Section 13 Preheat and Interpass Temperatures m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter13.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 13-3 Table 13-1 Summary of Preheat Requirements* ASME/ANSI B31.1 (Mandatory Minimums) ASME/ANSI B31.3 (Required/Recommended) ASME Section III (Non-mandatory Minimums) P1 175F for material with both carbon over 0.30% and thickness over 1 inch 50F for all others 175F for material thickness 1 inch 50F for all others Group 1 200F for C 0.30% and thickness >1-1/2 inches 250F for both over 0.30% C and 1 inch thickness 50F for all others Group 2 200F for 0.30% C or less and thickness over 1 inch 250F for both over 0.30% C and 1 inch thickness 50F for all others Group 3 250F for either material >70k tensile or thickness over 5/8 inch 50F for all others P3 175F for material with greater than 70k tensile or thickness over 5/8 inch 50F for all others 175F for material thickness 1/2 inch and 71k tensile 175F for all thickness of materal > 71k 50F for all others 250F for either material with over 70k tensile or thickness over 5/8 inch 50F for all others P4 250F for material with greater than 60k tensile or thickness over 1/2 inch 50F for all others 300F for all thicknesses of materials with 1/2% to 2% Cr (Required) 300F for material with greater than 60k tensile or thickness over 1/2 inch 50F for all others P5 400F for material with greater than 60k tensile or material with both over 6% Cr and thickness over 1/2 inch 300F for all others 350F for all thicknesses of material with 2-1/4% to 10% Cr (Required) 400F for material with greater than 60k tensile or material with both over 6% Cr and thickness over 1/2 inch 300F for all others P6 400F for all material 300F for all material (600F interpass) 400F for all material P7 50F for all material 50F for all material No recommended minimum P8 50F 50F for all material No recommended minimum P9 250F for P-No. 9A 300F for P-No. 9B 200F for all material 300F for all material P10A Not addressed 175F for all material 175F for all material P10B Not addressed Not addressed 250F P10D Not addressed Not addressed 300F with interpass at 300-450F P10E 300F with maximum interpass of 450F 300F with interpass 350F-450F 300F with interpass at 300-450F P11A Not addressed 50F for all material Not addressed
Section 13 Preheat and Interpass Temperatures m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter13.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 13-4 Table 13-2 Prequalified Minimum Preheat and Interpass Temperature
Section 13 Preheat and Interpass Temperatures m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter13.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 13-5 Table 13-2 (Cont’d)
Section 14 Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter14.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 14-0 Page 14.1 ASME/ANSI B31.1 ................................................................................... 14-1 14.1.1 Code Required PWHT Tables.................................................................... 14-1 14.1.2 Different P-Number, PWHT Requirements................................................. 14-3 14.1.3 Definition of Thickness Governing PWHT.................................................. 14-3 14.1.4 PWHT Heating and Cooling Requirements................................................. 14-4 14.2 ASME/ANSI B31.3 ................................................................................... 14-6 14.2.1 Code Required PWHT Tables.................................................................... 14-6 14.2.2 Different P-Number, PWHT Requirements................................................. 14-6 14.2.3 Definition of Thickness Governing PWHT.................................................. 14-7 14.2.4 Hardness Tests........................................................................................... 14-8 14.3 ASME SECTION III ................................................................................. 14-9 14.3.1 Code Required PWHT Requirements......................................................... 14-9 14.3.2 Code Exemptions to PWHT – All P-Numbers............................................ 14-10 14.3.3 Different P-Numbers.................................................................................. 14-11 14.3.4 Definition of Thickness Governing PWHT.................................................. 14-11 14.4 AWS D1.1 ................................................................................................. 14-12 14.4.1 Code Required PWHT Requirements......................................................... 14-12 14.4.2 Alternative PWHT Requirements ............................................................... 14-12
Section 14 Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter14.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 14-1 14.1 ASME/ANSI B31.1 14.1.1 Code Required PWHT Tables Table 132 Post Weld Heat Treatment Holding Time Based on Nominal Thickness P-Number from Appendix A Holding Temperature Range, °F (°C) Up to 2 in. (50 mm) Over 2 in. (50 mm) P-No. 1 Gr. Nos. 1, 2, 3 1100 (600) to 1200 (650) 1 hr/in. (25mm) 15 min minimum 2 hr plus 15 min for each additional inch over 2 in. (50 mm) Notes: (I) PWHT of P-No. I materials is not mandatory under the following conditions: (A) when the nominal thickness, as defined in Para. 132.4.1 is 3/4 in. (19.0 mm) or less; or (B) for branch welds, fillet welds, and repair welds when the weld thickness, as defined in Para. 132.4.2 is 3/4 in. (19.0 mm) or less and a minimum preheat of 200°F (95°C) is applied when the base metal or the thicker of the base metals to be welded exceeds 1 in. (25.0 mm). (II) When it is impractical to PWHT at the temperature range specified in Table 132, it is permissible to perform the PWHT of this material at lower temperatures for longer periods of time in accordance with Table 132.1. Holding Time Based on Nominal Thickness P-Number from Appendix A Holding Temperature Range, °F (°C) Up to 2 in. (50 mm) Over 2 in. (50 mm) P-No. 3 Gr. Nos. 1, 2 1100 (600) to 1200 (650) 1 hr/in. (25mm) 15 min minimum 2 hr plus 15 min for each additional inch over 2 in. (50 mm) Notes: (I) PWHT of P-No. 3 materials with a specified carbon content of not more than 0.25%, is not mandatory under the following conditions: (A) when the nominal thickness, as defined in Para. 132.4.1, is 5/8 in. (16.0 mm) or less; or (B) when the weld thickness, as defined in Para. 132.4.2, is 1/2 in. (13.0 mm) or less and a minimum preheat of 200°F (95°C) is applied when the base metal or the thicker of the base metals to be welded exceeds 5/8 in. (16.0 mm). (II) When it is impractical to PWHT at the temperature range specified in Table 132, it is permissible to perform the PWHT of this material at lower temperatures for longer periods of time in accordance with Table 132.1.
Section 14 Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter14.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 14-2 Table 132 (Cont’d) Holding Time Based on Nominal Thickness P-Number from Appendix A Holding Temperature Range, °F (°C) Up to 2 in. (50 mm) Over 2 in. (50 mm) P-No. 4 Gr. Nos. 1, 2 1300 (700) to 1375 (750) 1 hr/in. (25 mm) 15 min minimum 2 hr plus 15 min for each additional inch over 2 in. (50 mm) Notes: (I) PWHT is not mandatory for P-No. 4 material under the following conditions: (A) welds in pipe or attachment welds to pipe complying with all of the following conditions: (1) a maximum nominal pipe size of 4 in.; (2) a maximum material thickness of 1/2 in. (13.0 mm); (3) a maximum specified carbon content of the material to be welded of 0.15%; (4) application of 250°F (120°C) minimum preheat during welding. (B) for seal welding of threaded or other mechanical joints provided: (1) the seal weld has a throat thickness of 1% in. (9.0 mm) or less; (2) a minimum preheat of 250°F (120°C) during welding is applied. Holding Time Based on Nominal Thickness P-Number from Appendix A Holding Temperature Range, °F (°C) Up to 2 in. (50 mm) Over 2 in. (50 mm) P-No. 5 Gr. Nos. 1, 2 1300 (700) to 1400 (760) 1 hr/in. (25 mm) 15 min minimum 2 hr plus 15 min for each additional inch over 2 in. (50 mm) Notes: (I) PWHT is not mandatory for P-No. 5 material under the following conditions: (A) welds in pipe or attachment welds to pipe complying with all of the following conditions: (1) a maximum nominal pipe size of 4 in.; (2) a maximum material thickness of 1/2 in. (13.0 mm); (3) a maximum specified chromium content of the material to be welded of 3.0%; (4) a maximum specified carbon content of the material to be welded of 0.15%; (5) application of 300°F (150°C) minimum preheat during welding. Holding Time Based on Nominal Thickness P-Number from Appendix A Holding Temperature Range, °F (°C) Up to 2 in. (50 mm) Over 2 in. (50 mm) P-No. 6 Gr. Nos. 1, 2, 3 1400 (760) to 1475 (800) 1 hr/in. (25 mm) 15 min minimum 2 hr plus 15 min for each additional inch over 2 in. (50 mm) Notes: (I) PWHT is not mandatory for P-No. 6 material under the following conditions: (A) for Type 410 material provided: (1) the specified carbon content is not more than 0.08%; (2) the maximum material thickness is 34 in. (10 mm); (3) the weld is made with A-No. 8, A-No. 9, or F-No. 43 filler metal.
Section 14 Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter14.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 14-3 Table 132 (Cont’d) Holding Time Based on Nominal Thickness P-Number from Appendix A Holding Temperature Range, °F (°C) Up to 2 in. (50 mm) Over 2 in. (50 mm) P-No. 7 Gr. Nos. 1, 2 1350 (730) to 1425 (775) 1 hr/in. (25 mm) 15 min minimum 2 hr plus 15 min for each additional inch over 2 in. (50 mm) Notes: (I) In lieu of the cooling rate described in Para. 132.5, P-No. 7 material cooling rate shall be 100°F (55°C) per hr maximum in the range above 1200°F (650°C) after which the cooling rate shall be sufficiently rapid to prevent embrittlement. (II) PWHT is not mandatory for P-No. 7 material under the following conditions: (A) for Type 405 material provided: (1) the specified carbon content is not more than 0.08%; (2) the maximum material thickness is h in. (10 mm); (3) the weld is made with A-No. 8, A-No. 9, or F-No. 43 filler metal. 14.1.2 Different P-Number, PWHT Requirements When parts of two different P-Numbers are joined by welding, the post weld heat treatment shall be that specified for the material requiring the higher PWHT temperature. When a nonpressure part is welded to a pressure part and PWHT is required for either part, the maximum PWHT temperature shall not exceed the maximum temperature acceptable for the pressure retaining part. (132.2) 14.1.3 Definition of Thickness Governing PWHT The term “Nominal Thickness” as used in Table 132 and Notes is the lesser thickness of (A) or (B) as follows: (A) the thickness of the weld; (B) the thicker of the materials being joined at the weld. (132.4.1) Thickness of the weld, which is a factor in determining the nominal thickness, is defined as follows: (132.4.2) (A) groove welds (girth and longitudinal) – the thicker of the two abutting ends after weld preparation, including ID machining; (B) fillet welds – the throat thickness of the weld; (C) partial penetration welds – the depth of the weld groove; (D) material repair welds – the depth of the cavity to be repaired; (E) for branch welds, refer to Fig. 14.1 and calculate the weld thickness as follows: (1) for detail (a), weld thickness = tb + tc (2) for detail (b), weld thickness = th + tc
Section 14 Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter14.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 14-4 (3) for detail (c), weld thickness = the greater of te + tc or tb + tc (4) for detail (d), weld thickness = th + te + tc (5) for detail (e), weld thickness tb + tc Branch welds which have widely varying actual weld thicknesses shall be calculated in the same manner using the wall thicknesses existing in the plane intersecting the longitudinal axis. For the purpose of calculating weld thicknesses in (E.1) through (E.5) above, tc = the smaller of 1/4 in. (6.0 mm) or 0.7 tn. (132.4) 14.1.4 PWHT Heating and Cooling Requirements Above 600°F, the rate of heating and cooling shall not exceed 600°F per hour divided by 1/2 the maximum thickness of material in inches at the weld but in no case shall the rate exceed 600°F per hour. (See Table 132 for cooling rat requirements for P-Numbers 7 and 10E materials. (132.5)
Section 14 Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter14.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 14-5 Figure 14-1 Branch Welds
Section 14 Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter14.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 14-6 14.2 ASME/ANSI B31.3 14.2.1 Code Required PWHT Tables Table 331.1.1 Requirements for Heat Treatment PWHT P-No. Base Nominal Specified Min. Metal Holding Time Brinell Metal Wall Tensile Temperature hr/in Min. Hardness Group Thick (in.) Base Metal(ksi) Range(ºF) Time Max. 1 Carbon steel 3/4 >3/4 All All None 1100-1200 - - - 1 - - - 1 - - - - - - 3 Alloy steels, Cr 1/2% 3/4 >3/4 All 71 All >71 None 1100-1325 1100-1325 - - - 1 1 - - - 1 1 - - - 225 225 4 Alloy steels 1/2% < Cr 2% 1/2 >1/2 All 71 All >71 None 1300-1375 1300-1375 - - - 1 1 - - - 2 2 - - - 225 225 5 Alloy Steels, (2-14% Cr 10%) 3%Cr, and 0.15%C,and >3%Cr, or >0.15%C 1/2 >1/2 All All None 1300-1400 - - - 1 - - - 2 - - - 241 6 High alloy steels,martensitic A240 Gr. 429 All All All All 1350-1450 1150-1225 1 1 2 2 241 241 7 High alloy steels,ferritic All All None - - - - - - - - - 8 High alloy steels,austenitic All All None - - - - - - - - - 9A,B Nickel alloy steels 3/4 >3/4 All All None 100-1175 - - - 1/2 - - - 1 - - - - - - 10 Cr-Cu steel All All 1400-1500 1/2 1/2 - - - 10A Mn-V steel 3/4 >3/4 All 71 All >71 None 1100-1300 1100-1300 - - - 1 1 - - - 1 1 - - - 225 225 10E 27Cr steel All All 1225-1300 1 1 - - - 10H Duplex stainless steels All All (per material spec) 1/2 1/2 - - - 11A 5 Ni, 8Ni, 9Ni steel 2 >2 All All None 1025-1085 - - - 1 - - - 1 - - - - - - 14.2.2 Different P-Number, PWHT Requirements (A) Heat treatment of welded joints between dissimilar ferritic metals or between ferritic metals using dissimilarferritic filler metal shall be at the higher of the temperature ranges in Table 331.1.1 for the materials in the joint. (B) Heat treatment of welded joints including both ferritic and austenitic components and filler metals shall be as required for the ferritic material or materials unless otherwise specified in the engineering design. (331.2.3)
Section 14 Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter14.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 14-7 14.2.3 Definition of Thickness Governing PWHT When components are joined by welding, the thickness to be used in applying the heat treatment provisions of Table 331.1.1 shall be that of the thicker component measured at the joint, except as follows. (A) Branch connections; Heat treatment is required when the thickness through the weld in any plane through the branch is greater than twice the minimum material thickness requiring heat treatment, even though the thickness of the components at the joint is less than the minimum thickness. Thickness through the weld for the details shown in Figure 14-1 (Fig. 328.5.4D) shall be computed using the following formulas: (1) for detail (a), weld thickness = tb + tc (2) for detail (b), weld thickness = th + tc (3) for detail (c), weld thickness = the greater of te + tc or tb + tc (4) for detail (d), weld thickness = th + te + tc (5) for detail (e), weld thickness tb + tc (B) Fillet welds; In the case of fillet welds at slip-on and socket welding flanges and piping connections NPS 2 and smaller, for seal welding of threaded joints in piping NPS 2 and smaller, and for attachment of external nonpressure parts such as lugs in all pipe sizes, heat treatment is required when the thickness through the weld in any plane is more than twice the minimum material thickness requiring heat treatment (even though the thickness of the components at the joint is less than that minimum thickness) except as follows: (1) not required for P-No.1 materials when weld throat thickness is 5/8 in. or less, regardless of base metal thickness; (2) not required for P-No.3, 4, 5, or 10A materials when weld throat thickness is 1/2 in. or less, regardless of base metal thickness, provided that not less than the recommended preheat is applied and the specified minimum tensile strength of the base metal is less than 71 ksi. (3) not required for ferritic materials whenwelds are made with filler metal which does not air harden. 14.2.3 PWHT Heating and Cooling Requirements The heating method shall provide the required metal temperature, metal temperature uniformity, and temperature control, and may include an enclosed furnace, local flame heating, electric resistance, electric induction, or exothermic chemical reaction. The cooling method shall provide the required or desired cooling rate and may include cooling in a furnace, in air, by application of local heat or insulation, or by other suitable means.
Section 14 Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter14.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 14-8 14.2.4 Hardness Tests The hardness limits apply to the weld and heat affected zone tested as close as practicable to the edge of the weld. Where a hardness limit is specified in Table 331.1.1, 100% of locally heat treated welds shall be tested.
Section 14 Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter14.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 14-9 14.3 ASME SECTION III 14.3.1 Code Required PWHT Requirements Table NX-4622.1-1 Mandatory Requirements for Post Weld Heat Treatment of Welds1 P-No. (QW-420 Holding Temperature Minimum Holding Time at Temperature for Weld Thickness (Nominal) Section IX) Range °F 1/2 in. or less Over 1/2 in to 2 in. Over 2 in. to 5 in. Over 5 in. 1, 3 1100–1250 30 min 1 hr/in. 2 hr plus 15 min each additional inch over 2 in. 2 hr plus 15 min each additional inch over 2 in. 4 1100–1250 30 min 1 hr/in. 1 hr/in. 5 hr plus 15 min each additional inch over 5 in. 5, 6 (except P-No. 6 Gr. 4) 1250–1400 30 min 1 hr/in. 1 hr/in. 5 hr plus 15 min each 6, Gr. 4 1100–1150 additional inch over 5 in. 7 1300–1400 30 min 1 hr/in. 1 hr/in. 5 hr plus 15 min each additional inch over 5 in. 9A, Gr. 1 1100–1250 30 min 1 hr/in. 1 hr/in. 5 hr plus 15 min each 9B, Gr. 1 1100–1175 additional inch over 5 in. 10F, Gr. 1 1100–1250 30 min 1 hr/in. 1 hr/in. 5 hr plus 15 min each 10I, Gr. 1 1300–1405 additional inch over 5 in. 11A, Gr. 4 1000–1050 30 min 1 hr/in. 1 hr/in. 1 hr/in. P-Nos. 8, 34, 42, 43, 45 & hard surfacing on PNo. 1 base metal whose reported carbon content is PWHT neither required nor prohibited
Section 14 Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter14.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 14-10 nor more than 0.30% Notes: (1) Exemptions to the mandatory requirements of this Table are defined in Table NX4622.7. (2) All temperatures are metal temperatures.
Section 14 Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter14.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 14-11 14.3.2 Code Exemptions to PWHT – All P-Numbers Table NX-4622.7(b)-1 Exemptions to Mandatory PWHT Properties of Pressure Retaining Material Being Joined P-No. Nominal Max. Min. QW-420 Thickness Reported Preheat Sect. IX Type of Weld (NX-4622.3) Carbon, % Req’d, °F 1 Vessel Circumferential butt and socket welds 1-1/4 in. and less 0.30 or less – (Note 1) connecting pipe and tubes to nozzles over 1-1/4 in. to 1-1/2 in. 0.30 or less 200 3/4 in. or less over 0.30 – over 3/4 in. to 1-1/2 in. over 0.30 299 Fillet welds 3/4 in. or less – 200 All welds, except repair welds, provided welding procedure qualification is made in equal or greater thickness than the production weld 5/8 in. or less 0.25 or less 200 Other components All welds, including repair welds, in material 1-1/2 in. and less 1-1/4 in. and less 0.30 or less – over 1-1/4 in. to 1-1/2 in. 0.30 or less 200 3/4 in. or less over 0.30 – over 3/4 in. to 1-1/2 in. over 0.30 299 Fillet, partial penetration, and repair welds in material over 1-1/2 in. 3/4 in. or less – 200 3 except Gr. 3 All welds, except repair welds in vessels, provided welding procedure qualification is made in equal or greater thickness than production weld (Note 2) 5/8 in. or less 0.25 or less 200 Attachment welds joining nonpressureretaining material to pressure retaining material 1/2 in. or less 0.25 or less 200 Circumferential butt welds or socket welds in pipe and tubes 1/2 in. or less 0.25 or less 200 4 Circumferential butt welds in pipe and tubes with nominal O.D. 4 in. or less and attachment welds 1/2 in. or less 0.25 or less 250 5 Circumferential butt welds in pipe and tubes with maximum reported chromium 3.00% or less and nominal O.D. 4 in. or less and attachment welds 1/2 in. or less 0.25 or less 300 7 Type 405 and 410 welded with A-No. 8, A-No. 9, or F-No. 43 filler metal 3/8 in. or less 0.08 or less – Notes: (1) Apply to Subsection NB only. (2) Does not apply to Subsection NF Components.
Section 14 Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter14.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 14-12 Table NX-4622.7(b)-1 (Cont’d) Properties of Pressure Retaining Material Being Joined P-No. Nominal Max. Min. QW-420 Thickness Reported Preheat Sect. IX Type of Weld (NX-4622.3) Carbon, % Req’d, °F 9A, Gr. 1 All welds provided in procedure qualification is made in thickness equal to or greater than the production weld 5/8 in. or less – 200 Attachment welds joining nonpressureretaining material to pressure retaining material over 5/8 in. 1/2 in. or less – 200 Circumferential butt welds or socket welds in pipe and tubes with nominal O.D. 4 in. or less and attachment welds 1/2 in. or less 0.15 or less 250 9B, Gr. 1 All welds provided the procedure qualification is made in thickness equal to or greater than the production weld 5/8 in. or less – 200 Attachment welds joining pressure-retaining material to pressure retaining material over 5/8 in. 1/2 in. or less – 200 Notes: (1) Does not apply to Subsection NB Components. (2) Applies to Subsection NF Components only. 14.3.3 Different P-Numbers When materials of two different P-Number groups are joined by welding, the applicable post weld heat treatment shall be that specified in Table NX-4622.1-1 for the material requiring the higher PWHT temperature range. (NX-4622.5) 14.3.4 Definition of Thickness Governing PWHT Nominal thickness in Table NX-4622.1-1 and Table NX-4622.7(b)-l is the thickness of the weld, pressure retaining material, or the thinner of the sections being joined, whichever is least. For fillet welds the nominal thickness is the throat thickness, and for partial penetration and material repair welds the nominal thickness is the depth of the weld groove or preparation. (NX-4622.3)
Section 14 Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter14.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 14-13 14.4 AWS D1.1 14.4.1 Code Required PWHT Requirements The stress relief treatment shall conform to th following requirements: (1) The temperature of the furnace shall not exceed 600°F at the time the welded assembly is placed in it. (2) Above 600°F, the rate of heating shall not be more than 400°F/hour divided by the maximum metal thickness of the thicker part in inches, but in no case more than 400°F/hour During the heating period, variation in temperature throughout the portion of the part being heated shall be no greater than 250°F within any 15 ft. interval of length. (3) After a maximum temperature of 1100°F is reached on quenched and tempered steels, or mean temperature range between 1100-1200°F is reached on other steels, the temperature of the assembly shall be held within the specified limits for a time not less than specified in Table 4.4.2, based on weld thickness. When the specified stress relief is for dimensional stability, the holding time shall be not less than specified in Table 4.4.2, based on the thickness of the thicker part. During the holding period there shall be no difference greater than 150°F between the highest and lowest temperature throughout the portion of the assembly being heated. (4) Above 600°F, cooling shall be at a rate no greater than 500°F per hour divided by the maximum metal thickness of the thicker part in inches, but in no case more than 500°F per hour. From 600°F, the assembly may be cooled in still air. (4.4.2) 14.4.2 Alternative PWHT Requirements Alternatively, when it is impractical to post weld heat treat to the temperature limitations stated in 4.4.2, welded assemblies may be stress-relieved at lower temperatures for longer periods of time, as given in Table 4.4.3. (4.4.3) Table 4.4.2 Minimum Holding Time 1/4 in. (6.4 mm) or Less Over 1/4 in. (6.4 mm) Through 2 in. (51 mm) Over 2 in. (51 mm) 15 min 1 hr/in. 2 hrs plus 15 min for each additional in. over 2 in. (51 mm) Table 4.4.3 Alternative Stress-Relief Heat Treatment Decrease in Temperature Below Minimum Specified Temperature, Minimum Holding Time at Decreased °F °C Temperature, Hours per Inch of Thickness 50 28 2 100 56 3 150 84 5
Section 14 Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter14.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 14-14 200 112 10
Section 15 Prequalified Welded Joints AWS D1.1 m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter15.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 15-0 Page 15.1 COMPLETE JOINT PENETRATION GROOVE WELDS (2.9)............... 15-1 15.1.1 General ...................................................................................................... 15-1 15.1.2 Dimensional Tolerances.............................................................................. 15-1 15.1.3 Corner Joints.............................................................................................. 15-2 15.1.4 Base Metal (8.2 and 10.2) .......................................................................... 15-2 15.1.5 Notes......................................................................................................... 15-2 Complete Joint Penetration Groove Weld Tables........................................ 15-4 15.2 PARTIAL JOINT PENETRATION GROOVE WELDS (2.10) ................. 15-11 15.2.1 General ...................................................................................................... 15-11 15.2.2 Definition................................................................................................... 15-11 15.2.3 Dimensional Tolerances.............................................................................. 15-11 15.2.4 Corner Joints.............................................................................................. 15-12 15.2.5 Base Metal (8.2 and 10.2) .......................................................................... 15-12 15.2.6 Notes......................................................................................................... 15-12 Partial Joint Penetration Groove Weld Tables............................................. 15-13
Section 15 Prequalified Welded Joints AWS D1.1 m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter15.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 15-1 15.1 COMPLETE JOINT PENETRATION GROOVE WELDS (2.9) 15.1.1 General Complete joint penetration groove welds made by shielded metal arc, submerged arc, gas metal arc (except short circuiting transfer), or flux cored arc welding in butt, corner, and T-joints which may be used without performing the joint welding procedure qualification test prescribed in 5.2 are detailed in Figure 2.9.1 and are subject to the limitations specified in 2.9.2. (2.9.1) 2a. All complete joint penetration groove welds made by short circuiting transfer gas metal arc welding (see Appendix D) shall be qualified by the welding procedure qualification tests prescribed in 5.2. (2.9.1.1) 15.1.2 Dimensional Tolerances Dimensions of groove welds specified on design or detailed drawings may vary from the dimensions shown in Figure 2.9.1 only within the following limits. (2.9.2) 3a. The specified thickness of base metal or weld effective throat is the maximum nominal thickness that may be used. (2.9.2.1) 3b. The groove angle is minimum; it may be detailed to exceed the dimensions shown by no more than-10 degrees. (2.9.2-2) 3c. The radius of J-grooves and U-grooves is minimum. It may be detailed to exceed the dimensions shown by no more than 1/8 in. U-grooves may be prepared before or after fitup. (2.9.2.3) 3d. Double-groove welds may have grooves of unequal depth, but the depth of the shallower groove shall be no less than 1/4 of the thickness of the thinner part joined, unless otherwise designated in Figure 2.9.1. (2.9.2.4) 3e. The root face of the joint shall be as dimensioned in Figure 2.9.1 with the following variations permitted: (1) For SMAW, GKAW, or FCAW it may be detailed to exceed the specified dimension by no more than 1/16 in. It may not be detailed less than the specified dimension. (2) For submerged arc welding the specified root face of the joint is-maximum. (2.9.2.5) 3f. The root opening of the joints is minimum. It may be detailed to exceed the specified dimension by no more than 1/16 in., except that the root opening of closed joints for submerged arc welding shall be detailed as zero (no variation). (2.9.2.6) 3g. Groove preparations detailed for prequalified shielded metal arc welded joints may be used for prequalified gas metal arc or flux cored arc welding. (2.9.3)
Section 15 Prequalified Welded Joints AWS D1.1 m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter15.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 15-2 15.1.3 Corner Joints For corner joints the outside groove preparation may be in either or both members, provided the basic groove configuration is not changed and adequate edge distance is maintained to support the welding operations without excessive melting. (2.9.4) 15.1.4 Base Metal (8.2 and 10.2) Steel base metal to be welded to the requirements of AWS D1.1 shall conform to the requirements of the latest edition of one of the specifications listed in 8.2 and 10.2 of the AWS D1.1 Code. Combinations of any of the steel base metals specified in each section may be welded together. (8.2.1 and 10.2.1) 15.1.5 Notes The following Notes apply to the prequalified complete joint penetration groove welds. These Notes only apply as indicated and are in the far right column for each welding process and joint designation applicable to each illustration. Note “A” Not prequalified for gas metal arc welding using short circuiting transfer. Refer to Appendix D. Note “Br” Bridge application limits the use of these joints to the horizontal position (see 9.12.1.5). Note “C” Gouge root to sound metal before welding other side. Note “D” Welds must be centered on joint. Note “J” If fillet welds are used in building to reinforce groove welds in corner and T-joints, they shall be equal to 1/4 T but need not exceed 3/8 in. Groove welds in corner and T-joints of bridges shall be reinforced with fillet welds equal to 1/4 T, but not more than 3/8 in. Note “K” Weld root after welding at least one pass on arrow side. Note “M” Double-groove welds may have grooves of unequal depth; but the depth of the shallower groove shall be no less than one-fourth of the thickness of the thinner part joined. Note “N” The orientation of the two members in the joints may vary from 135 deg to 180 deg provided that the basic joint configuration (groove angle, root face, root opening) remain the same and that the design throat thickness if maintained. Note “P” Weld S2 first with gas metal arc (spray transfer), flux cored arc, or shielded metal arc with low hydrogen electrodes. The root of this weld shall be back gouged. Weld Sl with single- or multiple-pass submerged arc welding in flat position after welding is complete on the other side. Note “V” For corner joints, the outside groove preparation may be in either or both
Section 15 Prequalified Welded Joints AWS D1.1 m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter15.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 15-3 members, provided the basic groove configuration is not change and adequate edge distance is maintained to support the welding operations without excessive edge melting. Note “X” It is permissible for the groove opening to vary from 0 - 1/8 in., in which case, weld as follows: Seal weld the Sl groove first with shielded metal arc using low hydrogen electrodes and completing the weld with submerged arc welding. The root of the seal weld shall be back-gouged. Weld the S2 groove with shielded metal arc using low hydrogen electrode or by submerged arc welding. Note “Y” Shielded metal arc, submerged arc, gas metal arc (spray transfer), or flux cored arc backing fillet weld required. Note “Z” When lower plate is beveled, make the first root pass on this side.
Section 15 Prequalified Welded Joints AWS D1.1 m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter15.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 15-4 Complete Joint Penetration Groove Weld Tables
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Section 15 Prequalified Welded Joints AWS D1.1 m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter15.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 15-11 15.2 PARTIAL JOINT PENETRATION GROOVE WELDS (2.10) 15.2.1 General Partial joint penetration groove welds made by shielded metal arc welding, submerged arc welding, gas metal arc welding (except short circuiting transfer), or flux cored arc welding in butt, corner, and T-joints which may be used without performing the joint welding procedure qualification tests prescribed in 5.2 are detailed in Figure 2.10.1 and are subject to the limitations specified in 2.10.2. (2.10.1) 15.2.2 Definition Except as provided in 10.13.1.1, groove welds without steel backing, welded from one side, and groove welds welded from both sides but without back gouging are considered partial joint penetration groove welds. (2.10.1.1) 3a. All partial joint penetration groove welds made by short circuiting transfer gas metal arc welding (see Appendix D) shall be qualified by the joint welding procedure qualification test prescribed in 5.2. (2.10.1.1) 15.2.3 Dimensional Tolerances Dimensions of groove welds specified on design or detailed drawings may vary from the dimensions shown in Figure 2.10.1 only within the following limits: (2.10.2) 4a. The groove angle is minimum; it may be detailed to exceed the dimensions shown by no more than 10 degrees. 4b. The radius of the J-grooves and U-grooves is minimum. It may be detailed to exceed the dimensions shown by no more than 1/8 in. U-grooves may be prepared before or after fit-up. 4c. Double-groove welds may have grooves of unequal depth, providing the weld deposit on each side of the joint conforms to the limitations of Figure 2.10.1. 4d. The minimum root face of the joints shall be 1/8 in., except that the minimum root face for joints to be welded by submerged arc welding shall be 1/4 in. 4e. The root opening of joints is minimum. It may be detailed to exceed the specified dimensions by no more than 1/16 in., except that the root opening of closed joints for submerged arc welding shall be detailed as 0 (no variation). 4f. The effective throat of partial joint penetration square-, single- or double-V, bevel-, J-, and U-groove welds shall be as shown in Table 2.10.3. Section 4, page 4-2 of this handbook. 4g. Shop or working drawings shall specify the groove depths (S) applicable for the effective throat (E) required for the welding process and position of welding to be used. 4h. Groove preparations detailed for prequalified shielded metal arc welded joints may be used for prequalified gas metal arc or flux cored arc welding.
Section 15 Prequalified Welded Joints AWS D1.1 m:\temporary\welding inspection\chapter15.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 15-12 15.2.4 Corner Joints For corner joints, the outside groove preparation may be in either or both members, provided the basic groove configuration is not changed and adequate edge distance is maintained to support the welding operations without excessive melting. (2.10.5) 15.2.5 Base Metal (8.2 and 10.2) For base metal requirements, refer to 15.1.1. 15.2.6 Notes The following Notes apply to the prequalified complete joint penetration groove welds. These Notes only apply as indicated and are in the far right column for each welding process and joint designation applicable to each illustration. Note “A” Not prequalified for gas metal arc welding using short circuiting transfer. Refer to Appendix D. Note “B” Joints welded from one side. These welds are not applicable to bridges. Note “C” Gouge root to sound metal before welding other side. Note “C2” Root need not be gouged before welding second side. This weld is not applicable to bridges. Note “E” Minimum effective throat (E) as shown in Table 2.10.3; S as specified on drawings. Note “J” If fillet welds are used in building to reinforce groove welds in corner and T-joints, they shall be equal to 1/4 T but need not exceed 3/8 in. Groove welds in corner and T-joints of bridges shall be reinforced with fillet welds equal to 1/4 T but not more than 3/8 in. Note “L” Butt and T-joints are not prequalified for bridges. Note “M” Double-groove welds may have grooves of unequal depth, but the depth of the shallower groove shall be no less than one-fourth of the thickness of the thinner part joined. Note “Mp” Double-groove welds may have grooves of unequal depth, provided they conform to the limitations of Note E. Also, the effective throat (E), less any reduction, applies individually to each groove. Note “V” For corner joints, the outside groove preparation may be in either or both members, provided the basic groove configuration is not changed and adequate edge distance is maintained to support the welding operations without excessive edge melting. Note “W” Unbeveled face is the lower edge for horizontal position.
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Section 16 Fillet Welds in Skewed Members \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter16.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 16-0 16.1 AWS D1.1 ................................................................................................. 16-1 16.1.1 Prequalified Fillet Welds............................................................................. 16-1 16.1.2 Parts of a Fillet........................................................................................... 16-1 16.2 ASME III AND ASME/ANSI B31.1 ......................................................... 16-2 16.2.1 Fillet Welds................................................................................................ 16-2 16.3 GENERAL ................................................................................................ 16-2 16.3.1 Measurement of Skewed Fillets.................................................................. 16-2 Table 1 (Obtuse Angle Relationships)......................................................... 16-3 Table 2A (Acute Angle Relationships)........................................................ 16-4 Table 2B (Acute Angle Relationships -continued)....................................... 16-5
Section 16 Fillet Welds in Skewed Members \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter16.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 16-1 16.1 AWS D1.1 16.1.1 Prequalified Fillet Welds Fillet welds may be used in members having a dihedral angle not less than 60 degrees (acute side), nor more than 135 degrees (obtuse side), as shown below. *Note: For AWS D1.1, fillet welds may be used in skewed members having dihedral angles less than 60 degrees and greater than 135 degrees. However, they must be qualified by procedure qualification. See AWS D1.1. 16.1.2 Parts of a Fillet Note: For relationships between L, W, te and Angle (0), see Tables 1, 2A, and 2B of this section.
Section 16 Fillet Welds in Skewed Members \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter16.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 16-2 16.2 ASME III AND ASME/ANSI B31.1 16.2.1 Fillet Welds There are no dihedral angle restrictions for fillet welds in skewed members. 16.3 GENERAL 16.3.1 Measurement of Skewed Fillets For measurements of skewed fillet welds, refer to Section 3, “Use of Inspection Gages,” page 3-11.
Section 16 Fillet Welds in Skewed Members \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter16.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 16-3 Table 1 Obtuse Angle Relationships q te .088 .132 .177 .221 .265 .440 .354 .398 .442 .486 .530 .575 .619 .663 .707 95 L W 3/16 3/16 1/4 1/4 5/16 5/16 3/8 3/8 7/16 7/16 1/2 1/2 9/16 9/16 100 L W 3/16 3/16 1/4 1/4 5/16 5/16 3/8 3/8 7/16 7/16 9/16 9/16 9/16 9/16 105 L W 3/16 3/16 1/4 1/4 5/16 5/16 3/8 3/8 7/16 7/16 9/16 9/16 5/8 5/8 110 L W 3/16 3/16 1/4 1/4 5/16 5/16 7/16 7/16 1/2 1/2 5/8 5/8 5/8 5/8 115 L W 3/16 3/16 1/4 1/4 3/8 3/8 7/16 7/16 1/2 1/2 5/8 5/8 11/16 5/8 120 L W 3/16 3/16 5/16 5/16 3/8 3/8 1/2 7/16 9/16 1/2 11/16 5/8 3/4 11/16 125 L W 1/4 1/4 5/16 5/16 7/16 3/8 1/2 7/16 5/8 9/16 3/4 5/8 13/16 11/16 130 L W 1/4 1/4 5/16 1/4 7/16 3/8 9/16 7/16 11/16 9/16 13/16 5/8 7/8 11/16 135 L W 1/4 3/16 3/8 5/16 1/2 3/8 5/8 1/2 3/4 9/16 7/8 5/8 15/16 11/16 140 L W 5/16 1/4 7/16 5/16 9/16 3/8 145 L W 5/16 3/16 1/2 5/16 5/8 3/8 150 L W 3/8 3/16 9/16 5/16 11/16 3/8 Note: See paragraph 16.1.2 for definitions of L, te , W, and Angle (q).
Section 16 Fillet Welds in Skewed Members \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter16.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 16-4 Table 2A Acute Angle Relationships q te .088 .132 .177 .221 .265 .440 .354 .398 .442 .486 .530 .575 .619 30 L W 1/4 1/8 5/16 3/16 3/8 3/16 3/8 3/16 7/16 1/4 1/2 1/4 9/16 5/16 9/16 5/16 5/8 5/16 11/16 3/8 35 L W 1/4 3/16 5/16 3/16 3/8 1/4 3/8 1/4 7/16 5/16 1/2 5/16 9/16 3/8 9/16 3/8 5/8 3/8 11/16 7/16 40 L W 1/4 3/16 5/16 1/4 3/8 1/4 7/16 5/16 7/16 5/16 1/2 3/8 9/16 3/8 5/8 7/16 5/8 7/16 11/16 1/2 45 L W 1/4 3/16 5/16 1/4 3/8 5/16 7/16 5/16 7/16 5/16 1/2 3/8 9/16 7/16 5/8 1/2 5/8 1/2 11/16 1/2 50 L W 3/16 3/16 1/4 1/4 1/4 5/16 1/4 3/8 5/16 7/16 3/8 1/2 7/16 1/2 7/16 9/16 7/16 5/8 1/2 11/16 9/16 11/16 9/16 55 L W 3/16 3/16 1/4 1/4 1/4 1/4 5/16 5/16 3/8 5/16 7/16 3/8 1/2 7/16 1/2 7/16 9/16 1/2 5/8 9/16 11/16 5/8 3/4 5/8 60 L W 3/16 3/16 1/4 1/4 5/16 1/4 5/16 5/16 7/16 7/16 7/16 7/16 1/2 7/16 9/16 1/2 9/16 1/2 5/8 9/16 11/16 5/8 3/4 11/16 65 L W 1/8 1/8 3/16 3/16 1/4 1/4 5/16 5/16 3/8 3/8 7/16 7/16 7/16 7/16 1/2 1/2 9/16 9/16 5/8 5/8 11/16 5/8 11/16 5/8 3/4 11/16 70 L W 1/8 1/8 3/16 3/16 1/4 1/4 5/16 5/16 3/8 3/8 7/16 7/16 7/16 7/16 1/2 1/2 9/16 1/2 5/8 5/8 11/16 11/16 3/4 3/4 13/16 13/16 75 L W 1/8 1/8 3/16 3/16 1/4 1/4 5/16 5/16 3/8 3/8 7/16 7/16 1/2 7/16 9/16 1/2 9/16 9/16 5/8 5/8 11/16 11/16 3/4 3/4 13/16 13/16 80 L W 1/8 1/8 3/16 3/16 1/4 1/4 5/16 5/16 3/8 3/8 7/16 7/16 1/2 1/2 9/16 9/16 5/8 5/8 11/16 11/16 3/4 3/4 13/16 13/16 13/16 13/16 85 L W 1/8 1/8 3/16 3/16 1/4 1/4 5/16 5/16 3/8 3/8 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 9/16 9/16 5/8 5/8 11/16 11/16 3/4 3/4 13/16 13/16 7/8 7/8 Note: See paragraph 16.1.2 for definitions of L, te , W, and Angle (q).
Section 16 Fillet Welds in Skewed Members \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter16.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 16-5 Table 2B Acute Angle Relationships (Cont’d) q te .663 .707 .750 .795 .839 .884 .928 .972 1.017 1.061 1.105 1.149 30 L W 11/16 3/8 3/4 3/8 13/16 7/16 7/8 7/16 7/8 7/16 15/16 1/2 1 1/2 1-1/16 9/16 1-1/16 9/16 1-1/8 9/16 1-3/16 5/8 1-1/4 5/8 35 L W 3/4 7/16 3/4 7/16 13/16 1/2 7/8 9/16 15/16 9/16 15/16 9/16 1 5/8 1-1/16 5/8 1-1/16 11/16 1-1/16 11/16 1-3/16 11/16 1-1/4 3/4 40 L W 3/4 1/2 13/16 9/16 13/16 9/16 7/8 9/16 15/16 5/8 1 11/16 1 11/16 1-1/16 11/16 1-1/8 3/4 1-3/16 13/16 1-3/16 13/16 1-1/4 13/16 45 L W 3/4 9/16 13/16 5/8 13/16 5/8 7/8 5/8 15/16 11/16 1 3/4 1-1/16 13/16 1-1/6 13/16 1-1/8 13/16 1-3/16 7/8 1-1/4 15/16 1-1/4 15/16 50 L W 3/4 5/8 13/16 5/8 7/8 11/16 15/16 3/4 15/16 3/4 1 13/16 1-1/16 13/16 1-1/8 7/8 1-1/8 7/8 1-3/16 15/16 1-1/4 1 1-5/16 1-1/16 55 L W 3/4 5/8 13/16 11/16 7/8 3/4 15/16 13/16 1 7/8 1 7/8 1-3/16 7/8 1-1/8 16/16 1-3/16 1 1-1/4 1-1/16 1-1/4 1-1/16 1-5/16 1-1/16 60 L W 13/16 3/4 7/8 13/16 7/8 13/16 15/16 13/16 1 7/8 1-1/16 15/16 1-1/8 1 1-1/8 1 1-3/16 1-1/16 1-1/4 1-1/8 1-5/16 1-6/16 1-3/8 1-1/4 65 L W 13/16 3/4 7/8 13/16 15/16 15/16 1 15/16 1 15/16 1-1/16 1 1-1/8 1-1/16 1-3/16 1-1/8 1-1/4 1-3/16 1-5/16 1-1/4 1-5/16 1-1/4 1-3/8 1-1/4 70 L W 13/16 13/16 7/8 7/8 15/16 15/16 1 1 1-1/16 1 1-1/8 1-1/16 1-3/16 1-1/8 1-3/16 1-3/16 1-1/4 1-3/16 1-5/16 1-1/4 1-3/8 1-5/16 1-7/16 1-3/8 75 L W 7/8 13/16 15/16 7/8 1 1 1-1/16 1 1-1/16 1-1/16 1-1/8 1-1/8 1-3/16 1-1/8 1-1/4 1-1/4 1-5/16 1-5/16 1-3/8 1-3/8 1-7/16 1-7/16 1-1/2 1-1/2 80 L W 7/8 7/8 15/16 15/16 1 1 1-1/16 1-1/16 1-1/8 1-1/8 1-3/16 1-3/16 1-1/4 1-1/4 1-5/16 1-5/16 1-3/8 1-3/8 1-7/16 1-7/16 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-1/2 85 L W 15/16 15/16 1 1 1-1/16 1-1/16 1-1/8 1-1/8 1-3/16 1-3/16 1-1/4 1-1/4 1-5/16 1-5/16 1-3/8 1-3/8 1-7/16 1-7/16 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-9/16 1-9/16 Note: See paragraph 16.1.2 for definitions of L, te , W, and Angle (q).
Section 17 Procedure/Welder Qualification AWS D1.1 \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter17.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 17-0 Page 17.1 PROCEDURE QUALIFICATION............................................................. 17-1 17.1.1 Summary of Essential Variables.................................................................. 17-1 Table 4.5 PQR Essential Variable Changes Requiring WPS Requalification for SMAW, SAW, GMAW, FCAW, and GTAW ............................................................ 17-1 17.2 WELDER QUALIFICATION.................................................................... 17-4 17.2.1 Limitations of Variables (4.22)................................................................... 17-4 Table 4.10 Welding Personnel Essential Variable Changes Requiring Requalification .................................................... 17-4 Table 4.11 Electrode Classification Groups........................................... 17-4 Table 4.8 Welder Qualification–Production Welding Positions Qualified by Plate, Pipe, and Box Tube Tests ...................... 17-5 Table 4.9 Welder and Welding Operator Qualification–Number and Type of Specimens and Range of Thickness and Diameter Qualified (Dimensions in Inches).......................... 17.6
Section 17 Procedure/Welder Qualification AWS D1.1 \\houw33883\sstaffor$\temporary\welding inspection\chapter17.doc Welding Inspection Handbook 17-1 17.1 PROCEDURE QUALIFICATION 17.1.1 Summary of Essential Variables
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