case study of Kathmandu

Ashim Gautam*, Anil Marsani
Department of Civil Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
Value of travel time is one of the crucial factors in evaluating the benefits of
transport infrastructure investment decisions. Value of travel time (VTT),
monetary value attached to travel time, is undervalued in Nepal. The study
focuses on determining value of travel time along with value attached to
reliability associated with commuters in Kathmandu valley. Perception survey
was conducted before collection of data by Revealed Preference/ Stated
Preference (RP/SP) method. Multinomial logit model was adopted for RP data
to estimate VTT. VTT from RP survey resulted in Rs. 107.26 per hour.
Uncorrelated mixed logit model was adopted for SP data. VTT from SP survey
resulted in Rs. 107.74 per hour and Rs. 104.326 per hour for public vehicle user
and private two-wheeler user respectively. VTT for work trips was estimated as
Rs. 165.88 per hour and Rs. 130.629 per hour for private vehicle user and
public vehicle users respectively depicting higher value for work trips.

Keywords:
VTT – Value of Travel Time ; RP/SP – Revealed Preference/ Stated Preference;
Logit Model

139

[Paper ID: 80186]

Model Based Gait Recognition Using Weighted KNN

Shyamdeep Sah*, Sanjeeb Prasad Panday (PhD)
Department of Electronics & Computer Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU,
Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
Gait recognition is to identify humans based on their way of walking. Unlike
standard biometric recognition techniques, gait recognition is a non-intrusive
technique. Both data collection and classification processes can be done
without a subject’s cooperation. In this work, we propose a new model-based
gait recognition technique that used Weighted KNN. The technique consists of
three elements: transformation of Kinect skeletal coordinates into CoB (Centre
of Body) relative coordinates, posture-based features extraction and posture-
based classification that uses weighted-KNN. Before in this work, gait
recognition have been implemented by using algorithms such as KNN, SVM,
MLP, 1R, C4.5 decision tree, Naive Bayes and Extra-trees. Among these
algorithms, KNN produced the best accuracy. In this work, gait recognition has
been implemented using Weighted KNN which is extended version of KNN and
it was found that there is improvement in accuracy over KNN algorithm.

Keywords:
gait recognition – Kinect – Centre of Body coordinate – weighted-KNN
Classification.

140

[Paper ID: 80187]

A novel approach for the scene text recognition by Attentional
Encoder Decoder Model

Aastha Pandey*, Dibakar Raj Pant
Department of Electronics & Computer Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU,
Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
Texts in scene image contain rich and precise semantic information which helps in
analyzing and understanding the corresponding environment. Text localization and
recognition are two fundamental tasks for scene text recognition. Text localization
is determining the position of text from input image with the position represented
by a bounding box and text recognition is converting image regions containing text
into machine-readable strings. There are variation in background, illumination,
layout, size, font and color of texts in a scene image and presence of many patterns
similar to characters which make the task challenging. The different deep learning
methods have tradeoff between speed, accuracy and complexity. In this work,
modified VGG16 is used along with You Only Look Once (YOLO) algorithm for text
localization. Attention model with Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) has been
used in encoder part and attentional Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) has been
used in decoder part for reduction in the disturbance of background noise in scene
text recognition. The images are first input to localization model which outputs the
localized text regions and predicted bounding boxes. Next, the localized regions are
fed to recognition model. The final outputs obtained are the predicted texts of the
scene image which are word level recognitions. Precision of 84.62%, recall of 78.91%
and F1 score of 81.66% are obtained in text localization on ICDAR2015. Word
recognition accuracies of 91.6% on ICDAR 2013 data and 88.7% on SVT data are
obtained.

Keywords:
Text localization – text recognition – YOLO – VGG16 – encoder decoder – attention

141

[Paper ID: 80188]

Incremental Spatiotemporal Learner Model for Anomaly
Detection and Localization for Video Surveillance.

Sarita Sharma*, Sanjeeb Pandey
Department of Electronics & Computer Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU,
Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
This research presents an efficient method for anomaly detection in video. ISTL
is an unsupervised deep learning approach that utilizes active learning with
fuzzy aggregation, to continuously update and distinguish between new
anomalies and normality that evolve over time. Hence, a spatiotemporal
autoencoder architecture is unsupervised and used for anomaly detection in
videos including crowded scenes. This architecture includes two main
components, one spatial autoencoder for learning feature representation, and
other temporal autoencoder for learning the temporal patterns of the spatial
features. During training, the model is trained with only normal scenes, with
the objective to minimize the reconstruction error between the input video
frames and the output video frames reconstructed by the learned model. After
the model is trained, normal video volume is expected to have low
reconstruction error, whereas abnormal video volume is expected to have a
high reconstruction error. By means of error threshold produced during each
testing input volumes, the system will be able to detect when an abnormal
event occurs. Experiments have done in three most common benchmark
dataset Avenue, UCSD Ped1 and UCSD Ped2.

Keywords:
Unsupervised Learning, Anomaly Detection – Anomaly ocalization – Deep
Learning – Active Learning – Spatiotemporal Analysis

142

[Paper ID: 80189]

Network device status detection using ANFIS based
classification for ISP networks upgrade planning

Prabha Shastri*, Babu R Dawadi, Sashidhar R Joshi
Department of Electronics & Computer Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU,
Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
With recent advances in technology, a lot of network equipment are being
constantly brought and replaced as per needs. So the management of the
networking equipment is a major challenge in terms of operational cost and
manpower. In this paper, we developed an intelligent model to predict the
status of switches and routers for their replacement in the Internet service
provider(ISP) networks by implementing adaptive neuro fuzzy inference
system. This research will help ISP to decide whether to replace or upgrade
equipment for proper planning. This study is conducted to illustrate that ANFIS
is effective with hybrid learning, for the prediction of replacement of
networking equipment. The performance of the ANFIS model is evaluated using
standard error measurements which was found to be accurate. The predicted
output was compared to observed output which overlapped with less error.

Keywords:
ANFIS – ISP – network – switch – replacement planning

143

[Paper ID: 80190]

Cloud RAN (C-RAN) Accessed Multi-connectivity for 5G
Targeted Ultra Reliable Communication (URC)

Roshan Kumar Nandan*, Nurul.H.Mahmood, Nanda B. Adhikari
Department of Electronics & Computer Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU,
Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:

Internet of things is in progress to build a smart society, and wireless networks are critical
enablers for many of its use cases. This growing demand for data rate and volume in different
areas and different scenarios manifest that the new generation of mobile networks is in
headway, developed and is being standardized in upcoming networks called, 5th Generation
(5G) network. 3GPP visualize this concept of 5G NR (new radio) considering three different
categories: Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Massive Machine Type Communication
(mMTC), and Ultra-Reliable low Latency Communication (uRLLC). Low latency targeted URC
i.e. URLLC is concerned with application such as automation and vehicle to vehicle
communication that demand reliability of five 9’s 99.999%. In this study, the concept of Multi-
connectivity (MC) is presented to achieve ultra-reliability and low latency for machine type
wireless communication networks. It has been evaluated an interference-limited network is
composed of multiple remote radio heads connected to the user equipment. Some of those
links are allowed to cooperate, thus reducing interference, also Ultra-Reliable Low Latency
Communication (URLLC) can be enabled, using MC. Different MC transmission schemes in
interference scenario is evaluated, while managing BSs coordination Intra-frequency multi-
connectivity, which leads to the fact that interfering BSs become desired BSs, i.e., an improved
signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) budget. Therefore, we derive their respective
closed-form analytical solutions for respective outage probabilities. Some findings regarding
the paper are: (1) finding the exact coding gain of the outage probability considering SINR at
the given threshold of SC over MC; (2) quantifying the performance improvement of MC over
SC in terms of sum-rate for different UE positions. The performance is evaluated using
computer simulations and discuss the gains of cooperation and MC enabled centralized radio
access network.

Keywords:

MTC – URLLC – reliability – diversity – multi-connectivity

144

[Paper ID: 80191]

Emotion Recognition From Video Using Feature level Fusion.

Binod Adhikari*, Basanta Joshi
Department of Electronics & Computer Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU,
Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
Automatic emotion recognition is a challenging task as human uses more than
one varieties of modalities to express their emotion. The applications of
emotional intelligence can be found in many domains including multimedia
retrieval and human–computer interaction. With arrival of deep neural
network, there is great success in determining emotional states. Inspired by
state-of-art on emotion recognition and its applications, we propose an emotion
recognition system using audio and visual information. One of the challenging
task in recognition of emotion is to extracting a robust feature, and deep neural
network is one of game changer when there is an uncertainty about feature
required by task in-hand, especially for computer-vision and speech-processing.
For this purpose, utilization of convolutional neural network (CNN) at the front-
end plays a key role because of its speciality on extracting robust task-based
feature by parameter sharing and sparsity. we have utilized CNN at front layers
for both auditory and visual modality. And for audio-modality LSTM is used to
capture features related to change in time, as it is time-varying signal. is applied.
The system is trained completely in an end-to-end manner, with raw data for
both audio and visual base models. End-to-end training and use of feature level
fusion takes advantage of learning correlated features between different
domain during combined training. Traditional approaches based on auditory
and visual handcrafted features for eNTERFACE05 is compared with this
proposed learnt feature based emotion recognition system.

Keywords:
Emotion – Deep Learning – CNN– LSTM

145

[Paper ID: 80192]

Effect of Rice Husk Ash and Brick Burnt Dust on Engineering
Properties of Cohesive Soil of Suryabinayak, Bhaktapur District

Swastika Maharjan*, Indra Prasad Acharya
Department of Applied Sciences & Chemical Engineering, Pulchowk Campus,
IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
There have been many innovative upgrading methods and techniques including
chemical stabilization in practice for improving the engineering properties of
problematic clay soil because of their swelling and shrinkage properties when it
comes in contact with water. Due to this property of clay, the load bearing capacity
of soil and other engineering properties are very poor. This study presents the
effect of Burnt Brick Dust (BBD) and Rice Husk Ash (RHA) on engineering
properties of an cohesive soil. Atterberg’s limit test (Liquid Limit (LL), Plastic Limit
(PL), Plasticity Index (PI), Shrinkage Limit(SL)), Free Swell Index (FSI) and modified
compaction test were determined at varying percentages of RHA and BBD. The
practices have been performed on four proportions 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% soil. The
virgin soil was fallen under A-7-6 classification using AASHTO (American
Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials) and CL (Lean Clay)
according to USCS (Unified Soil Classification System). The research result showed
considerable reduction in swelling of soil. With increasing amount of stabilizer
swell decreases. Maximum decrement in swelling has been noted in 10% of
replacement of soil by BBD as compared to RHA. For increasing content of
stabilizing agent BBD and RHA, LL and PL were also increasing and decreasing in PI.
SL decreased with increasing
percentage of BBD whereas SL increased with addition of RHA. Maximum
decrement in shrinkage has been noted in 10% replacement of soil by BBD. There
was a significant improvement in Maximum Dry Density (MDD) achieved while at
lower percentages Optimum Moisture Content (OMC).

Keywords:
Cohesive soil – Chemical Stabilization – RHA – BBD Engineering Properties

146

[Paper ID: 80193]

Study on the Effect of High Temperature on M50 Grade Concrete

Prakash Dulal*, Bhadra Prasad Pokharel, Santosh Shrestha
Department of Applied Sciences & Chemical Engineering, Pulchowk Campus,
IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
In this study, the effect of high temperature in the M50-grade concrete in terms
of concrete cracks, ultrasonic pulse velocity and loss in the mass of concrete
were investigated. The effect on the above mentioned parameters of concrete
were investigated after heating the concrete samples from 200_C to 800_C for
60 minutes and cooled for 15_1 hour after each subsequent heating. The sample
from the test was prepared by ix design for M50 grade concrete as per IS
10262-2009. The 28th day average compressive strength value was found to be
51.35 Mpa. At 200_C, no visible cracks were seen. After heating the sample at
and above 400_C, several visible cracks were seen which randomly appeared in
all directions with no regular pattern. The maps were mapped and measured
manually and automatically by AutoCAD and ImageJ software respectively and
then compared. Ultrasonic pulse velocity test of the sample showed decrease in
the wave velocity when the samples were introduced to high temperature.The
highest wave velocity was around 4.8 km/s for unheated sample and after
heating upto 800_C, this lowest value recorded was less than 1.0 km/s. At 800_C,
loss in mass was observed in concrete up to around 9 percent of original weight
of unheated sample. It was concluded that up to 200_C, M50 grade concrete was
satisfactory, but started to deteriorate after exposure to 400_C and above test
temperatures.

Keywords:
Concrete, M50, Cracks, Temperature, Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity, Mass loss

147

[Paper ID: 80194]

Comparison Between Smooth and Ring Beam
Stiffened Cylindrical Shel Roof

Bharat Niure*, Hikmat Raj Joshi
Department of Civil Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
In this paper smooth and ribbed spherical is taken for the analysis and the
effect on the stresses for increase in span in both shell structure is investigated
as it is a prominent factor in optimizing of the cylindrical design. The cylindrical
shell roofs can be categorized as smooth cylindrical shell and ribbed stiffened
shell roofs. The problem is to compare smooth cylindrical shell roof over ring
beam cylindrical shell roof in term of their moment, stress and deflection by
keeping volume of concrete constant. This paper perform optimization study of
ring stiffened cylindrical shell after getting conclusion from comparision.
Performance of the ribbed cylindrical shell is higher than smooth cylindrical
shell when span of the structure increase. In Spite of the construction
difficulties and difficulties in the placement of formwork ribbed cylindrical shell
might more efficient than smooth cylindrical shell for a higher span. Thus, the
smooth and ribbed cylindrical shell with different rise and span keeping apex
angle constant as 120° with different boundary condition has been studied.
Further finite element analysis has been performed in SAP 2000 and the
stresses are compared with that of the stresses obtained from the theoretical
solution for verification.

Keywords:
Smooth Circular Cylindrical Shell – Ring Stiffened Circular Cylindrical
ShellL[1][2] – Classical Theory –MATLABSAP2000

148

[Paper ID: 80196]

Optimal Coordination of Directional Overcurrent Relays by
Enhanced Differential Evolution Algorithm Considering Mixed

Characteristic Curves of Relays

Karam Husen Khan*, Khagendar Bahadur Thapa, Nava Raj Karki
Department of Electrical Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract:
Optimal protection coordination of directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs)
using enhanced version of differential evolution (DE) algorithm is presented in
this paper. Comparison among most prominent version of DE algorithm is also
considered with further enhancement in the best DE version is presented in
solving the problem of protection coordination of DOCRs in small to large size
interconnected power system test network of IEEE-14, 30 and 57 bus. Different
cases of protection coordination of numerical DOCRs considering the optimal
selection of standard relay characteristic curve has been presented to test the
robustness of the proposed algorithm. The best DE version is enhanced in three
steps with novel mutation strategy, incorporation of random local search by
non-linear programming (NLP) algorithm as sequential quadratic programming
(SQP) and non-linear population size reduction (NLPSR) scheme. Furthermore,
the result obtained using the proposed algorithm on the standard test network
are compared against result already presented in reference articles in order to
validate the effectiveness of proposed algorithm. The evaluation criteria of the
algorithm is considered on the basis of objective function value (f(x)), standard
deviation, run time and violation of constraints.

Keywords:
Differential evolution algorithm – Directional overcurrent relays coordination –
numerical relays characteristic curves

149