Section 17 Procedure/Welder Qualification AWS D1.1 \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter17.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 17-3
Section 17 Procedure/Welder Qualification AWS D1.1 \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter17.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 17-4 17.2 WELDER QUALIFICATION 17.2.1 Limitations of Variables (4.22)
Section 17 Procedure/Welder Qualification AWS D1.1 \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter17.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 17-5
Section 17 Procedure/Welder Qualification AWS D1.1 \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter17.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 17-6
Section 17 Procedure/Welder Qualification AWS D1.1 \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter17.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 17-7
Section 18 Procedure/Welder Qualification (ASME/ANSI) \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter18.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 18-0 Page 18.1 PROCEDURE QUALIFICATION............................................................. 18-1 18.2 WELDER QUALIFICATION.................................................................... 18-1 Position Limitations – QW-461.9 ............................................................... 18-2 Bend Tests – QW-452.2............................................................................. 18-4 Thickness Limits – QW-452.1 .................................................................... 18-4
Section 18 Procedure/Welder Qualification (ASME/ANSI) \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter18.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 18-1 18.1 PROCEDURE QUALIFICATION 18.1.1 WELDING PROCEDURE SPECIFICATION Each manufacturer or contractor shall prepare written Welding Procedure Specifications, which are defined as follows: (a) Welding Procedure Specification (WPS). A WPS is a written qualified welding procedure prepared to provide direction for making production welds to Code requirements. The WPS or other documents [see (e) below] may used to provide direction to the welder or welding operator to assure compliance with the Code requirements. (b) Contents of the WPS. The completed WPS shall describe all of the essential, nonessential, and when required, supplementary essential variables for each welding process used in the WPS. These variables are listed in QW-250 through QW-280 and are defined in Article IV, Welding Data. The WPS shall reference the supporting Procedure Qualification Record(s) (PQR) described in QW-200.2. The manufacturer or contractor may include any other information in the WPS that may be helpful in making a Code weldment. (c) Changes to the WPS. Changes maybe made in the nonessential variables of a WPS to suit production requirements without requalification provided such changes are documented with respect to the essential, nonessential, and when required, supplementary essential variables for each process. This may be by amendment to the WPS or by the use of a new WPS. Changes in the essential or supplementary essential (when required) variables require requalification of the WPS (new or additional PQRs to support the change in essential or supplementary essential variables). (d) Format of the WPS. The information required to be in the WPS may be in any format, written or tabular, to fill the needs of each manufacturer or contractor, as long as every essential, nonessential, and, when required, supplementary essential variables outlined in QW-250 through QW-280 is included or referenced. Form QW-282 (se Nonmandatory Appendix B) has been provided as guide for the WPS. This Form includes the required data for the SMAW, SAW, GMAW, and GTAW processes. It is only a guide and does not list all required data for other processes. It also lists some variables that do not apply to all processes (e.g., listing shielding gas which is not required for SAW). This guide does not easily lend itself to multiple process procedure specification (e.g., GTAW root with SMAW fill). (e) Availability of the WPS. A WPS used for Code production welding shall be available for reference and review by the Authorized Inspector (AI) at the fabrication site. (QW-200.1)
Section 18 Procedure/Welder Qualification (ASME/ANSI) \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter18.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 18-2 18.1.2 PROCEDURE QUALIFICATION RECORD Each manufacturer or contractor shall be required to prepare a procedure qualification record, which is defined as follows: (a) Procedure Qualification Record (PQR). A PQR is a record of the welding data used to weld a test coupon. The PQR is a record of the variables recorded during the welding of test coupons. It also contains the test results of the tested coupons. Recorded variable normally fall within a small range of the actual variables that will be used in production welding. (b) Contents of the PQR. The completed PQR shall document all essential and, when required, supplementary essential variables of QW-250 through QW-280 for each welding process used during the welding of the test coupon. Nonessential or other variables used during the welding of the test coupon may be recorded at the manufacturer’s or contractor’s option. All variables, if recorded, shall be the actual variables (including ranges) used during the welding of the test coupon. If the variables are not monitored during welding, they shall not be recorded. It is not intended that the full range or the extreme range of the variable to be used in production be used during qualification unless required due to a specific essential or, when required, supplementary essential variable. The PQR shall be certified accurate by the manufacturer or contractor. The manufacturer or contractor may not subcontract the certification function. The certification is intended to be the manufacturer’s or contractor’s verification that the information in the PQR is a true record of the variables that were used during the welding of the test coupon and that the resulting tensile, bend, or macro (as required) test results are in compliance with Section IX. When more than one welding process or filler metal is used to weld a test coupon, the approximate deposit weld metal thickness of each welding process and filler metal shall be recorded.
Section 18 Procedure/Welder Qualification (ASME/ANSI) \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter18.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 18-3 (c) Changes in the PQR. Changes to the PQR are not permitted except as described below. It is a record of what happened during a particular welding test. Editorial corrections or addenda to the PQR are permitted. An example of an editorial correction is an incorrect P-Number, F-Number, or A-Number that was assigned to a particular base metal or filler metal. An example of an addendum would be a change resulting from a Code change. For example, Section IX may assign a new F-Number to a filler metal or adopt a new filler metal under an established F-Number. This may permit, depending on the particular construction Code requirements, a manufacturer or contractor to use other filler metals that fall within that particular F-Number where, prior to the Code revision, the manufacturer or contractor was limited to the particular electrode classification that was used during qualification. Additional information can be incorporated can be incorporated into a PQR at a later date provided that the information is substantiated as having been part of the original qualification condition by lab record or similar data. All changes to a PQR require recertification (including date) by the manufacturer or contractor. (d) Format of the PQR. Form QW-483 (see Nonmandatory Appendix B) has been provided as a guide for the PQR. The information required to be in the PQR may be in any format to fit the needs of each manufacturer or contractor, as long as every essential variable and, when required, supplementary essential variable, required by QW-250 through QW-280, is included. Also the type of tests, number of tests, and test results shall be listed in the PQR. The Form QW-483 guide does not easily lend itself to cover combinations of welding processes or more than one F-Number filler metal in one coupon. Additional sketches may be attached or referenced to record the required variables. (e) Availability of the PQR. PQRs used to support WPSs shall be available, upon request, for review by the Authorized Inspector (AI). The PQR need not be available to the welder or welding operator. (f) Multiple WPSs With One PQR/Multiple PQRs With One WPS. Several WPSs may be prepared from the data on a single PQR (e.g., a 1G plate PQR may support WPSs for the F, V, H, and O positions on plate or pipe within all other essential variables). A single WPS may cover several essential variable changes as long as a supporting PQR exists for each essential variable and, when required supplementary essential variable (e.g., a single WPS may cover a thickness range from 1/16 in. through 11/4 in., if PQRs exist for both the 1/16 in. through 3/16 in. and 3/16 in. through 11/4 in. thickness ranges). (QW-200.2) 18.2 WELDER QUALIFICATION The requirements for ASME Section IX, Performance Qualification, are equally as complex as Procedure Qualification requirements. However, to aid the user of this handbook in reviewing welder qualification, the following charts and/or tables have been selected. They do not comprise all the requirements of ASME Section IX, concerning Welder Qualification.
Section 18 Procedure/Welder Qualification (ASME/ANSI) \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter18.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 18-4 QW-461.9 PERFORMANCE QUALIFICATION - POSITION LIMITATIONS (Within the-Other Limitations of QW-303) Position and Type Weld Qualified [Note (1)] Groove Fillet Qualification Test Plate and Pipe Weld Position Over 24 in. O. D. Pipe Plate and Pipe Plate -- Groove 1G F F [Note (2)] F 2G F, H F, H [Note (2)] F, H 3G F, V F [Note (2)] F, H, V 4G F, O F [Note (2)] F, H, O 3G and 4G F, V, O F [Note (2)] All 2G, 3G, and 4G All F, H [Note (2)] All Special Positions (SP) SP, F SP, F SP, F Plate -- Fillet IF F [Note (2)] 2F F, H [Note (2)] 3F F, H, V [Note (2)] 4F F, H, O [Note (2)] 3F and 4F All [Note (2)] Special Positions (SP) SP, F [Note (2)] Pipe -- Groove 1G F F F 2G F, H F, H F, H 5G F, V, O F, V, O All 6G All All All 2G and 5G All All All Special Positions (SP) SP, F SP, F SP, F Pipe -- Fillet [Note (3)] IF F 2F F, H 2FR F, H 4F F, H, O 5F All Special Positions (SP) SP, F Notes: (1) Positions of welding as shown in QW-461.1 and QW-461.2. F = Flat V = Vertical H.= Horizontal O = Overhead (2) Pipe 2-7/8 in O. D. and over. (3) See diameter restrictions in QW-452.3, QW-452.4, and QW-452.6.
Section 18 Procedure/Welder Qualification (ASME/ANSI) \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter18.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 18-5 QW-452.2 LONGITUDINAL BEND TESTS Type and Number of Tests Required Thickness Thickness t of Deposited Weld Metal Qualified, in. (Guided Bend Tests) [Note (2)] Test Coupon Welded, in. Face Bend [Note (3)] Root Bend [Note (3)] Type of Joint [Note (1)] Max. QW-462.3(b) QW-462.3(b) Groove Up to 3/8 incl. 2t 1 1 Groove Over 3/8 2t 1 1 Notes: (1) When using one, two, or more welders, the thickness t of the deposited weld metal for each welder with each process shall be determined and used individually in the “Thickness” column. (2) Thickness of test coupon of 3/4 in. or over shall be used for qualifying a combination of three or more welders, each of which may use the same or different welding process. (3) Face and root bend tests may be used to qualify a combination test of: (a) one welder using two welding processes; or (b) two welders using the same or a different welding process.
Section 18 Procedure/Welder Qualification (ASME/ANSI) \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter18.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 18-6 QW-452 PERFORMANCE QUALIFICATION THICKNESS LIMITS AND TEST SPECIMENS QW-452.1 TRANSVERSE BEND TESTS Thickness t of Deposited Weld Metal Type and Number of Tests Required Qualified, in. (Guided-Bend Tests) Thickness of [Note (2) [Notes (3), (4), (8) Type of Test Coupon Welded, in. (see QW-310.1) Side Bend Face Bend Root Bend [Note (5)] Joint [Note (1)] Max. QW-462.2 (a) QW-462.3 (a) QW-462.3 (a) Groove Up to 3/8 incl. 2t Note (6) 1 1 Groove Over 3/8 but less than 3/4 2t Note (7) 1 1 Groove 3/4 and over Max. to be welded 2 – – Notes: (1) When using one, two, or more welders, the thickness t of the deposited weld metal for each welder with each process shall be determined and used individually in the “Thickness” column. (2) Two or more pipe test coupons of different thickness may be used to determine the deposited weld metal thickness qualified and that thickness may be applied to production welds to the smallest diameter for which the welder is qualified in accordance with QW-452.3. (3) Thickness of test coupon of 3/4 in. or over shall be used for qualifying a combination of three or more welders, each of which may use the same or a different welding process. (4) To qualify for positions 5G and 6G, as prescribed in QW-302.3, two root and two face-bend specimens or four side bend specimens, as applicable to the test coupon thickness are required.. (5) Face- and root-bend tests may be used to qualify a combination test of: (a) one welder using two welding processes; or (b) two welders using the same or a different welding process. (6) For a 3/8 in. thick coupon, two side bend tests may be substituted for the required face- and root-bend tests. (7) A side bend test may be substituted for each of the required face- and root-bend tests. (8) Test coupons shall be visually examined per QW-302.4
Section 19 Charts and Tables m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter19.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 19-0 Page Table 19-1 Commercial Pipe Sizes and Wall Thicknesses ....................................... 19-1 Table 19-2 Decimal Equivalents of Fractions.......................................................... 19-2 Table 19-3 Hardness Conversion Numbers............................................................. 19-3 Table 19-4 Melting Points of Metals....................................................................... 19-4 Table 19-5 Thermal Expansion Data ...................................................................... 19-5 Table 19-6(a) Electrode Classification ........................................................................ 19-6 Table 19-6(b) Electrode Classification ........................................................................ 19-7
Section 19 Charts and Tables m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter19.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 19-1 Table 19-1 Commercial Pipe Sizes and Wall Thicknesses
Section 19 Charts and Tables m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter19.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 19-2 Table 19-2 Decimal Equivalents of Fractions Inches Decimal of an Inch Inches Decimal of an Inch 1/64 0.015625 7/16 0.4375 1/32 0.03125 29/64 0.453125 3/64 0.046875 15/32 0.46875 1/20 0.05 31/64 0.484375 1/16 0.0625 1/2 0.5 1/13 0.0769 33/64 0.515625 5/64 0.078125 17/32 0.53125 1/12 0.0833 35/64 0.546875 1/11 0.0909 9/16 0.5625 3/32 0.09375 37/64 0.578125 1/10 0.10 19/32 0.59375 7/64 0.109375 39/64 0.609375 1/9 0.111 5/8 0.625 1/8 0.125 41/64 0.640625 9/64 0.140625 21/32 0.65625 1/7 0.1429 43/64 0.671875 5/32 0.15625 11/16 0.6875 1/6 0.1667 45/64 0.703125 11/64 0.171875 23/32 0.71875 3/16 0.1875 47/64 0.734375 1/5 0.2 3/4 0.75 13/64 0.203125 49/64 0.765625 7/32 0.21875 25/32 0.78125 15/64 0.234375 51/64 0.796875 1/4 0.25 13/16 0.8125 17/64 0.265625 53/64 0.828125 9/32 0.28125 27/32 0.84375 19/64 0.296875 55/64 0.859375 5/16 0.3125 7/8 0.875 21/64 0.328125 57/64 0.890625 1/3 0.333 29/32 0.90625 11/32 0.34375 59/64 0.921875 23/64 0.359375 15/16 0.9375 3/8 0.375 61/64 0.953125 25/64 0.390625 31/32 0.96875 13/32 0.40625 63/64 0.984375 27/64 0.421875 1 1.0
Section 19 Charts and Tables m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter19.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 19-3 Table 19-3 Hardness Conversion Numbers
Section 19 Charts and Tables m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter19.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 19-4 Table 19-4 Melting Points of Metals Melting points of some metals and other temperatures of interest.
Section 19 Charts and Tables m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter19.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 19-5
Section 19 Charts and Tables m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter19.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 19-6 Table 19-6(a) Electrode Classification E60 Series – Minimum Tensile Strength of Deposited Metal in the As-Welded Condition 60,000 psi or Higher [see Table 19.6(b)] AWS Classification Type of Covering Capable of Producing Satisfactory Welds in Positions Shown* Type of Current** E6010 High cellulose, sodium F, V, OH, H dc, reverse polarity E6011 High cellulose, potassium F, V, OH, H ac, or dc reverse polarity E6012 High titania, sodium F, V, OH, H ac, or dc straight polarity E6013 High titania, potassium F, V, OH, H ac, or dc either polarity E6020 High iron-oxide H-Fillets ac, or dc straight polarity F ac, or dc either polarity E6027 Iron powder, iron oxide H-Fillets ac, or dc straight polarity F ac, or dc either polarity *The abbreviations F, V, OH, H, and H-Fillets indicate welding positions (Figures 1 and 2) as follows: F = Flat H = Horizontal H-Fillets = Horizontal Fillets OH = Overhead V = Vertical **Reverse polarity means electrode is positive; straight polarity means electrode is negative.
Section 19 Charts and Tables m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter19.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 19-7 Table 19-6(b) Electrode Classification E70 Series – Minimum Tensile Strength of Deposited Metal in the As-Welded Condition 70,000 psi or Higher AWS Classification Type of Covering Capable of Producing Satisfactory Welds in Positions Shown* Type of Current** E7014 Iron powder, titania F, V, OH, H ac, or dc either polarity E7015 Low hydrogen, sodium F, V, OH, H dc, reverse polarity E7016 Low hydrogen, potassium F, V, OH, H ac, or dc reverse polarity E7018 Iron powder, low hydrogen F, V, OH, H ac, or dc reverse polarity E7024 Iron powder, titania H-Fillets, F ac, or dc either polarity E7028 Iron powder, low hydrogen H-Fillets, F ac, or dc reverse polarity *The abbreviations F, V, OH, H, and H-Fillets indicate welding positions (Figures 1 and 2) as follows: F = Flat H = Horizontal H-Fillets = Horizontal Fillets OH = Overhead V = Vertical **Reverse polarity means electrode is positive; straight polarity means electrode is negative.
Section 20 Terms and Definitions m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter20.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 20-1 The terms and definitions used in this handbook are taken from AWS-A3.0-80. This was done as a convenience only, and the authors assume no liability for any inaccuracy in these notations. Terms and definitions contained herein taken from other codes or documents will be so indicated at the end of each notation, if not taken from AWS. A acceptable weld A weld that meets all the requirements and the acceptance criteria prescribed by the welding specifications. actual throat See “throat of a fillet weld.” arc strike A discontinuity consisting of any localized remelted metal, heataffected metal, or change in the surface profile of any part of a weld or base metal resulting from an arc. as-welded The condition of weld metal, welded joints, and weldments after welding but prior to any subsequent thermal, mechanical, or chemical treatments. axis of a weld A line through the length of a weld, perpendicular to and at the geometric center of its cross section. B backhand welding A welding technique in which the welding torch or gun is directed opposite to the progress of welding. Sometimes referred to as the it pull gun technique” in GMAW and FCAW. backing A material (base metal, weld metal, carbon, or granular material) placed at the root of a weld joint for the purpose of supporting molten weld metal. backing bead See preferred term “backing weld.” backing ring Backing in the form of a ring, generally used in the welding of piping. backing-split pipe See “Split pipe backing.” backing strap See preferred term “backing strip.” backing strip Backing in the form of a strip. backing weld Backing in the form of a weld. backstep sequence A longitudinal sequence in which the weld bead increments are deposited in the direction opposite to the progress of welding the joint. backup (flash and upset welding) A locator used to transmit all or a portion of the upsetting force to the workpieces or to aid in preventing the workpieces from slipping during upsetting.
Section 20 Terms and Definitions m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter20.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 20-2 back weld A weld deposited at the back of a single groove weld. bare electrode A filler metal electrode consisting of a single metal or alloy that has been produced into a wire, strip, or bar form and that has had no coating or covering applied to it other than that which was incidental to its manufacture or preservation. base material The material to be welded, brazed, soldered, or cut. See also “base metal” and “substrate.” base metal The metal to be welded, brazed, soldered, ,or cut. The use of this term implies that materials other than metals are also referred to, where this is appropriate. See also “base material” and “substrate.” bead See preferred term “weld bead.” bead weld See preferred term “surfacing weld.” boxing The continuation of a fillet weld around a corner of a member as an extension of the principal weld. C chain intermittent welds Intermittent welds on both sides of a joint in which the weld increments on one side are approximately opposite those on the other side. complete fusion Fusion which has occurred over the entire base material surfaces intended for welding and between all layers and weld beads. complete joint penetration Joint penetration in which the weld metal completely fills the groove and is fused to the base metal throughout its total thickness. complete penetration See preferred term “complete joint penetration.” concave fillet weld A fillet weld having a concave face. concave root surface A root surface which is concave. concavity The maximum distance from the face of a concave fillet weld perpendicular to a line joining the toes. continuous weld A weld which extends continuously from one end of a joint to the other. Where the joint is essentially circular, it extends completely around the joint. convex fillet weld A fillet weld having a convex face. convexity The maximum distance from the face of a convex fillet weld perpendicular to a line joining the toes. crack A fracture type discontinuity characterized by a sharp tip and high ratio of length and width to opening displacement. crater In arc welding, a depression at the termination of a weld bead or in the molten weld pool.
Section 20 Terms and Definitions m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter20.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 20-3 crater crack A crack in the crater of a weld bead. D defect A discontinuity or discontinuities which by nature or accumulated effect (for example, total crack length) render a part or product unable to meet minimum applicable acceptance standards or specifications. This term designates rejectability. See “discontinuity” and “flaw.” defective weld A weld containing one or more defects. depth of fusion The distance that fusion extends into the base metal or previous pass from the surface melted during welding. discontinuity An interruption of the typical structure of a weldment, such as a lack of homogeneity in the mechanical, metallurgical, or physical characteristics of the material or weldment. A discontinuity is not necessarily a defect. See “defect,” “flaw.” E edge joint A joint between the edges of two or more parallel or nearly parallel members. effective length of weld The length of weld throughout which the correctly proportioned cross section exists. In a curved weld, it shall be measured along the axis of the weld. effective throat The minimum distance from the root of a weld to its face less any reinforcement. end return See preferred term “boxing.” F face of weld The exposed surface of a weld on the side from which welding was done. face reinforcement Reinforcement of weld at the side of the joint from which welding was done. See also “root reinforcement.” faying surface That mating surface of a member which is in contact or in close proximity to another member to which it is to be joined. fillet weld A weld of approximately triangular cross section joining two surfaces approximately at right angles to each other in a lap joint, T-joint, or corner joint. full fillet weld A fillet weld whose size is equal to the thickness of the thinner member joined.
Section 20 Terms and Definitions m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter20.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 20-4 fusion The melting together of filler metal and base metal (substrate), or of base metal only, which results in coalescence. See “depth of fusion.” I inadequate joint penetration Joint penetration which is less than that specified. incomplete fusion Fusion which is less than complete. intermittent weld A weld in which the continuity is broken by recurring unwelded spaces. J joint design The joint geometry together with the required dimensions of the welded joint. joint penetration The minimum depth a groove or flange weld extends from its face into a joint, exclusive of reinforcement. Joint penetration may include root penetration. See also “complete joint penetration,” “root penetration,” and “effective throat.” K kerf The width of the cut produced during a cutting process. L lack of fusion See preferred term “incomplete fusion.” lap joint A joint between two overlapping members. O overlap The protrusion of weld metal beyond the toe, face, or root of the weld; in resistance seam welding, the area in the preceding weld remelted by the succeeding weld. P plug weld A circular weld made through a hole in one member of a lap or Tjoint fusing that member to the other. The walls of the hole may or may not be parallel and the hole may be partially or completely filled with weld metal. (A fillet welded hole or a spot weld should not be construed as conforming to this definition.) porosity Cavity type discontinuities formed by gas entrapment during solidification.
Section 20 Terms and Definitions m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter20.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 20-5 procedure The detailed elements (with prescribed values or ranges of values) of a process or method used to produce a specific result. procedure qualification The demonstration that welds made by a specific procedure can meet prescribed standards. procedure qualification record (PQR) A document providing the actual welding variables used to produce an acceptable test weld and the results of tests conducted on the weld for the purpose of qualifying a welding procedure specification. R random intermittent welds Intermittent welds on one or both sides of a joint in which the weld increments are deposited without regard to spacing. reinforcement of weld Weld metal in excess of the quantity required to fill a joint. See “face reinforcement” and “root reinforcement.” root crack A crack in the weld or heat-affected zone occurring at the root of a weld. root of weld The points, as shown in cross section, at which the back of the weld intersects the base metal surfaces. S seal weld Any weld designed primarily to provide a specific degree of tightness against leakage. size of weld groove weld The joint penetration (depth of bevel plus the root penetration when specified). The size of a groove weld and its effective throat are one and the same. fillet weld For equal leg fillet welds, the leg lengths of the largest isosceles right triangle which can be inscribed within the fillet weld cross section. For unequal leg fillet welds, the leg lengths of the largest right triangle which can be inscribed within the fillet weld cross section. Note: When one member makes an angle with the other member greater than 105 degrees, the leg length (size) is of less significance than the effective throat which is the controlling factor for the strength of a weld. stud welding A general term for the joining of a metal stud or similar part to a workpiece. Welding may be accomplished by arc, resistance, friction, or other suitable process with or without external gas shielding.
Section 20 Terms and Definitions m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter20.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 20-6 T throat of a fillet weld theoretical throat The distance from the beginning of the joint perpendicular to the hypotenuse of the largest right triangle that can be inscribed within the fillet weld cross section. This dimension is based on the assumption that the root opening is equal to zero. actual throat The shortest distance from the root of weld to its face. effective throat The minimum distance minus any reinforcement from the root of weld to its face. T-joint A joint between two members located approximately at right angles to each other in the form of a T. toe of weld The junction between the face of a weld and the base metal. U underbead crack A crack in the heat-affected zone generally not extending to the surface of the base metal. undercut A groove melted into the base metal adjacent to the toe or root of a weld and left unfilled by weld metal. underfill A depression on the face of the weld or root surface extending below the surface of the adjacent base metal. W weld A localized coalescence of metals or nonmetals produced either by heating the materials to suitable temperatures, with or without the application of pressure or by the application of pressure alone and with or without the use of filler material. welder One who performs a manual or semiautomatic welding operation. (Sometimes erroneously used to denote a welding machine.) welder performance qualification The demonstration of a welder’s ability to produce welds meeting prescribed standards. welder certification Certification in writing that a welder has produced welds meeting prescribed standards. weld gage A device designed for checking the shape and size of welds.