Section 4 Groove Welds \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter04.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 4-19 (B.2) When both components to be welded have a transition from a thicker section to the weld end preparation, the included angle between the surface of the weld and the surface of either of the components shall not be less than 150°. Refer to Para. 119.3(B) for additional concerns related to this design. (B.3) When welding pipe to pipe, the surface of the weld shall, as a minimum be flush with the outer surface of the pipe, except as permitted in Para. 127.4.2(B4). (B4) For welds made without the addition of filler metal, concavity shall be limited to 1/32 in. below the outside surface of the pipe, but shall not encroach on minimum required thickness. (C) As-welded surfaces are permitted; however, the surface of welds shall be sufficiently free from coarse ripples, grooves, overlaps, abrupt ridges, and valleys to meet the following. (C.1) The surface condition of the finished welds shall be suitable for the proper interpretation of radiographic and other nondestructive examinations when nondestructive examinations are required by Table 136.4. In those cases where there is a question regarding the surface condition on the interpretation of a radiographic film, the film shall be compared to the actual weld surface for interpretation and determination of acceptability. (C.2) Reinforcements are permitted in accordance with Table 127.4.2. (C.3) Undercuts shall not exceed 1/32 in. and shall not encroach on the minimum required thickness. (C.4) If the surface of the weld requires grinding to meet the above criteria, care shall be taken to avoid reducing the weld or base material below the required thickness. (C.5) Concavity on the root side of a single welded circumferential butt weld is permitted when the resulting thickness of the weld is at least equal to the thickness of the thinner member of the two sections being joined and the contour of the concavity is smooth without sharp edges. The internal condition of the root surface of a girth weld, which has been examined by radiography, is acceptable only when there is a gradual change in density, as indicated in the radiograph. If a girth weld is not designated to be examined by radiography, a visual examination may be performed at the welds which are readily accessible. (127.4.2)
Section 4 Groove Welds \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter04.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 4-20 4.5.4 Longitudinal Butt Welds Longitudinal butt welds not covered by the materials specification shall be the requirements for girth butt welds. (127.4.3) General Notes: (a) The value of tm is whichever of the following is applicable: (1) as defined in paragraph 104.1.2(A); (2) the minimum ordered wall thickness of the cylindrical welding end of a component or fitting (or the thinner of the two) when the joint is between two components. (b) The maximum envelope is defined by the solid lines. Notes: (1) Weld bevel is shown for illustration only. (2) The weld transition and weld reinforcement shall comply with Paras. 127.4.2(B) and (C.2) may be outside maximum envelope. (3) The maximum thickness at the end of the component is: (a) The greater of (tm +0.15 in.) or 1.15tm when ordered on a minimum wall basis; (b) The greater of (tm + 0.15 in) or 1.10tnom when ordered on a nominal wall basis. Figure 127.4.2 – Welding End Transition - Maximum Envelope
Section 4 Groove Welds \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter04.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 4-21 Table 127.4.2 Reinforcement of Girth and Longitudinal Butt Welds Maximum Thickness of Reinforcement for Design Temperature Thickness of Base Metal, >750°F 350-750°F <350°F in. in. in. in. Up to 1/8, incl. 1/16 3/32 3/16 Over 1/8 to 3/16, incl. 1/16 1/8 3/16 Over 3/16 to 1/2, incl. 1/16 5/32 3/16 Over 1/2 to 1, incl. 3/32 3/16 3/16 Over 1 to 2, incl. 1/8 1/4 1/4 Over 2 5/32 The greater of 1/4 in. or 1/8 times the width of the weld in inches General Notes: (a) For double welded butt joints, this limitation on reinforcement given above shall apply separately to both inside and outside surfaces of the joint. (b) For single welded butt joints, the reinforcement limits given above shall apply to the outside surface of the joint only. (c) The thickness of weld reinforcement shall be based on the thickness of the thinner of the materials being joined. (d) The weld reinforcement thicknesses shall be determined from the higher of the abutting surfaces involved. (e) Weld reinforcement may be removed is so desired.
Section 4 Groove Welds \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter04.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 4-22 4.6 ASME B31.3 4.6.1 Backing Rings Backing rings, when used, shall conform to the following. (a) Ferrous Metal Backing Rings. These shall be of weldable quality. Sulfur content shall not exceed 0.05%. (b) If two abutting surfaces are to be welded to a third member used as a backing ring and one or two of the three members are ferritic and the other member or members are austenitic, the satisfactory use of such materials shall be determined by the welding procedure qualified as required in paragraph 328.2. Backing rings may be of the continuous machined or split band type. (c) Nonferrous and Nonmetallic Rings. Backing rings of nonferrous or nonmetallic materials may be used for backing, provided the designer approves their use and the welding procedure using they is qualified as required in paragraph 328.2. (328.3.2) 4.6.2 End Preparations (a) General (1) End preparation is acceptable only if the cut is reasonably smooth and true, and slag from oxygen or arc cutting is cleaned from thermally cut surfaces. Discoloration remaining on thermally cut surfaces is not considered to be detrimental oxidation. (2) Butt-welding end preparation dimensions contained in ANSI B16.25 or any other end preparation which meets the procedure qualification are acceptable. (b) Circumferential Welds (1) If component ends are trimmed as shown in Figure 328.3.2 sketch 9(a) or (b) to fit backing rings or consumable inserts, or as shown in Figure 328.4.3 sketch (a) or (b) to correct internal misalignment, such trimming shall not reduce the finished wall thickness below the required minimum wall thickness tm. (2) Component ends may be bored to allow for a completely recessed backing ring, provided the remaining net thickness of the finished end is not less than tm. (3) It is permissible to size the pipe ends of the same nominal pipe size to improve alignment if wall thickness requirements are maintained.
Section 4 Groove Welds \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter04.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 4-23 Figure 328.4.3 Trimming and Permitted Misalignment (4) Where necessary, weld metal may be deposited inside or outside of the component to permit alignment or provide for machining to ensure satisfactory seating of rings or inserts. (5) When a girth or miter groove weld joins components of unequal wall thickness and one is more than 11/2 times the thickness of the other, end preparation and geometry shall be in accordance with acceptable designs for unequal wall thickness in ASME 16.25. (328.4.2) 4.6.3 Alignment (a) Circumferentail Welds (1) Inside surfaces of components at ends to be joined in girth or miter groove welds shall be aligned within the dimensional limits in the WPS and the engineering design. (2) If the external surfaces of the components are not aligned, the weld shall be taped between them. (b) Longitudinal Welds. Alignment of longitudinal groove welds (not made in accidence with a materials standard) shall meet the requirements for circumferential welds.
Section 5 Welding Symbols \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter05.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 5-0 Page 5.1 AWS A2.4....................................................................................................................... 5-1 5.1.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................... 5-1 5.1.1.1 General............................................................................................................................ 5-1 5.2. AWS-AISC CONFLICTING REQUIREMENTS............................................................. 5-4 5.3 INTERMITTENT WELDS.............................................................................................. 5-5 5.3.1.1 Intermittent Welds........................................................................................................... 5-5 5.3.1.2 Intermittent Fillet Welds.................................................................................................. 5-6 5.3.1.3 Chain of Intermittent Fillet Welds ................................................................................... 5-6 5.3.1.4 Staggered Intermittent Fillet Welds ................................................................................. 5-7 5.3.1.5 End Terminations............................................................................................................ 5-7 5.3.1.6 Depth of Preparation........................................................................................................ 5-7 5.3.1.7 Effective Throat and Depth of Preparation....................................................................... 5-8 5.3.1.8 Back or Backing Weld Symbol Chart............................................................................... 5-8
Section 5 Welding Symbols \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter05.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 5-1 5.1 AWS A2.4 5.1.1 Introduction Symbols are an important part of the communications system used by the engineer to convey information from the designer to the craftsmen. This method is a symbolic representation of weld requirements on engineering drawings. it is consistent with the method used in the AWS A2.4 Standard (Symbols for Welding & NDE). The welding symbol is an assembly of schematic weld outlines, joint dimensions, size limitations, contour instructions and notes on a reference line, drawn with an arrow pointed to a specific weld location. The figure below shows the standard location of various elements of the welding symbol. 5.1.1.1 General There are eight basic points concerning the weld symbol. To completely understand how weld symbols are used by the design engineer for shop and field installations, the information contained in 5.1.1.1 through 5.1.1.9 should be used to properly interpret welding symbols. 5.1.1.2 The reference line is always horizontal, never vertical.
Section 5 Welding Symbols \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter05.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 5-2 5.1.1.3 Information placed above or below the reference line always reads from left to right without regard to which end of the reference line has the arrow. 5.1.1.4 The graphic weld symbol below the reference line (the letter “B”) refers to the arrow side of the joint, and the graphic weld symbol above the reference line (the letter “A”) refers to the other side of the joint. 5.1.1.5 For groove welds only, the broken arrow points to the specific member to be beveled. The weld symbol shown is below the reference line; therefore, the bevel is on the arrow side of the joint. The broken arrow points to the upper member, so the upper member is beveled and not the lower member.
Section 5 Welding Symbols \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter05.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 5-3 5.1.1.6 When there is no break in the arrow, the bevel may be made in either member. Here the symbol is shown below the reference line; therefore, the member is prepared and the weld made on the arrow side of the joint. 5.1.1.7 The all-around symbol is the circle at the intersection of the reference line and arrow. 5.1.1.8 To convey additional information or special instructions concerning welding processes, NDE requirements or specific joint details, a tail is placed at the opposite end of the reference line than that of the arrow.
Section 5 Welding Symbols \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter05.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 5-4 5.1.1.9 And finally, the field weld symbol, which is a flag placed on the reference line where the arrow and reference line intersect, always points to the weld symbol. The “dot” should no longer be used to indicate field weld. 5.1.1.10 Remembering these eight points regarding the weld symbol will make it much easier for you to interpret engineering drawings and understand the weld symbol requirements. 5.2 AWS-AISC CONFLICTING SYMBOL REQUIREMENTS 5.2.1 AWS requires the size of welds to be placed on both sides of the reference line. AISC (American Institute of Steel Construction) states, “Arrow and other side welds are of the same size unless otherwise shown.” 5.2.1.1 To avoid confusion, Bechtel drawings should be interpreted in the following manner. In the case of fillet welds, each side of the reference line should be dimensioned. If only one side is dimensioned, the fillet weld symbol not dimensioned is considered continuous. 5.2.1.2 For multiple weld symbols, each symbol needs to be dimensioned which applies to both sides. All other standard elements concerning weld symbols are the same for AWS and AISC. The latest revision of AISC is now compatible with AWS in its entirety.
Section 5 Welding Symbols \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter05.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 5-5 5.3 FILLET WELDS Dimensions (size), which are always on the same side of the reference line as the weld symbol, and always shown to the left of the symbol. Remember, the size shown on the welding symbol is always the minimum size required. 5.3.1.1 Intermittent Welds The length of the weld is indicated to the right of the symbol if it is not continuous. If the weld is intermittent, the first number is the length, followed by the pitch (center-to-center distance) of the weld as shown in Figure 7. 5.3.1.2 Intermittent Fillet Welds Intermittent fillet welds. The first number gives the weld length required, and the second number indicates the center-to-center spacing of the welds.
Section 5 Welding Symbols \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter05.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 5-6 5.3.1.3 Chain Intermittent Fillet Welds Chain intermittent welding is shown in figure below, with fillet welds shown directly opposite each other. 5.3.1.4 Staggered Intermittent Fillet Welds Staggered intermittent welds by using staggered symbol arrangements.
Section 5 Welding Symbols \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter05.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 5-7 5.3.1.5 End Terminations If required by actual length of the joint, the length of the increment of the welds at the end of the joint should be increased to terminate the weld at the end of the joint. 5.3.1.6 Depth of Preparation 5.3.1.7 Effective Throat and Depth of Preparation The effective throat may be more or less than the depth of preparation depending on the joint design and welding process used.
Section 5 Welding Symbols \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter05.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 5-8 5.3.1.8 Back or Backing Symbol The back or backing symbol when used indicates that back gouging, grinding, etc., and back welding is required. The following pages contain the “Standard Welding Symbols” chart taken from AWS A2.4.
Section 6 Acceptance Criteria \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter06.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 6-0 Page 6.1 SCOPE ...................................................................................................... 6-1 6.2 VISUAL INSPECTION............................................................................. 6-1 6.3 LIQUID PENETRANT INSPECTION & MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION............................................................................................ 6-1 6.4 NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING .............................................................. 6-1 6.4.1 Tubular Connection Requirements.............................................................. 6-1 6.5 RADIOGRAPHIC INSPECTION.............................................................. 6-1 6.5.1 Acceptance Criteria for Statically Loaded Nontubular Connections ............ 6-3 6.5.2 Acceptance Criteria for Cyclically Loaded Nontubular Connections............ 6-3 6.5.3 Acceptance Criteria for Tubular Connections ............................................. 6-7 6.6 ULTRASONIC INSPECTION .................................................................. 6-14 6.6.1 Acceptance Criteria.................................................................................... 6-14 6.7 PERSONNEL QUALIFICATIONS........................................................... 6-15 6.7.1 ASNT Requirements.................................................................................. 6-15 6.7.2 Certification ............................................................................................... 6-15 6.7.3 Exemption of QCI Requirements................................................................ 6-15 6.8 EXTENT OF TESTING............................................................................ 6-15 6.8.1 Full Testing................................................................................................ 6-15 6.8.2 Partial Testing............................................................................................ 6-15 6.8.3 Spot Testing............................................................................................... 6-15
Section 6 Acceptance Criteria \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter06.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 6-1 6.1 SCOPE Acceptance criteria for visual and nondestructive inspection of tubular connections and statically and cyclically loaded nontubular connections are described in Part C. The extent of examination and the acceptance criteria shall be specified in the contract documents on information furnished to the bidder. 6.2 VISUAL INSPECTION All welds shall be visually inspected and shall be acceptable if the criteria of Table 6.1 are satisfied. 6.3 LIQUID PENETRANT AND MAGNETIC-PARTICLE TESTING Welds that are subject to magnetic-particle and liquid penetrant testing, in addition to visual inspection, shall be evaluated on the basis of the requirements for visual inspection. The testing shall be performed in conformance with 6.7.5 or 6.7.6, whichever is applicable. 6.4 NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING All NDT methods including equipment requirements and qualifications, personnel qualifications, and operating methods shall be in accordance with Section 6 of AWS D1.1, Inspection. Acceptance criteria shall be as specified in this section. Welds subject to nondestructive testing shall have been found acceptable by visual inspection in accordance with 6.2. Acceptance criteria for ASTM A514 and A517 steels shall be based on nondestructive testing performed not less than 48 hours after completion of the welds. 6.4.1 Tubular Connection Requirements For complete Joint penetration groove butt welds welded from one side without backing, the entire length of all completed tubular production welds shall be examined by either radiographic or ultrasonic testing. The acceptance criteria shall conform to 6.5.3 or 6.6.3 as applicable. 6.5 RADIOGRAPHIC INSPECTION Welds shown by radiographic testing that do not meet the requirements shall be repaired in accordance with 5.26 of AWS D1.1. Discontinuities other than cracks shall be evaluated on the basis of being either elongated or rounded.
Section 6 Acceptance Criteria \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter06.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 6-2
Section 6 Acceptance Criteria \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter06.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 6-3 Regardless of the type of discontinuity, an elongated discontinuity is one in which its length exceeds three times its width. A rounded discontinuity is one in which its length is three times its width or less and may be round or irregular and may have tails. 6.5.1 Acceptance Criteria for Statically Loaded Nontubular Connections 6.5.1.1 Discontinuities Welds that are subject to radiographic testing in addition to visual inspection shall have no cracks and shall be unacceptable if the radiographic testing show any discontinuities exceeding the following limitations (E = weld size). 1. Elongated discontinuities exceeding the maximum size of Figure 6.1. 2. Discontinuities closer than the minimum clearance allowance of Figure 6.1. 3. Rounded discontinuities greater than a maximum of size of E/3, not to exceed 1/4 in. However, when the thickness is greater than 2 in. (50 mm), the maximum rounded indication may be 3/8 in.. The minimum clearance of this type of discontinuity greater than or equal to 3/32 in. to an acceptable elongated or rounded discontinuity or to an edge or end of an intersecting weld shall be three times the greatest dimension of the larger of the discontinuities being considered. 4. Isolated discontinuities such as a cluster of rounded indications, having a sum of their greatest dimensions exceeding the maximum size single discontinuity permitted in Figure 6.1. The minimum clearance to another cluster or an elongated or rounded discontinuity or to an edge or end of an intersecting weld shall be three times the greatest dimension of the larger of the discontinuities being considered. 5. The sum of individual discontinuities each having a greater dimension of less than 3/32 in. shall not exceed 2E/3 or 3/8 in., whichever is less, in any linear 1 in. of weld. This requirement is independent of (1), (2), and (3) above. 6. In-line discontinuities, where the sum of the greatest dimensions exceeds E in any length of 6E. When the length of the weld being examined is less than 6E, the permissible sum of the greatest dimensions shall be proportionally less. 6.5.1.2 Illustration of Requirements Figure 6.2 and Figure 6.3 illustrate the application of the requirements given in 6.5.1.1. 6.5.2 Acceptance Criteria for Cyclically Loaded Nontubular Connections Welds that are subject to radiographic testing in addition to visual inspection shall have no cracks and shall be unacceptable if the radiographic testing shows any of the types of discontinuities listed in 6.5.2.1, 6.5.2.2, 6.5.2.3, or 6.5.2.4.
Section 6 Acceptance Criteria \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter06.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 6-4
Section 6 Acceptance Criteria \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter06.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 6-5
Section 6 Acceptance Criteria \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter06.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 6-6
Section 6 Acceptance Criteria \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter06.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 6-7 6.5.2.1 Tensile Stress Welds For welds subject to tensile stress under any condition of loading, the greatest dimension of any porosity or fusion-type discontinuity that is 1/16 in. or larger in greatest dimension shall not exceed the size, B, indicated in Figure 6.4, for the weld size involved. The distance from any porosity or fusion-type discontinuity described above to another such discontinuity, to an edge, or to the toe or root of any intersecting flange-to-web weld shall be not less than the minimum clearance allowed, C, indicated in Figure 6.4, for the size of discontinuity under examination. 6.5.2.2 Compressive Stress Welds For welds subject to compressive stress only and specifically indicated as such on the design drawings, the greatest dimension of porosity or a fusion-type discontinuity that is 1/8 in. or larger in greatest dimension shall not exceed the size, B, nor shall the space between adjacent discontinuities be less than the minimum clearance allowed, C, indicated by Figure 6.5 for the size of discontinuity under examination. 6.5.2.3 Discontinuities Less Than 1/16 in Independent of the requirements of 6.5.2.1 and 6.5.2.2, discontinuities having a greatest dimension of less than 1/16 in. shall be unacceptable if the sum of their greatest dimensions exceeds 3/8 in. (10 mm) in any linear inch of weld. 6.5.2.4 Limitations The limitations given by Figures 6.4 and 6.5 for 1-1/2 in. weld size shall apply to all weld sizes greater than 1-1/2 in. thickness. 6.5.2.5 Annex V Illustration Annex V illustrates the application of the requirements given in 6.5.2.1. 6.5.3 Acceptance Criteria for Tubular Connections 6.5.3.1 Discontinuities Welds that are subject to radiographic testing in addition to visual inspection shall have no cracks and shall be unacceptable if the radiographic testing show any discontinuities exceeding the following limitations (E = weld size). 1. Elongated discontinuities exceeding the maximum size of Figure 6.6. 2. Discontinuities closer than the minimum clearance allowance of Figure 6.6.
Section 6 Acceptance Criteria \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter06.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 6-8
Section 6 Acceptance Criteria \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter06.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 6-9
Section 6 Acceptance Criteria \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter06.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 6-10
Section 6 Acceptance Criteria \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter06.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 6-11
Section 6 Acceptance Criteria \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter06.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 6-12
Section 6 Acceptance Criteria \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter06.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 6-13
Section 6 Acceptance Criteria \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter06.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 6-14 6.6 ULTRASONIC INSPECTION 6.6.1 Acceptance Criteria Consult AWS D1.1 Section 6 for detailed acceptance criteria for Ultrasonic Examinations.
Section 6 Acceptance Criteria \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter06.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 6-15 6.7 Personnel Qualification 6.7.1 ASNT Requirements Personnel performing nondestructive testing other than visual shall be qualified in accordance with the current edition of the American Society for Nondestructive Testing Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC- I A.2 Only individuals qualified for NDT Level I and working under the NDT Level II or individuals qualified for NDT Level II may perform nondestructive testing. 6.7.2 Certification Certification of Level I and Level II individuals shall be performed by a Level III individual who has been certified by (1) The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, or (2) has the education, training, experience, and has successfully passed the written examination prescribed in SNT-TC-lA. 6.7.3 Exemption of QC1 Requirements Personnel performing nondestructive tests under the provisions of 6.7.7 need not be qualified and certified under the provisions of AWS QC 1. 6.8 EXTENT OF TESTING Information furnished to the bidders shall clearly identify the extent of nondestructive testing (types, categories, or location) of welds to be tested. 6.8.1 Full Testing Weld joints requiring testing by contract specification shall be tested for their full length, unless partial or spot testing is specified. 6.8.2 Partial Testing When partial testing is specified, the location and lengths of welds or categories of weld to be tested shall be clearly designated in the contract documents. 6.8.3 Spot Testing When spot testing is specified, the number of spots in each designated category of welded joint to be tested in a stated length of weld or a designated segment of weld shall be included in the information.
Section 7 NDE Acceptance Standards ASME/ANSI m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter07.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 7-0 Page 7.1 ASME SECTION III ................................................................................. 7-1 7.1.1 Visual Acceptance...................................................................................... 7-1 7.1.2 General Acceptance Standards ................................................................... 7-1 7.1.3 Radiographic Acceptance Standards........................................................... 7-1 7.1.4 Ultrasonic Acceptance Standards ............................................................... 7-2 7.1.5 Magnetic Particle Acceptance Standards (NX 5340)................................... 7-3 7.1.6 Liquid Penetrant Acceptance Standards (NX-5350).................................... 7-3 7.2 ANSI B31.1............................................................................................... 7-3 7.2.1 Visual (136.4.2) ......................................................................................... 7-3 7.2.2 Magnetic Particle (136.4.3)........................................................................ 7-4 7.2.3 Liquid Penetrant (136.4.4) ......................................................................... 7-4 7.2.4 Radiographic (136.4.5)............................................................................... 7-4 7.3 ASME SECTION III WELD CATEGORIES ............................................ 7-5 7.3.1 Category “A” ............................................................................................. 7-5 7.3.2 Category “B” ............................................................................................. 7-5 7.3.3 Category “C” ............................................................................................. 7-5 7.3.4 Category “D” ............................................................................................. 7-5 7.4 ASME/ANSI B31.3 ................................................................................... 7-6 7.4.1 Acceptance Criteria.................................................................................... 7-7
Section 7 NDE Acceptance Standards ASME/ANSI m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter07.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 7-1 7.1 ASME SECTION III 7.1.1 Visual Acceptance The surface of welds shall be sufficiently free from coarse ripples, grooves, overlaps, and abrupt ridges and valleys to meet (a) through (e) below. (a) The surface condition of the finished weld shall be suitable for the proper interpretation of radiographic and other required nondestructive examinations of the weld. In those cases where there is a question regarding the surface condition of the weld on the interpretation of a radiographic film, the film shall be compared to the actual weld surface for interpretation and determination of acceptability. (b) Reinforcements are permitted in accordance with Section 4 of this handbook. (c) Undercuts shall not exceed 1/32 in. and shall not encroach on the required section thickness. (d) Concavity on the root side of a single welded circumferential butt weld is permitted when the resulting thickness of the weld is at least equal to the thickness of the thinner member of the two sections being joined. (e) If-the surface of the weld requires grinding to meet the above criteria, care shall be taken to avoid reducing the weld or base material below the required thickness. (NX-4424) 7.1.2 General Acceptance Standards Unacceptable weld defects shall be removed or reduced to an acceptable size, and when required the weld shall be repaired and reexamined, in accordance with ND-4450. Acceptance standards shall be as stated in the following paragraphs of this Subarticle, while the acceptance standard for material adjacent to the weld shall be as stated in NB, NC, ND, NE-2500 as applicable. (NB, NC, ND, NE-5310) 7.1.3 Radiographic Acceptance Standards Welds that are shown by radiography to have any of the following types of indications are unacceptable. (NX-5320)
Section 7 NDE Acceptance Standards ASME/ANSI m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter07.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 7-2 Code Class NB, NC, ND, NE, NF (a) any type of crack or zone of incomplete fusion or penetration. NB, NC, ND, NE, NF (b) any other elongated indication which has a length greater than: (1) 1/4 in. for t up to 3/4 in., inclusive; (2) 1/3t for t from 3/4 in. to 2-1/4 in., inclusive; (3) 3/4 in. for t over 2-1/4 in. where t is the thickness of the thinner portion of the weld. NB, NC, ND, NE, NF (c) internal root weld conditions are acceptable when the density change as indicated in the radiograph is not abrupt; elongated indications on the radiograph at either edge of such conditions shall be unacceptable as provided in (b) above. NB, NC, ND, NE, NF (d) any group of aligned indications having an aggregate length greater than t in a length of 12t, unless the minimum distance between successive indications exceeds 6L, in which case the aggregate length is unlimited, L being the length of the largest indication. NB, NC, ND, NE (e) rounded indications in excess of that shown as acceptable in Appendix VI of ASME Section III, Division I. NF (e) rounded indications are not a factor in the acceptability of welds that are radiographed. ND (f) when a Category B or C butt weld, partially radiographed as required in ND-5221(b) or ND-5231(b), is acceptable in accordance with (a) through (e) above, the entire weld length represented by this partial radiograph is acceptable. ND For spot radiography refer to ND-5321(g). 7.1.4 Ultrasonic Acceptance Standards All indications which produce a response greater than 20% of the reference level shall be investigated to the extent that the operator can determine the shape, identity, and location of all such reflectors and evaluate them in terms of the acceptance standards given in (a) and (b) below. (NX-5330) Code Class NB, NC, ND, NE, NF (a) Discontinuities are unacceptable if the amplitude exceeds the reference level, and discontinuities have lengths which exceed: (1) 1/4 in. for t up to 3/4 in., inclusive; (2) 1/3t for t from 3/4 in. to 2-1/4 in., inclusive; (3) 3/4 in. for t over 2-1/4 in.; where t is the thickness of the weld being examined; if a weld joins two members having different thicknesses at the weld, t is the thinner of these two thicknesses. NB, NC, ND, NE, NF (b) Where discontinuities are interpreted to be cracks, lack of fusion, or incomplete penetration, they are unacceptable regardless of discontinuity or signal amplitude.
Section 7 NDE Acceptance Standards ASME/ANSI m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter07.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 7-3 7.1.5 Magnetic Particle Acceptance Standards (NX 5340) Code Class NB, NC, ND, NE, NF (a) Only indications with major dimensions greater than 1/16 in. shall be considered relevant. NB, NC, ND, NE, NF (b) Unless otherwise specified in this Subsection, the following relevant indications are unacceptable: (1) any cracks and linear indications; (2) rounded indications with dimensions greater than 3/16 in.; (3) four or more rounded indications in a line separated by 1/16 in. or less edge to edge; 7.1.6 Liquid Penetrant Acceptance Standards (NX-5350) Code Class NB, NC, ND, NE, NF (a) Only indications with major dimensions greater than 1/16 in. shall be considered relevant. NB, NC, ND, NE, NF (b) Unless otherwise specified in this Subsection, the following relevant indications are unacceptable: (1) any cracks and linear indications; (2) rounded indications with dimensions greater than 3/16 in.; (3) four or more rounded indications in a line separated by 1/16 in. or less edge to edge; (4) ten or more rounded indications in any 6 sq inches of surface with the major dimension of this area not to exceed 6 in. with the area taken in the most unfavorable location relative to the indications being evaluated. 7.2 ANSI B31.1 7.2.1 Visual (136.4.2) Acceptance Standards. The following indications are unacceptable: (1) cracks – external surface; (2) undercut on surface which is greater than 1/32 in. deep; (3) weld reinforcement greater than specified in Section 4 of this handbook; (4) lack of fusion on surface; (5) incomplete penetration (applies only when inside surface is readily accessible).
Section 7 NDE Acceptance Standards ASME/ANSI m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter07.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 7-4 7.2.2 Magnetic Particle (136.4.3) Acceptance Standards. The following relevant indications are unacceptable: (1) any cracks or linear indications; (2) rounded indications with dimensions greater than 3/16 in. (3) four or more rounded indications in a line separated by 1/16 in. or less edge to edge; (4) ten or more rounded indications in any 6 sq inches of surface with the major dimension of this area not to exceed 6 in. with the area taken in the most unfavorable location relative to the indications being evaluated. 7.2.3 Liquid Penetrant (136.4.4) Acceptance Standards. Indications whose major dimensions are greater than 1/16 in. shall be considered relevant. The following relevant indications are unacceptable: (1) any cracks or linear indications; (2) rounded indications with dimensions greater than 1/16 in.; (3) four or more rounded indications in a line separated by 1/16 in. or less edge to edge; (4) ten or more rounded indications of any 6 sq inches of surface with the major dimension of this area not to exceed 6 in. with the area taken in the most unfavorable location relative to the indications being evaluated. 7.2.4 Radiographic (136.4.5) Acceptance Standards. Welds that are shown by radiography to have any of the following types of discontinuities are unacceptable: (1) any type of crack or zone of incomplete fusion or penetration; (2) any other elongated indication which has a length greater than: (2.1) 1/4 in. for t up to 3/4 in., inclusive; (2.2) 1/3t for t from 3/4 in. to 2-1/4 in., inclusive; (2.3) 3/4 in. for t over 2-1/4 in. where t is the thickness of the thinner portion of the weld. Note: t referred to in (A.2.1), (A.2.2), and (A.2.3) above pertains to the thickness of the weld being examined; if a weld joins two members having different thicknesses at the weld, t is the thinner of these two thicknesses. (3) any group of indications in line that have an aggregate length greater than t in a length of 12t, except where the distance between the successive indications exceeds 6L where L is the longest indication in the group; (4) porosity in excess of that shown as acceptable in Appendix A-250 of Section I of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.
Section 7 NDE Acceptance Standards ASME/ANSI m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter07.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 7-5 7.3 ASME SECTION III WELD CATEGORIES Figure NX-3351-1 – Welded Joint Locations Typical of Categories A, B, C, and D 7.3.1 Category “A” Category A comprises longitudinal welded joints within the main shell, communicating chambers, transitions in diameter, or nozzles; any welded joint within a sphere, within a formed or flat head, or within the side plates of a flat sided vessel; circumferential welded joints connecting hemispherical heads to main shells, to transitions in diameters, to nozzles, or to communicating chambers. 7.3.2 Category “B” Category B comprises circumferential welded joints within the main shell, communicating chambers, nozzles, or transitions in diameter including joints between the transition and a cylinder at either the large or small end; circumferential welded joints connecting formed heads other than hemispherical to main shells, to transitions in diameter, to nozzles, or to communicating chambers. 7.3.3 Category “C” Category C comprises welded joints connecting flanges, Van Stone laps, tube sheets, or flat heads to main shell, to formed heads, to transitions in diameter, to nozzles or to communicating chambers; any welded joint connecting one side plate to another side plate of a flat sided vessel. 7.3.4 Category “D” Category D comprises welded joints connecting communicating chambers or nozzles to main shells, to spheres, to transitions in diameter, to heads or to flat sided vessels and those joints connecting nozzles to communicating chambers. For nozzles at the small end of a transition in diameter, see Category B.
Section 7 NDE Acceptance Standards ASME/ANSI m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter07.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 7-6 7.4 ANSI B31.3 7.4.1 Acceptance Criteria for Welds: Shall be as stated in the engineering design and shall at least meet the applicable requirements stated below, and in para. 344.6.2 for ultrasonic examination of welds, and elsewhere in the code. Table 341.3.2 states acceptance criteria (limits on imperfections A to M) for Types of Welds, for Service Conditions, and for required Examination Methods, See Fig. 341.3.2 for typical weld imperfections.
Section 7 NDE Acceptance Standards ASME/ANSI m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter07.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 7-7
Section 7 NDE Acceptance Standards ASME/ANSI m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter07.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 7-8
Section 7 NDE Acceptance Standards ASME/ANSI m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter07.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 7-9
Section 7 NDE Acceptance Standards ASME/ANSI m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter07.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 7-10 Figure 341.3.2 – Typical Weld Imperfections
Section 8 Code Required NDE \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter08.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 8-0 Page 8.1 ASME B31.1 ............................................................................................. 8-1 8.1.1 Nondestructive Examination....................................................................... 8-1 8.1.2 Visual Examination .................................................................................... 8-1 Table 136.4 Mandatory Minimum Nondestructive Examinations for Pressure Welds or Welds to Pressure Retaining Components........................................................................ 8-2 Table 136.4.1 Weld Imperfections Indicated by Various Types of Examination.................................................................... 8-3 8.2 ASME B31.3 ............................................................................................. 8-3 8.2.1 Examination Normally Required................................................................. 8-3 8.2.2 Examination – Category D Fluid Service .................................................... 8-4 8.2.3 Examination – Severe Cyclic Service.......................................................... 8-4 8.2.4 Spot Radiography ...................................................................................... 8-5 8.2.5 Hardness Tests........................................................................................... 8-6 8.3 ASME SECTION III ................................................................................. 8-6 8.3.1 Requirements for Piping Welds .................................................................. 8-6 8.3.2 Requirements for Supports......................................................................... 8-6 8.3.2.1 Examination of Class 1 Support Welds....................................................... 8-6 8.3.2.2 Examination of Class 2 and Class MC Support Welds ................................ 8-7 8.3.2.3 Examination of Class 3 Support Welds....................................................... 8-7 8.4 AWS D1.1 ................................................................................................. 8-8 Table 8-1 Weld NDE Requirements – ASME Section III – (Piping Welds Only)............................................................ 8-9
Section 8 Code Required NDE \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter08.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 8-1 8.1 ASME B31.1 8.1.1 Nondestructive Examination Non destructive examinations shall be performed in accordance with the requirements of Chapter IV of ASME B31.1. The types and extent of mandatory examinations for pressure welds and welds to pressure retaining components are specified in Table 136.4. For welds other than those covered by Table 136.4, only visual examination is required. Welds requiring nondestructive examination shall comply with the limitations as to imperfections, within the capabilities of the type of examination used, and for the type of imperfections to be evaluated as shown in Table 136.4.1. Welds not requiring examination (i.e., RT, UT, PT, or MT) shall be judged acceptable if they pass visual examination per General Note A of Table 136.4 and the pressure test specified in Para. 137. (136.4.1) 8.1.2 Visual Examination Visual examination as defined in Para. 100.2 shall be performed as necessary, during the fabrication and erection of piping components to provide verification that the design and WPS requirements are being met. In addition, visual examination shall be performed to verify that all completed welds in pipe and piping components comply with the acceptance standards specified in (A) below or with the limitations on imperfections specified in the material specification under which the pipe or component was furnished. (A) Acceptance Sstandards. The following indications are unacceptable: (A.1) cracks – external surface; (A.2) undercut on the surface which is greater than 1/32 in. deep; (A.3) weld reinforcement great than specified in Table 127.4.2; (A-4) lack of fusion on surface; (A-5) incomplete penetration (applies only when inside surface is readily accessible). (136.4.2)
Section 8 Code Required NDE \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter08.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 8-2 Table 136.4 Mandatory Minimum Nondestructive Examinations for Pressure Welds or Welds to Pressure Retaining Components Piping Service Conditions and Nondestructive Examination Type Weld Temperatures Over 750°F (400°C) and At All Pressures Temperatures Between 350°F (175°C) and 750°F (400°C) Inclusive With All Pressures over 1025 psig [7100 kPa (gage)] All Others Buttwelds (girth and longitudinal)[Note (1)] RT for NPS over 2. MT or PT for NPS 2 and less [Notes (2) and (3)] RT for over NPS 2 with thickness over 3/4 in. (19.0 mm) [Note (3). VT for all sizes with thickness 3/4 in. (19.0 mm) or less. Visual for all sizes and thicknesses Welded branch connection (size indicated is branch size) [Notes (4) and (5)] RT for over NPS 4 MT or PT for NPS 4. and less [Notes (2) and (3)] RT for branch over NPS 4 and thickness of branch over 3/4 in. (19.0 mm) VT for all sizes and thicknesses MT or PT for branch NPS 4 and less with thickness of branch over 3/4 in. (19 mm) VT for all sizes with branch thickness 3/4 in. (19.0 mm) or less Fillet, socket, attachment, and seal welds PT or MT for all sizes and thicknesses [Note 6] VT for all sizes and thicknesses VTl for all sizes and thicknesses General Notes: (A) All welds must be given a visual examination in addition to the type of specific nondestructive examination specified. (B) NPS – nominal pipe size. (C) RT – radiographic examination; UT - ultrasonic examination; MT – magnetic particle examination; PT – liquid penetrant examination; VT - visual examination. (D) Temperatures and pressures shown are design. (E) For nondestructive examinations of the pressure retaining component, refer to the standards listed in Table 126.1 or manufacturing specifications. (F) Acceptance standards for NDT performed are as follows: MT - see Para. 136.4.3; PT - see Para. 136.4.4; VT - See Para. 136.4.2; RT - see Para. 136.4.5; VT - see Para. 136.4.6. Notes: (1) The thickness of buttwelds is defined as the thicker of the two abutting ends after end preparation. (2) RT may be used as an alternative to PT or MT when it is performed in accordance with Para. 136.4.5. (3) UT may be used as an alternative to RT when it is impractical to use a combination of radiographic parameters such that a geometric unsharpness of 0.07 in. (2.0 mm) cannot be obtained and provided the examination is performed in accordance with Para. 136.4.6. (4) RT or UT of branch connections shall be performed before any nonintegral material is applied. (5) In lieu of volumetric examination (RT, UT) of welded branch connections when required above, surface examination (PT, MT) is acceptable and, when used, shall be performed at the lesser of one-half of the weld thickness or each 1/2 in. (12.5 mm) of weld thickness and all accessible final weld surfaces. (6) Fillet welds not exceeding 1/4 in. (6 mm) throat thickness which are used for the permanent attachment of nonpressure retaining parts are exempt from the PT or MT requirements of the above Table.
Section 8 Code Required NDE \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter08.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 8-3 Table 136.4.1 Weld Imperfections Indicated by Various Types of Examination Imperfection Visual Magnetic Particle Liquid Penetrant Radiography Ultrasonic Crack—surface X [See Note (1)] X [See Note (1)] X [See Note (1)] X ] X Crack—internal ... ... ... X X Undercut—on surface X [See Note (1)] X [See Note (1)] X [See Note (1)] X ... Weld reinforcement X [See Note (1)] ... ... X ... Porosity X [Notes (1), (2)] X [Notes (1), (2)] X [Notes (1), (2)] X ... Slag inclusion X [Note (2)] X [Note (2)] X [Note (2)] X X Lack of fusion (on surface) X [Notes (1), (2)] X [Notes (1), (2)] X [Notes (1), (2)] X X Incomplete penetration X [Note (3)] X [Note (3)] X [Note (3)] X X Notes: (1) Applies when the outside surface is accessible for examination and/or when the inside surface is readily accessible. (2) Discontinuities are detectable when they are open to the surface. (3) Applies only when the inside surface is readily accessible. 8.2 ASME B31.3 8.2.1 Examination Normally Required Piping in Normal Fluid Service shall be examined to the extent specified herein or to any greater extent specified in the engineering design. Acceptance criteria are as stated in para. 341.3.2 and in Table 341.3.2, for Normal Fluid Service unless otherwise specified. (a) Visual Examination. At least the following shall be examined in accordance with para. 344.2: (1) sufficient materials an components, selected at random, to satisfy the examiner that they conform to the specifications and are free from defects; (2) at least 5% of fabrication. For welds, each welder’s and each welding operator’s work shall be represented. (3) 100% of fabrication for longitudinal welds, except those in components made in accordance with a listed specification. See para. 341.5.1(a) for examination of longitudinal welds required to have a joint factor Ej of 0.90. (4) random examination of the assembly of threaded, bolted, and other joints to satisfy the examiner that they conform to the applicable requirements of para. 35. When pneumatic testing is to be performed, all threaded, bolted and other mechanical joints shall be examined.
Section 8 Code Required NDE \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter08.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 8-4 (5) random examination during erection of piping including checking of alignment, support, and cold spring; (6) examination of erected piping for evidence of defects that would require repair or replacement, and for other evident deviations from the intent of the design. (b) Other Examination (1) Not less than 5% of circumferential butt and miter groove welds shall be fully examined by random radiography in accordance with para. 344.5 or by random ultrasonic examination is accordance with para. 344.6. The welds to be examined shall be selected to ensure that the work of each welds or welding operator doing the production welding is included. They shall also be selected to maximize the coverage of intersections with longitudinal joints. At least 11/2 in. (38 mm) of the longitudinal welds shall be examined. In-process examination in accordance with para. 344.7 may be substituted for all or part of the radiographic or ultrasonic examination on a weld-for-weld basis if specified in the engineering design or specifically authorized by the inspector. (2) Not less than 5% of all brazed joints shall be examined by in-process examination in accordance with para. 344.7, the joints being selected to ensure that the work of each brazer doing production work is included. (c) Certification and Records. The examiner shall be assured by examination of certifications, records, and other evidence, that the materials and components are of the specified grades and that they have received the required heat treatment, examination, and testing. The examiner shall provide the Inspector with certification that all the quality control requirements of the Code and of the engineering design have been carried out. (341.4.1) 8.2.2 Examination – Category D Fluid Service Piping and piping elements for category d fluid service as designated in the engineering design shall be visually examined in accordance with 344.2 to the extent necessary to satisfy the examiner that the components, materials, and workmanship conform to the requirements of this Code and the engineering design. Acceptance criteria are as stated in para. 341.3.2 and Table 341.3.2 for Category D Fluid Service, unless otherwise specified. (341.4.2) 8.2.3 Examination – Severe Cyclic Service Piping to be used under severe cyclic service shall be visually examined to the extent specified herein or to any greater extent specified in the engineering design. Acceptance criteria are s stated in para. 341.3.2 and in Table 341.3.2, for severe cyclic conditions unless otherwise specified. (a) Visual Examination. The requirements of para. 341.4.1(a) apply with the following exceptions. (1) All fabrication shall be examined.
Section 8 Code Required NDE \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter08.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 8-5 (2) All threaded, bolted and other joints shall be examined. (3) All piping erection shall be examined to verify dimensions and alignment. Supports, guides and points of cold spring shall be checked to ensure that the movement of the piping under all conditions of startup, operation and shutdown will be accommodated without binding or constraint. (b) Other Examination. All circumferential butt and miter groove welds and all fabricated branch connection welds comparable to those shown in Figure 328.5.4E shall be examined by 100% radiography in accordance with para. 344.5 or (if specified in the engineering design) by 100% ultrasonic examination in accordance with para. 344.6. Socket welds and branch connection welds, which are not radiographed shall be examined by magnetic particle or liquid penetrant methods in accordance with para. 344.3 or 344.4. (c) In-process examination in accordance with para. 344.7, supplemented by appropriate nondestructive examination, may be substituted for the examination required in (b) above on a weld-for-weld basis if specified in the engineering design or specifically authorized by the Inspector. (d) Certifications and Records. The requirements of para. 341.1 (c) apply. (341.4.3) 8.2.4 Spot Radiography (a) Longitudinal Welds. Spot radiography for longitudinal groove welds required to have a joint factor Ej of 0.90 requires examination by radiography in accordance with para. 344.5 of at least 1 ft. (300 mm) in each 100 ft. (30 m) of weld for each welder or welding operator. Acceptance criteria are those stated in Table 341.3.2 for radiography under Normal Fluid Service. (b) Circumferential Butt Welds and Other Welds. It is recommended that the extent of examination be not less than one shot on one in each 20 welds for each welder or welding operator. Unless otherwise specified, acceptance criteria are as stated in Table 341.3.2 for radiography under Normal Fluid Service for the type of joint examined. (c) Progressive Sampling for Examination. The provisions of para. 341.3.4 are applicable. (d) Welds to be Examined. The locations of welds and the points at which they re to be examined by spot radiography shall be selected on approved by the Inspector. (341.5.1) 8.2.5 Hardness Tests The extent of hardness testing required shall be in accordance with para. 331.1.7 except as otherwise specified in the engineering design. (341.5)
Section 8 Code Required NDE \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter08.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 8-6 Hardness tests of production welds and of hot bent and hot formed piping are intended to verify satisfactory heat treatment. The hardness limit applies to the weld and to the heat affected zone (HAZ) tested as close as practicable to the edge of the weld. (a) Where a hardness limit is specified in Table 331.1.1 at least 10% of welds, hot bends and hot formed components in each furnace heat treated batch and 100% of those locally heat treated shall be tested. (b) When dissimilar metals are joined by welding, the hardness limits specified for the base metal and welding materials in Table 331.1.1 shall be met for each material. (331.1.7) 8.3 ASME SECTION III 8.3.1 Requirements for Piping Welds See Table 8-1. 8.3.2 Requirements for Supports 8.3.2.1 Examination of Class 1 Support Welds (1) Primary Member Welded Joints (a) All full penetration butt welded joints in primary members shall be examined by the radiographic method (b) All other welded joints in primary members shall be examined by the liquid penetrant or magnetic particle method, except that the exposed ends of welds need only be examined visually. (NF-5212) (2) Secondary Member Welded Joints. All welded joints in secondary members shall be examined by the visual method. (NF-5213) (3) Special Requirements. For weldments that impose loads in the through thickness direction of primary members 1 in. and greater in thickness, the base material beneath the weld shall be ultrasonically examined, when required by NF-4400, over 100% of the referenced area using the precede of SA-577 or SA-578 as detailed in Section V to the acceptance standards of NF-5332, except that a calibration block representative of the primary member shall be used. The block for straight beam examination shall have 1/4 in. flat-bottomed holes at one-fourth, one-half, and three-fourths of the thickness of the member being welded, from which a distance amplitude curve shall be established. (NF-5214) 8.3.2.2 Examination of Class 2 and Class MC Support Welds (1) Primary Member Welded Joints
Section 8 Code Required NDE \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter08.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 8-7 (a) All butt welded joints in primary members shall be examined by the by the liquid penetrant or magnetic particle method (b) All partial penetration or fillet welds in primary members that have a groove depth or throat dimensions greater than 1 in. and T-welded joints welded with throat dimensions of 1/2 in. or greater shall be examined by the liquid penetrant or magnetic particle method, except that the exposed ends of welds need only be examined visually. (NF-5221) (2) Secondary Member Welded Joints. All welded joints in secondary members shall be examined by the visual method. (NF-5222) (3) Special Requirements. For weldments that impose loads in the through thickness direction of primary members 1 in. and greater in thickness, the base material beneath the weld shall be ultrasonically examined, when required by NF-4400, over 100% of the referenced area using the precede of SA-577 or SA-578 as detailed in Section V to the acceptance standards of NF-5332, except that a calibration block representative of the primary member shall be used. The block for straight beam examination shall have 1/4 in. flat-bottomed holes at one-fourth, one-half, and three-fourths of the thickness of the member being welded, from which a distance amplitude curve shall be established. (NF-5224) 8.3.2.3 Examination of Class 3 Support Welds (1) Primary Member Welded Joints (a) Primary member welded joints that have a groove depth or throat dimension greater than 1 in. shall be examined by the by the liquid penetrant or magnetic particle method, except that the exposed ends of welds need only be examined visually. (NF-5231) (b) Primary welded joint exclusive of those described in (a) above shall be examined by the visual method. (NF-5232) (2) Secondary Member Welded Joints. All welded joints in secondary members shall be examined by the visual method. (NF-5232) (3) Special Requirements. For weldments that impose loads in the through thickness direction of primary members 1 in. and greater in thickness, the base material beneath the weld shall be ultrasonically examined, when required by NF-4400, over 100% of the referenced area using the precede of SA-577 or SA-578 as detailed in Section V to the acceptance standards of NF-5332, except that a calibration block representative of the primary member shall be used. The block for straight beam examination shall have 1/4 in. flat-bottomed holes at one-fourth, one-half, and three-fourths of the thickness of the member being welded, from which a distance amplitude curve shall be established. (NF-5234)
Section 8 Code Required NDE \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter08.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 8-8 8.4 AWS D1.1 8.3.1 General Requirements When nondestructive testing other than visual is specified in the information furnished to the bidders, it shall be the contrator’s responsibility to ensure that all specified welds meet the quality requirements of section 6, Part C, whichever is applicable. (6.6.4) When NDE is required by specification, refer to AWS D1.1, section 6, Part C for the requirements.