Yuvak Bharati Gujrathi

ipk_ r_Z®e ¾$dp„L$ : Aæepk - 2116/(â.¾$.43/16) A¡kX$u - 4 qv$_p„L$ 25-04-2016 AÞhe¡ õ\pr`s \e¡g kdÞhe krdrs_u
qv$_p„L$ 30-01-2020 fp¡S>_u b¡W$L$dp„ Ap `pWé`yõsL$ i¥nrZL$ hj® 2020-21\u r_^p®qfs L$fhp_u dpÞesp Ap`hpdp„ Aphu R>¡.

NyS>fpsu

eyhL$cpfsu
^p¡fZ-bpf

2020
dlpfpóV²$ fpÄe `pWé`yõsL$ r_rd®rs A_¡ Aæepk¾$d k„ip¡^_ d„X$m, `yZ¡ - 411 004.
sdpfp õdpV®$ap¡_dp„ DIKSHA App Üpfp `pWé`yõsL$_p `l¡gp `p_p `f_p
Q.R. Code\u qX$ÆV$g `pWé`yõsL$ s\p AÝee_-AÝep`_ dpV¡$ D`ep¡Nu
×íe-îpìe kprlÐe D`gå^ \i¡.

F>ZõhuL$pf

âõsys `yõsL$dp„ S>¡ S>¡ fQrespAp¡_u s\p L$p¸`ufpCV$ ^pfL$p¡_u L©$rsAp¡_p¡ kdph¡i L$fhpdp„ Apìep¡ R>¡, s¡d_p¡
`pWé`yõsL$ d„X$m rhi¡j Apcpf dp_¡ R>¡. v$f¡L$ k„crhs âeÐ_p¡ L$ep® bpv$ `Z L¡$V$gpL$ kprlÐeL$pfp¡_p s\p
L$p¸`ufpCV$ ^pfL$p¡_p A_ydrs`Ó âpàs \ep _\u. d„X$m s¡ qv$ipdp„ L$pe®fs R>¡.





fpô²$Nus‎

S>_NZd_ - Ar^_peL$ S>e l¡
cpfs-cpÁerh^psp :

`‎ „Åb, rk„^y, NyS>fps, dfpW$p, ‎
ÖprhX$, DÐL$g, b„N,

thÝe, rldpQg, edy_p, N„Np, ‎
DÃR>g S>gr^sf„N, ‎

sh iyc _pd¡ ÅN¡, sh iyc Aprij dpN¡,‎
Npe¡ sh S>e Np\p,

S>_NZd„Ngv$peL$ S>e l¡, ‎
cpfs cpÁe rh^psp —&

S>e l¡, S>e l¡, S>e l¡,
S>e S>e S>e S>e l¡ —&&

ârsop

cpfs dpfp¡ v¡$i R>¡. b^p cpfsuep¡ dpfp„
cpCbl¡_ R>¡. ‎

lz„ dpfp v¡$i_¡ Qplz„ Ry>„ A_¡ s¡_p kd©Ù A_¡
h¥rhÝe`|Z® hpfkp_p¡ d_¡ Nh® R>¡. lz„ k‎ v$pe s¡_¡
gpeL$ b_hp âeÐ_ L$fui. ‎

lz„ dpfp„ dpspr`sp, rinL$p¡ A_¡ hX$ugp¡ âÐe¡
Apv$f fpMui A_¡ v$f¡L$ S>Z kp\¡ ‎kæesp\u
hs}i. ‎

lz„ dpfp„ v¡$i A_¡ v¡$ibp„^hp¡ âÐe¡ hapv$pfu
fpMhp_u ârsop gJ Ry>„. s¡d_p„ L$ëepZ A_¡
‎kd©qÙdp„ S> dpf„y kyM kdpe¡gy„ R>¡.‎

âõsph_p

râe rhÛp\}rdÓp¡,
^p¡-12dpdp„ Ap`_y„ õhpNs R>¡. NyS>fpsu eyhL$cpfsu Ap `pWé`yõsL$ Ap`_p lp\dp„ d|L$sp„ Ad¡ Ap_„v$
A_ychuA¡ R>uA¡.
cpjp A¡ dp_hu_u A¡L$ rhi¡jsp R>¡. cpjp_p D`ep¡N\u S> dp_h¡ S>Ns_p Æhp¡dp„ A_Þe õ\p_ âpàs
L$e¯y R>¡. dpZk_u bp¥rÙL$, kpdprS>L$, kp„õL©$rsL$ âNrsdp„ cpjp_p¡ dp¡V$p¡ apmp¡ R>¡. dpV¡$ S> sdpf¡ âõsys `pWé`yõsL$
"NyS>fpsu eyhL$cpfsu'_p¡ Aæepk A¡L$ rhje sfuL¡$ _l] `Z cpjp_u ×[óV$A¡ L$fhp¡ Sp¡CA¡.
âõsys `pWé`yõsL$ fpóV²$ue rinZ _urs_¡ A_ykfu_¡ s¥epf L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡. kp\¡ S> cprjL$ L$p¥iëep¡ s\p
^p¡.12 dpV¡$_p A`¡rns ndsp rh^p_p¡_¡ `Z Ýep_dp„ fMpep„ R>¡. Ap `pWé`yõsL$dp„ bp¡^pÐdL$, NyZpÐdL$, op_pÐdL$,
gpNZu kcf L©$rsAp¡_p¡ kdph¡i L$fhpdp„ Apìep¡ R>¡, S>¡ sdpfp h¥opr_L$, kpdprS>L$ A_¡ bp¥rÙL$ ×[óV$L$p¡Z_p rhL$pkdp„
klpeL$ rkÙ \i¡.
Ap `pWé`yõsL$_p dpÝed\u sd¡ rhrh^ kprlÐeâL$pfp¡ sp¡ iuMip¡ S> kp\¡kp\¡ Sy>v$pSy>v$p kprlÐeL$pfp¡_u
Sy>v$uSy>v$u g¡M_i¥gu_p¡ `Z sd_¡ `qfQe \i¡. Ap `pWé`yõsL$dp„ kdprhóV$ fQ_pAp¡_p Aæepk\u sdpfp¡ iåv$c„X$p¡m
sp¡ kd©Ù \i¡ S> kp\¡kp\¡ sd¡ dp_hue k„h¡v$_p, âpZuâ¡d, rh`qfs `qf[õ\rs_p¡ kpd_p¡, `ep®hfZ_y„ k„h^®_,
âL©$rsâ¡d, dps©â¡d, kL$pfpÐdL$ ×[óV$L$p¡Z, hp„Q_fyrQ S>¡hp„ d|ëep¡ `Z ApÐdkps¹ L$fu iL$ip¡. Æh_dp„ Aphsp
`X$L$pfp¡_p¡ rl„ds\u kpd_p¡ L$fhp_u â¡fZp A_¡ Sp¡i dmi¡. rhi¡j kprlÐeâL$pf rhcpNdp„ "V|„$L$u hpsp®'_p¡ kdph¡i
L$fhpdp„ Apìep¡ R>¡. hpsp® sp¡ sd_¡ kp¥_¡ Nd¡ S> R>¡. Al] V|„$L$u hpsp®_p kprlÐeõhê$`_u rhi¡jsp SpZhp_u kp\¡kp\¡
Ap`¡gu hpsp®_p¡ Apõhpv$ `Z dpZu iL$ip¡.
DÃQ dpÝerdL$ õsf¡ ^p¡.12dp„ NyS>fpsu rhje_y„ d|ëedp`_ L©$rs`rÓL$p_p dpÝed\u L$fhpdp„ Aphi¡.
L©$rs`rÓL$pdp„ Ap`hpdp„ Aphsu L©$rsAp¡_¡ DL¡$ghp dpV¡$ `pWé`yõsL$dp„ v$f¡L$ L©$rs `R>u Ap`hpdp„ Aph¡gp õhpÝepe
sd_¡ dv$v$ê$` \i¡. õhpÝepedp„ Ap`¡gu rhrh^ L©$rsAp¡ sdpfu iåv$kd©rÙ h^pfi¡ s\p sdpfu ApL$g_ i[¼s, spqL®$L$
rhQpfi[¼s, õhds Arcìe[¼s_¡ `Z Mughi¡. kfm `Ùrs\u Ap`¡gy„ ìepL$fZ sdpfp cpjpæepk_¡ h^y ×Y$
b_phi¡. ê$qY$âepN¡ , L$l¡hsp¡, iåv$kdl| p¡, D`dpAp¡, rhi¡jZp,¡ DÃQpf kpçe - A\c® ¡v$hpmp iåv$p¡ sd_¡ "iåv$L$pi¡ '
sfa hpmi¡. "rhij¡ hpQ„ _' Üpfp sdpfu hpQ„ _L$mp Mugi.¡ gM¡ _ L$pi¥ ëe rhcpNdp„ kdprhóV$ AfÆ gM¡ _, dgy pL$ps,
h¼sìe, dprlsu ê$`ps„ fZ, õhkS>_® , S>¡hp OV$L$p¡ Üpfp sdpfu g¡M_ fry Q sp¡ h^i¡ S> kp\¡ kp\¡ sd_¡ cpjpæepk_¡
ìephlpqfL$, ìephkpreL$ Æh_ kp\¡ kpL„ $mhpdp„ `Z klpeL$ \i.¡ `yõsL$dp„ kdprhóV$ âL$ë`p¡ sdpfu L$ë`_pi[¼s_¡
hN¡ Ap`i¡. "rQÓhZ_® ' sdpfu kdS>Zi[¼s A_¡ hZ®_ ndsp rhL$kphi¡. Ap `pWé`õy sL$ sd_¡ Sps¡ _hy„ gMhp
s\p bp¡ghp_u sL$ Ap`i.¡ sp¡ "kprlÐe Tê$Mp'¡ õ`^pЮ dL$ `funp_u se¥ pfudp„ klpeL$ rkÙ \i¡.
`yõsL$dp„ kdprhóV$ L©$rsAp¡ Üpfp sd¡ L$p¸çàe|V$f A_¡ BÞV$f_¡V$_p¡ fQ_pÐdL$ D`ep¡N L$fhp â¡fpip¡. "A¡`'_p
dpÝed\u ¼e|.Apf. L$p¡X$ Üpfp Ap`_¡ rhi¡j kprlÐe D`gå^ \i¡ S>¡ sd_¡ Qp¡½$k D`ep¡Nu \i¡. `pWé`yõsL$_p
AÝee_ Üpfp Ap` kp¥ hjp¯s¡ Qp¡½$k A`¡rns ndspAp¡ kpÝe L$fip¡ A¡hu Mpsfu R>¡. Ap`_p„ k|Q_p¡ A_¡ ârscphp¡_y„
õhpNs R>¡. Ap` kh®_¡ iyc¡ÃR>p !

(rhh¡L$ Np¡kphu)
k„QpgL$

dlpfpóV²$ fpÄe `pWé`yõsL$ r_rd®rs
A_¡ Aæepk¾$d k„ip¡^_ d„X$m, `yZ¡.

A`¡rns AÝee_ ndsp rh^p_p¡

· cpjp_p gedp^ye® A_¡ _pv$dp^ye®_p¡ Ap_„v$ dpZ¡.
· rhrh^ kprlÐeâL$pfp¡_y„ (âcprsey„, kp¸_¡V$, lpCLy$, ip¥e®Nus, âhpkhZ®_, _pV$L$, V|„$L$uhpsp®) îhZ L$fu

Ap_„v$ d¡mh¡.
· rhrh^ âkpfdpÝedp¡dp„ âkpqfs \sp„ QQp®, k„hpv$ rhi¡ `p¡sp_p¡ ds ìe¼s L$fsp AphX¡$.
· kph®S>r_L$ õ\mp¡A¡ Ap`hpdp„ Aphsu k|Q_pdp„\u `p¡sp_p k„v$c£ k„b„r^s k|Q_p Ýep_dp„ g¡.
· BÞV$f_¡V$ `f_u tg¼k, ¼e|.Apf. L$p¡X$, huqX$ep¡, ey-V$é|b, âkpfdpÝedp¡, S>¡hp ×íeîpìe dpÝedp¡_p

D`ep¡N\u A`¡rns AÝee_ `|fL$ k„v$c® rhL$rks L$f¡.
· rhje_¡ A_yê$` `p¡sp_p rhQpfp¡ õ`óV$ fus¡ fS|> L$f¡.
· `pWé`yõsL$dp„ kdprhóV$ OV$L$p¡_u fS|>Aps L$f¡.
· kprlÐeâL$pfp¡_u rhrióV$sp_y„ hZ®_ L$f¡.
· hN®dp„ Apep¡rS>s QQp®, `qfk„hpv$dp„ cpN gC ep¡Áe sL®$ fS|> L$f¡.
· cpjZ-k„cpjZ L$p¥iëe_¡ ApÐdkps L$fu `p¡sp_p ìe[¼sÐh_p¡ rhL$pk L$f¡.
· r_b„^, AfÆ`Ó, A_yhpqv$s L©$rs, dygpL$ps, S>¡hu kprlÐeL©$rsAp¡_y„ hp„Q_ L$f¡.
· `pWé`yõsL$dp„ Ap`¡g L©$rs_u d|m kprlÐeL©$rs_y„ s\p s¡_u kp\¡ k„b„r^s k„v$c® kprlÐe_y„ hp„Q_ L$f¡.
· BÞV$f_¡V$ `f D`gå^ C-by¼k, C-Þe|T A_¡ C-kprlÐe s\p s¡_u kp\¡ k„b„r^s k„v$c® kprlÐe ip¡^u_¡

hp„Q_ L$f¡.
· õ`^p® `funp_u s¥epfu dpV¡$ cpjp rhje k„b„r^s D`ep¡Nu OV$L$p¡_y„ hp„Q_ L$f¡.
· kprlÐe_y„ hp„Q_ L$fu Apõhpv$ d¡mh¡.
· L©$rs_p Apie, dy¿e rhQpf bpbs¡ `p¡sp_p¡ ds, `p¡sp_p iåv$p¡dp„ gM¡.
· r_funZ, A_ych_¡ g¡rMs õhê$`¡ ìe¼s L$fu iL¡$.
· dygpL$ps g¡hp dpV¡$ âï_p¡ s¥epf L$fsp„ AphX¡$.
· AfÆg¡M_ L$fsp„ AphX¡$.
· h¼sìe s¥epf L$fsp„ AphX¡$.
· Ap`¡gu dprlsu_y„ ê$`p„sfZ L$fu L$p¡óV$L$, QpV®$_p ê$`dp„ fS|> L$fsp„ AphX¡$.
· k„v$c® dpV¡$ L$p¡i_p¡ D`ep¡N L$fsp AphX¡$.
· rhrh^ kpdprS>L$ bpbsp¡_y„ ApL$g_ L$fu s¡ rhi¡ `p¡sp_p rhQpfp¡ õ`óV$ fus¡ ìe¼s L$f¡.
· BÞV$f_¡V$_u dv$v$\u ìehlpf L$fsp AphX¡$.
· k„NZL$ `f D`gå^ rhrh^ i¥nrZL$ A¡[àgL¡$iÞk_p¡ L©$rsey¼s D`ep¡N L$fsp„ AphX¡$.
· rhrh^ cpjp iuMhp_u rS>opkp r_dp®Z \pe.
· âkpfdpÝedp¡_p¡ S>hpbv$pfu`|h®L$ ep¡Áe D`ep¡N L$fhp bpbs kSpN b_¡.
· Ag„L$pf, _hfk iuM¡ A_¡ s¡_p¡ D`ep¡N L$fsp„ AphX¡$.
· DÃQpfkpçe - A\®c¡v$hpmp iåv$p¡ iuM¡.
· kdp_ A\® ^fphsu A_¡ rhfp¡^u A\® ^fphsu L$l¡hsp¡ SpZ¡.

rinL$ kp\¡ k„hpv$

rinL$rdÓp¡,

NyS>fpsu eyhL$cpfsu ^p¡fZ-bpfdp_y„ Ap `pWé`yõsL$ AÝee_-AÝep`_ dpV¡$, Ap`_¡ kp¢`sp Ap_„v$
A_ychuA¡ R>uA¡.

rdÓp¡, Ap` kp¥ SpZp¡ S> R>p¡ L¡$ lpgdp„ Ap`Z¡ rinZ dpV¡$ ndsp L¡$ÞÖu ArcNd A`_pìep¡ R>¡. Apdp„
rinZ_y„ gÿe L¡$hm rhjehõsy `ufku v¡$hu L¡$ cZphu v¡$hu s¡ _ fl¡sp„ rhÛp\}Ap¡dp„ A`¡rns ndspAp¡
rhL$kphhu s¡ R>¡. dpV¡$ S> âõsys `pWé`yõsL$_u fQ_p L$fsu hMs¡ ^p¡fZ bpf NyS>fpsu cpjp rhje_p DØ¡ip¡_¡,
ndsp rh^p_p¡_¡ _S>f kpd¡ fpMhpdp„ Apìep„ R>¡. Ap`_p A_¡ rhÛp\} s\p hpgu_p k„v$c® dpV¡$ `pWé`yõsL$_u
iê$Apsdp„ S> Ap ndsp rh^p_p¡ Ap`hpdp„ Apìep„ R>¡. hs®dp_ kde kp\¡ kyk„Ns, ApS>_p rhÛp\}Ap¡_p
cphrhïh_¡ A_yê$` s\p L©$rsey¼s AÝee_-AÝep`_ Üpfp rhÛp\}Ap¡_u ApL$g_ndsp, iåv$c„X$p¡m,
õhds Arcìe[¼s rhL$rks \pe A¡ ×[óV$L$p¡Z\u âõsys `pWé`yõsL$ s¥epf L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡. `pWé`yõsL$dp„
rhÛp\}Ap¡_p cprjL$ L$p¥iëe_¡ h^pf¡ s¡hp NÛ, `Û, D`¾$d , âL$ë`, õhpÝepe s\p Apie A_yê$` rQÓp¡ S>¡hp
A_¡L$ OV$L$p¡_p¡ kdph¡i L$fhpdp„ Apìep¡ R>¡. r_[òs, dep®qv$s k„¿epdp„ S> NÛ-`Û g¡hp_p„ lp¡hp\u L¡$V$guL$
v$uO®L©$rsAp¡_p¡ kdph¡i L$fhpdp„ Apìep¡ R>¡. S>¡dp„ Aph¡gp AOfp iåv$p¡_p A\® `qfrióV$dp„ Ap`hpdp„ Apìep R>¡.

`Û-NÛ_y„ AÝep`_ L$fphsu hMs¡ "dpN®v$i®L$ õs„c'dp„ Ap`¡gp dyØpAp¡_p¡ D`ep¡N L$fu iL$pe. A¡ rkhpe
`Z Ap`_u L$ë`_pi[¼s A_¡ A_ych_p¡ D`ep¡N L$fu A¡ L©$rsdp„\u ìe¼s \sp¡ k„v¡$i, d|ëe, L©$rs_p¡ dy¿e kpf,
ìe¼s \su dp_hue k„h¡v$_pAp¡ rhÛp\}Ap¡ ky^u `lp¢QpX$hp; L©$rs_p AÝep`_ v$fçep_ rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ `Z kss
kq¾$e fpMhp, klcpNu L$fhp, L©$rs _uQ¡ d|L¡$gp õhpÝepe DL¡$gsu hMs¡ sdpf¡ dpN®v$i®L$_u c|rdL$p cS>hhp_u
R>¡. ìepL$fZ rhjeL$ âï_p¡ rhÛp\}Ap¡ kfmsp\u DL¡$gu iL¡$ s¡ dpV¡$ AÐepf ky^u iuMu Ne¡gp ìepL$fZ OV$L$p¡_y„
`y_fphs®_ L$fphhy„. iåv$p¡_p A\® ip¡^hp dpV¡$ rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ iåv$L$p¡i_p¡ D`ep¡N L$fhp â¡qfs L$fhp. hN®dp„
âï_p¡Ñfu, QQp® Üpfp rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ õhdsrhjeL$ âï_p¡_p DÑf Ap`hpdp„ klpeL$_u c|rdL$p cS>hu iL$pe. v$f¡L$
L©$rs `R>u Ap`¡g k„cpjZ rhjeL$ âï_p¡, âL$ë`, D`¾$d, rhi¡jhp„Q_ s\p v$f¡L$ L©$rs_p A„s¡ Ap`¡gp kycprjs
`Z A`¡rns ndsp rh^p_ `f Ap^pqfs R>¡. Ap\u s¡ b^p„ dpV¡$ `Z ep¡Áe kde apmhu, `p¡sp_p dpN®v$i®_dp„
S> L$fphhp A`¡rns R>¡. `pWé`yõsL$dp„ `Û-NÛ_u dep®qv$s k„¿ep sd_¡ v$f¡L$ L©$rs_¡ `|fsp¡ kde apmhhpdp„
dv$v$ê$` \i¡. Ap `pWé`yõsL$dp„ Ap`hpdp„ Aph¡gp kprlÐe âL$pf rhcpNdp„ V|„$L$u hpsp®_p õhê$` rhi¡ âp\rdL$
`qfQe Apàep bpv$ fkâv$ hpsp®Ap¡ `Z Ap`hpdp„ Aphu R>¡. ApS>_p õ`^p®ÐdL$ eyNdp„ rhrh^ õ`^p®Ap¡dp„
rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ D`ep¡Nu \pe s¡ dpV¡$ "kprlÐe Tê$Mp¡' rhcpN Ap`hpdp„ Apìep¡ R>¡. `pWé`yõsL$dp„ ìepL$fZ M|b
kfm fus¡ fS|> L$fpey„ R>¡. rhÛp\}Ap¡ `Z kfmsp\u A¡ OV$L$p¡_¡ Aæepku iL¡$ s¡hu L©$rsAp¡ s¥epf L$fu s¡d_¡ `|fsp¡
dlphfp¡ Ap`hp¡. g¡M_L$p¥iëe rhcpN rhÛp\}Ap¡ dpV¡$ sØ_ _hp¡ R>¡. M|b k„n¡`dp„, dyØpkf fus¡ A¡ OV$L$p¡_p¡
`qfQe `yõsL$dp„ A`pep¡ R>¡. `f„sy, A¡ OV$L$p¡_p AÝep`_ hMs¡ AphíeL$sp S>Zpe Ðep„ h^y dprlsu `|fu `pX$u
iL$pe. g¡M_L$p¥iëe rhcpN rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ ìephkpreL$ ×[óV$L$p¡Z\u dv$v$ê$` \pe s¡ dpV¡$ M|b klS>sp\u, s¡_p
rhrh^ `pkpAp¡ rhi¡ QQp® L$fu `|fsp¡ dlphfp¡ L$fphhp¡ A`¡rns R>¡. kdN° `pWé`yõsL$_p AÝep`_ v$frdep_
rhÛp\}Ap¡_u r_funZ ndsp, rhQpfndsp, L©$rsiugsp h^¡ s¡_y„ Ýep_ fpMhy„ A`¡rns R>¡. Ap^yr_L$ s„Óop__p¡
D`ep¡N L$fu_¡ rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ rhi¡j k„v$c® `|fp¡ `pX$u iL$pe.

âõsys `pWé`yõsL$ Ap` kp¥ klj® AphL$pfip¡, s¡hu Qp¡½$k Mpsfu R>¡. Aõsy !

A_y¾$drZL$p

`Û rhcpN

¾$d L©$rs kS>®L$ `©›$ ¾$.

1. S>¡ Nd¡ S>NsNyfy v¡$h S>Nv$ui_¡ _ftkl dl¡sp 1
4
* D`¾$d 5
10
2. rQÓg¡Mp_y„ kMuL©$Ðe â¡dp_„v$ 11
14
* rhi¡j hp„Q_ - buL$ _p bsphp¡ ! Ar_g Sp¡iu 15
18
3. _p lW$hy„ _d®v$ 19
22
* rhi¡j hp„Q_ - rhkpdp¡ h¡ZucpC `yfp¡rls 23
26
4. su\p£Ñd bpgdyLy„$v$ v$h¡
27
* rQÓhZ®_ 36
38
5. `l¡gp¡ hfkpv$ lfuÞÖ v$h¡ 51
52
* rhi¡j hp„Q_ -awgp¡_p Npgdp„ M„S>_ Q„Ö¡i dL$hpZp "_pfpS>' 58
59
6. lpCLy$ TuZpcpC fs_Æ v¡$kpC 65
66
* rhi¡j hp„Q_ -dy¼sL$p¡ X$p¸. A¡k. A¡k. fplu 72
73
NÛ rhcpN 79

1. lfÜpf õhpdu Ap_„v 80
82
* rQÓhZ®_ 87
94
2. kp¡e_y„ _pLy„$ S>e„rs v$gpg 101
103
* rhi¡j hp„Q_- L$Qfp_y„ ìehõ\p`_ 105
115
3. `Óìehlpf riqfj `„Qpg 117
118
* A`qW$s NÛp„i 119
121
4. gudX$p¡ T|L¡$ g¡g|„b f¡ õhprs d¡Y$
124
* rhi¡j hp„Q_ - r`sp...

5. v$u`p drgL$ - L„$CS> Ai¼e _\u !$ âazg ipl

* A`qW$s NÛp„i

6. lz„ gÿdu... qL$ip¡f Np¥X$

* rhi¡j hp„Q_ - d]v$X$u CÄS>sLy$dpf rÓh¡v$u

· kprlÐe âL$pf - V|„$L$uhpsp®

1. A„S>m`pZu `uspçbf `V¡$g

2. iluv$_p¡ v$uL$fp¡ dp¡l_gpg `V¡$g

3. kfâpCT L$_y AX$pku

4. b¸ÞL$ b¸g¡Þk ^d£ÞÖtkl fpW$p¡X$

· kprlÐe Tê$Mp¡

· ìepL$fZ

· g¡M_L$p¥iëe * AfÆ`Ó g¡M_

* dygpL$ps/kpnpÐL$pf

* h¼sìe

* dprlsu ê$`p„sfZ

* õh-kS>®_

· `qfrióV$

Q `Û rhcpN Q

1. S>¡ Nd¡ S>NsNyfy v¡$h S>Nv$ui_¡

_ftkl dl¡sp

NyS>fpsu kprlÐe_p Apqv$L$rh _ftkl dl¡sp_p¡ S>Þd `„v$fdp isL$dp„ cph_Nf_p smpSp Npddp„ \ep¡
lsp¡. `„v$fdp isL$dp„ cpfsdp„ iê$ \e¡gp c[¼s Ap„v$p¡g__p¡ f„N NyS>fps_¡ gNpX$_pfp _ftkl dl¡sp_p„ `v$p¡dp„
ApL$j®L$ cphrhïh, hpZu_y„ dp^ye®, fçe A_¡ cìe L$ë`_pi[¼s, Nl_-sÒh ×[óV$ s\p op_-c[¼s A_¡
h¥fpÁe_p¡ rÓh¡Zu k„Nd Sp¡hp dm¡ R>¡. T|gZp R>„v$dp„ gMpe¡gp„ s¡d_p„ âcprsep„ ApS>¡ `Z Of¡ Of¡ Nhpe R>¡.
"ipdmip_p¡ rhhpl', "îpÙ', "lw„X$u', "Ly„$hfbpC_y„ dpd¡fy„', "QpsyfuAp¡' s¡d_u â¿eps L©$rsAp¡ R>¡.

k|f L©$rs_p¡
âõsys âcprsepdp„ L$rhA¡ "^pey¯ sp¡ ^Zu_y„ \pe'_p cph_¡ Dv$plfZkrls fS|> L$ep£ R>¡. L$rh_p ds¡

Ap kdN° k©[óV$_p fQresp A_¡ r_e„sp Cïhf S> R>¡. dpV¡$ d_yóe¡ L$sp® cph gphu Ald¹ fpMhp¡ ep¡Áe _\u.
NpX$p_u _uQ¡ Qpgu fl¡gy„ L|$sfy„ Sp¡ A¡d rhQpf¡ L¡$ Ap NpXy„$ lz„ S> M¢Qu füp¡ Ry>„ sp¡ A¡L$ rdÕeprcdp_ R>¡. s¡ S>
fus¡ "Cïhf¡ÃR>p dlpbghp_' dp_u S>¡ hõsy L¡$ OV$_p d_yóe_p lp\dp„ _\u s¡_p¡ ìe\® ip¡L$ L$fhp¡ L¡$ tQsp
L$fhu _l]. Sp¡ dp_h_y„ ^pe¯y \C iL$sy„ lp¡s sp¡ dpZk `p¡sp_p b^p iÓyAp¡_¡ dpfu _pMu dpÓ `p¡sp_p rdÓp¡_¡
S> ÆhpX$s. Ap k©[óV$dp„ L$p¡C vy$:Mu _ lp¡s, Aduf-Nfub_p¡ c¡v$ S> Sp¡hp _ dms L$pfZ L¡$ b^p S> Aduf
b_u Sps. v$f¡L$_p Of `f R>Ó lp¡s. L$rh_p dsp_ykpf S>¡ fus¡ F>sy A_ykpf S> am Aph¡ R>¡ s¡ fus¡ S>¡_p
_kubdp„ S>¡ kde¡ S>¡ \hp_y„ g¿e„y lp¡e s¡ \C_¡ S> fl¡ R>¡. ApS>¡ AhL$pi_¡ Ap„bu Ne¡gp¡ dp_hu `Z S>Þd-
d©Ðey, Ly$v$fsu Ap`v$p S>¡hu A_¡L$ bpbsp¡dp„ lÆ `Z gpQpf R>¡. dpV¡$ L$rh Cïhf_p khp£`fu`Zp_¡ õhuL$pfu
L©$óZc[¼sdp„ gu_ b_hp_p¡ bp¡^ Ap`¡ R>¡. "lqf_p S>_ sp¡ dy[¼s _ dpN¡, dpN¡ S>Þdp¡S>Þd Ahspf f¡...'
Np_pf _ftkl dl¡sp Ap âcprsepdp„ `Z v$f¡L$ S>Þddp„ L©$óZc[¼s_u M¡h_p fpM¡ R>¡.

S>¡ Nd¡ S>NsNyfy v¡$h S>Nv$ui_¡, s¡ sZp¡ MfMfp¡ ap¡L$ L$fhp¡; (V¡$L$)
Ap`Zp¡ tQsìep¡ A\® L„$C _h kf¡, ENf¡ A¡ S> DÜ¡N ^fhp¡.
"lz„ L$fy„ lz„ L$fy„', A¡ S> Aop_sp, iL$V$_p¡ cpf S>¡d ïhp_ spZ¡;
k©[óV$d„X$pZ R>¡ kh® A¡Zu `¡f¡, Sp¡Nu Sp¡N¡ïhfp L$p¡CL$ SpZ¡. - S>¡.
_u`S>¡ _f\u sp¡ L$p¡C _h fl¡ vy$:Mu, iÓy dpfu_¡ kp¥ rdÓ fpM¡;
fpe _¡ f„L$ L$p¡C ×óV$¡ Aph¡ _l], ch_ ch_ `f R>Ó v$pM¡. - S>¡.
F>sy gsp-`Ó-am-awg Ap`¡ e\p, dp_hu d|M® d_ ìe\® ip¡Q¡,
S>¡l_p cpÁedp„ S>¡ kd¡ S>¡ g¿ey„, s¡l_¡ s¡ kd¡ s¡ S> `lp¢Q¡. - S>¡.
kyM k„kpfu rdÕep L$fu dp_Sp¡, L©$óZ rh_p buSy>„ kh® L$pQ„y,
Sy>Ng L$f Sp¡X$u L$fu _fk¦ep¡ A¡d L$l¡ : S>Þd-ârsS>Þd lqf_¡ S> SpQy„. - S>¡.

1

dpN®v$i®L$ õs„c

Ap L©$rs_y„ AÝep`_ L$fphsp„ `l¡gp„ rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ NyS>fpsu k„s kprlÐe\u `qfrQs L$fphu iL$pe. s¡d_¡
_ftkl dl¡sp_p Æh__p âk„Np¡\u dprlsNpf L$fphu iL$pe. âcprsep_p kprlÐe âL$pf rhi¡ `Z kdS|>su
Ap`u iL$pe. Ap âcprsep_y„ hN®dp„ kd|lNp_ L$fphu iL$pe. Ap âcprsep_p dy¿e cphp¡ "lz„ S> b^y„ L$fy„
Ry>„ A¡hy„ rdÕeprcdp_ V$pmhy„' A_¡ "S>¡ k„Sp¡Np¡ `f Ap`Zp¡ L$p¡C hi _\u s¡_p¡ Aakp¡k L¡$ tQsp _ L$fhp„'_¡
Dv$plfZkrls QQ} rhÛp\}Ap¡dp„ ×Y$ L$fhp. kp\¡ S> L$pmp dp\p_p¡ dp_hu ^pf¡ s¡ b^y„ S> L$fu iL¡$ R>¡. S>¡
`Z âpL©$rsL$ lp¡_pfsp¡, OV$_p, âk„Np¡ dp_h V$pmu _\u iL$sp¡ s¡_p\u `Z s¡ lpfsp¡ _\u. L$df L$ku, kMs
`yfyjp\®\u `pR>p¡ Ecp¡ \pe R>¡ A_¡ ApNm h^¡ R>¡ s¡ `Z kdSphhy„.

õhpÝepe

(A) 1. _uQ¡_p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ L©$rsdp„ h`fpe¡gp iåv$p¡ ip¡^p¡.

(1) _kub (2) tQsp (3) NpXy„ (4) dL$p_
(7) Sp¡Xy„$ (8) `õsphp¡
(5) Mp¡Vy„$ (6) h¡g
(4) A\®
2. Dv$plfZ dyS>b A¡L$ iåv$_p A_¡L$ A\® gMp¡ : (8) R>Ó

(1) `Ó-rQÌ$u, `p„v$Xy„$, R>p`y„ (2) am (3) _h (4) v$pM¡
(7) L$pQy„
(5) L$f (6) cpf (4) `lp¢Q¡ -

3. _uQ¡_p sm`v$p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ dpÞe cpjp_p iåv$p¡ gMp¡ :

(1) sZp¡ (2) kd¡ (3) A¡Zu `¡f¡

4. L$p¦kdp„\u ip¡^u ep¡Áe A\® gMp¡. (bQ¡, dm¡, M¢Q¡, ip¡L$ L$f¡)

(1) spZ¡ - (2) ip¡Q¡ - (3) ENf¡ -

(Ap) 1. d_¡ Ap¡mMp¡ : 2. ApL©$rsb„^ `|Z® L$fp¡ :

(1) b^y„ dpfu BÃR>p\u S> \pe R>¡. - (1)

(2) k©[óV$_y„ hpõsrhL$ kÐe Ad¡ SpZuA¡ R>uA¡. - F>sy A_ykpf Aph¡

(3) gp¡L$p¡ d_¡ dpfu_¡ rdÓ_¡ fpM¡ R>¡. -

(4) dpfp rh_p b^y„ ìe\® R>¡. -

(5) lz„ v$f¡L$ S>Þd¡ lqf_¡ S> epQy„ Ry>„. - (2) d_yóe_u BÃR>p dyS>b b^y„ \pe sp¡

(6) lz„ NpX$p_p hl__p¡ hl¡d fpMy„ Ry>„. -

(7) lz„ L$sp®`Zp_y„ rdÕeprcdp_ fpMy„ Ry>„. -

2

3. L$pìe_p Ap^pf¡ gMp¡ : -
(1) L$rh rdÕep dp_hp L$l¡ R>¡ -
(2) S>¡ âcy_¡ Nd¡ s¡_p¡ _ L$fpe -
(3) L©$óZ rh_p b^y„ R>¡ -
(4) L$rh v$f¡L$ S>Þd¡ dp„N¡ R>¡ -
(5) Sy>Ng L$f Sp¡X¡$ R>¡

4. _uQ¡_p A\® v$ip®hsu `„[¼s gMp¡ :
(1) kde\u `l¡gp„ A_¡ _kub\u h^pf¡ L$p¡C_¡ L„$C _\u dmsy„. -
(2) tQsp L$fhp_p¡ L$p¡C A\® _\u. -
(3) NpX$p _uQ¡ Qpgsp¡ L|$sfp¡ dp_¡ R>¡ L¡$ NpXy„$ s¡ M¢Q¡ R>¡. -
(4) v$f¡L$ S>Þd¡ âcy_¡ S> d¡mhhp dp„Ny„ Ry>„. -
(5) k„kpf_p„ kyMp¡ kOmp„ Mp¡V$p„ SpZhp„. -

(B) 1. L$pìedp„ Aph¡gp hZp®_yâpk , iåv$p_yâpk, A„Ðep_yâpk Ag„L$pf_p„ ×óV$p„s gMp¡.

2. k„r^ R>p¡X$p¡ : (2) Sp¡Nuïhf (3) k„kpf (4) ìe\®
(1) S>Nv$ui

3. kdpk_p¡ rhN°l L$fu âL$pf gMp¡ :

(1) S>NsNyfy (2) ìe\® (3) ama|g (4) k©[óV$d„X$pZ

4. _uQ¡_u `„[¼sAp¡dp„ kdprhóV$ fk Ap¡mMp¡.
(1) d_¡ Sy>Ù¡ QX$hp_p L$p¡X$ f¡ bpmpfpSp f¡...
(2) ApMf¡ dmu âcy_p„ QfZp¡dp„ `fd ip„rs.
(3) kykhpV$p dpfsp `h_\u A\X$psu bpfuAp¡...
huS>mu Nyg A_¡ bmsu dpÓ A¡L$ duZbÑu
(4) d¥Óu cph_y„ `rhÓ TfÏ„ dyS> l¥epdp„ hüp L$f¡,
iyc \pAp¡ Ap kL$g rhïh_y„ A¡hu cph_p r_Ðe fl¡.

(C) 1. Ap L$pìe_p¡ cphp\® sdpfp iåv$p¡dp„ gMp¡.

2. L$pìe`„[¼s kdSphp¡ - "lz„ L$fy„ lz„ L$fy„' A¡ S> Aop_sp, iL$V$_p¡ cpf S>¡d ïhp_ spZ¡.

3. "Cïhf BÃR>p bmhp_, _l] dp_h bmhp_' rhi¡ sdpfp¡ ds S>Zphp¡.

(D) 1. "ApS>¡ `Z âL©$rs `pk¡ dp_h `p„Nmp¡ R>¡.' rhje `f hN®dp„ kd|l QQp® L$fp¡.

2. BÞV$f_¡V$ `f\u/N°„\pgedp„\u _ftkl dl¡sp_p„ AÞe `v$/âcprsep„ d¡mhu s¡_p¡ hN®dp„ fkpõhpv$ L$fphp¡.

(E) NyS>fpsu k„skprlÐe rhi¡ dprlsu d¡mhu D`¾$d s¥epf L$fp¡.

3

D`¾$d

· R>¡ëg¡ "fZ' Aph¡ s¡hp ÓZ, Qpf A_¡ `p„Q Anf_p iåv$ gMu "fZ'_y„ sp¡fZ `|fy„ L$fp¡.

· Ap`¡gp iåv$dp„\u A¡L$ Anf bv$gu _hp¡ Anf b_php¡ _hp b_¡gp iåv$dp„\u `Z A¡L$ iåv$ bv$gu
_hp¡ iåv$ b_php¡.

v$p.s. 1. ky„v$f - Apv$f - Apv$s - Apas - das
2. rhhpv$ -
3. ndsp -
4. QpL$f -
5. k„v¡$i -
6. gMpZ -

cZsp„ `„qX$s _u`S>¡, gMsp grlep¡ \pe,
Qpf Qpf NpD Qpgsp, gp„bp¡ `\ L$`pe. - v$g`sfpd

4

2. rQÓg¡Mp_y„ kMuL©$Ðe

â¡dp_„v$

"L$rh rifp¡drZ' â¡dp_„v$ NyS>fpsu cpjp_p DÑd Ap¿ep_L$pf A_¡ dpZcË$ sfuL¡$ Ap¡mMpe R>¡.
â¡dp_„v$_p„ Æh_ A_¡ kde rhi¡ dsdsp„sf âhs£ R>¡. â¡dp_„v¡$ s¡d_p„ Ap¿ep_p¡ Üpfp âSp_p k„õL$pfp¡_¡ `p¡jhp_u
dlÒh_u L$pdNufu bSphu R>¡. â¡dp_„v$ s¡d_p„ Ap¿ep_p¡dp„ `pÓâk„Np¡_¡ rQÓpÐdL$, õhcphp¡[¼s `|Z® A_¡
Ag„L$pf kcf b_phu_¡ Ap`Zu _S>f kdn sp×i L$fu v¡$ R>¡. â¡dp_„v$ Ap`Zp fkrkÙ L$rh R>¡. "_mp¿ep_',
"Q„Ölpk Ap¿ep_', "kyv$pdp Qqfs', "Ly„$hfbpC_y„ dpd¡fy„' s¡d_p„ ârkÙ Ap¿ep_p¡ R>¡.

k|f L©$rs_p¡
âõsys L©$rs â¡dp_„v$ frQs Ap¿ep_ "Ap¡MplfZ'_y„ 11dy„ L$X$hy„ R>¡. ApS>¡ `Z Q¥Ó dpkdp„ Of¡ Of¡

Ap¡MplfZ Nhpe R>¡. bpZpkyf A_¡ bpZdsu_u `yÓu Ap¡Mp_p S>Þd kde¡ A¡hu ApNplu L$fhpdp„ Aph¡
R>¡ L¡$ Ap¡Mp_p¡ `rs bpZpkyf_p¡ `fd iÓy _uhX$i¡, dpV¡$ bpZpkyf A¡L$ dl¡gdp„ Ap¡Mp_¡ fpM¡ R>¡, Äep„ L$p¡C
`Z `yfyj_p¡ âh¡i r_j¡^ R>¡. Ap¡Mp_u S>hpbv$pfu rQÓg¡Mp_¡ kp¢`hpdp„ Aphu. _p_`Z\u b„_¡ A¡L$buSp_u
kp\¡ S> flu. eyhphõ\pdp„ âh¡isp Ap¡Mp õhà_dp„ Ar_{$Ù_¡ Sp¡C d_\u s¡_¡ `p¡sp_p¡ õhpdu dp_u g¡
R>¡. rQÓg¡Mp_¡ rh_„su L$f¡ R>¡ L¡$ dpfp õhpdu_¡ L„$C `Z L$fu_¡ dpfu `pk¡ gC Aph, sp¡ S> d_¡ ipsp hmi¡.
rQÓg¡Mp Ap¡MpA¡ L$f¡gp hZ®__¡ Ap^pf¡ Ar_fyÙ_y„ rQÓ v$p¡f¡ R>¡. Ap¡Mp rQÓ Sp¡C_¡ L$l¡ R>¡, ""lp, ApS> dpfp
õhpdu R>¡, A¡_¡ gC Aph.'' rQÓg¡Mp `l¡gp„ sp¡ _p `pX¡$ R>¡ L¡$, ""lz„ L$C fus¡ Ðep„ S>C iLy„$ ? ArNepfkp¡ ep¡S>_
v|$f Aph¡gu ÜpqfL$p_u fnp õhe„ îuL©$óZ_y„ kyv$i®_ Q¾$ L$f¡ R>¡. Ðep„\u îuL©$óZ_p `p¥Ó_y„ A`lfZ L$fu Al] L$C
fus¡ gphy„ ?'' Ap¡Mp_u hpf„hpf_u rh_hZu\u rQÓg¡Mp `nuê$` ^pfZ L$fu ÜpqfL$p _Nfu `lp¢Q¡ R>¡. îuL©$óZ
sp¡ A„sep®du R>¡. s¡Ap¡ Ap âL$fZ rhi¡ b^y„ S> SpZsp lp¡hp R>sp„ cprh_p cph_¡ Ap¡mMu_¡ rQÓg¡Mp_¡
fp¡L$hp_¡ bv$g¡ AâÐen`Z¡ s¡_¡ dv$v$ L$fu füp lsp. s¡d_u â¡fZp\u _pfv$F>rj rQÓg¡Mp_¡ kyv$i®_ Q¾$\u
bQph¡ R>¡. ÜpqfL$p _Nfu_y„ L$f¡gy„ hZ®_ `Z d_p¡fçe b_u fl¡ R>¡. b^p„_¡ r_Öphi b_phu rQÓg¡Mp Ar_fyÙ_¡
tlX$p¡mpkrls Ap¡Mp `pk¡ gphu_¡ d|L¡$ R>¡. Apd, Ap Ap¿ep_dp„ i©„Npf fk, Av¹$cys fk_u kp\¡ huffk_y„
kycN k„ep¡S>_ Sp¡hp dm¡ R>¡. `p¡sp_u kMu dpV¡$ rQÓg¡MpA¡ L$f¡gy„ kplk, `fd d¥Óu_y„ DÐL©$óW$ Dv$plfZ `|fy„
`pX¡$ R>¡.

Ap¡Mp L$l¡, "kyZ f¡ kpl¡gu, gph _p\_¡ hl¡gu hl¡gu,
bpC, sy„ R>¡ kyM_u v$psp, gph õhpdu_¡, \pe kyMipsp.'
Qsyfp_¡ L$l¡ rQÓg¡Mp, "bpC, ApÎep_p D`pe L¡$hp ?
v|$f `„\ R>¡ Üpfpdsu, L$ed S>hpe¡ dpfu hsu ?
sp„lp„ sp¡ S>C _ iL¡$ fpe i¾$, fnp L$f¡ kyv$i®_ Q¾$.

5

Ðep„\u Æhsp„ L$ed Ahpe, Ðep„ sp¡ r_ò¡ dõsL$ R>¡v$pe.
Sphy„ Sp¡S>_ is ArNepf, Ðepf¡ Aph¡ spfp¡ cf\pf.'
_eZ¡ _uf_u ^pfp hl¡ R>¡, L$f Sp¡X$u_¡ L$Þep L$l¡ R>¡ :
"bpC, spfu Nrs R>¡ dp¡V$u, sy„_¡ L$p¡C _ L$fu iL¡$ Mp¡V$u.
krlef_¡ krlef lp¡e hlpgu, bpC, s¢ dy_¡ lp\¡ Tpgu.
Ap`Z b¡ S>Z bpmk„Opsu, âpZv$psp Ry>„ f¡ rh^pÓu.
dpsr`sp h¡fu R>¡ dpfp„, d¢ sp¡ QfZ k¡ìep„ R>¡ sdpfp„.
rh^pÓu sy„ R>¡ v$u_v$epm', A¡d L$lu_¡ `N¡ gpNu bpm.
rQÓg¡MpA¡ ^pfZ v$u^u, `R>u v¡$l s¡ `nZu L$u^u.
Apàey„ hpeL$ A¡L$ âdpZu, "nZ b¡dp„ s¡ Ap`y„ ApZu.'
Ap¡Mp L$l¡ R>¡ S>¡ "fl¡S>¡ ê$X¡$ ApQfZ¡, fM¡ Ar_fyÙ_¡ sy„ `fZ¡;
S>s_ L$fS>¡ õhpdu_y„ kbm, S>¡d Ap„M_¡ fpM¡ L$pS>m.'
`R>u hmphu f¡ rh^pÓu, `„rMZu `h_h¡N¡ Spsu;
ÜpfL$p S>C `p¢su L$prd_u, R>¡ëgu v$p¡Y$ `p¡'f flu Sprd_u;
S>¡hy„ vy$N®dp„ `¡k¡ õÓuS>_, s¡hy„ ^pey„ s¡ kyv$i®_.
S>¡hy„ dõsL$ R>¡v¡$ `mdp„, L$Þep `¡W$u Np¡dsuS>mdp„.
A¡h¡ _pfv$Æ sp„ Aphu, L$Þep Q¾$ \L$u f¡ dyL$phu.
_pfv$ L$l¡ "f¡ kyv$i®_, A¡_¡ gC S>hp v¡$S>¡ s_,
A¡ sp¡ L$pd R>¡ L©$óZ_¡ Ndsy„, dpV¡$ sy„ A¡_¡ fM¡ v$dsy„'
Ney„ Q¾$ s¡ `[òd qv$i, F>rj _pfv$ Nep ApL$pi,
lh¡ Aë` flu R>¡ fprÓ, Qpgu Npd Sp¡su rh^pÓu,
Qpgu `nZu Sp¡su Npd, kpdp kpdu v$uk¡ R>¡ ^pd.
kàs c|rd sZp Aphpk, Sp¡sp„ ny^ps©jp \pe _pi.
blz L$mi ^Sp f¡ rhfpS>¡, Sp¡sp„ Adfp`yfu s¡ gpS>¡.
ip¡c¡ R>Sp„ Tê$Mp _¡ dpm, õs„c drZde TpLTdpm.
hp„L$u bpfu _¡ Np¡M Spmu, _ugp L$pQ d|¼ep R>¡ Y$pmu.
TmL¡$ d„X$` l¡d_u \pmu, `V$dp„l¡ S>X$u `fhpmu.
cgp„ Qp¥V$p„ _¡ i¡fu `p¡m, kpdp kpdu lpfp¡_u Ap¡m.
c]s¡ g]`u L$_L$_u Npf, QmL¡$ L$pQ _¡ du_pL$pf.
O¡f O¡f hpqV$L$p f¡ Ly„$S>, L$f¡ cdfp s¡ Ny„SpNy„S>.
\pe Np_Op¡j s¡ L$pm¡, fk Spçep¡ hptS>Ó_¡ spg¡;
dp¡V$p dv$Nm O|d¡ _¡ X$p¡g¡, NyZ Np„^h® b„v$uS>_ bp¡g¡.
ÜpfL$p s¡ h¥Ly„$W$ kfMu, rQÓg¡MpA¡ _Nfu r_fMu.
vy$N® L$p¡kukp„ ê$X$p„ rbfpS>¡, Qp¡a¡f fÐ_pL$f NpS>¡.
Ðep„ sp¡ Np¡dsu_p¡ f¡ k„Nd, DÙf¡ õ\phf _¡ S>„Nd.

6

O¡f O¡f lqfNyZ Npe, rQÓg¡Mp s¡ Sp¡su Spe;
hkyv¡$h_p„ Of r_lpmu, Ðep„\u rh^pÓu ApO¡fu Qpgu.
kp¡m klö L©$óZ_u _pfu, kOm¡ v$uW$p v¡$h dp¡fpfu;
lqf_p kpW$ gpM R>¡ s_, Sp¡ep„ s¡lsZp„ cyh_;
Sp¡ey„ ^pd L$pd TpÐL$pf, v$uW$p¡ d¡X$uA¡ fpS>Ly$dpf.
Ar_fyÙ k|sp¡ R>¡ tlX$p¡m¡, v$pku Qpf s¡ hpey Y$p¡m¡;
ip¡c¡ v$u`L$ Qpf¡ `pk, L$p¡C QfZ smp„k¡ v$pk.
sp„lp„ bph_Q„v$_ d¡l¡L¡$, tlX$p¡m¡ azdsX$p„ g¡l¡L¡$,
L$pdLy„$hf L$pd_p S>¡hp¡, rQÓg¡Mp_¡ Qp¡fu g¡hp¡.
Ly„$hf lfhp_y„ L$pfZ, kde¯y r_Öp_y„ OpfZ.
fps¡ S>¡ L$p¡C SpNsy„ lwsy„, `R>u S>¡ S>¡d s¡d s¡ k|sy„.
OpfZ cpfZ cfu R>¡ L$pep, h`ydp„l¡ hku Sp¡Ndpep.
Ar_fyÙ sZu qL„$L$fu, s¡ sp¡ k|su R>¡ r_ÖpA¡ cfu.
rQÓg¡Mp s¡ Ofdp„ NC, `Z Ly„hf¡ s¡ SpZu _rl.
rhQpf A„sfdp„ L$u^p¡, Ap„L$X¡$\u tlX$p¡mp¡ gu^p¡.
b¡D kp„L$m L$fdp„ Tpgu, M¡Qfu Ns Qsyfp Qpgu.
Np¡W$hZ Np¡thv¡$ L$u^u, SpZu Sp¡C_¡ Sphp v$u^u.
O¡f Ap¡Mp Sy>A¡ R>¡ hpV$, _pìep¡ _p\ _¡ \pe DQpV$.
A¡h¡ kp„cmu `p„M S> hpNu, Ap¡Mp r_Öpdp„\u SpNu.
"gphu', rQÓg¡Mp L$l¡hp gpNu, "Ap` h^pdZu dyMdpNu.
Ap _p\ spfp¡ tlX$p¡m¡, sd¡ sfyZu dmp¡_u V$p¡m¡.'

hgZ
V$p¡m¡ dmp¡ spfyZu, Ap spfp¡ cf\pf f¡;
`R>u Ap¡MpA¡ rQÓg¡Mp_¡ Apàep kp¡m iZNpf f¡.

dpN®v$i®L$ õs„c

âõsys L©$rs_y„ AÝep`_ L$fphsp„ `l¡gp„ Ap¿ep_ kprlÐe õhê$`\u rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ `qfrQs L$fu iL$pe.
â¡dp_„v$_p Æh_ L$h_ s\p s¡d_p„ AÞe kS>®_ rhi¡ hps L$fu "dpZcË$' iåv$ `f h^y âL$pi `pX$u iL$pe.
kdN° L$pìe_p rhjehõsy_¡ hpsp®ê$`¡ fS|> L$ep® `R>u âï_p¡_u dv$v$\u L$pìe_y„ AÝep`_ L$fphu iL$pe. L$pìedp„\u
`„[¼sAp¡ ip¡^phu_¡ s¡d_¡ \e¡gp ApL$g__u Mpsfu L$fu iL$pe. Ap¡MplfZ_y„ Ap ArNepfdy„ L$X$hy„ R>¡. dpV¡$
rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ Ap_u `l¡gp_p L$X$hpdp„ hZ®h¡gp âk„Np¡\u hpL¡$a L$fhp. d¥Óu_p¡ k„b„^ b^p k„b„^p¡dp„ hX$p¡ R>¡ s¡
hps rhÛp\}Ap¡ ky^u `lp¢QpX$hu. `fd rdÓp¡ sfuL¡$ Adf \e¡gp L©$óZ-kyv$pdp_p âk„N_¡ epv$ L$fphu iL$pe.
hs®dp_dp„ rhÛp\}Ap¡ Aphp buSp rdÓp¡ rhi¡ SpZsp lp¡e sp¡ s¡ rhi¡ bp¡ghp s¡d_¡ â¡fZp Ap`hu.

7

õhpÝepe

(A) 1. _uQ¡_p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ L©$rsdp„ h`fpe¡gp iåv$p¡ ip¡^p¡.

(1) v$pku (2) h¡Z (3) ifuf (4) `yÓ
(7) ^ufS> (8) BÞÖ
(5) fps (6) Nhpn

2. iåv$kd|l dpV¡$ A¡L$ iåv$ Ap`p¡.

(1) kpfp v¡$Mphhpmy„ - (2) Nfub `f v$ep L$f_pf -
(4) âpfå^_u Ar^óW$pÓu v¡$hu -
(3) MyiMbf gph_pf_¡ A`psu c¡V$ - (6) bpfu blpf L$pY¡$gy„ T|gsy„ bp„^L$pd -

(5) bpm`Z\u kp\¡ lp¡e A¡ -

3. _uQ¡_p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ AÞe `ep®eu iåv$p¡ gMp¡.

(1) Of (2) `rs (3) fprÓ (4) kp¡_„y
(7) ifuf (8) lp\
(5) k¡rhL$p (6) rdÓ

4. Dv$plfZ âdpZ¡ gMp¡ : Ndsy„ - AZNdsy„

(1) õ\phf (2) NyZ (3) hl¡gu (4) fpe
(7) h¡fu (8) kbm
(5) hlpgu (6) v¡$h

(Ap) 1. L$p¡Z s¡ L$lp¡. 2. _uQ¡_u OV$_pAp¡_¡ ¾$d âdpZ¡ Np¡W$hp¡.

(1) ÜpqfL$p_u fnp L$f_pf - 1. (1) rQÓg¡MpA¡ Ap¡Mp `pk¡ h^pdZu dp„Nu.

(2) Ap¡Mp_u bpm`Z_u kMu - (2) rQÓg¡Mp ÜpqfL$p _Nfudp„ `qfc°dZ L$f¡ R>¡.

(3) dpspr`sp S> S>¡_p h¡fu bÞep„ R>¡ s¡ - (3) rQÓg¡Mp tlX$p¡mpkrls Ar_fyÙ_¡ gC Qpgu.

(4) kyv$i®_\u rQÓg¡Mp_u fnp L$f_pf - (4) `p„M_p AhpS>\u Ap¡Mp r_Öpdp„\u SpNu.

(5) ÜpqfL$p_u Qpf¡ bpSy> NpS>¡ R>¡ -

(6) ÜpqfL$p _Nfu_p NyZ Npe R>¡ - 2. (1) rQÓg¡Mp `pR>m kyv$i®_ v$p¡Xé„y.

(7) h¥Ly„$W$ S>¡hu _Nfu - (2) rQÓg¡MpA¡ `„Mu ê$` gu^y„.

(8) rQÓg¡MpA¡ S>¡_y„ ê$` gu^y„ s¡ - (3) Ap¡MpA¡ rQÓg¡Mp_¡ Ar_fyÙ_¡ gphhp_u

(9) Ar_fyÙ_p A`lfZ_u Np¡W$hZ L$f_pf - rh_„su L$fu.

(10) Ap¡MpA¡ S>¡_¡ `rs dpÞep R>¡ s¡ - (4) _pfv$ÆA¡ rQÓg¡Mp_u kyfnp L$fu.

3. A„L$dp„ S>hpb gMp¡.

(1) L©$óZ_u fpZu - (2) Ap¡MpA¡ rQÓg¡Mp_¡ iZNpf Apàep -

(3) Ar_fyÙ_¡ Qpdf Y$pm_pf v$pku - (4) îuL©$óZ_p v$uL$fp -

(5) rQÓg¡Mp_p ÜpqfL$p âh¡i kde¡ (6) ÜpqfL$p _Nfu_y„ A„sf (ep¡S>_dp„) -

bpL$u fl¡gu fprÓ -

8

3. ApL©$rs b„^ `|Z® L$fp¡.

(1)

`V$dp„ S>Xép R>¡ O|d¡ _¡ X$p¡g¡ R>¡
õs„c R>¡ Of¡ Of¡ Nhpe R>¡
c]s¡ gu`u R>¡
NyZÐeNp„kpe„NAdRp R>¡ _>¡ v$uAp¡_p¡ ÜpqfL$p _Nfu
d„X$` TmL¡$ R>¡

(2) L©$rs_p„ dy¿e `pÓp¡

4. gMp¡.

(1) L©$rsdp„ Aph¡gp„ ifuf_p„ A„Np¡ - (2) Ap¡MpA¡ Ar_fyÙ dpV¡$ L$f¡gp„ k„bp¡^_ -
(4) L$pìedp„ Aph¡gp„ îuL©$óZ_p„ _pd -
(3) Ap¡MpA¡ rQÓg¡Mp dpV¡$ L$f¡gp„ k„bp¡^_ -

5. L$pìe_p Ap^pf¡ gMp¡.

(1) Ap¡MpA¡ rQÓg¡Mp_¡ Ar_fyÙ_¡ gphhp_y„ L$l¡sp rQÓg¡MpA¡ Ap`¡gp¡ S>hpb -

(2) Ar_fyÙ_¡ g¡hp S>C fl¡gu rQÓg¡Mp_¡ Ap¡MpA¡ Ap`¡gu k|Q_p -

(3) rQÓg¡MpA¡ Ar_fyÙ_¡ Sp¡ep¡ s¡ kde_u Ar_fyÙ_u [õ\rs -

(4) rQÓg¡MpA¡ Ap fus¡ Ar_fyÙ_y„ lfZ L$e¯y -

(B) 1. kdpk_p¡ rhN°l L$fu âL$pf gMp¡. (3) kyv$i®_ (4) dpspr`sp
(1) kàsc|rd (2) lqfNyZ

2. Ag„L$pf Ap¡mMp¡.

(1) ÜpqfL$p s¡ h¥Ly„$W$ kfMu. (2) Np¡W$hZ Np¡rh„v¡$ L$u^u.

(3) S>s_ L$fS>¡ õhpdu_„y kbm, (4) bpC, sy„ R>¡ kyM_u v$psp,

S>¡d Ap„M_¡ fpM¡ L$pS>m. gph õhpdu_¡, \pe kyM ipsp.

3. L©$rsdp„ Aph¡gp Sp¡X$iåv$p¡ ip¡^u_¡ gMp¡.

4. L$pìedp„ Aph¡gp iåv$p_yâpk Ag„L$pf_p„ Dv$plfZ gMp¡.

9

5. ep¡Áe rhfpdrQl¹_p¡ d|L$p¡.
(1) _pfv$ L$l¡ f¡ kyv$i®_ A¡_¡ gC S>hp v¡$ S>¡ s_
(2) Qsyfp_¡ L$l¡ rQÓg¡Mp bpC ApÎep_p D`pe L¡$hp
(3) Apàey„ hpeL$ A¡L$ âdpZu nZ b¡dp„ s¡ Ap`y„ ApZu
(4) v|$f `„\ R>¡ Üpfpdsu L$ed S>hpe¡ dpfu hsu
(C) 1. Ap¿ep__p¡ cphp\® hpsp®ê$`¡ sdpfp iåv$p¡dp„ gMp¡.
2. Ap¡Mp A_¡ rQÓg¡Mp hÃQ¡_p¡ hpsp®gp` k„hpv$ ê$`¡ gMp¡.
3. rQÓg¡Mp_p kMuL©$Ðe_¡ sdpfp iåv$p¡dp„ hZ®hp¡.
4. sd¡ sdpfp rdÓ_¡ L$f¡gu L$p¡C dv$v$_p¡ âk„N hZ®hp¡.
(D) 1. â¡dp_„v$ frQs AÞe Ap¿ep_ d¡mhu hN®dp„ fS|> L$fp¡.
2. "rdÓ A¡hp¡ L$uÆA¡ S>¡ Y$pg kfuMp¡ lp¡e; kyMdp„ `pR>m `X$u fl¡, vy$:Mdp„ ApNm lp¡e.' hN®dp„ QQp® L$fp¡.
3. rdÓsp- î¡óW$ rdÓp¡ rhi¡_p„ kyhp¼ep¡, L$l¡hsp¡ L¡$ s¡_p„ Dv$plfZp¡ rhjeL$ D`¾$d s¥epf L$fp¡.

rhi¡j hp„Q_

buL$ _p bsphp¡ !

dpfu L$p¡C X$pmMudp„ `p„v$X$p„ _\u A¡L¡$e X$pmu\u lh¡ Tuëep¡ _ Spe,
d_¡ `p_Mf_u buL$ _p bsphp¡ ! L$p¡C fpsu L$uX$u_p¡e cpf.

`„Mu krls lhp Qpsfu_¡ Spe A¡L$ `R>u A¡L$ X$pm-Mfsu Sp¡C_¡ `|Ry>„:
A¡hy„ ApjpY$u qv$hkp¡dp„ gpN¡. `X$hp_¡ L¡$V$gu R>¡ hpf ?

Ap„bp_y„ kph cg¡ gpL$Xy„$ L$l¡hpJ lz„ bfadp„ Np¡W$h¡gy„ `pZu _\u,
`Z dpfpdp„ TpX$ lÆ SpN¡. d_¡ k|fS>_u buL$ _p bsphp¡ !

dpmpdp„ Np¡W$h¡gu kmu lz„ _\u, dpfu L$p¡C X$pmMudp„ `p„v$X$p„ _\u
d_¡ huS>mu_u buL$ _p bsphp¡ ! d_¡ `p_Mf_u buL$ _ bsphp¡ !

- Ar_g Sp¡iu

ApS> EW$iy„ L$pg¡ EW$iy„ g„bphp¡ _l] v$pX$p,
rhQpf L$fsp„ rhÂ_p¡ dp¡V$p„ hQdp„ Aph¡ ApX$p. - _d®v

10

3. _p lW$hy„

_d®v$

24 Ap¸NõV$, 1833_p fp¡S> kyfsdp„ S>Þd¡gp _d®v$pi„L$f gpgi„L$f v$h¡ "Ahp®Qu_ NÛ-`Û_p ApÛâZ¡sp'
R>¡. L$rh A_¡ kdpS>ky^pfL$ A¡hp _d®v¡$ g¡rM_u_¡ Mp¡m¡ dp\y„ d|¼ey„ lsy„. îu _d®v$_p S>Þdqv$hk_¡ ApS>¡ `Z
NyS>fpsu qv$hk sfuL¡$ DS>hhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. s¡d_p„ Æh_ A_¡ L$h_dp„ ip¥e® A_¡ â¡d_y„ s¡S> âNV¡$ R>¡. NyS>fpsu
cpjp_u â\d ApÐdL$\p - "dpfu lL$uL$s', â\d iåv$L$p¡i - "_d®L$p¡j cpN 1 \u 4' ìepL$fZ N°„\ - "_d®-
ìepL$fZ' S>¡hp„ kprlÐe õhê$` Ap`_pf âlfu _d®v$¡ "X$p„qX$ep¡' kpdreL$dp„ ky^pfprhjeL$ rhQpfp¡ ìe¼s L$fu
"ky^pfp_p¡ k¡_p_u'_y„ rbfyv$ `Z d¡mìey„ lsy„. 26 a¡b°yApfu, 1886_p fp¡S> s¡d_y„ Ahkp_ \ey„ lsy„.

k|f L©$rs_p¡
âõsys ip¥e®Nusdp„ L$rh A¡L$hpf gu^¡gu ârsop, r_[òs L$f¡gp Ýe¡e dpV¡$ kss ApNm h^hp_u

â¡fZp Ap`¡ R>¡. L$rh L$l¡ R>¡ L¡$ cg¡ ApL$pi s|V$u `X¡$ L¡$ ^fsu apV$u `X¡$ A\p®s¹ dp¡V$p„dp„ dp¡V$p„ k„L$V$p¡ Aph¡ sp¡
`Z `p¡sp_p gn\u `uR>¡lW$ L$fpe _l]. Nd¡ A¡hp„ rhÂ_p¡ Aph¡ sp¡ `Z Ly$_¡l`|h®L$ s¡_p¡ kpd_p¡ L$fhp¡, kpdu
R>psuA¡ gX$hy„. L$p„ sp¡ kamsp d¡mhu ApNm h^hy„ AÞe\p dfu auV$hy„ `Z `pR>p„ X$Ngp„ _ cfhp„. tlds`|h®L$
k„L$V$p¡_p¡ kpd_p¡ L$fu ApNm h^_pf i|fhuf S> S>i âpàs L$f¡ R>¡. huffk\u kcf Ap L©$rs hpQL$dp„ i|fhufsp

S>NpX$u Spe R>¡.

X$Ngy„ cey¯ L¡$ _p lW$hy„ _p lW$hy„;
h¡Z L$pYéy„ L¡$ _p gV$hy„ _p gV$hy„. (V¡$L$)

kdÆ_¡ sp¡ `Ngy„ d|L$hy„, d|L$u_¡ _p buhy„;
S>hpe Sp¡ _rl ApNm sp¡e¡, afu _ `pRy>„ g¡hy„. X$Ngy„.

k„L$V$ dp¡Vy„$ Aphu `X$s¡, dp¡Yy„$ _ L$fhy„ hugy„;
L$m¡ bm¡ M|b gX$hy„ `Z _p L$fhy„ afhp KQy„. X$Ngy„.

Äep„ Ecp Ðep„ Qp¢V$u flu_¡, hQ_ g¡hy„ kbmy„;
Apc `X$p¡ L¡$ `©Õhu apV$p¡, sp¡e _ L$fuA¡ _bmy„. X$Ngy„.

as¡l L$fu_¡ ApNm h^iy„, A\hp Al]ep„ dfiy„;
`Z gu^¡gy„ s¡ `pmuiy„, f¡ hÄS>f_y„ L$fiy„. X$Ngy„.

sÆ lpd _¡ W$pd d|L$hp, M|Zp S>¡ L$p¡ Mp¡m¡;
r^L¹$ L$pef s¡ A`S>kê$`u, MpmL|„$X$udp„ bp¡m¡. X$Ngy„.

`p¡sp_p¡ `õsphp¡ \pe¡, S>M dpfu f¡ cpf¡;
dyAp _rl L$p„ L$fu `fp¾$d, fZ¡ EW$pìe„y Äepf¡. X$Ngy„.

11

i|fhuf s¡ S>k_p¡ gp¡cu, tldsdqv$fp `uA¡;
Dd„N\u s¡ ^ku h^¡ hp, M|b V$L$phu fpM¡. X$Ngy„.

cZu NZu S>_ `y¿s rhQpf¡, `pep¡ _pM¡ dS>b|s;
L$p¡ L$pm¡ `Z S>k dp¡V$p¡ g¡, _d®v$L¡$fy„ kpb|s. X$Ngy„.

dpN®v$i®L$ õs„c

âõsys L©$rs_y„ AÝep`_ L$fphsp„ `l¡gp„ Ap Nus_y„ hN®dp„ kd|lNp_ L$fphu iL$pe. "kamsp tS>v$Nu_u
lõsf¡Mpdp„ _\u lp¡su'_u hps L$fu, Æh_dp„ Ýe¡e lp„kg L$fhp dpV¡$ kss âeÐ_iug fl¡hp, dpN®dp„ Aphsp„
L„$V$L$p¡, k„L$V$p¡, W$p¡L$fp¡\u _ X$Nhp â¡fZp Ap`u iL$pe. Ai¼e S>Zpsp Ýe¡e_¡ âpàs L$fhp ×Y$ d_p¡bm fpMu
kss k„Ojp£_p¡ kpd_p¡ L$fhp R>sp„ ApN¡L|$Q L$f_pfp A_¡ rkrÙ_¡ hf_pfp dlp_ycphp¡_p„ ×óV$p„s Ap`u iL$pe.
rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ `Z s¡Ap¡ SpZsp„ lp¡e A¡hp„ Dv$plfZp¡ L$l¡hp„ â¡qfs L$fu iL$pe. rhÛp\}Ap¡dp„ "tlds¡ dv$p®'_p
cph ×Y$ L$fphu iL$pe.

õhpÝepe

(A) 1. _uQ¡_p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ L©$rsdp„ h`fpe¡gp iåv$p¡ ip¡^p¡.

(1) iftdvy$ (2) `pL$V$ (3) Æs (4) rl„ds
(7) ârsop (8) DÐkpl
(5) õ\p_ (6) dS>b|s

2. _uQ¡_p iåv$kd|lp¡ dpV¡$ A¡L$ iåv$ Ap`p¡. 3. "A`' D`kN® gNpX$u b_sp iåv$p¡ gMp¡.

(1) Mpm_p d¡gp `pZu_u L|„$X$u - S>i
A`
(2) gX$pC_y„ d¡v$p_ -

(3) `pR>p afhy„ -

(4) `pR>p `X$hy„ -

(5) Spl¡f L¡$ ApNm DOpXy„$ _ lp¡e A¡hy„ õ\p_ -

4. rhk„Ns iåv$ Ap¡mMp¡. hQ_ hps `Z
(1) h¡Z afhy„ gV$hy„ X$Nhy„
(2) lW$hy„ tlds blpvy$fu i|fhuf
(3) lpd

(Ap) 1. L$p¡Z s¡ L$lp¡. -
(1) r^½$pf A_¡ A`S>k d¡mh¡ R>¡. -
(2) S>k_p¡ gp¡cu lp¡e R>¡. -
(3) Dd„N\u ApNm ^k¡ R>¡.

12

2. iy„ _ L$fhy„ s¡ L$lp¡. (2) h¡Z Apàep `R>u (3) `Ngy„ d|¼ep `R>u
(1) X$Ngy„ cep® `R>u
4. ApL©$rs b„^ `|Z® L$fp¡.
3. L¡$hu fus¡ s¡ L$lp¡ (L$pìe_p Ap^pf¡) i|fhuf_p„ gnZp¡
(1) `Ngy„ d|L$hy„
(2) M|b gX$hy„
(3) ApNm h^hy„
(4) Ecp fl¡hy„
(5) ^ku S>hy„

(B) 1. L$pìedp„\u hZp®_yâpk, iåv$p_yâpk, A„Ðep_yâpk Ag„L$pf_p„ ×óV$p„s ip¡^u gMp¡.

2. kdpk_p¡ rhN°l L$fu âL$pf gMp¡.

(1) tldsdqv$fp (2) L$m¡bm¡ (3) MpmL|„$X$u (4) _bmy„$

3. ê$qY$ âep¡N_p A\® gMp¡. (2) S>M dpfhu (3) Apc s|V$u `X$hy„
(1) dp¡Yy„$ hugy„ L$fhy„

4. L$pìe_¡ Ap^pf¡ ep¡Áe rhi¡jZ gMp¡.

(1) ----k„L$V$ (2) ----dp¡Yy„$ (3) ----hQ_ (4) ----rhQpf

5. A\® bv$ëep hNf hp¼e_y„ ê$`p„sf L$fp¡. (2) i|fhuf l„d¡ip„ ApNm h^¡ R>¡.
(1) kdÆ_¡ `Ngy„ cfhy„ Sp¡CA¡. (4) L$pef d¡v$p_ R>p¡X$u _pku Spe R>¡.
(3) `y¿sS>_ dS>b|s `pep¡ _pM¡ R>¡.

(C) 1. L$pìe_y„ fkv$i®_ L$fphp¡.
2. L$pìe`„[¼s kdSphp¡ : as¡l L$fu_¡ ApNm h^iy„, A\hp Al]ep„ dfiy„.
3. i|fhuf A_¡ L$pef_p¡ c¡v$ kdSphp¡.
4. gÿeâp[às dpV¡$_p S>ê$fu NyZp¡ sdpfp iåv$p¡dp„ hZ®hp¡.

(D) 1. "L$v$d A[õ\f lp¡e A¡_¡ fõsp¡ L$v$u S>X$sp¡ _\u;
AX$N d__p dykpaf_¡ rldpge `Z _X$sp¡ _\u.'
- Ap `„[¼s rhi¡ hN®dp„ sdpfp d_p¡cph ìe¼s L$fp¡.

2. huffk kcf AÞe L$p¡C ip¥e®Nus hN®dp„ NpC k„cmphp¡ A_¡ s¡_p¡ fkpõhpv$ L$fphp¡.

(E) kplk bm¡ kamsp_u Bdpfs QZ_pf rië`uAp¡ rhi¡ A¡L$ L$p¡gpS> s¥epf L$fp¡.

13

rhi¡j hp„Q_

rhkpdp¡

\pL¡$ _ \pL¡$ R>sp„ e¡ sy„ dp_hu ! _ g¡S>¡ rhkpdp¡ !
_¡ T|TS>¡ A¡L$g bp„e¡-lp¡ dp_hu ! _ g¡S>¡ rhkpdp¡ !

spf¡ Dëg„Ohp_p dpfN cygpdZp, spf¡ DÙpfhp_p„ Æh_ v$epdZp„ :
rlçds _ lpfS>¡ sy„ ¼ep„e¡ - lp¡ dp_hu ! _ g¡S>¡ rhkpdp¡ !

Æh__¡ `\ S>sp„ sp`-\pL$ gpNi¡, h^su rhV„$bZp klsp„ sy„ \pL$i¡ :
klsp„ k„L$V$ A¡ b^p„e¡ - lp¡ dp_hu ! _ g¡S>¡ rhkpdp¡ !

SpS>¡ hV$phu syS> Apas_p¡ V¡$L$fp¡, ApN¡ ApN¡ li¡ hZM¡Xép„ M¡sfp¡ :
M„s¡ M¡X¡$ A¡ b^p„e¡; lp¡ dp_hu ! _ g¡S>¡ rhkpdp¡ !

Tp„Mp S>Nsdp„ A¡L$gp¡ âL$piS>¡, Aph¡ A„^pf s¡_¡ A¡L$gp¡ rhv$pfS>¡;
R>p¡_¡ Ap ApeMy„ lZpe¡- lp¡ dp_hu ! _ g¡S>¡ rhkpdp¡ !

g¡S>¡ rhkpdp¡ _ ¼ep„e¡ lp¡ dp_hu ! v¡$S>¡ rhkpdp¡ !

spfu l¥ep-hfMX$u_¡ R>p„e¡ lp¡ dp_hu ! v¡$S>¡ rhkpdp¡ !

_ g¡S>¡ rhkpdp¡ !- h¡ZucpC `yfp¡rls

_\u SpÎey„ Adpf¡ `„\ iu Apas MX$u R>¡,
Mbf R>¡ A¡V$gu L¡$ dpsp_u lpL$g`X$u R>¡. - Th¡fQ„v$ d¡OpZu

14

4. su\p£Ñd

bpgdyLy„$v$ v$h¡

L$rh A_¡ `ÓL$pf bpgdyLy„$v$ v$h¡_p¡ S>Þd 7 dpQ®, 1916_p fp¡S> hX$p¡v$fp rS>ëgp_p dõsy`yfp Npddp„ \ep¡
lsp¡. âL©$rs, âZe A_¡ âcyc[¼s A¡d_p„ dy¿e L$h_ rhjep¡ füp„ R>¡. s¡d_p„ âL©$rsL$pìep¡dp„ hpv$mu-Qp„v$_u,
_c, sgphX$u hN¡f¡ âL©$rs_p„ A„Np¡ `pÓê$`¡ Æh„s b_u k„h¡v$_ âNV$ L$f¡ R>¡. s¡d_u L$kpe¡gu L$gd¡ Apg¡Mpe¡gp„
kp¸_¡V$p¡ NyS>fpsu kprlÐe_u Ad|ëe d|X$u R>¡. "`qf¾$dp', "Ly„$sg', "kp¡_Q„`p¡', "AëgL$ v$ëgL$', "Tfdqfep' s¡d_u
â¿eps L©$rsAp¡ R>¡. s¡d_p DÑd L$pìekS>®_ dpV¡$ s¡d_¡ 1948dp„ Ly$dpf kyhZ®Q„ÖL$ A¡_pes L$fpep¡ R>¡. 28
a¡b°yApfu, 1993_p fp¡S> s¡d_y„ Ahkp_ \ey„ ls„y.

k|f L©$rs_p¡

ârkÙ L©$rs "su\p£Ñd' bpgdyLy„$v$ v$h¡ frQs ârkÙ kp¸_¡V$ R>¡. ApW$ `„[¼sAp¡_y„ â\d AóV$L$ s\p cph_¡
hmp„L$ Ap`sy„ R> `„[¼sAp¡_y„ buSy>„ S|>\ A¡hu `¡V²$pL®$ipC âL$pf_u fQ_p ^fphsy„ âõsys kp¸_¡V$ riMqfZu R>„v$dp„
Apg¡Mpey„ R>¡. â\d AóV$L$dp„ L$rh kfm iåv$p¡dp„ õhp_yc|rs hZ®hsp„ L$l¡ R>¡ L¡$ - "lz„ cpfs_p„ v$f¡L$ ârkÙ
epÓp^pdp¡, su\®õ\mp¡dp„ aep£. N„NpS>m `Z gpìep¡. s¡d R>sp„ d_¡ A¡L$ `Z A¡hy„ `yr_s su\® _p dþey„ Äep„ dpfu
v$i®__u àepk byTpC iL¡$.' A¡d_u ip¡^ kss Qpgsu S> flu. buSp S|>\dp„ L$rh S>Zph¡ R>¡ L¡$ A¡L$ kp„S>¡ s¡Ap¡
`p¡sp_p Of_p Ap¡V$g¡ `p¡sp_u `Ð_u kp\¡ hpsp¡A¡ hmÁep lsp. Ðepf¡ `p¡sp_p Mp¡mpdp„ `p¡Y¡$gu _hSps `yÓu_¡
Ad©s`p_ L$fphu fl¡gu A_¡ A¡ kde¡ hpÐkëe _usfsp _e_¡ `yÓu_¡ r_lpmsu `Ð_u_u Ap„Mp¡dp„ L$rh_¡ S>Ns_p
DÑdp¡Ñd su\®_p„ v$i®_ \pe R>¡. kp¸_¡V$_u iê$Apsdp„ "cçep¡' iåv$\u ìe¼s \su ìe\® fTm`pV$_u DÑd su\®_p„
v$i®_ ky^u_u epÓp âõsys kp¸_¡V$dp„ hZ®hpC R>¡.

cçep¡ su\£ su\£ ^fu Df d_ujp v$fi_u
`yfu, L$piu, L$p„Qu, Ah^, d\yfp _¡ Ahf kp¥
cçep¡ epÓp^pdp¡, AX$kW$ S>g¡ õ_p_ L$qfep„;
hmu kp\¡ gpìep¡ rhdg OV$ N„Np¡v$L$ cfu,
R>sp„ f¡ _p gpÝey„ âcy ! `yr_s A¡½¡$ suf\, Äep„
iL¡$ dpfu R>u`u Qfd d_ujp sy„ v$fi_u !
A_¡ A¡hp TpTp qv$_ hlu Nep ip¡^_ dl],
hüp A¡\u TpTp kss OV$dpm¡ Æh__u !
Ad¡ b¡ kp„Sy>L$p„ klS> dY$uAp¡V¡$ r_s `¡W¡$
hþep„'sp„ hpsp¡A¡, _e_ _dZp„ _¡ kMusZp„
Y$þep„'sp„ hpÐkëe¡, d©vy$g _hSpsp L$gu `f¡-
T|L$u, Y$p„L$u S>¡_¡ Af^`f^p `pgh \L$u
DR>„N¡ r`hpX$u A_Nm flu Ad©sTfp !
d_¡ A¡ Qnydp„ âcy ! S>Nssu\p£Ñd dþey„.

15

dpN®v$i®L$ õs„c

âõsys L©$rs_p AÝep`__u iê$Aps L$fsp„ `l¡gp„ rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ kp¸_¡V$ kprlÐe âL$pf\u `qfrQs
L$fphu iL$pe. kp¸_¡V$_y„ b„^pfZ, s¡_p âL$pf rhi¡ rhNshpf hps L$fu iL$pe. "Ofdp„ L$piu, Ofdp„ d\yfp.'
L$pìe k„cmphu rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ NZ¡iÆA¡ dpsp-r`sp_u âv$rnZp L$fu_¡ â\d `|Äe_y„ dp_ d¡mìep_u hps
L$fhu. AX$kW$ suf\ dpsp-r`sp_¡ QfZ¡ S> fl¡gp„ R>¡ s¡ cph rhÛp\}Ap¡_p ùv$edp„ ×Y$ L$fhp¡. dpspÆ_p
d„qv$fdp„ Q|„v$X$u cg¡ QX$php¡, `Z Ofdp„ fl¡gu dp_u Ap„Mp¡dp„ Ap„ky _ Aph¡ s¡ Sy>Ap¡. su\®c°dZ cg¡ L$fp¡
`Z Æh„s su\® kdp_ dpsp-r`sp_u D`¡np _ L$fp¡ s¡ hps ×Y$sp`|h®L$ kdSphhu. dpsp-r`sp_u k¡hp L$fu
Adf \e¡gp îhZ_u A_¡ ApS>_p eyNdp„ `Z îhZ b_u dpsp-r`sp_u k¡hp L$fsp„ k„sp_p¡_p„ ×óV$p„sp¡
Ap`u rhÛp\}Ap¡dp„ "dps© v¡$hp¡ ch:' A_¡ "r`s©v¡$hp¡ ch:'_p k„õL$pf fp¡r`s L$fu iL$pe.

õhpÝepe

(A) 1. _uQ¡_p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ L©$rsdp„ h`fpe¡gp iåv$p¡ ip¡^p¡.

(1) BÃR>p (2) Bsf (3) L$p¡dm (4) õhpcprhL$
(7) `rhÓ (8) r_d®m
(5) A`pf (6) OX$p¡

2. _uQ¡_p sm`v$p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ dpÞe cpjp_p iåv$p¡ gMp¡.

(1) `¡W¡$ (2) `f¡ (3) gpÝey„ (4) v$fi

3. iåv$kd|l dpV¡$ A¡L$ iåv$ Ap`p¡. (2) ky„v$f hmp„L$hpmp
(1) `l¡f¡gp kpX$gp_p¡ gV$L$sp¡ R>¡X$p¡ (4) epÓp dpV¡$_y„ ^pd
(3) sfs_u S>Þd¡gu

4. _d|_p dyS>b iåv$ gMp¡. TpTp„ - \p¡X$p„ (2) klS> (3) d©vy$g
(1) rhdg (5) DÑd (6) Qfd
(4) Ad©s

(Ap) 1. iåv$Spm `|Z® L$fp¡.

L$pìedp„ Dëg¡Mpe¡gp„ su\®^pdp¡

2. L$pìe_p Ap^pf¡ gMp¡. - (2) TpTp qv$_ husu Nep -
(1) L$rh_p qv$gdp„ BÃR>p lsu - (4) L$rh `Ð_u kp\¡ hmÁep lsp -
(3) A¡\u `Z h^y qv$_ rhÐep - (6) L$rh kp\¡ gpìep -
(5) L$rh`Ð_u_p„ _e_p¡ Y$þep„ lsp„

16

3. iy„ s¡ L$lp¡. (2) OZu c°dZp R>sp„ L$rh_¡ _p dþey„
(1) L$rh `p¡sp_u kp\¡ gpìep (4) L$rh `Ð_uA¡ _hSpsp `yÓu_¡ Y$p„¼ep¡
(3) L$rh_¡ hpÐkëe _usfsu `Ð_u_u Ap„Mp¡dp„ dþey„

4. ¼ep„ s¡ L$lp¡.

(1) L$rh cçep -
-
(2) L$rh `Ð_u kp\¡ b¡W$p lsp -
-
(3) _hSpsp `yÓu_¡ `p¡Y$pX$u lsu -

(4) L$rh_¡ DÑd su\®_p„ v$i®_ \ep„

(5) L$rhA¡ õ_p_ L$ep¯

(B) 1. kdpk_p¡ rhN°l L$fu âL$pf gMp¡.

(1) epÓp^pd (2) su\p£Ñd (3) dY$uAp¡V¡$ (4) rhdg

2. k„r^ R>p¡X$p¡. (2) k„kpf (3) âÐen (4) su\p£Ñd
(1) N„Np¡v$L$

3. _uQ¡_p„ iåv$eyÁdp¡ `|fp„ L$fp¡. (3) ANX„$---- (4) dp¡S>----
(1) ----`f^p (2) `|Sp ----

4. _uQ¡_u `„[¼sAp¡dp„\u rhi¡jZ ip¡^u âL$pf gMp¡.
(1) A_¡ A¡hp TpTp qv$_ hlu Nep ip¡^_ dl]
(2) AX$kW$ S>g¡ õ_p_ L$qfep„
(3) Ad¡ b¡ kp„Sy>L$p„ klS> dY$uAp¡V¡$ r_s `¡W¡$
(4) Y$þep„'sp„ hpÐkëe¡, d©vy$g _hSpsp L$gu `f¡

(C) 1. âõsys L$pìe_p¡ fkpõhpv$ L$fp¡.

2. L$pìe`„[¼s kdSphp¡ - d_¡ A¡ Qnydp„ âcy !
S>Nssu\p£Ñd dþey„

3. "S>__u_u Sp¡X$ kMu _l] S>X¡$ f¡ gp¡g' - sdpfp¡ ds ìe¼s L$fp¡.

(D) 1. BÞV$f_¡V$/N°„\pgedp„\u "S|>_y„ Of Mpgu L$fsp„' d¡mhu hp„Qp¡ A_¡ hN®dp„ s¡_p¡ fkpõhpv$ L$fphp¡.

2. "S>_f¡i_-N¡`'_p _pd¡ dpsp-r`sp_u \su Ahl¡g_p - rhje `f hN®dp„ `qfk„hpv$_y„ Apep¡S>_ L$fp¡.

(E) dpsp_p¡ drldp hZ®hsu fQ_pAp¡_p¡ k„N°l L$fu D`¾$d s¥epf L$fp¡.

id¡_p h¡f\u h¡f, V$m¡ _p `p` `p`\u
Ap¥j^ kh® vy$:Mp¡_y„, d¥Óucph k_ps_. - õ_¡lf[íd

17

rQÓhZ®_

18

5. `l¡gp¡ hfkpv$

lfuÞÖ v$h¡

`ÓL$pf, L$rh, _hgL$\pL$pf, r_b„^L$pf A¡hp lfuÞÖ v$h¡_p¡ S>Þd 19 kàV¡$çbf, 1930_p fp¡S>
L$ÃR>dp„ \ep¡ lsp¡. s¡dZ¡ L$pìe, _hgL$\p, _pV$L$, tQs_, rhh¡Q_, S>¡hp„ rhrh^ kprlÐe n¡Ó¡ M¡X$pZ L$e¯y
R>¡. R>sp„ A¡d L$lu iL$pe L¡$ lfuÞÖ v$h¡ _MriM L$rh R>¡. â¡d A_¡ d©Ðey s¡d_u L$rhsp_p rhje füp R>¡.
"Apkh', "A`®Z', "k|ep£`r_jv$' , "`m_p ârstbb', "dp^h ¼ep„e _\u' s¡d_u _p¢^`pÓ L©$rsAp¡ R>¡.
s¡d_p NTgk„N°l "lepsu' dpV¡$ s¡d_¡ qv$ëlu kprlÐe AL$pv$du_p¡ `yfõL$pf âpàs \ep¡ R>¡. 1982dp„ s¡d_¡
fZrS>sfpd kyhZ®Q„ÖL$\u _hpS>hpdp„ Apìep R>¡. 29 dpQ®, 1995_p fp¡S> dy„bCdp„ s¡d_y„ Ahkp_ \ey„ ls„y.

k|f L©$rs_p¡
âõsys hjp®Nusdp„ dp¡kd_p `l¡gp hfkpv$_u hps L$fu R>¡. âL©$rs_u kp\¡ âZe_p cph_¡ `Z hZu

g¡hpep R>¡. dp¡kd_p `l¡gp hfkpv$_u kp\¡ `p„Nfsp„ sfZp„_u S>¡d L$rh_p ùv$edp„ râe`pÓ_u epv$ ap¡fu EW¡$ R>¡.
^N^Nsp D_pmp_p sp`\u sàs ^fp_¡ `l¡gp hfkpv$\u S>¡ fus¡ W„$X$L$_p¡ A_ych \pe A¡ S> fus¡ râe`pÓ_p
rhfl\u sàs L$rh ùv$e_¡ iusmsp_p¡ A_ych \pe R>¡. âkÞ_rQÑ b_¡gp L$rh hpv$m_p„ Ap¡hpfZp„ g¡ R>¡. s¡d
S> MmMm hl¡sp„ `pZudp„ `N bp¡mu Ap_„v$ ìe¼s L$f¡ R>¡. Tfdf hfksp hfkpv$_p Ýhr_dp„ s¡d_¡ râe`pÓ_p
kpv$_p¡ cpk \pe R>¡. gugu Q|„v$X$u ^pfZ L$fu s¡dS> cu_u dpV$u_u dl¡L$\u dl¡L$su `©Õhu, Apc\u ^fp ky^u_p
hfkpv$_p âhpk_¡ Sp¡C L$rh_p ùv$e `f râesdp_p õdfZ_p¡ L¡$a R>hpC Spe R>¡. hjp®F>sydp„ fdpsu hpv$m-
k|e®_u k„spL|$L$X$u, _c_p„ bv$gps„p ê$` A_¡ fQpsp„ Av¹$cys âpL©$rsL$ kp¦v$e® kp\¡ Mugu EW$sp âZe_¡ L$rhA¡
fkpm hpZudp„ fS|> L$ep£ R>¡.

dp¡kd_p¡ `l¡gp¡ hfkpv$, OZu Mçdp,
sfZ¡ L$p¡m¡ R>¡ spfu epv$, OZu Mçdp,

T|L¡$gp„ hpv$m_p„ gJ lz„ Ap¡hpfZp„,
_¡ Ecfs¡ TfZ¡ bp¡my„ `pe,

sp`¡ ^N¡gp dpfp A„sf_¡ Adfs_u
iumu Ap ël¡fMu h]V$pe,

Tfdf_p¡ Ndsugp¡ kpv$, OZu Mçdp,
dp¡kd_p¡ `l¡gp¡ hfkpv$, OZu Mçdp,

gp¡Q_dp„ `p„v$X$p„_p¡ gugp¡ R>¡ f„N,
cu_u dpV$u_u çl¡L$ cfu ïhpk¡,
fyqv$e¡ R>¡ L¡$a, s_¡ _uL$msp¡ Sp¡C
`¡gp Apc\u Ap cp¡d_p âhpk¡,

19

N¡b \L$u Ny„S>fsp¡ _pv$, OZu Mçdp,
dp¡kd_p¡ `l¡gp¡ hfkpv$, OZu Mçdp
Ap\dsp k|fS>_u v$uhX$u _ v¡$MpC,

_hgM spfp_p _l] Qpk,
spfp¡ Ap O¡O|f v$uv$pf Sp¡C ifdpsu

`|_d_u fpsdp„ Adpk,
fp^p-dp¡l__p¡ k„hpv$, OZu Mçdp,
dp¡kd_p¡ `l¡gp¡ hfkpv$, OZu Mçdp.

dpN®v$i®L$ õs„c

âõsys L©$rs_p AÝep`__u iê$Aps L$fphsp„ `l¡gp„ Ap hjp®Nus_y„ kd|lNp_ L$fphu iL$pe. cpfsue
k„õL©$rsdp„ v$f¡L$ F>sy_y„ ApNhy„ dlÒh R>¡. s¡dp„ hjp® A¡ sp¡ F>syAp¡_u fpZu R>¡ s¡ S>Zphu hfkpv$_y„ - S>m_y„
dlÒh, hjp®F>sy kp\¡ S> A_pepk¡ Sp¡X$pe¡gp âZe_p¡ cph, dp_hue k„h¡v$_pAp¡_y„ hZ®_ L$fu iL$pe.
hjp®F>sydp„ Mugu EW$sp„ âpL©$rsL$ kp¦v$e®_y„ fkâv$ i¥gudp„ hZ®_ L$fu ApS>¡ âL©$rs\u v|$f \C fl¡gp rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡
âL©$rs_y„ kpr_Ýe dpZhp â¡qfs L$fu iL$pe. kp\¡ S> S>m A¡ S> Æh_ R>¡ s¡ kdSphu S>mk„h^®_, ApS>¡ rhïh
kpd¡ Ec¡gp S>mk„L$V$_p âï_ k„b„^¡ SpN©s L$fu iL$pe.

õhpÝepe

(A) 1. _uQ¡_p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ L©$rsdp„ h`fpe¡gp iåv$p¡ ip¡^p¡.

(1) dykpafu (2) _ip¡ (3) hpsQus (4) W„Xy„$
(7) rhcphfu (8) _e_
(5) O_Op¡f (6) F>sy

2. iåv$kd|l dpV¡$ A¡L$ iåv$ Ap`p¡. (2) hfkpv$_u afaf
(1) Apiuhp®v$ Ap`hp_u A¡L$ fus (4) M¡X$hp\u `X$sp¡ gp„bp¡ Ap„L$p¡
(3) _ v¡$Mpe A¡hy„

3. L©$rs_¡ Ap^pf¡ ep¡Áe rhi¡jZ gMp¡.

(1) ----hfkpv$ (2) ---- hpv$m (3) ----Tfτ (4) ---- kpv$
(7) ----spfp (8) ----v$uv$pf
(5) ----f„N (6) ----dpV$u

4. _uQ¡_p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ `ep®eu iåv$p¡ Ap`p¡.

(1) `p„v$Xy„$ (2) kpv$ (3) A„sf (4) hfkpv$
(7) k|fS> (8) çl¡L$
(5) Apc (6) cp¡d

(Ap) 1. ¼ep„ s¡ gMp¡. (2) L¡$a R>¡
(1) cu_u dpV$u_u dl¡L cfu R>¡ (4) `p„v$X$p„_p¡ gugp¡ f„N R>¡
(3) W„$X$u gl¡fMu h]V$mpe R>¡
20

2. iy„ s¡ gMp¡. (2) L$rh T|L¡$gp„ hpv$m_p„ g¡ R>¡
(1) sfZ¡ L$p¡m¡ R>¡ (4) hfkpv$ Apc\u cp¡d ky^u L$f¡ R>¡
(3) Ecfsp TfZpdp„ L$rh bp¡m¡ R>¡ (6) rhfl_p sp`\u ^Nu Ney„ R>¡
(5) L$rh_¡ _ v¡$Mpep

3. ApL©$rsb„^ `|Z® L$fp¡.

ifuf_p„ A„Np¡

L$pìedp„ f„N
Dëg¡Mpe¡gp„ `fõ`f rhfp¡^u iåv$p¡

âpL©$rsL$ sÒhp¡

4. _uQ¡_p„ âpL©$rsL$ sÒh k„b„r^s L$rh_u ârsq¾$ep gMp¡.

(1) hpv$m (2) Tfτ (3) dpV$u

(B) 1. L$pìedp„\u âpkey¼s iåv$p¡_u Sp¡X$u ip¡^u gMp¡.

2. A\® bv$ëep rh_p hp¼e_y„ _L$pfpÐdL$dp„ ê$`p„sf L$fp¡.
(1) ENsp k|fS>_¡ klz `|S>¡ R>¡.
(2) `|_d_u fps¡ `|Z® Q„Ödp lp¡e R>¡.
(3) cu_u dpV$udp„\u kyN„^ Aph¡ R>¡.

3. "_y„'_y„ ep¡Áe ê$` gMu Mpgu S>Áep `|fp¡. (2) dp¡kd---- `l¡gp¡ hfkpv$
(1) T|L¡$gp„ hpv$m---- Ap¡hpfZp„ (4) Ap\dsp k|fS> ---- v$uhX$u
(3) cu_u dpV$u ---- dl¡L$

4. _uQ¡_u `„[¼sAp¡dp„\u ìe¼s \sp¡ fk S>Zphp¡.
(1) A¡L$ gkfL¡$ ENu _uL$þep„ S>„Ng S>„Ng TpX$,
V$`L¡$ V$`L¡$ awV$u _uL$þep, ^fsu `f\u àlpX$ !
(2) fX¡$ R>¡ âL©$rs dpsp,
v|$T¡ R>¡ qv$g vy$:MX$p„.
(3) spfu Ap„M_p¡ AauZu, spfp bp¡g_p¡ b„^pZu
spfp ê$`_u `|_d_p¡ `pNg A¡L$gp¡...!
(4) dpfp L¡$kfcu_p L„$\lp¡ !
rk^php¡ Æ fZhpV$.

21

(B) 1. âõsys L$pìe_p¡ fkpõhpv$ L$fphp¡.

2. L$pìe`„[¼s kdSphp¡ : sp`¡ ^N¡gp dpfp A„sf_¡ Adfs_u
iumu Ap ël¡fMu h]V$pe,

Tfdf_p¡ Ndsugp¡ kpv$, OZu Mçdp,
dp¡kd_p¡ `l¡gp¡ hfkpv$, OZu Mçdp.

3. dp¡kd_p `l¡gp hfkpv$_u L$rh ùv$e `f \e¡gu Akf sdpfp iåv$p¡dp„ ìe¼s L$fp¡.
(D) 1. "hjp®F>sy A_¡ âZe' - hN®dp„ kd|l QQp® L$fp¡.
2. hjp®F>sy_p¡ sdpfp¡ A¡L$pv$p¡ epv$Npf âk„N hN®dp„ hZ®hp¡.
(E) 1. "hfkpv$_p„ rhrh^ ê$`p¡' - rhi¡ D`¾$d s¥epf L$fp¡.
2. BÞV$f_¡V$/N°„\pgedp„\u buSp„ hjp®Nus/âL©$rsL$pìep¡/âZeL$pìe d¡mhu hp„Qp¡.

rhi¡j hp„Q_

awgp¡_p Npgdp„ M„S>_

fpQu _\u fü„y _¡ TpL$m A¡ ¿epgdp„ ?
k|fS> _ dp¡L$gph¡ sX$L$p¡ V$`pgdp„

cdfpA¡ L$p_dp„ S>C A¡hy„ s¡ iy„ L$üy„ ?
M„S>_ `X$u füp„ R>¡ a|gp¡_p Npgdp„.
_uL$mu R>¡ `pedpgu bp„^u_¡ rbõsfp;
ku^u Al] S> Aphi¡ A¡ ApS>L$pgdp„,
`uX$p dV$u_¡ `uX$p Ahkf b_u NC;
A¡hy„ iy„ c¡mìey„' s„y A¡Z¡ hlpgdp„ ?
v$pV$u v$u^u Dv$pku Ap¡Y$u_¡ L$pdmp¡;
bpmu v$u^p„ aV$paV$ X|$kL$p„ dipgdp„.

- Q„Ö¡i dL$hpZp "_pfpS>'

ib_p kfOk _uL$m¡, _rl g¡ Æhsp L¡$fu cpm,
`|smp L¡$fu `|Sp \psu _¡ dp_hu W¡$bp Mpe. - âl¹gpv$ `pf¡M

22

6. lpCLy$

TuZpcpC fs_Æ v¡$kpC

"õ_¡lf[íd'_p D`_pd\u SpZusp TuZpcpC v¡$kpC_p¡ S>Þd 16 A¡râg, 1903_p fp¡S> hgkpX$ rS>ëgp_p
QuMgu Npd¡ \ep¡ lsp¡. lpCLy$ L$pìe_p âZ¡sp, Erd®L$rh õ_¡lf[íd_u L$rhspdp„ gprgÐe, fhdp^ye® rhi¡j Ýep_
M¢Q¡ R>¡. "AÝe®', "`_OV$', "Npsp Apkp¡`pgh', "lufp_p gV$L$rZep', "A„sf`V$', "dpfu vy$r_ep' A¡d_u â¿eps
L©$rs R>¡. S>ÞdSps rinL$ A¡hp TuZpcpC_¡ î¡óW$ rinL$_p¡ fpóV²$`rs A¸hp¡X®$, fZrS>sfpd kyhZ®Q„ÖL$ A_¡ _d®v$
Q„ÖL$\u _hpS>hpdp„ Apìep R>¡. 6 SpÞeyApfu, 1991_p fp¡S> s¡d_y„ Ahkp_ \ey„ lsy„.

k|f L©$rs_p¡

âõsys L©$rsdp„ kdprhóV$ v$f¡L$ lpCLy Sy>v$pSy>v$p cph ^fph¡ R>¡. `l¡gp lpCLy$dp„ hpÐkëe R>gL$pe R>¡.
ArMg rhïhdp„ dp_u Np¡v$ A¡L$ dpÓ A¡hy„ õ\p_ Äep„ riiy r_c®e, r_tòs b_u kgpdsu A_ych¡ R>¡. sp¡
buSy>„ lpCLy$ Ap`Z_¡ k„v¡$i Ap`¡ R>¡ L¡$ O¡fp A„^L$pf_u `fhp L$ep® rh_p v$u` âÄhm¡ R>¡ A¡d k„L$V$ Nd¡ s¡V$gp„ lp¡,
âï_ Nd¡ s¡V$gp¡ rhL$V$ lp¡, dpfp A¡L$gp\u iy„ \i¡ A¡hp¡ rhQpf L$ep® rh_p Ap`Zp\u b_sp sdpd âeÐ_p¡ L$fhp.
`p¡sp_u sdpd i[¼sAp¡ L$pd¡ gNpX$hu. ÓuSp lpCLy$dp„ ApMp¡ qv$hk gp¡L$p¡_u - hpl_p¡_u AhfS>hf\u ìeõs
fõsp¡ fps_p k|dkp_ b_u Spe R>¡ A_¡ A¡L$gsp A_ych¡ R>¡ s¡_y„ hZ®_ L$e¯y R>¡. Qp¡\p lpCLydp„ L$rh _phuÞe`|Z®
fçe L$ë`_p L$f¡ R>¡ L¡$ TpL$m A¡ sp¡ Q„Ödp„_y„ Aîytbvy$ R>¡ S>¡_¡ k|e® Aphu_¡ g|R>¡ R>¡. `p„Qdp lpCLy$dp„ dpV$gu_¡ s©jp\u
ìepLy$m dp_hp¡_¡ iusm S>m `uhX$ph_pf `fb L$lu R>¡. R>Ì$p lpCLy$dp„ râeS>__p„ qfkpdZp„_¡ L$rh epv$ L$f¡ R>¡.
kpsdp lpCLy$dp„ râe`pÓ_p¡ â¡d A_¡ kp\ bmbmsp sp`dp„ `Z iusmsp A`¡® R>¡ s¡d L$rh S>Zph¡ R>¡. ApW$dp
lpCLy$dp„ Qpf¡ bpSy> gugp„ `p_ hÃQ¡ k|L$u X$pmu `f b¡W¡$gp `p¡`V$ Üpfp h¥fpÁe cph ìe¼s L$ep£ R>¡. _hdy„ lpCLy$ k„v¡$i
Ap`¡ R>¡ L¡$ tS>v$Nu L¡$V$gu Æìep s¡_p L$fsp„ L¡$hu Æìep s¡ h^y dlÒh_y„ R>¡. Æh_ cg¡ TpL$m S>¡hy„ Aë`L$pgu_
lp¡e `Z A¡hy„ Æhp¡ L¡$ gp¡L$p¡ sd_¡ epv$ L$f¡. v$kdy„ lpCLy$ Æh__p `fd kÐe_¡ ìe¼s L$fsp„ L$l¡ R>¡ L¡$ Æh_ sp¡
_ïhf R>¡. L$p¡C_p S>hp\u L„$C AV$L$sy„ _\u. S>¡d S>mdp„\u Ap„Nmu _uL$m¡ A_¡ S>Np `|fpC Spe A¡d cgcgp
Qdfb„^uAp¡_p Nep `R>u `Z k„kpf sp¡ Arhfs Qpg¡ S> R>¡. dpV¡$ dpfp rh_p sp¡ L„$C _ \pe A¡hp¡ rdÕepc°d
Ap`Z¡ _ k¡hhp¡ A¡hp¡ k„v¡$i Al] ìe¼s \pe R>¡.

(1) SpÁe„y bpmL$ (2) afsu `]R>u

`¡Mu dp_¡ dgL$u A„^L$pf_u : v$u`

afu\u `p¡Yéy„. _l] f„Npe.

(3) kuddp„ Ecu (4) TpL$mtbvy$

hpV$ A¡L$gu fyA¡ Q„v$fdp_y„ Ap„ky

ApMuA¡ fps. g|R>¡ k|fS>.

23

(5) L$p¡fu dV$L$u (6) husu hk„s

iusm `pZu, A¡Z¡ ê$kZ¡ spf¡ sp¡e

`fb dp„X$u. lÆ s¡ spÆ.

(7) sy„ lp¡ `X$M¡ (8) k|L¡$gu X$pm¡

sX$L$p¡ R>p¡_¡ DN° : `p¡`V$ b¡W$p¡ : `p_

iumu Qp„v$_u. Qp¡Nd gugp„.

(9) TpL$m S>¡hy„, (10) `s„rNey„ Ðep„

Æhu NC sy„, lh¡ \ey„ Agp¡` : i|Þe

õdfZp¡ cu_p„. Ney„ f„NpC.

dpN®v$i®L$ õs„c

Ap L©$rs_y„ AÝep`_ L$fphsp„ `l¡gp„ rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ lpCLy$ d|m Sp`p__p¡ L$pìeâL$pf R>¡ s¡ S>Zphu, lpCLy$_y„
b„^pfZ kdSphu iL$pe. lpCLy$ õhê$`¡ hpd_ R>sp„ i[¼sdp„ rhfpV$ R>¡, lpCLy$ A¡L$ iåv$ rQÓ R>¡. s¡_u kdS|>su
Ap`u iL$pe. Ap L©$rsdp„ kdprhóV$ A¡L$ A¡L$ lpCLy$ A¡L$ õhs„Ó rhje ^fphsy„ lp¡C v$f¡L$ lpCLy$ Üpfp âpàs \sp¡
k„v¡$i `Z rcÞ_ R>¡. dpV¡$ A¡L$ A¡L$ lpCLy$_¡ õhs„Ósp\u kdSphhp, A¡ lpCLy$ Üpfp ìe¼s \sp¡ cph rhÛp\}Ap¡
ky^u `lp¢QpX$hp gOyÑfu âï_p¡Ñfu, ×óV$p„sp¡, QQp®_p„ dpÝed `Z A`_phu iL$pe.

õhpÝepe

(A) 1. _uQ¡_p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ L©$rsdp„ h`fpe¡gp iåv$p¡ ip¡^p¡.

(1) iyL$ (2) fõsp¡ (3) syjpf (4) epv$
(7) dpV$gu (8) A×íe
(5) ApL$fy„ (6) qv$hpL$f
- (4) ----sX$L$p¡
2. iåv$kd|l dpV¡$ A¡L$ iåv$ Ap`p¡. -
(1) M¡sf L¡$ Npd_u lv$ -
(2) k|e®_p¡ Nfd âL$pi -
(3) Qpf¡ qv$ipdp„ -
(4) Q„Ö_p¡ âL$pi
(5) fõspdp„ dykpaf_¡ `pZu `php_u ^dp®v$p S>Np (3) ----õdfZ
(7) ----X$pm
3. L$pìe_p Ap^pf¡ ep¡Áe rhi¡jZ gMp¡.

(1) ----dV$L$u (2) ----`pZu

(5) ----Qp„v$_u (6) ----`p_

4. L©$rsdp„\u rhfyÙ A\® ^fphsp iåv$p¡_u Sp¡X$u ip¡^u gMp¡.

24

(Ap) 1. L$p¡Z s¡ L$lp¡. (2) Agp¡` \C S>_pf -
(1) A„^pfp\u _ f„Np_pf - (4) kuddp„ A¡L$gu Ecu fp¡_pf -
(3) k|L$u X$pm¡ b¡k_pf -
(M) L$pìedp„ Dëg¡Mpe¡gp„ âpL©$rsL$ sÒhp¡
2. ApL©$rs b„^ `|Z® L$fp¡.
(L$) L$pìe dp„ Dëg ¡Mpe¡gp„

`nu L$uV$L$ F>sy
3. L$pìe_p Ap^pf¡ gMp¡.

(1) `]R>u af¡ R>¡ - (2) ApMu fps hpV$ fX¡$ R>¡ -
(4) A¡ Q„Ödp_y„ Ap„ky R>¡ -
(3) A¡Z¡ `fb dp„X$u R>¡ -

4. kdÆ_¡ L$pfZ gMp¡.

(1) bpmL$ dp_¡ Sp¡C afu k|C Ney„ L$pfZ L¡$ -

(2) hk„s husu Nep `R>u `Z epv$ spÆ R>¡ L$pfZ L¡$ -

(3) DN° sX$L$pdp„ `Z L$rh iusmsp A_ych¡ R>¡ L$pfZ L¡$ -

(4) v$u`L$ `f A„^L$pf_u Akf _\u \su L$pfZ L¡$ -

5. ep¡Áe Sp¡X$L$p„ Sp¡X$p¡.

"A' S|>\ "Ap' S|>\
(A) sX$L$p¡
(1) dV$L$u (Ap) `pZu
(B) Qp„v$_u
(2) Q„Ö (C) v$u`L$

(3) k|fS>

(4) A„^L$pf

(B) 1. kdpk_p¡ rhN°l L$fu âL$pf gMp¡.

(1) TpL$mtbvy$ (2) gp¡L$Nus (3) nZc„Nyf (4) _hfk

2. Ag„L$pf Ap¡mMp¡. (2) kuddp„ Ecu hpV$ A¡L$gu fyA¡.
(1) TpL$m S>¡hy„ Æhu NC sy„. (4) sX$L$p¡ R>p¡_¡ DN° iumu Qp„v$_u.
(3) TpL$mtbv$y Q„v$fdp„_y„ Ap„ky.

3. k„r^ L$fp¡. (2) â + EY$ (3) rh + ApL$fZ (4) `©\y + C
(1) r_k¹ +$ am

25

4. _uQ¡_p lpCLy$Ap¡ Üpfp ìe¼s \sp¡ fk S>Zphp¡.
(1) Ly$â\p kpd¡ (2) Ry>`pe¡gu R>¡ (3) kp¡m i©„Npf (4) ApMf¡ dmu
gX¡$ kpdu R>psuA¡ hp„kmu_p k|fp¡dp„ kÆ_¡ Sp¡J Ry>„, âcy_p QfZp¡dp„
s¡ kpQp¡ huf. fp^p_u Myiu ! lz„ fpl sdpfu. `fdip„rs.

(C) 1. lpCLy$dp„\u ìe¼s \sp¡ cph kdSphp¡. 2. Ap`¡gp lpCLy$dp„\u dmsp¡ k„v¡$i sdpfp iåv$p¡dp„ gMp¡.

`s„rNey„ Ðep„ afsu `]R>u

\ey„ Agp¡` : i|Þe A„^L$pf_u : v$u`

Ney„ f„NpC. _l] f„Npe.

3. dp_p Mp¡mpdp„ bpmL$_¡ A_ychpsu r_tòssp sdpfp iåv$p¡dp„ hZ®hp¡.

(D) 1. Æh__u nZc„Nyfsp A_¡ Aë` Æh_L$pmdp„ dlp_ L$pep£ L$f_pf dlp_ychp¡ rhi¡ hN®dp„ QQp® L$fp¡.

2. "qfkpdZp„ - d_pdZp„_u k„b„^p¡ `f \su Akf' rhi¡ `qfk„hpv$_y„ Apep¡S>_ L$fp¡.

(E) BÞV$f_¡V$/N°„\pegdp„ NyS>fpsudp„ gMpe¡gp„ AÞe lpCLy$ d¡mhu_¡ âL$ë` s¥epf L$fp¡.

[õds_p¡ Vy$L$X$p¡ rhi¡j hp„Q_ ip¡^
`|R> dp L¡$hu fus¡ Æhy„ Ry>„ lz„ kde ^uf¡ ^uf¡ kf¡ sp¡e iy„
Tp„Thp_u àepguAp¡ `uJ Ry>„ lz„ dy¼sL$p¡ afu\u Asus Sp¡ Mf¡ sp¡e iy„
[õds_p¡ Vy$L$X$p¡ lz„ Ap`y„ Ry>„ klS> A_ych `yfpep¡ Ry>„ k„b„^_u S>¡gdp„
A¡ fus¡ k„b„^_¡ kuhy„ Ry>„ lz„. A¡L$ `Z L$X$hp¡ A_ych _p \ep¡ L$p¡C ip¡^ dpfu L$f¡ sp¡e iy„ ?
Tp„Thp„ `Z kph Mpfp„ _uL$þep„
Ap„kyAp¡_¡ v$p¡õsp¡ L¡$hp li¡ L$p¡_¡ Mbf gph spfp¡ lp\
epv$_¡ `„`pmhp L$p¡rii L$fp¡ vy$íd_p¡ sp¡ M|b kpfp _uL$þep. bpfZp„ - bpfu syfs çl¡L$u EWép„
Sps_¡ k„cpmhp L$p¡rii L$fp¡
\C S>i¡ Ap„Mp¡ kgpds Ap`_u kdZp„_u c]sp¡ Ap„NZ¡ Aphu NC sy„ Äepf\u
Ap„kyAp¡_¡ `pmhp L$p¡rii L$fp¡. Of lÆ AL$b„^ R>¡ dpfy„ R>sp„ gph spfp¡ lp\, dpfp lp\dp„
lz„ _hp„ kdZp„_u c]sp¡ L$p„ QÏ„ lp\_¡ _p \pe dpfy„ L$p¡C _\u.
ApeMy„ lõsf¡MpAp¡ _\u Ndsu d_¡
dp¡s Apìep `R>u Mbf \C L¡$ `Z l\¡mu R>p¡X$u dpf¡ ¼ep„ S>hy„ ? DMpÏ„
spfu _S>fp¡_y„ L$pd kpvy„$ R>¡
L$p¡C l¡sy hNf rS>hpey„ R>¡. k„b„^ [õds spfy„ blz S> v$pvy$ R>¡
dpfy„ `p¡sp_y„ \C i¼ey„ _p A¡ Qp„v$_u_p s¡S>_¡ dp`p¡ _l] ¼ep„ DL¡$gpe R>¡ R>sp„ L$p¡C\u
AprNep_¡ Ape_p¡ Ap`p¡ _l] spfp¡ Ql¡fp¡e A¡L$ DMpÏ„ R>¡.
ApeMy„ L¡$V$gy„ `fpey„ R>¡ ! b„^ Üpfp¡ b„_¡ `n¡ lp¡e `Z
Ap`Zp¡ k„b„^ sp¡ L$p`p¡ _l]. - X$p¸. A¡k. A¡k. fplu

r_ip_Q|L$ dpa, _l] dpa _uQy„ r_ip_ - b.L$.W$pL$p¡f

26

Q NÛ rhcpN Q
1. lfÜpf

õhpdu Ap_„v

¾$p„rsL$pfu A_¡ kpQp kp^y õhpdu Ap_„v$_y„ d|m _pd tldsgpg fpdQ„Ö v$h¡ R>¡. s¡d_p¡ S>Þd C.k.
1887dp„ kp¥fpóV²$dp„ \ep¡ lsp¡. õhpdu Ap_„v$¡ "L¡$kfu', "_hÆh_', "e„N B[ÞX$ep' S>¡hp kpdreL$p¡dp„ L$pe® L$e¯y
lsy„. NyS>fpsu, dfpW$u, k„õL©$s, rlÞv$u, Dv|®$ A_¡ A„N°¡Æ cpjp_y„ kpfy„ op_ ^fph_pf õhpdu Ap_„v¡$ Ap b^u
S> cpjpAp¡dp„ g¡M_L$pe® L$e¯y R>¡. "DÑfp`\_u epÓp', "rldpge_p„ su\®õ\mp¡', "Np„^uÆ_p„ k„õdfZp¡',
"Ap„bphpqX$ey„', "bQ`Z_p„ bpf hj®', "dp_hsp_p h¡fu' S>¡hy„ kS>®_ gp¡L$ApõhpÛ fü„y R>¡. 25 SpÞeyApfu,
1976_p fp¡S> dy„bCdp„ s¡d_y„ Ahkp_ \ey„ lsy„.

k|f L©$rs_p¡

"DÑfp`\_u epÓp'dp„\u g¡hpdp„ Aph¡gp âõsys âhpkhZ®_dp„ g¡ML¡$ lfÜpf_p âhpk_y„ Ag„L$pqfL$ R>sp„
kfm iåv$p¡dp„ hZ®_ L$e¯y R>¡, S>¡dp„ lfÜpf_u v$f¡L¡$v$f¡L$ rhNsp¡_¡ rhõspf\u hZ®hu R>¡. lfÜpf_y„ kp„õL©$rsL$ dlÒh,
cp¥Np¡rgL$ fQ_p, bSpf, il¡f_u bp„^Zu, lfÜpf sfa Aphsp„ hpl_p¡, Ðep„_p„ d„qv$fp¡, Apîdp¡, N°„\pge, AÞe
k„õ\pAp¡_y„ rhõs©s hZ®_ A¡hy„ sp¡ Æh„s L$e¯y R>¡ L¡$ Ap`Zu kpd¡ lfÜpf_y„ kpnps¹ rQÓ MXy„$ \C Spe R>¡. lfÜpfdp„
\su rhrh^ âh©rÑAp¡, cS>_d„X$muAp¡, bSpfp¡dp„ dmsu rhrh^ hõsyAp¡, kp\¡ S> d_cph_ duW$pCAp¡_y„
Av¹$cys hZ®_ L$ep® bpv$ g¡ML$ lfÜpf_p„ sdpd ApL$j®Zp¡dp„ kp¥\u h^y ApL$j®L$ v$u`kd`®Z A_¡ N„NpApfsu_y„
`Z hZ®_ L$f¡ R>¡. âõsys âhpkhZ®_ Üpfp g¡ML¡$ L$fph¡gu lfÜpf_u dp_kepÓp Ap`Z_¡ âÐen epÓp L$fhp â¡qfs
L$f¡ R>¡. âõsys âhpkhZ®_ "kb suf\ A¡L$bpf, lfÜpf bpfbpf' rh^p__¡ e\p\® W¡$fh¡ R>¡.

vy$r_ep_p L¡$V$gpL$ v¡$ip¡_u S>¡d Apep®hs®_u S>d_p-tk^y-ksgS>_y„ DNdõ\p_ rldpge_p¡
k„õL©$rs _v$uAp¡_p„ ^phZ ^phu_¡ ER>fu R>¡, tk^y- DÑfpM„X$ tlvy$-`yfpZp¡dp„ blz Nhpep¡ R>¡. rldpge_p
ksgS>_¡ L$p„W¡$ A¡ S>Þdu, N„Np-S>d_p_¡ Mp¡m¡ Ap ApNgp`pR>gp Y$p¡mphp¡ `f S> Apep£_p hX$hp
ER>fu, _d®v$p-Np¡v$pe¡ A¡_¡ dlpghp hpV$ v$u^u _¡ d|m hk¡gp _¡ Ðep„ S> A¡dZ¡ `p¡sp_p„ s`-rsrsnp
L©$óZp-L$ph¡fue¡ A¡_¡ Np¡v$ gu^u. _¡ k„ip¡^_p¡ Üpfp dp¡V$p dp¡V$p `yfyjp\p£ rkÙ L$f¡gp.
Al] S> dlp_ cNuf\¡ s`õep_¡ bm¡ õhN®_u N„Np_¡
õhN®\ue¡ î¡óW$ A¡hu S>Þdv$pÓu S>__u_u Ap`Zp dÐe®gp¡L$ `f Dspfu _¡ Al] S> s¡Z¡ v¡$hp¡_p
Sp¡X$pSp¡X$ S>Þdc|rd_¡ d|L$hp_u L$ë`_p Ape®gp¡L$dp„ v¡$h dlpv¡$h_¡ âkÞ_ L$fu_¡ kyfgp¡L$_u A¡ N„Np_¡
Dv$e `pdu R>¡. bgL¡$, dp_¡ `Z vy$Þehu Æh__p¡ `p¡sp_u S>V$pdp„ Tughp fp¡L¡$gp.
î¡óW$sd k„b„^ s|Vép bpv$ N„Npõhê$` L$l¡hp_p¡
qfhpS> `pX$u_¡ A¡dZ¡ _v$u_¡ AN°`|Sp_y„ dp_ Apàey„. rldpge_p¡ Ap DÑfpM„X$_¡ _pd¡ `„L$pA¡g
âv¡$i Ak„¿e tlvy$Ap¡_¡ dpV¡$ Æh__p `l¡gp L¡$
Ap Apep®hs®_u _v$uAp¡_y„ r`e¡f _¡ N„Np-

27

R>¡ëgp `yfyjp\®_y„ õ\p_ A_¡ ApMfu Apïhpk_ R>¡. gpM-b¡ gpM DspfyAp¡_¡ kpdV$p„ Dspf¡ A¡hX$p„
hpfpZku, L$piu tlvy$Ap¡_u dp¡n`yfu sp¡ rldpge gp„bp„ g`k]v$f _¡ A_¡L$ apV$L$p¡hpmp„ rhipm f¡gh¡
tlvy$Ap¡_y„ dp¡kpm R>¡. àg¸V$ap¡d®, dkdp¡V$p byqL„$N lp¸g, s¡hp S> rhipm
_¡ agp¯Np¡ gp„bp N„NpOpV$, Ak„¿e v¡$hd„qv$fp¡,
lf_u S>V$p rldpge_y„ âh¡iÜpf s¡ lfÜpf. ^d®ipmpAp¡ _¡ SpÓpmyAp¡ dpV¡$_p„ rhîpdõ\p_p¡,
DÑfpM„X$_p¡ v$fhpSp¡. `p„X$hp¡\u dp„X$u_¡ ApS>_p L$pm fõspAp¡ `f, bSpfp¡dp„ _¡ N„NpOpV¡$ l¥e¡l¥ey„ v$mpe
gNu_p„ gpMp¡ L$fp¡X$p¡ îÙpmy cpfshpku _f_pfu Ap A¡hp S>_kdyv$pe hÃQ¡ _tQs`Z¡ afsp Ak„¿e
dlp`„\¡ Qpëep„ _¡ A¡d_u kdS>Z âdpZ¡_p¡ dp¡n kp^yk„Þepku, Dv$pku h¥fpNuAp¡ _¡ s¡V$gp S>
L¡$ `yÎe `pçep„. Ak„¿e kp^yk„s, s`õhu, dydyny, _tQs`Z¡ afsp dpZkp¡_¡ OkuMk¡X$u_¡ r_fp„s¡ fõsp¡
dp¡nhpv$u _¡ r_h©rÑhp„Ry>Ap¡_u Ap âõ\p_c|rd. L$pY$sp _„qv$`p¡qW$ep _¡ Npep¡ ! L$piudp„ rhïh_p\ d„qv$f
afs¡ `Z Npe`p¡qW$ep ApV$gu S> _aL$fpC\u afsp„
lfÜpf_y„ õ\p_ cpfshj®_p gp¡L$dp_kdp„ lp¡e R>¡. dpÓ hpQp _\u lp¡su. bpL$u tiN`|„R>hpmp„
L$piu\u MQus âpQu_ li¡. `„SpbuAp¡_y„ sp¡ A¡ dpZk S>.
SpNsy„ dp¡kpm, kp„S>khpf¡ _¡ R>pihpf¡ v$p¡X$u Aph¡.
gplp¡f-Ad©skf\u A¡L$b¡ V²¡$_p¡ fp¡S>¡fp¡S> k¢L$X$p¡ Npd_p„ bSpfp¡ _¡ dL$p_p¡ gNcN N„NpqL$_pf¡
õÓu`yfyjp¡\u gv$pC_¡ ku^u lfÜpf Aph¡. qv$ëlu- OpV$p¡_u k`pV$u `f R>¡. dpÓ "lf L$u `¥X$u' ApNm
L$gL$Ñp\u `Z Aph¡. hfk¡ v$lpX¡$ 5-7 gpM SpÓpmy d_kpv¡$hu_p Xy„$Nf_u A¡L$ `p„M_p Y$p¡mph `lp¢Q¡gp
tlvy$õsp__¡ M|Z¡ M|Z¡\u Al] Aph¡. bpf hfk¡
Ly„$cd¡mp¡ cfpe Ðepf¡ lSy> ApS>¡ `Z A¡L¡$ qv$hk¡ huk
gpM tlvy$ _f_pfu Al] N„Npõ_p_ L$f¡.

kp„L$X$u `lpX$MuZp¡dp„\u dp¡L$my„ d¡v$p_ dmsph¢s
R|>V¡$ v$p¡f v$p¡X$hp dp„X¡$g b¡-Qpf-`p„Q N„Npâhplp¡_¡
`h®sp¡_u R>¡ëgu rihprgL$ lpfdpmpAp¡A¡ Al]
Av$b`|h®L$ L$p¡f¡ Ecu_¡ S>Np Ap`u v$u^u R>¡.
Ap\dZ¡ Aphu A¡L$ `h®sdpmp_¡ Oku_¡ S>su f¡gh¡
gpC_ A_¡ DNdZ¡ N„Np_u A¡L$ dp¡V$u âhpl^pfp A¡
b¡ hÃQ¡ L$_Mg-L$p„NX$u-Ähpgp`yf ky^u DÑfv$rnZ
`pOXu`_¡ lfÜpf Aph¡gy„ R>¡. kpd¡ DNdZ¡ Q„X$u
`h®shpmu Xy„$Nfdpm Ecu R>¡. b¡ hÃQ¡ N„Np_p _p_p
dp¡V$p âhplp¡ O|OhpV$ L$fsp ^kdõep Spe R>¡. `pR>gu
`h®sdpmp_u sm¡V$uA¡ gugp„R>d NuQ sfpC S>„Ngp¡
hÃQ¡ \C_¡ Apõs¡ L$v$d S>su f¡gh¡ V²¡$_p¡ fpaX$pdp„
k`® `¡k¡ s¡d `h®s-bp¡Nv$p(V$_g)dp„ `¡ksu v¡$Mpe.
Qp¡d¡f r_kN® hfku `X$u R>¡. ApMy„ ×íe A_y`d
Ly$v$fsu kp¦v$e®\u gv$bv$ R>¡.

28

lp¡hp\u kl¡S> KQpZ R>¡. Ap\u Ðep„ _uQ¡ N„Npâhpl klpf_`yf R>¡. `Z rS>ëgpd\L$_u bgL¡$ qv$ëlu\u
ky^u `lp¢Qhp 30-40 `Nr\ep„ Esfhp„ `X¡$ R>¡. DÑf¡ Aph¡gp„ OZp„ rS>ëgpil¡fp¡_u bfp¡bfu L$f¡ L¡$
Ap_¡ S> "lf L$u `¥X$u' (`¥X$u-`pefu, `Nr\ep„) L$l¡ V$`u Spe A¡V$gy„ dlÒh_y„ d\L$ S>_dp_k_u ×[óV$A¡
R>¡. Ap `Nr\ep„ _uQ¡ l¡W$pZ¡ hl¡sp N„Np_p A¡L$ lfÜpf R>¡. All roads lead to Rome A¡d SpZ¡
_p_L$X$p âhpl_¡ hpmu_¡ b_ph¡gp Af^p¡ agp¯N L¡$ qv$ëlu d|¼ep `R>u Ap sfa_u V²¡$_p¡_p¡ OZp¡ dp¡V$p¡
gp„bp g„bQp¡fk hl¡sp `pZu_p Ly„$X$_¡ S>C_¡ AX¡$ R>¡. rkrhg V²$pqaL$ lfÜpf cZu S> S>_pfp¡ lp¡e A¡hp¡ cpk
Ap_¡ S> b°ûLy„$X$ L$l¡ R>¡. lfÜpf su\®õ\p_ s¡ Ap. OZu hpf dykpaf_¡ \pe R>¡.
Ly„$X$_u hÃQp¡hQ N„Np d¥ep_y„ d„qv$f Ecy„ R>¡. Ap Ly„$X$_p
hl¡sp âhpldp„ õ_p_ L$fu SpÓpmyAp¡ v$p_`yÞe, N„Np_p ÓZQpf dp¡V$p âhplp¡dp„_p A¡L$b¡_¡
v¡$hv$i®_ L$f¡ R>¡. d©s_p„ A[õ\r_n¡` rhr^ `Z Al] gNpd _p„Mu_¡ s¡dp„\u N„Np_u kp¥\u dp¡V$u _l¡f
S> A¡L$ _½$u L$f¡gu S>NpA¡ \pe R>¡. Al]\u L$pY¡$gu R>¡. Ap _l¡f hpV¡$ L$fp¡X$p¡ N¸g_ `pZu
DÑf tlv$_p„ M¡sfp¡_¡ lqfepmp„ _¡ qL„$dsu `pL¡$ gQu
Ap Ly$„X$_p¡ âhpl dy¿e OpV$_p rhipm àg¸V$ap¸d®_¡ `X$sp„ L$fhp dpV¡$ fpsqv$hk hü¡ Spe R>¡. N„Npâhpl
h]^u_¡ syfs S> l¡W$hpX¡$ dp¡V$p N„Npâhpl_¡ dmu Spe D`f b¡ÓZ S>ÁepA¡ dp¡V$p„ Nf_pmp„ bp„^u S>ê$f
R>¡. Ly„$X$_u b¡D bpSy>A¡ âhpl `f L$dp_v$pf _p_p dyS>b h^yAp¡R>p„ `pZu _l¡fdp„ R>p¡X$u iL$pe _¡ dp¡V$p„
`yg bp„^¡gp R>¡, S>¡ `f \C_¡ dp¡V$p OpV$ àg¸V$ap¸dp£ `f `|f hMs¡ `pZu_¡ buÆ sfa a„V$phu dyL$pe A¡hp
S>hpe R>¡. lf L$u `¥X$u `f Sp¡X$p `l¡fu_¡ S>hp_u fSp dS>b|s gp¡M„X$u v$fhpSp d|L¡$gp R>¡. Ap v$fhpSp
_\u _¡ D`gu kqfepd kX$L$ `f bp„^¡gu h„X$u `f\u D`gu bpSy>A¡ d|L¡$gp dp¡V$u gp¡M„X$u kp„L$mp¡hpmp
X$p¡L$pC_¡ Ly„$X$dp„ _lpsp„ õÓu-`yfyjp¡_¡ Sp¡hp_u L¡$ ap¡V$p sp¡tsN KV$X$p(¾¡$C_) hX¡$ S>ê$f dyS>b E„Qp_uQp L$fu
g¡hp_u `Z d_pC R>¡. iL$pe A¡hu Np¡W$hZ L$f¡gu lp¡e R>¡. Ap b^u CS>_¡fu
Np¡W$hZp¡_¡ N„Np_p buSp âhplp¡_p d_õhu`Zp\u
Ly„$X$_u Apk`pk Ak„¿e v¡$hv¡$huAp¡_p„ d„qv$f bQphhp Ap _l¡fL$pdp¡_u A_¡ A¡ ApTpv$âhplp¡_u
Aph¡gp„ R>¡. `ygp¡\u k„^pA¡gp DÑf bpSy>_p OpV$ hÃQ¡ dpCg gp„bp¡ _¡ gNcN 30 awV$ S>¡V$gp¡ KQp¡
àg¸V$ap¸d® `f rbfgp Ly$Vy„$b¡ bp„^¡gy„ dp¡Vy„$ V$phf R>¡. b^p A¡L$ S>åbf bp„^ N„Np`V$_p Np¡mdV$p¡m ka¡v$
OpV$ àg¸V$ap¸dp£ `pL$u IV$p¡_¡ Ecu S>X$u_¡ b_ph¡gp„ R>¡. `\fpAp¡ k]Qu_¡ v|$f gNu _p„M¡gp¡ R>¡. Ap b^p„
v$rnZ bpSy>A¡ gp„b¡ ky^u Ap rhipm OpV$ àg¸V$ap¸dp£ CS>_¡fu L$pdp¡ hfkp¡ ky^u _¡ hfkp¡hfk Qpëep„ S>
Qpëep„ Nep„ R>¡. Ap OpV$p¡_u `pR>m d„qv$fp¡-dL$p_p¡_u L$f¡. s¡\u _l¡fMpsp_p s¡d S> CS>_¡fu Mpsp_p
gpC_, s¡ `pR>m bSpfp¡, s¡_u `pR>m il¡f_u dy¿e kfL$pfu Adgv$pfp¡ A_¡ dpZkp¡_p¡ A¡L$ Mpkp¡ õV$pa
L$p¢¾$uV$ kX$L$ _¡ s¡_u `pR>m f¡gh¡ gpC_ A¡hu il¡f_u Al] L$ped d\L$ L$fu_¡ hk¡ R>¡.
bp„^Zu R>¡. NpX$u-Op¡X$p-dp¡V$fp¡ dpV¡$ ApV$gu Ap
A¡L$ kX$L$ DÑf-v$rnZ Aph¡gu R>¡ S>¡ v$rnZ¡ õV¡$i_ lfÜpf dp¡Vy„$ suf\^pd A_¡ v¡$hõ\p_p¡,
_ÆL$ `lp¢Ãep `R>u rhipm d¡v$p_p¡dp„ \C L$_Mg, ^d®õ\p_p¡, kp^yõ\p_p¡ _¡ `„X$pNp¡fp¡_y„ Npd R>¡; A_¡L$
Ähpgp`yf hN¡f¡ `fp„Ap¡dp„ _¡ v|$f_p„ il¡fp¡ ky^u S>su Apîdp¡, k„õ\pAp¡, k¡hpd„X$mp¡ A_¡ ky^pfâh©rÑAp¡_y„
kX$L$p¡dp„ hl¢QpC Spe R>¡. L¡$ÞÖ R>¡. Ape®kdpS> NyfyLy$m_p ApÛk„õ\p`L$ dlpÐdp
dyÞiufpdÆ(õhpdu îÙp_„v$)A¡ Al] S> v$peL$pAp¡
lfÜpf rS>ëgp_y„ il¡f _\u. rS>ëgp-d\L$

29

ky^u `p¡sp_u s`õep A_¡ L$d®ep¡N f¡Xép„ _¡ h¥qv$L$ `p-Af^p L$gpL¡$ R|>V$su dp¡V$fbkp¡, dp¡V$f krh®k
rinZ`Ùrs_p¡ Ap^yr_L$ âep¡N cpfshj®_¡ L$fu L„$`_uAp¡_u Ap¸qakp¡, spf, V$`pg, V¡$rgap¡_,
bspìep¡. N„Np`pf Aph¡gu s¡d_u d|m s`p¡c|rd_¡ çeyr_rk`g, CS>_¡fu s\p _l¡fMpsp_u Ap¸qakp¡,
N„Np spZu NC s¡\u R>¡ëgp„ L¡$V$gp„L$ hjp£\u Ap rhdp_ Ap¸qak, rigpÆs h¡Q_pfp_u vy$L$p_p¡
`pf Ähpgp`yf _ÆL$ _l¡fL$p„W¡$ rhipm c|rd `f s¡dS> V$p„Np-dp¡V$f SpÓpmyAp¡_¡ dykpafp¡_u fp¡S>_u
L$p„NX$u NyfyLy$m_u _hu hkpls Ecu \C R>¡. s¡dp„ cuX$\u lfÜpf lfl„d¡i ìeõs _¡ ce¯y ce¯y fl¡ R>¡.
dlprhÛpge, R>pÓpge, Apeyh£v$ apd®ku, AÝep`L$p¡ A¡L$b¡ ku_¡dp `Z \p¡Xy„$ \ep„ _uL$þep„ R>¡ S>¡ Al]_p
s¡dS> Arsr\Ap¡ dpV¡$_p r_hpk hN¡f¡ Aph¡gp„ R>¡. hpsphfZdp„ b„^b¡ksp„ _\u gpNsp„.
F>rjLy$m hN¡f¡ `pR>m\u _uL$m¡gu buÆ k_ps_^d}
k„õ\pAp¡, fpdL©$óZ rdi__y„ k¡hpîd A_¡ lp¸[õ`V$g, Al]_u çeyr_rk`prgV$u_¡ fp¡S>_y„ L$pd lfÜpf_¡
hN¡f¡ A_¡L$ _p_udp¡V$u k„õ\pAp¡ L$_Mg, Ähpgp`yf, dp\¡ fp¡S>-bfp¡S> Esfu `X$sp„ V$p¡mp„Ap¡_p v$bpZ
hN¡f¡ W¡$L$pZ¡ Aph¡gu R>¡. lfÜpfdp„ kp^yk„Þepku _uQ¡ L$`fp„ b_sp„ kapC-k¸_uV¡$i_ kpQhu_¡ il¡f_u
Nfub-Nyfbp„ dpV¡$ A_¡L$ AÞ_n¡Óp¡ kv$ph°sp¡ R>¡. kyMpL$pfu Spmhhp_y„ _¡ fp¡NQpmp apV$u _uL$msp
_hfp _¡ gp„W$ ìek_u kp^y-bphpAp¡_p AMpX$p s¡d AV$L$phhp_y„ S> fl¡sy„ li¡. iy„ çeyr_rk`prgV$u_¡ L¡$ iy„
S> s¡hpAp¡_¡ ky^pfhp õ\`pA¡gp„ kp^yky^pfd„X$mp¡ ey¼s âp„s_u kfL$pf_p Apfp¡ÁeMpsp_¡, L$piu âepN
`Z R>¡. \p¡X$p„ hj®\u kp^yk„ÞepkuAp¡ _¡ Spl¡f_p L$fsp„ `Z Al] S> SpÓpmyAp¡_u, S>„Nd hkrs
gpcp\£ lSpfp¡ qL„$dsu N°„\p¡hpmy„ îhZ_p\ N°„\pge (ãgp¡qV„$N `p¡àeyg¡i_) Sp¡X¡$ bp\p¡qX$ep„ cfhp_y„ L$pd
`Z õ\`pey„ R>¡ _¡ s¡_¡ kpfu k„¿epdp„ v¥$r_L$ AW$hpqX$L$ bpf¡ v$lpX$p h^y fl¡sy„ lp¡e R>¡.
tlv$u-Dv|®$-A„N°¡Æ R>p`p„hpmy„ hp„Q_pge `Z
Sp¡X$hpdp„ Apìe„y R>¡, b¡D_p¡ W$uL$ W$uL$ gpc g¡hpe R>¡. bSpfp¡dp„ `|Sp`p_p kpdp_, v$cp®k_p¡,
Ap¡frkep, "ds®bp_' (Qu_u dpV$u_u bfZuAp¡),
`fp„ krls lfÜpf_u L$pedu hkrs gpM sygku L¡$ fyÖpn_u dpmp, Qp¡`X$uAp¡, `Õ\f L¡$ ^psy_u
S>¡V$gu li¡. rkhpe fp¡S> Aph_pfp„ k¢L$X$p¡-lSpfp¡ d|rs®Ap¡, v¡$hv¡$huAp¡_p„ rQÓp¡ _¡ R>buAp¡, SpÓpdpN®_u
epÓpmy D`fp„s kp^yk„Þepku, Np¡f(`„X$p) _¡ Qp¡`X$uAp¡, `lpX$p¡ QX$hp_u gpL$X$uAp¡, V$p¸Q®, ap_k,
fCkp¡(îud„sp¡)_u AphSp l„d¡ip„ Qpgy. Ap`Zu duZL$p`X$, R>ÓuAp¡, ^pbmp, QV$pCAp¡, cS>_c[¼s
sfa_p„ fpSpfS>hpX$p„ L¡$ îud„sp¡ S>¡d dy„bC, `yZp L¡$ `|SpAQp® _¡ v¡$hv¡$hpqv$_¡ gNsp„ ^prd®L$ `yõsL$p¡, S>¡hp¡
fpS>L$p¡V$dp„ `p¡sp_p b„Ngp Dspfp fpM¡, s¡d Ap sfa kp^y, cNs _¡ SpÓpmyAp¡_p bf_p¡ dpg S> Äep„Ðep„
DÑf tlv$ L¡$ `„Spb_p¡ v$f¡L$ fpSp fCk, îud„s, iplzL$pf rhi¡j Sp¡hpdp„ Aph¡. Apd R>sp„ v$p„rsep, kyN„^u
L¡$ v$p_¡ïhfu lfÜpf Mps¡ A¡L$pv$ Apg¡ip_ dL$p_, s¡g, kpby `a`phX$f, åg¡X$p¡, h¸k¡gu_ s\p A¡hp S>
rhîpdõ\p_, ^d®ipmp L¡$ `p¡sp_p„ kNp„hlpgp„_y„ buSp kõsp v¡$iu rhgpesu sL$gpv$u dpg A_¡ ip¡M_u
õdpfL$rQl¹_ bp„^¡ S>. QuSp¡ `Z _\u lp¡su A¡d _l]. `åguL$ f¡qX$ep¡ `Z
bSpfp¡dp„ A¡L$b¡ S>NpA¡ çeyr_rk`prgV$uA¡ d|L¡$g
Aphp„ r_hpkp¡, ^d®ipmpAp¡, v¡$hõ\p_p¡ R>¡ Äep„ gp¡L$p¡_p„ _p_p„dp¡V$p„ Ty„X$T|dMp„ spÆ Mbfp¡
BÐepqv$ Al] r_s_hp„ b„^psp„ S> lp¡e. D`fp„s kp„cmhp Ecp„ fl¡ R>¡.
ùjuL¡$i, gÿdZT|gp S>sp„ SpÓpmyAp¡_¡ gC_¡ v$f
`Z lfÜpf_y„ kp¥\u dp¡Vy„$ ApL$j®Z _¡ A¡_u

30

Mpk A_p¡Mu fp¡_L$ sp¡ R>¡ A¡_y„ kp„S> h¡mp_y„ lf L$u ip¡Mu_ L¡$ DÐkplu sfh¥ep Sy>hp_p¡ N„Np_p
`¥X$u _¡ N„NpOpV$p¡ `f_y„ v$íe. Qp¡`pV$u_p„ Apshpqfep„ W„$X$pNpf dõs h¡Nugp âhpldp„ sfhp `X¡$ R>¡ _¡
V$p¡mp„_¡ cygph¡ s¡hy„. dy„bCNfp„ V$p¡mp„, c¡m`yfuhpmp A¡L$buSp_u kfkpC lfuapC L$fsp„ OZ¡ v|$f gNu
c¥ep L¡$ gugp„ _prme¡fhpmp dp¡`gphpmp„ ×íep¡ L$fsp„ l¡W$hpX¡$ S>C _uL$m¡ R>¡. buSp Ap¡R>u rlçdshpmp L¡$
Al]_u fp¡_L$dp„ OZu h^y rhrh^sp _¡ v¡$iuesp lp¡e riMpD lf L$u `¥X$uhpmp Ly„$X$_p _p_p âhpldp„ sy„bX$p„,
R>¡. D`fp„s A¡L$ Abp¡g ^d®cph_p_y„ hpsphfZ V$u_ X$bp L¡$ fåbf-L¸$_hpk_p„ bp¡ep„ bp„^u_¡ `X¡$ R>¡
b^¡ R>hpA¡gy„ fl¡ R>¡ _¡ kp¥ L$p¡C_p ùv$ed__¡ d|„Ny„ _¡ sfsp„ iuM¡ R>¡. k„õ\pAp¡_p rhÛp\}Ap¡ `Z Apdp„
d|„Ny„ c]S>hsy„ lp¡e R>¡. N„Np_p gp„b¡ gNu `\fpA¡gp lp¡e R>¡. 20-25 S>Z kdpe A¡hX$u A¡L$ b¡ lp¡X$uAp¡
A¡ rhipm OpV$p¡ `f kp„S>_p `p„Q hpÁep\u dp„X$u_¡ `Z kpd¡ `pf buÆ N„Np^pfp a„V$psu lp¡e Ðep„ ky^u
k¢L$X$p¡ SpÓpmy _¡ kl¡gpZu Ly$Vy„$bp¡ bpmbÃQp„krls AphSp L$fsu lp¡e R>¡. s¡dp„ L¡$V$gpL$ kl¡gpZuAp¡ b¡k¡
i¡sf„ÆAp¡, QV$pCAp¡, Mphp`uhp, NphpbSphhp, R>¡ _¡ kpdp L$p„W$p_u kl¡g L$f¡ R>¡. h¡Nugp âhpldp„
rh_p¡v$âdp¡v$_u b^u kpS>kpdN°u kd¡s DSpZuA¡ lp¡X$u lpgL$X$p¡g \pe R>¡. `Z kyL$p_u lp¡X$u `f_p¡ L$pb|
Apìep„ lp¡e s¡d Esfu `X¡$ R>¡ _¡ `pZu^pf¡ Nydphsp¡ _\u _¡ lp¡X$u Sp¡L¡$ ku^u kpd¡ `pf _\u S>C
`p\fZp„ `p\fu V$p¡`gp-L$f„qX$ep R>p¡X$u MpC-`u- iL$su, R>sp„ blz W¡$L$pZ¡ S>C_¡ `Z s¡ kpd¡ qL$_pf¡
NpC-bSphu Ap_„v$ L$f¡ R>¡ _¡ fp¡S> kp„S>_p ÓZQpf _p„Nf¡ R>¡ _¡ DspfyAp¡_¡ klukgpds Dspf¡ R>¡; L$p„
¼gpL$ r_fp„s¡ Al] Npm¡ R>¡. `pR>p¡ Ap L$p„W¡$ ApZ¡ R>¡. dS>^pf hl¡su _¡ sZpsu
lp¡X$u_¡ L$pb|dp„ fpMhp kyL$p_u_¡ Mpku d\pdZ L$fhu
`X¡$ R>¡.

fp¡S>¡fp¡S> kp„S>h¡mpA¡ dp¡X¡$ ky^u Ap OpV$d¡mp
Spçep fl¡ R>¡. A¡L¡$A¡L$ rhipm OpV$ dp_hd¡v$_u\u
Ecfpe R>¡. Apdp„ bpS>W$ S>¡hp d„Q `f Ecu
L$f¡gu lp\KQu lpV$X$uAp¡ `f b¡ku A¡L$ `¥kpdp„
Sp¡X$p L$`X$p„ kpQh_pfp\u dp„Xu_¡ v¡$iu fdL$X$p„ _¡
v¡$hR>buAp¡ h¡Q_pfp, awgNS>fp, ^|`v$u`, `|Sp`p_u
kpdN°u h¡Q_pfp _¡ lghp(iufp¡) `|fu L¡$ v$k ê$r`e¡
i¡f_u rhrh^ v¡$iu duW$pCAp¡ s\p `L$hp_p¡ h¡Q_pfp
Mp¦Qphpgp(M|dQphpmp) ky^u_p lp¡e R>¡. Ap v¡$iu
b_phV$_u duW$pCAp¡ _¡ `L$hp_p¡dp„ `„Spb_u _¡ Ap
sfa_u Mpk Qy_„v$u hp_NuAp¡ lp¡e R>¡. s¡_p âL$pf
A_¡ b_phV$p¡ `fp`|h®_u `Z `fâpÞshpmp_¡ l¡fs
`dpX¡$ s¡hu A_p¡Mu lp¡e R>¡. dp¢Ou R>sp„ s¡ `pR>m_u
dl¡_s Sp¡sp„ kp¢Ou gpN¡. Ap duW$pCAp¡ b_ph_pfp
ib_d_u dgdgp¡ L¡$ ldê$ diê$_p„ hZpV$ L$f_pfp

31

s„syhpÛ hZL$fp¡_u S>¡d `¡Y$u v$f `¡Y$u\u Qpgsp kp„S>_p A„^pfp_u ê„$Èey„ hmsu Spe s¡ds¡d
Aph¡gp L$pfuNfp¡ lp¡e R>¡ S>¡d_¡ `pL$rkrÙ hf¡gu lp¡e sdpd OpV$ _p_pdp¡V$p v$uhpv$uhV$uAp¡\u Tmp„Tmp„
R>¡. A¡d_u ApNm N°pÞV$ fp¡X$, ku.`u.V¢$L$_p duW$pC_p„ \C EW¡$. ¼ep„L$ L$p¡C v|$f âpÞs_u L$çdf¡\u hmu NA¡g
"N„Sphf' L$pfMp_p„ Qgph_pfp cp¡V$ gpN¡. Ap _¡ hjp£ gNu k„Q¡gu 50-75_u d|X$u `f epÓpA¡
duW$pCAp¡ A_¡ `L$hp_p_¡ p„ _pdp¡ sd¡ S> b_phV$kpdNu° _uL$m¡g dpsp Ap_p¡ b¡ Ap_p `|Sp`p `pR>m MfQu
_¡ `Ùrs b^„y W$¡W$ kp¡ V$L$p v$¡iu _¡ OfNÕ\y lpe¡ R>.¡ Ap _p„Mu, gugp `p__p awg¡ cep® `lp¡mp v$qX$epdp„ OuA¡
b^„y AV¡ $g„y sp¡ kv„y $f _¡ gpc¡ pdÏ„ lpe¡ R>¡ L$¡ s_¡ p„ _pdp¡ s\p bp¡m¡g Ecu v$uh¡V$ Mfuv$u_¡ Nv¹$Nv$ L„$W¡$ N„NpÆ_u
b_phV$dp„ h`fpsp„ A_pS>, kpdNu° hNf¡ ¡ SpZhp_u Apfsu Npsu `|Sp`p kp\¡ v$uh¡V$ kmNph¡g v$qX$ep¡
Ap`Z_¡ klS¡ >¡ rS>opkp \pe. Ab¡ dpÓ AV¡ $gu S> N„Np_p âhpldp„ hl¡sp¡ d|L$u L©$sL©$Ðe \su _¡ kyM_p„
lpe¡ R>¡ L$¡ ApV$gu b^u kv„y $f _¡ qL$„dsu MpÛkpdNu° Ap„kyA¡ R>gL$psu vy$MZp„ g¡su lp¡e. bpSy>dp„ S>
Mëy gp Md| QpApd¡ p„ (OZu hpf srme¡ ^udp kmNsp L$p¡C kyMu îud„s Ly$Vy„$b_u dpsp _¡ s¡_u _p_udp¡V$u
L$pg¡ kp_u kNX$u fpMu_)¡ hQ¡ ¡ R>¡ ! ¼epfL¡ $ Al] _ep® `yÓuAp¡ _¡ hlzhpfyAp¡ X$T_b„^ v$qX$ep Mfuv$u v$uhp
dphp_u b_phg¡ bv$pd, guQu, AMfpV¡ $, b_pfku `f v$uhp_p v$qX$ep OpV$-`Nr\e¡\u âhpldp„ hl¡sp
bpf¡ , hNf¡ ¡ Apbl¡ bw L$yv$fsu fN„ ê$`_p„ _¡ dpZk Mkk| d|¼e¡ S>su lp¡e _¡ N„Np_p hn:õ\g `f _pQsp _¡
cgy php¡ Mpe Ah¡ u ArZiÙy b_phV$hpmp hQ¡ _pfp X$p¡gsp S>sp A¡hp Ak„¿e v$uhX$pAp¡ hÃQ¡ `p¡s¡ d|L¡$g
Md| Qphpmp `Z Sph¡ p dm¡ R>.¡ v$uhpAp¡_u Nrs, âNrs _¡ rhge_u fp¡_L$ r_lpmsu
_ ^fpsu lp¡e. A„^pf`R>¡X$p¡ Ap¡Y$hp gpN¡gu N„Np_p
W¡$fW¡$f _p_pdp¡V$p gpL$X$u d„Q Ecp L$fu S>gfpri_p ApMp OpV$ `f\u âhpldp„ dyL$psp Aphp
cS>_d„XmuAp¡, cS>r_L$p¡, D`v¡$iL$p¡, ìep¿epspAp¡ Ak„¿e v$qX$ep-v$u`p¡\u flu flu_¡ v$u`u EW¡$, kp\¡
_¡ L$\pL$pfp¡ b¡W$p L¡$ Ecp lp¡e _¡ s¡d_p„ ìep¿ep_p¡, S> Ap N„Npd„qv$f_u klö v$uh¡V$p¡_u Apfsu iê$
D`v$¡i, cS>_p,¡ BÐepqv$ kN„ us hpÛ _¡ kf| \pe s¡hp S> OpV$qL$_pf¡ Ec¡gp„ Ak„¿e v¡$hd„qv$fp¡dp„
Tug_pfp kpNfusp¡ kp\¡ Qpgsp„ lp¡e; v$f¡L$ dQ„ kpd¡ k„ÝepApfsu_p O„V$pfh, _Npfp„ _¡ i„M_pv$ b^¡
`p\fg¡ `p\fZpA„ p¡ `f îÙpmy õÓu`yfjy p_¡ y„ _p_„ydp¡V$„y L$¡ kpdV$p„ Ny„Æ EW¡$. Ak„¿e ApfsuAp¡, Ak„¿e v$uhp,
îps¡ pd„X$m Spdg¡ y„ lpe¡ ; buSp Ecp„ lpe¡ ; õÓu D`v¡$iL$p¡ Ak„¿e dp_huAp¡_p A„sf-b^y„ OX$u hpf A¡L$spf
L¡$ cS>r_L$p¡ `Z lpe¡ ; Apîdp¡ L¡$ k„õ\p-Ap_¡ p b_u_¡ SpZ¡ Apdp„ spg `|f¡ _¡ îÙpS>X$ dp_hu_¡
R>pÓp_¡ ¡ `Z Al] kdl| kN„ usdp„ cS>_p¡ L$¡ âQpf- `Z Ap[õsL$sp_p„ O¡_ QX$ph¡. lf L$u `¥X$u- f„NpOpV$
Nusp¡ NpC kõ„ \p dpV$¡ dv$v$ dp„Nhp L$p¡C kQ„ pgL$ L¡$ `f_u Aphu A¡L$ kp„S> Ak„¿e bþep„Tþep„ A„sf_¡
"c°pspÆ'(ky`fuV¡$ÞX¡$ÞV$) gpìep¡ lpe¡ ; ¼ep„L$ ^|Zuhpmp¡ d¡Ohpv$mu_u NfS> kpf¡ R>¡ _¡ dp_hu_p nyå^,
MpMubphp¡ b¡W$p¡ lp¡e; kpd¡ S> hmu kp^yhN®dp„ k^y pfp Óõs, ê$n ÆNf_¡ îÙpcu_y„ _¡ kyfugy„ b_ph¡ R>¡.
\hp_u suh° ANÐe rhj¡ L$pC¡ k„õL$pfu kp^y-k„Þepku_y„
ìep¿ep_ `Z Qpgsy„ lp¡e. khpf\u b`pf¡ k^y u Ap lfÜpf_p„ sdpd ApL$j®Zp¡dp„ k„Ýeph¡mp_p Ap
OpV$p¡ `f rhr^kf_p„ r`sî© pÙ N„Npõ_p_ B. L$fph_pfp v$u`kd`®Z _¡ ApfsuAp¡, Ap v$qX$ep v$u`_p kfOkp¡
cprhL$ SpÓpmyAp_¡ p„ "npf¥ ' L$f_pfp "_pCAp¡' `Z _¡ v¡$hd„qv$fp¡_p Ny„Spfh, d_¡ l„d¡ip„ kp¥\u h^y ApL$j®L$
gpC_b„^ b¡ku_¡ hsp„ L$fsp lpe¡ . _¡ `ph_L$pfu gpÁep„ R>¡.

32

dpN®v$i®L$ õs„c

âõsys L©$rs_y„ AÝep`_ L$fphsp„ `l¡gp„ "Æh_dp„ âhpk_y„ dlÒh' - rhi¡ hN®dp„ QQp® L$fu iL$pe.
rhÛp\}Ap¡A¡ L$f¡gp âhpk rhi¡, âhpk_p s¡d_p A_ychp¡ rhi¡ bp¡ghp s¡d_¡ â¡qfs L$fu iL$pe. âhpk A¡V$g¡
iy„ s¡_p Mfp A\®\u rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ `qfrQs L$fhp. dpÓ kdpS>dp„ gp¡L$p¡_¡ L$lu iL$pe A¡ cph\u L$p¡C A¡L$pv$
õ\m_u gu^¡gu dygpL$ps A¡ âhpk _\u A¡ hps rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ kdSphhu. S>¡ `Z õ\m¡ âhpk A\£ S>CA¡
Ðep„_p `ep®hfZ_¡ lpr_ _ `lp¢QpX$hu, N„v$L$u _ L$fhu, A¡ Ap`Zu `rhÓ afS> R>¡. A¡ cph `Z rhÛp\}Ap¡
ky^u Ahíe `lp¢QpX$hp¡.

õhpÝepe

(A) 1. _uQ¡_p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ L©$rsdp„ h`fpe¡gp iåv$p¡ ip¡^p¡.

(1) dp„QX$p¡ (2) vy$L$p_ (3) Mpdu (4) k¡sy
(7) dp¡lL$ (8) dy„X$_
(5) Apòe® (6) kp\u

2. _uQ¡_p Ap`¡gp iåv$p¡dp„\u L©$rs_p Ap^pf¡ rhi¡jZ rhi¡óe_u Sp¡X$u ip¡^u gMp¡.
(1) dp¡L$my„ (2) _p_p (3) dp¡V$p„
(4) gp¡M„X$u (5) âep¡N (6) rhipm
(7) OpV$ (8) Nf_pmp„ (9) Ap^yr_L$
(10) `yg (11) v$fhpSp (12) d¡v$p_

3. iåv$kd|l dpV¡$ A¡L$ iåv$ Ap`p¡. (2) Mpk `k„v$ L$f¡gu -
(1) Ap¡Nmu S>hy„ s¡ - (4) `qfZusp_p„ dpbp`_y„ Of -
(3) h¡Qhp_u hõsyAp¡_p¡ cf¡gp¡ \pm - (6) dp¡n_u BÃR>phpmp -
(5) v$u_ c|¿ep„_¡ AÞ_ A`pe R>¡ s¡ õ\m -

4. _d|_p âdpZ¡ iåv$ gMp¡. ApNd_ - âõ\p_

(1) Ap\dÏ„ (2) riMf (3) A„^pfy„ (4) Spl¡f
(7) kp„L$X$p„ (8) QY$ph
(5) âh©rÑ (6) Ly$v$fsu

5. L$p¡óV$L$ `|Z® L$fp¡ : L©$rsdp„ h`fpe¡gp `ep®ehpQu iåv$p¡
¾$d iåv$

1 dpN®
2 _N
3 dpsp
4 v¡$hgp¡L$

33

(Ap) 1. L$p¡Z s¡ L$lp¡.

(1) Apep®hs®_u _v$uAp¡_y„ r`ef - (2) N„Np_¡ `p¡sp_u S>V$pdp„ Tug_pf -

(3) tlvy$Ap¡_y„ dp¡kpm - (4) rldpge_y„ âh¡iÜpf -

(5) rS>ëgpd\L$\u V$`u Spe A¡V$gy„ dlÒh_y„ d\L$ - (6) õhN®\u `Z î¡óW$ -

(7) N„Np_¡ dÐe®gp¡L$dp„ Dspf_pf - (8) Ak„¿e tlvy$Ap¡_y„ Apïhpk_ -

2. A„L$dp„ S>hpb Ap`p¡. -
(1) hfk¡ v$lpX¡$ lfÜpf Aphsp epÓpmy - (2) Ly„$cd¡mp¡ cfpe R>¡ -
(3) Ly„$cd¡mpdp„ v$ffp¡S> N„Npõ_p_ L$f_pf gp¡L$p¡ - (4) lf L$u `¥X$u_p„ `Nr\ep„

3. iy„ s¡ gMp¡. - (2) `rs_p d©Ðey bpv$ õÓuAp¡_¡ L$l¡hpe -
(1) L„y$X$_u b¡D bpSy>A¡ bp„^¡gp R>¡ - (4) b°ûLy„$X$_u hÃQp¡hÃQ Aph¡gy„ R>¡ -
(3) vy$Þheu Æh__p¡ î¡óW$sd k„b„^

4. ApL©$rsb„^ `|Z® L$fp¡.
(1) _ ep® dphpdp„\u b_su hp_Nu (2) Äep„\u v$ffp¡S> V²¡$_p¡ lfÜpf Aph¡ R>¡ s¡ il¡fp¡

(3)

âdyM ApL$j®Z L¡$
ÞÖ
R>¡
lfÜpf âõ\p_c|rd R>¡

Np
d
R>¡

(4) Mp¡m¡ DR>fu Apep®hs®_u k„õL©$rs Np¡v$ gu^u
S>Þdu hpV$ v$u^u
(B) 1. k„r^ R>p¡X$p¡.
(1) rldpge (2) `yfyjp\® (3) hpsphfZ (4) N°„\pge
(5) ìep¿ep_ (6) BÐepqv$ (7) v$cp®k_ (8) k„kpf
34

2. kdpk_p¡ rhN°l L$fu âL$pf gMp¡.

(1) v¡$hd„qv$f (2) k¡hpîd (3) fpSpfS>hpX$p„ (4) âQpfNus
(7) _p_pdp¡V$p (8) õÓu`yfyj
(5) fpsqv$hk (6) kp^yk„Þepku

3. L©$rs_¡ Ap^pf¡ Sp¡X$iåv$ `|fp¡ L$fp¡. (3) lfhy„ ----- (4) ----- Sph_
(1) Mphp----- (2) -----Esf (7) bþep„ ----- (8) Nphp-----
(5) Npe_----- (6) lpgL$ -----

4. Ag„L$pf Ap¡mMu_¡ âL$pf gMp¡.
(1) rldpge A¡V$g¡ DÑfpM„X$_p¡ v$fhpSp¡.
(2) cpfsue k„õL©$rs_¡ L©$óZp-L$ph¡fuA¡ Np¡v$ gu^u.
(3) s¡Ap¡ `pZu^pf¡ `p\fZp„ `p\f¡ R>¡.
(4) dp¢Ou R>sp„ s¡ `pR>m_u dl¡_s Sp¡sp„ kp¢Ou gpN¡.
(5) N„NpOpV$_y„ ×íe Qp¡`pV$u `f_p ×íe\u QqX$epsy„ R>¡.
(6) bpS>W$ S>¡hp d„Q `f lpV$X$u Aph¡gu lsu.

5. k|Q_p A_ykpf L$pm bv$gp¡.

(1) s¡Ap¡ Al] ÓZQpf L$gpL$ Npm¡ R>¡. (crhóeL$pm)

(2) b^p„ MpC-`u-NpC-bSphu Ap_„v$ L$fsp„ lsp„. (hs®dp_L$pm)

(3) ApMy„ ×íe A_y`d Ly$v$fsu kp¦v$e®\u gv$bv$ R>¡. (c|sL$pm)

(C) 1. lfÜpf Npd_y„ hZ®_ L$fp¡. 2. b°ûLy„$X$_y„ hZ®_ L$fp¡.

3. DÑfpM„X$ il¡f_u bp„^Zu hZ®hp¡. 4. "cpfsue k„õL©$rsdp„ N„Np_y„ dlÒh hZ®hp¡.

5. lfÜpf_u bSpfp¡dp„ dmsu hõsyAp¡ hZ®hp¡. 6. N„NpOpV$ `f_y„ kp„S>_y„ ×íe - sdpfp iåv$p¡dp„ hZ®hp¡.

7. lfÜpf çeyr_rk`prgV$u_p„ L$pe® rhi¡ dprlsu Ap`p¡.

8. "âhpk A¡V$g¡ lpgsu Qpgsu rhÛp`uW$' - sdpfy„ d„sìe õ`óV$ L$fp¡.

(D) 1. M|b ârkÙ A_¡ ìeõs fl¡sp„ epÓp^pdp¡_u kdõep A_¡ D`pep¡ - hN®dp„ kd|l QQp® L$fp¡.

2. "âhpk v$frdep_ `e®V$_õ\m_p„ kp¦v$e®_¡ dpZp¡ Qp¡½$k, lZp¡ _l].' - hN®dp„ sdpfp rhQpfp¡ fS|> L$fp¡.

(E) cpfs_p„ v$i®_ue õ\mp¡ rhi¡ D`¾$d s¥epf L$fp¡.

kfhpmp¡ kÐL$dp£_p¡, NyZ_p¡ NyZpL$pf,
bpv$bpL$u byfpC_u, c°d_p¡ cpNpL$pf. - S>e„s `pW$L$

35

rQÓhZ®_

36

rQÓhZ®_

37

2. kp¡e_y„ _pLy„$

S>e„rs v$gpg

DÑd _pVéL$pf s\p _hrgL$pL$pf S>e„rs v$gpg_p¡ S>Þd 18 _h¡çbf, 1909_p fp¡S> Adv$phpv$dp„
\ep¡ lsp¡. NyS>fpsu A¡L$p„L$u_p rhL$pkdp„ _p¢^`pÓ ep¡Nv$p_ Ap`_pf S>e„rs v$gpg¡ dp¡V¡$ cpN¡ ìe„Ngnu
A¡L$p„L$uAp¡_¡ h¥rhÝe`|Z® k„hpv$ R>V$p\u ArZepmp„ A_¡ ApL$j®L$ b_pìep„ R>¡. ìe„Nâ^p_ QdL$v$pf i¥gu,
rh_p¡v$ gl¡fp¡ gl¡fphsp k„hpv$p¡ A_¡ Qp¡V$v$pf A„s s¡d_u A¡L$p„L$u_u rhi¡jsp flu R>¡. "il¡f_u AX$M¡`X$M¡',
"L$\fp¡V$dp„ N„Np', "S>hr_L$p', "^udy A_¡ rhcp', "f„N`Ngu' s¡d_u ApõhpÛ L©$rsAp¡ R>¡. s¡d_p A_Þe
kprlÐe kS>®__¡ rbfv$phsp s¡d_¡ fZrS>sfpd kyhZ®Q„ÖL$ A_¡ _d®v$ kyhZ®Q„ÖL$\u _hpS>hpdp„ Apìep R>¡.
24 Ap¸NõV$, 1970_p fp¡S> s¡d_y„ Ahkp_ \ey„ ls„y.

k|f L©$rs_p¡
"k_ipC_' A¡L$p„L$uk„N°ldp„\u g¡hpdp„ Aph¡g âõsys A¡L$p„L$udp„ i¡W$ _„v$_„v$__p Ahkp_ bpv$ cfpe¡gu

ip¡L$kcp_y„ ×íe A_¡ rQÓNyàs_p v$fbpfdp„ L$f¡gp„ i¡W$ _„v$_„v$__p„ L$pmp„L$dp£_p rlkpbqL$spb_y„ ×íe, kdp„sf
v$ip®hu_¡ _pVéL$pf¡ dp_hõhcph_y„ dprd®L$ r_ê$`Z L$e¯y R>¡. dp_hu kpfp¡ b_hp dpV¡$ _l] `Z kpfp v¡$Mphp
dpV¡ d\pdZ L$fsp¡ lp¡e R>¡. s¡ hps g¡ML¡$ i¡W$ _„v$_„v$__p "_pd bX¡$ Ap¥f v$fi_ R>p¡V¡$' S>¡hp Æh_ Üpfp ky`¡f¡
kdSphu R>¡. ip¡L$kcpdp„ Sy>v$u Sy>v$u ìe[¼sAp¡ Üpfp Nhpsu i¡W$_u eip¡Np\p bpv$ syf„s S> rQÓNyàs Üpfp
_„v$_„v$__p A¡L$A¡L$ `p`p¡_y„ L$fpsy„ hZ®_ dp_h_u cusf Ry>`pe¡gp c¡v$_¡ DOpX$p `pX¡$ R>¡. `X$v$p_p D`ep¡N rh_p
âL$pikÄSp_p dpÝed¡ hpõsrhL$sp A_¡ hl¡d_¡ A¡L$ kp\¡ fS|> L$ep¯ R>¡.

`pÓp¡ : `pj®v$, L$pe®L$sp®, îu. cpCkpl¡b, i¡W$ _„v$_„v$_, _pNfv$pk, A[Á_Ly$dpf, DÑdQ„v$, d|mu X$p¡iu,
i[¼sifZ, rQÓNyàs, Q¡s_, cp¡Nugpg, â¡nL$p¡...

[_pV$L$_p â¡nL$p¡ f„Nd„Q `f S>Np g¡sp Spe R>¡ Ðepf¡ A¡d_¡ `l¡gp¡ ¿epg A¡ Spe R>¡ L¡$ kpdpÞe f„Nc|rd
L$fsp„ Ap L$p„L$ Sy>vy„$ S> R>¡. Al] â¡nL$ A_¡ _V$_¡ AgN `pX$sp¡ `X$v$p¡ _\u. S>¡d â¡npN©ldp„ MyfiuAp¡ R>¡, s¡hu
S> fus¡ f„Nd„Q `f `Z A^®Q„ÖpL$pf¡ Np¡W$h¡gu MyfiuAp¡ R>¡. f„Nd„Q `f hÃQp¡hQ A¡L$ dp¡Vy„$ d¡S> R>¡. d¡S> `f
rbR>ph¡gu Qpv$f A¡ S> A¡L$dpÓ S>hr_L$p R>¡.]

\p¡X$p¡L$ kde hus¡ R>¡. â¡nL$p¡ Aphsp Spe R>¡ A_¡ OZp sp¡ ku^p f„Nd„Q D`f_u MyfiuAp¡dp„ Np¡W$hpe
R>¡. klz_p Ql¡fp N„cuf R>¡. L$p¡C Ap`kAp`kdp„ hps `Z _\u L$fsy„. A¡L$ h^y N„cuf v¡$Mpsp L$pe®L$sp® V¡$bg
`pk¡ lp\dp„ A¡L$ `rÓL$p S>¡hy„ gC_¡ b¡W$p R>¡.

klz_y„ Ýep_ v$fhpSpdp„\u v$pMg \sp A¡L$ `uY$ N©lõ\ `f L¡$[ÞÖs \pe R>¡. Np„^u V$p¡`u, `l¡fZ,
`l¡fZ_u bp„e D`f bp„^¡gu OqX$epm A_¡ A¡_u kp¡_¡fu kp„L$mu, lp\dp„ gpL$X$u A_¡ A¡ kh® kp\¡ b„_¡ lp\
Sp¡Xu L$f¡gp _dõL$pf ; Ap _dõL$pf A¡L$ fus¡ _pV$L$_u _pÞv$u_u NfS> kpf¡ R>¡.

38

_pV$L$ iê$ \pe R>¡ A_¡ `¡gp L$pe®L$sp® cpC A¡L$ `rÓL$p hp„Q¡ R>¡ :

""Ap`Zp il¡f_p AN°NÎe _pNqfL$, SpZusp DÛp¡N`rs, kyârkÙ v$p_huf A_¡ Ap`bm¡ ApNm
Aph¡gp i¡W$ _„v$_„v$__p ip¡L$S>_L$ Ahkp_ bv$g ip¡L$ âv$ri®s L$fhp il¡fuAp¡_u A¡L$ Spl¡fkcp Nyfyhpf¡
kp„S>_p R> hpNsp„ kcpN©ldp„ dmi¡.'' (L$pNm_¡ hpmsp„) ApS>_u Ap kcp_y„ âdyMõ\p_ îu cpCkpl¡b_¡
g¡hp_u lz„ rh_„su L$fy„ Ry>„. îu cpCkpl¡b_u Ap¡mM il¡f_¡ Ap`hp_u S>ê$f lz„ Sp¡sp¡ _\u. R>¡ëgp„ Óuk hj®\u
il¡f_u L$p¡C `Z L$ëepZL$pfu âh©rÑ_u â¡fZp A_¡ k„Qpg_ îu cpCkpl¡b¡ S> L$ep¯ R>¡ A_¡ i¡W$ _„v$_„v$_ kp\¡
`Z A¡d_¡ AÐe„s r_L$V$_p¡ k„b„^ lsp¡.

[`p¡sp_y„ õ\p_ g¡ R>¡. îp¡spNZdp„\u A¡L$pv$ spgu `X$u Spe R>¡.]

_pNfv$pk : âdyMõ\p_ dpV¡$ îu cpCkpl¡b_u S>¡ v$fMpõs d|L$hpdp„ Aphu R>¡, s¡_¡ lz„ V¡$L$p¡ Ap`y„ Ry>„.

[îu. cpCkpl¡b AÝenõ\p_ g¡ R>¡. rMõkpdp„\u L$pNrmep„ s\p Qídp_y„ Of L$pY¡$ R>¡. ìeh[õ\s fus¡
Qídp„ `l¡fu, L$pNm sfa _S>f _pM¡ R>¡. `X$M¡ b¡W¡$gp L$pe®L$sp® kp\¡ L„$CL$ dkgs L$fu g¡ R>¡. Ðepfbpv$ `p¡sp_y„
h¼sìe iê$ L$f¡ R¡. ]

cpCkpl¡b : cpCAp¡ s\p bl¡_p¡, õhN®õ\ i¡W$ _„v$_„v$_cpC kp\¡_p¡ dpfp¡ k„b„^ Sp¡sp„ ApS>_u kcpdp„
A¡d_¡ rhi¡ L$p„C bp¡ghy„ A¡ dpf¡ dpV¡$ AOfy„ L$pd R>¡. vy$r_epdp„ S>Þd¡gp„ klz L$p¡C Æhsp„ _\u.
klz_¡ d©Ðey_¡ c¡V$hp_y„ R>¡ S>, `pR>m sp¡ ìe[¼sA¡ Æh__u S>¡ kyhpk d|L$u lp¡e s¡ S> Æh¡ R>¡
A_¡ Mfu fus¡ Æhhp_p¡ Ar^L$pf `Z A¡_¡ S> R>¡. i¡W$ _„v$_„v$_cpCA¡ `p¡sp_p `yfyjp\®\u A¡
Ar^L$pf d¡mìep¡ lsp¡. A¡d_p `yfyjp\®_p¡ lz„ kpnu füp¡ Ry>„. dpfp¡ A_¡ A¡d_p¡ k„b„^ ApS>L$pg
L$fsp„ ÓZ v$peL$p \ep„ M|b NpY$p¡ A_¡ r_L$V$_p¡ füp¡ R>¡ A_¡ dpfu A¡ ×Y$ dpÞesp R>¡ L¡$

_„v$_„v$_cpC_p Æh__u kyhpk A¡hu R>¡ L¡$ _„v$_„v$_cpC_u õd©rs NyS>fps A_¡ s¡dp„ `Z Mpk
L$fu_¡ Ap`Zp il¡fdp„ sp¡ lf¡L$ il¡fu_p l¥epdp„ L$p¡sfpe¡gu fl¡i¡. OZu _uQu L$np\u A¡dZ¡
iê$Aps L$fu A_¡ `p¡sp_p S> `yfyjp\®\u A¡ â\d lfp¡mdp„ `lp¢Ãep, A¡d_¡ A¡d_u kamsp
rhi¡ Nydp_ _ lsy„, `Z âeÐ_...

[AQp_L$ f„Nd„Q `f A„^pfy„ \C Spe R>¡. â¡nL$p¡dp„ \p¡X$u QZcZ \pe R>¡. `Z âk„N_u N„cufsp_p¡
cpf A¡d_¡ hs®__u dep®v$pdp„ S>L$X$u fpM¡ R>¡. f„Nd„Q `f âL$pi `X¡$ R>¡ Ðepf¡ `l¡gp„ sp¡, Ap„M A„SpC Spe
R>¡ A_¡ Ðepfbpv$ rhõde_p Dv¹$Npf _uL$mu `X¡$ R>¡. L$pfZ L¡$ f„Nd„Q `f lh¡ `¡gy„ kcpN©l v¡$Mpsy„ _\u. Ðep„
sp¡ A¡L$ rhipm fpS>dpN® _S>f¡ QY¡$ R>¡. õaqV$L$_p õs„cp¡_u h¥rhÝecfu lpf hÃQ¡\u g„bpsp¡ fpS>dpN® M|b
S> õhÃR> R>¡.]

[â¡nL$p¡_p¡ rhõde S>fp L$p¡W¡$ `X¡$ A¡V$gpdp„ i¡W$ _„v$_„v$_ v$pMg \pe R>¡.]

_„v$_„v$_ : Ap s¡ L$p„C fus R>¡ ? ¼ep dpZk Sp¡X¡$ L¡$hu fus¡ hps L$fhu A¡_p¡ rhh¡L$ `Z R>¡ L¡$ _rl ?

[_„v$_„v$__u `pR>m Aphsp¡ - A¡V$g¡ L¡$ _„v$_„v$__¡ ApNm L$fsp¡ A¡L$ `X$R>„v$ `pj®v$ S>hpb Ap`¡ R>¡.]

`pj®v$ : dpZk L¡$hp¡ R>¡ A¡_u Mbf sp¡ ldZp„ S> `X$u S>i¡.

_„v$_„v$_ : A¡V$g¡ ? hps L$fsp„ AphX¡$ R>¡ L¡$ _rl ? L$p¡Z R>¡ spfp¡ kpl¡b ?

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`pj®v$ : kpl¡b A_¡ A¡hy„ b^y„ sp¡ füy„, sd¡ Äep„\u Apìep Ðep„.
_„v$_„v$_ : Ðepf¡ Al]ep„ iy„ R>¡ ?
`pj®v$ : dpdp_y„ Of L„$C R>¡Vy„$ _\u.
_„v$_„v$_ : dpf¡ Ðep„ L$p¡C dpZk Apd bp¡g¡ sp¡ Qpf sdpQp dpfu_¡ L$pY$u d|Ly„$.
`pj®v$ : A¡ b^y„ sd_¡ ldZp„ S> epv$ Aphu S>i¡.
_„v$_„v$_ : b¡hL|$a ! `Z lSy> L$p¡C_¡ d_¡ g¡hp `Z _\u dp¡L$ëep¡ ?
`pj®v$ : L¡$d lz„ Apìep¡ Ry>„ _¡ ?

[`pk¡\u A¡L$ `pgMu `kpf \pe R>¡.]

_„v$_„v$_ : Af¡ Al] L$p¡Z b¡hL|$a L$pd L$f¡ R>¡ ? `¡gp_¡ `pgMu A_¡ lz„ `N`pmp¡ ? A¡_¡ Ap¡mM¡ R>¡ ? _p¡L$f
lsp¡ _p¡L$f, dpf¡ Ðep„ !

`pj®v$ : S>¡_¡ sd¡ Qpf sdpQp dpep® lsp s¡ S> _¡ ?
_„v$_„v$_ : _p, _p, A¡ _rl. Ap sp¡ dpfu rdgdp„ L$pd L$fsp¡ lsp¡. ldZp„ ÓZ qv$hk `f S> `V$p¡ QX$phsp„

`V$pdp„ Aphu Nep¡ lsp¡. A¡_¡ `pgMu ?
`pj®v$ : lpõsp¡, A¡_¡ rbQpfp_¡ `N S> ¼ep„ R>¡ ?
_„v$_„v$_ : A¡dp„ `N_p¡ _rl, ârsóW$p_p¡ khpg lp¡hp¡ Sp¡CA¡.
`pj®v$ : L$C ârsóW$p ?
_„v$_„v$_ : ¼ep„_p¡ Ap¡Xy$ dþep¡ R>¡ ! dpZk_¡ Ap¡mMsp¡ S> _\u !
`pj®v$ : dpZk_u L$kp¡V$u dpV¡$ S> sd¡ S>C füp R>p¡ !
_„v$_„v$_ : S>C füp R>p¡ ? A¡V$g¡ ? sd¡ d_¡ ¼ep„ gC S>C füp R>p¡ ?
`pj®v$ : L$p¡C L$p¡C_¡ gC S>C _\u fü„y. dpZk df¡ A¡V$g¡ A¡_¡ A¡_p Æh__p„ `p``yÎe_p¡ kfhpmp¡

kdÆ g¡hp rQÓNyàs_p v$fbpfdp„ Aphhy„ `X¡$.
_„v$_„v$_ : rQÓNyàs ? L$p¡Z R>¡ rQÓNyàs ?
`pj®v$ : ldZp„ Mbf `X$u S>i¡.
_„v$_„v$_ : s¢ L$üy„ L¡$ `p``yÎe_p¡ kfhpmp¡ \pe. `R>u iy„ \pe ?
`pj®v$ : bpv$bpL$u A_¡ `R>u NyZpL$pf `Z A¡_u sp¡ sd_¡ ldZp„ S> Mbf `X$u S>i¡, A¡V$g¡ TpTy„

L$l¡hp_u S>ê$f _\u.
_„v$_„v$_ : rQÓNyàs_p v$fbpfdp„ rhh¡L$ sp¡ _\u S>. dpZk_u ApdÞep L¡$d fpMhu A¡ `Z L$p¡C SpZsy„

_\u gpNsy„ A_¡ hs®_dp„ AÞepe `Z cpf¡ R>¡.
`pj®v$ : L¡$d hpfy ?
_„v$_„v$_ : Sp¡_¡, `¡gp_¡ `pgMu A_¡ lz„ `N`pmp¡ ! Mbf R>¡ s_¡ lz„ L$p¡Z Ry>„ s¡ ?

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`pj®v$ : A¡ dpf¡ SpZhy„ _\u, `Z sdpfy„ iy„ \i¡ A¡ lz„ SpÏ„ Ry>„.
_„v$_„v$_ : iy„ \i¡ ?
`pj®v$ : v¡$hpr^v¡$h_¡ dp¢A¡\u S> kp„cmSp¡_¡ !

[f„Nd„Q D`f A„^pfy R>hpe R>¡. afu\u âL$pi \pe R>¡ Ðepf¡ kcpN©l _S>f¡ QX¡$ R>¡. h¼sp sfuL¡$ îu DÑdQ„v$
cpjZ L$fsp lp¡e R>¡.]

DÑdQ„v$ : lz„ Ap`Zp õhN®hpku i¡W$ _„v$_„v$__¡ `p¡sp_p Æh__u L$pfqL$v$} L¡$hp L$`fp k„Sp¡Np¡dp„ iê$ L$fu
lsu A_¡ Ap`bm¡, M„s A_¡ âpdprZL$sp\u A¡ L¡$hu fus¡ ApNm hÝep s¡ L$l¡hp dpNy„ Ry>„. Ap
il¡f_p„ h©Ù õÓu`yfyjp¡_¡ lSy>e A¡L$ Sy>hp__p¡ Ql¡fp¡ epv$ li¡. A¡ Sy>hp_ a¡fu L$fsp¡ lsp¡; S>¡
dmu iL¡$ A¡_u a¡fu L$fsp¡. `p¡sp_p lkdyMp Ql¡fp\u A¡Z¡ gp¡L$p¡_p„ d_ lfu gu^p„ lsp„. A¡_u
h¡`pfu Ly$_¡l A_¡ hl¡hpfy byrÙ\u A¡Z¡ A_¡L$ h¡`pfuAp¡_u âurs k„`pv$_ L$fu lsu A_¡ a¡fu_p„
b¡ÓZ hj® bpv$ A¡Z¡ _p_L$X$u vy$L$p_ Mp¡gu. A¡ lsu õhN®õ\ i¡W$ _„v$_„v$__p„ ìep`pfu Æh__u
iê$Aps...

[A„^pfy„ ]
[âL$pi \pe R>¡ Ðepf¡ rQÓNyàs_p v$fbpfdp„ i¡W$ _„v$_„v$_ Ec¡gp R>¡. ]

_„v$_„v$_ : A¡ hpsp¡ L$fhp_p¡ sd_¡ l½$ ip¡ R>¡ ? lz„ S>¡ L$dpep¡ Ry>„ s¡ dpfp L$p„X$pbphX$p_p Sp¡f¡, byrÙ_p Sp¡f¡
L$dpep¡ Ry>„.

rQÓNyàs : dpÓ sdpfu `p¡sp_u i[¼s\u S> ?
_„v$_„v$_ : lp, lp. dpfu `p¡sp_u i[¼s\u S> !

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