Gujarati Itihas 9th

ipk_ r_Z®e ¾$dp„L$: Aæepk - 2116 (â.¾$. 43/16) A¡kX$u-4 qv$_p„L$ 25-4-2016 AÞhe¡ õ\pr`s \e¡g
kdÞhe krdrs_u qv$_p„L$ 3-3-2017 fp¡S>_u duqV„$Ndp„ Ap `pW$é`yõsL$ r_^p®qfs L$fhp_u dpÞesp Ap`hpdp„ Aphu R>¡.

Brslpk A_¡ fpÄeip÷

^p¡fZ-“hdy„

dlpfpô²$ fpÄe `pW$é`yõsL$ r_rd®rs A_¡ Aæepk¾$d k„ip¡^_ d„X$m, `yZ¡.

sdpfp„ õdpV®$ap¡“dp„ DIKSHA App Üpfp ‘pW$é‘yõsL$“p„ ‘l¡gp
‘p“p„ ‘f“p„ Q.R. Code’u qX$TuV$g ‘pW$é‘yõsL$ A“¡ v$f¡L$ ‘pW$dp„
Ap‘¡gp Q.R. Code’u s¡ k„b„r^s ‘pW$“p„ AÝee“ - AÝep‘“
dpV¡$ D‘ep¡Nu ×íe-îpìe kprlÐe D‘gå^ ’i¡.







âõsph_p

rhÛp\} rdÓp¡,

^p¡fZ _hdp_y„ Brslpk rhje_y„ `pW$é`yõsL$, S>¡dp„ C.k. 1961 \u 2000 ky^u_p kdeNpmp_p¡
kdph¡i L$f¡g R>¡ s¡ `yõsL$ sdpfp lp\dp„ kp¢`sp„ Ad_¡ Ap_„v$ \pe R>¡. Brslpk_p¡ Aæepk¾$d
AÐep^yr_L$ L$fhp_p âeÐ__p¡ A¡L$ cpN A¡V$g¡ Ap `pW$é`yõsL$.

Ap `pW$é`yõsL$dp„ C.k. 1961 `R>u_p L$pmdp„ cpfsdp„ \e¡g kpdprS>L$, kp„õL©$rsL$ A_¡ AÞe
n¡Óp¡_p rhL$pk_u _p¢^ g¡hpdp„ Aphu R>¡. A\p®s¹ Ap _p¢^ `qf`|Z® _\u A¡ Ýep_ fpMhy„ AphíeL$ R>¡.
`pW$é`yõsL$dp„ `p_p„_u dep®v$p gndp„ gC_¡ kp^pfZ`Z¡ Qpmuk hj®_u kpdpÞes: _p¢^ g¡hpdp„
Aphu R>¡. DÛp¡N A_¡ M¡su_p kdph¡ihpmp cpfs_p Apr\®L$ ^p¡fZ_u, rhop_ A_¡ s„Óop_dp„
bv$gph_u, drlgp ki[¼sL$fZ_u A_¡ kdpS>dp„ R>¡ëgp OV$L$p¡_p k„b„r^s rhL$pk_u OV$_p_u _p¢^
Ap `yõsL$dp„ R>¡. rinZ n¡Ó¡ ApN¡L|$Q A_¡ bv$gpsy„ cpfs `f Ap `yõsL$ âL$pi `pX¡$ R>¡. Ap rhje
bfpbf kdÅe s¡ dpV¡$ _L$ip, rQÓp¡, Ap„L$X$p A_¡ `|fL$ Qp¡L$W$pAp¡_p¡ D`ep¡N L$ep£ R>¡. Ap rkhpe
rhrh^ D`¾$dp¡ k|Qìep R>¡.

Ap `pW$é`yõsL$ Üpfp sd¡ crhóe_u õ`^p® `funp_p¡ Aæepk A_¡ Brslpk_p n¡Ódp„ DÃQ
rinZ_p¡ `pep¡ fQu iL$ip¡. sdpfp hpgu Ap Brslpk_p kpnu R>¡. s¡d_u `pk¡ sd¡ `pW$é`yõsL$ h^pf¡
rhõspf\u kdÆ iL$ip¡.

fpÄeip÷ rhjep„sN®s 1945\u S>Ns_p âdyM âhpl, cpfs_y„ Ap„sffpô²$ue ^p¡fZ, cpfs_u
kyfnp ìehõ\p A_¡ cpfsue kyfnp ìehõ\p kpd¡_p Apl¹hp_p¡_p¡ Aæepk L$fhp_p¡ R>¡. cpfs A_¡
AÞe v$¡i_p fpS>L$ue k„b„^, k„ey¼s fpô² k„O$ A_¡ k„ey¼s fpô²$ k„O_p ip„rsfnZ L$pe®dp„ cpfs_y„
ep¡Nv$p_ hN¡f¡ rhjep¡_u QQp® L$fhpdp„ Aphu R>¡.

sd¡ S> dp_hu l½$ kf„ nZ, `eph® fZ kf„ nZ A_¡ Ópkhpv$ S>h¡ u L$¡V$guL$ Aps„ ffpô$²ue kdõepAp_¡ u
Ap¡mM âõsys `pW$é`yõsL$dp„ L$fu Ap`hpdp„ Aphu R>¡. Ap„sffpô²$ue õsf_u kh® âL$pf_u OV$_p_y„
ApL$g_ L$fhp dpV¡$ âõsys `pW$é`yõsL$_p¡ Apie D`ey¼s W$fi¡.

Brslpk_p Aæepk\u c|sL$pm_y„ ApL$g_ \pe A_¡ hs®dp_L$pm_y„ cp_ \pe. fpÄeip÷_p
Aæepk\u crhóedp„ Ap`Z¡ L$C qv$ipdp„ ApN¡L|$Q L$fhp_u R>¡ s¡ kdÅi¡. s¡ dpV¡$ S> Ap k„ey¼s
`pW$é`yõsL$ Ap^pf b_hp_y„ R>¡.

`yZ¡ (X$p¸. kyr_g dNf)
spfuM: 28 A¡râg 2017, Ane s©suep k„QpgL$

cpfsue kp¥f qv$_p„L$: 8 h¥ipM 1939 dlpfpô²$ fpÄe `pW$é`yõsL$ r_rd®rs A_¡
Aæepk¾$d k„ip¡^_ d„X$m, `yZ¡.

- rinL$p¡ dpV¡$ -

kh®â\d l„y sdpf„y Arc_„v$_ L$fy„$ Ry>„ L¡$ sd¡ Brslpk rhje_y„ AÝep`_ A_¡ AÝee_
L$fp¡ R>p¡. Ap hj£ C.k. 1961 \u 2000 ky^u_p L$pmM„X$_¡ sdpf¡ ^p¡fZ _hdp_p `yõsL$dp„
cZphhp_p¡ R>¡. Ap `yõsL$ iuMhhy„ sdpfp dpV¡$ h^pf¡ Ap_„v$v$peu b_i¡ L$pfZ L¡$ Ap `yõsL$_u
L¡$V$guL$ OV$_pAp¡_p sd¡ kpnu R>p¡. S>¡ OV$_p sdpfu ApSy>bpSy> b_u R>¡ s¡ S> OV$_pAp¡_p¡ kdph¡i
Ap `yõsL$dp„ L$f¡gp¡ R>¡. afu A¡L$hpf s¡ L$pm sdpf¡ dpV¡$ Æh„s b_hp_p¡ R>¡.

Ap cpfs_p¡ kh¯L$j Brslpk R>¡. `pW$é`yõsL$_p `p_p„_u dep®v$p gndp„ gC_¡ Qpmuk
hj®_p¡ km„N A_¡ `|fp¡ Brslpk `pW$é`yõsL$dp„ kdphhp¡ (Aphfu g¡hp¡) A¡ AOfy„ L$pd R>¡.
rhÛp\}Ap¡_p heS|>\_¡ gndp„ gC_¡ s¡d_¡ A_yê$` OV$_pAp¡_p¡ kdph¡i Ap `yõsL$dp„ L$fhp_p¡
âeÐ_ L$ep£ R>¡. L¡$V$guL$ dy¿e OV$_p_p Ap^pf gC_¡ AÞe OV$_p_u dprlsu Ap„sfÅm_u dv$v$\u
kdÆ g¡hp rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ âh©Ñ L$fu iL$ip¡.

Ap `pW$é`yõsL$_p¡ dÝehs} Apie - ldZp„S> õhs„Ó \e¡gp¡ v$¡i rhL$pk sfa L¡$hu
fus¡ ApN¡L|$Q L$f¡ R>¡ s¡ R>¡. S>Nsdp„ kp¥\u dp¡V$u gp¡L$iplu ^fphsp¡ Ap v$¡i R>¡. Ap v$¡i_u
âNrsdp„ fpS>L$ue _¡s©Ðh, âipkL$ue _¡s©Ðh A_¡ h¥opr_L$, rinZsÄo, L$gpL$pf_y„ iy„ ep¡Nv$p_
R>¡ s¡ fS|> L$fhp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$ep£ R>¡. Ap kp\¡ S> cpfsue _pNqfL$p¡_u gp¡L$iplu `f fl¡gu îÙp
A_¡ s¡_p fnZ dpV¡$ Al]_u kh®kpdpÞe S>_spA¡ Ap`¡gu gX$s A¡ Ap `yõsL$_p¡ dlÒh_p¡
cpN R>¡. ìe[¼s L$fsp„ kdpS> î¡›$ R>¡. fpS>L$ue _¡s©Ðh L$fsp„ v$¡i dp¡V$p¡ R>¡. Ap S> k„v$¡ip¡
õhps„Ôep¡Ñf cpfs_u S>_spA¡ Apàep¡ R>¡. OV$_p `pR>m fl¡gp¡ Apie rhÛp\} ky^u `lp¢QpX$hp¡
A¡ A¡L$ dp¡Vy„$ Apl¹hp_ sdpfu kdn R>¡. ApS>_p kdedp„ Ap^yr_L$ s„Óop__u klpe\u Ap
Apl¹hp_ rinL$hN® kl¡gpC\u kdS>i¡ (AhNs L$fi¡) A¡hp¡ rhðpk R>¡.

Ap`Z¡ S>¡ L$pm A_cy ìep¡ s¡ S> iuMhhp¡ Ap L$pe® â\d hpf S> \hp_„y R>.¡ Ap AL¡ $
Ar¥ slprkL$ L$pe® R>.¡ õhpsÔ„ epÑ¡ f cpfs_p OX$sfdp„ Ap`Z¡ L$„CL$ epN¡ v$p_ Ap`u iL$uA¡ s¡ dlÒh_„y
sÐh rhÛp\}Ap_¡ p d_ `f Aq„ L$s L$fhp dpV$¡ Ap `pW$é`õy sL$ D`epN¡ u b_i.¡ Ap dpV$¡ _L$ip,
rQÓp,¡ L$pó¡ V$L$p¡ A_¡ D`¾$d Ap kp^_p¡ hp`fhp_p„ R>.¡ `Z Ap`Ï„ kpÝe dpÓ "kpf¡ S>lp„ k¡
AÃR>p rlÞv$põ¡ sp„ ldpfp' A¡ Apie rhÛp\} kpd¡ âcphu`Z¡ fS>| L$fhp_p¡ S> R>.¡

fpÄeip÷ A¡ rhjep„sN®s sd¡ Ap ^p¡fZdp„ "cpfs A_¡ vy$r_ep' hÃQ¡_p `fõ`fk„b„^_u
_p¢^ g¡hp_p R>p¡. Ap^yr_L$ L$pmdp„ ÅNrsL$ A_¡ Ap„sffpô²$ue õsf_u `f OV$_pAp¡_y„ `qfZpd
v$f¡L$ v$¡ip¡ D`f \pe R>¡. dprlsu s„Óop__p n¡Ó_u âNrs\u fpô²$p¡ hÃQ¡_p¡ ìehlpf A_¡
g¡hX$v$¡hX$ h^u R>¡. cpfs_¡ L¡$ÞÖdp„ fpMu_¡ Ap N|„QhZ cf¡gp (N|„Qhpe¡gp) Ap„sffpô²$ue k„b„^_u
ÅZ sdpf¡ rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ L$fu Ap`hp_u R>¡. s¡_u iê$Aps _ÆL$_p Brslpk_u dlÒh_u
Ap„sffpô²$ue OV$_pAp¡ A_¡ âhpl_p ApL$g_ Üpfp L$fu Ap`hu `X$i¡. âõsys `pW$é`yõsL$_p¡
Apie _hp¡ R>¡. s¡_¡ klS>`Z¡ DL¡$ghp dpV¡$ Apie_u fS|>Aps op_fQ_phpv$_u ×rô$A¡ L$f¡gu
R>¡. rhjedp„ fk r_dp®Z L$fhp dpV¡$ Apie AgN `Ùrs\u fS|> L$ep£ R>¡. Ap„sffpô²$ue k„b„^
kdÆ g¡hp_p¡ âeÐ_ rhÛp\} â\dhpf S> L$fsp¡ lp¡hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ rinL$p¡A¡ AÝep`_ L$fsu hMs¡
h¥rhÝe`|Z®, A`pf„`pqfL$ A¡hp ÷p¡s_p¡ Ap^pf g¡hp¡. Aphu `Ùrs_u `qfZpdL$pfL$ D`peep¡S>_p
dpV¡$ âõsys `pW$é`yõsL$dp„ cf`|f AhL$pi R>¡. ÅNrsL$ ip„rs A_¡ kyfrnssp_y„ S>s_, dp_hu
l½$ bpbs_p¡ Apv$f, ip„rs A_¡ `fõ`f_p¡ rhðpk S>¡hp d|ëep¡ `f A_¡ s¡_p A_yk„^p_\u
\_pfu L©$rs `f_p¡ rhðpk ×Y$ L$fhp_p¡ âeÐ_ rinL$ L$fi¡ s¡hu A`¡np R>¡.

A_y¾$drZL$p

õhps„Ôep¡Ñf cpfs
(C.k. 1961 \u C.k. 2000)

¾$d `pW$_y„ _pd `p_p _„

1. Brslpk_p„ kp^_p¡ ............... ............. 1
2. cpfs : 1960 `R>u_u OV$_pAp¡ ............ 5
3. cpfs kpd¡_p A„sN®s Apl¹hp_p¡ ............ 10
4. Apr\®L$ rhL$pk .................................. 15
5. rinZ n¡Ó¡ âNrs ............................. 23
6. drlgp A_¡ AÞe vy$b®m OV$L$p¡_y„ ............
ki[¼sL$fZ..................................... .
7. rhop_ A_¡ s„Óop_ .......................... 31
8. DÛp¡N A_¡ ìep`pf ............................ 37
9. bv$gpsy„ Æh_ : cpN -1 ................... 43
10. bv$gpsy„ Æh_ : cpN -2 ................... 47
52

S.O.I. Note : The following foot notes are applicable : (1) © Government of India, Copyright : 2017. (2) The responsibility for the
correctness of internal details rests with the publisher. (3) The territorial waters of India extend into the sea to a distance of twelve
nautical miles measured from the appropriate base line. (4) The administrative headquarters of Chandigarh, Haryana and Punjab are at
Chandigarh. (5) The interstate boundaries amongst Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Meghalaya shown on this map are as interpreted from
the “North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act. 1971,” but have yet to be verified. (6) The external boundaries and coastlines of India
agree with the Record/Master Copy certified by Survey of India. (7) The state boundaries between Uttarakhand & Uttar Pradesh, Bihar &
Jharkhand and Chattisgarh & Madhya Pradesh have not been verified by the Governments concerned. (8) The spellings of names in this
map, have been taken from various sources.

ndsp rh^p_p¡

¾$d OV$L ndsp

1. Brslpk_p„ kp^_p¡ ¨ A¥rslprkL$ kp^_p¡_y„ hN}L$fZ L$fsp„ iuM¡

¨ A¥rslprkL$ kp^_p¡_p Aæepkdp„ sÐL$prg_ OV$_p_u L$ë`_p L$fsp„ iuM¡ A_¡
A„v$pS> bp„^sp„ AphX¡$.

¨ A¥rslprkL$ k„v$cp£_y„ ep¡Áe hp„Q_ L$fu_¡ s¡_p¡ A\® L$lu iL¡$.

¨ A¥rslprkL$ hõsy, L$pNm`Óp¡, `yõsL$p¡, _pZp„ A_¡ Cg¡¼V²$p¡r_L$ dprlsu c¡Nu
L$fu_¡ k„N°l L$fsp„ iuM¡. s¡dS> s¡d_y„ hN}L$fZ Sy>v$u Sy>v$u `Ùrs\u L$fsp„
iuM¡.

¨ A¥rslprkL$ OV$_p_p¡ A\® hõsyr_›$ `Ùrs\u L$fsp„ AphX¡$.

2. fpô²$r_rd®rs_y„ Apl¹hp_: ¨ cpfs_u õhs„Ósp `R>u_u A¥rslprkL$ OV$_p_p¡ ¾$d ep¡Áe `ÙrsA¡ L$lu iL¡$.

cpN -1 ¨ cpfs kpd¡_p A„sN®s Apl¹hp_p¡_p¡ rQqL$ÐkL$ Aæepk L$fsp„ iuM¡.
¨ cpfs_p Apr\®L$ ^p¡fZp¡ L$pmp_ykpf bv$gpsp„ Nep„, s¡ õ`ô$ L$fsp„ AphX¡$.

¨ ÅNrsL$uL$fZ (h¥rðL$uL$fZ) _¡ L$pfZ¡ \e¡gp Apr\®L$ ky^pfZp_p `qfZpdp¡_u

ÅZL$pfu d¡mhu iL¡$.

¨ Mp_NuL$fZ, Dv$pfuL$fZ A_¡ ÅNrsL$uL$fZ_¡ L$pfZ¡ cpfsue A\®ìehõ\pdp„

\e¡gp bv$gphp¡_u L$pfZdudp„kp L$fsp„ iuM¡.

3. fpô²$r_rd®rs_y„ Apl¹hp_: ¨ cpfsue rinZâZpgu_p rhL$pk_p såbL$pAp¡ L$lu iL¡$.

cpN -2 ¨ rhrh^ kpdprS>L$ kdõepAp¡_p r_fpL$fZ dpV¡$ rinZ dlÐh_y„ dpÝed R>¡, s¡
L$lu iL¡$.

¨ kdpS>_p vy$b®m OV$L$p¡_p rhL$pk dpV¡$_p rhrh^ âeÐ_ A_¡ s¡_y„ dlÐh Ap¡mM¡.

¨ õhps„Ôep¡Ñf cpfs_u rhop_ A_¡ s„Óop__u âNrs_p„ Dv$plfZp¡ L$lu iL¡$.

¨ DÛp¡N A_¡ ìep`pf n¡Ó kp\¡ k„b„r^s k„OV$_p_u dprlsu d¡mhu_¡ s¡_y„ cpfsue

A\®ìehõ\p `f `qfZpd L$lu iL¡$.

¨ rhop_ A_¡ s„Óop__u âNrs rhi¡ Arcdp_ L¡$mh¡.

¨ CÞV$f_¡V$_u dv$v$\u _hu _hu ip¡^p¡_u dprlsu d¡mh¡.

4. bv$gpsy„ Æh_ ¨ S>_ds r_rd®rsdp„ A_¡ _pNqfL$ kdpS> kq¾$e L$fhpdp„ âkpf dpÝed_u c|rdL$p
A_¡ S>hpbv$pfu Ap¡mMu iL¡$.

¨ il¡fuL$fZ A_¡ N°pduZ Æh__u syg_p L$fu_¡ L$lu iL¡$.
¨ kpdprS>L$ kdsp_¡ âp¡Ðkpl_ Ap`hp_u dprlsu dm¡.
¨ h¥opr_L$ ×rô$L$p¡Z_p¡ õhuL$pf L$fu iL¡$.

1 Brslpk_p„ kp^_p¡

AÐepf ky^u Ap`Z¡ âpQu_, dÝeL$pgu_ dprlsu Ap`_pf âdyM kp^_ `Z R>¡.
A_¡ Ap^yr_L$ cpfs_p¡ Brslpk iu¿ep. Ap 1961 \u 2000_p kdeNpmp_p¡ rhQpf
hj£ Ap`Z¡ õhps„Ôep¡Ñf L$pmdp„_p cpfs_p L$fsp„ iê$Apsdp„ R>p`¡g dpÝed_p¡ rhi¡js:
Brslpk_p¡ Aæepk L$fhp_p¡ R>¡. Ap^yr_L$ hs®dp_`Ó_p¡ `ep®e _\u A¡h„y S>Zpe R>¡.
L$pm_p Brslpk_p„ kp^_p¡ âpQu_ A_¡ cpfsdp„ Dv$pfuL$fZ iê$ \e„y A_¡ (Ap„sfÅm)
dÝeL$pgu_ kp^_p¡ L$fsp„ Sy>v$p„ R>¡. rgrMs CÞV$f_¡V$_p¡ kph®rÓL$ âQpf iê$ \hp\u
kp^_p¡, cp¥rsL$ kp^_p¡, dp¥rML$ kp^_p¡, R>p`¡gp dpÝedp¡_p¡ `ep®e dmu Nep¡. Mf¡Mf
×L$-îpìe dpÝed_p„ kp^_p¡_p Ap^pf¡ Aphy„ \e„y lp¡hp R>sp„ âkpfdpÝed_y„ kpdÕe®
Brslpk_p¡ Aæepk L$fu iL$pe. Ap^yr_L$ lÆ `Z L$ped R>¡.
L$pmdp„ Ap`Z¡ âpv$¡riL$, fpÄeõsfue, fpô²$ue
A_¡ Aps„ ffpô$²ue õsf `f_p„ kp^_p¡ Ýep_dp„ hs®dp_`Óp¡: hs®dp_`Ó Üpfp Ap`Z_¡
g¡hp„ `X¡$ R>¡. Ap kp^_p¡_u dv$v$\u Ap`Z¡ fpô²$ue A_¡ Ap„sffpô²$ue OV$_p, fpS>L$pfZ,
Brslpk g¡M_ L$fu iL$uA¡ R>uA¡. L$gp, fdsNds, kprlÐe, kdpS>L$pfZ A_¡
kp„õL©$rsL$ OV$_p ÅZhp dm¡ R>¡. dp_hu
rgrMs kp^_p¡: _uQ¡_p„ kp^_p¡_p¡ Æh_ kp\¡ k„b„r^s hpsp¡ hs®dp_`Óp¡dp„
rgrMs kp^_p¡dp„ kdph¡i \pe R>¡. Aph¡ R>¡. fpô²$ue õsf¡ L$pd L$f_pf
hs®dp_`Óp¡A¡ `p¡sp_u âpv$¡riL$ Aph©rÑAp¡
iåv$L$p¡i kprlÐe hs®dp_`Óp¡ kpdreL$p¡ iê$ L$fu R>¡. s¡d_u rhrh^ rhjep¡_u dprlsu
Ap`_pf `|rs®Ap¡ lp¡e R>¡. R>p`¡g dpÝeddp„
fp¡S>_uiu Qmhm_p dyM`Óp¡, fpS>L$ue `np¡_p v$¥r_L$p¡
V$`pg rgrMs kp^_p¡ A_¡ kpàsprlL$p¡, dprkL$p¡, hprj®L$p¡ dlÒh_p
qV$qL$V$p¡ N°„\ lp¡e R>¡.

kfL$pfu N¡T¡V$ `Óìehlpf L¡$V$gp„L$ hs®dp_`Óp¡ hj®_p A„s¡ ApMp
hj® v$frdep_ OV¡$gu dlÒh_u OV$_p_y„ spfZ
Arcg¡MpNpf_p L$pY$su `|rs®Ap¡ blpf `pX¡$ R>¡. S>¡ Ap`Z_¡
L$pNm`Óp¡ ApMp hj®_u dlÒh_u OV$_p kdS>hpdp„
dv$v$ê$` \pe R>¡.
iy„ sd¡ ÅZp¡ R>p¡?
A¥rslprkL$ v$õsph¡Å¡ S>¡ õ\m¡ â¡k V²$õV$ Ap¡a HqX$ep (PTI): 1953 `R>u
kpQhu_¡ fpMhpdp„ Aph¡, s¡ õ\m_¡ cpfs_p A_¡L$ hs®dp_`Óp¡ dpV¡$ b^u dlÒh_u
"Arcg¡MpNpf' L$l¡hpe R>¡. cpfs_y„ fpô²$ue OV$_p_u âp\rdL$ dprlsu, dlÒh_p rhjep¡
Arcg¡MpNpf _hu qv$ëludp„ R>¡. s¡ A¡riep `f_p g¡M dpV¡$ â¡k V²$õV$ Ap¡a HqX$ep dlÒh_p¡
M„X$_y„ kp¥\u dp¡Vy„$ Arcg¡MpNpf R>¡. öp¡s R>¡. â¡k V²$õV$ Ap¡a HqX$epA¡ h©Ñg¡M,
R>peprQÓp¡, Apr\®L$, h¥opr_L$ rhjep¡ `f_p
Ap^yr_L$ L$pmM„X$dp„ hs®dp_`Óp¡ sp¡ g¡M hs®dp_`Óp¡_¡ `|fp `pX$ép R>¡. lh¡ PTI
ÅZ¡ gp¡L$iplu_p¡ Qp¡\p¡ õs„c R>¡, s¡d S> A¡ Ap¡_gpC_ k¡hp iê$ L$fu R>¡. 1990_p
v$iL$dp„ `uV$uApeA¡ V¡$rgrâÞV$k®_¡ bv$g¡
"D`N°l âkpfZ' s„Ó dpfas¡ v$¡icfdp„

1

iy„ sd¡ ÅZp¡ R>p¡? iy„ sd¡ ÅZp¡ R>p¡?

R>p`¡g dpÝeddp„ cpfs kfL$pf_p 1977dp„ cpfs kfL$pf¡ Åg L|$`f
âL$pi_ rhcpN Üpfp âL$pris L$f¡gp V$`pg qV$qL$V$ ârkÙ L$fu. Åg L|$`f
hprj®L$ (Al¡hpg)dp„_u dprlsu rhðk_ue "V$`pg qV$qL$V$' rhjedp„ ÅNrsL$ õsf_p
lp¡e R>¡. Dv$p. dprlsu A_¡ âkpfZ AæepkL$ lsp. dy„bCdp„ `pfku Ly$Vy„$bdp„
MpspA¡ "INDIA 2000' hprj®L$ k„v$c®N°„\ S>Þd¡gp L|$`f¡ "C[ÞX$epT õV¡$ç` S>_®g'_y„
ârkÙ L$ep£ R>¡. Ap N°„\ "k„ip¡^_, k„`pv$_ L$ey¯. cpfs_p `l¡gp V$`pg qV$qL$V$
k„v$c® A_¡ ârinZ' rhcpN A„sN®s k„N°plL$ åeyfp¡_p s¡Ap¡ õ\p`L$ (First
s¥epf L$fhpdp„ Apìep¡ R>¡. Philatelic Bureau) lsp. s¡dZ¡ "A¡ç`pef
Ap¡a IqX$ep qagpV¡$rgL$ kp¡kpeV$u' _u
Ap N°„\dp„ c|rd, gp¡L$p¡, fpô²$ue õ\p`_p L$fu. Ap rhje `f ApNm S>sp„
âsuL$p¡, fpS>L$ue ìehõ\p, k„fnZ, s¡dZ¡ `yõsL$p¡ g¿ep„. Ap ip¡M_¡ s¡dZ¡
rinZ, kp„õL©$rsL$ OV$_p, rhop_ A_¡ h¥opr_L$ õhê$` Apàey„. cpfsue V$`pg
s„Óop__u OV$_p, `ep®hfZ, Apfp¡Áe qV$qL$V$_p Aæepk_¡ h¥rðL$ õsf `f gC
A_¡ Ly$Vy„$b L$ëepZ, kdpS> L$ëepZ, S>hpdp„ s¡d_p¡ dp¡V$p¡ apmp¡ R>¡. V$`pg
âkpfdpÝedp¡, d|mc|s Apr\®L$ dprlsu, qV$qL$V$ k„N°plL$ sfuL¡$ L$pfqL$v$}_u iê$Aps
d|X$u`yfhW$p¡, r_ep¡S>_, M¡su, S>mtkQ_, L$fu_¡ h¥rðL$ õsf d¡mh_pf L$|`f_y„
N°pduZ rhL$pk, AÞ_ A_¡ _pNfu `yfhW$p¡ ep¡Nv$p_ kdS>hp s¡d_p `f blpf `pX¡$gu
DÅ®, DÛp¡N, ìep`pf, hpl_ ìehlpf, V$`pg qV$qL$V$p¡ A¡ dlÒh_y„ kp^_ R>¡.
k„v$¡iìehlpf, îd, N©lep¡S>_p, Þepe
A_¡ L$pev$p¡, eyhp A_¡ fdsn¡Ó hN¡f¡
OV$_pAp¡_y„ spfZ (ÅZL$pfu), kh®kp^pfZ
D`ey¼s dprlsuAp¡_p¡ kdph¡i R>¡.
Aphu dprlsu_p Ap^pf¡ Ap`Z_¡ Brslpk
gMhp¡ i¼e b_¡ R>¡. h¡bkpCV$:

www.publicationsdivision.nic.in

kdpQpf dp¡L$ghp_u iê$Aps L$fu. Ap^yr_L$ Åg L|$`f V$`pg qV$qL$V$
cpfs_p Brslpk-g¡M_ dpV¡$ Ap dprlsu
dlÒh_u R>¡. qÜkv$u, rÓkv$u`|rs® r_rdÑ¡ qV$qL$V$p¡ blpf `pX¡$
R>¡. s¡ Brslpk_p¡ Ad|ëe hpfkp¡ lp¡e R>¡.
V$`pg qV$qL$V$p¡: V$`pg qV$qL$V$p¡ `p¡s¡ L„$C (rk½$p) âp\®_p fp¡S>bfp¡S>_p
`Z bp¡gsu _\u sp¡ `Z BrslpkL$pf
s¡d_¡ bp¡gsu L$f¡ R>¡. cpfs õhs„Ó \ey„ _pÏ„ õ\mp¡ h`fpi_u hõsyAp¡ fpS>dyÖp
Ðepf\u ApS> ky^u V$`pg qV$qL$V$p¡dp„ rhrh^
a¡fapfp¡ \ep R>¡. qV$qL$V$p¡_p ApL$pfdp„ h¥rhÝe, cp¥rsL$ kp^_p¡
rhjep¡dp„ _hu_sp, f„Nê$`sp_¡ L$pfZ¡ V$`pg
qV$qL$V$ Ap`Z_¡ bv$gpsp L$pm rhi¡ dprlsNpf Ag„L$pf hõsyk„N°lpge `p¡ipL$ Ap^yr_L$
L$f¡ R>¡. (Of¡Zp„) (h÷p¡) õ\p`Ðe

V$`pg Mpsy„ fpS>L$ue _¡spAp¡ `f, aŸgp¡ `f,
âpZu-`nuAp¡ `f, A¡L$pv$u OV$_p `f, A¡L$pv$
OV$_p_p fS>s, kyhZ®, Ad©sdlp¡Ðkh, kv$u,

2

cp¥rsL$ kp^_p¡: _uQ¡ Ap`¡g kp^_p¡_p¡ L$fu Sy>Ap¡
kdph¡i cp¥rsL$ kp^_p¡dp„ \pe R>¡.
A¡L$pv$u OV$_p_y„ kprlÐedp„ L¡$hy„
_pÏ„: _pZp„_p dpÝed\u A_¡ bv$gpsu ârstbb `X¡$ R>¡ A_¡ L$rh A¡L$pv$u
fl¡su _p¡V$p¡_p R>`pC dpÝeddp„\u Ap`Z_¡ OV$_p_¡ L$C fus¡ Sy>A¡ R>¡ s¡_y„ A¡L$
Brslpk ÅZhp dm¡ R>¡. _p¡V$p¡ R>p`hp_y„ L$pd Dv$plfZ dfpW$u L$rh Ly$kydpN°S>¡ cpfs-
Qu_ eyÙ_u `pð®c|rd `f fQ¡g L$rhsp
_pÏ„ "Apl¹hp_' R>¡.

qfTh® b¢L$ Ap¡a HqX$ep L$f¡ R>¡. s¡_y„ dy¿e बफाचर े तट पेटिन उठले सदन िशवाचे कोसळते
L$pep®ge dy„bCdp„ R>¡. र आपुलया ि य आईचे शु िहमावर ओघळते !

1950\u AÐepf ky^u_p„ _pZp„, s¡dp„ असुराचं े पद लागनु ी आज सतीचे पणु य मळे
h`fpe¡gu ^psy, s¡_p¡ ApL$pf, s¡_u D`f_p अशा घडीला कोण करटं ा तटसथेने दर खळे
rhje h¥rhÝe, Ap b^p D`f\u Ap`Z_¡ कतृ ातं जवाला तवषे ाची ना कोणाचया हदयात जळे
kdL$prg_ cpfs_p dlÒh_p âñ Ýep_dp„ साममं तो सर,े रणाची नौबत आता धडधडते
Aph¡ R>¡. Dv$p. gp¡L$k„¿ep r_e„ÓZdp„ fpMhp_p र आपलु या ि य आईचे शु िहमावर ओघळते !
k„v$¡ip Ap`sp„ _pZp„, M¡su A_¡ M¡X|$sp¡_y„
dlÒh kdÅhsp _pZp„. Aphp âL$pf_u A_¡L$ OV$_pAp¡ `f
Ap^pqfs gMpe¡g kprlÐe ip¡^p¡.
k„N°lpgep¡: cpfs_p„ b^p„ S> fpÄep¡dp„ s¡
s¡ fpÄep_¡ „y hr¥ ióV$é v$iph® sp„ hõsky N„ l° pgep¡ R>.¡ îpìe kp^_p¡' L$l¡hpe R>¡. rhrh^ v$¡iu A_¡
s¡_p `f\u Ap`Z_¡ Brslpk ÅZhpdp„ dv$v$ `fv$¡iu Q¡_g Dv$p. rlõV²$u Q¡_g, qX$õL$ìlfu.
dm¡ R>¡. (Dv$p. dy„bCdp„ Aph¡g R>Ó`rs
rihpÆ dlpfpS> hõsyk„N°lpge). kfL$pfu qaëd AÞ¡ X$ V$¡rgrhT_ C[ÞõV$V$éV| $ Apa¡
k„N°lpgep¡ rkhpe L¡$V$gpL$ k„N°plL$p¡ `p¡sp_p„ IqX$ep (FTII) : cpfs kfL$pf¡ `Zy d¡ p„ 1960_u
Sy>v$p„ Sy>v$p„ k„N°lpgep¡ b_ph¡ R>¡. s¡ AÐe„s kpgdp„ gp¡L$rinZ Ap`hp_p l¡sy\u qaëd A¡ÞX$
rhrh^sp kcf lp¡e R>¡. Dv$p. _pZp„, V¡$rgrhT_ C[ÞõV$V$é|V$ Ap¡a IqX$ep_u õ\p`_p
_p¡V$p¡, rhrh^ ApL$pf_p v$uhp, k|X$u, q¾$L¡$V$_y„ L$fu. fpS>L$pfZ, kdpS>L$pfZ, L$gp, fds A_¡
kprlÐe. kõ„ L$©rs S>h¡ p rhrh^ nÓ¡ pd¡ p_„ u dlÒh_u OV$_pAp¡
`f Ap^pqfs QgrQÓ IqX$e_ Þe|T qfìü|
dp¥rML$ kp^_p¡: Ap kp^_p¡dp„ gp¡L$L$\p, k„õ\pA¡ s¥epf L$fu. kdpS>_y„ _¡s©Ðh L$f_pf
gp¡L$Nusp¡, L$l¡hsp¡, õsp¡Ó hN¡f¡_p¡ kdph¡i ìe[¼s, v$¡i dpV¡$ ep¡Nv$p_ Ap`_pf ìe[¼s
\pe R>¡. Dv$p. k„ey¼s dlpfpô²$ Qmhmdp„ A_¡ dlÒh_p„ õ\mp¡_u dprlsu Ap`_pf V|„$L$u
gp¡L$ipluf AÎZpcpD kpW¡$, ipluf Adf qaëdp¡ (X$p¡¼eyd¢V$fuT) Ap rhcpN¡ s¥epf L$fu
i¡M_p hufsp kcf $Nusp¡ (`p¡hpX$p) Üpfp
L$pe®L$sp®Ap¡_¡ â¡fZp dmsu lsu. A¡aV$uApeApe bp¡^rQÞl

×L$-îpìe kp^_p¡: v|$fv$i®_, rQÓ`V$,
Ap„sfÅm (CÞV$f_¡V$) hN¡f¡ kp^_p¡ "×L$-

3

L$fu Sy>Ap¡ füp„ R>¡. Dv$p. Of_p kpv$p V¡$rgap¡_\u
dp¡bpCg. Ap âhpkdp„ "`¡S>f' _pd_y„ kp^_
v$¡ic[¼s rhjeL$ L$C L$C qaëdp¡ k„`L®$ dpV¡$ Apìey„ lsy„. s¡ S>¡V$gu TX$`\u
sd_¡ Mbf R>¡? sd_¡ Ndsu A¡L$ Apìey„ s¡V$gu S> TX$`\u s¡ `|Z®sp_¡ `pçey„.
qaëd_p¡ fkpõhpv$ sdpfpdp„ iåv$p¡dp„ gMp¡. Ap„sfÅm (BÞV$f“¡V$) `f D`gå^ \su
âQ„X$ dprlsu_p¡ D`ep¡N Brslpk_p Aæepk
R>¡. Ap^yr_L$ cpfs_p Brslpk_p¡ Aæepk dpV¡$ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. `f„sy dprlsu_u
L$fhp dpV¡$ Ap QgrQÓp¡ A_¡ X$p¡¼eyd¢V$fuT kÐesp, e\p\®sp s`pkhu `X¡$ R>¡.
D`ep¡Nu R>¡.
Brslpk_p¡ kh® kp^_p¡_p Ap^pf¡
AÐepf ky^u Ap`Z¡ Ap^yr_L$ cpfs_p Aæepk L$fhp¡ klS>kpÝe \ep¡ R>¡. s¡dS>
Brslpk g¡M_ dpV¡$ D`ep¡Nu lp¡e s¡hp„ \p¡X$p„ Ap b^p„ kp^_p¡ Ap^yr_L$ L$pm_p„ lp¡hp\u
kp^_p¡ Å¡ep„. 21du kv$udp„ kde A¡V$gp¡ s¡ d¡mhhp i¼e bÞep„ R>¡. Brslpk Æh__p
TX$`\u (S>ëv$u\u) bv$gpe R>¡ L¡$ Ap kp^_p¡ kh® A„Np¡_¡ õ`i® L$fsp¡ lp¡hp\u kp^_p¡_p
`Z A`|fsp rkÙ \i¡. A¡V$g¡ lh¡ S>s__p âeÐ_ kh® õsf¡ \sp„ v$¡Mpe R>¡.
õhpcprhL$`Z¡ _hp„ kp^_p¡ A[õsÐhdp„ Aphu s¡ Ap`Z¡ `Z L$fuA¡.

õhpÝepe

1. (A) Ap`¡gp `ep®ep¡dp„\u ep¡Áe `ep®e `k„v$ 2. _p¢^ gMp¡
L$fu_¡ rh^p_ ‘|Z® L$fp¡. (1) rgrMs kp^_p¡ (2) â¡k V²$õV$ Ap¡a HqX$ep

(1) cpfs_y„ fpô²$ue Arcg¡MpNpf ........dp„ R>¡. 3. “uQ¡“p rh^p“p¡ kL$pfZ õ‘óV$ L$fp¡
(1) V$`pg Mpsy V$`pg qV$qL$V$_p dpÝed\u
(A) `yZ¡ (b) _hu qv$ëlu cpfsue k„õL©$rs_p hpfkp_y„ A_¡ A¡L$pÐdsp_y„
S>s_ L$fhp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$f¡ R>¡.
(L$) L$p¡gL$sp (X$) l¥v$fpbpv (2) Ap^yr_L$ cpfs_p¡ Brslpk gMhp dpV¡$
×L$-îpìe dpÝed dlÒh_p lp¡e R>¡.
(2) ×L$-îpìe kp^_p¡dp„ .......... kp^__p¡
kdph¡i \pe R>¡. D`¾$d
(1) ipmp_y„ lõsrgrMs dprlsu`ÓL$ s¥epf L$fp¡.
(A) hs®dp_`Ó (b) v|$fv$i®_ (2) Archaeological Survey of India
cpfs kfL$pf_p Ar^L©$s k„L¡$sõ\m
(L$) ApL$pihpZu (X$) kpdreL$p¡ D`f rhrh^ dprlsu d¡mhp¡.
(3) sdpfp Npd_p¡ Brslpk gMhp dpV¡$ L$ep
(3) cp¥rsL$ kp^_p¡dp„ ............ _p¡ kdph¡i kp^_p¡ hp`fip¡? s¡ kp^_p¡_u dv$v$\u
\sp¡ _\u. sdpfp Npd_p¡ Brslpk gMp¡.

(A) _pÏ„ (b) Ag„L$pf (Of¡Zp„)

(L$) Cdpfsp¡ (X$) L$l¡hsp¡

(b) _uQ¡_pdp„\u Mp¡V$u Å¡X$u Ap¡mMu_¡ gMp¡.

ìe[¼s rhi¡j

Åg L|$`f - V$`pg qV$qL$V$ AæepkL$

Ly$kydpN°S> - L$rh

AÎZpcpD kpW¡$ - gp¡L$ipluf

Adf i¡M - rQÓk„N°plL$

4

2 cpfs : 1960 `R>u_u OV$_pAp¡

C.k. 1947dp„ cpfs õhs„Ó \ey„. 1950dp„ kpdprS>L$-Apr\®L$ rhL$pkdp„ s¡dZ¡ Ap`¡gp¡
apmp¡ AÐe„s dlÒh_p¡ R>¡. 1964dp„
k„rh^p__p¡ õhuL$pf L$fu_¡ cpfs kph®cp¥d cpfs_p hX$pâ^p_
`„. _¡lfy_y„ r_^_ \ey„.
gp¡L$iplu fpô²$ bÞey„. cpfsue kdpS> h¥rhÝe Ðepfbpv$ gpgblpvy$f
ip÷u cpfs_p
^fphsp¡ lp¡hp\u kdpS>dp„ rhrh^ cpjp, ^d®, h„i hX$pâ ^ p _ bÞep.
s¡d_u L$pfqL$v$} v$frdep_
A_¡ Års_p gp¡L$p¡ A¡L$Ó fl¡ R>¡. 1965dp„ cpfs A_¡
`pqL$õsp_ hÃQ¡ L$píduf gpgblpvyf ip÷u
õhps„Ôe âp[às `R>u iê$Aps_p kdedp„ âñ¡ eyÙ \ey„. kp¡rhe¡s friep“¡ bÞ_¡ v$¡ip¡ hÃQ¡
dÝeõ\u L$fhp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$ep£. 1966dp„ spíL„$v$dp„
cpfs_¡ Apr\®L$, fpS>L$ue A_¡ kpdprS>L$ rhL$pk_p gpgblpvy$f ip÷u_y„ r_^_ \ey„. "S>e S>hp_,
S>e qL$kp_' Op¡jZp gpgblpvy$f ip÷uA¡ S>
âñp¡ DL¡$ghp_p lsp. r_ep¡S>_ Apep¡N_u r_rd®rs Ap`u A_¡ Ap Üpfp s¡dZ¡ cpfsue M¡X|$s A_¡
cpfsue S>hp__y„ dlÒh A^p¡f¡rMs L$ey¯.
A_¡ Ap¥Ûp¡rNL$uL$fZ `f cpf Ap`hp¡ A¡ Apr\®L$
1966dp„ îudsu Iqv$fp
rhL$pk kpÝe L$fhp_p¡ A_¡ v$¡i_u Nfubu_u Np„^u cpfs_p
hX$pâ^p_ bÞep„. s¡d_u
kdõep v|$f L$fhp_p¡ A¡L$dpÓ dpN® R>¡ A¡hy„ dp_u_¡ r_Z®endsp âi„k_ue
lsu. b¢L$p¡_y„ fpô²$ueL$fZ
s¡_¡ õhuL$pfhpdp„ Apìep¡. Q|„V$Zu_y„ eiõhu A_¡ k„õ\pr_L$p¡_y„ h¡s_
b„^ L$fhp_p s¡d_p
Apep¡S>_ A_¡ gp¡L$iplu `f„`fp `f_p rhðpk_¡ Hqv$fp Np„^u r_Z®e_p v|$fNpdu `qfZpd
\ep. s¡d_u L$pfqL$v$}dp„ `pqL$õsp__„y `h| ®
L$pfZ¡ Ap`Z_¡ fpS>L$ue [õ\fsp âpàs L$fhu `pqL$õsp__p kv„ $cd® p„ v$d__urs_„y ^pf¡ Z `h| ®
`pqL$õsp_dp„ dpV¡ $„y Apv„ $pg¡ _ r_dpZ® L$fhpdp„
i¼e b_u. Ap kp\¡ S> vy$b®m kdpS> OV$L$p¡ dpV¡$ L$pfZcs| bÞe.„y
Ap Ap„v$p¡g__y„ _¡s©Ðh i¡M dyTubyf
L$pe®¾$dp¡ A_¡ ^p¡fZp¡_p¡ kdph¡i ^fphsu A_¡L$ fl¡dp__u dy[¼shprl_uA¡ L$ey¯. `|h® `pqL$õsp__u
Ap kdõep_y„ `qfZpd cpfs `f `Z \ey„. L$pfZ
kpdprS>L$ ky^pfZp Adgdp„ d|L$hp_p âeÐ_ \ep. L¡$ Ðep„\u L$fp¡X$p¡ r_hp®rksp¡ cpfsdp„ Apìep.
1960 _p¡ v$iL$: cpfs_u fpS>L$ue `qf[õ\rs 1970_p¡ v$iL$: 1971dp„ cpfs A_¡
`pqL$õsp_ hÃQ¡ eyÙ \ey„. s¡_p `qfZpd¡ õhs„Ó
`f Akf L$f_pfu A_¡L$ OV$_pAp¡ 1960_p

v$iL$dp„ b_u. `p¡Vy®$NuTp¡_p fpS>hluhV$dp„ fl¡gp„

Np¡hp, v$dZ A_¡ v$uh_u dy[¼s \C A_¡ s¡

cpfsue k„OfpÄe_p¡ cpN bÞep. DÑf_u

kudpf¡Mp `f cpfs A_¡ Qu_ hÃQ¡_p¡ sZph

1950 \u hÝep¡ lsp¡. Ap sZph_p¡ A„s R>¡hV¡$

b„_¡ v$¡ihÃQ¡ kudpf¡Mp_p eyÙdp„ \ep¡. Ap eyÙ

d¸L$dp¡l_ (1962) f¡Mp_p n¡Ódp„ \ey„.

cpfs_¡ õhs„Ósp

dmu s¡ `R>u_p kdedp„

hX$pâ^p_ `„qX$s

S>hplfgpg _¡lfy$A¡

cpfs_y„ _¡s©Ðh

k„cpþey„. s¡Ap¡ cpfs_p

Ap„sffpô²$ue ^p¡fZ_p

rië` L$pf lsp. cpfs_p

`„qX$s S>hplfgpg _¡lfy

5

bp„Ngpv$¡i r_dp®Z \ey„. Ap L$pep£dp„ hX$pâ^p_ dp¡L$ghy„ `X$éy„. îudsu Iqv$fp Np„^u_p kyfnp fnL$
Iqv$fpNp„^u_p v$¡Y$ _¡s©Ðh_y„ ep¡Nv$p_ dlÐh_y„
d_pe R>¡. ip„rs_p L$pfZp¡ dpV¡$ AÏDÅ®_p¡ `\L$_p fnL$p¡A¡ S> s¡d_u lÐep L$fu. Ap S>
h`fpi L$fhp_p Ap`Zp„ ^p¡fZ_p A¡L$ cpN ê$`¡
cpfs¡ 1974dp„ fpS>õ\p__p `p¡MfZdp„ eiõhu L$pmM„X$dp„ Cip_ bpSy>_p cpfsdp„ Dëap k„OV$_p_p
fus¡ AÏ`qfnZ L$ey¯. 1975dp„ rk½$ud_u S>_
spA¡ cpfsue k„OfpÄedp„ kpd¡g \hp_p `ndp„ _¡s©Ðh _uQ¡ dp¡Vy„$ Ap„v$p¡g_ \ey„.
dsv$p_ L$ey¯ A_¡ s¡ A_ykpf rk½$ud_¡ cpfsue
k„OfpÄedp„ fpÄe_p¡ v$fÄÅ¡ dþep¡. 1984dp„ fpÆh

Ap v$iL$dp„ ipk_¡ k„rh^p__u L$V$p¡L$V$u Np„^uA¡ hX$pâ^p_ sfuL¡$
rhjeL$ ìehõ\p_¡ Ap^pf¡ fpô²$ue L$V$p¡L$V$u Op¡rjs
L$fu. L$V$p¡L$V$u_p Ap L$pmdp„ cpfsue _pNqfL$p¡_p k|Óp¡ k„cpþep. s¡dZ¡
d|mc|s l½$ õ\rNs L$fhpdp„ Apìep. L$V$p¡L$V$u_¡
L$pfZ¡ cpfsue âipk_ ìehõ\pdp„ riõs Aphu, cpfs_u A\®ìehõ\pdp„
`f„sy s¡ kp\¡ dp_hu l½$p¡ `f L$p` d|L$pep¡. fpô²$ue
L$V$p¡L$V$u_p¡ L$pm 1975 \u 1977 ky^u füp¡ A_¡ s¡dS> rhop_ A_¡
Ðepfbpv$ kph®rÓL$ Q|„V$ZuAp¡ g¡hpdp„ Aphu.
s„Óop__p n¡Ódp„ A_¡L$
L$V$p¡L$V$u_u `pð®c|rd `f A_¡L$ rhfp¡^u `np¡A¡
A¡L$Ó \C_¡ S>_sp `n_u r_rd®rs L$fu. _hp ky^pfp L$fhp_p¡ âeÐ_
õ\p`_ \e¡gp S>_sp `n kpd¡ îudsu Hqv$fp
Np„^u_p _¡s©Ðhdp„ gX¡$gp L$p¢N°¡k `n_p¡ L$pfdp¡ L$ep£. îug„L$p_p srdm
`fpS>e Ap Q|„V$Zudp„ \ep¡. dp¡fpfÆ v$¡kpC
hX$pâ^p_ bÞep. s¡d_p _¡s©Ðh _uQ¡ S>_sp`n_u fpÆh Np„^u Aë`k„¿eL$p¡_u kdõep
kfL$pf Ap`k_p dsc¡v$p¡_¡ L$pfZ¡ gp„bp¡ kde
V$L$u _l]. s¡ `R>u QfZtkN hX$pâ^p_ bÞep. DL¡$ghp dpV¡$ fpÆh Np„^u ApNm Apìep. srdm
s¡d_u kfL$pf Aë`L$pm V$L$u. 1980dp„ afu
Q|„V$ZuAp¡ \C A_¡ îudsu Iqv$fp Np„^u_p kdyv$pe_¡ v$¡ip„sN®s õhpeÑsp Ap`u A¡L$k„O
_¡s©Ðhdp„ L$p¢N°¡k `n afu kÑp `f Apìep¡.
îug„L$p_u L$ë`_p_¡ s¡dZ¡ V¡$L$p¡ Apàep¡ lsp¡; `f„sy
1980_p¡ v$iL$: Ap v$iL$dp„ cpfsue fpS>L$ue
ìehõ\p_¡ A_¡L$ _hp Apl¹hp_p¡_p¡ kpd_p¡ L$fhp¡ s¡d_p Ap âeÐ_p¡_¡ ei dþep¡ _l].
`X$ép¡. iuMp¡A¡ `„Åbdp„ õhs„Ó Mprgõsp_
fpÄe_u dp„NZu dpV¡$ Ap„v$p¡g_ iê$ L$ey¯. Ap 1989dp„ ’e¡g kph®rÓL$ Q|„V$Zudp„ L$p¢N°¡k
Ap„v$p¡g_¡ Arsie DN° õhê$` ^pfZ L$ey¯. Ap
Ap„v$p¡g__¡ `pqL$õsp__p¡ V¡$L$p¡ lsp¡. 1984dp„ `n_p¡ `fpS>e \ep¡. Ðepf `R>u rhrh^ `n A¡L$Ó
Ad©skf_p kyhZ®d„qv$fdp„ Apîe gu^¡gp
Aps„L$hpv$uAp¡_¡ blpf L$pY$hp dpV¡$ cpfsue gíL$f \sp„ S>_sp v$m_p rhð_p\ âsp` tkN cpfs_p

hX$pâ^p_ bÞep. buÅ `R>ps hNp£ dpV¡$ ApfnZ

^p¡fZ A¡ s¡d_y„ dlÐh_y„ ep¡Nv$p_ NZpe R>¡.

`n_p A„sN®s hpv$rhhpv$p¡_¡ L$pfZ¡ s¡Ap¡ gp„bp¡

kde hX$pâ^p__p `v$ `f flu i¼ep _l].

1990dp„ Q„Öi¡Mf cpfs_p hX$pâ^p_ bÞep.

s¡d_u kfL$pf Aë`L$pm V$L$u. 1991 dp„ Q|„V$Zu

âQpf v$fçep_ îug„L$p_p rgË¡$ (LTTE)

k„OV$_pA¡ fpÆh Np„^u_u lÐep L$fu.

1980_p v$iL$_p A„s¡ S>çdy A_¡ L$pídufdp„

Ak„sp¡j_u iê$Aps \C s¡hy„ S>Zpe R>¡. Ap

kdõep qv$hk¡ qv$hk¡ h^su NC A_¡ ApS>¡ s¡Z¡

Aps„L$hpv$_y„ õhê$` ^pfZ L$ey¯ R>¡. Ðep„_u

Aps„L$hpv$u âh©rs_¡ L$pfZ¡ L$pídufu `„qX$sp¡_¡

Ðep„\u _uL$mu S>hy„ `X$éy„.
1991 `R>u_p¡ a¡fapf: S>Ns_p A_¡

cpfs_p Brslpkdp„ 1991_y„ hj® dlÒh`|Z®

6

a¡fapf_y„ rkÝ^ \ey„. kp¡rhe¡s friep_y„ Ap ky^pfZp_¡ Apr\®L$ Dv$pfuL$fZ L$l¡hpe R>¡.
cpfs_u Apr\®L$ ìehõ\p Ap ^p¡fZp¡_¡ L$pfZ¡
kdedp„ rhOV$_ \ey„ A_¡ S>Nsdp„ iuseyÙ Nrsdp_ b_u. cpfsdp„ `fv$¡iu fp¡L$pZ hÝey„.
DÛp¡N, h¥opr_L$ n¡Ó_p Ly$im ìephkpreL$
`|Z® \ey„. cpfsdp„ `u.ìlu. _ftklfph_p cpfsuep¡A¡ cpfsue A\ì® ehõ\p k^y pfhpdp„ dv$v$
L$fu. dprlsu sÓ„ op_ nÓ¡ dp_„ p DÛpN¡ pA¡ ¡ fpS¡ >Npf_u
_¡s©Ðhdp„ ipk_¡ cpfsue A\®ìehõ\pdp„ _hu sL$p¡ r_dpZ® L$fu. 1991 `R>u \eg¡ p Ap
`qfhs_® _¡ "ÅNrsL$uL$fZ' `Z L$lh¡ pe R>.¡
A_¡L$ a¡fapfp¡ L$ep®.
rhop_ A_¡ s„Óop_: cpfs¡ õhphg„b_
Ap kdeNpmpdp„ â^p“d„Óu sfuL¡$ dpV¡$ S>¡ âeÐ_ L$ep®, s¡dp„ b¡ dlÒh_u
OV$_pAp¡_p¡ kdph¡i L$fu iL$pe. 1965dp„ iê$
AV$grblpfu hpS>`¡eu, A¡Q.X$u. v$¡h¡Np¥X$p A_¡ \e¡g lqfs¾$p„rs_p S>_L$ X$p¡. A¡d. A¡k.
õhpdu_p\_ lsp. s¡dZ¡ _hp h¥opr_L$ s„Ó_p¡
CÞÖLy$dpf NyS>fpg D`ep¡N L$fu_¡ AÞ_^pÞe_p DÐ`pv$_dp„ h^pfp¡
L$ep£. X$p¡. hN}k Ly$qfe_¡ s¡d_p vy$Á^ DÐ`pv$_
hN¡f¡A¡ L$pe®cpf dp„ klL$pfu Qmhm_p âep¡Np¡ Üpfp cpfsdp„
v|$^ DÐ`pv$_dp„ dp¡V$p âdpZdp„ h^pfp¡ L$ep£ R>¡.
k„cpþep¡. A„s¡ 1999dp„ Ap_¡ "^hg¾$p„rs' `Z L$l¡hpe R>¡.

cpfsue S>_sp `n_p AÏi[¼s A_¡ AhL$pi k„ip¡^__p n¡Ódp„
`Z cpfs¡ OZu âNrs L$fu R>¡. X$p¡. lp¡du cpcpA¡
_¡s©Ðh _uQ¡ fpô²$ue cpfsdp„ AÏi[¼s L$pe®¾$d_p¡ `pep¡ _p„¿ep¡.
AÏi[¼s_p¡ h`fpi huS> r_rd®rs, Ap¥j^ A_¡
gp¡L$iplu k„NW$__u k„fnZ S>¡hp ip„rs_p L$pfZp¡ dpV¡$ L$fhp `f cpfs¡
cpf d|¼ep¡ R>¡. AhL$pi s„Óop_dp„ `Z cpfs¡
kfL$pf kÑp `f Aphu dp¡V$u L$pdNufu bÅhu R>¡. 1975dp„ `l¡gp¡ D`N°l
"Ape®cË$' AhL$pidp„ R>p¡X$ép¡. ApS>¡ cpfs `pk¡
A_¡ AV$grblpfu A¡L$ eiõhu AhL$pi L$pe®¾$d R>¡, s¡ A„sN®s
A_¡L$ D`N°l AhL$pidp„ R>p¡X$hpdp„ Apìep R>¡.
AV$grblpfu hpS>`¡eu hpS>`¡eu cpfs_p hX$p v|$fk„Qpf n¡Ódp„ `Z âNrs \C R>¡.

â^p_ bÞep. kpdprS>L$ n¡Ódp„ \e¡gp¡ a¡fapf: Ap kde
v$frdep_ cpfs_p kpdprS>L$ n¡Ódp„ `Z A_¡L$
AV$grblpfu hpS>`¡euA¡ `pqL$õsp_ kp\¡ dlÒh`|Z® a¡fapf \ep R>¡.

k„hpv$ kp^hp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$ep£ `f„sy ei _ dþep¡. s¡dp„_p L¡$V$gpL$ a¡fapf drlgp ki[¼sL$fZ_u
kdõep kp\¡ k„b„r^s R>¡, sp¡ L¡$V$gpL$ h„rQs
1998dp„ cpfs¡ buÅ L¡$V$gpL$ AÏ`funZp¡ L$fu_¡ OV$L$p¡_u DÞ_rs dpV¡$ õhuL$pfhpdp„ Aph¡gp ^p¡fZp¡

`p¡sp_¡ AÏ i÷^pfu fpô²$ Op¡rjs L$ey¯. 1999dp„

L$pfNug n¡Ódp„ cpfs A_¡ `pqL$õsp_ hÃQ¡

L$píduf âñ¡ eyÙ \ey„. Ap eyÙdp„ `Z cpfs¡

`pqL$õsp__p¡ `fpS>e L$ep£.

cpfsue A\®-ìehõ\p: cpfs õhs„Ó \ey„

Ðepf\u S> A\®ìehõ\p_y„ Ap^yr_L$uL$fZ, Apr\®L$

õhphg„b_ A_¡ kpdprS>L$ Þepekl kdpS>hpv$u

kdpS>fQ_p A¡ cpfsue A\®ìehõ\p_u rhriô$sp

fl¡gu R>¡. cpfs¡ DÛp¡N Ecp L$fu_¡ Ap^yr_L$uL$fZ

A_¡ õhphg„b_ âpàs L$fhp_y„ lsy„. r_ep¡S>_

Üpfp kpdprS>L$ Þepe `f Ap^pqfs A\®ìehõ\p

A[õsÐhdp„ gphhp_u lsu A¡V$g¡ S> Apep¡S>_ `„Q

r_dp®Z L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ A_¡ `„Qhprj®L$ ep¡S>_p iê$

L$fhpdp„ Aphu.

1991dp„ _ftklfph ipk_¡ Apr\®L$

ky^pfZp L$fhp_p¡ âpf„c L$ep£. Ap Apr\®L$

7

kp\¡ k„b„r^s R>¡. v$¡i_u drlgp A_¡ bpmL$p¡_p 1989dp„ ipk_¡ "AÐepQpf rhfp¡^u' (A¡V²$prkV$u)
khp¯NuZ rhL$pk_¡ Nrs Ap`hp dpV¡$ 1985dp„ L$pev$p¡ `kpf L$ep£.
dp_hbm rhL$pk d„Ópge A„sN®s "drlgp A_¡
bpmrhL$pk rhcpN' r_dp®Z L$fhpdp„ Apìep¡. ÅNrsL$uL$fZ: ÅNrsL$uL$fZ_¡ L$pfZ¡
÷uAp¡_¡ kpdprS>L$ Þepe_u bpl¢^fu dm¡ A_¡ A\®L$pfZ, fpS>L$pfZ, rhop_ A_¡ s„Óop_,
ep¡S>_p_u L$pe®hpludp„ dv$v$ dm¡ s¡ dpV¡$ S>¡ L$pev$p kdpS> A_¡ k„õL©$rs Ap kh® n¡Ódp„ A_¡L$ a¡fapf
L$fhpdp„ Apìep s¡dp„ v$l¡S> ârsb„^ L$pev$p¡, kdp_ L$fhpdp„ Apìep R>¡. Apdp„_p OZp a¡fapfp¡_u QQp®
h¡s_ L$pev$p¡ hN¡f¡_p¡ kdph¡i \pe R>¡. k„rh^p_dp„ D`f_p aL$fpdp„ L$f¡gu R>¡. ÅNrsL$ õsf `f A_¡L$
\e¡g 73dp„ A_¡ 74dp„ ky^pfpdp„ õ\pr_L$ n¡Ódp„ A¡L$ dlÒh_p v$¡i sfuL¡$ cpfs Dv$e `pçep¡
ipk_ k„õ\pdp„ ÷uAp¡ dpV¡$ A_pds S>Áep R>¡. G-20 A_¡ BRICS (Brazil, Russia,
fpMhpdp„ Aphu. India, China, South Africa) S>¡hu
Ap„sffpô²$ue k„OV$_p_p¡ cpfs A¡L$ dlÒh_p¡
k„rh^p_L$pfp¡_¡ A¡hy„ gpNsy„ lsy„ L¡$, Års kæe v$¡i R>¡. v|$fk„Qpf s„Óop__p n¡Ódp„ A¡L$
ìehõ\p_¡ L$pfZ¡ cpfsue kdpS>_p \p¡X$p dlÒh_u ¾$p„rs cpfs¡ A_ychu R>¡.
kdpS>OV$L$p¡_¡ kÞdp_ A_¡ kdp_ sL$\u h„rQs
fl¡hy„ `X¡$ R>¡. Ap kdõep_p lg dpV¡$ 1953dp„ c°dZÝhr_ (dp¡bpCg) A_¡ Ap„sfÅm
"L$pL$pkpl¡b L$pg¡gL$f Apep¡N'_u õ\p`_p (CÞV$f_¡V$) k¡hp, D`N°l `f Ap^pqfs v|$fk„Qpf
L$fhpdp„ Aphu. 1978dp„ bu. `u. d„X$g_u k¡hp k„`|Z® cpfscfdp„ âkfu R>¡. fpS>L$ue n¡Ódp„
AÝenspdp„ AÞe A_yk|rQs Års S>dpsu_u A¡L [õ\f gp¡L$iplu L¡$hu kam fus¡ L$pe® L$f¡ R>¡ A¡
kdõepAp¡_p¡ rhQpf L$fhp dpV¡$ buSy>„ A¡L$ `„Q cpfs¡ S>Ns_¡ v$¡MpX$u v$u^y„ R>¡. Ap_p `qfZpd¡
r_dhpdp„ Apìey„. rhrh^ k¡hp A_¡ k„õ\pdp„ `R>ps cpfsue gp¡L$p¡_u A_¡ rhi¡js: eyhL$p¡_u Æh_
kdpS>OV$L$p¡_¡ ep¡Áe ârsr_r^Ðh d¡mhu Ap`hp i¥gudp„ M|b a¡fapf \ep¡ R>¡. Ap a¡fapf s¡d_u
dpV¡$ ApfnZ_y„ ^p¡fZ õhuL$pfhpdp„ Apìey„. AplpfrhjeL$ V¡$hp¡, `p¡ipL$ (`l¡fh¡i), cpjp,
A_yk|rQs Års A_¡ A_yk|rQs S>dpsu_p kdS>Zdp„ v$¡Mpe R>¡.
kdpS>OV$L$p¡_¡ DÃQhZ®_p X$f, tlkp A_¡
v$d__ursdp„\u dy¼s fpMu_¡ ârs›$p A_¡ ApNm_p `pW$dp„ Ap`Z¡ cpfs kpd¡_p
ApÐdkÞdp_\u Æh_ Æhhp dm¡ s¡ dpV¡$ L¡$V$gpL$ A„sN®s Apl¹hp_p¡_p¡ Aæepk L$fhp_p
R>uA¡.

õhpÝepe

1. (A) Ap`¡gp `ep®ep¡dp„\u ep¡Áe `ep®e `k„v$ L$fu (2) cpfsue lfus ¾$p„rs_p S>_L$ ............ lsp.
rh^p_ `|Z® L$fp¡. (A) X$p¡. hN}k Ly$qfe_ (b) X$p¡. lp¡du cpcp
(L$) X$p¡. A¡d.A¡k. õhpdu_p\_
(1) îug„L$p_p srdm Aë`k„¿eL$p¡_p¡ âñ lg (X$) X$p¡. _p¡d¡_ bp¡fgp¡N
L$fhpdp„ ApNm `X$sp¡ cpN g¡_pf hX$pâ^p_
............ lsp. (b) _uQ¡_pdp„\u Mp¡V$u Å¡X$u Ap¡mMu“¡ gMp¡
(1) Iqv$fp Np„^u - fpóV²$ue L$V$p¡L$V$u
(A) fpÆh Np„^u (b) îudsu Iqv$fp Np„^u

(L$) A¡Q.X$u. v$¡h¡Np¥X$p (X$) `u. ìlu. _ftklfph

8

(2) fpÆh Np„^u - rhop_-s„Óop_ 5. `pW$_u dv$v$\u cpfs kpd¡_p Apl¹hp_p¡ A_¡
ky^pfZp cpfs_p bmõ\p_p¡_u epv$u `|Z® L$fp¡.

(3) `u. ìlu. _ftklfph - Apr\®L$ ky^pfZp cpfs kpd¡_p„ Apl¹hp_p¡ bmõ\p_
(4) Q„Öi¡Mf - d„X$g Apep¡N
Dv$p. cpfs-`pqL$õsp_ eyÙ rhrh^spdp„ A¡L$sp
2. Ap‘¡gu k|Q“p âdpZ¡ L©$rs L$fp¡.
.................... ....................
(A) `pW$_u dv$v$\u hX$pâ^p_ A_¡ s¡d_p
L$pe®L$pm_p¡ L$pm¾$d v$ip®hsp¡ L$p¡W$p¡ s¥epf L$fp¡. .................... AÏi÷ kÄS>sp

(b) V|„$L$ “p¢^ gMp¡. AgNsphpv$ ....................
(1) ÅNrsL$uL$fZ
(2$) ^hg¾$p„rs D`¾$d

3. _uQ¡_p„ rh^p_p¡ kL$pfZ õ`ô$ L$fp¡. (1) cpfs-`pqL$õsp_ eyÙdp„ `fp¾$d v$ip®h_pf
(1) dp¡fpfÆ v$¡kpC_u kfL$pf Aë`L$pm cpfsue S>hp_p¡_u dprlsu d¡mhp¡.
V$L$u.
(2$) Ad©skfdp„ Aph¡g kyhZ®d„qv$fdp„ gíL$f (2) L$pfrNg eyÙ_p `fp¾$du S>hp_p¡_p ap¡V$p c¡Np
dp¡L$ghy„ `X$éy„. L$fp¡.
(3) cpfsdp„ Apep¡S>_ `„Q r_dp®Z L$fhpdp„
Apìey„. (3) AÐepfky^u \C Ne¡gp cpfsue hX$pâ^p__p
ap¡V$p_p¡ k„N°l L$fp¡.
(4) _uQ¡_p âñp¡_p krhõspf S>hpb gMp¡.
(1) vy$r_ep A_¡ cpfs_p Brslpkdp„ (4) X$p¸. lp¡du cpcp AÏ k„ip¡^_ L¡$ÞÖ_u
1991_y„ hj® dlÒh`|Z® a¡fapf_y„ hj® dprlsu d¡mhp¡.
L¡$hu fus¡ bÞey„?
(2) cpfsue A\®ìehõ\p_u rhriô$sp (5) v|$^ DÐ`pv$_\u ¼ep ìehkpe Qpg¡ R>¡ s¡_p„
L$C? rQÓp¡ A_¡ dprlsu d¡mhp¡.

9

3 cpfs kpd¡_p A„sN®s Apl¹hp_p¡

Ap `pW$dp„ Ap`Z¡ cpfs kpd¡_p L¡$V$gpL$ Ap`¡ fi¡ _ åg| õV$pf: kyhZ®d„qv$fdp„\u
A„sN®s Apl¹hp_p¡_p¡ rhQpf L$fhp_p R>uA¡. Aps„L$hpv$uAp¡_¡ blpf L$pY$hp_u âdyM L$pdNufu
AgNsphpv$u Qmhm, Cip_ cpfs_u kdõep d¡S>f S>_fg Ly$gv$u`tkN b°pf_¡ kp¢`hpdp„ Aphu.
_nghpv$, S>dpshpv$, âv$¡ihpv$ Ap ¾$ddp„ 3 S|>_ 1984_p fp¡S> khpf¡ "Ap¡`f¡i_ åg|
cpfs kpd¡_p A„sN®s Apl¹hp_p¡_p¡ Ap`Z¡ õV$pf' _p¡ âpf„c \ep¡. 6 S|>__p fp¡S> L$pdNufu
Aæepk L$fhp_p R>uA¡. `|Z® \C. Ap gíL$fu L$pdNufudp„ cpfsue k¥Þe
A¡ AÐe„s k„ed fpMu_¡ L$pdNufu L$fu.
`„Åbdp„ Ak„sp¡j: `„Åb fpÄedp„ AL$pgu tcÖp_hpg¡_u kp\¡ AÞe Ap„sL$u dfpep A_¡
v$m âdyM fpS>L$ue `n lsp¡. 1973 dp„ Ap L$pe®hplu `|fu \B. s¡ `R>u 1986dp„
AL$pgu v$m¡ "Ap_„v$`|f kpl¡b' W$fph d„S|>f L$ep£. kyhZ®d„qv$fdp„ afu A¡L$hpf Aps„L$uAp¡ rhê$$Ý^
s¡ A_ykpf Q„v$uNY$ `„Åb_¡ Ap`hy„, buÅ„ L$pe®hplu L$fhu `X$u. s¡_¡ "Ap¡`f¡i_ åg¡L$ \„X$f'
fpÄe_p `„Åbu cprjL$ âp„s_p¡ `„Åbdp„ kdph¡i L$l¡hpe R>¡. Ðepf `R>u ApNm S>sp `Å„ bdp„
L$fhp¡, k¡_pdp„ iuMp¡“u k„¿ep h^pfhu, `„Åb ipr„ s âõ\pr`s L$fhp_p L$pd_¡ Nrs dmu.
fpÄe_¡ h^pf¡ õhpeÑsp Ap`hu Aphu A_¡L$
dp„NZuAp¡ s¡ W$fphdp„ lsu. 1977dp„ AL$pgu iy„ sd¡ ÅZp¡ R>p¡?
v$m ‘n `„Åbdp„ kÑp `f Apìep¡. s¡dZ¡ kÑp rhriô$ DØ¡i dpV¡$ L$f¡gu gíL$fu L$pe®hplu_¡
d¡mhsp„ S> S|>_u dp„NZuAp¡ kp\¡ `„Åb_¡ _v$u Ap¸`f¡i_ L$l¡hpe. Ap¸`f¡i_ åg| õV$pf A¡V$g¡
`pZu hl¢QZudp„ `pZu h^pfu Ap`p¡, Ad©skf kyhZ®d„qv$fdp„ R|>`pe¡gp Aps„L$hpv$uAp¡_¡ blpf
il¡f_¡ `rhÓ il¡f_p¡ rMspb Ap`p¡ Aphu L$pY$hp dpV¡$_u gíL$fu L$pdNufu.
dp„NZu L$fu.
Cip_ cpfs_u kdõep:
1980dp„ `„Åbdp„ "õhs„Ó Mprgõsp_' Cip_ cpfs L$l¡sp„ Ap`Zu _S>f kpd¡
Qmhm_p„ d|m _Mpep„ A¡ kde¡ AL$pgu ApW$ fpÄe_p¡ kd|l Aph¡. Apkpd,
v$m_y„ _¡s©Ðh lfQfZtkN gp¢Np¡hpg L$fu füp Aê$ZpQgâv$¡i, drZ`|f, d¡Opge, rdTp¡fd,
lsp. s¡Ap¡ kyhZ®d„qv$fdp„ b¡ku_¡ `p¡sp_p _pNpg¡ÞX$, rk½$ud A_¡ rÓ`yfp Ap ApW$ fpÄep¡
L$pe®L$sp®Ap¡_¡ L$fhp_p„ L$pdp¡_u k|Q_p Ap`sp A¡V$g¡ Cip_ cpfs. Ap ApW$ fpÄe_¡ h^sp-
lsp. kyhZ®d„qv$f_u buÆ bpSy> L$Ë$f Mprgõsp_ ApR¡ >p âdpZdp„ Aps„ ffpô$²ue kflv$_p¡ õ`i® \pe
hpv$u S>_£gtkN tcÖp_hpg¡_u Apk`pk R>¡. h„i, cpjp, kp„õL©$rsL$ rhrh^sp A¡hp
ki÷ A_yepeuAp¡ S>dp \hp gpÁep. Ap rhrh^ õsf `f Al] rcÞ_sp S>Zpe R>¡. Ap
L$pmdp„ Ap„sL$u L$pe®hplu_u iê$Aps \C. cpN_p S>_kd|lp¡_¡ cpfs_p dy¿e âhpl kp\¡
1981 dp„ k„`pv$L$ gpgp S>Ns_pfpeZ_p M|_ Å¡X$u v$¡hp_p L$pd dpV¡$ õhs„Ó cpfs_p `l¡gp
L¡$kdp„ tcÖp_hpg¡_u ^f`L$X$ \C. Ðepf\u hX$pâ^p_ `„. _¡lfyA¡ ApN¡hp_u gu^u. 1954
hpsphfZ h^pf¡ bNX$sy„ Ney„. Ðepf¡ S> 1983 dp„ s¡Ap¡A¡ _¡ap (_p¡\®-CõV$ ä„V$uef A¡S>¡Þku
dp„ `„Åbdp„ fpô²$`rs ipk_ gpNy L$fhpdp„ A\p®s `|hp¯Qg) A¡hp¡ cpN r_dp®Z L$ep£.
Apìey„. tcÖp_hpg¡ ^prd®L$ õ\m AL$pg s¿s cpfs-Qu_ kudp f¡Mp_p¡ âv$¡i A_¡ Apkpd_p
fl¡hp S>sp füp. tcÖp_hpg¡_p A_yepeuAp¡A¡ DÑfbpSy>_p kd|l_p¡ Ap âv$¡i R>¡. Ap cpNdp„
kyhZ®d„qv$f_p `qfkf_¡ `p¡sp_p spbpdp„ gC_¡ k¢L$X$p¡ kd|l_p¡ rhL$pk s¡d_u k„õL©$rs_p S>s_
Ðep„ f¡su_u v$uhpg QZu v$u^u. `qfkf_¡ krls kp^hp_u c|rdL$p `„. _¡lfyA¡ õhuL$pfu.
qL$ëgp_y„ õhê$` Apàey„. s¡\u `„Åb_u ip„rs
Å¡Mddp„ d|L$pB. gp¡L$iplu kpd¡ Ap dp¡Vy$
Apl¹hp_ lsy„.

10

k„rh^p__u R>Ì$u A_yk|rQdp„ Ap cpN rhi¡ çep_dpf_u kudp_p¡ cpN Ah¡ p `qfkfdp„ _pNp
Mpk khgs L$fhpdp„ Aphu R>¡. 1965dp„ Ap kd|l_u hõsu lsu. 1946dp„ L¡$V$gpL$ kyrirns
cpN_u S>hpbv$pfu rhv$¡i d„Ópge_¡ kp¢`hpdp„ _pNp eyhL$p¡A¡ "_pNp _¡i_g L$pDÞkug'
Aphu. Bip“ bpSy>“p âv$¡ip¡“p¡ dy¿e âhpldp„ (NNC) k„OV$_p_u õ\p`_p L$fu. ApNm S>sp„
kdph¡i L$fhp dpV¡ 1971dp„ "BipÞe ‘qfjv$ s¡dZ¡ "_pNpg¡ÞX$' Ap õhs„Ó fpô²$_u dp„NZu
L$pev$p'¡ ‘kpf$ L$fhpdp„ Apìep¡. Ap L$pev$p L$fu. s¡d_y„ _¡s©Ðh A„Npdu Tp`| qaTp¡ L$fu
A“ykpf BipÞe ‘qfjv$“p L$pep£ õ‘ô$ ¼fhpdp„ füp lsp. 1954dp„ "A_¡ A_¡ ku'A¡ _pNpgÞ¡ X$_p
Apìep. L¡$ÞÖ kfL$pf“¡ Apr’®L$ A“¡ kpdprS>L$ õhs„Ó k„OfpÄe_u õ\p`_p_u Op¡jZp L$fu.
n¡Óp¡“p kdp“ rls bpbs¡, Ap„sffpÄe hpl“ 1955dp„ Apkpd fpCaëk_p k¥r_L$ A_¡
ìehlpf, huS> A“¡ ‘|f r“e„ÓZ k„b„^u kgpl õ\pr_L$p¡ hÃQ¡ QL$dL$ Tfu QL$dL$ v$bphhp
dpV¡$ gíL$fu L$pfhpC L$fhu `X$u.
Ap‘hp“y„ L$pd Ap ‘qfjv$“y„ lsy„.
L¡$ÞÖ kfL$pf A_¡ A¡_A¡_ku hÃQ¡ A_¡L$
rdTp¡fd: Cip_ cpfs_p S>_kd|l_p¡ hpf QQp® \C. L¡$ÞÖ kfL$pf¡ _pNpblyg cpN_¡
âpQu_ Brslpk R>¡. cpfs õhs„Ó \ey„ `R>u L¡$ÞÖiprks âv$¡i_p¡ v$fÄÅ¡ Ap`hp_y„ _½$u
kfL$pf¡ rdTp¡blyg gyipC V¡$L$fu_p cpNhpmp L$ey¯. _¡apdp„_p¡ _pNpblyg cpN A_¡ ÐkyA¡_
Æëgp_¡ âipkL$ue õhpeÑsp Ap`u. L¡$ÞÖ kp¸„N_p¡ cpN A¡L$ L$fu_¡ 1 qX$k¡çbf 1963
kfL$pf¡ 1954dp„ cpjphpf âp„sfQ_p `„Q _p qv$hk¡ "_pNpg¡ÞX$' fpÄe A[õsÐhdp„ Apìey„.
_uçey„. Ðepf¡ Ðep„_u S>_sp_u A`¡np h^u.
rdTp¡_p _¡spAp¡A¡ õhpeÑ "rdTp¡' âp„s_u Apkpd: 1983dp„ Apkpddp„ b„Npmu
dp„NZu L$fhp_u iê$Aps L$fu. 1959dp„ cprjL$ õ\mp„sfusp¡_p hQ®õh kpd¡ Ap¡g
rdTp¡fd âv$¡idp„ ApL$fp¡ vy$L$pm `X$ép¡. Ap Apkpd õVy$X$ÞV$ eyr_e_ A_¡ Apkpd
vy$L$pm_p kdedp„ rdTp¡ _¡sp gpgX¢$NpA¡ NZk„N°pd `qfjv$¡ DN° Ap„v$p¡g_ iê$ L$ey¯ lsy„.
1985 dp„ hX$pâ^p_ fpÆh Np„^u, L¡$ÞÖue
kpdpÞe S>_sp dpV¡$ L$pe® L$ey¯. N©ld„Óu i„L$ffph QìlpZ, Apkpdu _¡sp
âayëgLy$dpf dlÞsp¡ hÃQ¡ L$fpf \ep.
1961dp„ gpgX¢$Np A¡ "rdTp¡ _¡i_g ä„V$' Apkpddp„_p OykZMp¡f bp„Ngpv$¡iu _pNqfL$p¡_¡
(MNF) k„OV$_p_u õ\p`_p L$fu. rÓ`yfp, `pR>p d|m õ\m¡ dp¡L$ghp_y„ _½$u \ey„.
drZ`yf A_¡ gyipC V¡$L$fuAp¡dp„\u rdTp¡blyg 1986dp„ Apkpd rh^p_ `qfjv$_u Q|„V$ZuAp¡
âp„s dpV¡$ "N°¡V$f rdTp¡fd'_u A\p®s õhs„Ó \C. Apkpd NZ`qfjv$_p âayëgLy$dpf dlÞsp¡
fpô²$_u dp„NZu gpgX¢$NpA¡ L$fu. dpQ® 1966dp„ dy¿ed„Óu bÞep. Ap gp¡L$iplu âq¾$ep_¡ L$pfZ¡
rdTp¡ _¡i_g ä„V¡$ "õhs„Ó rdTp¡fd' fpô²$ Apkpddp„ ip„rs âõ\pr`s L$fhpdp„ dv$v$ dmu.
A[õsÐhdp„ Apìep_u Op¡jZp L$fu. hX$pâ^p_
Iqv$fp Np„^uA¡ L$W$p¡f ArcNd A`_phu b„X$ AfyZpQg âv$¡i: 1954dp„ _¡ap rhcpN_u
sp¡X$u `pX$éy„. 1972dp„ `qf[õ\rs \pm¡ `X$ép r_rd®rs \B. s¡_¡ 1972dp„ AfyZpQg âv$¡i
`R>u rdTp¡blyg cpN_¡ L¡$ÞÖiprks âv$¡i_p¡ (ENsp k|e®_p¡ âv$¡i) sfuL¡$ Ap¡mMhpdp„
v$fÄÅ¡ Ap`hpdp„ Apìep¡. 1985dp„ hX$pâ^p_ Apìep¡. 20 a¡b°yApfu 1987_p qv$hk¡ Ap
fpÆh Np„^u A_¡ rdTp¡ “¡i“g ä„V$ hÃQ¡ cpN_¡ OV$L$fpÄe_p¡ v$fÄÅ¡ Ap`hpdp„ Apìep¡.
kdp^p_ \sp„ rdTp¡fd_¡ õhs„Ó OV$L$fpÄe_p¡
v$fÄÅ¡ Ap`hpdp„ Apìep¡. gpgX¢$Np fpÄe_p 1960 \u 2000_p hjp£dp„ Cip_
dy¿ed„Óu bÞep. cpfsdp„ gp¡L$iplu h^pf¡ dS>b|s \C. L¡$ÞÖ
kfL$pf_u Mpk ep¡S>_p, Ap¥Ûp¡NuL$fZ,
_pNpg¡ÞX$: Cip_ cpfs_p _pNp kd|lp¡ rinZ_p âkpf_¡ L$pfZ¡ Ap cpN rhL$pk_p
gX$peL$ kd|l sfuL¡$ Ap¡mMpe R>¡. `|h® dpN£ Qpghp gpÁep¡.
rldpge, _pNp V¡$L$fuAp¡, Apkpd A_¡

11

_nghpv fl¡sp Apìep R>¡. A¡L$pv$ kdpS>dp„ rcÞ_ rcÞ_
^d®_p gp¡L$p¡_y„ hpõsìe lp¡hy„ A_¡ s¡dZ¡
_nghpv$u Qmhm: `ròd b„Npm_p `p¡s`p¡sp_p ^d®_y„ ep¡Áe Arcdp_ L$fhy„ s¡dp„
v$prS>®tgN Æëgp_p _ngbpfu õ\m¡ Ap L„$C S> Mp¡Vy„$ _\u. `Z Äepf¡ Ap ^d®_p
Qmhm iê$ \C. Aë`c|^pfL$ M¡X|$s A_¡ Arcdp__p¡ Arsf¡L$ \pe R>¡ Ðepf¡ s¡_y„ ê$`p„sf
M¡sdS|>fp¡_y„ k„NW$_ L$fu_¡ 1967 dp„ _ngbpfu vy$fprcdp_dp„ `qfZd¡ R>¡. `R>u v$f¡L$_¡ `p¡sp_p¡
cpN_p L¡$V$gpL$ M¡X|$s¡ S>du__u ApSy>bpSy> gpg ^d® î¡›$ A_¡ buÅ_p¡ ^d® syÃR> gpN¡ R>¡.
T„X$p Mp¡ku_¡ A_pS>_p¡ spbp¡ gu^p¡ A_¡ s¡_¡ Ap_p\u ^dp¯^sp Aph¡ R>¡.
dy¼s âv$¡i sfuL¡$ _nghpv$uAp¡A¡ Op¡rjs L$ep£.
Ap ¾$p„rsdp„\u â¡fZp gC S>¡ Qmhm \C s¡_¡ ^dp¯^sp A¡ Årshpv$_p¡ `pep¡ R>¡.
_nghpv$u Qmhm L$l¡hpe R>¡. ^dp¯^sp_¡ L$pfZ¡ ìep`L$ fpô²$ue rls_¡ c|gu
S>hpe R>¡. rcÞ_ ^d}Ap¡_p¡ A¡L$buÅ `f_p¡
S>du_v$pfp¡_p Apr\®L$ ip¡jZ rhfyÙ AhpS> rhðpk EX$u Åe R>¡. A¡L$buÅ dpV¡$ s¡d_¡
DW$phhp dpV¡$ L©$rj krdrs õ\p`hu, dp¡V$p S>du_ i„L$p \hp gpN¡ R>¡. `f^d}e v$¡ibp„^hp¡ iÓy
v$pfp¡_u S>du_ lX$`hu, s¡“u Nfub M¡X|$sp¡dp„ S>¡hp gpN¡ R>¡. A¡L$buÅ_p hpf sl¡hpf âk„N¡
hl¢QZu L$fhu A¡ Ap Qmhm_p dy¿e DØ¡ip¡ A¡L$Ó Aphhp_y„ Ap¡Ry>„ \hp gpN¡ R>¡. _pNqfL$
lsp. ApNm S>sp„ Ap Qmhm `p¡sp_p DØ¡ip¡\u sfuL¡$ b^p_¡ S>ê$fu dp„NZuAp¡ dpV¡$ A_¡ l½$p¡
v|$f \C. ipk__p L$p¡C`Z D`¾$dp¡ A\hp dpV¡$ k„OqV$s \hy„ Ai¼e b_u Åe R>¡.
L$ëepZL$pfu ep¡S>_p S>_sp ky^u `lp¢Qhp _ v$¡hp„ ^dp¯^sp_¡ L$pfZ¡ ApSy>bpSy>_u OV$_pAp¡
dpV¡$ _nghpv$u Qmhm¡ Aps„L$hpv$_p¡ Ap^pf sfa, dpZkp¡ sfa Å¡hp_u ×rô$ S> L$gyrjs
gu^p¡. gp¡L$iplu ìehõ\p AdpÞe L$fu_¡ kdp„sf b_u Åe R>¡.
ìehõ\p r_dp®Z L$fhp_p¡ âeÐ_ _nghpv$u L$fhp
gpÁep. Ap\u S> _nghpv$ A¡ v$¡i_u A„sN®s L¡$V$gpL$ gp¡L$p¡ Apr\®L$ A_¡ kpdprS>L$ âñp¡_p¡
kyfnp kpd¡ Apl¹hp_ b_hp gpÁep¡. rhQpf `p¡s`p¡sp_p ^d®_p Ly„$X$pmpdp„ S> L$fhp gpN¡
R>¡. Ap`Z¡ rhriô$ ^d®_p lp¡hp_¡ L$pfZ¡
iê$Apsdp„ _nghpv$u Qmhm_y„ dy¿e fpS>L$pfZdp„ âcphi|Þe R>uA¡ A¡hy„ b^p S>
L¡$ÞÖ `ròd b„Npm lsy„. ApNm S>sp„ s¡ ^d®_u L¡$V$guL$ ìe[¼sAp¡_¡ gpN¡ R>¡. `p¡sp_p `f
Qmhm Ap„^° âv$¡i_p `|h® Np¡v$phfu, kss AÞepe \pe R>¡ s¡hy„ s¡Ap¡ kdS>hp gpN¡
rhipMp`V¹$V$_d_p L¡$V$gpL$ cpN, s¡g„NZpdp„_p R>¡. Ap`Zp kdpS> dpV¡$ kfL$pf `n`ps L$f¡ R>¡
L$fud_Nf, Aqv$gpbpv$, R>ÑukNY$_p bõsf, s¡hu cph_p âbm b_¡ R>¡. Ap Ahõ\pdp„ s¡
fpS>_p„v$Nph, kyL$dp, dlpfpóV²$_p NXrQfp¡gu, `p¡sp_p ^d® dpV¡$, ^d®cpCAp¡ dpV¡$ M|b
c„X$pfp, Q„Ö`yfdp„_p L¡$V$gpL$ cpN, dÝe gpNZuâ^p_ b_¡ R>¡. `p¡sp_p ^d®_p gp¡L$p¡ dpV¡$
âv$¡i_p bpgpOpV$, d„X$gp, Ap¡qX$õkp_p L$p¡C L„$C`Z bp¡g¡ A\hp ^prd®L$ âsuL$p¡_y„
L$p¡fp`|fdp„ âkfu. `p¡sp_p¡ âcph L$ped ÅZsp„-AÅZsp„ A`dp_ L$f¡ sp¡ s¡dp„\u lyëgX$
fpMhp ki÷ A¡hu "`u`ëk rgbf¡i_ Nyqfgp apV$u _uL$m¡ R>¡. k¢L$X$p¡ r_f`fp^u Æhp¡ dpep® Åe
Apd}' (PLGA) k„OV$_p_u õ\p`_p L$fu. Ap R>¡. L$fp¡X$p¡ ê$r`ep_u kph®S>r_L$ dpgdÑp_y„ _yL$ip_
k„Oj® ApS>¡ `Z Qpgy R>¡. \pe R>¡, kph®S>r_L$ ip„rs _pi `pd¡ R>¡, lyëgX$_u
L$X$hu epv$p¡ dpZk_p d__¡ A¡L$buÅ\u v|$f L$f¡
S>dpshpv$ (Årshpv$) R>¡ A_¡ A¡L$buÅ âÐe¡_p¡ rhðpk s|V$u Åe R>¡.

Årshpv$ A¡ Ap`Zp v$¡i_u A¡L$sp kpd¡ dpZk_p¡ dpZkdp„ rhðpk A¡S> klÆh__p¡
dp¡V$p¡ `X$L$pf R>¡. k„Ly$rQs ^prd®L$ Arcdp_dp„\u
Årshpv$ r_dp®Z \pe R>¡. rb°qV$ifp¡ A¡ Ap^pf R>¡. s¡ s|V¡$ A¡V$g¡ kpdprS>L$ A¡L$sp s|V$u
Ap`Zp v$¡idp„ Årshpv$_p bu fp¡àep„. Ap`Zp
v$¡idp„ rhrh^ ^d®_p gp¡L$p¡ kv$uAp¡\u lmudmu_¡ Åe (_pi `pd¡). kpdprS>L$ A¡L$sp rh_p fpS>L$ue

12

A¡L$sp L¡$hu fus¡ kp^u iL$pe? s¡\u S> Ap`Z¡ Åe R>¡. âNs fpÄe_p gp¡L$p¡_¡ âpàs \_pfu
b^pA¡ Ap ^prd®L$ Årshpv$_p¡ kh®i[¼s\u rhL$pk_u sL$ Aphp„ fpÄep¡_¡ dmsu _\u.
dyL$pbgp¡ L$fhp¡ S>ê$fu R>¡. s¡ dpV¡$ rcÞ_^d} i¥nrZL$ `R>ps`Zy„, b¡fp¡S>Npfu, Nfubu S>¡hp
gp¡L$p¡dp„ Ap`Z¡ cmhy„ `X$i¡. A¡L$buÅ_p hpf- âñp¡\u s¡Ap¡ O¡fpC Åe R>¡. `p¡sp_¡ akphhpdp„
sl¡hpfdp„ klcpNu \hy„ Å¡CA¡. A¡L$buÅ_u kpfu Aph¡ R>¡, Ap`Z_¡ rhL$pk_p gpcp¡\u v|$f
fuscps, kv¹$rhQpf Ap`Z¡ õhuL$pfhp Å¡CA¡. fpMhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡, Aphu cph_p s¡d_p d_dp„
Ap`Zp kpdprS>L$, Apr\®L$ âñp¡ sfa Ap`Z¡ Å¡f `L$X¡$ R>¡. Apdp„\u `R>u fpÄep¡fpÄep¡ hÃQ¡_u
sL®$iyÙ `ÙrsA¡ Å¡hy„ Å¡CA¡. Ap âñp¡ dpV¡$ ^d® cpBQpfp_u cph_p _ô$ \pe R>¡. Ap cpBQpfp_u
kp\¡ Mp¡Vy$„ L$pd _ L$fhy„. ^prd®L$ cpCQpfp¡ L¡$d cph_p _ô$ \pe sp¡ s¡_y„ rh`fus `qfZpd
bNX¡$ R>¡? s¡“p Apr\®L$, fpS>L$ue, A¥rslprkL$ fpóV²$ue A¡L$sp `f \pe R>¡. s¡ dpV¡$ Ap
A¡hp„ ¼ep„ L$pfZp¡ R>¡ S>¡hp âñp¡ Ap`Z¡ ip¡^hp cpBQpfp_u cph_p S>¡ L$pfZ¡ _óV$ \pe R>¡ s¡
Å¡CA¡. Årshpv$ _ô$ L$fu_¡ fpô²$ue A¡L$sp Apr\®L$ kdsygp_p¡ âñ Ap`Z¡ S>ëv$u\u DL¡$ghp¡
dS>b|s b_phhp_p¡ Ap S> A¡L$ dpN® R>¡. füp¡. Ap`Zu kfL$pf Ap ×rô$A¡ âeÐ_iug R>¡.
âv$¡ihpv$
âv$¡ihpv$ âNs A_¡ AâNs A¡hp bÞ_¡
"âv$¡ihpv$' A¡V$g¡ Ap`Zp âv$¡i dpV¡$ âL$pf_p fpÄep¡_¡ k`pV$pdp„ gC iL¡$ R>¡. Ap`Z¡
N¡fìepS>bu Arcdp_ fpMhy„. Dv$p. l„y b„Npmu, âNs R>uA¡ L$pfZ L¡$ Ap`Zp„ âv$¡i_p¡ Brslpk,
l„y dfpW$u A¡hu Ap`Zu Ap¡mM Ap`hu s¡ Sy>vy$„, k„õL©$rs A¡ d|m\u S> î¡›$ R>¡. Aphp î¡›$Ðh_p¡
`Z l„y b„Npmu, l„y dfpW$u A¡V$g¡ buÅ âp„s v$„c, v$¡MpX$p¡ rhL$rks fpÄep¡_p gp¡L$p¡dp„ r_dp®Z
L$fsp„ î¡›$ A¡hu cph_p lp¡hu A¡ N¡fìepS>bu \pe A_¡ `R>u s¡ ArhL$rks fpÄep¡_p gp¡L$p¡_¡
âp„sprcdp_ \ey„. Ap`Zp âv$¡i dpV¡$ ìe¼s Esfsp NZhp gpN¡ R>¡. Ap`Zp rhL$pk_p
\su ApÐduesp Aphp N¡fìepS>bu âp„sprcdp__¡ gpcdp„ s¡d_¡ kpd¡g L$fu g¡hp_u s¥epfu s¡d_u
L$pfZ¡ rhL©$s õhê$` ^pfZ L$f¡ R>¡. Ap`Zp lp¡su _\u. Ap\u EgVy„$ `R>ps cpN_p gp¡L$p¡A¡
âp„s `f Ap`Zp¡ â¡d lp¡hp¡ s¡ õhpcprhL$ R>¡ `p¡sp_u k„NqW$s i[¼s Ecu L$fhp dpV¡$
`Z s¡_y„ rhL©$suL$fZ _ \hy„ Å¡CA¡. âpv$¡riL$ A[õdsp S>NpX$hu `X¡$ R>¡. s¡ dpV¡$ s¡
õ\pr_L$ `f„`fp, k„õL©$rs_y„ Mp¡V$u fus¡ Np¥fh
rhL$pkdp„ Akdsp¡g__¡ L$pfZ¡ âv$¡ihpv$_¡ L$fu_¡ `p¡sp_y„ AgN`Ï„ rkÙ L$fhp_p¡ âeÐ_
Mpsf`pZu dm¡ R>¡. õhs„Ósp `R>u v$¡i_p¡ Apr\®L$ L$f¡ R>¡. Apdp„\u S> âv$¡ihpv$ dS>b|s b_¡ R>¡.
rhL$pk kp^sp„ iê$Apsdp„ L¡$V$gpL$ fpÄe_u h^y s¡_¡ gu^¡ fpô²$ue A¡L$pÐdspdp„ Ahfp¡^ Aph¡
âNrs \B sp¡ AÞe fpÄep¡ Apr\®L$ ×rô$A¡ R>¡. rhL$pk_y„ Akdsp¡g`Ï„ Ap¡Ry>„ L$fu_¡
`R>ps (`pR>m) flu Nep. Dv$p. dlpfpô²$, Ar_ô$ âv$¡ihpv$_p¡ r_L$pg L$fu iL$pe R>¡.
NyS>fps, `„Åb, sprdg_pXy$ S>¡hp fpÄep¡ Apr\®L$
A_¡ Ap¥Ûp¡rNL$ ×rô$A¡ kpfp¡ A¡hp¡ rhL$pk L$fu cpfs kpd_¡ p L$¡V$gpL$ NÎep NpW„ $ép As„ Ns®
i¼ep. Äepf¡ Ap¡qX$ip, rblpf, Apkpd S>¡hp„ Aplh¹ p_p_¡ p¡ Ap`Z¡ Aæepk L$ep.£ Ap_u kp\¡
fpÄep¡ Apr\®L$ s¡d S> Ap¥Ûp¡rNL$ ×rô$A¡ AâNs S> gpL¡ $k¿„ ep, õhÃR>sp, Ms¡ u A_¡ MX¡ $|sp_¡ u
füp. Apr\®L$ rhL$pk A_¡ ky^pfZp A¡ âNrs_p kdõep, Nfubu, flh¡ p_p„ Of A_¡ b¡ V$„L$_„y
`pep lp¡hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ S>¡ fpÄedp„ Apr\®L$ rhL$pk cpS¡ >_ Ah¡ u L$¡V$gue¡ kdõep ApS>¡ `Z R>.¡
\pe s¡ fpÄe rinZ, Apfp¡Áe, k„õL©$rs s\p Ap`Z¡ Ap Aplh¹ p_p_¡ ¡ kpd_p¡ L$fu_¡ ApNm
AÞe n¡Óp¡dp„ `Z âNrs L$fu iL¡$ R>¡. S>¡ fpÄedp„ S>hp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$fuA¡ R>uA.¡ âNrs_u qv$ip sfa
Aphp¡ rhL$pk \ep¡ _\u s¡ fpÄe i¥nrZL$ s¡dS> Nrs L$fuA¡ R>uA.¡ ApNm_p `pW$dp„ Apr\L® $
_pNfu kyrh^pAp¡_u bpbsdp„ M|b `pR>m flu nÓ¡ _u âNrs rhi¡ Aæepk L$fhp_p R>uA.¡

13

õhpÝepe

1. “uQ¡“p âñp¡“p krhõspf DÑf gMp¡ 4. _uQ¡_p k„rnàs ê$`p¡_y„ `|Z®ê$` gMp¡
1) "Ap_„v$`|f kpl¡b' W$fphdp„ AL$pgu v$m¡ L$C (1) MNF (2) NNC (3) PLGA

dp„NZuAp¡ L$fu? D`¾$d
2) S>dpshpv$ (Årshpv$) _ô$ L$fhp dpV¡$ iy„
1) OV$L$fpÄep¡/L¡$ÞÖiprks âv$¡i A_¡ s¡d_u
L$fhy„ Å¡CA¡? fpS>^p_uAp¡_p¡ L$p¡W$p¡ s¥epf L$fp¡ A_¡ _L$ipdp„
3) âv$¡ihpv$ ¼epf¡ DN° b_¡ R>¡? s¡d_y„ “p¢^ L$fp¡.

2. V|„$L$“p¢^ gMp¡. 2) drZ`yf, d¡Opge, rÓ`yfp A_¡ rkr½$d
1) Årshpv$ 2) âv$¡ihpv$ fpÄep¡_u dprlsu Ap„sfÅm (CÞV$f_¡V$) _u
dv$v$\u d¡mhp¡.
3. “uQ¡“p rh^p“p¡ kL$pfZ õ‘ô$ L$fp¡ L$fhp¡
1) "Ap¡`f¡i_ åg| õV$pf' L$fhy„ `X$éy„.
2) S>dpshpv$_p¡ kh®i[¼s\u kpd_p¡

AphíeL$ R>¡.

14

4 Apr\®L$ rhL$pk

cpfs_p Apr\®L$ ^p¡fZ_p¡ Aæepk Ap`Z¡ rdî A\®ìehõ\p kfmsp\u Qpg¡ s¡ dpV¡$
Ap âL$fZdp„ L$fhp_p R>uA¡. rdî A\®ìehõ\p_p¡ Mp_Nu A_¡ kph®S>r_L$ n¡Ódp„ kyk„hpv$ lp¡hp¡
õhuL$pf, `„Qhprj®L$ ep¡S>_p A_¡ s¡_p ei- S>ê$fu R>¡. Ap ìehõ\p_p¡ A¡L$dpÓ DØ¡i h^pf¡dp„
A`ei, b¢L$p¡_y„ fpô²$ueL$fZ, huk L$gdu L$pe®¾$d, h^pf¡ DÐ`pv$_ A_¡ dp¡V$p âdpZdp„ gp¡L$p¡_p¡
rdg dS|>fp¡_u lX$spg, 1991_y„ _hy„ Apr\®L$ klcpN R>¡. Ap ìehõ\pdp„ d|X$uhpv$u A_¡
^p¡fZ Ap b^p_p¡ rhi¡j Aæepk L$fhp_p R>uA¡. kdpS>hpv$u A\®ìehõ\p_p kpfp NyZp¡_¡ c¡Np
L$fhp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$ep£ R>¡. _ap_u â¡fZp,
rdî A\®ìehõ\p: cpfs_¡ õhs„Ósp dmu D`¾$diugsp, r_ed`pg_, L$pmbÙ r_ep¡S>_
s¡ `l¡gp„ S> Ap`Z¡ ¼ep âL$pf_u A\®ìehõ\p_p¡ hN¡f¡ bpbsp¡ âÐe¡ rdî A\®ìehõ\pdp„ vy$g®n
õhuL$pf L$fhp¡ s¡ rhje `f rhQpfrhr_de Qpgy L$fu iL$pe _l].
lsp¡. hX$pâ^p_ `„qX$s _¡lfyA¡ L$p¡C`Z A„rsd
dpN® õhuL$pfhp_¡ bv$g¡ dÝed dpN® `k„v$ L$ep£. Ap ìehõ\pdp„ v$¡irls_¡ âp^pÞe Ap`hpdp„
L¡$V$gpL$ v$¡ip¡dp„ d|X$uhpv$u A\®ìehõ\p lsu, sp¡ Aph¡ R>¡. v$uO®L$pgu_ rhL$pk `f h^pf¡ cpf
L¡$V$gpL$ v$¡ip¡dp„ kdpS>hpv$u A\®ìehõ\p lsu. Ap`hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. k„fnZ, h¥opr_L$ k„ip¡^_,
âÐe¡L$ A\®ìehõ\p_p L¡$V$gpL$ apev$p A_¡ L¡$V$gpL$ rinZ, fõsp, f¡ëh¡, _l¡fp¡, b„v$f A_¡
N¡fapev$p lp¡e R>¡. rhdp_d\L$ bp„^hp S>¡hp n¡Ódp„ cf`|f `¥kp_y„
fp¡L$pZ Å¡CA¡. `Z s¡_p„ am Ap`Z_¡ dp¡X$p„
d|X$uhpv$u A\®ìehõ\pdp„ DÐ`pv$__p„ kp^_p¡ dm¡ R>¡. Ap n¡Ódp„ Mp_Nu DÛp¡N`rsAp¡ dp¡V$p
Mp_Nu dprgL$p¡ `pk¡ lp¡e R>¡. kdpS>hpv$u âdpZdp„ ApNm Aphsp _\u. Aphp kde¡
A\®ìehõ\pdp„ DÐ`pv$__p„ kp^_p¡ kdpS>_p„ kfL$pf¡ S> ApNm `X$sp¡ cpN g¡hp¡ `X¡$ R>¡.
A¡V$g¡ L¡$ ipk__u dprgL$u_p„ lp¡e R>¡. rdî
A\®ìehõ\p Mp_Nu A_¡ kpdprS>L$ A¡hp b„_¡ D`f_u `Ùrs\u rdî A\®ìehõ\p_y„ õhê$`
n¡Óp¡dp„ L$pe® L$f¡ R>¡. Ap^yr_L$ cpfs_p¡ Apr\®L$ A`_phu_¡ A_¡ `„Qhprj®L$ ep¡S>_p_p¡ õhuL$pf L$fu_¡
rhL$pk kp^hp dpV¡$ bÞ_¡ A\®ìehõ\p L$fsp„ cpfs¡ rhL$pk_u iê$Aps iê$ L$fu. 1973_p
"rdî A\®ìehõ\p_¡' cpfs¡ âp^pÞe Apàey„. Ap Ap¥Ûp¡rNL$ ^p¡fZ\u rhL$pk_u Nrs h^u. Ap
A\®ìehõ\pdp„ Ap`Z_¡ ÓZ cpN v$¡Mpe R>¡. ^p¡fZp_ykpf dp¡V$p DÛp¡N, DÛp¡N`rs hN® A_¡
`fv$¡iu DÛp¡N_p¡ âcph L$pb|dp„ gphhp¡ A_¡
1) kph®S>r_L$ n¡Ó: Ap n¡Ódp„ DÛp¡N^„^p âpv$¡riL$ rhL$pk_y„ kdsyg_ kp^hy„ Ap hpsp¡_¡
`|Z®`Z¡ kfL$pf_p r_e„ÓZ A_¡ ìehõ\p`_ âp^pÞe Apàey„. gOyDÛp¡N, N°pdp¡Ûp¡N, Ly$qV$f
l¡W$m lp¡e R>¡. Dv$p. k„fnZ kprlÐe DÐ`pv$_. DÛp¡N_p rhL$pk `f Ýep_ Ap`hpdp„ Apìey„.
klL$pfu n¡Ó sfa rhi¡j Ýep_ Ap`hp_u iê$Aps
2) Mp_Nu n¡Ó: Ap n¡Ódp„ DÛp¡N^„^p \C.
`|Z®`Z¡ Mp_Nu DÛp¡N`rs_u dprgL$u_p lp¡e R>¡.
A\p®s s¡_p `f kfL$pfu v$¡Mf¡M A_¡ r_e„ÓZ `„Qhprj®L$ ep¡S>_p
lp¡e R>¡. Dv$p. D`cp¡Áe hõsy.
cpfs õhs„Ó \ey„ Ðep„ ky^u `fv$¡iu
3) k„ey¼s n¡Ó: Ap n¡Ódp„ L¡$V$gpL$ DÛp¡N fpS>L$sp®Ap¡A¡ cpfs_y„ `|f¡`|f„y Apr\®L$ ip¡jZ L$ey¯
Mp_Nu DÛp¡N`rs_u dprgL$u_p sp¡ L¡$V$gpL$ kfL$pfu lsy„. Nfubu, b¡L$pfu, hõsu h^pfp¡, _uQgp
ìehõ\p`_ _uQ¡ Qgphhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

15

v$fÄÅ_u fl¡ZuL$fZu, M¡su A_¡ DÛp¡N^„^p_u 9) kpdprS>L$ k¡hp_p¡ rhL$pk L$fhp¡.
Ap¡R>u DÐ`pv$_ ndsp s¡dS> op_, rhop_ A_¡ 10) Apr\®L$ n¡Ó õhphg„bu L$fhy„.
s„Óop_ k„b„r^s `R>ps`Ï„ A¡hu rhL$V$
kdõepAp¡ v$¡i kpd¡ lsu. s¡ DL¡$ghp dpV¡$ `l¡gu `„Qhprj®L$ ep¡S>_p (1951-1956):
r_ep¡S>__u AphíeL$sp lsu. Ap ep¡S>_pdp„ M¡su, kpdprS>L$ rhL$pk, S>mtkQ_
A_¡ `|fr_e„ÓZ, DÅ® kp^_p¡, N°pçe A_¡ _p_p
1950dp„ cpfs kfL$pf¡ r_ep¡S>_ d„X$m_u DÛp¡N, dp¡V$p DÛp¡N A_¡ Mr_S>, hpl_ìehlpf
õ\p`_p L$fu. hX$pâ^p_ `„. S>hplfgpg _¡lfy A_¡ Ahf S>hf, rinZ, Apfp¡Áe D`f MQ®
Ap d„X$m_p AÝen lsp. L$fhpdp„ Apìep¡. Ap r_ep¡S>_bÙ Apr\®L$ rhL$pk_p¡
`pep¡ _pMsu ep¡S>_p lsu.
Ap d„X$m¡ L©$rj (M¡su) A_¡ N°pçe rhL$pk,
k„syrgs Ap¥Ûp¡rNL$fZ, gOyÑd fl¡ZuL$fZu_u buÆ `„Qhprj®L$ ep¡S>_p (1956-1961):
ìehõ\p, gp¡L$iplu_¡ kyk„Ns Apr\®L$ rhL$pk, Ap ep¡S>_pdp„ Ap¥Ûp¡rNL$fZ_p dlÒhpL$p„nu DØ¡ip¡
r_ep¡S>__u ê$`f¡Mp A_¡ s¡_p Adgdp„ gp¡L$p¡_p¡ kpÝe L$fhp_p lsp. vy$Np®`yf, rcgpC, fpDfL¡$gp
klcpN A_¡ ìe[¼s_p¡ rhL$pk L$f_pfu `„Qhprj®L$ Mps¡ `p¡gpv$_p„ L$pfMp_p„, tkÖu Mps¡ fpkperZL$
ep¡S>_p s¥epf L$fu. Ap ep¡S>_p A¡V$g¡ S> Mpsf_p„ L$pfMp_p, rQÑf„S>_ Mps¡ f¡ëh¡ A¡[ÞS>__p„
"`„Qhprj®L$ ep¡S>_p'. L$pfMp_p, `¡fp„byf_p ApNNpX$u_p X$åbp_„p
L$pfMp_p, rhipMp`Ë$_d_p„ S>lpS> bp„^Zu_p„
r_ep¡S>__p d|mc|s sÐhp¡: A¡L$pv$ v$¡i_u L$pfMp_p hN¡f¡ cpf¡ DÛp¡N^„^p_p„ L$pfMp_p
kp^_kpdN°u_u âdpZkf hl¢QZu A_¡ s¡dp„_p kph®S>r_L$ n¡Ódp„ rhL$kphhpdp„ Apìep„. M¡su_¡
d_yóebm_p¡ ep¡Áe D`ep¡N s¡ v$¡i_u S>_sp_u `pZu`yfhW$p¡ dm¡ s¡ dpV¡$ cp¾$p-_p„Ng, v$pdp¡v$f
S>ê$qfeps `|Z® L$fhp dpV¡$ \hp¡ Å¡CA¡ A¡ S>¡hp dp¡V$p b„^p¡ bp„^hpdp„ Apìep. Ap ep¡S>_p\u
r_ep¡S>__y„ kh®dpÞe sÐh R>¡. fpô²$ue DÐ`pv$_dp„ h©qÙ \C.

ep¡S>_p_p DØ¡i rcgpC `p¡gpv$ L$pfMp_y„

cpfs_p Apr\®L$ r_ep¡S>__p kh®kp^pfZ ÓuÆ `„Qhprj®L$ ep¡S>_p (1961-1966):
DØ¡ip¡ _uQ¡ âdpZ¡ R>¡. Ap ep¡S>_pdp„ M¡su A_¡ DÛp¡N_p rhL$pk_y„
k„syg_ kpÝe L$fhp_y„ lsy„. v$f hj£ fpô²$ue
1) fpô²$ue DÐ`pv$_dp„ h©qÙ DÐ`pv$_dp„ h^pfp¡ L$fhp¡, dp¡V$p DÛp¡N, hpl_

2) d|mc|s DÛp¡N^„^p `f cpf Ap`u_¡ TX$`u
Ap¥Ûp¡rNL$fZ L$fhy„

3) AÞ_^pÞe_u bpbsdp„ v$¡i_¡ õhphg„bu
b_phhp dpV¡$ M¡su DÐ`pv$_dp„ h©qÙ L$fhu

4) h^pf¡ âdpZdp„ fp¡S>Npf D`gå^ L$fphu
v$¡i_p d_yóebm_p¡ `|f¡`|fp¡ D`ep¡N
L$fhp¡.

5) AphL$ A_¡ k„`rÑdp„ fl¡gu rhjdsp v|$f
L$fhu.

6) hõsy_u qL„$ds [õ\f fpMhu.

7) Ly$Vy„$br_ep¡S>_ L$fu_¡ h^su gp¡L$k„¿ep_¡
L$pb|dp„ fpMhu.

8) Nfubu r_hpfZ L$fu_¡ fl¡ZuL$fZu ky^pfhu.

16

ìehlpf A_¡ Mr_S> DÛp¡N rhL$pk, rhjdsp_y„ buÆ Æh_p¡`ep¡Nu hõsy_u Mfuv$u A¡L$pr^L$pf
r_d|®g_ L$fhy„ A_¡ fp¡S>Npf_u sL$ h^pfhu A¡ `Ùrs\u L$fu_¡ kph®S>r_L$ rhsfZ ìehõ\p
Üpfp Nfubp¡_¡ kõsp v$f¡ `|fu `pX$hu A¡hp
dy¿e l¡sy lsp¡. DØ¡ip¡ _½$u L$fhpdp„ Apìep lsp.

ÓuÆ `Q„ hprjL® $ epS¡ >_p `R>u ÓZ AL¡ $ hprjL® $ `p„Qdu `„Qhprj®L$ ep¡S>_p_p L$pmdp„ Nfubu
ep¡S>_p (1966 \u 1969) lp\ ^fhpdp„ Aphu. r_hpfZ A_¡ fp¡S>Npf h©qÙ i¼e \C _l].
Ap L$pmdp„ ApL$fp vy$L$pm_p¡ kpd_p¡ L$fhp¡ `X$ép¡.
Qu__p Ap¾$dZ A_¡ `pqL$õsp_ kp\¡_p eyÙ_¡ 1977dp„ gp¡L$kcp_u Q|„V$Zudp„ L$p¢N°¡k
L$pfZ¡ rhL$pk_p„ L$pdp¡_¡ bv$g¡ k„fnZ sfa A_¡ `n_p¡ `fpch \ep¡. S>_sp `n kÑp `f
vy$L$pm r_hpfZ sfa kfL$pf_¡ h^pf¡ Ýep_ Ap`hy„ Apìep¡. _hu kfL$pf¡ `p„Qdu `„Qhprj®L$ ep¡S>_p
`X$éy„. Ap bpbsp¡\u cpfs_u A\®ìehõ\p `f 1978_p dpQ®_p A„s¡ kdpàs L$fu_¡ A¡râg
1978\u kp„L$mu ep¡S>_p iê$ L$fu. `f„sy s¡_¡
dp¡V$p¡ bp¡Å¡ `X$ép¡. A`ei dþep¡. 1980dp„ gp¡L$kcp_u dÝehs}
Q|„V$ZuAp¡ \sp„ L$p¢N°¡k `n kÑp `f Apìep¡.
Qp¡\u `„Qhprj®L$ ep¡S>_p (1969-1974): Ap kfL$pf¡ kp„L$mu ep¡S>_p b„^ L$fu_¡ afu
Ap ep¡S>_p_p DØ¡ip¡ _½$u L$fsu hMs¡ cpfs_¡ `pR>u S|>_u `Ùrs_y„ r_ep¡S>_ iê$ L$ey¯.
õhphg„bu b_phhy„, kfL$pf¡ d|mc|s DÛp¡Np¡_p¡
rhL$pk L$fhp¡, Apr\®L$ rhL$pk_p¡ h¡N h^pfhp¡ R>Ì$u `„Qhprj®L$ ep¡S>_p (1980-1985):
A_¡ kdpS>hpv$u kdpS> fQ_p r_dp®Z L$fhp sfa Ap ep¡S>_p_p¡ l¡sy Nfubu r_d|®g_ A_¡
gn Ap`hy„ A¡hy„ W$fphhpdp„ Apìey„. Ap ep¡S>_p_p fp¡S>Npf r_rd®rs lsp¡. ep¡S>_p_p DØ¡ip¡ _uQ¡
L$pmdp„ v$¡i_u 14 âdyM b¢L$p¡_y„ fpô²$ueL$fZ âdpZ¡ lsp. A\®ìehõ\p_p rhL$pk v$fdp„
L$fhpdp„ Apìey„. Ap ep¡S>_p A`¡rns âdpZdp„ gpnrZL$ h^pfp¡ L$fhp¡, Nfubu A_¡ b¡L$pfu_p
eiõhu \C _l]. Qp¡\u ep¡S>_p_p L$pmdp„ âdpZdp„ OV$pX$p¡ L$fhp¡, gp¡L$p¡ _p_y„ Ly$Vy„$b `Ùrs
bp„Ngpv$¡i eyÙ_y„ `qfZpd cpfsue A\®ìehõ\p_¡ õh¡ÃR>pA¡ õhuL$pf¡ s¡ ^p¡fZ fpMu_¡ hõsu
kl_ L$fhy„ `X$éy„. r_hp®rksp¡ `f_p¡ MQ® kl_ h^pfp `f r_e„ÓZ fpMhy„.
L$fhp¡ `X$ép¡, kfL$pfu _p¡L$fp¡_p¡ `Npf h^pfp¡,
f¡ëh¡ L$d®Qpfu_p¡ `Npf h^pfp¡, Ap„sffpô²$ue R>Ì$u `„Qhprj®L$ ep¡S>_pdp„ _uQ¡ âdpZ¡_p
bÅfdp„ `¡V²$p¡g_p h^sp cph_¡ gu^¡ cpfsue L$pe®¾$dp¡ iê$ L$fhpdp„ Apìep.

A\® ìehõ\p_¡ ^½$p kl_ L$fhp `X$ép. * A¡L$p[ÐdL$ N°pduZ rhL$pk L$pe®¾$d (IRDP)

`p„Qdu `„Qhprj®L$ ep¡S>_p (1974-1979): * N°pduZ c|rdlu_ fp¡S>Npf bpl¢^fu L$pe®¾$d
Nfubu v|$f L$fu_¡ v$¡i_¡ Apr\®L$ ×rô$A¡ õhphg„bu
b_phhp_p¡ âdyM DØ¡i _S>fkdn fpMu_¡ Ap (RLEGP)
ep¡S>_p s¥epf L$fhpdp„ Aphu. Ap ep¡S>_pdp„
fpô²$ue DÐ`pv$_dp„ h^pfp¡ L$fhp¡, dp¡V$p âdpZdp„ * fpô²$ue N°pduZ fp¡S>Npf L$pe®¾$d (NREP)
fp¡S>Npf D`gå^ L$fphu Ap`hp¡, rinZ,
`p¥rô$L$ Aplpf, `uhp_p `pZu_p¡ `yfhW$p¡ `|fp¡ * kg¡d `p¡gpv$ âL$ë`
`pX$hp¡, N°pduZ cpNdp„ h¥ÛL$ue D`Qpf_u
kyrh^p `|fu `pX$hu, N°pduZ cpNdp„ huS>`yfhW$p¡ kpsdu `„Qhprj®L$ ep¡S>_p (1985-1990):
A_¡ hpl“ìehlpf_p„ kp^_p¡ `|fp„ `pX$hp dpV¡$ Ap ep¡S>_p_p¡ l¡sy AÞ_, fp¡S>Npf A_¡ DÐ`pv$L$sp
fõsp bp„^hp, kdpS>L$ëepZ_u ep¡S>_p ìep`L$ lsp¡. rhL$pk, Ap^yr_L$uL$fZ, ApÐdr_c®fsp,
âdpZdp„ iê$ L$fhu, M¡su_p¡ rhL$pk L$fhp¡, kpdprS>L$ Þepe D`f cpf Ap`hp¡. DÐ`pv$__p
d|mc|s DÛp¡N^„^p h^pfhp, AÞ_^pÞe A_¡ s„Ódp„ ky^pfZp L$fhu. fpô²$ue DÐ`pv$_dp„ v$fhj£
5% h^pfp¡ L$fhp¡, AÞ_^pÞe_p DÐ`pv$_dp„
h^pfp¡ L$fhp¡ A¡ Ap ep¡S>_p_p DØ¡ip¡ lsp.

17

Ap ep¡S>_pdp„ _uQ¡ âdpZ¡_p L$pe®¾$d iê$ Ap ep¡S>_pdp„ k„`L®$ ìehõ\p A_¡ k¡hp
n¡Ó_u âNrs A`¡rns âdpZdp„ kpÝe \C.
L$fhpdp„ Apìep. bp„^L$pd, hpl_ìehlpf n¡Ódp„ h^pfp¡ \ep¡.
b¢L$p¡_y„ fpô²$ueL$fZ:
* S>hplf fp¡S>Npf ep¡S>_p * Iqv$fp
`„qX$s _l¡fy A_¡ gpgblpvyf ip÷u Ap
Aphpk ep¡S>_p * v$k gpM L|$hp_u ep¡S>_p hX$pâ^p__p L$pmdp„ cpfs_p¡ b¢qL„$N ìehkpe
Mp_Nu n¡Ó_p¡ CÅfpiplu ìehkpe lsp¡. Ap
fp¡S>Npf r_rd®rs_u ×rô$A¡ kpsdu b¢L$p¡ DÛp¡N kd|l_y„ ârsr_r^Ðh L$fsu lsu.
DÛp¡Np¡_p¡ rhL$pk A_¡ _ap¡ h^pfhp dpV¡$ Ap
`„Qhprj®L$ ep¡S>_p dlÒh`|Z® W$fu. b¢L$_y„ k„QpgL$ d„X$m L$pe®fs lsy„. Ap_¡ sp¡X$u
ApW$du `„Qhprj®L$ ep¡S>_p (1992- `pX$hp dpV¡$ kfL$pf¡ 1955dp„ "B[ç`qfeg b¢L$'_y„
fpô²$ueL$fZ L$ey¯ A_¡ s¡_y„ ê$`p„sf "cpfsue
1997): Ap ep¡S>_pdp„ Mp_Nu n¡Ó_¡ âp¡Ðkpl_ õV¡$V$ b¢L$'dp„ \ey„. Ap b¢L¡$ \p¡X$pS> kdedp„
Ap`hpdp„ Apìey„. `p¡sp_u ipMp v$¡icfdp„ Mp¡gu ipkL$ue rhL$pkdp„
dlÒh_u c|rdL$p cS>hhp_u iê$Aps L$fu.
ep¡S>_p_u rhriô$sp “uQ¡ âdpZ¡ lsu.
fpô²$ue DÐ`Þ_ h©qÙ v$f 6.5% S>¡V$gp¡ fpMhp¡, fpô²$ueL$fZ_u `pð®c|rd: cpfs¡
hõsu h^pfp_¡ r_e„ÓZdp„ fpMhp¡, Ly$Vy„$b õhps„Ôep¡Ñf L$pmdp„ rdî A\®ìehõ\p õhuL$pfu
r_ep¡S>__p L$pe®¾$d_¡ DÑ¡S>_ Ap`hy„, âp\rdL$ lsu. ep¡S>_p_p¡ Adg L$fsp„ Mp¡V$ \C. s¡
rinZ_p¡ kph®S>r_L$ rhõspf L$fu_¡ r_fnfsp_y„ cfu L$pY$hp dpV¡$ b¢L$p¡_y„ fpô²$ueL$fZ L$fhy„
(S>ê$fu) AphíeL$ lsy„. fpô²$ueL$fZ \ep `R>u
r_d|®g_ L$fhy„. Ap b¢L$p¡_¡ dm_pfp¡ _ap¡ kfL$pfu MÅ_pdp„
S>dp \hp_p¡ lsp¡. Ap_u kp\¡ kp\¡ gOy A_¡
Ap ep¡S>_pdp„ _uQ¡ Ap`¡gp L$pe®¾$dp¡ iê$
sd¡ ÅZp¡ R>p¡ L¡$?
L$fhpdp„ Apìep.
hX$pâ^p_ Hqv$fp Np„^uA¡ 19
* hX$pâ^p_ fp¡S>Npf ep¡S>_p * drlgp Sy>gpC 1969_p fp¡S> 14 b¸„L$p¡_y„
fpô$²ueL$fZ L$e.¯y sd¡ p„ Agplpbpv$ bL„¸ $,
kd©qÙ ep¡S>_p * fpô²$ue kpdprS>L$, Apr\®L$ b¸„L$ Ap¡a bfp¡X$p, b¸„L$ Ap¡a HqX$ep,
b¸„L$ Ap¡a dlpfpô²$, L¡$_¡fp b¸„L$, k¢V²$g
klpe ep¡S>_p * dÝepÞl Aplpf ep¡S>_p * b¸„L$ Ap¡a HqX$ep, v$¡_p b¸„L$, HqX$e_
b¸„L$, HqX$e_ Ap¡ìlfkuT b¸„L$, `„Åb
Iqv$fp drlgp ep¡S>_p * N„Np L$ëepZ ep¡S>_p _¡i_g b¸„L$, tkqX$L¡$V$ b¸„L$, ey_pBV¡$X$
b¸„L$ Ap¡a HqX$ep, ey_pBV¡$X$ L$dri®eg
ApW$du `„Qhprj®L$ ep¡S>_pdp„ Mp_Nu n¡Ó_y„ b¸„L$ (eyL$p¡ b¸„L$), eyr_e_ b¸„L$ Ap¡a
dlÒh hÝey„. 1991dp„ õhuL$pf¡g Dv$pf A_¡ dy¼s HqX$ep Ap 14 b¸„L$p¡_p¡ kdph¡i lsp¡.
1980dp„ buÆ R> b¸„L$p¡_y„ fpô²$ueL$fZ
^p¡fZ_y„ ârstbb Ap ep¡S>_pdp„ v$¡Mpe R>¡. L$fhpdp„ Apìey„.
_hdu `„Qhprj®L$ ep¡S>_p: (1997-

2002): Ap ep¡S>_pdp„ L©$rj A_¡ N°pduZ
rhL$pk `f cpf v$¡hpdp„ Apìep¡. Apr\®L$
rhL$pk_p¡ v$f h^pfhp¡, d|mc|s n¡Óp¡dp„ s„vy$fõs
õ`^p® r_dp®Z L$fhu, `fv$¡iu d|X$u fp¡L$pZ dpV¡$
Ap¥Ûp¡rNL$ ^p¡fZ_¡ _hu qv$ip Ap‘hu A¡ Ap

ep¡S>_p_p DØ¡ip¡ lsp.

Ap ep¡S>_pdp„ õhZ®S>e„rs il¡fu fp¡S>Npf
ep¡S>_p, cpÁeîu bpgL$ëepZ ep¡S>_p, fpS>fpS>¡ðfu
drlgp L$ëepZ ep¡S>_p, õhZ®S>e„rs N°pd
õhfp¡S>Npf ep¡S>_p, S>hplf N°pd kd©qÙ ep¡S>_p,
A„Ðep¡v$e AÞ_ep¡S>_p, hX$pâ^p_ N°pd kX$L$

ep¡S>_p hN¡f¡ L$pe®¾$d iê$ L$fhpdp„ Apìep.

18

dÝed DÛp¡N_y„ rhL$pk ^p¡fZ Adgdp„ d|L$hy„ L$p`X$_u rdg
S>ê$fu$ lsy„. gpgblpvy$f ip÷uA¡ AÞ_^pÞe
AR>s A_¡ vy$óL$pm v|$f L$fhp dpV¡$ lqfs¾$p„rs_p¡ `Npf h^sp lsp. s¡d_¡ bp¡_k_u fL$d h^pf¡
âep¡N lp\ ^ep£ lsp¡. hX$pâ^p_ Hqv$fp dmsu lsu. rdg L$pdv$pfp¡ L$fsp„ s¡d_¡ h^pf¡
Np„^u_p L$pe®L$pmdp„ L$p¢N°¡k `n_p kdpS>hpv$u kyrh^p dmsu lsu.
rhQpfp¡\u â¡qfs "L$p¢N°¡k ap¡fd ap¡f kp¡íergõV$
A¡¼i_' S|>\¡ ìep`pfu b¸„L$_y„ fpô²$ueL$fZ L$fhy„ sd¡ ÅZp¡ R>p¡ L¡$?
A¡hu dp„NZu L$fu. L$çeyr_õV$ `n_p¡ `Z Ap
dlpÐdp Äep¡rsfph a|g¡_p klL$pfu
r_Z®e_¡ V¡$L$p¡ lsp¡. _pfpeZ d¡OpÆ gp¡M„X¡$_p âeÐ_\u
1 ÅÞeyApfu 1882\u rdg L$pdv$pfp¡_¡
huk L$gdu L$pe®¾$d: 1 Sy>gpC 1975_p AW$hpqX$epdp„ A¡L$ qv$hk "frhhpf¡' fÅ
qv$_¡ hX$pâ^p_ Hqv$fp Np„^uA¡ huk L$gdu v$¡hpdp„ Aph¡ s¡hp¡ r_Z®e \ep¡.
L$pe®¾$d_u Op¡jZp L$fu_¡ rhL$rks fpô²$_u qv$ipdp„
TX$`u âNrs L$fhp_p âeÐ__p¡ k„L$ë` L$ep£. 1981_u qv$hpmudp„ L$pdv$pfp¡_¡ 20%
bp¡_k_u A`¡np lsu. L$pdv$pfp¡_y„ ârsr_r^Ðh
Apdp„_u âdyM Å¡NhpBAp¡ _uQ¡ âdpZ¡ - L$f_pfp fpô²$ue rdg dS>v|$f k„O¡ dprgL$ hN®
kp\¡ hpV$pOpV$ L$fu_¡, L$pdv$pf hN®_¡ rhðpkdp„ _
1) M¡su A_¡ il¡fu cpN_u h^ydp„ h^y g¡sp„ 8 \u 17% `f kdp^p_ L$ey¯. bp¡_kdp„
S>du_ âp[às, k„`rÑ_u kdp_ hl¢QZu, L$`ps A¡ Ak„sp¡j_u rQ_Npfu b_u. L¡$V$gpL$
M¡sdS|>fp¡_¡ gOyÑd h¡s_, S>gk„^pfZ L$pdv$pfp¡ X$p¸. v$Ñp kpd„s `pk¡ Nep. s¡dZ¡ X$p¸¼V$f
v$Ñp kpd„s_¡ _¡s©Ðh õhuL$pfhp rh_„su L$fu. 65
ep¡S>_pdp„ h^pfp¡ L$fhp¡. rdgdp„_p L$pdv$pf A¡L$Ó \ep A_¡ v$Ñp kpd„s
lX$spg_y„ _¡s©Ðh L$fhp gpÁep. 18 ÅÞeyApfu
2) L$pdNpfp¡_p¡ DÛp¡N n¡Ódp„ klcpN, 1982_p qv$hk¡ dy„bCdp„ AY$ugpM L$pdv$pf
fpô²$ue ârinZ ep¡S>_p A_¡ h¡qW$epdS|>fp¡_¡ lX$spg `f Nep. rdg rhõspf_p¡ ^X$^X$ AhpS>
dy¼s L$fhp. b„^ `X$ép¡ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ dy„bC_y„ ùv$eS> b„^ `X$éy„.

3) L$fQp¡fu, Apr\®L$ Ny_p A_¡ v$pZQp¡fu
fp¡L$hu.

4) Æh_phíeL$ hõsy_y„ qL„$ds r_e„ÓZ,
f¡it_N ìehõ\pdp„ ky^pfZp L$fhu.

5) lõsDÛp¡N n¡Ó_p rhL$pk Üpfp DÑd
h÷p¡Ûp¡N r_rd®rs, vy$b®m OV$L$p¡_u F>Zdy[¼s,
Ofbp„^Zu, AphpNd_ kyrh^p, ipmp dpV¡$

i¥nrZL$ kprlÐe D`gå^ L$fphu Ap`hy„.

L$pdNpf kdõep: 11 Sy>gpC 1851_p
qv$_¡ dy„bCdp„ `l¡gu L$p`X$_u rdg L$phkÆ
v$phf¡ iê$ L$fu. Ðepf `R>u v$pv$f, `f¡g,
cpeMgp, rihX$u, âcpv$¡hu A_¡ hfgudp„
L$p`X$_u rdgp¡ iê$ \C. Ap cpN rdg rhõspf
sfuL¡$ Ap¡mMphp gpÁep¡.

80_p v$iL$pdp„ L$pdv$pfpd¡ p„ Aks„ pj¡ r_dpZ®
\hp dpV¡$ AÞe n¡Ódp„_u Apr\®L$ `qf[õ\rs
L$pfZc|s lsu. L¡$V$gpL$ DÛp¡Ndp„ L$pdv$pfp¡_p

19

DL¡$ghp dpV¡$ ghpv$ _udhpdp„ Apìep `Z s¡

sd¡ ÅZp¡ R>p¡ L¡$? eiõhu \ep _rl.

kp„õL©$rsL$ ×rô$A¡ gp¡L$_pV$é, _hy„ Apr\®L$ ^p¡fZ: Ap^ry _L$ cpfs_p
gp¡L$L$gp, kprlÐe S>¡hp n¡Ó_p L$pe®L$fp¡A¡
dp¡Vy„$ ep¡Nv$p_ Ap`¡gy„ R>¡. AÎZpcpD Brslpkdp„ 1991_„y hj® dlÒh_„y R>.¡ v$kdu
kpW¡$, ipluf Adf i¡M, ipluf kpbm¡
hN¡f¡ A_¡L$ gp¡L$iprlf _hÅN©rs_p gpL¡ $kcp_u QV„| $Zu `R>u L$¡ÞÖdp„ `u. ìlu. _ftklfph
L$pe®¾$dp¡\u gp¡L$râe lsp. _pfpeZ kyh£,
_pdv$¡h Y$kpm hN¡f¡ L$rhAp¡A¡ îrdL$p¡_y„ hX$pâ^p_ bÞep.
hpõsrhL$ v$i®_ `p¡sp_u L$rhsp Üpfp
L$fpìey„ lsy„. s¡dZ¡ A\®d„Óu

dy¿ed„Óu b¸. A. fp. A„syg¡A¡ Ap kdõep X$p.¡ d_dpl¡ _ tkN_p
DL¡$ghp dpV¡$ rÓ`nue krdrs b_phu. `R>u
bpbpkpl¡b cp¡kg¡ dy¿ed„Óu bÞep. L$pev$p_ykpf klL$pf\u cpfs_u
kfL$pf fpô²$ue rdg dS>v|$f k„O kp\¡ hpsQus
L$fi¡ s¡hu c|rdL$p s¡dZ¡ gu^u. X$p¸. v$Ñp kpd„s¡ A\ì® ehõ\p ÅNrsL$
Ap L$pev$p¡ fv¹$ L$fhp_u dpNZu L$fu.
A\®ìehõ\p kp\¡
lX$spg_p iê$Aps_p kdedp„ L$pdv$pfp¡_¡
Npddp„\u dv$v$ dmsu. iê$Apsdp„ A¡L$buÅ_¡ `u. ìlu. _ftklfph Å¡X$hp dpV¡$ _hy„
dv$v$ L$fhu L$pdv$pfp¡_¡ bly AOfy„ _ gpÁey„. Apr\®L$ ^p¡fZ
rhcpNue krdrsAp¡ õ\p`u s¡Ap¡A¡ AÞ_^pÞe,
dv$v$r_r^_u hl¢QZu L$fu. X$pb¡fu `n¡ lX$spg_¡ õhuL$pey¯. Ap dpV¡$ cpfsue A\®ìehõ\pdp„ d|mc|s
V¡$L$p¡ Apàep¡ lsp¡. lX$spg Y$ugu `X$sp„S>
L$pdv$pfp¡dp„ a|V$ `pX$hp_p¡ âeÐ_ iê$ \ep¡. õhê$`_p bv$gph L$ep®. cpfsue A\®ìehõ\p_¡
lX$spg_¡ 6 drl_p `|Z® \ep. L¡$ÞÖ kfL$pf¡
lX$spg sfa `|Z® vy$g®n L$ey¯. L$pdv$pfp¡A¡ "S>¡g ÅNrsL$ âhpldp„ gpìep.
cfp¡ Ap„v$p¡g_' iê$ L$ey¯. kàV¡$çbf 1982dp„
dlpfpô²$ rh^p_kcp `f v$p¡Y$ gpM L$pdv$pfp¡_p¡ Ap L$pmdp„ cpfs_u Apr\®L$ Ahõ\p
dp¡fQp¡ Nep¡. s¡_u L„$C Akf \C _l]. rhL$V$ \C lsu. `u. ìlu. _ftklfph_u `l¡gp„
lX$spg_¡ A¡L$ hj® `|fy„ \ey„. ApV$gp¡ gp„bp¡ Q„Öi¡Mf_u kfL$pf lsu. Ap kfL$pf_p L$pmdp„
kde Qpg_pfu Ap â\d S> lX$spg lsu. QgZh©qÙ_p¡ v$f 17 V$L$p lsp¡. Apr\®L$ h©qÙ
Ap kde v$frdep_ Apif¡ v$p¡Y$ gpM L$pdv$pf v$f 1.1 V$L$p\u OV$ép¡ lsp¡. Apeps dpV¡$
b¡L$pf \ep. AW$hpqX$ey„ S> Qpg¡ A¡V$gy„S> rhv$¡iu QgZ
cpfs `pk¡ lsy„. rhv$¡iu F>Z_u cf`pC
L$p`X$ L$fsp„ `p¸rgA¡õV$f_¡ dlÒh dmhp\u
rdg_p L$p`X$_p h`fpi `f Akf \C lsu. L$fhu A_¡ s¡_y„ ìepS> Ap`hy„ dyíL¡$g bÞey„
dy„bC\u L$p`X$_u rdgp¡ kyfs A_¡ NyS>fpsdp„ NC.
L¡$ÞÖ kfL$pf¡ 13 rdgp¡_y„ fpô²$ueL$fZ L$ey¯. kdõep lsy„. d¡ 1991dp„ Q„Öi¡Mf_p kdedp„ kfL$pf¡

L¡$V$gy„L$ kp¡_y„ h¡Ãey„ sp¡ L¡$V$gy„L$ kp¡_y„ Nufh¡

d|L$u_¡ `qf[õ\rs_¡ L$pb|dp„ gphhp_p¡ âeÐ_
L$ep£ lsp¡. Q„Öi¡Mf_u ANpD_u rhð_p\
âsp` tkN_u kfL$pf¡ b^p M¡X|$sp¡_¡ L$S>®dpau
Ap`u_¡ 10 lÅf L$fp¡X$ ê$r`ep L$fsp h^pf¡
bp¡Å¡ A\®ìehõ\p `f _p„¿ep¡ lsp¡. L¡$ÞÖ A_¡
fpÄe kfL$pf_y„ A¡L$rÓs A„sN®s L$S>® õ\|m
fpô²$ue DÐ`pv$__p âdpZdp„ A„v$pS>¡ 55%
S>¡V$gy„ \ey„. 1980-81dp„ `fv$¡iu L$S>® 2350
L$fp¡X$ X$p¡gk® lsy„. s¡ 1990-91dp„ 8380
L$fp¡X$ X$p¡gk® ky^u hÝey„. Ap kde¡ cpfs_p

`fv$¡iu QgZ_p¡ `yfhW$p¡ a¼s 100 L$fp¡X$

X$p¡gk® lsp¡. Ap_¡ dpV¡$ CfpL¡$ Ly$h¡s `f

Ap¾$dZ L$fu_¡ s¡g_u h^pf¡gu qL„$ds L$pfZc|s

20

lsu. cpfs_¡ `fv$¡iu L$S>® Ecy„ L$fhy„ dyíL¡$g Ap k„NW$__p DØ¡i _uQ¡ âdpZ¡ lsp-
bÞey„. rb_r_hpku cpfsuep¡A¡ `p¡sp_p `fv$¡iu
QgZdp„\u fp¡L$pZ L$pY$u g¡hp_u iê$Aps L$fu. v$¡i-v$¡idp„_p¡ h¡`pf Myëgp¡ L$fhp¡,
Ap„sffpô²$ue dy¼s ìep`pf_¡ bp^pê$` \_pf
D`peep¡S>_p: Ap `qf[õ\rsdp„\u c¡v$pc¡v$ L$f_pfp L$pev$p, r_b¯^, r_ed A_¡
dpN® L$pY$hp dpV¡$ `u. ìlu. _ftkl fph¡ X$p¸. ^p¡fZp¡ Aphfu g¡hp A_¡ rhðìep`pf_y„ fuskf
d_dp¡l_ tkN_¡ A\®d„Óu b_pìep. X$p¸. d_dp¡l_ bly`nue e„ÓZp_p dpÝed\u r_ed_ L$fhy„.
tkN¡ v$p¡jky^pfZp D`peep¡S>_p (L$f¡[¼V$ìl d¡S>k®)
L$fu. `qf[õ\rs WTO A[õsÐhdp„ Aphsp„ `l¡gp„ "N¸V$'
bv$gphp_u iê$Aps A[õsÐhdp„ lsy„. "S>_fg A¸N°ud¢V$ Ap¸_ V¸$qfãk
\C. A¸ÞX$ V²¡$X$' k„NW$_ Ap„sffpô²$ue õsf `f
L$pe®fs lsy„. s¡ ìep`pf r_ed_ L$fsy„.
s¡dZ¡ `fv$¡iu cpfsdp„ WTO k„v$c®dp„ `fõ`f rhfp¡^u
A„rsd ds lsp. Apd R>sp„ (WTO) _y„
fp¡L$pZ D`f_p„ kæe`v$ õhuL$pfhp_p¡ r_Z®e gu^p¡. "ÅNrsL$
ìep`pf k„NW$_'_p D`pep¡ A_yv$p_, Apeps
b„^_p¡ L$pY$u _p„¿ep„. r_L$pk, `fv$¡iu fp¡L$pZ k„frns n¡Óp¡, M¡su,
s„Óop_ A_¡ k¡hp kp\¡ k„b„r^s R>¡. cpfs
DÛp¡N n¡Ódp„_u X$p¸. d_dp¡l_ tkN kæe bÞey„ Ðepf\u huS>mu, `pZu, hpl_
`fhp_p `Ùrs 18 ìehlpf, rinZ A_¡ Apfp¡Áe S>¡hp n¡Óp¡_y„
TX$`u ìep`pfuL$fZ \ey„. "ÅNrsL$ ìep`pf
DÛp¡N `|fsu dep®qv$s L$fu. kph®S>r_L$ DÛp¡Ndp„ k„NW$_'_p AgN-AgN Al¡hpgp_ykpf
Nfubuf¡Mp _uQ¡ gp¡L$k„¿epdp„ OV$pX$p¡,
h^su Mp¡V$ A_¡ L$pe®ndsp Ýep_dp„ fpMu_¡ bpmd©Ðeydp„ OV$pX$p¡, `uhp_y„ `pZu, N„v$p
`pZu_p¡ r_L$pg Ap bpbs_u kNhX$p¡ D`gå^
kph®S>r_L$ n¡Óp¡ Mp_Nu DÛp¡Np¡ dpV¡$ dy¼s L$fhpdp„ cpfs¡ ky^pfZp L$f¡g R>¡.
L$ep®. i¡fbÅf `f r_e„ÓZ gphhp dpV¡$
"ÅNrsL$ ìep`pf k„NW$_'_p Mpef `f
1992dp„ k¡bu (rk¼eyqfV$uT A¡ÞX$ A¡¼kQ¡ÞS> cpfs¡ ApNm S>sp„ "v$rnZ A¡riepC âp^pÞe
ìep`pf L$fpf' (kpD\ A¡riep â¡af¢rieg V²¡$X$
bp¡X®$ Ap¡a HqX$ep)_u õ\p`_p L$fu. _¡i_g A¸f¡ÞS>d¡ÞV$ - SAPTA) L$ep®. cpfs¡ kpL®$
v$¡ip¡ dpV¡$ rhrh^ hõsy_u Apeps D`f_p
õV$p¡L$ C¼kQ¡ÞS>_y„ k„NZL$uL$fZ L$fhpdp„ Apìey„. b„^_p¡ v|$f L$ep¯. Apeps v$fdp„ kNhX$ Ap`u.
cpfsue rhdp n¡Ó Mp_Nu A_¡ `fv$¡iu
d„v$u_p¡ Ap¡R>pep¡ v|$f L$fhp_¡ âp^pÞe Apàey„. fp¡L$pZ dpV¡$ Myëgp L$ep¯.

X$p¸. d_dp¡l_ tkN_u `l¡gp A\®d„Óu Ap fus¡ Ap`Z¡ õhps„Ôep¡Ñf cpfs_u
Apr\®L$ ìehõ\p_p¡ Aæepk L$ep£. rdî
sfuL¡$_u L$pfqL$v$}dp„ cpfsdp„ `fv$¡iu fp¡L$pZ A\®ìehõ\p\u ÅNrsL$uL$fZ A¡hp¡ âhpk
Ap`Z¡ L$ep£. ApNm_p `pW$dp„ cpfs_p AÞe
hÝey„. cpfs¡ b¸„L$ Ap¡a HÁg¡ÞX$dp„ Nufh¡ d|L¡$gy„ n¡Óp¡dp„_u âNrs Å¡hp_p R>uA¡.

kp¡_y„ `pRy>„ cpfsdp„ gpìep. v$¡i_p d|X$uv$pf hN®

A_¡ dÝedhN®_p¡ V¡$L$p¡ kfL$pf_¡ dþep¡. kfL$pf¡

v|$fk„Qpf n¡Ó Myëgy„ L$fhp_¡ L$pfZ¡ dp¡bpCg
ap¡_ k¡hp v$¡icfdp„ iê$ \C. X$p¡. d_dp¡l_

tkN¡ ÅNrsL$ (h¥rðL$) ìep`pf k„OV$_p_p

L$fpf `f klu L$fu_¡ Mp_NuL$fZ, Dv$pfuL$fZ,
ÅNrsL$uL$fZ_u iê$Aps L$fu.

hëX®$ V²¡$X$ Ap¡N£_peT¡i_ (ÅNrsL$
ìep`pf k„NW$_: cpfs¡ 1995dp„ "hëX®$ V²¡$X$
Ap¡N£_peT¡i_'_y„ (WTO) kæe`v$ õhuL$pey¯.

21

õhpÝepe

1. (A) Ap`¡gp `ep®ep¡dp„\u ep¡Áe `ep®e `k„v$ (b) V|„$L$“p¢^ gMp¡.
L$fu_¡ rh^p_ ‘|Z® L$fp¡. (1) rdî A\®ìehõ\p (2) huk L$gdu L$pe®¾$d
(1) 19 Sy>gpC 1969“p v$¡i_u âdyM
........... b¢L$p¡_y„ fpô²$ueL$fZ L$fhpdp„ 3. _uQ¡_p„ rh^p_p¡ kL$pfZ õ`ô$ L$fp¡.
Apìey„. (1) õhs„Ó cpfs¡ rdî A\®ìehõ\p_p¡
(A) 12 (b) 14 (L$) 16 (X$) 18 õhuL$pf L$ep£.
(2$) huk L$gdu L$pe®¾$d_u Op¡jZp.....A¡ (2) 1969dp„ b¢L$p¡_y„ fpô²$ueL$fZ L$fhpdp„
L$fu. Apìey„.
(A) `„. _¡lfy (b) gpgblpvy$f ip÷u (3) rdgdS|>f lX$spg `f Nep
(L$) Hqv$fp Np„^u (X$) `u. ìlu. _ftklfph
4. _uQ¡_p âñp¡_p krhõspf DÑf gMp¡.
(b) _uQ¡_pdp„\u Aep¡Áe Å¡X$u Ap¡mMu“¡ gMp¡. (1) ApW$du `„Qhj}e ep¡S>_pdp„ ¼ep L$pe®¾$d
(1) L$phkÆ v$phf - `p¡gpv$_p L$pfMp_p iê$ L$fhpdp„ Apìep?
(2) X$p¸. v$Ñp kpd„s - rdgdS|>fp¡ _y„ _¡s©Ðh (2) buÆ `„Qhj}e ep¡S>_pdp„ ¼ep âL$ë`
(3) _p.d¡. gp¡M„X¡$ - rdgdS|>f _¡ fÅ iê$ L$fhpdp„ Apìep?
(4) _pfpeZ kyh£ - L$rhspÜpfp
îrdL$p¡_p Æh__y„ D`¾$d
v$i®_
(1) WTO k„NW$__u dprlsu CÞV$f_¡V$_u dv$v$\u
2. Ap‘¡gu k|Q“p âdpZ¡ L©$rs L$fp¡. d¡mhp¡ - bp¡^rQÞlp¡, kæe v$¡i, DØ¡ip¡,
L$pe®¾$d hN¡f¡.
(A) “uQ¡“p¡ L$p¡W$p¡ `|Z® L$fp¡
(2) fpô²$ueL©$s b¸„L$_u/ipMp_u dygpL$ps gC_¡
`„Qhj}e$ kdeNpmp¡ DØ¡ip¡ Ðep„_p L$pdL$pS>_u dprlsu d¡mhp¡.
ep¡S>_p

`l¡gu ---- M¡su, kpdprS>L$
rhL$pk

buÆ 1956-1961 Ap¥Ûp¡rNL$uL$fZ

ÓuÆ ---- rhjdsp_y„ r_d|®g_,
fp¡S>Npf sL$h©qÙ,
fpô²$ue DÐ`pv$_dp„
h^pfp¡

......... 1969-1974 ip÷ue k„ip¡^_,
Apfp¡Áe A_¡
Ly$Vy„$br_ep¡S>_......

`p„Qdu ---- ......................

22

5 rinZ n¡Ó¡ âNrs

cpfsue rinZ ìehõ\p_p dy¿e sb¼L$p iy„ sd¡ ÅZp¡ R>p¡?
A_¡ ep¡S>_p_p¡ V|„$L$dp„ A„v$pS> Ap`Z¡ Ap

`pW$dp„ g¡hp_p R>uA¡. âp\rdL$, dpÝerdL$ A_¡ dlpfpô²$ fpÄe_u (1960) õ\p`_p
DÃQrinZ_p¡ rhQpf Al] L$ep£ R>¡. kp\¡ kp\¡ \ep `R>u ipk_¡ fpÄe dpV¡$ ^p¡fZ 1 \u
cpfs_u L¡$V$guL$ âprsr_r^L$ k„ip¡^_ k„õ\p_p¡ 7dp„ A¡L$kfMp¡ Aæepk¾$d iê$ L$fhp_p¡
A„v$pS> gu^p¡ R>¡. s¡_p D`f\u Ap`Z_¡

v$¡icf_u rinZ ìehõ\p_u L$ë`_p Aphu r_Z®e gu^p¡. dy„bC_p A¡k.V$u. L$p¡g¡S>_p

iL$i¡. ApQpe® k¥ev$ fpDa_¡ Aæepk¾$d_p¡ dykv¹$p¡

cpfsdp„ rinZ_p¡ âñ L¡$V$gp¡ S>qV$g R>¡, s¥epf L$fhp_y„ L$pd kp¢àey„ lsy„.
s¡_u kdS> Ap`Z_¡ cpfs_u `l¡gu C.k.

1951_u hõsuNZsfudp„ \B. `l¡gu S>_ 1994dp„ Ap ep¡S>_p_p¡ rhõspf L$fu_¡ 100
NZ_pdp„ kpnfsp_y„ âdpZ 17% lsy„. s¡ L$fsp„ h^y rhÛp\} k„¿ep lp¡e s¡hu ipmpdp„
_uQ¡ âdpZ¡ hÝey„. A¡L$ h^pfp_p¡ hN®M„X$ A_¡ A¡L$ h^pfp_p
rinL$_u r_dZ|L$ L$fhp_u ìehõ\p L$fhpdp„
hõsuNZsfu hj® kpnfsp

1971 34% Aphu. R>p¡L$fuAp¡_u ipmp, A_yk|rQs Års-
S>dpsu h^pf¡ lp¡e s¡hu ipmp, N°pduZ cpN_¡
1981 43% âp^pÞe Ap`hpdp„ Apìey„. rinL$ cfsudp„ 50%
S>Áepdp„ (`v$ `f) ÷uAp¡_u r_dZ|L$ L$fhp_y„
1991 52% b„^_ fpÄe kfL$pf `f _p„Mhpdp„ Apìey„.
1994dp„ âp\rdL$ rinZ_¡ kph®rÓL$uL$fZ dpV¡$
2001 64%
"rS>ëgp âp\rdL$ rinZ L$pe®¾$d' (DPEP) iê$
Ap âdpZ h^pfhy„ A¡ cpfs kfL$pf kpd¡ L$fhpdp„ Apìep¡. dlpfpô²$ kp\¡ kps fpÄep¡dp„
dp¡Vy„$ Apl¹hp_ lsy„. Ap Apl¹hp__p¡ kpd_p¡ Ap D`¾$d iê$ \ep¡. âp\rdL$ ipmpdp„
R>p¡L$fpAp¡_u 100% lpS>fu, ipmp R>p¡X$u S>sp„
L$fhp dpV¡$ kfL$pf¡ A_¡L$ D`peep¡S>_p L$fu. rhÛp\}_¡ fp¡L$hp, R>p¡L$fuAp¡_y„ rinZ, qv$ìep„Np¡
dpV¡$ rinZ, âp\rdL$ rinZ `f k„ip¡^_ A_¡
âp\rdL$ rinZ: 6 \u 14 heS|>\_p d|ëedp`_, `ep®eu rinZ, kdpS> ÅN©rs
hN¡f¡ D`¾$dp¡_p¡ kdph¡i L$fhpdp„ Apìep¡.
rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ S>¡ rinZ Ap`hpdp„ Aph¡ s¡_¡ rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ ep¡Áe `p¡jZ dm¡ s¡ dpV¡$ 1995dp„
âp\rdL$ rinZ L$l¡ R>¡. 1988dp„ L¡$ÞÖ kfL$pf¡
"dÝepÞl cp¡S>_ ep¡S>_p' iê$ L$fhpdp„ Aphu.
âp\rdL$ rinZ_p âkpf A_¡ i¥nrZL$

v$fÄÅdp„ ky^pfp L$fhp dpV¡$ "Qp¡L$-bp¡X®$ (agL$)'
ep¡S>_p iê$ L$fu. Ap ep¡S>_p " Ap¡`f¡i_ åg¡L$

bp¡X®$' _pd\u Ap¡mMpe R>¡. ipmp_p¡ v$fÄÅ¡
ky^pfhp¡, AphíeL$ i¥nrZL$ S>ê$qfepsp¡_u `|rs®

L$fhu, kyep¡Áe A¡hp Ap¡R>pdp„ Ap¡R>p b¡ hN®M„X$,

õhÃR>spN©l, b¡ rinL$p¡dp„\u 1 ÷u rirnL$p, Ap aphi¡ L¡$?
bp¡X®$ (agL$), _L$ip, âep¡Nipmp kprlÐe, _p_y„
N°„\pge, d¡v$p_, fdsNds kprlÐe dpV¡$ kfL$pf¡ 1991dp„ L¡$fm fpÄe `|Z®s: kpnf
ipmp_¡ r_r^ D`gå^ L$fu Ap`u. Ap ep¡S>_p_¡ bÞey„. dlpfpô²$ fpÄe_¡ `|Z®s: kpnf
gu^¡ âp\rdL$ rinZ ìehõ\p Nrsdp_ \hpdp„ b_phhp dpV¡$ L$C D`peep¡S>_p L$fhu
Å¡BA¡?
dv$v$ dmu.

23

iy„ sd¡ ÅZp¡ R>p¡? dpÝed, AÝep`_ `Ùrs_p¡ Aæepk L$fu_¡
cgpdZp¡ L$fu. Ap Apep¡N¡ DÃQ dpÝerdL$
spfpbpC dp¡X$L¡$ bp¡X$} A_¡ L$p¡kbpX$dp„ hN®_u k„L$ë`_p fS|> L$fu lsu. k„`|Z® v$¡idp„
i¥nrZL$ L$pe®_u iê$Aps L$fu. Apqv$hpku
bpmL$p¡ dpV¡$ Ap„NZhpX$u iê$ L$fu. s¡ ìehõ\p_p¡ Adg L$fhp¡ dyíL¡$g bÞep¡.
âÐen L©$rsdp„\u rinZ, `iy`pgL$p¡_p
bpmL$p¡ dpV¡$ ipmp, sp„rÓL$ ìephkpreL$ iy„ sd¡ ÅZp¡ R>p¡?
rinZ_p¡ âkpf L$fhp dpV¡$ s¡dZ¡ M|b
`qfîd L$ep£. dlpfpô²$ fpÄe dpÝerdL$ A_¡ DÃQ

A_yspC hpO¡ \pZp rS>ëgp_p dpÝerdL$ rinZ d„X$m: Ap k„õ\p_u
L$p¡kbpX$dp„ Apqv$hpku_u DÞ_rs dpV¡$ õ\p`_p 1 ÅÞyApfu 1966_p qv$_¡
A¡L$ k„õ\p õ\p`_ L$fu. Ap k„õ\p `yZ¡dp„ L$fhpdp„ Aphu. ^p¡fZ 10 A_¡
"L$p¡kbpX$ âL$ë`' sfuL¡$ Ap¡mMpe R>¡. 12_u ipmp„s `funp Ap d„X$m dpfas¡
Apqv$hpku_p rinZ dpV¡$ A_yspC hpO¡ g¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. "rinZ k„¾$dZ'
Op¡qX$epOf, bpghpX$u, âp\rdL$ ipmp, dprkL$ d„X$m sfa\u âL$pris L$fpe
âp¥Y$ rinZ hN®, bpgk¡rhL$p ârinZ R>¡.
dlprhÛpge hN¡f¡ i¥nrZL$ k„õ\p iê$
L$fu R>¡. L$p¡W$pfu Apep¡N: 1964dp„ X$p¡. X$u. A¡k.

L$p¡W$pfu_u AÝenspdp„

A¡L$ Apep¡N _udhpdp„

Apìey„. Ap Apep¡N_p

dpÝerdL$ rinZ: cpfs õhs„Ó \ep L$pdL$pS>dp„ S>¡. `u.

`R>u rinZ d„Óu _pCL$_„y dlÐh_„y epN¡ v$p_

dp¥gp_p Abyg L$gpd R>¡. Ap Apep¡N¡

ApTpv$¡ rinZ n¡Ódp„ dpÝerdL$, DÃQ

Apd|gpN° bv$gph dpÝerdL$ A_¡ rhÛp`uW$

gphhp_y„ _½$u L$ey¯. X$p¡. X$u. A¡k. L$p¡W$pfu õsf `f 10+2+3

Ap dpV¡$ "rhÛp`uW$ ApL©$rsb„^_¡ âp¡Ðkpl_ Apàey„. 1972\u Ap

rinZ Apep¡N' _u ìehõ\p Adgdp„ Aphu. L$p¡W$pfu Apep¡N¡

r_dZ|„L$ L$fhpdp„ (L$dui_¡) rinZ_u

Aphu. Ap Apep¡N¡ A¡L$S> fpô²$ue `Ùrs

dp¥gp_p ApTpv$ dpÝerdL$ rinZ lp¡hu, dps©cpjp, tlv$u

k„v$c£ A¡L$ õhs„Ó Apep¡N _udhp_u riapfk A_¡ A„N°¡Æ cpjp_p¡

L$fu. s¡ A_ykpf 1952-53dp„ "dyv$rgepf rinZdp„ kdph¡i L$fhp¡,

Apep¡N' _udhpdp„ Apìey„. Ap kde¡ cpfsdp„ rinZ R>¡ëgp õsf ky^u

11 (ArNepfdy„) + ApNm_u `v$hu_p 4 hj® (srmep ky^u) `lp¢QpX$hp

A\hp 11 + 1 + 3 A¡hp¡ rinZ_p¡ dpV¡$ r_f„sf rinZ,

ApL©$rsb„^ lsp¡. âp¥Y$ rinZ, V$`pg S>¡. `u. _pCL$
Üpfp rinZ, dy¼s
Apep¡N_y„ L$pdL$pS>: Apep¡N¡ dpÝerdL$
rhÛp`uW$ S>¡hp D`¾$dp¡ k|Qìep. A_yk|rQs
rinZ, Aæepk¾$d_y„ õhê$`, rinZ_y„
Års-S>dpsu S>¡hp D`¡rns OV$L$p¡_¡

24

âp^pÞe Ap`hy„. kfL$pfu A„v$pS>`ÓL$dp„ L$pep£ Apep¡N L$f¡ R>¡. Apep¡N¡ rhÛp`uW$ rhL$pk
i¥nrZL$ MQp®_u ìehõ\p h^pfhu A¡hu `qfjv$ õ\p`hu, `v$ìeyÑf AÝep`_ dpV¡$
cgpdZ L$fu. âNs AÝep`_ L¡$ÞÖp¡, _hu rhÛp`uW$_u
õ\p`_p L$fhu. S>¡hp dlÐh_p L$pe® L$ep¯.
dlpfpô²$ fpÄeA¡ 10+2+3 i¥nrZL$ cpfsdp„ v|$fv$i®__y„ ApNd_ \ep `R>u
fQ_p 1972dp„ õhuL$pfu 1975dp„ v$kdp„_u "L$ÞV²$uhpBX$ ¼gpkê$d' L$pe®¾$d_y„ Apep¡N sfa\u
`l¡gu ipmp„s `funp gu^u. v|$fv$i®_ `f\u âkpfZ L$fhpdp„ Apìey„.

L$p¡W$pfu Apep¡N¡ k|Qh¡gp rinZ_p DØ¡ip¡

rinZ_y„ iy„ sd¡ ÅZp¡ R>p¡ ?
Ap^yr_L$uL$fZ

gp¡L$iplu_y„ rinZ_p kpdprS>L$ A_¡ 1965 dp„ dlpfpóV²$dp„ L$gp-
k„fnZ A_¡ k„h^®_ DØ¡ip¡ fpô²$ue A¡L$pÐdsp rinZ_y„ ^p¡fZ _½$u L$fhp dpV¡$
A_¡ s¡ L$gp k„õ\p dpfas
rinZ A_¡ kpdprS>L$, _¥rsL$, Adgdp„ gphhp dpV¡$ L$gp
DÐ`pv$L$sp ApÝep[ÐdL$ d|ëep¡_u k„Qpg_pge_u õ\p`_p L$fhpdp„
Aphu. ipmp õsf `f g¡hpdp„
DÃQ rinZ kpQhZu Aphsu "X²$p¡HN N°¡X$' `funp_y„
Apep¡S>_ L$fhp_u S>hpbv$pfu Ap
rhcpN¡ gu^u.

õhps„Ôep¡Ñf L$pmM„X$dp„ rinZ: cpfs _¡i_g L$pD[Þkg Ap¡a A¡ÄeyL¡$i_g

õhs„Ó \ep `R>u qfkQ® A¡ÞX$ V²¡$t_N (NCERT): 1 kàV¡$çbf
1961_p fp¡S> qv$ëludp„ Ap k„õ\p_u õ\p`_p
1948dp„ L¡$ÞÖ L$fhpdp„ Aphu. L¡$ÞÖ kfL$pf_¡ ipmpL$ue
rinZ_u bpbsdp„, kh¯L$j ^p¡fZ k„v$c£ A_¡
kfL$pf¡ X$p¸. kh®`ëgu i¥nrZL$ ep¡S>_p_p Adgdp„ dv$v$ L$fhu A¡
Ap k„õ\p_p¡ dy¿e DØ¡i R>¡. rinZ rhjeL$
fp^pL©$óZ__u AÝenspdp„ k„ip¡^_, rhL$pk, ârinZ, rhõspf, i¥nrZL$
L$pe®¾$d, ipg¡e Aæepk¾$d A_¡ `pW$é`yõsL$_u
rhÛp`uW$ rinZ `y_f®Q_p_u S>hpbv$pfu NCERT _¡ kp¢`hpdp„
Aphu. Ap k„õ\pA¡ L¢$Öue dpÝerdL$ rinZ
Apep¡N (L$dui_)_u d„X$m_p klL$pe®\u ipmpL$ue Aæepk¾$d A_¡
`pW$é`yõsL$p¡_u r_rd®rs L$fhpdp„ dÝehs}
r_ey¼su L$fu. Apep¡N_¡ c|rdL$p cS>hu. fpÄe ipk__¡ âp\rdL$ A_¡
dpÝerdL$ rinZ_p k„v$c®dp„ klL$pe® A_¡
Apr\®L$ A_yv$p_, dpN®v$i®_ NCERT A¡ D`gå^ L$fu Apàey„.
rinL$p¡ dpV¡$ dpN®v$ri®L$p, L$pe®`y[õsL$p, AÝep`_
rhÛp`uW$p¡_p¡ v$fS¹>Å¡ ârinZ, AÝee_-AÝep`_s„Ó_p¡ rhL$pk,
fpóV²$ue õsf¡ âopip¡^ `funp S>¡hp D`¾$dp¡
A_¡ kdÞhe S>¡hp
X$p¸. kh®`ëgu fp^pL©$óZ_ L$pdp¡ kp¢`hpdp„ Apìep. Adgdp„ d|¼ep.

L$pe®`Ý^rs: Apep¡N¡ `„Qhprj®L$ `Ý^rs

õhuL$pfu. rhÛp`uW$_¡ A_yv$p_ d„S|>f L$fu_¡

hl¢QZu L$fhp_y„ L$pd kfL$pf sfa\u L$fhp_u

iê$Aps L$fu. rhÛp`uW$_y„ rinZ r_ep¡S>_,

Aæepk¾$ddp„ kyk„Nssp, rinZ Üpfp fpóV²$ue

S>ê$qfepsp¡_¡ âp^pÞe, DÃQ rinZ_u rhrh^

ep¡S>_p s¥epf L$fu_¡ s¡ Adgdp„ d|L$hu S>¡hp

25

NCERT_u ‘©›$c|rd `f b^p fpÄep¡dp„ A`¡np R>¡. âÐe¡L$ fpÄedp„ s¡d_u kp„õL©$rsL$,
SCERT Ap k„õ\p õ\p`hpdp„ Aphu. cp¥Np¡rgL$ A_¡ A¥rslprkL$ AphíeL$sp
A_ykpf fpóV²$ue Aæepk¾$ddp„ bv$gph L$fhp“u
dlpfpóV²$ fpÄe dpV¡$ dlpfpóV²$ fpÄe i¥nrZL$ sL$ Ap`¡gu R>¡.
k„ip¡^_ A_¡ ârinZ `qfjv$ (MSCERT)
k„õ\p B.k. 1984dp„ `yZ¡dp„ õ\p`hpdp„ Aphu. fpóV²$ue i¥nrZL$ ^p¡fZ 1986_p¡
âp\rdL$ rinZ_p¡ v$fÄÅ¡ h^pfhp¡. rinL$p¡ dpV¡$ `qfZpdL$pfL$ Adg L$fhp dpV¡$ fpóV²$ue õsf¡
k¡hp„sN®s ârinZ, Aæepk¾$d A_¡ d|ëedp`_ s¥epf L$fhpdp„ Aph¡gp L©$rs L$pe®¾$d `f Ap^pqfs
bpbs¡ ârinZ Ap`hy„. rhÛp\}Ap¡A¡ 10 "âp\rdL$ rinZ Aæepk¾$d 1988' s¥epf
(v$kdp) A_¡ 12 (bpfdp)_u `funp `R>u L$ep¡ L$fhpdp„ Apìep¡.
ìephkpreL$ Aæepk¾$d `k„v$ L$fhp¡ s¡_y„
dpN®v$i®_ Ap`hy„ hN¡f¡ i¥nrZL$ L$pdp¡ Ap k„õ\p iy„ sd¡ ÅZp¡ R>p¡ ?
L$f¡ R>¡. Ap k„õ\p_¡ "rhÛp âpr^L$fZ' _pd¡
k„bp¡^hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. "Æh_ rinZ' dprkL$ ndspr^[óW$s âp\rdL$ rinZ
Ap k„õ\p dpfas âL$pris L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Aæepk¾$d 1995: âp\rdL$ rinZ
Aæepk¾$d 1988 L$pe®fs lsp¡ Ðepf¡ S>
iy„ sd¡ ÅZp¡ R>p¡ ? fpóV²$ue õsf¡ gOyÑd AÝee_ ndsp
r_ròs L$fhp dpV¡$ X$p¸. Apf. A¡Q. v$h¡_u
dlpfpóV$² fpÄe `pW$é`õy sL$ r_rdr® s AÝenspdp„ krdrs fQhpdp„ Aphu. v$h¡
A_¡ Aæepk¾$d ki„ p^¡ _ dX„ $m krdrsA¡ cpjp, NrZs A_¡ `qfkf
(bpgcpfsu) Ap kõ„ \p_u õ\p`_p Aæepk rhjep¡ dpV¡$ ^p¡fZ `p„Q ky^u
27 ÅÞeyApfu 1967_p fp¡S> `yZ¡dp„ gOyÑd AÝee_ ndsp_p L$p¡ô$L$ rhL$rks
\B. ^p¡. 1 ’u 12 ky^u“p ipmp“p„ L$ep®. s¡dp„ A¡L$ S> ^p¡fZdp„_u ndsp
rhÛp\}Ap¡ dpV¡$ `pW$é`yõsL$p¡ s¥epf ¼ep ¾$d\u rhL$rks L$fhp_u R>¡ s¡ v$ip®ìey
L$fhp_y„ L$pd bpgcpfsu L$f¡ R>.¡ lsy„.
dfpW$u, rlÞv$u, AN„ Æ¡° , Dv$y,® L$Þ_X$,
tk^u, NyS>fpsu, s¡gyNy Ap ApW$ D`N°l h`fpi : 1975dp„ i¥nrZL$
cpjpdp„ `pW$é`yõsL$p¡ s¥epf L$fhpdp„ L$pfZp¡ dpV¡$ D`N°l_p¡ h`fpi L$fhp¡ A¡ rkÝ^
Aph¡ R>¡. rhÛp\}Ap¡ dpV¡$_y„ dprkL$
"qL$ip¡f' bpgcpfsu âL$pris L$f¡ R>¡.

fpóV²$ue i¥nrZL$ ^p¡fZ 1986: Ap A¡Äeyk¸V$ D`N°l
^p¡fZp_ykpf bv$gsp kdpS>_u S>ê$qfepsp¡_¡
gndp„ gB_¡ âp\rdL$, dpÝerdL$ A_¡ DÃQ L$fhpdp„ cpfs_¡ ei dþep¡. Bkfp¡_p h¥opr_L$
dpÝerdL$ rinZdp„ d|mc|s õhê$`_p bv$gph A¡L$_p\ rQV$Zuk¡ s¡dp„ dlÐh_u c|rdL$p
L$fhpdp„ Apìep. Ap ^p¡fZdp„ kh® fpÄep¡ dpV¡$
Ap¡R>pdp„ Ap¡R>p¡ A¡L$ fpóV²$ue Aæepk¾$d k|rQs
L$fhpdp„ Apìep¡. s¡dp„ cpfs_p kh® rhÛp\}
Ap¡_¡ kdp_ i¥nrZL$ sL$ D`gå^ \pe A¡hu

26

bÅhu. õ`¡k A¡[àgL¡$i_ k¢V$f Adv$phpv$ îpìe `Ý^rs\u v|$fõ\ rinZ L$pe®¾$d iê$
Mps¡_p A„sqfn D`ep¡N L¡$ÞÖ_p _¡s©Ðh l¡W$m L$ep£. rhÛp`uW¡$ rhrh^ ipMpAp¡dp„ A¡L$ lÅf\u
"kpCV$' (k¡V¡$gpCV$ BÞõV²$¼i_g V¡$rgrhT_ `Z h^pf¡ Aæepk¾$dp¡ iê$ L$ep®. v$¡idp„
A¡¼k`fud¢V$) i¥nrZL$ L$pfZp¡kf âep¡N 58 ârinZ L¡$ÞÖp¡, `fv$¡idp„ 41 L¡$ÞÖp¡_u
L$fhpdp„ Apìep¡. "D`N°l Üpfp rinZâZpgu'
Ap L$ë`_p Al]\u S> ApNm h^u. Ap õ\p`_p L$fu rhÛp`uW¡$ rinZ_u kNhX$ L$fu.
D`¾$ddp„ Ad¡qfL$pA¡ cpfs_¡ dv$v$ L$fu lsu.
s¡dp„\u S> N°pduZ n¡Ódp„ DÑd rinZ_u k„ip¡^_ k„õ\p - rhop_
kNhX$ L$fhp_y„ i¼e bÞey„. õhps„Ôep¡Ñf L$pmdp„ v$¡idp„ h¥opr_L$

Hqv$fp Np„^u fpóV²$ue dy¼s rhÛp`uW$: k„ip¡^__¡ Nrs dm¡ A_¡ s¡ k„ip¡^__p gpc
v$¡idp„_p kh®kpdpÞe gp¡L$p¡_p Of ky^u op_N„Np b^p ky^u `lp¢Q¡ A¡V$g¡ 1950dp„ "L$pD[Þkg
`lp¢QpX$hp dpV¡$ Ap dy¼s rhÛp`uW$_u õ\p`_p Ap¡a kpe„qV$qaL$ A¡ÞX$ HX$[õV²$eg qfkQ®'
L$fhpdp„ Aphu. k„ey¼s fpóV²$k„O k„NW$“¡ k„õ\p_u õ\p`_p \B. `v$p\®rhop_, fkpeZ,
1970_p hj®_¡ ""ÅNrsL$ i¥nrZL$ hj®'' Ål¡f Ap¥j^p¡, AÞ_ âq¾$ep, MpZL$pd S>¡hp n¡Óp¡dp„
L$ey¯ lsy„. Ap S> hj£ cpfs kfL$pf_p rinZ k„ip¡^_ ify \ey„. Ap k„õ\pdp„_p k„ip¡^__p¡
A_¡ kdpS>L$ëepZ Mpsy„, dprlsu A_¡ âkpfZ gpc cpfs_p DÛp¡Np¡_¡ dm¡ A¡V$g¡ Ap¥Ûp¡rNL$
Mpsy„, rhÛp`uW$ A_yv$p_ Apep¡N A_¡ ey_¡õL$p¡_p k„õ\p kp\¡ L$fpf L$fhpdp„ Apìep¡. s¡_p L$pfZ¡
k„ey¼s klL$pe®\u "dy¼s rhÛp`uW$' rhje `f cpfs_u Apeps Ap¡R>u \B A_¡ rhv$¡iu
_hu qv$ëlu Mps¡ QQp®kÓ ep¡S>hpdp„ Apìey„ lsy„. ly„qX$epdZ_u bQs \B. Ap k„õ\pA¡ d|mc|s
Ap QQp®kÓdp„\u S> dyL$s rhÛp`uW$_u õ\p`_p k„ip¡^__¡ h¡N Apàep¡ DÃQ rinZ dpV¡$
L$fhp_u L$ë`_p ApNm Aphu. `fv$¡idp„ Ne¡gp rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ cpfsdp„ `pR>p
Aphhp dpV¡$ Ap k„õ\p_u âep¡NipmpA¡
1974dp„ kfL$pf¡ `u. `p\®kpf\u_u dlÐh_u c|rdL$p cS>hu.
AÝenspdp„ A¡L$ krdrs _udu. s¡d_u k|Q_p
A_¡ cgpdZ A_ykpf 20 kàV¡$çbf 1985_p Ap k„õ\pA¡ dsv$p_ dpV¡$ Ap„Nmu `f
fp¡S> dy¼s rhÛp`uW$_u fQ_p \B. hX$pâ^p_ gNpX$hpdp„ Aphsu iplu, V$pqY$ep¡sph,
Hqv$fp Np„^u_y„ _pd Ap rhÛp`uW$_¡ Ap`hpdp„ lp\ufp¡N, nefp¡N dpV¡$_p Ap¥j^p¡, `pZu
Apìey„. iy[Ý^L$fZ s„Óop_, bp„b| DÐ`pv$_ dpV¡$
gpN_pfp¡ gp„bp¡ kde Ap¡R>p¡ L$ep£, S>¡hp L$pep£
ÅZu gp¡ L$ep®. DNA, qa„Nf tâqV„$N s„Óop_ cpfsdp„
kh®â\d hp`fhy„, Ap„v$pdp__p Apqv$hpku
gp¡L$p¡_p¡ Aæepk L$fu_¡ s¡ S>dps kpW$ lÅf
dlpfpóV²$dp„ eih„sfph Qp¥lpZ dlpfpóV²$ hj® S|>_u R>¡ s¡ rkÝ^ L$fhy„, c|L„$`_u ANpD\u
dy¼s rhÛp`uW$ _priL$dp„ 1989dp„ k|Q_p d¡mhhu hN¡f¡ bpbsp¡ Ap
õ\p`hpdp„ Aphu. Ap dy¼s rhÛp`uW$
bpbs_u dprlsu Ap„sfÅm (BÞV$$f_¡V$)_u k„õ\pA¡ L$fu.

dv$v$\u d¡mhp¡. L$X$hp gudX$p_p¡ S>„sy_piL$ sfuL¡$ D`ep¡N

Ap dy¼s rhÛp`uW$dp„ S>¡Ap¡ Ap¥`QpqfL$ fus¡ L$fhp¡, S>Md kpfp¡ L$fhp dpV¡$ lmv$f_p¡ D`ep¡N,
dlprhÛpge_y„ rinZ gB iL$sp _\u s¡d_¡ Qp¡Mp_u Års k„v$c®_y„ õhprdÐh (`¡V„$V$) S>¡hu
âh¡i dpV¡$_u `pÓsp, he A_¡ buÅ r_edp¡dp„ bpbsp¡dp„ CSIR k„õ\pA¡ dlÐh_u c|rdL$p
R|>V$ Ap`hpdp„ Aphu. rhÛp`uW¡$ 1990dp„ cS>hu. cpfsue `f„`fpNs op__p¡ qX$ÆV$g
ApL$pihpZu A_¡ v|$fv$i®__p dpÝed Üpfp ×L$- L$p¡i s¥epf L$fu_¡ ApW$ Ap„sffpóV²$ue cpjpdp„
CSIR A¡ D`gå^ L$fpìep¡.

27

NrZs: sprdg_pXy$dp„ "_¡i_g BÞõV$uV$é|V$ lsp¡. `hC (dy„bB), Q¡Þ_B, L$p_`yf Ðepfbpv$
ap¡f qfkQ® B_ ^ d¸\¡d¸qV$L$g A¡ÞX$ qarS>L$g _hu qv$ëludp„ Arcep„rÓL$u dlprhÛpge_y„
kpeÞk' k„õ\p 1962dp„ õ\`pB lsu. NrZs ApeApeV$udp„ ê$`ps„ f L$fhpdp„ Apìe.„y Ap kõ„ \p_p
rhjedp„ khpã Q ki„ p^¡ __¡ Ap kõ„ \pA¡ Nrs rhL$pk dpV¡$ kp¡rhe¡s friep, Ad¡qfL$p, S>d®_u
Ap`u.
A_¡ ey_¡õL$p¡A¡ dv$v$ L$fu.
k„NZL$: 1969dp„ Ap`Z¡ õhv$i¡ u b_phV$_„y
k„NZL$ s¥epf L$ey¯. HqX$e_ õV¸$qV$[õV$L$g cpfsdp„ ApeApeV$u k„õ\p_¡ õhs„Ó
BÞõV$uV$é|V$ A_¡ Åv$h`|f rhÛp`uW¡ k„ey¼s`Z¡ rhÛp`uW$_p¡ v$fÄÅ¡ Ap`u_¡ bu.V$¡L$ A_¡ Ad¡ .
"ApBA¡kApBS>¡ey' v$¡iu b_phV$_y„ `l¡gy„ V$¡L$ Aæepk¾$d iê$ L$fhpdp„ Apìep.¡ âhi¡ `funp
k„NZL$ s¥epf L$ey¯. V$pV$p L$ÞkëV$Þku krh®k¡k Üpfp âhi¡ A_¡ dpaL$ iëy L$ A_¡ rhÛp\}Ap¡
A\p®s "V$ukuA¡k' L„$`_u_¡ 1974dp„ dpV$¡ ApfnZ A¡ ApeApeV$u kõ„ \p_„y
Ad¡qfL$pdp„\u kp¸ãV$h¡f r_rd®rs n¡Ódp„ L$p¡ÞV²$p¼V$ h¥rióV$é R>¡. 1970-80_p v$iL$dp„ Ap
dþep¡ A_¡ cpfsdp„ kp¸ãV$h¡f DÛp¡N_u iê$Aps k„õ\p_p rhÛp\}Ap¡ dp¡V$p âdpZdp„ `fv$¡i
\B. k„NZL$_¡ L$pfZ¡ h¥opr_L$ k„ip¡^__p¡ S>hp gpÁep. s¡_¡ gu^¡ b°¡_ X²¡$__u kdõep
h¡N hÝep¡. (A¡V$g¡ DÃQrirns rhÛp\} L$pedu ^p¡fZ¡
`fv$¡idp„ Åe) r_dp®Z \B. 1990 `R>u
1987dp„ Ad¡qfL$pA¡ cpfs_¡ dlpk„NZL$ Ap `qf[õ\rs bv$gpZu. 1994dp„ NyhplpV$u
Ap`hp_u _p `pX$u. fpÆh Np„^u kfL$pf¡ (Apkpd), 2001dp„ ê$fL$udp„ ApeApeV$u
`p¡sp_y„ dlpk„NZL$ rhL$rks L$fhp_p¡ r_Z®e
gu^p¡. 1988dp„ L¡$ÞÖ kfL$pf¡ `yZ¡dp„ "k¢V$f k„õ\p_u õ\p`_p L$fhpdp„ Aphu.
ap¡f X¡$hgd¡ÞV$ Ap¸a A¡X$hpÞk L$p¸çàeyqV„$N'
(kuX¡$L$) k„ip¡^_ k„õ\p_u õ\p`_p L$fu. HqX$e_ BÞõV$uV$éyV$ Ap¸a d¸_¡S>d¢V$ (IIM):
1991dp„ X$p¸. rhS>e cV$L$f_p _¡s©Ðh l¡W$m ApeApeV$udp„\u DÃQ v$fÄÅ_p A¢rS>r_ef
`fd - 8000 dlpk„NZL$ s¥epf \ey„. s¥epf \ep bpv$ Ly$im v$fÄÅ_p ìehõ\p`L$
s¥epf L$fhp dpV¡$ L¡$ÞÖ A_¡ NyS>fps fpÄe
cpcp A¸V$p¡rdL$ qfkQ® k¢V$f (BARC): kfL$pf¡ Adv$phpv$dp„ Ap k„õ\p_u õ\p`_p L$fu.
Ap kõ„ \pA¡ Þe[| ¼gAf qarT¼k, kpr¡ gX$ õV$¡V$ Adq¡ fL$p_u lphX$® rbT_k¡ õL$|g kõ„ \pA¡ Ap
qarT¼k, õ`¼¡ V$²põ¡ L$p`¡ u L$¡rdL$g AÞ¡ X$ gpBa k„õ\p_p rhL$pk dpV¡$ dv$v$ L$fu lsu. L$p¡gL$sp,
kpeÞkk¡ S>h¡ p rhrh^ rhjepd¡ p„ Adë| e b¢Ágp¡f, gM_p¥, L$p¡rTL$p¡X¡$, Hv$p¡f A_¡
ki„ p^¡ _ L$e.¯y AÏcÌ$u r_rdr® s dpV$¡ ho¥ pr_L$p_¡ ¡ rigp¢Ndp„ HqX$e_ BÞõV$uV$é|V$ Ap¸a d¸_¡S>d¢V$
ârinZ Ap`hp dpV¡$ V²¡$_]N õL|$g `Z iê$
L$fhpdp„ Aphu. (IIM) k„õ\p õ\p`hpdp„ Aphu.

Arcep„rÓL$u iy„ sd¡ ÅZp¡ R>p¡ ?
ApeApeV$u: 1951dp„ `ròd b„Npmdp„
"qaëd A¡ÞX$ V¡$rgrhT_ BÞõV$uV$éyV$ Ap¸a
MfN`|fdp„ cpfs_u `l¡gu HqX$e_ BÞõV$uV$é|V$ HqX$ep' k„õ\p QgrQÓ r_dp®Z_p k„v$c®dp„
Ap¸a V¡$¼_p¸gp¡Æ (IIT) k„õ\p_u õ\p`_p L$fhpdp„ rinZ Ap`¡ R>¡ qv$Áv$i®_, k„L$g_ A_¡
Aphu. cpfsdp„ Arcep„rÓL$u_u b^u ipMpAp¡dp„ Arc_e A¡hu QgrQÓ k„b„r^s b^u S>
DÃQ A_¡ âNs rinZ D`gå^ L$fphu v$¡i_u bpbsp¡_y„ ip÷iyÝ^ ârinZ Ap`hp_u
S>ê$qfeps `|Z® L$fhp_p¡ Ap k„õ\p_p¡ DØ¡íe kyrh^p Ap k„õ\pdp„ R>¡. `yZ¡dp„ Aph¡gu
"âcps qaëd L„$`_u'_p¡ hpfkp¡ Ap k„õ\p_¡
dþep¡.

28

_¸i_g BÞõV$uV$éyV$ Ap¸a qX$TpC_ (NID): dpV¡$ 1958dp„ "d¡qX$L$g L$pD[Þkg Ap¸a HqX$ep'
1961dp„ Adv$phpv$dp„ Ap¥Ûp¡rNL$$ f¡Mp„L$_ k„õ\p_y„ `y_N®W$_ L$ey¯. Ap k„õ\p_¡ h¥ÛL$ue
(HX$[õV²$eg qX$TpCt_N) rhje_y„ rinZ rinZ_u NyZhÑp_p dp`v$„X$ _½$u L$fhp_u
Ap`hp dpV¡$ Ap k„õ\p_u õ\p`_p L$fhpdp„ A_¡ v$¡Mf¡M s\p QL$pkZu_u S>hpbv$pfu
Aphu. Ap k„õ\pA¡ 1963-64dp„ b¡rTL$ kp¢`hpdp„ Aphu.
qX$TpC_, N°pqaL$ qX$TpC_, hõsy_u qX$TpC_,
rhÄeyAg L$çeyr_L¡$i_ S>¡hp Aæepk¾$dp¡ iê$ iy„ sd¡ ÅZp¡ R>p¡?
L$ep®. Ap k„õ\pA¡ ApL$pihpZu e„Ó(V²$p[ÞTõV$f),
NZL$e„Ó (L¸$g¼eyg¡V$f) S>¡hu hõsy_y„ f¡Mp„L$_ Apeyh£v$, r_kNp£`Qpf, ey_p_u A_¡
(qX$TpC_), HqX$e_ A¡efgpCÞk A_¡ õV¡$V$ lp¡rdep¡`¡\u S>¡hu rQqL$Ðkp `Ý^rsdp„
k„ip¡^_ A_¡ rhL$pk kp^hp dpV¡$ 1969
b¢L$_p bp¡^rQÞl s¥epf L$fhp S>¡hp L$ep® R>¡. dp„ "k¢V²$g L$pD[Þkg ap¸f qfkQ® B_
HqX$e_ d¡qX$rk_ A¡ÞX$ lp¡rdep¡`¡\u'
k„ip¡^_ k„õ\p - h¥ÛL$ n¡Ó k„õ\p_u õ\p`_p L$fhpdp„ Aphu lsu.
1979 dp„ Ap k„õ\p_y„ rhkS>®_ L$fu
õhps„Ôep¡Ñf L$pmdp„ h¥ÛL$ue n¡Ódp„ k„ip¡^_ ÓZ _hu k„õ\p õ\p`hpdp„ Aphu
dpV¡$ 1949 dp„ "cpfsue h¥ÛL$ue A_yk„^p_ (1) k¡ÞV²$g L$pD[Þkg ap¸f qfkQ® B_
ey_p_u d¡qX$rk_ (2) k¡ÞV²$g L$pD[Þkg
`qfjv$' (ICMR)_u õ\p`_p \B. Ap k„õ\p_¡ ap¸f qfkQ® B_ lp¡rdAp¡`¡\u (3) k¡ÞV²$g
v$¡i_u rhÛp`uW$p¡, h¥ÛL$ue dlprhÛpgep¡, L$pD[Þkg ap¸f qfkQ® B_ ep¡N A¡ÞX$
ipkL$ue A_¡ rb_ipkL$ue ki„ p^¡ _ kõ„ \pAp_¡ ¡ _¡Qf ¼ep¡f.
k„ip¡^_ dpV¡$ klL$pe®, dpN®v$i®_ A_¡ Apr\®L$
klpe D`gå^ L$fu Ap`hp_u S>hpbv$pfu Ap k„õ\p_¡ S>¡ s¡ rQqL$Ðkp
kp¢`hpdp„ Aphu. rhrh^ fp¡Np¡ `f k„ip¡^_ `Ý^rs_ykpf rhrh^ fp¡Np¡ `f k„ip¡^_,
L$f_pfp 26 L¡$ÞÖp¡ v$¡icfdp„ iê$ \ep. Ap `funZp¡, Ap¥j^p¡_y„ âdprZL$fZ L$fhp_u
k„õ\p_p k„ip¡^__¡ L$pfZ¡ nefp¡N A_¡ Ly$›$fp¡N S>hpbv$pfu kp¢`hpdp„ Aphu R>¡.
`f r_e„ÓZ d¡mhhy„ i¼e bÞey„.
L$L®$fp¡N rinZ : "A¡X$hpÞk k¢V$f ap¡f
Ap S> n¡Ódp„_p âNs h¥ÛL$ue rinZ V²$uV$d¡ÞV$, qfkQ® A¡ÞX$ A¡ÄeyL¡$i_ B_ L¡$Þkf'
A_¡ k„ip¡^__¡ Nrs Ap`hp dpV¡$ "Ap¸g A¡ V$pV$p d¡dp¡qfeg k¡ÞV$f_u ipMp R>¡. L$L®$fp¡N_p
HqX$ep BÞõV$uV$é|V$ Ap¸a d¡qX$L$g kpeÞk' D`Qpf, k„ip¡^_ A_¡ L$L®$fp¡N k„b„^u rinZ
(AIIMS) k„õ\p_u õ\p`_p \B. Ap k„õ\p_¡ dpV¡$ fpóV²$ue õsf_p L¡$ÞÖ sfuL¡$ Ap k„õ\p
h¥ÛL$ip÷_p `v$hu A_¡ `v$ìeyÑf L$pe®fs R>¡.
Aæepk¾$d_p rinZ_u S>hpbv$pfu kp¢`hpdp„ k„ip¡^_ k„õ\p - L©$rj
Aphu. h¥ÛL$ip÷_u dp¡V$p cpN_u ipMpdp„_u
`v$hu A_¡ `v$ìeyÑf rinZ_u kyrh^p lp¡e cpfsdp„ L©$rj n¡Ódp„ k„ip¡^_ 1905dp„
A¡hp dlprhÛpgep¡, k„ip¡^__u kpfu kNhX$, iê$ \ey„. cpfsue L©$rj k„ip¡^_ k„õ\p
kykÄS> kph®S>r_L$ lp¡[õ`V$gp¡A¡ Ap k„õ\p_u (HqX$e_ A¡N°uL$ëQfg qfkQ® BÞõV$uV$é|V$) _¡
âdyM rhi¡jspAp¡ R>¡. kh®kpdpÞe gp¡L$p¡_¡ 1958dp„ rhÛp`uW$_p¡ v$fÄÅ¡ Ap`hpdp„ Apìep¡.
A_yL|$m v$f¡ h¥ÛL$ue D`Qpf D`gå^ L$fphhp¡,
`qfQpqfL$p_p ârinZ dpV¡$ õhs„Ó dlprhÛpge,
ùv$erhL$pf, dNS>_prhL$pf A_¡ _¡ÓrhL$pf_p
D`Qpf dpV$¡ k`y f õ`í¡ eprgV$u L$¡ÞÖ Ap kõ„ \pA¡
iê$ L$ep®. kfL$pf¡ h¥ÛL$ue n¡Ó_p h^y rhL$pk

29

L©$rj rhL$pk, k„ip¡^_, kykÄS> âep¡Nipmp, L$pdNufu A¡V$g¡ A¡L$ hj®dp„ A¡L$\u h^y `pL$
d©v$pip÷, L©$rjip÷, Apr\®L$ h_õ`rsip÷ g¡hp_u `Ý^rs. Ap rhi¡ d|mc|s k„ip¡^_
Al] iê$ \ey„. s¡_p¡ apev$p¡ M¡X|$sp¡_¡ \ep¡.
hN¡f¡ rhcpNp¡ Üpfp rhÛp`uW$_y„ L$pe® iê$ \ey„.
ApNm_p âL$fZdp„ Ap`Z¡ ÷uAp¡ dpV¡$_p
Ap k„õ\p_p _hu qv$ëludp„ Aph¡g L$pev$p, ÷uAp¡_y„ ep¡Nv$p_, AÞe vy$b®m
dy¿epgedp„ N°„\pge R>¡. Ap N°„\pge v$¡i_y„ OV$L$p¡_p k„v$c®dp„ kfL$pf_u c|rdL$p Ap rhje_p¡
kp¥\u dp¡Vy„$ L©$rjrhjeL$ N°„\pge R>¡ OJ, Aæepk L$fuiy„.
s¡rgrbep, ipL$cpÆ A¡hu A_¡L$ bpbsp¡ `f
k„ip¡^_ iê$ \ep. Ap k„õ\p_u kp¥\u dlÐh_u

õhpÝepe

1. Ap`¡gp `ep®ep¡dp„\u ep¡Áe `ep®e ip¡^u_¡ rh^p_ dv$v$\u d¡mhp¡ A_¡ s¡ dprlsu ãgp¡ QpV®$_p
‘|Z® L$fp¡.
(1) `fd - 8000 dlpk„NZL$ s¥epf L$f_pf õhê$`dp„ gMp¡.
h¥opr_L$ ........
(A) X$p¡. rhS>e cV$L$f (b) X$p¡. Apf. 3. _uQ¡_p rh^p_p¡ kL$pfZ õ`óV$ L$fp¡.
A¡Q. v$h¡ (L$) `u. `p\®kpf’u (X$) D`f (1) rS>ëgp âp\rdL$ rinZ L$pe®¾$d iê$ L$fhpdp„
`¥L$u L$p¡B`Z _rl. Apìep¡
(2) NCERT_u õ\p`_p L$fhpdp„ Aphu
(2) "Æh_ rinZ' dprkL$ ........ k„õ\p dpfas (3) cpfsue L©$rj k„ip¡^_ k„õ\p Üpfp M¡X|$sp¡_¡
apev$p¡ \ep¡
âL$pris L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
4. V|„$L$ _p¢^ gMp¡
(A) bpgcpfsu (b) rhÛp âpr^L$fZ (1) Hqv$fp Np„^u fpóV²$ue dy¼s rhÛp`uW$
(L$) rhÛp`uW$ rinZ Apep¡N (X$) dlpfpóV²$ (2) L$p¡W$pfu Apep¡N
fpÄe dpÝerdL$ A_¡ DÃQ dpÝerdL$ rinZ (3) cpcp A¸V$p¡rdL$ qfkQ® k¢V$f
(4) bpgcpfsu
d„X$m
5. _uQ¡_p âñp¡_p krhõspf DÑfp¡ gMp¡
(3) Ape. Ape. V$u. i¥nrZL$ k„õ\p ........ (1) "Qp¡L$ - L$pmy„ `pqV$ey„' (Ap¸`f¡i_ åg¡L$
n¡Ódp„ rinZ Ap`hp dpV¡$ ârkÝ^ R>¡ bp¡X®$) Ap ep¡S>_pdp„ ¼ep D`¾$d_p¡ kdph¡i
(A) L©$rj (b) h¥ÛL$ue (L$) Ly$im v$fÄÅ_y„ \ep¡ lsp¡?
ìehõ\p`_ (X$) Arcep„rÓL$u (2) M¡su_p rhL$pkdp„ L©$rj rhÛpgep¡/
dlprhÛpgep¡ L$B c|rdL$p cS>h¡ R>¡?
2. k|Q_p âdpZ¡ L©$rs L$fp¡. (3) cpfs_u h¥ÛL$ue n¡Ó¡ âNrs rhrh^
(1) cpfs_p i¥nrZL$ n¡Ó_u _uQ¡ S>Zph¡gu ìe[¼s Dv$plfZp¡ Üpfp õ`óV$ L$fp¡
A_¡ s¡d_p L$pe®k„b„^u L$p¡ô$L$ `|Z® L$fp¡. (4) sdpfu ipmpdp„ Apep¡rS>s \sp ipg¡e A_¡
klipg¡e D`¾$dp¡ rhi¡ dprlsu gMp¡.
ìe[¼s L$pe®
D`¾$d
cpfs_p `l¡gp rinZd„Óu ...................... sdpfu ipmpdp„ rhop_ d¡mp_y„ Apep¡S>_ L$fp¡. s¡_p
Üpfp "`pZu iyqÙL$fZ' rhi¡ ÅN©rs gphhp_p
.................. rhÛp`uW$ rinZ âeÐ_ L$fp¡.

Apep¡N_p AÝen

âp. k¥ev$ fpDa ......................

.................... L$p¡kbpX$ âL$ë`

(2) "_¡i_g L$pDÞkug Ap¡a A¡ÄeyL¡$i_ qfkQ®

A¸ÞX$ V²¡$t_N' k„õ\p_u dprlsu CÞV$f_¡V$_u

30

6 drlgp A_¡ AÞe vy$b®m OV$L$p¡_y„ ki[¼sL$fZ

õhps„Ôe_u gX$pBdp„ ÷uAp¡A¡ dp¡V$p âdpZdp„ kpd_p¡ L$f_pfu ÷uAp¡A¡ 1972dp„ dlpfpóV²$dp„
cpN gu^p¡ lsp¡. õhps„Ôep¡Ñf L$pmdp„ `Z `p¡sp_u k„NqW$s spL$ps bsphu v$u^u.
÷uAp¡_y„ ep¡Nv$p_ b^p„ S> n¡Ódp„ dlÐh`|Z®
füy„ R>¡. s¡_p¡ Aæepk Ap`Z¡ Ap `pW$dp„ kdpS>hpv$u _¡sp d©Zpg Np¡f¡_p _¡s©Ðh l¡W$m
L$fuiy„. s¡dS> ÷uAp¡ s\p AÞe vy$b®m OV$L$p¡
k„b„r^s L¡$V$gpL$ L$pev$p_p¡ Aæepk L$fuiy„. dy„bB_u drlgpAp¡A¡ h¡gZ dp¡fQp¡ L$pY$ép¡
lsp¡. qv$hpmu_p kde¡ s¡g, Ou, kpL$f, fhp¡,

d¢v$p¡ S>¡hu hõsyAp¡

dprlsu d¡mhp¡ dmsu _lp¡su.
Opks¡g dp¢Oy \B

v$f lÅf `yfyjp¡_u kfMpdZudp„ ÷uAp¡_y„ Ney„ lsy„. s¡_¡ L$pfZ¡
âdpZ
drlgpAp¡A¡ A¡L$Ó
A.¾$. S>_NZ_p hj® ÷uAp¡_y„ âdpZ \B_¡ lp\dp„ h¡gZ

gB_¡ dp¡fQp¡ L$pY$ép¡

1. 1951 946 d©Zpg Np¡f¡ lsp¡. Ap Ap„v$p¡g_

2. 1961 941 kam \ey„ A_¡ drlgpAp¡_u kpd|rlL$ i[¼s_p¡

3. 1971 930 `fQp¡ S>_sp_¡ \ep¡.

4. 1981 934 rQ`L$p¡ Ap„v$p¡g_: ÷ui[¼s_p¡ kL$pfpÐdL$

5. 1991 927 AprhóL$pf 1973_p

6. 2001 933 rQ`L$p¡ Ap„v$p¡g_\u
S>Zpep¡. rldpge_u
v$f lÅf `yfyjp¡_u kfMpdZudp„ ÷uAp¡_y„
âdpZ ip dpV¡$ OV$¡ R>¡ s¡_p L$pfZp¡ ip¡^p¡. sm¡V$u_p S>„Ngp¡dp„

cpfsdp„ ÷uAp¡_u `qf[õ\rs_p¡ Aæepk ìep`pfu DØ¡i dpV¡$
L$fsp„ A¡hy„ Ýep_dp„ Aph¡ R>¡ L¡$, s¡d_u A_¡L$ M|b S> dp¡V$p
kdõepAp¡_y„ d|m `yfyjp¡_u dp_rkL$spdp„
R|>`pe¡gy„ R>¡. ApS>¡ Ap`Z¡ A¡L$hukdu kv$udp„ âdpZdp„ h©np¡
Apìep„ sp¡ `Z `yê$j â^p_ dp_rkL$spdp„\u
dy¼s \ep _\u. dlpÐdp Np„^uÆ_p sÐhop_ L$p`hpdp„ Aphsp
`f rhðpk fpMu_¡ iê$ \e¡gu c|v$p_ Qmhmdp„ lsp s¡_p rhfp¡^dp„
rh_p¡bpÆA¡ ÷u i[¼s_p¡ D`ep¡N L$ep£. ÷u
L$pe®L$sp®Ap¡A¡ cpfscfdp„ c|v$p__p rhQpf_¡ Q„qX$âkpv$ cË$ A_¡
âkfpìep¡. r_Tpdiplu A_¡ kf„Ådu ìehõ\p_¡
`X$L$pf_pfp s¡g„NZp_p M¡X|$sp¡_u dy[¼s_u ky„v$fgpg blyNyZpA¡ ky„v$fgpg blyNyZp
gX$pBdp„ ÷uAp¡_p¡ klcpN _p¢^_ue lsp¡. Ap
rhcpN h¡W$â\p\u dy¼s \sp„ ÷uAp¡_u Ap Ap„v$p¡g_ L$ey¯. ÷uAp¡A¡ lp\dp„ lp\ `fp¡hu
k„L$V$dp„\u dy[¼s \B.
h©np¡_u ApSy>bpSy>dp„ afhp_p¡ dpN® Ap`_pìep¡.
÷ui[¼s_p¡ AprhóL$pf: Æh_phíeL$
hõsy_u AR>s A_¡ dp¢Ohpfu_p¡ khp®r^L$ h©nsp¡X$ _ \pe A¡V$gp dpV$¡ S>„Ng_p TpX$p¡_¡
bp\ cfu_¡ s¡_p¡ bQph L$fhp¡ A¡hy„ Ap„v$p¡g__y„

õhê$` lp¡hp\u s¡_¡ "rQ`L$p¡ Ap„v$p¡g_' L$l¡ R>¡.

Ap Ap„v$p¡g_dp„ ÷uAp¡_p¡ klcpN OZp¡ dp¡V$p¡
lsp¡. Ap `qfkfdp„ L©$rj A\®ìehõ\pdp„

drlgpAp¡_p¡ ìep`L$ klcpN lsp¡. ÷u L$pe®L$sp®

Np¥fpv$¡huA¡ ÷uAp¡dp„ ÅN©rs ApZu lsu. s¡d_¡
kyv$¡ipv$¡hu, bQ_uv$¡hu_u dv$v$ dmu lsu.

31

dÛ`p_ rhfp¡^u õ\p_, sd¡ _p¡ v$fÄÅ¡, ÷uAp¡_p k„v$c®dp„ OV$_
Ap„v$p¡g_: 1992dp„
Ap„^°âv$¡idp„ "dÛ`p_ pÐdL$ D`pep¡_p `qfZpd sd¡ S> ÷uAp¡_„y rinZ
A_¡ sd¡ _u V$L$phpfu, rinZ_¡ gu^¡ sd¡ _p¡
rhfp¡^u Qmhm' iê$ \e¡gp¡ rhL$pk, _p¡L$fu L$fsu ÷uAp_¡ u kdõep,
\B. ApNm S>sp s¡_¡
rhrh^ fpÄep¡dp„ kpfp¡ ÷uAp¡_u fpS¡ >Npf k„b„^u
hs®dp_ `qf[õ\rs,
ârskpv$ dþep¡. s¡d_y„ h¡s_ (`yfyjp¡_u
dÛ`p__p ìek__¡
gu^¡ Of_p¡ L$sp® `yfyj kfMpdZudp„),
AL$pm¡ d©Ðey `pdsp ÷u-`yfyj âdpZ,
Np¥fpv$¡hu S>Þd-d©Ðey v$f,

Of_p buÅ kæep¡ `f k„L$V$ Aphu `X¡$ R>¡. ÷uAp¡_u c|rdL$p Ap
s¡_p¡ khp®r^L$ ApOps ÷uAp¡_¡ \pe R>¡. v$pê$_¡
gu^¡ vy$:M, NfubpB_p¡ kpd_p¡ L$fhp¡ `X$sp¡. b^p dyØpAp¡_p Ap^pf¡
Ahgp¡L$_ L$fhpdp„
Ap Ap„v$p¡g__¡ Ap„^° âv$¡i_y„ "AfL$' rhfp¡^u Apìey„. X$p¸. a|gf¡Ï Nylp

Ap„v$p¡g_ D`ep¡Nu \ey„. Ap b^u `pðc® r| d_p¡ rhQpf L$fsp

Ap„^° âv$¡idp„ kfL$pfu ^p¡fZp¡_¡ L$pfZ¡ dlpfpóV$²dp„ 1975dp„ " ÷u d[y ¼s kO„ j® krdrs'
AfL$ (õ\pr_L$ v$pê$) rh¾¡$spAp¡A¡ Npdp¡Npd
vy$L$p_p¡ Mp¡gu lsu. Npd¡Npd_u Nfub, dl¡_sy hsu ÷uAp¡ dpV$¡ fpÄeìep`u `qfjv$ cfpB.
b^p S> nÓ¡ _u ÷uAp¡ Ap `qfjv$dp„ klcpNu
S>_sp v$pê$_p ìek_dp„ X|$bu lsu. A¡hpdp„ \B lsu. 1978dp„ krdrs_„y Ålf¡ _pd„y
fpÄedp„ M|Z¡ M|Z¡ kpnfsp L$pe®¾$d iê$ \ep¡
lsp¡. Ap L$pe®¾$ddp„ "kuspdp L$\p' (kusp_u ârkÝ^ \ey„ lsy„. tgNc¡v$, Årsc¡v$, hZ®c¡v$
S>¡hp Akdp_ OV$L$p¡_p rhfp¡^dp„ k„Oj® L$fhp_y„
hpsp®) L$l¡hpdp„ Aphsu. kusp NpdX$p_p gp¡L$p¡dp„ ^p¡fZ _½$u \ey„. s¡_p Üpfp S> "÷u dy[¼sQu
ÅN©rs r_dp®Z L$fu v$pê$_¡ L¡$hu fus¡ AV$L$ph¡
R>¡ s¡ L$\pdp„ L$üy„ lsy„. 1992dp„ Ap„^° âv$¡i_p ggL$pfu' Nusk„N°l, Äep¡rs çlp`k¡L$f_y„ "dygNu
Tpgu lp¡' i¡fu_pV$L$, "â¡fL$ ggL$pfu' dyM`Ó
_¡ëgp¡f rS>ëgpdp„ vy$bpNy„V$p Npddp„ ÓZ eyhL$ S>¡hp D`¾$d iê$ \ep. 1977dp„ kp¥v$prd_u
v$pê$_p _ipdp„ A¡L$ smphdp„ X|$bu_¡ dfZ
`pçep. Ap OV$_p_¡ L$pfZ¡ Npd_u ÷uAp¡ A¡L$ fph Üpfp õ\pr`s `yZ¡_u "÷u dy[¼s Ap„v$p¡g_
krdrs', "bpeÅ' Ap qÜdprkL$, Ap¥f„Npbpv$dp„
\B. s¡dZ¡ AfL$ rh¾$e_u vy$L$p_p¡ b„^ L$fphu. "÷u DhpQ', "d¥ÓuZ', "÷u AÞepe rhfp¡^u
Ap kdpQpf õ\pr_L$ hs®dp_`Ódp„ R>`psp„
Npdp¡Npd s¡_u Akf \B. fpÄecfdp„ Ap„v$p¡g_ d„Q', L$p¡ëlp`yfdp„ "drlgp v$nsp krdrs',
_priL$dp„ "drlgp l½$', gpsyfdp„ "_pfu
âkfsp kfL$pf¡ v$pê$rh¾$e_p rhfp¡^dp„ L$X$L$ âbp¡^_ d„Q' S>¡hp S|>\ s¥epf \ep. ApMp
^p¡fZ õhuL$pe®y„.
dlpfpóV²$dp„ v$l¡S> rhfp¡^u k„fnZ krdrsAp¡_u
õ\p`_p \B. ^|m¡ il¡fdp„ ÷u AÐepQpf
Ap„sffpóV²$ue drlgp hj®: k„eyL$s fpóV²$k„O rhfp¡^u `qfjv$ ep¡S>hpdp„ Aphu lsu.
k„NW$“¡ 1975_p hj®_¡ "Ap„sffpóV²$ue drlgp
hj®' sfuL¡$ Op¡rjs L$ey¯ lsy„. ip„rs, rhL$pk
A_¡ ÷u-`yfyj kdp_sp A¡ Ap L$pe®¾$d_p rhÛp bpm_u "_pfu kdsp d„Q' A_¡
"rdm|_ kpfepS>Zu' S>¡hp kpdpreL$p¡, kdpS>hpv$u
ÓZ k|Ó lsp. cpfs kfL$pf¡ 1975 dp„ X$p¸. drlgp kcp, ¾$p„rsL$pfu drlgp k„OV$_p Ap
a|gf¡Ï Nylp_u AÝensp l¡W$m drlgp
ApepN¡ _u õ\p`_p L$fu. ÷uAp¡_„y kpdprS>L$ b^p_p L$pep£ ÷u âí_p¡_p k„v$c®dp„ dlÐh_p
W$ep®. dlpfpô²$dp„ fp¡S>Npf A_pds ep¡S>_p_¡

32

gu^¡ ÷u ki[¼sL$fZ_¡ dv$v$ dmu. S>sp ÷uAp¡_¡ âk|rs_u (kyhphX$_u) fÅ

ârdgp v$„X$hs¡A¡ qv$ëludp„ 1976dp„ A`ph_pfp¡ "âk|rs kyrh^p Ar^r_ed'

"drlgp v$nsp krdrs' õ\p`u. Ap krdrs_u (d¡V$r_®V$u b¡r_qaV$ A¡¼V$ - 1961) L$pev$p¡

ipMpAp¡ Ap„^° âv$¡i, sprdg_pXy$, L¡$fm, A[õsÐhdp„ Apìep¡. Ap L$pev$p âdpZ¡ ÷uAp¡_¡

Ap¡qX$ip, dÝe âv$¡i, `„Åb fpÄep¡dp„ õ\`pB. âk|rs_u fÅ d¡mhhp_p¡ Ar^L$pf dþep¡.

L$çeyr_õV$ `n¡ "ArMg v$l¡S> â\p_p rhfp¡^dp„ ÅN©rs : cpfsdp„
v$l¡S> rhfp¡^u L$pev$p¡ lp¡hp R>sp„ `Z
cpfsue S>_hpv$u hs®dp_`Óp¡dp„ "fkp¡C L$fsp `pgh kmNsp
drlgp_y„ d©Ðey„, "L$`X$p ^p¡sp `N g`ksp
drlgp k„OV$_p' L|$hpdp„ `X$sp ÷u_y„ d©Ðey' Aphp kdpQpfp¡
Aph¡ R>¡. s¡_u KX$u s`pkdp„ v$l¡S>_y„ L$pfZ
1980dp„ õ\p`u. Ap Ýep_dp„ Apìey„. `p¡rgk, âipk_,
Þepe ìehõ\p_u c|rdL$p kpd¡ Aphu. s¡ Üpfp
k„õ\p_u ipMp ApMp ÅN©rs Aphu. Ap L$pfZ¡ 1984dp„ "v$l¡S>
rhfp¡^u ky^pfZp L$pev$p¡' A[õsÐhdp„ Apìep¡.
cpfsdp„ õ\p`hp_p 1988dp„ 2209 ÷uAp¡, 1990dp„ 4835,
1993dp„ 5377 ÷uAp¡ v$l¡S>_p¡ cp¡N b_u
âeÐ_p¡ \ep lsp. Ap lsu. Ap Ap„L$X$p `f\u Ap`Z_¡ Ap kdõep_u
suh°sp Ýep_dp„ Aphi¡.
k„õ\pA¡ v$l¡S>, ÷u
L$p¥Vy„$rbL$ Þepepge (1984): gÁ__p
ârdgp v$„X$hs¡ c°|ZlÐep, L$p¥Vy„$rbL$ k„v$c®dp„ rhhpv$, kp„kpqfL$ kdõep A_¡ s¡dp„\u
AÐepQpf_p âñp¡ `f r_dp®Z \_pfp âñp¡, cfZ`p¡jZ, A¡L$ hpgu,
rhc¼s fl¡hy„, bpmL$p¡_u v$¡Mcpm A_¡ dprgL$u
k„Oj® L$ep£. rhrh^ õsf¡ ÷u âñp¡ `f Aphu Ly$Vy„$bìehõ\p kp\¡ Å¡X$pe¡gu bpbsp¡_p
rhhpv$p¡_p¡ DL¡$g L$pY$hp L$p¥Vy„$rbL$ Þepepge_u
k„ip¡^_ iê$ \ep. cpfs_u `l¡gu drlgp õ\p`_p L$fhpdp„ Aphu. Ap Þepepgedp„
kpnu, `yfphp, s`pk_¡ bv$g¡ kpd„S>õe A_¡
rhÛp`uW$ îudsu _p\ubpB v$pdp¡v$f W$pL$fku hL$ug_¡ bv$g¡ kdy`v$¡iL$_¡ âp^pÞe Ap`hpdp„
Apìey„. âL$fZp¡ (âñp¡) TX$`\u `Z ÞepreL$
drlgp rhÛp`uW$, dy„bB; V$pV$p kdpS> rhop_ fus¡ lg L$fhp `f cpf d|L$hpdp„ Apìep¡.

kõ„ \p, db„y B; kprhÓubpB agŸ ¡ `Zy $¡ rhÛp`uW, cfZ`p¡jZ bpbs_p¡ L$pev$p¡ (1985):
A¡L$pv$ gÁ_ \e¡gu ÷u_¡ s¡_p `rsA¡ R|>V$pR>¡X$p
rihpÆ rhÛp`uW$, L$p¡ëlp`yfdp„ ÷u Aæepk Apàep lp¡e sp¡ s¡_p Dv$fr_hp®l_p kp^_
sfuL¡$ s¡_¡ v$fdrl_¡ _½$u L$f¡gu fL$d `rsA¡
L¢$Ö õ\p`hpdp„ Apìep. Apgp¡Q_p A_¡ Örô$ Ap`hu, Ap_¡ cfZ`p¡jZ L$l¡ R>¡. khp£ÃQ
Þepepgedp„ dp¡lçdv$ Aldv$ Mp_ rhfyÙ
S>¡hp L¢$Öp¡A¡ `Z Ap âñ¡ dlÒh_u c|rdL$p iplbp_p¡ b¡Nd MV$gpdp„ iplbp_p¡_¡
cfZ`p¡jZ dpNhp_p¡ Ar^L$pf R>¡ A¡hp¡
cS>hu lsu. r_Z®e Þepepge¡ Apàep¡. ^prd®L$ k„NW$_p¡A¡

÷uAp¡ k„v$c®_p L$pev$p: 1952_p L$pev$p

A_ykpf cpfs kfL$pf¡ tlvy$ ÷uAp¡_¡

cfZ`p¡jZ_p¡ Ar^L$pf Apàep¡. hX$ugp¡_u

k„`rÑdp„ rlõkp¡ Ap`hpdp„ Apìep¡. ÷u^_ `f

s¡_p¡ Ar^L$pf r_dp®Z \ep¡. bly`[Ð_Ðh_p¡

A„s ApZu_¡ `yfyjp¡ âdpZ¡ ÷uAp¡_¡ `Z

R|>V$pR>¡X$p g¡hp_p¡ Ar^L$pf Ap`hpdp„ Apìep¡.

`R>u_p v$iL$dp„ ÷uAp¡_p k„v$c®dp„ A¡L$ `Ngy„

ApNm h^sp¡ L$pev$p¡ Apìep¡ ""v$l¡S> ârsb„^L$

L$pev$p¡ 1961' AÞhe¡ v$l¡S> g¡hy„ A\hp

dp„NZu L$fhu s¡ ap¡S>v$pfu Ny_p¡ NZhpdp„

Apìep¡. v$l¡S> â\p_y„ r_d|®g_ L$fu_¡ kpdprS>L$

Qmhm_¡ âp¡Ðkpl_ Ap`hpdp„ Apìey„. Ap

L$pev$p_¡ gu^¡ v$l¡S> S>¡hu Ar_ô$ â\p_¡ L$pfZ¡

÷uAp¡“¡ \sp¡ Ópk Ap¡R>p¡ \ep¡. ApNm

33

s¡_u rhfyÙ b|dfpZ L$fu. `qfZpd õhê$`¡ õhps„Ôep¡Ñf L$pmdp„ cpfsue k„rh^p_¡
k„kv$dp„ "dy[õgd hyd¡_ A¡¼V$' (âp¡V¡$¼i_ Ap¡a ÷u-`yfyj kdp_sp_y„ sÐh õhuL$pey¯. s¡_¡ gu^¡
fpCV¹$k Ap¡_ X$peìlp¡k®) `kpf \ep¡. dsv$p_ S>¡hp¡ dlÒh_p¡ fpS>L$ue l½$ ÷uAp¡_¡
dþep¡. `yfyjp¡_u S>¡d S> ÷uAp¡_¡ rinZ_u,
ksu ârsb„^L$ L$pev$p¡: 4 kàV¢$bf fp¡S>Npf_u kdp_ sL$ D`gå^ L$fphu Ap`hpdp„
1987_p qv$_¡ fpS>õ\p__p v$h¡ fp Npddp„ ê$`L$„yhf Aphu. ksu, v$l¡S>, bly`Ð_uÐh S>¡hu vy$ô$
_pd_u rhhprls ÷u ksu \C. s¡ õhá R>pA¡ â\p `f L$pev$p Üpfp b„^u afdphhpdp„ Aphu.
ksu _lps¡ u \C. s_¡ ¡ ksu \hp dpV$¡ âhÑ© ÷uAp¡_p R|>V$pR>¡X$p_p Ar^L$pf_¡ dpÞe L$fhpdp„
L$fhpdp„ Aphu lsu. s_¡ „y ksu \h,„y ksu â\p_y„ Apìep.¡ sd¡ _¡ rdgL$sdp„ `Z L$pev$k¡ f_p¡ rlõkp¡
Dv$pfuL$fZ L$fhy„ Ap b^u bpbsp¡ rb_ Ap`hpdp„ Apìep.¡ fpS>L$ue kÑpdp„ ÷uAp_¡ ¡
L$pev$¡kf lsu. du_p d¡__, Nusp k¡^|, kyÅsp ÞepreL$ rlõkp¡ Ap`hp_p ls¡ \y u õ\pr_L$
Ap_„v$_, A_y Å¡k¡a, L$ë`_p idp® Ap ÷u õhfpÄe kõ„ \pdp„ L$¡V$guL$ S>Áep A_pds
dy[¼shpv$u L$pe®L$sp® A_¡ `ÓL$pfp¡A¡ Ap fpMhpdp„ Aphu R>¡. Ap b^u ìehõ\p_¡ L$pfZ¡
âL$fZdp„ kÐe_y„ k„ip¡^_ L$ey¯. kfL$pf¡ ApS>¡ Ap`Z¡ Å¡C iL$uA¡ R>uA¡ L¡$ ÷uAp¡
1988dp„ L$X$L$ ìehõ\p L$fu_¡ "ksu ârsb„^L$ rinZ gC_¡ A\p£`pS>®_ (AphL$) L$fu flu
L$pev$p¡' `kpf L$fhpdp„ Apìep¡. R>¡. ÷u rhQpfp¡\u ÷uAp¡_¡ ApÐdcp_ \pe
R>¡. rinZ, A\p£`pS>®_, âipk_, fpS>L$pfZ
dp_h Ar^L$pf k„fnZ L$pev$p¡: ÷u A_¡ Ap b^p n¡Ódp„ ÷uAp¡ DÐkpl\u cpN gC
`yfyj kp\¡_p¡ AÞepe v|$f \pe s¡ dpV¡$ 1993dp„ flu R>¡.
Ap L$pev$p¡ `kpf L$fhpdp„ Apìep¡. s¡ dpV¡$
fpô²$ue dp_hpr^L$pf Apep¡N_u r_dZ|L$ L$fhpdp„ iy„ sd¡ ÅZp¡ R>p¡?
Aphu. Ap c|rdL$p_¡ Ap^pf¡ L¡$V$gpL$ fpÄep¡dp„
"fpÄe dp_hpr^L$pf Apep¡N'_u õ\p`_p \C. cpfs_p drlgp dy¿ed„Óu
Ap L$pev$p_ykpf kpd|rlL$ AÐepQpf, R|>V$pR>¡X$p
gu^¡gu drlgp_u kpdprS>L$ [õ\rs, ÷uAp¡ A_¡ kyQ¡sp L©$`gp_u (DÑf âv$¡i)
kyfrns L$pe®õ\m S>¡hu rhrh^ bpbsp¡ dpV¡$ _„qv$_u kÐ`\u (Ap¡qX$ip), S>egrgsp
L$pev$pA¡ âcphu c|rdL$p cS>hu_¡ ÷uAp¡ `f (sprdg_pXy$), dpephsu (DÑf âv$¡i),
\sp AÞepe Ap¡R>p L$fhp dpV¡$ dv$v$ L$fu. hky„^fp fpS>¡ (fpS>õ\p_), ddsp
b¡_Æ® (`. b„Npm), fpbX$uv$¡hu
drlgpAp¡ dpV¡$ ApfnZ: k„rh^p_ ky^pfZp (rblpf), Ap_„v$ub¡_ `V¡$g (NyS>fps),
73 A_¡ 74 A„sN®s N°pd`„Qpes, `„Qpes iugp qv$rns (qv$ëlu), dl¡b|bp dyasu
krdrs, rS>ëgp `qfjv$, _Nf`prgL$p, krev$ (L$píduf), Ddp cpfsu (dÝe
dlp_Nf`prgL$pdp„ A¡L$ s©rsep„i S>Áep ÷uAp¡ âv$¡i), fpS>¡ÞÖ L$p¥f cË$g (`„Åb),
dpV¡$ A_pds fpMhpdp„ Aphu R>¡. kf`„Q, kyjdp õhfpS> (qv$ëlu), iriL$gp
AÝen, _NfpÝen, d¡ef Ap `v$p¡ dpV¡$ L$pL$p¡X$L$f (Np¡hp), krev$p AÞhf
`Z A¡L$ s©rsep„i `v$p¡ ÷uAp¡ dpV¡$ A_pds s¥d|f (Apkpd), Å_L$u fpdQ„Ö_
fpMhpdp„ Apìep R>¡. v$¡idp„_p dlpfpô²$ (sprdg_pXy$) Ap drlgpAp¡A¡ dy¿ed„Óu
krls AÞe 15 fpÄep¡dp„ ÷uAp¡ dpV¡$ 50% sfuL¡$ `p¡sp_p fpÄe_y„ _¡s©Ðh L$ey¯ R>¡.
ApfnZ fpMhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡. Ap ìehõ\p_¡
L$pfZ¡ drlgpAp¡_¡ fpÄe L$pfcpfdp„ klcpN
g¡hp_u sL$ dmu.

34

sd¡ ÅZp¡ R>p¡ L¡$? kp^_p¡ _\u. M¡su L$fhp_p Ap^yr_L$ kp^_p¡
s¡d_p ky^u `lp¢Ãep _\u. s¡_¡ gu^¡ M¡sudp„\u
Þe|ep¡L®$ il¡fdp„ 8 dpQ® 1857_p dmsy„ DÐ`pv$_ M|b S> Ap¡Ry>„ lp¡e R>¡. Ap
fp¡S> A¡L$ dp¡fQp¡ _uL$þep¡ lsp¡. L$pd_p rkhpe s¡Ap¡ Xy„$Nfp¡_p Y$pm âv$¡idp„ M¡su L$fsp
L$gpL$p¡ Ap¡R>p L$fhp, ep¡Áe hmsf dmhy„, lp¡hp\u h^y `pL$ \sp _\u. _uQgp v$fÄÅ_p
Op¡qX$epOf lp¡hy„, hN¡f¡ dp„NZuAp¡ dpV¡$ A_¡ A`|fsp Aplpf_¡ L$pfZ¡ s¡d_y„ `p¡jZ
L$pY$hpdp„ Aph¡gp¡ Ap îrdL$ ÷uAp¡_p¡ ìeh[õ\s \sy„ _\u. vy$N®d rhõspfdp„
`l¡gp¡ S> dp¡Qp£ lsp¡. Ap S> dp„NZuAp¡ Apqv$hpkuAp¡_¡ kdekf h¥ÛL$ue dv$v$ dmhu
dpV¡$ 8 dpQ® 1909_p fp¡S> drlgpAp¡A¡ dyíL¡$g lp¡e R>¡. s¡\u Apqv$hpku S>dpsp¡_¡
lX$spg `pX$u lsu. `qfZpd¡ X¡$ÞdpL®$dp„ rhi¡j k„fnZ Ap`hp_u S>ê$f R>¡.
\e¡gp "hyd¡Þk kp¡íeprgõV$ IV$f_¡i_g'_u
b¡W$L$dp„ "drlgp_u gX$s_p¡ qv$hk' sfuL¡$ cpfsue k„rh^p_dp„ Apqv$hpkuAp¡_¡
Ap qv$hk Ål¡f \ep¡. 1975 A¡ "A_yk|rQs S>dpsu' sfuL¡$ NZpìep R>¡. s¡d_¡
"Ap„sffpô²$ue drlgp hj®' sfuL¡$ DS>hhpdp„ L$pev$pd„X$m, rinZ, kfL$pfu k¡hp hN¡f¡
Apìey„. sp¡ 1977dp„ sÐL$pgu_ k„ey¼s n¡Ódp„ ârsr_r^Ðh Ap`hpdp„ Apìey„.
fpô²$ k„O_u Apd kcpA¡ W$fph L$fu_¡
8 dpQ®_p qv$hk_¡ "ÅNrsL$ drlgp qv$_' cV$L$su A_¡ rhdy¼s Års-S>dpsu:
sfuL¡$ Ål¡f L$ep£. Dv$fr_hp®l dpV¡$ Npdp¡Npd afsu fl¡su Års
S>dpsu_¡ "cV$L$su S>dpsu' S|>\dp„ kdphhpdp„
A_yk|rQs Års : õhps„Ôep¡Ñf L$pmdp„ Aphu R>¡. `iy`pg_ A_¡ AÞe õhê$`p¡_p
Ap`Zp k„rh^p_¡ õhps„Ôe, kdsp, b„^yÐh ìehkpe L$fu_¡ Ap S|>\ `p¡sp_u ApÆrhL$p
A_¡ kpdprS>L$ Þepe Ap d|ëep¡_¡ õhuL$pep® d¡mh¡ R>¡. A„N°¡Å¡A¡ Apdp„_u L¡$V$guL$ S>dpsu
lsp. s¡_¡ A_ykfu_¡ Aõ`©íesp_u ê$qY$ `f Ny_¡Npf S>dpsu_u dlp¡f dpfu lsu.
`f L$pev$p\u b„^u afdphu lsu. k„rh^p__p A„N°¡Å¡A¡ 1871_p Ny_¡Npfu ârsb„^L$ L$pev$p
17dp„ A_yÃR>¡v$ A_ykpf Aõ`©íesp _ô$ A„sN®s Ap S>dpsu `¥L$u âdyM S|>\p¡_¡
L$fhpdp„ Aphu A_¡ Aõ`©íe hNp£_p¡ kdph¡i "Ny_¡Npf S>dps' sfuL¡$ Dëg¡M L$ep£ A_¡
A_yk|rQs Årsdp„ L$fhpdp„ Apìep¡. A_yk|rQs s¡d_p ìehkpe A_¡ rlgQpg `f b„^_p¡
Års_y„ kpdprS>L$ A_¡ Apr\®L$ `R>ps`Ï„ _pMhpdp„ Apìep.
Ýep_dp„ gC_¡ s¡d_p¡ rhL$pk kp^u iL$pe
A¡V$g¡ s¡d_¡ rinZ A_¡ _p¡L$fuAp¡dp„ ârsr_ õhps„Ôep¡Ñf L$pmdp„ Ap AÞepeL$pfu L$pev$p¡
r^Ðh Ap`hpdp„ Apìey. fv$ L$fhpdp„ Apìep¡. Ap S>dpsu `f_p b„^_p¡
lV$phu g¡hpdp„ Apìep. Aphu S>dpsuAp¡_p¡
A_yk|rQs S>dpsu (S>“Års): A_yk|rQs kdph¡i "rhdy¼s S>dpsu' S|>\dp„ L$fhpdp„
Års âdpZ¡ S> v$¡i_p vy$N®d cpNdp„ fl¡_pfp Apìep¡. s¡d_p kpdprS>L$ A_¡ Apr\®L$ rhL$pk
Apqv$hpku kdpS>_p `Z L¡$V$gpL$ âñp¡ R>¡. dpV¡$ ipk_ dpfas rhi¡j âeÐ_ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡
Ap^yr_L$ ky^pfZp\u v|$f fl¡hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ s¡d_u R>¡. i¥nrZL$ k„õ\p A_¡ ipkL$ue n¡Ó¡ Ap
Apr\®L$ A_¡ kpdprS>L$ `qf[õ\rs `R>ps flu S>dpsuAp¡_¡ ârsr_r^Ðh Ap`hpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡.
R>¡. lpgdp„ Apqv$hpku S>dps_u `qf[õ\rsdp„
ky^pfZp \su lp¡hp R>sp„ S>„Ng DÐ`pv$_ A_¡ Aë`k„¿eL$: A¡L$pv$p kdpS>dp„ ^prd®L$,
M¡su rkhpe s¡d_u `pk¡ ApÆrhL$p_p AÞe cprjL$ A\hp hp„riL$ ×rô$A¡ k„¿epdp„ Ap¡R>p
lp¡e A¡hu ìe[¼sAp¡_p¡ kd|l. Ap`Zp v$¡idp„
rhrh^ ^d®, `„\ A_¡ cpjp lp¡hp_¡ gu^¡
cpfsdp„ kp„õL©$rsL$ rhrh^sp R>¡. kp„õL©$rsL$
`f„`fp `Z Sy>v$u Sy>v$u R>¡. Ap kp„õL©$rsL$

35

`f„`fp Åmhu fMpe, Ap`Zu h¥rióV$é`|Z® s¡d_u âNrs dpV¡$ ipk_ Üpfp rhrh^
cpjp_p¡ rhL$pk L$fu iL$pe s¡ dpV¡$ k„rh^p_¡ ep¡S>_pAp¡ iê$ L$fhpdp„ Aphu R>¡.
_pNqfL$p¡_¡ kp„õL©$rsL$ A_¡ i¥nrZL$ l½$
Apàep¡ R>¡. Aë`k„¿eL$ S|>\p¡_¡ `p¡s`p¡sp_u ApNm_p `pW$dp„ Ap`Z¡ cpfs¡
cpjp, k„õL©$rs, `f„`fpAp¡_y„ fnZ A_¡ õhps„Ôep¡Ñf L$pmdp„ rhop_ A_¡ s„Óop__p
k„h^®_ L$fhp_p¡ l½$ R>¡. s¡ dpV¡$ õhs„Ó n¡Ódp„ L$f¡gu âNrs rhi¡_u dprlsu d¡mhuiy„.
rinZ k„õ\p õ\p`hp_p¡ s¡d_¡ l½$ R>¡.

õhpÝepe

1. Ap`¡gp `ep®ep¡ `¥L$u ep¡Áe `ep®e `k„v$ L$fu (4) k„rh^p_¡ Aë`k„¿eL$p¡_¡ kp„õL©$rsL$ A_¡
i¥nrZL$ l½$ Apàep¡ R>¡.
rh^p_p¡ `|Z® L$fp¡.
4. V|„$L$ _p¢^ gMp¡.
(1) C.k. 1992dp„ ....... fpÄedp„ dÛ`p_ (1) rQ`L$p¡ Ap„v$p¡g_.
(2) dp_h Ar^L$pf k„fnZ L$pev$p¡.
rhfp¡^u Qmhm iê$ L$fhpdp„ Aphu.
5. _uQ¡_p âñp¡_p krhõsf DÑf gMp¡.
(A) dlpfpô²$ (b) NyS>fps ÷uAp¡_u A¡L$rÓs i[¼s rhrh^ n¡Ódp„
ky^pfZpÐdL$ bv$gph gphu iL¡$ R>¡. Ap rh^p_
(L$) Ap„^°âv$¡i (X$) DÑfpM„X$ rhrh^ Dv$plfZp¡ Üpfp õ`ô$ L$fp¡.

(2) cpfs kfL$pf¡ 1975dp„ ........ _u D`¾$d

AÝensp l¡W$m drlgp Apep¡N_u õ\p`_p (1) N°pduZ n¡Ó_u drlgp kcp_p L$pdL$pS>_u
dprlsu d¡mhp¡
L$fu.
(2) rhrh^ n¡Ódp„ Dëg¡M_ue L$pdNufu L$f_pfu
(A) X$p¡. a|gf¡Ï Nylp (b) Ddp cpfsu ÷uAp¡_u dprlsu lp¡e A¡hp¡ k„N°rls k„Q
(Portfolio) s¥epf L$fp¡.
(L$) hky„^fp fpS>¡ (X$) ârdgp v$„X$hs¡
(3) drlgp bQs S|>\_p L$pdL$pS>_u dprlsu
2. _uQ¡_p `¥L$u Aep¡Áe Å¡X$u Ap¡mMu_¡ gMp¡ d¡mhu_¡ gMp¡.
(1) kp¥v$prd_u fph - ÷udy[¼s Ap„v$p¡g_
krdrs
(2) rhÛp bpm - _pfu kdsp d„Q
(3) ârdgp v$„X$hs¡ - drlgp v$nsp krdrs
(4) Äep¡rs çlp`k¡L$f - drlgp Apep¡N

3. _uQ¡_p rh^p_p¡ kL$pfZ õ`ô$ L$fp¡

(1) ÷u dy[¼s Qmhm_u iê$Aps \C

(2) 1984dp„ v$l¡S> rhfp¡^u ky^pfZp L$pev$p¡
L$fhpdp„ Apìep¡.

(3) Aõ`©íesp_u ê$qY$ `f L$pev$p\u b„^u
gphhpdp„ Aphu.

36

7 rhop_ A_¡ s„Óop_

õhps„Ôep¡Ñf cpfs_u rhop_ A_¡ s„Óop_ âp¡S>¡¼V$k' k„õ\p_u õ\p`_p L$fhpdp„ Aphu.
ApNm S>sp„ Ap k„õ\p_y„ "l¡hu hp¡V$f bp¡X®$'
n¡Ó_u L$pdNufu_p¡ Ap`Z¡ Ap `pW$dp„ Aæepk _pdL$fZ \ey„.

L$fuiy„ s¡d S> rhop_ A_¡ s„Óop_ n¡Ó_u dprlsu d¡mhp¡
28 a¡b°yApfu_p¡ qv$hk v$¡icfdp„
dlÐh_u k„õ\p A_¡ s¡d_p ep¡Nv$p__p¡ `Z
"rhop_ qv$hk' sfuL¡$ d_phhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
Aæepk L$fhp_p R>uA¡. Ap qv$hk¡ ipmpAp¡dp„ sd¡ L$ep D`¾$d

cpfsue AÏEÅ® Apep¡N: cpfs_p L$fp¡ R>p¡?

hX$pâ^p_ `q„ X$s S>hplfgpg _l¡ f_y ¡ ho¥ pr_L$

×rô$L$pZ¡ Mughu_¡ v$i¡ _u âNrs kp^hu lsu.

Ap rhQpf_¡ gu^¡ S>

sd¡ Z¡ 10 ApN¡ õV$

1948_p qv$_¡ ^°yh AÏcÌ$u: dy„bC `pk¡ s|c£dp„
1985dp„ k„`|Z®`Z¡ cpfsue b_phV$_u ^°yh
AÏEÅ® ApepN¡ _u AÏcÌ$u iê$ L$fhpdp„ Aphu. eyf¡r_ed ^psy_p¡
I^Z sfuL¡$ D`ep¡N L$fhp dpV¡$ ^°yh
õ\p`_p L$fu. AÏcÌ$u_p¡ dp¡V$p âdpZdp„ D`ep¡N \pe R>¡.
s|c£_p L¢$Ödp„ Apif¡ 350 qL$fZp¡Ðkpfu
ApepN¡ _p `lg¡ p `v$p\p£_u r_rd®rs L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. s¡_p¡
D`ep¡N DÛp¡N, M¡su A_¡ h¥ÛL$ue n¡Ódp„
AÝen sfuL$¡ X$p.¡ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

lpd¡ u cpcp_u r_dZL| $ Þey[¼gef `phf L$p¡`p£f¡i_ Ap¡a IqX$ep
(NPCIL): AÏEÅ®dp„\u rhÛys r_rd®rs L$fhp
X$p¸. lp¡du cpcp \C. AÏEÅ®dp„\u dpV¡$ 1987dp„ Ap L„$`_u_u õ\p`_p L$fhpdp„
huS> r_rd®rs, Aphu. kyfrns, kõsy„ A_¡ `ep®hfZue
×rô$L$p¡Z\u apev$pL$pfL$ rhÛys r_rd®rs_y„
AÞ_^pÞe DÐ`pv$_ h^pfhy„ A_¡ s¡ V$L$phhy„, s„Óop_ rkÙ L$fhy„ A_¡ s¡_p¡ rhL$pk L$fu_¡
v$¡i_¡ õhphg„bu L$fhp¡ Ap L„$`_u_p¡ DØ¡i R>¡.
Ap dpV¡$_y„ âNs s„Óop_ Ecy„ L$fhy„, _¡_p¡

V¡$¼_p¡gp¡Æ rhL$rks L$fhu A¡hp AÏEÅ®

Apep¡N_p DØ¡ip¡ lsp. 1956dp„ Ap rhcpN¡

AÏEÅ® `f Qpg_pfu cpfs_u `l¡gu

AÏcÌ$u "Aàkfp' L$pep®[Þhs L$fu.

1969dp„ AÏEÅ®dp„\u rhÛys r_rd®rs

L$fhp dpV¡$ dy„bC `pk¡ spfp`yfdp„ AÏi[¼s

L¡$ÞÖ_u õ\p`_p \C. \p¡qfed_p¡ rhÛys

r_rd®rs dpV¡$ D`ep¡N kpÝe L$fhp dpV¡$ AÏ`funZ:

sprdg_pXy$ fpÄedp„ L$ë`L$ddp„ "qfA¡¼V$f qfkQ® `p¡MfZdp„ `l¡gy„

k¡ÞV$f' iê$ L$fhpdp„ Apìey„. AÏEÅ®_p AÏ`funZ: ip„rs

rhL$pkdp„ qfA¡¼V$f_u c|rdL$p dlÐh_u lp¡e R>¡. A_¡ õhe„`|Z®sp dpV¡$

AÏi[¼s_u r_rd®rs dpV¡$ AphíeL$ lp¡e AÏEÅ®_p¡ D`ep¡N

s¡hp "kMs `pZu' _p L$pfMp_p hX$p¡v$fp, Ap ^p¡fZ_¡ A_ykfu_¡

spgQ¡f, syrsL$p¡qf_, L$p¡V$p hN¡f¡ õ\mp¡A¡ cpfs¡ 18 d¡ 1974_p

õ\p`hpdp„ Apìep R>¡. AÏcÌ$u dpV¡$ kMs qv$hk¡ fpS>õ\p_dp„

`pZu_y„ (l¡hu hp¡V$f) v$¡ip„sN®s dp¡V$p âdpZdp„ `p¡MfZdp„ `l¡gy„

DÐ`pv$_ A_¡ k„ip¡^_ L$fhp dpV¡$ "l¡hu hp¡V$f X$p¸. lp¡du k¡W$_p AÏ`funZ eiõhu

37

fus¡ L$ey¯. Qu__u Ad¡qfL$pA¡ cpfs `f sÐL$pm Apr\®L$ b„^_
Ap[ÎhL$ i÷ kÄS>sp gpv$ep.
A_¡ `pqL$õsp__u n¡`Zp÷ rhL$pk
Qu__u dv$v$\u Ap[ÎhL$
i÷ kÄS> \hp dpV¡$_u `©Õhu: 1988dp„ "`©Õhu' n¡`Zp÷_y„
Dsphm_¡ L$pfZ¡ cpfs¡ A_¡ 1989dp„ "A[Á_' n¡`Zp÷_y„ eiõhu
Ap r_Z®e gu^p¡. `funZ \ey„. S>Ns¡ cpfs_p Ap[ÎhL$
AÏEÅ® Apep¡N_p n¡`Zp÷_p rhL$pk_p L$pe®¾$d_u _p¢^ gu^u.
X$p¸. fpÅ fpdÞ_p AÝen X$p¡. lp¡du k¡W$_p
A_¡ cpcp Ap[ÎhL$ k„ip¡^_ L¢$Ö_p k„QpgL$ C[ÞV$N°¡V¡V$$ NpCX¡$X$
X$p¡. fpÅ fpdÞ_p_p¡ Ap `funZdp„ dlÒh_p¡ rdkpCg X¡$ìlg`d¡ÞV$
klcpN lsp¡. hX$pâ^p_ Iqv$fp Np„^uA¡ âp¡N°pd (IGMPD)
"AÏõap¡V$' `funZ_p¡ r_Z®e gu^p¡. dp_hu A„sN®s n¡`Zp÷
hõsu\u v|$f A_¡ c|N®cdp„ `pZu_p k„N°l_u rhL$pk_p¡ L$pe®¾$d
`pk¡ _tl A¡hp dp`v$„X$_p Ap^pf¡ fpS>õ\p_dp„ lp\ ^fhpdp„ Apìep¡.
`p¡MfZ cpN_u `k„v$Nu L$fhpdp„ Aphu. s¡ A_ykpf "k„fnZ
buSy>„ AÏ `funZ: 11 d¡ 1998_p k„ip¡^_ A_¡ rhL$pk
k„õ\p' (DRDO) A¡
iy„ sd¡ ÅZp¡ R>p¡? n¡`Zp÷ r_rd®rs_u
X$p¡. A¡.`u.S>¡. Aåvy$g L$gpd iê$Aps L$fu. X$p¡.
1974 dp„ cpfs¡ `p¡MfZdp„ `l¡gy„ A¡.`u.S>¡. Aåvy$g L$gpd_p _¡s©Ðh l¡W$m Ap
AÏ `funZ L$ey¯ A¡V$g¡ Ad¡qfL$pA¡ bpbs kpÝe \C.
A„sqfn k„ip¡^_ k„v$¡i e„ÓZp A_¡ S>du_ `f\u S>du_ `f lydgp¡ L$f_pf
n¡`Zp÷ rhL$pk A¡hp k„fnZ rhje "`©Õhu-1' n¡`Zp÷ `pev$m_¡, "`©Õhu-2'
kp\¡ k„b„r^s s„Óop_ cpfs_¡ Ap`hp hpeyv$m_¡, "`©Õhu-3' _p¥L$pv$m_¡ kp¢`hpdp„
_L$pf L$ep£. A¡V$g¡ Ad¡qfL$p `f Ap^pqfs Apìep. `©Õhu rdkpCg_u 500 \u 1000
_ fl¡sp õhbm¡ n¡`Zp÷ rhL$pk_p¡ qL$gp¡ Ap[ÎhL$ rhõap¡V$L$p¡ gC S>hp_u ndsp
L$pe®¾$d b_phhp_y„ ^p¡fZ cpfs¡
õhuL$pey¯ Apdp„\u S> Ad¡qfL$p, kp¡rhe¡s iy„ sd¡ ÅZp¡ R>p¡?
friep, äp„k, Qu_ A_¡ S>d®_u S>¡hp
n¡`Zp÷ rhL$rks L$f_pfp fpô²$p¡_u cpfs kfL$pf_p kf„ nZ rhcpN
lfp¡mdp„ cpfs b¡Wy„$. As„ Ns® 1958_p hj£ "kf„ nZ ki„ p^¡ _
A_¡ rhL$pk kõ„ \p' (DRDO) _u õ\p`_p
qv$hk¡ cpfs¡ AÏi÷ kÄS>sp rkÙ L$fhp \C. kf„ nZ_p kp^_p,¡ D`L$fZ A_¡
dpV¡$ `p¡MfZdp„ buSy>„ AÏõap¡V$ `funZ L$ey¯. i÷p÷p¡ bpbs¡ v$i¡ _¡ õhphgb„ u b_phhp¡
Ap S> qv$hk¡ ÓZ AÏ`funZ L$fhpdp„ A¡ Ap k„õ\p_p¡ DØ¡íe lsp¡. 1983 `R>u
Apìep. s¡dp„ A¡L$ `funZ lpCX²$p¡S>_ bp¡çb_y„ X$p¡. A¡.`u.S>¡. Aåvy$g L$gpd_p _¡s©Ðh
lsy„. hX$pâ^p_ AV$grblpfu hpS>`pCA¡ "cpfs l¡W$m k„õ\pA¡ A_¡L$ n¡`Zp÷ rhL$rks
sfa\u AÏi÷_p¡ â\d h`fpi L$fhpdp„ L$ep®. n¡`Zp÷ r_rd®rsdp„ X$p¡. L$gpd¡ dp¡Vy„$
Aphi¡ _rl' A¡hu bpl¢^fu Ap`u. s¡ R>sp„ ep¡Nv$p_ Apàey„ R>¡. X$p¡. L$gpd_¡ n¡`Zp÷
L$pe®¾$d_p S>_L$ s¡dS> "rdkpCgd¡_'
L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

38

lsu. Þey[¼gef b¡rg[õV$L$ rdkpCg Üpfp 150 Ckfp¡ (Indian Space Research
\u 300 qL$.du. A„sf ky^u gÿe kp^hy„ A¡ Organisation): AhL$pi k„ip¡^__p `pepc|s
`©Õhu rdkpCg dpV¡$ i¼e bÞey„. L$pe®¾$d A_¡ A[Á_bpZ k„b„r^s eiõhu
D`¾$d kpÝe L$ep® `R>u AhL$pi n¡Ódp„ h^pf¡
A[Á_: Qu_ A_¡ `pqL$õsp__¡ cpfs_p k„ip¡^_ L$fhp dpV¡$ 15 Ap¡NõV$ 1969 _p
n¡`Zp÷ kpdÕe®_u L$ë`_p Aphu. cpfs_u qv$_¡ "Ckfp¡'_u õ\p`_p L$fhpdp„ Aphu. Ckfp¡_y„
kudp kyfrns fl¡ A¡V$g¡ "A[Á_-1' _y„ dy¿e L$pep®ge b¢Ngyfydp„ R>¡. Ckfp¡A¡ D`N°l
`funZ L$fhpdp„ Apìey„. Ap eyÝ^ rdkpCg_y„ A„sqfndp„ ân¡r`s L$fhp dpV¡$ Ap„^°âv$¡i
gÿe 700 qL$.du. S>¡V$gy„ lsy„. `R>u fpÄe_p îu lqfL$p¡V$pdp„ AhL$pid\L$ L$pep®[Þhs
"A[Á_-2' A_¡ "A[Á_-3' _u `Z r_rd®rs L$ey¯.
L$fhpdp„ Aphu.
cpõL$f-1: 1979dp„ `©Õhu_p `©›$ cpN
ApL$pi, _pN n¡`Zp÷ (rdkpCg): D`f rhrh^ bpbsp¡_y„ r_funZ v|$fk„h¡v$_s„Ó
S>du_ `f\u ApL$pidp„ âlpf L$fhp dpV¡$ _u dv$v$\u kpÝe \pe s¡ dpV¡$ Ckfp¡A¡ s¥epf
1990dp„ "ApL$pi' Ap n¡`Zp÷_u r_rd®rs L$f¡g "cpõL$f-1' v|$f k„h¡v$L$ âpep¡rNL$ D`N°l
\C. 30 qL$.du._y„ gÿe A_¡ 720 qL$gp¡_p cpfs¡ kp¡rhes friepdp„\u dp¡L$ëep¡. v$¡idp„
rhõap¡V$L$p¡ AhpS> L$fsp h^y (ky`fkp¡r_L$) `pZu_p¡ k„N°l, Mr_S>_p¡ k„N°l, lhpdp__p¡
Nrs\u gC S>hp_u Ap n¡`Zp÷_u ndsp A„v$pS> gC_¡ v$¡i_p rhL$pk dpV¡$ v|$f k„h¡v$_
R>¡. iÓy_u sp¡`p¡ _ô$ L$fhp dpV¡$ apef A¡ÞX$ s„Ó D`ep¡Nu \pe R>¡. Ap s„Ó_u dv$v$\u
afN¡V$ õhê$`_p "_pN' n¡`Zp÷ s¥epf c|Nc® rhjeL$, `ep®hfZrhjeL$, S>„NgrhjeL$
L$fhpdp„ Apìep. n¡`Zp÷_u r_rd®rs\u cpfs `pX¡$gp R>peprQÓ (ap¡V$p) dlÐh_p lsp. Ap
gíL$fu ×rô$A¡ kyfrns bÞey„ R>¡. D`N°l Üpfp d¡mh¡gu dprlsu_p¡ D`ep¡N
kdyÖrhop_ (Ap¡i_p¡N°pau) dp„ \ep¡. 1981dp„
AhL$pi k„ip¡^_: L¡$fm fpÄe_p \y„bpdp„ "cpõL$f-2' Ap D`N°l kp¡rhe¡s friep Ap
"\y„bp C¼huV$p¡qfeg gp¢Q k¡ÞV$f'dp„\u IqX$e_ v$¡idp„\u dp¡L$ghpdp„ Apìep¡.
_¡i_g L$rdqV$ ap¡f õ`¡k qfkQ® k„õ\pA¡
cpfs_p `l¡gp k„ip¡^L$ A[Á_bpZ_y„ 1961dp„ A¸`g: Ckfp¡A¡ `|Z®s: cpfsdp„ b_ph¡gp¡
eiõhu ân¡`Z L$ey¯. cpfs_p¡ `l¡gp¡ v|$f k„Qpf D`N°l "A¡`g'
19 S|>_ 1981_p qv$hk¡ "ä¢Q rNep_p'dp„\u
1969dp„ \y„bpdp„ õhv$¡iu b_phV$_p dp¡L$ëep¡. "A¸`g' _¡ L$pfZ¡ rinZ n¡Ódp„
"fp¡rlZu-75' A[Á_bpZ_y„ eiõhu ân¡`Z dv$v$ \C. Ap`pÐL$prg_ v|$f k„Qpf k¡hp `|fu
L$fhpdp„ Apìey„. Ap_u ApNm_p¡ sb½$p¡ A¡V$g¡ `pX$hp_p¡ DØ¡i kam \ep¡.
1975dp„ kp¡rhe¡s friep_p klL$pf\u `l¡gp
cpfsue D`N°l "Ape®cË$'_y„ kamsp`|h®L$ CÞk¸V$ (Indian National Satellite):
ân¡`Z L$ey¯. Ap¡NõV$ 1983dp„ "CÞk¸V$-1 bu' D`N°l_y„
eiõhu ân¡`Z \ey„. Ap_¡ L$pfZ¡ cpfs_p
Ap kamsp_¡ L$pfZ¡ A„sqfndp„ R>p¡X$hpdp„ v|$fk„Qpf, v|$fv$i®_, ApL$pihpZu, lhpdp__p¡
Aphsp D`N°lp¡_u k„fQ_p A_¡ r_rd®rs v$¡idp„ A„v$pS> L$pY$hp¡ A_¡ A„sqfn rhcpN n¡Ó¡ ¾$p„rs
\C iL¡$ R>¡ A¡ rkÙ \ey„. c|L¡$ÞÖ\u D`N°l \C. CÞk¸V$_¡ gu^¡ v$¡icfdp„ 207 ApL$pihpZu
ky^u k„v$¡ip `lp¢QpX$hp, D`N°l\u Aph¡gu L¡$ÞÖp¡ A¡L$buÅ kp\¡ Å¡X$u iL$pep. Ap
dprlsu_¡ c|L¡$ÞÖ `f N°lZ L$fhp_y„ s„Óop_ e„ÓZp_p¡ D`ep¡N Ap`v$N°õsp¡_u ip¡^ A_¡
rhL$rks L$fhp dpV¡$ A_¡ D`N°l_u L$pe®i¥gu_y„ bQph (S>lpS> A\hp rhdp__p AL$õdps
d|ëedp`_ L$fhp dpV¡_y„ DÃQ s„Óop_ rhL$kphu âk„N¡) lhpdp__u ApNplu, hphpTp¡X$p_u
iL$pe A¡hp¡ ApÐdrhíhpk h¥opr_L$p¡_¡ Apìep¡.

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s`pk A_¡ L$pfZrddp„kp, V¡$rgd¡qX$rk_ A_¡ Ap„sfv$¡iue v|$fk„Qpf k¡hp dpV¡$ kykÄS> c|L¡$ÞÖ
i¥nrZL$ k„õ\p_¡ \pe R>¡. CÞk¸V$ âZpgudp„ Ecy„ L$fhpdp„ Apìey„.
V¡$rgd¡qX$rk__u k¡hp_¡ gu^¡ N°pduZ A_¡ vy$N®d
cpNdp„ fl¡su S>_sp_¡ so X$p¡¼V$fp¡_u kgpl r`_L$p¡X$: 15 Ap¡NõV$ 1972\u cpfsue
A_¡ Ap¥j^p¡`Qpf klS> fus¡ D`gå^ \C V$`pg A_¡ spf rhcpN¡ v$¡idp„ R> Ap„L$X$p_p
iL¡$ R>¡. N°pduZ A_¡ _p_p NpdX$pdp„_p h¥ÛL$ue `p¡õV$g CÞX¡$n L$p¡X$ (r`_L$p¡X$) `Ùrs Qpgy
k¡hp L¡$ÞÖp¡_¡ dp¡V$p il¡fp¡dp„_u ky`f õ`¡íeprgV$u L$fu. V$`pg hl¢QZudp„ L$pe®ndsp gphhp_p¡
k¡hp lp¡e A¡hp {$ÁZpgep¡ (lp¡[õ`V$gp¡) kp\¡ s¡_p¡ l¡sy R>¡. Ap `Ùrsdp„ v$¡i_p _h rhcpN
"CÞk¸V$' Üpfp Å¡X$hpdp„ Apìep R>¡. `pX$hpdp„ Apìep. r`_L$p¡X$_p `l¡gp ¾$dp„L$ Üpfp
dy¿e rhcpN v$ip®hpe R>¡. buÅ¡ ¾$dp„L$
s„Óop_dp„ âNrs: f¡ëh¡ A¢rS>__u r_rd®rs D`rhcpN, ÓuÅ¡ ¾$dp„L$ D`rhcpNdp„_p âdyM
L$f_pfp "rQÑf„S>_ gp¡L$p¡dp¡qV$h h¼k®' L$pfMp_p_u hl¢QZu rS>ëgp, sp¡ h^¡gp ÓZ ¾$dp„L$ Üpfp
‘[ïQd b„Npm_p bfv¹$hp_ rS>ëgp_p rQÑf„S>_ õ\pr_L$ hl¢QZu `p¡õV$Ap¡qak_y„ õ\p_ r_[íQs
Mps¡ õ\p`_p L$fhpdp„ Aphu. Ap L$pfMp_pdp„ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. dlpfpô²$ dpV¡$ 40, 41,
hfpm\u Qpgsp A¢rS>_, qX$Tg A_¡ rhÛys 42, 43, 44 A¡ `l¡gp b¡ Ap„L$X$p R>¡.
A¢rS>__u r_rd®rs L$fhpdp„ Aphu. hpfpZkudp„_y„ 1986dp„ V$`pg TX$`\u `lp¢QpX$hp dpV¡$
qX$T¡g gp¡L$p¡dp¡qV$h h¼k®dp„ `l¡gy„ qX$Tg A¢rS>_ "õ`uX$ `p¡õV$' k¡hp iê$ \C.
bÞe.„y Al]\u S> îugL„ $p, bpÁ„ gpv$i¡ , V$pT„ pr_ep
A_¡ rhe¡s_pddp„ A¢rS>__u r_L$pk iê$ \C. ApeA¡kX$u (CÞV$f_¡i_g kbõ¾$pebf
X$peëX$ V¡$rgap¡_ krh®k): 1972dp„ dy„bCdp„
V¡$g¡¼k k¡hp: v$¡i_p A¡L$ cpNdp„\u buÅ "Ap¡hfkuS> L$çeyr_L¡$i_ krh®k'_u õ\p`_p
cpNdp„ TX$`\u spf V$`pg_p õhê$`_p k„v$¡i_y„ L$fu_¡ Ap„sffpô²$ue v|$f k„Qpf k¡hp_u ìehõ\p
hl_ L$f_pfu V¡$g¡¼k k¡hp 1963dp„ L¡$ÞÖue L$fhp_y„ L$pd iê$ \ey„. 1976dp„ dy„bC A_¡
k„v$¡i ìehlpf MpspA¡ iê$ L$fu. 1969dp„ g„X$_ Ap b¡ il¡fp¡dp„ ku^p¡ v|$fÝhr_ k„`L®$
v$¡h_pNfu rgr`dp„ V¡$g¡¼k k¡hp â\d qv$ëludp„ kp^u_¡ "CÞV$f_¡i_g kbõ¾$pebf X$peëX$
iê$ \C. ApNm S>sp s¡_p¡ rhõspf cpfscfdp„ V¡$rgap¡_ krh®k (ISD)' k¡hp iê$ \C.
\ep¡. Ap k¡hp_p¡ D`ep¡N b^p n¡Ódp„ iê$ v|$fÝhr_ (V¡$rgap¡_)_u S>¡d V¡$g¡¼k, V¡$rgrâÞV$f,
\ep¡. 1990 `R>u HV$f_¡V$_p ApNd_ `R>u f¡qX$ep¡, R>peprQÓ S>¡hu k¡hpAp¡ iê$ \C.
Ap k¡hp_y„ dlÒh Ap¡Ry>„ \sy„ Ney„. 1986dp„ rhv$¡i k„Qpf r_Nd rgrdV¡$X¡$ (VSNL)
Ap n¡Ódp„ h^pf¡ dp¡V$u DX$p_ cfu. s¡ `l¡gp
D`N°lue v|$fk„Qpf L¡$ÞÖ: L©$rÓd D`N°l_u dlp_Nf V¡$rgap¡_ r_Nd rgrdV¡$X$ A¡ dp¡V$p
dv$v$\u v$¡ip„sN®s "k„v$¡i ìehlpf' (k¡V¡$gpCV$ il¡fp¡dp„ v|$fk„Qpf k¡hp dpV¡$ õ\p`hpdp„ Aph¡gu
L$çeyr_L¡$i_) i¼e b_¡ s¡ dpV¡$ D`N°l ky^u kphS® >r_L$ L$„`_u lsu. 1990_p v$iL$dp„ VSNL
k„v$¡i `lp¢QpX$hp dpV¡$ A_¡ D`N°l `f\u k„v$¡i A¡ cpfsdp„ IV$f_¡V$ k¡hp `|fu `pX$_pfu âdyM
N°lZ L$fhp S>ê$fu lp¡e A¡hy„ v$¡ip„sN®s L„$`_u sfuL¡$ õ\p_ d¡mìey„. Ap n¡Ódp„ k¡d
(X$p¡d¡[õV$L$) D`N°lue v|$fk„Qpf c|L¡$ÞÖ 1967dp„ r`Óp¡X$p_y„ ep¡Nv$p_ _p¢^_ue R>¡.
Adv$phpv$ _ÆL$ "Å¡^`yf V¡$L$fp' õ\m¡
b_phhpdp„ Apìey„. s¡_¡ L$pfZ¡ cpfsue dp¡bpCg: 22 Ap¡NõV$ 1994 _p qv$hk¡
h¥opr_L$p¡ A_¡ s„Óop¡_¡ c|L¡$ÞÖ b_phhp A_¡ cpfsdp„ dp¡bpCg k¡hp iê$ \C s¡ kde¡
s¡_u L$pe®âZpgu_y„ v$¡ip„sN®s ârinZ Ap`hy„ dp¡bpCg l¡ÞX$k¡V$ 45000 ê$r`ep A_¡ L$p¡g
kygc bÞey„. 1970dp„ `yZ¡ `pk¡ Aph}dp„ v$f ârs rdr_V¡$ 17 ê$r`ep lsp. 1999dp„

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