Gujarati Itihas 9th

6 Ap„sffpô²$ue kdõep

`y_fphs®_ L$fuA¡. Ap„sffpô²$ue ìehlpfdp„ dp_hu l½$
k„L$ë`_p_p¡ Dv$e: k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O_u õ\p`_p
`pR>m_p âL$fZdp„ Ap`Z¡ Ap„sffpô²$ue \ep bpv$ dp_hu l½$_y„ h¥rðL$ Ål¡f_pdy„
ìehõ\pdp„ kph®cp¥d fpÄe, cpfs_y„ s¥epf L$fhpdp„ Apìey„. 10 qX$k¡çbf 1948dp„
Ap„sffpô²$ue ^p¡fZ A_¡ cpfs_u kyfnp k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O_u Apdkcpdp„ Ap Ål¡f_pdy„
ìehõ\p_p¡ Aæepk L$ep£. k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O_p blydrs\u dpÞe L$fhpdp„ Apìey„. Ðepfbpv$
DØ¡ip¡ ÅÎep. Ap `pW$dp„ Ap`Z¡ L¡$V$guL$ 1966dp„ _pNfu A_¡ fpS>L$ue l½$p¡_p
dlÐh_u Ap„sffpô²$ue kdõep_p¡ Aæepk Ap„sffpô²$ue L$fpf A_¡ Apr\®L$, kpdprS>L$
L$fhp_p R>uA¡. Ap kdõepAp¡ a¼s A¡L$ v$¡i A_¡ kp„õL©$rsL$ l½$p¡_p L$fpf Ap b¡ L$fpfp¡_¡
`|fsu _\u. s¡_y„ `qfZpd A_¡L$ v$¡ip¡ `f k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O_u Apdkcpdp„ dpÞesp
A_¡ L¡$V$gp„L$ qv$hkp¡dp„ S>Ns_p kh® v$¡ip¡ `f Ap`hpdp„ Aphu. Ap b¡ L$fpf Ap„sffpô²$ue
\i¡. k„`|Z® S>Ns_¡ ksphsu Ap kdõepAp¡_¡ L$pev$p_p¡ cpN R>¡. Ap L$fpf_y„ `pg_ L$fhy„
"Ap„sffpô²$ue kdõep' L$l¡hpe R>¡. Ap„sffpô²$ue kæe fpô²$p¡ dpV¡$ b„^_L$pfL$ R>¡.
kdõepAp¡ DL¡$ghp dpV¡$ v$f¡L$ fpô²$p¡A¡ A¡L$rÓs
\C âeÐ_ L$fhp_u S>ê$f R>¡. dp_hu l½$, dp_hu l½$dp„ Æhhp_p¡ l½$,
`ep®hfZ A_¡ Ap„sL$hpv$ k„b„r^s kdõepAp¡_p¡ AÞ_, h÷, fl¡W$pZ, rinZ A_¡
Ap`Z¡ Ap âL$fZdp„ Aæepk L$fhp_p R>uA¡. Apfp¡Áe S>¡hp dy¿e l½$p¡_p¡ kdph¡i
r_hp®rksp¡_p âñp¡A¡ `Z lh¡ Ap„sffpô²$ue \pe R>¡. Ap d|mc|s l½$p¡ R>¡. Ap
õhê$` ^pfZ L$ey¯ R>¡. s¡\u Ap`Z¡ s¡_p¡ `Z l½$p¡ v$f¡L$_¡ âpàs \pe s¡ Å¡hp_u
rhQpf L$fuiy„. S>hpbv$pfu fpÄe_u lp¡e R>¡.

dp_hu l½$: dp_hu l½$ k„L$ë`_p_p¡ iuseyÙ_p L$pmdp„ dp_hu l½$p¡_p¡ âñ
Dv$e _¥krN®L$ l½$ k„L$ë`_pdp„\u \ep¡ S>Zpe k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O_u Apdkcpdp„ OZu hMs
R>¡. _¥krN®L$ l½$ A¡V$g¡ dpZk_¡ dpZk sfuL¡$ QQh® pdp„ Apìep.¡ ApqäL$pdp_„ p¡ hZc® v¡ $ A¡ dp_hu
S>Þd \sp„ S>¡ l½$p¡ âpàs \pe R>¡ s¡ l½$p¡. l½$_p¡ rhfp¡^u R>¡ Ap\u hZ®c¡v$_p¡ fpS>L$ue
Ap\u dp_hu l½$ A¡V$g¡ dpZk_¡ kdpS>_p brlóL$pf L$fhp_p¡ r_Z®e g¡hpdp„ Apìep¡.
A¡L$ OV$L$ sfuL¡$ Æhhp dpV¡$ AphíeL$ l½$. hkplsp¡_u õhs„Ósp, gp¡L$iplu ìehõ\p_p¡
Ad¡qfL$_ A_¡ ä¢Q fpÄe¾$p„rs_p kde¡ õhps„Ôe, ApN°l A¡ A¡_p S> L¡$V$gpL$ Dv$plfZp¡ R>¡.
kdsp, b„^ysp, Þepe S>¡hp dp_hu l½$p¡_¡
âp¡Ðkpl_ Ap`hpdp„ Apìey„. Ap l½$p¡_u `|rs® Ap^yr_L$ L$pmdp„ hp„riL$ k„Oj®, kudphpv$,
L$fhp dpV¡$ gp¡L$iplu ipk_ AphíeL$ R>¡ Ap Aps„L$hpv$ S>¡hu kdõepAp¡_¡ L$pfZ¡ dp_hu
rhQpf_¡ bm dþey„. Ðepf `R>u_p L$pmdp„ l½$p¡ kpd¡ dp¡V$p âdpZdp„ bp^p r_dp®Z \pe
eyfp¡`dp„ A_¡L$ fpô²$p¡A¡ gp¡L$iplu ipk_ `Ùrs R>¡. Ap rkhpe A_¡L$ ÅNrsL$ âñp¡ S>¡hp L¡$
A_¡ k„rh^p__p¡ õhuL$pf L$ep£. S>¡_p\u ipk__p - fp¡N, `ep®hfZ kpd¡_y„ Å¡Md, _¥krN®L$
Ar^L$pfp¡ `f dep®v$p Aphu. _pNqfL$p¡_p l½$p¡_y„ Ap`rÑ_p L$pfZ¡ `Z "dp_hu l½$' k„L$ë`_p
k„fnZ L$fhy„ A¡ ipk__u ANÐe_u S>hpbv$pfu h^y ìep`L$ b_u R>¡. `ep®hfZ k„fnZ,
dp_hpdp„ Aphu. ipðs rhL$pk_p¡ kdph¡i `Z dp_hu l½$dp„
L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

91

iy„ sd¡ ÅZp¡ R>p¡? L$lp¡ Å¡CA¡!

dp_hu l½$_p Ål¡f_pdpdp„ Ly$g 30 lpgdp„ cpfsue dp_hu l½$
L$gdp¡ R>¡. Ap Ål¡f_pdpdp„ _pNfu Apep¡N_p AÝen L$p¡Z R>¡?
õhpsÔ„ e kb„ ^„ u L$gdp¡ R>.¡ s¡ S> âdpZ¡
fp¡S>Npf_p¡ Ar^L$pf, kdp_ L$pd dpV¡$ `ep®hfZ : ApS>_p kdedp„ "dp_hu
kdp_ h¡s_ S>¡hp Apr\®L$ l½$p¡_u l½$' k„L$ë`_p h^y ìep`L$ b_u R>¡. S>¡dp„
fS|>Aps L$fhpdp„ Aphu R>¡. kh® kæe kyfrns `ep®hfZ `Z A¡L$ dlÐh_p¡ dp_hu
fpô²$p¡A¡ `p¡sp_p _pNqfL$p¡_¡ dp_hu l½$p¡ l½$ R>¡. Ap„sffpô²$ue õsf¡ `ep®hfZ k„fnZ_u
Ap`hp A`¡rns R>¡. dp_hu l½$p¡_p AphíeL$sp 1970dp„ õhuL$pfhpdp„ Aphu. dp¡V$p
Ål¡f_pdp âdpZ¡ S> bpmL$p¡_p dp_hu âdpZdp„ \sy„ Ap¥Ûp¡rNL$uL$fZ, DÅ®_u h^su
l½$p¡_y„ Ål¡f_pdy„ 20 _h¡çbf 1959_p S>ê$qfeps_¡ L$pfZ¡ `ep®hfZ kpd¡ Å¡Md
fp¡S> âõsys L$fhpdp„ Apìey„. r_dp®Z \pe R>¡. A¡hy„ `ep®hfZ_p¡ Aæepk
L$f_pfp rhi¡jop¡_y„ dp_hy„ R>¡. s¡ L$pe®L$sp®Ap¡A¡
dp_hu l½$ A_¡ cpfs : cpfsue 22 A¡râg 1970_p fp¡S> `l¡gp¡ `©Õhu qv$hk
k„rh^p_dp„ dp_hu l½$p¡_¡ d|mc|s l½$p¡_y„ DS>ìep¡. M¡sudp„ h`fpsp fpkperZL$ Mpsf
õ\p_ Ap`hpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡. k„rh^p_dp„_p A_¡ S>„sy_piL$p¡_y„ h^sy„ âdpZ, hpl_p¡_¡
d|mc|s l½$p¡_u kp\¡ S> vy$b®m OV$L$p¡, ÷uAp¡, L$pfZ¡ \sy„ Ýhr_ âv|$jZ, AÏDÅ® cÌ$udp„\u
Aë`k„¿eL$p¡_p k„fnZ_u S>hpbv$pfu ipk__u \sp¡ qL$fZp¡ÐkN®, s¡g_y„ Nmsf A\hp
R>¡. 1993dp„ dp_hu l½$ k„fnZ L$pev$p¡ fpkperZL$ hpey_y„ Nmsf Ap b^p„_p L$pfZ¡
b_phhpdp„ Apìep¡. Ap L$pev$p A„sN®s "fpô²$ue `ep®hfZ Akyfrns b_¡ R>¡ A_¡ rhrh^
dp_hu l½$ Apep¡N' A_¡ "fpÄe dp_hu l½$ kdõepAp¡ r_dp®Z \pe R>¡. Ap Ýep_dp„
Apep¡N'_u õ\p`_p L$fhpdp„ Aphu R>¡. dp_hu Aphsp `ep®hfZ kyfnp_p¡ âñ Ap„sffpô²$ue
l½$p¡_y„ Dëg„O_ L$fhpdp„ Aphsp„ s¡ rhi¡ õsf¡ QQp®hp gpÁep¡.
aqfepv$ L$fhu A_¡ ep¡Áe L$pe®hplu L$fhu A¡

dp_hu l½$ Apep¡N_u S>hpbv$pfu R>¡.

L$fu Sy>Ap¡. 1990 `R>u ÅNrsL$uL$fZ_p¡ `h_ a|„L$psp
fpô²$p¡_y„ `fõ`fphg„b_ hÝey„ A_¡ s¡_¡ L$pfZ¡
Al] L¡$V$guL$ kdõep Ap`¡gu R>¡. s¡_y„ `ep®hfZue kdõep DL¡$ghp dpV¡$ v$f¡L$ fpô²$p¡A¡
fpô²$ue A_¡ Ap„sffpô²$ue A¡d b¡ S|>\dp„ `fõ`f klL$pe® L$fhp_u AphíeL$sp S>ZpC.
hN}L$fZ L$fp¡. hpsphfZ âv|$rjs \sp L¡$ s¡g Nmsf$
A\hp hpey Nmsf \sp `ep®hfZ kpd¡ Dcy„
v$ybm® OV$L$p_¡ „y ki[¼sL$fZ \sy„ Å¡Md L$p¡C A¡L$ fpô²$ `|fsy„ dep®qv$s _l]
fl¡. s¡d S> s¡_y„ `qfZpd v$uO®L$pgu_ lp¡e R>¡.
kph®S>r_L$ AõhÃR>sp Aps„L$hpv$ Ap\u Ap `qfZpdp¡_u D`peep¡S>_p L$fhp dpV¡$
v$f¡L$ fpô²$p¡A¡ A¡L$rÓs \C_¡ kldsu\u klL$pe®
dp_hu l½$_p¡ c„N A\®ìehõ\p_y„ Mp_NuL$fZ L$fhy„ AphíeL$ R>¡.

Nfubu, r_fnfsp kph®S>r_L$ hpl_ìehlpf âñ

ApT¡ p_¡ õsf“„y ApN¡ mh„y A„sN®s AgNsphpv$

92

h_õ`rs A_¡ âpZuAp¡_u âÅrs gyàs õV$p¸L$lp¡d\u `¡qfk `qfjv$
\hu, dpV$u_p¡ L$k Ap¡R>p¡ \hp¡, `pZu_u
AR>s, hfkpv$_y„ âdpZ Ap¡Ry>„-hÑy„ \hy„, Ap„sffpô²$ue õsf¡ `ep®hfZ rhjeL$
DóZspdp_dp„ h©qÙ, _v$u-smph k|L$php, _v$u sÐL$prg_ A_¡ v$uO®L$prg_ kdõepAp¡ rhi¡
A_¡ kdyÖ_y„ âv|$jZ, _hp fp¡Np¡_u r_rd®rs, QQp® L$fhp dpV¡$ A_¡ s¡d_p D`pep¡ ip¡^hp
A¡rkX$hjp®, Ap¡Tp¡_ \fdp„ NpbXy„$ `X$hy„ A¡ dpV¡$ 5 \u 16 S|>_ 1972 v$fçep_ õV$p¸L$lp¡ddp„
`ep®hfZ l²pk_p ×íedp_ `qfZpdp¡ R>¡. Ap k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O_u dp_hu `ep®hfZ rhjeL$
`¥L$u L¡$V$gpL$ `qfZpdp¡ rhrióV$ fpô²$ `|fsp
dep®qv$s lp¡e sp¡ `Z s¡_p v$uO®L$prg_ `qfjv$ cfhpdp„ Aphu.
`qfZpdp¡_¡ L$pfZ¡ A¡ âñp¡_¡ ÅNrsL$ õhê$`
âpàs \ey„ R>¡. sp¡ L¡$V$gpL$ âñp¡ d|m\u S> Ap `qfjv$dp„ âv|$jZ D`f rhS>e d¡mhhp
ÅNrsL$ õhê$`_p R>¡. dpV¡$ klL$pe® L$fhy„ A¡ v$f¡L$ fpô²$_u S>hpbv$pfu

`ep®hfZ_y„ fnZ: A¡L$ `¡Y$u\u buÆ `¡Y$u_¡ R>¡, s¡_p `f cpf Ap`hpdp„ Apìep¡.

L$fu Sy>Ap¡. rhL$rks v$¡i `ep®hfZ l²pk dpV¡$ h^y L$pfZc|s
* rhrióV$ fpô²$ `|fsu dep®qv$s `f„sy R>¡ A_¡ s¡ l²pk AV$L$phhp dpV¡$_u S>hpbv$pfu
ÅNrsL$$ âñp¡ r_dp®Z L$fsu `ep®hfZue s¡dZ¡ õhuL$pfhu A¡hu c|rdL$p rhL$pkiug
kdõep_p Dv$plfZp¡ Ap`p¡. v$¡ip¡A¡ õhuL$pfu. ApS>¡ `Z rhL$pkiug fpô²$p¡A¡

L$fu Sy>Ap¡. Ap S> c|rdL$p õhuL$pfu R>¡.
CÞV$f_¡V$_u dv$v$\u `¡qfk `qfjv$ rhi¡
dprlsu d¡mhp¡ A_¡ _uQ¡_p dyØpAp¡_¡ Ap `qfjv$dp„ `ep®hfZ dpV¡$ L$pd L$fsu
Ap^pf¡ dprlsu k„L$rgs L$fp¡. rb_ipkL$ue k„õ\pAp¡ D`[õ\s lsu. s¡
* klcpNu v$¡ip¡_u k„¿ep
* QQp®_p rhje Ap `qfjv$_u A¡L$ rhrióV$sp lsu.
* cpfs¡ `|R>¡gp âñp¡
Ap `qfjv$dp„ ÅNrsL$ kpd|rlL$ k„`rÑ_p
fnZ_p¡ dyØp¡ d|L$hpdp„ Apìep¡. Ap kp^_p¡_p
S>s__u S>hpbv$pfu v$f¡L$ fpô²$p¡_u R>¡, s¡ dpV¡$

A¡L$ds k^pep¡.

Ap `qfjv$ `R>u k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O k„NW$“¡,
"k„ey¼s fpô²$ `ep®hfZ L$pe®¾$d' r_dp®Z L$ep£.

Ap `qfjv$ `R>u A_¡L$ Ap„sffpô²$ue `ep®hfZ
rhjeL$ L$fpfp¡ \ep. `ep®hfZ k„fnZ k„b„^u
r_edp¡ s¥epf \ep. Ap„sffpô²$ue s¡dS> fpô²$ue
õsf¡ Qmhmp¡ iê$ \C. `ep®hfZ rhjeL$
Ap„sffpô²$ue `qfjv$p¡dp„ r_Z®e âq¾$epdp„ rb_

ipkL$ue k„OV$_p_p¡ klcpN hÝep¡.

Ap `R>u_p¡ sb½$p¡ A¡V$g¡ 1992dp„ qfAp¡dp„
cfpe¡g `ep®hfZ `qfjv$. Ap `qfjv$dp„
"ipðs rhL$pk' k„L$ë`_p `f cpf Ap`hpdp„
Apìep¡. S>¥rhL$ rhrh^sp, lqfsN©l hpey_¡
L$pfZ¡ hpsphfZdp„ \sp¡ a¡fapf, S>„Ng_y„
fnZ hN¡f¡ rhjep¡ `f rhrh^ L$fpfp¡ L$fhpdp„

Apìep.

93

1997dp„ ¼ep¡V$p¡dp„ cfpe¡g `qfjv$dp„ Aps„L$hpv$_y„ Ap„sffpô²$ue fpS>L$pfZ `f
rhL$rks v$¡ip¡ dpV¡$ lhpdp_dp„ \sp¡ a¡fapf v|$fNpdu `qfZpd \ey„ R>¡. R>¡ëgp b¡ v$iL$dp„
fp¡L$hp_p dp`v$„X$ _½$u L$fhpdp„ Apìep. Ap rhrh^ fpô²$p¡dp„ Aps„L$hpv$u k„Oj® suh° \sp¡
dp`v$„X$ 15 hj® dpV¡$ gpNy L$fhpdp„ Apìep„ R>¡. S>Zpe R>¡. Aps„L$hpv$u k„Oj® A¡ `pf„`pqfL$ eyÙ
L$fsp„ Sy>v$p¡ R>¡. `pf„`pqfL$ eyÙ b¡ A\hp h^y
Ðepfbpv$ _h¡çbf 2015dp„ `¡qfkdp„ kph®cp¥d fpô²$p¡ hÃQ¡_p¡ k„Oj® lp¡e R>¡. Aphp
lhpdp_dp„ \sp a¡fapf rhje `f `qfjv$ eyÙdp„ dy¿eÐh¡ fpô²$p¡_u cp¥Np¡rgL$ kudp_u
cfhpdp„ Aphu. v$f¡L$ fpô²$p¡A¡ lhpdp_dp„ \sp¡ kyfnp_y„ dlÐh lp¡e R>¡, dpV¡$ fpô²$ue kyfnp
a¡fapf fp¡L$hp A_¡ DóZspdp_dp„ \sp¡ h^pfp¡ cp¥Np¡rgL$ kudp kp\¡ k„b„r^s R>¡ Äepf¡
fp¡L$hp `fõ`f klL$pe®\u âeÐ_ L$fhp¡ A_¡ Aps„L$hpv$u S|>\ vy$r_ep_p L$p¡C`Z M|Z¡\u
s¡ dpV¡$_y„ s„Óop_ d¡mhhpdp„ rhL$rks v$¡ip¡A¡ L$p¡C`Z õ\m¡ tlkp L$fu iL¡$ R>¡. Aps„L$hpv$u
rhL$pkiug v$¡ip¡_¡ dv$v$ L$fhu A¡hy„ Apl¹hp_ lydgp_p¡ l¡sy cp¥Np¡rgL$ kudp_¡ _yL$ip_
Ap `qfjv$dp„ L$fhpdp„ Apìey„. `lp¢QpX$hp_p¡ _l] `Z v$¡i_p fpÄehluhV$_¡
Apl¹hp_ v$¡hp_p¡ A\hp ipk__y„ A[õsÐh _
iy„ sd¡ ÅZp¡ R>p¡? L$fhp_p¡ lp¡e R>¡. A¡V$g¡ S> h^sp S>sp„
Aps„L$hpv$_¡ L$pfZ¡ v$¡i_u bpü kyfnp_u kp\¡
dlpkpNf, KX$p kdyÖ_y„ srmey„, kp\¡ A„sN®s kyfnp kpd¡ Å¡Md Dcy„
hpsphfZ, bpü AhL$pi_p¡ kdph¡i
ÅNrsL$ kp^_k„`rÑdp„ \pe R>¡. Ap \pe R>¡.
k„`rÑ rhð_p v$f¡L$ v$¡ip¡_u lp¡hp\u
v$f¡L$ v$¡ip¡A¡ s¡_u k„cpm fpMhu Aps„L$hpv$_p¡ kpd_p¡ L$fhp dpV¡$ rhrh^
AphíeL$ R>¡. fpô²$p¡_u kyfnp e„ÓZpAp¡A¡ `fõ`f klL$pe®\u

L$pd L$fhy„ AphíeL$ bÞey„ R>¡.

Ap„sL$hpv$ : A¡ ApS>_p kde_u A¡L$ ip¡^p¡ :
dp¡V$u kdõep R>¡. S>Ns_p A_¡L$ fpô²$p¡A¡ Ap
kdõep_p¡ kpd_p¡ L$fhp¡ `X¡$ R>¡. S>Ns_p * rkqfepdp„\u A_¡L$ gp¡L$p¡ L$ep L$pfZ¡
L$p¡C`Z fpô²$ dpÓ `p¡sp_p bm `f Aps„L$hpv$_p¡ r_hp®rks \pe R>¡?
kpd_p¡ L$fhp kd\® _\u. dpV¡$ Aps„L$hpv$ _¡
ÅNrsL$ kdõep dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. * vy$r_ep_p buÅ L$ep v$¡ip¡dp„\u
r_hp®rksp¡_p V$p¡mp Aph¡ R>¡?
Aps„L$hpv$ A¡V$g¡ iy„?
r_hp®rksp¡_p âñp¡ : S>¡ ìe[¼s_¡ Ar_ÃR>pA¡
fpS>L$ue DØ¡ip¡ rkÙ L$fhp dpV¡$ kpdpÞe A\hp S>bfv$õsu\u `p¡sp_u dps©c|rd R>p¡X$u_¡
A_¡ r_v$p£j _pNqfL$ ìehõ\p_u rhfyÙ tlkp_p¡ Apîe d¡mhhp dpV¡$ A\hp kyfrnssp dpV¡$ buÅ
D`ep¡N L$fhp¡ A\hp s¡hu ^dL$u Ap`hu A_¡ fpô²$dp„ S>hp_u afS> `X¡$ R>¡, A¡hp gp¡L$p¡_¡
s¡_¡ L$pfZ¡ kdpS>dp„ X$f A_¡ Aps„L$ a¡gphhp¡ "r_hp®rks' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Qp¡½$k h„i, ^d®_p
A¡_¡ Aps„L$hpv$ L$l¡hpe R>¡. Aps„L$hpv$ A¡V$g¡ gp¡L$p¡_¡ Ópk Ap`hp¡ A\hp s¡d_¡ lp„L$u L$pY$hp,
k„NqW$s ê$`¡ A_¡ r_ep¡S>_bÙ fus¡ L$f¡gu eyÙ A\hp Ap`rÑ_¡ L$pfZ¡ `p¡sp_p v$¡i_p¡ ÐepN
tlkp. L$fhp_u afS> `X$hu hN¡f¡ L$pfZp¡\u gp¡L$p¡ r_hp®rks
\pe R>¡. Aphu `qf[õ\rsdp„ `p¡sp_p¡ v$¡i R>p¡X$u_¡
buÅ v$¡idp„ Apîe d¡mhhp_p¡ hMs Aph¡ R>¡.

94

buÅ rhðeyÙ `l¡gp S>d®_udp„ Äe| gp¡L$p¡_u fl¡hp dpV¡$ S>Áep A_¡ AÞe fp¡tS>v$p âñp¡_p¡
l¡fp_Nrs L$fhpdp„ Aphu, s¡d_y„ _pNqfL$Ðh kpd_p¡ L$fhp¡ `X¡$ R>¡. buÅ fpô²$_u cpjp,
A_¡ k„`rÑ S>às L$fhpdp„ Apìep. s¡_p L$pfZ¡ k„õL©$rs Sy>v$u lp¡hp\u s¡_u kp\¡ Å¡X$phpdp„
Äe| gp¡L$p¡ r_hp®rks \ep. 1971dp„ `|h® dyíL¡$gu Dcu \pe R>¡. S>¡ fpô²$dp„ r_hp®rksp¡
`pqL$õsp__u S>_sp_u fpS>L$ue A_¡ ^prd®L$ Apîe g¡ R>¡ Ðep„_p¡ kdpS> s¡d_¡ õhuL$pfi¡
lf¡ p_Nrs_p L$pfZ¡ Ðep_„ p gpL¡ $p¡ r_hpr® ks \ep S>, A¡hy„ L$lu _ iL$pe. DgV$p_y„ r_hp®rksp¡_u
A_¡ cpfsdp„ Apîe d¡mhhp Apìep. R>¡ëgp k„¿ep h^sp fpô²$ `f h^y bp¡Å¡ h^¡ R>¡.
L¡$V$gpL$ hjp£\u CfpL$ A_¡ rkqfepdp„ eyÙS>Þe Æh_ AphíeL$ hõsy_u AR>s r_dp®Z \hu,
`qf[õ\rs_¡ L$pfZ¡ Ðep„\u dp¡V$p âdpZdp„ gp¡L$p¡ Ny_pMp¡fu_y„ âdpZ h^hy„, dp¢Ohpfu h^hu,
r_hp®rks \pe R>¡. r_hp®rksp¡_p Aphp A_¡L$ õ\pr_L$p¡_u _p¡L$fu `f cpfZ Aphhy„, ip„rs
Dv$plfZp¡ Ap`Z¡ L$lu iL$uA¡. A_¡ kyìehõ\p_p âñp¡ r_dp®Z \pe R>¡.
Aphu A_¡L$ kdõep r_dp®Z \pe R>¡. Ap\u
r_hp®rksp¡_¡ k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O_u klpe r_hp®rksp¡_¡ Apîe Ap`hp A_¡ s¡d_y„

L$p¡C`Z fpô²$_p gp¡L$p¡_¡ Äepf¡ r_hp®rks `y_h®k_ L$fhp A_¡L$ fpô²$p¡ s¥epf \sp _\u.
\hp_p¡ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ `p¡sp_p¡ v$¡i R>p¡X$hp_p¡ kde
Aph¡ Ðepf¡ s¡dZ¡ A_¡L$ kdõepAp¡_p¡ kpd_p¡ r_hp®rksp¡ rhi¡ Ap„sffpô²$ue õsf¡
L$fhp¡ `X¡$ R>¡. kp¥\u dlÐh_u kdõep A¡ lp¡e 1951dp„ L¡$V$guL$ fS|>Apsp¡ L$fhpdp„ Aphu. s¡
L¡$ `p¡sp_p¡ v$¡i R>p¡X$u_¡ ¼ep„ S>hy„? A_¡ s¡ A_ykpf r_hp®rksp¡_¡ s¡d_u BÃR>p rhfyÙ
fpô²$ Ap`Z_¡ õhuL$pfi¡ L¡$ L¡$d? s¡ âñ s¡d_p d|m v$¡idp„ `pR>p dp¡L$gu iL$pe _l],
s¡d_u kpd¡ lp¡e R>¡. buÅ¡ âñ `p¡sp_u kp\¡ s¡hu fS|>Aps L$fhpdp„ Aphu. s¡ S> âdpZ¡
Ly$Vy„$b_u ìe[¼sAp¡_¡ kyfrns gC S>hp_p¡ lp¡e s¡d_p âñp¡ DL¡$ghp dpV¡$ k„ey¼s fpô²$p¡_p DÃQ
R>¡. s¡dp„ M|b ipfuqfL$ A_¡ dp_rkL$ sZph
\pe R>¡. Ap rkhpe dyíL¡$g fõsp, R|>`pC_¡ Apey¼sp¡_p L$pep®ge `Z õ\p`hpdp„ Apìep.
Åhy„, _¥krN®L$ kdõep S>¡hu L¡$ W„$X$u, Nfdu,
hfkpv$, A_pS>_u AR>s, rbdpfu, `uR>p¡ dp_hu l½$p¡_y„ S>s_ A_¡ s¡d_y„ k„h^®_
L$fsp iÓ|Ap¡ S>¡hu kdõepAp¡ lp¡e R>¡. S>¡dp„ v$f¡L$ fpô²$p¡ L$f¡ sp¡ AÞepe, ip¡jZ A_¡ tlkp
A_¡L$ gp¡L$p¡ d©Ðey `pd¡ R>¡. Ap¡R>p \i¡. v$f¡L$ gp¡L$p¡ kyfrns fus¡ `p¡sp_p¡
rhL$pk L$fu iL$i¡. `ep®hfZ_y„ fnZ A_¡
kyfrns õ\m¡ `lp¢Ãep `R>u buÆ Aps„L$hpv$_y„ k„`|Z® r_d|®g_ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡
kdõepAp¡ Dcu lp¡e R>¡. L$pd^„^p¡ ip¡^hp¡, dp_hu l½$ h^y AkfL$pfL$ fus¡ Adgdp„ d|L$u
iL$pi¡. vy$r_ep_p L$p¡C`Z gp¡L$kd|l_¡ r_hp®rks
\hy„ `X$i¡ _l]. Ap rhi¡ âeÐ_ L$fhpdp„
Aph¡ sp¡ dp_hu_u Akyfrnssp v|$f \i¡. Ap
dpV¡$ v$f¡L$ fpô²$p¡A¡ A¡L$rÓs \hy„, klL$pe®
h^pfhy„, _½$f `Ngp„ g¡hp A_¡ âÐen

a¡fapf L$fhp S>¡hp âeÐ_p¡ L$fhp Å¡CA¡.

Aphsp hj£ Ap`Z¡ Ap qv$ipdp„ õhs„Ó
cpfs¡ iy„ `Ngp„ gu^p„ R>¡ s¡_p¡ Aæepk
L$fhp_p R>uA¡.

95

õhpÝepe

1. _uQ¡_p `ep®ep¡ `¥L$u ep¡Áe `ep®e `k„v$ L$fu 4. _uQ¡_y„ k„L$ë`_p rQÓ `|Z® L$fp¡
rh^p_ `|Z® L$fp¡.
(1) _uQ¡_p `¥L$u L$C kdõep Ap„sffpô²$ue L$pfZp¡ `qfZpd
õhê$`_u R>¡. 1. 1.
(A) dlpfpô²$-L$Zp®V$L$ kudphpv$ 2. 2.
(b) L$ph¡fu `pZu rhsfZ 3.
(L$) r_hp®rksp¡_p âñp¡ 4. `ep®hfZ_p¡ úpk 3.
(X$) Ap„^° âv$¡idp„_p¡ _nghpv$ 4.
(2) _uQ¡ `¥L$u L$ep l½$_p¡ kdph¡i dp_hu
l½$dp„ \sp¡ _\u. D`peep¡S>_p
(A) fp¡S>Npf Ar^L$pf 1.
(b) dprlsu_p¡ Ar^L$pf 2.
(L$) bpmL$_p¡ Ar^L$pf 3.
(X$) kdp_ L$pd dpV¡$ kdp_ h¡s_ 4.
(3) _uQ¡_pdp„\u L$ep¡ qv$hk Ap„sffpô²$ue õsf¡
d_phhpdp„ Aph¡. 5. “uQ¡“p âñp¡“p V|„$L$dp„ DÑf gMp¡.
(A) rinL$ qv$_ (1) dp_hu l½$ âõ\pr`s L$fhpdp„ cpfs_u
(b) bpgqv$_ c|rdL$p õ`ô$ L$fp¡.
(L$) `©Õhu qv$_ (2) Aps„L$hpv$_p `qfZpdp¡ S>Zphu Aps„L$hpv$_¡
(X$) ÝhS> qv$_
_p\hp_p D`pep¡ k|Qhp¡.
2. _uQ¡_p rh^p_p¡ kpQp R>¡ L¡$ Mp¡V$p s¡ L$pfZ
krls õ`ô$ L$fp¡ D`¾$d

(1) `ep®hfZ_p úpk dpV¡$ D`peep¡S>_p ip¡^hp (1) fpÄe bpgl½$ Apep¡N_u dprlsu rinL$_u
b^p fpô²$p¡A¡ klL$pe® L$fhy„ AphíeL$ R>¡. klpesp\u d¡mhp¡.

(2) r_hp®rksp¡_¡ Apîe Ap`hp fpô²$p¡ s¥epf (2) Qu_dp„_p "dipg âNV$php¡' Ap„v$p¡g_ A_¡
\pe R>¡. cpfs_p "rQ`L$p¡ Ap„v$p¡g_' rhi¡ dprlsu
d¡mhp¡.
3. k„L$ë`_p õ`ô$ L$fp¡.
(1) dp_hu l½$ (2) `ep®hfZ_p¡ úpk (3) dp¡V$p b„^p¡_¡ L$pfZ¡ kdõep r_dp®Z \pe R>¡?
(3) Aps„L$hpv$ sdpfp¡ ds ìe¼s L$fp¡.

(4) ipmpdp„ DS>hpe¡g `©Õhu qv$__p¡ Al¡hpg
gMp¡.

96