Ap n¡Ódp„ A_¡L$ Mp_Nu L„$`_uAp¡ Aphhp\u iy„ sd¡ ÅZp¡ R>p¡?
Ap k¡hp kõsu \C.
QQp® L$fp¡ C. îu^f_ "d¡V²$p¡d¡_'_p D`_pd\u
c°dZÝhr_ (dp¡bpCg) s„Óop_dp„ ârkÙ R>¡. qv$ëlu d¡V²$p¡ A_¡ L$p¢L$Z f¡ëh¡
s¡d_u AÅ¡X$ L$pdNufu R>¡.
\e¡gp rhrh^ bv$gphp¡_u dprlsu ÅZu
gp¡. s¡_p apev$p-N¡fapev$p_u QQp® L$fp¡. L$p¡L$Z f¡ëh¡: 1998dp„ L$p¡L$Z f¡ëh¡_u
iê$Aps \C. Apif¡ 760 qL$.du.
cpfs k„Qpf r_Nd rgrdV¡$X$ (BSNL): g„bpC_p Np¡hp, L$Zp®V$L$, L¡$fm, dlpfpô²$
2000dp„ v|$fk„Qpf rhcpN_u `y_f®Q_p L$fhpdp„ Ap Qpf fpÄedp„ âkf¡gp L$p¡L$Z f¡ëh¡
Aphu. ^p¡fZpÐdL$ r_Z®ep¡_u S>hpbv$pfu dpN® `f s„Óop__p A_¡L$ rh¾$dp¡ R>¡.
v|$fk„Qpf rhcpN `pk¡ L$ped fpMu_¡ N°plL$p¡_¡ Ap dpN® `f Ly$g bpf bp¡Nv$p R>¡. Ap
âÐen k¡hp `|fu `pX$hp "cpfs k„Qpf r_Nd dpN® `f L$pfbyX¡$dp„ 6.5 qL$.du. g„bpC_y„
rgrdV¡$X$'_u õ\p`_p L$fhpdp„ Aphu. v|$fÝhr_ bp¡Nvy$„ kp¥\u dp¡Vy„$ bp¡Nvy$ R>¡. 179 dp¡V$p
k¡hp kp\¡ lh¡ k¡ëeygf ap¡_, IV$f_¡V$, A_¡ 1819 _p_p `yg Ap dpN® `f R>¡.
b°p¡X$b¡ÞX$ k¡hpAp¡ D`gå^ \C. s¡dp„\u lp¡_phf `pk¡ ifphsu _v$u `f
2065.8 duV$f g„bpC_p¡ `yg kp¥\u dp¡V$p¡
Ap¡Cg A¡ÞX$ _¡Qfg N¡k L$rdi_ R>¡. fÐ_prNqf `pk¡ `_hg _v$u `f 64
(Ap¡A¡_Æku): Mr_S> s¡g A_¡ _¥krN®L$ duV$f KQpC_p¡ `yg kp¥\u KQp¡ `yg R>¡.
hpey_p S>Õ\p ip¡^hp, s¡_y„ DÐ`pv$_ h^¡ s¡ `Õ\fp¡ MX$u `X$hp_p dpN® D`f A¢rS>_
dpV¡$ 1956dp„ Mr_S>s¡g A_¡ _¥krN®L$ hpey dp„ k¡Þkk® b¡kpX$hpdp„ Apìep R>¡.
Apep¡N A¡V$g¡ S> "Ap¡Cg A¡ÞX$ _¡Qfg N¡k
L$rdi_' (Ap¡A¡_Æku)_u õ\p`_p \C. f¡ëh¡ A_¡ s„Óop_: Ap^yr_L$ cpfs_p
Apkpd fpÄedp„ qv$Ábp¡C `R>u NyS>fpsdp„ Crslpkdp„ f¡ëh¡A¡ A„rNL$pf L$f¡gp s„Óop__p¡
A„L$g¡ðf `qfkfdp„ Mr_S> s¡g_p¡ S>Õ\p¡ dþep¡. bly dp¡V$p¡ apmp¡ R>¡.
ApNm NyS>fpsdp„ M„cps_p AMpsdp„ Mr_S
>s¡g A_¡ _¥krN®L$ hpey_p S>Õ\p dþep. f¡ëh¡ âhpk_u ApfnZ ìehõ\pdp„
L$pe®ndsp, AQ|L$sp A_¡ kyk|Ósp Aph¡ s¡ dpV¡$
Mr_S> s¡g A_¡ _¥krN®L hpey$ Apep¡N¡ 1984dp„ qv$ëludp„ kh®â\d k„NZL$L©$s ApfnZ
(Ap¡A¡_Æku) 1974dp„ "kpNf kd°pV$' X²$ugiu` ìehõ\p L$fhpdp„ Aphu s¡dp„ IV$f_¡V$ Üpfp Of¡
Üpfp (kpNfu rR>ÖZe„Ó) "bp¡çb¡ lpe' `qfkfdp„ b¡W$p k„NZL$L©$s ApfnZ L$fu iL$pe R>¡.
frie_ k„ip¡^L$p¡_u dv$v$\u s¡g_p L|$hp
Mp¡v$hp_u iê$Aps L$fu. Al] 1975\u Mr_S> Ap fus¡ cpfs¡ rhop_ s„Óop__p n¡Ódp„
s¡g A_¡ _¥krN®L$ hpey dmhp_u iê$Aps \C. kss âNrs L$fu R>¡. _hp _hp k„ip¡^_p¡ L$ep®
ApNm S>sp Ap cpNdp„ 8,500 L$fsp h^pf¡ R>¡. cpfs A¡L$hukdu kv$udp„ A¡L$ dlÐh`|Z®
s¡g_p L|$hp A_¡ _¥krN®L$ hpey_p 33 L|$hp v$¡i R>¡. cpfs¡ s„Óop__p¡ D`ep¡N S>Nsdp„
Mp¡v$hpdp„ Apìep. s¡_¡ gu^¡ cpfsdp„ Mr_S> ip„rs r_dp®Z L$fhp dpV¡$ S> L$ep£ R>¡. cpfs
s¡g_p Ly$g DÐ`pv$_dp„ Ap n¡Ó_p¡ apmp¡ A¡L$hukdu kv$udp„ AN°¡kf fl¡hp_p DØ¡i\u
38% ky^u `lp¢Ãep¡. sp¡ v$¡i_p Mr_S> s¡g_u L$pe® L$f¡ R>¡.
Ly$g S>ê$qfepsdp„\u 14% S>ê$qfeps Ap n¡Ó_¡
gu^¡ `|Z® \C. ApNm_p `pW$dp„ Ap`Z¡ cpfs¡ DÛp¡N
A_¡ h¡`pf n¡Ó¡ L$f¡gu âNrs rhj¡ dprlsu
d¡mhuiy„.
41
õhpÝepe
1. (A) Ap`¡gp `ep®e `¥L$u ep¡Áe `ep®e ip¡^u (b) _uQ¡_pdp„\u Aep¡Áe Å¡X$u Ap¡mMu_¡ gMp¡
rh^p_ `|Z® L$fp¡ (1) `©Õhu - S>du_ `f\u S>du_ `f âlpf
L$f_pf n¡`Zp÷
(1) AÏEÅ® Apep¡N_p `l¡gp AÝen sfuL¡$ (2) A[Á_ - S>du_ `f\u `pZu_u _uQ¡ âlpf
....... _u r_dZ|„L$ \C. L$f_pf n¡`Zp÷
(3) ApL$pi - S>du_ `f\u ApL$pidp„ âlpf L$f_pf
(A) X$p¡. lp¡du cpcp (b) X$p¡. lp¡du k¡W$_p n`¡ Zp÷
(L$) X$p¡. A¡.`u.S>¡. Aåvy$g L$gpd (4) _pN - iÓy_u sp¡`NpX$u_¡ _ô$ L$f_pf
(X$) X$p¡. fpÅ fpdÞ_p n¡`Zp÷
(2) Ckfp¡A¡ `|Z®s: cpfsdp„ s¥epf L$f¡gy„ .......
`l¡gy„ v|$fk„Qpf D`N°l R>¡.
(A) Ape®cË$ (b) CÞk¡V$-1 bu
(L$) fp¡rlZu 75 (X$) A¸à`g
2. Ap`¡gu k|Q_p âdpZ¡ L©$rs ‘|fu L$fp¡.
(A) cpfsdp„ rhop_ A_¡ s„Óop_ n¡Ó_u âNrs_u kdef¡Mp v$iL$ A_ykpf s¥epf L$fp¡.
1961\u 1970 1971\u 1980 1981\u 1990 1991\u 2000
1961 2000
cpfs_p `l¡gp v|$fk„Qpf
A[Á_bpZ_y„ rhcpN_u
eiõhu ân¡`Z `y_f®Q_p
(b) V|„$L$ _p¢^ gMp¡. (2) X$p¡. A¡.`u.S>¡. Aåvy$g L$gpd_¡ "rdkpCg
(1) AhL$pi k„ip¡^_ (2) V¡$g¡¼k k¡hp d¡_' A¡hy„ k„bp¡^_ ip dpV¡$ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡
(3) `p¡MfZ AÏ`funZ (4) cpõL$f-1 D`N°l R>¡?
3. _uQ¡_p rh^p_p¡ kL$pfZ õ`ô$ L$fp¡
(1) `„qX$s _¡lfyA¡ AÏEÅ® Apep¡N_u õ\p`_p (3) k„NZL$L©$s f¡ëh¡ ApfnZ L¡$hu fus¡ L$fpe
R>¡?
L$fu.
(2) cpfs¡ AÏ`funZ L$fhp_p¡ r_Z®e gu^p¡. (4) L$p¡L$Z f¡ëh¡_u rhriô$spAp¡ L$C L$C R>¡ s¡
(3) Ad¡qfL$pA¡ cpfs `f Apr\®L$ b„^_ gpv$ey„. gMp¡.
4. _uQ¡_p âñp¡_p krhõspf DÑfp¡ gMp¡.
(1) sd¡ hp`fsp lp¡ s¡hu L$C L$C kyrh^pAp¡dp„ D`¾$d
(1) Ap„sfÅm_u dv$v$\u "\y„bp C¼huV$p¡qfeg
D`N°l s„Óop__p¡ âcph `X¡$gp¡ v$¡Mpe R>¡?
gp¸„Q k¡ÞV$f' _u dprlsu d¡mhp¡.
(2) sdpfu `pk¡ Aph¡gp ApL$pihpZu L¡$ÞÖ_u/
v|$frQÓhpZu L¡$ÞÖ_u dygpL$ps gp¡ A_¡
dprlsu gMp¡.
42
8 DÛp¡N A_¡ h¡`pf
Ap `pW$dp„ Ap`Z¡ õhps„Ôep¡Ñf L$pm_p iy„ sd¡ ÅZp¡ R>p¡?
DÛp¡N A_¡ h¡`pf rhi¡ dprlsu d¡mhhp_p
õhbQs S|>\ A_¡ õhe„k¡hu
R>uA¡. k„õ\p_u (A¡_.Æ.Ap¡.) dv$v$\u hZL$fp¡_¡
dv$v$ L$f_pfu "d¡Np ¼gõV$f'_u ep¡S>_p R>¡.
cpfs õhs„Ó \ey„ `R>u Ap¥Ûp¡rNL$ rhL$pk_¡ s¡dp„ L$pQp¡ dpg, qX$TpC_ kpdN°u,
Nrs Ap`hp dpV¡$ 1948dp„ "cpfsue Ap¥Ûp¡rNL$ s„Óop_ rhL$pk, hZL$fp¡_p L$ëepZ dpV¡$
rhÑ dlpd„X$m'_u õ\p`_p Ap¥Ûp¡rNL$ âL$ë`p¡_¡ dv$v$ L$fhpdp„ R>¡.
gp„bp Npmp_y„ $F>Z D`gå^ L$fu Ap`hp_p
l¡sy\u L$fhpdp„ Aphu. s¡dS> 1954dp„ Ap¥Ûp¡rNL$ lõsrië`: Ap îd â^p_ n¡Ó R>¡. h^pf¡
n¡Ó_p¡ h^y rhL$pk \pe s¡ dpV¡$ cpfsue fp¡S>Npf ndsp, Ap¡Ry>„ d|X$u fp¡L$pZ, h^pf¡ _ap¡,
"Ap¥Ûp¡rNL$ rhL$pk dlpd„X$m'_u õ\p`_p L$fhpdp„ r_L$pk_¡ âp^pÞe A_¡ h^pf¡ `fv$¡iu QgZ_¡
L$pfZ¡ lõsrië` n¡Ódp„ rië`L$pfp¡_¡ fp¡S>Npf
Aphu. dþep¡. N°pduZ A_¡ il¡fu n¡Ódp„ L$pfuNfp¡_¡
bÅf D`gå^ L$fu Ap`hp dpV¡$ "qv$ëlu lpV$'
cpfs_p L¡$V$gpL$ DÛp¡Np¡: S>¡hu bÅf e„ÓZp A_¡L$ il¡fp¡dp„ iê$ L$fhpdp„
Aphu R>¡. s¡dp„ dy„bC_p¡ `Z kdph¡i R>¡.
h÷p¡Ûp¡N: v$¡i_p Ly$g Ap¥Ûp¡rNL$
hpl_ DÛp¡N: hpl_ DÐ`pv$_dp„ cpfs
DÐ`pv$_dp„ h÷p¡Ûp¡N_p¡ apmp¡ Apif¡ 14% R>¡. âdyM v$¡i R>¡. cpfsdp„\u Qpguk v$¡ip¡_¡ hpl_
r_L$pk L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. cpfs_p hpl_
h÷p¡Ûp¡Ndp„ ep„rÓL$ DÛp¡N A_¡ lõs DÛp¡N_¡ "k_fpCT n¡Ó' L$l¡hpe R>¡. cpfs_p¡
DÛp¡N_p¡ kdph¡i \pe R>¡. lõs DÛp¡N V²¡$¼V$f DÛp¡N S>Nsdp„ kp¥\u dp¡V$p¡ lp¡hp\u
îdâ^p_ R>¡. "V¡$¼kV$pCg L$rdqV$ A¡¼V$ 1963' S>Ns_p 1/3 V²¡$¼V$f_y„ DÐ`pv$_ cpfsdp„ \pe
A_ykpf h÷p¡Ûp¡N krdrs_u õ\p`_p L$fhpdp„ R>¡. cpfs_p V²¡$¼V$f syL®$õsp_, dg¡riep A_¡
Aphu. v$¡ip„sN®s bÅf A_¡ r_L$pk dpV¡$ s¥epf ApqäL$p M„X$_p v$¡ip¡dp„ r_L$pk L$fhpdp„ Aph¡
L$f¡gp h÷p¡_u NyZhÑp r_ròs L$fhp_y„ L$pd R>¡.
Ap krdrs_y„ R>¡. rkd¡ÞV$ DÛp¡N: N©lr_dp®Z A_¡ `pepc|s
k„fQ_p_p rhL$pkdp„ rkd¡ÞV$ DÛp¡N_u c|rdL$p
f¡id DÛp¡N: h÷p¡Ûp¡N d„Ópge A„sN®s dlÐh_u R>¡. s„Óop_ bpbs¡ kp¥\u h^y
Ap DÛp¡N_y„ L$pd Qpg¡ R>¡. f¡idu L$uX$p_u Års rhL$rks DÛp¡Np¡dp„_p¡ Ap A¡L$ DÛp¡N R>¡.
A_¡ i¡s|f_p TpX$_y„ k„ip¡^_ b¢Ngyfy dp„ lpgdp„ cpfs A¡ S>Nsdp„ rkd¡ÞV$ r_rd®rsdp„
"k¡qfbpep¡qV$L$' qfkQ® g¡bp¡f¡V$fu'dp„ L$fhpdp„ dlÐh_p¡ v$¡i R>¡.
Aph¡ R>¡. Ap DÛp¡N dy¿eÐh¡ L$Zp®V$L$,
Ap„^°âv$¡i, `ròd b„Npm, S>çdy L$píduf Qdp£Ûp¡N: cpfs_p¡ dp¡V$p¡ DÛp¡N lp¡hp_u
fpÄep¡dp„ R>¡. s¡d S> DÛp¡N_p¡ âkpf kp\¡ r_L$pkprcdyM DÛp¡N R>¡.
Apqv$hpkuAp¡_u h^y k„¿ep ^fphsp fpÄep¡dp„
duW$p_p¡ DÛp¡N: cpfs lpgdp„ duW$p_p
L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. DÛp¡Ndp„ âdyM v$¡i R>¡. cpfsdp„ duW$p_y„ hprj®L$
iZ DÛp¡N: iZ DÐ`pv$_ L$fsp¡ cpfs
âdyM v$¡i R>¡. cpfsdp„\u dp¡V$p âdpZdp„ iZ
DÐ`pv$__u r_L$pk \pe R>¡. iZdp„\u L$p`X$,
L$p¡\mp, v$p¡fX$p hN¡f¡ hõsyAp¡ b_¡ R>¡.
43
DÐ`pv$_ 200 gpM V$_ \pe R>.¡ Apepq¡ X$_ DÐ`pv$_ M¡su Üpfp S> \pe R>¡. ldZp„ s¡_p
`f âq¾$ep L$f_pfp A_¡L$ DÛp¡Np¡ Qpg¡ R>¡.
e¼y s duW$p_„y DÐ`pv$_ 60 gpM V$_ S>V¡ $g„y R>.¡ M¡sudp„\u dp_h_u d|mc|s S>ê$qfepsp¡ `|Z®
\pe R>¡. M¡su ìehkpe_¡ âp¡Ðkpl_ dm¡ s¡
kpCL$g DÛp¡N: kpCL$g DÛp¡Ndp„ cpfs dpV¡$ N°pduZ n¡Ódp„ b¢L$ A_¡ klL$pfu k„õ\p
vy$r_epdp„ AN°¡kf R>¡. `„Åb A_¡ sprdg_pXy$ dpfas¡ M¡X|$sp¡_¡ F>Z (gp¡_) Ap`hpdp„ Aph¡
fpÄedp„ kpCL$g_y„ DÐ`pv$_ \pe R>¡. gyr^epZp R>¡. `„Qpes krdrs dpfas M¡su rhjeL$
il¡f v$¡i_y„ âdyM kpBL$g DÐ`pv$_ L¡$ÞÖ R>¡. ky^pfZp L$fhp dpV¡$ ârinZ dygpL$ps ep¡S>_p,
cpfs _pCrS>qfep, d¡[¼kL$p¡, L¡$r_ep, eyNp„X$p, M¡suâhpk A_¡ M¡X|$sd¡mp Apep¡rS>s L$fhpdp„
Aph¡ R>¡. M¡su_p Ap¡Åfp¡, bu-rbepfZp¡,
b°prTg v$¡ip¡_¡ kpCL$g r_L$pk L$f¡ R>¡. Mpsf_p¡ `yfhW$p¡ `|fp¡ `pX$hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. L©$rj
rhÛp`uW$_p¡ rhõspf k¡hp rhcpN sfa\u
Mpv$u A_¡ N°pdp¡Ûp¡N: N°pduZ cpNdp„ M¡X|$sp¡_¡ dpV$u `funZ, am-bpN fp¡` hpqV$L$p,
Ap¥Ûp¡rNL$fZ_¡ Nrs Ap`hp dpV¡$ Mpv$u A_¡ dÐõe ìehkpe, dfOp`pg_, b„qv$ís
N°pdp¡Ûp¡N Apep¡N_u õ\p`_p L$fhpdp„ Aphu. O¡V$p`pg_, Npec¢k k„h^®_, vy$Á^ ìehkpe_y„
N°pduZ n¡Ódp„ `pf„`pqfL$ DÛp¡N, lõsDÛp¡N, ârinZ Ap`hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. rS>ëgp ìehkpe
Ly$qV$f DÛp¡N s¡d S> õ\pr_L$ õsf¡ D`gå^ dpN®v$i®_ k„õ\p sfa\u dpN®v$i®_ Ap`hpdp„
kp^_ k„`rÑ A_¡ d_yóebm D`ep¡Ndp„ Aph¡ R>¡. DÐ`pqv$s dpg_p¡ k„N°l L$fhp dpV¡$
g¡_pfp gOyDÛp¡N_p¡ rhL$pk L$fhp¡ A_¡ fp¡S>Npf Np¡v$pd (h¡AflpDk) bp„^hp dpV¡$ Apr\®L$ dv$v$
r_rd®rs_p dpÝed\u Npdp¡_¡ õhphg„bu Ap`hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
b_phhp A¡ Apep¡N_u õ\p`_p `pR>m_p¡
cpfs AÞ_ ^pÞe DÐ`pv$_dp„ A_¡ `pL$
dy¿e DØ¡i R>¡. `Ùrsdp„ õhphg„bu b_u füy„ R>¡. V$`L$tkQ_,
k¡[ÞÖe M¡su S>¡hu Ap^yr_L$ `Ùrs\u M¡su
M¡su DÛp¡N: cpfsdp„ `pf„`pqfL$ `Ùrs\u L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
A_¡ Ap^yr_L$ `Ùrs\u M¡su L$fhpdp„ Aph¡
R>¡. M¡su_p OZp„ L$pdp¡ bmv$p¡_u dv$v$\u cpfs kfL$pf_y„ ^p¡fZ: Qp¡\u `„Qhprj®L$
L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. s¡d S> M¡X$hy„, hphZu, ep¡S>_p_p kdedp„ L$pNm DÛp¡N, Ap¥j^
L$p`Zu, gZhy„ hN¡f¡ L$pdp¡ dpV¡$ e„Óp¡_p¡ DÛp¡N, dp¡V$f-V²¡$¼V$f DÛp¡N, QpdX$p_u hõsy,
h÷p¡Ûp¡N, MpÛ`v$p\® âq¾$ep DÛp¡N, s¡g,
D`ep¡N \pe R>¡. f„N, kpL$f hN¡f¡ DÛp¡Np¡ `f Ýep_ L¡$[ÞÖs
cpfs_p N°pduZ cpNdp„ dy¿e ìehkpe L$fhpdp„ Apìey„.
M¡su A_¡ M¡su `f Ap^pqfs AÞe L$pdp¡ R>¡.
Npd¡Npd M¡su A_¡ `iy`pg_ ìehkpe 1970_p Ap¥Ûp¡rNL$ `fhp_p ^p¡fZ
L$fpe R>¡. M¡su_p L$pdp¡ A_¡ M¡su_p DÐ`pv$_ A_ykpf `p„Q L$fp¡X$ ê$r`ep\u h^y d|X$u fp¡L$pZ
D`f 70% kdpS> Ahg„rbs R>¡. M¡su \sy„ lp¡e s¡hp kh® L$pfMp_pAp¡_¡ dp¡V$p DÛp¡Ndp„
DÛp¡Ndp„ `yfyjp¡_u kfMpdZudp„ drlgpAp¡_p¡ gphhp_y„ _½$u \ey„. kfL$pfu n¡Ó dpV¡$ _
fMpe¡gp dp¡V$p DÛp¡Ndp„ d|X$u fp¡L$pZ L$fhp_u
apmp¡ dp¡V$p¡ R>¡. R|>V$ dp¡V$u DÛp¡N k„õ\p A_¡ `fv$¡iu
L„$`_uAp¡_¡ Ap`hp_y„ _½$u \ey„ Ap ^p¡fZ
cpfsdp„ M¡su ìehkpe rhrh^ F>syAp¡dp„ A_ykpf 1972_p A„sdp„ kfL$pfu _p¢^Zu
Qpg¡ R>¡. A_¡L$ âL$pf_p `pL$p¡ M¡sudp„ g¡hpdp„ L$pep®gedp„ 3 gpM 18 lÅf gOy DÛp¡Np¡
Aph¡ R>¡. Sy>hpf, OJ, Qp¡Mp, v$pm, s¡rgrbep_y„
dy¿eÐh¡ DÐ`pv$_ L$fpe R>¡. s¡_u kp\¡ L$`pk,
i¡fX$u `f âq¾$ep L$fu_¡ L$p`X$, kpL$f S>¡hp
DÛp¡Np¡ Qpg¡ R>¡.
am A_¡ ipL$cpÆ_y„ dp¡V$p âdpZdp„
44
_p¢^hpdp„ Apìep. âdpZdp„ Qpg¡ R>¡.
Mr_S> k„`rÑ: v$¡i_p Ap¥Ûp¡rNL$ rhL$pkdp„ `e®V$L$p¡_¡ s¡ âv$¡i_u dprlsu Ap`hp dpV¡$
gp¡M„X$ A_¡ `Õ\qfep¡ L$p¡gkp¡ Ap b¡ Mr_Å¡_u L¡$V$gpL$ dpN®v$i®L$ lp¡e R>¡. L¡$V$gpL$ vy$N®d âv$¡idp„
D`gå^sp_p¡ dp¡V$p¡ rlõkp¡ lp¡e R>¡. Ap`Zp hpl_p¡ S>C iL$sp _\u. A¡hp õ\p_¡ Ðep„_p
v$¡idp„ gp¡M„X$, d¢N¡_uT, L$p¡gkp, Mr_S> s¡g_p¡ õ\pr_L$ gp¡L$p¡ hmsf gC_¡ `e®V$L$p¡_¡ dv$v$ L$f¡
`|fsp¡ k„N°l âpàs \ep¡ R>¡. R>¡. s¡_p Üpfp gp¡L$p¡_¡ fp¡S>Npf dm¡ R>¡.
h_k„`rÑ: h_k„`rÑ `f Ap^pqfs ìep`pf Apeps r_L$pk: 1951dp„
DÛp¡Np¡ dpV¡$ kfL$pf¡ L¡$V$gpL$ S>„Ngp¡ A_pds r_ep¡S>__u iê$Aps \ep `R>u Ap¥Ûp¡rNL$ hõsy
fp¿ep R>¡. S>„Ng ÅmhZu_y„ L$pd õ\pr_L$ A_¡ s¡_¡ dpV¡$ S>ê$fu L$pQp dpg_u Apeps dp¡V$p
gp¡L$p¡, fpÄe ipk_, L¡$ÞÖ ipk_ L$f¡ R>¡. âdpZdp„ h^u lsu. cpfs_u Apepsdp„
bp„^L$pd, L$pNm, hs®dp_`Ó L$pNm, f¡id, e„ÓkpdN°u, gp¡M„X$, Mr_S> s¡g, Mpsf, Ap¥j^
qv$hpkmu, Ap¥jr^ h_õ`rs, d^, gpM, hN¡f¡ hõsyAp¡_p¡ kdph¡i lsp¡.
f„NL$pd dpV¡$ S>ê$fu lp¡e A¡hp L$pQp dpg `f
cpfs¡ õhps„Ôe âp[às `R>u `fv$¡iu QgZ
Ap^pqfs DÛp¡Np¡ dpV¡$ S>„Ng AphíeL$ R>¡. d¡mhhp_p DØ¡i\u r_L$pk_¡ h¡N Apàep¡.
cpfs_u r_L$pkdp„ Qp, L$p¡au, dkpgp_p `v$p\®,
dÐõep¡Ûp¡N: _v$u, _l¡f, smph, kfp¡hf_p kysfpD L$p`X$, QpdXy„$, `NfMp„, dp¡su, d|ëehp_
duW$p `pZudp„ dm_pfu dpR>gu A_¡ v$qfepC
`pZudp„ dm_pfu dpR>gudp„\u dÐõep¡Ð`pv$_ lufp hN¡f¡ hõsyAp¡_p¡ kdph¡i \pe R>¡.
\pe R>¡. Ap ìehkpe_p k„h^®_ dpV¡$ b„v$f
b_phhp, S|>_p b„v$fp¡_p¡ rhL$pk, dÐõebuS> A„sN®s ìep`pf: cpfs_p¡ A„sN®s ìep`pf
DR>¡f L¡$ÞÖ, dÐõe ìehkpe ârinZ L¡$ÞÖ gp¡ldpN®, S>mdpN®, fõsp, lhpB ìehlpf hN¡f¡
dpNp£\u Qpg¡ R>¡. dy„bC, L$p¡gL$sp, L$p¡Qu,
s¥epf L$fhpdp„ Apìep R>¡. Q¡Þ_C b„v$fp¡ dlÐh_p R>¡. A„sN®s ìep`pfdp„
L$p¡gkp, L$p`|k, kysfpD L$p`X$, Qp¡Mp, OJ,
`e®V$_ DÛp¡N: cpfs_¡ Ars kd©Ù L$pQy„ iZ, gp¡M„X$, `p¡gpv$, s¡rgrbep, duWy„$,
kp„õL©$rsL$ hpfkp¡ dþep¡ R>¡. Ap`Zp v$¡i_p kpL$f hN¡f¡ hõsy_p¡ kdph¡i lsp¡.
M|Z¡ M|Z¡ rhrh^ ^dp£_p âp\®_p õ\m,
su\®n¡Ó, _v$uAp¡_p k„Nd, qL$ëgp, Nyap R>¡. v$¡idp„_p DÛp¡N^„^p_p rhL$pk_¡ L$pfZ¡
s¡_¡ gu^¡ ApMy„ hj® v$¡i-`fv$¡idp„\u gp¡L$p¡ fl¡ZuL$fZu A_¡ Æh_^p¡fZ_p¡ v$fÄÅ¡ KQp¡
cpfsdp„ `e®V$_ dpV¡$ Aph¡ R>¡. `e®V$_ rhL$pk Aph¡ R>¡. fp¡S>Npf_u A_¡L$ sL$ D`gå^ \pe
dlpd„X$m Üpfp `e®V$L$p¡_p fl¡hp_u, âhpk_u R>¡. A¡L„$v$f¡ v$¡i_u âNrs_¡ V¡$L$p¡ dm¡ R>¡.
kNhX$ L$fu Ap`hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Ap õ\mp¡A¡
rhrh^ hõsy rh¾$e A_¡ lp¡V¡$g ìehkpe dp¡V$p ApNm_p `pW$dp„ Ap`Z¡ cpfsue
gp¡L$p¡_p bv$gpsp Æh_ rhje_u dprlsu
d¡mhuiy„.
õhpÝepe
1. Ap`¡gp `ep®ep¡ `¥L$u ep¡Áe `ep®e `k„v$ L$fu (A) Ap¥Ûp¡rNL$ n¡Ó_p¡ h^y rhL$pk \pe s¡
rh^p_ `|Z® L$fp¡. (b) Ap¥Ûp¡rNL$ âL$ë`p¡_¡ gp„bp Npmp_y„
(1) 1948 dp„............ l¡sy\u cpfsue
ApÛp¡rNL$ rhÑ dlpd„X$m_u õ\p`_p L$fhpdp„ F>Z D`gå^ L$fphu Ap`hp_p
Aphu. (L$) fp¡S>Npf r_dp®Z \pe s¡
(X$) s¥epf dpg_u NyZhÑp r_ròs \hp_p.
45
2) cpfsdp„_p ...... DÛp¡N_¡ "k_fpCT n¡Ó' (b) `pW$_u dv$v$\u k„L$ë`_p rQÓ s¥epf L$fp¡.
L$l¡hpey„ R>¡. (1) cpfs_u Apeps-r_L$pk
(2) cpfs_p¡ A„sN®s h¡`pf
(A) iZ (b) hpl_
(L$) rkd¢V$ (X$) Mpv$u A_¡ N°pdp¡Ûp¡N 3. (A) _uQ¡_p rh^p_p¡ kL$pfZ õ`ô$ L$fp¡
3) h÷p¡Ûp¡N krdrs_y„ dy¿e L$pd ..... R>¡. (1) cpfsdp„ `e®V$_ DÛp¡Ndp„ h©qÙ \hp gpNu
(A) L$p`X$ DÐ`pv$_ L$fhy„.
(b) h÷p¡_u NyZhÑp r_ròs L$fhu R>¡.
(L$) L$p`X$ r_L$pk L$fhy„ (2) cpfsue S>_sp_u fl¡ZuL$fZu A_¡
(X$) gp¡L$p¡_¡ fp¡S>Npf D`gå^ L$fphu Ap`hp¡.
4) kpeL$g DÐ`pv$_dp„ ...... cpfs_y„ dy¿e Æh_^p¡fZ_p¡ v$fÄÅ¡ ky^fu füp¡ R>¡.
il¡f R>¡. (b) _uQ¡_p âñp¡_p krhõspf DÑfp¡ gMp¡.
(A) dy„bC (b) gyr^epZp (1) M¡su ìehkpe_¡ âp¡Ðkpl_ dm¡ s¡ dpV¡$
(L$) L$p¡Qu (X$) L$p¡gL$sp
kfL$pf L$ep âeÐ_ L$f¡ R>¡?
(b) _uQ¡_p `¥L$u Aep¡Áe Å¡X$u Ap¡mMu_¡ gMp¡ (2) `e®V$_ n¡Ódp„ gp¡L$p¡_¡ fp¡S>Npf L¡$hu fus¡ dm¡
(1) cpfsue Ap¥Ûp¡rNL$ rhÑ dlpd„X$m -
R>¡?
Ap¥Ûp¡rNL$ âL$ë`p¡_¡ gp„bp Npmp_y„ F>Z (3) cpfsdp„ h_k„`rÑ `f Ap^pqfs L$ep
D`gå^ L$fphu Ap`hy„.
(2) Ap¥Ûp¡rNL$ rhL$pk dlpd„X$m - Ap¥Ûp¡rNL$ ìehkpe Qpg¡ R>¡?
n¡Ó_p¡ rhL$pk L$fhp¡
(3) h÷p¡Ûp¡N krdrs - hZL$fp¡_y„ L$ëepZ L$fhy„. D`¾$d
(4) Mpv$u A_¡ N°pdp¡Ûp¡N Apep¡N - N°pduZ (1) eiõhu DÛp¡N`rsAp¡_p ap¡V$p c¡Np L$fp¡
cpNdp„ Ap¥Ûp¡rNL$L$fZ_¡ Nrs Ap`hu. (2) sd¡ hp`fsp lp¡ A¡hu fp¡tS>v$u hõsy `¥L$u L$C
2. Ap‘¡gu k|Q“p âdpZ¡ L©$rs ‘|fu L$fp¡. hõsy `qfkfdp„ s¥epf \pe R>¡, L$C hõsy
blpf\u gphhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ s¡_p¡ L$p¡W$p¡ s¥epf
(A) L$p¡W$p¡ `|Z® L$fp¡. L$fp¡.
cpfsdp„ Apeps \su
hõsy
cpfsdp„\u r_L$pk \su
hõsy
46
9 bv$gpsy„ Æh_: cpN 1
AÐepf ky^u Ap`Z¡ C.k. 1961\u `f L¡$hy„ \ey„ s¡ _uQ¡ Ap`¡gp Qp¡L$W$p Üpfp
C.k. 2000 ky^u_p L$pmM„X$_p¡ Aæepk L$ep£. kdÅi¡.
hukdu A_¡ A¡L$hukdu kv$udp„ \e¡g `qfhs®__p¡
h¡N âQ„X$ R>¡. dp_h Æh_ TX$`\u bv$gpC iy„ sd¡ ÅZp¡ R>p¡?
füy„ R>¡. `l¡gp Ap`Z¡ S>¡_u L$ë`_p L$fu
A„N°¡Å¡_p kdedp„ f¡ëh¡dp„ X$åbp_p
iL$sp _lp¡sp s¡ hpsp¡ Qpf âL$pf lsp. aõV®$, k¡L„$X$, IV$f A_¡
hpõsrhL$ b_u R>¡. \X®$ ¼gpk S>¡hp hN® lsp. ÓuÅ hN®_p
âpQu_ A_¡ dÝeeyNu_ âhpkuAp¡ dpV¡$ _pd dpÓ kyrh^p A_¡
kdedp„ ^d® A¡ âhpkuAp¡ sfa Å¡hp_p _L$pfpÐdL$
dpZk_u A¡L$ dlÐh_u ×rô$L$p¡Z\u Ap hN® ÅZ¡ L¡$ cpfsue
Ap¡mM lsu. tlvy$, kdpS> ìehõ\p_y„ âsuL$ S> b_u Nep¡.
dy[õgd, rÀõsu, iuM, 1978_p f¡ëh¡ bS>¡V$dp„ d^y v$„X$hs¡
S>¥_, bp¥Ý^, `pfku s©sue î¡Zu_u ìehõ\p Adgdp„ gpìep.
A_¡ elyv$u (Äe|) hN¡f¡ ApNm S>sp„ `yZ¡ dy„bC v$fçep_
^dp£ kpd¡ Ap^yr_L$u- "tklNY$ A¡¼kâ¡k', dy„bC L$p¡gL$sp
X$p¡. bpbpkpl¡b Ap„b¡X$L$f L$fZ¡ `X$L$pfp¡ Ecp v$fçep_ "Nusp„S>gu A¡¼kâ¡k' S>¡hu
L$ep®. Ap`Zu `pf„`pqfL$ rhQpfkfZudp„ M|b hN®rhrl_ NpX$uAp¡ iê$ \C.
dp¡Vy„$ `qfhs®_ X$p¡. bpbpkpl¡b Ap„b¡X$L$f¡
ApÎey„. X$p¡. bpbpkpl¡b Ap„b¡X$L$f¡ Ap `qfhs®_ D`f_u ìehõ\p_¡ L$pfZ¡ kdpS>dp„ _p_p
cpfsue k„rh^p__p dpÝed Üpfp L$ey¯ lsy„. dp¡V$p a¡fapf klS>sp\u \hp gpÁep R>¡. lpgdp„
lp¡V$gdp„ b^p_¡ dy¼s âh¡i R>¡. ^d®, h„i,
Ap`Zp k„rh^p_ âdpZ¡ L$pev$p ApNm Års, tgN S>¡hp L$pfZp¡_¡ gu^¡ âh¡i _L$pfu
b^p cpfsue kdp_ lp¡hp\u ^d®, h„i, Års, iL$pi¡ _rl A¡hp `pqV$epAp¡ Ap`Z¡ Å¡C
tgN L¡$ S>Þdõ\m S>¡hp L$pfZp¡kf c¡v$cph iL$uA¡ R>uA¡.
L$fhp_u d_pC R>¡. b^p S> _pNqfL$p¡_¡ cpjZ
A_¡ Arcìe[¼s_u õhs„Ósp, ip„rs\u A_¡ `l¡gp fpÄe kÑp rhfyÙ ds ìe¼s
i÷rh_p c¡Np \C k„NqW$s \hp_p¡, cpfs_p L$fhp_u dep®v$p lsu. lh¡ cpfsue _pNqfL$
fpÄep¡dp„ kh®Ó dy¼s fus¡ afhp_p¡, fl¡hp_p¡ hs®dp_`Ó A\hp cpjZ A_¡ AÞe dpÝedp¡
A_¡ õ\peu \hp_p¡, L$p¡C`Z ìehkpe L$fhp_p¡ Üpfp kfL$pf rhfyÙ ds âv$ri®s L$fu iL¡$ R>¡.
l½$ R>¡. cpfsdp„ L$p¡C`Z õ\m¡ fl¡_pf Ap`Z_¡ _ Ndsu bpbsp¡ Ap`Z¡ bp¡gu_¡
_pNqfL$p¡_¡ `p¡sp_u AgN cpjp, rgr` A_¡ v$ip®hu iL$uA¡ R>uA¡ Ap bly dp¡V$p¡ a¡fapf
k„õL©$rs_y„ S>s_ L$fhp_p¡ l½$ R>¡. õhps„Ôep¡Ñf L$pmM„X$dp„ \ep¡ R>¡.
k„rh^p__u Ap khgs_¡ gu^¡ Ly$Vy„$bk„õ\p: õhs„Ósp `|h®_p kdedp„ Ly$Vy„$b
Årsìehõ\p_p dpmMp_¡ aV$L$p¡ `X$ép¡. k„õ\p A¡ cpfsue kdpS>_u âdyM Ap¡mM
h„i`f„`fpNs ìehkpe L$ë`_p_¡ sp¡X$hpdp„ lsu. "cpfs k„ey¼s Ly$Vy„$b `Ùrs_p v$¡i' sfuL¡$
dv$v$ dmu. Æh__p b^p„S> n¡Ódp„ `qfhs®__u
iê$Aps \C. Ap ìehõ\p_y„ `qfZpd s„Ó
47
vy$r_epdp„ Ap¡mMpe R>¡. ÅNrsL$uL$fZ_p cpfsdp„ A¡gp¡`¡\u, lp¡rdep¡`¡\u, Apeyh£v$ A_¡
âhpldp„ rhc¼s Ly$Vy„$b `Ùrs_¡ h¡N dþep¡ R>¡. r_kNp£`Qpf `Ùrs_¡ dpÞesp Ap`u_¡ gp¡L$p¡_p
kdpS>L$ëepZ: L$ëepZL$pfu fpÄe õ\p`_ Apfp¡Áe_¡ ky^pfhp_p¡ âeÐ_ iê$ \ep¡.
L$fhp_p¡ DØ¡i cpfs_p k„rh^p_dp„ v$ip®hhpdp„
Apìep¡ R>¡. Aphy„ v$ip®h_pfp¡ cpfs `l¡gp¡ v$¡i Apfp¡Áe_p n¡Ódp„ a¡fapf\u cpfsuep¡_p
R>¡. cpfsue _pNqfL$p¡_¡ `|Z® fp¡S>Npf, Apfp¡Áe Æh_ h^pf¡ _¡ h^pf¡ tQsp frls \hpdp„
kyrh^p, rinZ A_¡ rhL$pk_u sL$ D`gå^ dv$v$ \C. 1962dp„ sprdg_pXy$dp„ h¡ëgyfdp„
L$fu Ap`hu A¡ kdpS>L$ëepZ L$pe®¾$d_p¡ DØ¡i q¾$ò_ d¡qX$L$g L$p¡g¡S>_u lp¡[õ`V$gdp„
R>¡. cpfsue kdpS>dp„ Apr\®L$, kpdprS>L$, X$p¡. A¡_. Np¡`u_p\_p _¡s©Ðh _uQ¡ cpfsdp„
i¥nrZL$, kp„õL©$rsL$ rhjdsp dp¡V$p âdpZdp„ "Ap¡`_lpV®$ i÷q¾$ep' kamsp`|h®L$ L$fhpdp„
R>¡. ÷uAp¡, bpmL$p¡, qv$ìep„N, A_yk|rQs Aphu. s¡\u Aphp D`Qpfp¡ dpV¡$ `fv$¡i S>hp_u
Års A_¡ S>dpsu, Aë`k„¿eL$p¡ ky^u rhL$pk_u
sL$p¡ `lp¢QpX$hu AphíeL$ R>¡. õhps„Ôep¡Ñf S>ê$qfeps flu _rl.
L$pmM„X$dp„ kfL$pf kpd¡ Ap kp¥\u dp¡Vy„$ Apl¹hp_
R>¡. Ap dpV¡$ cpfs kfL$pf¡ 14 S|>_ 1964 "S>e`yf a|V$'_u ip¡^\u cpfs_p qv$ìep„Np¡_y„
_p kdpS> L$ëepZ Mpsp_u õ\p`_p L$fu. Ap Æh_ bv$gpC Ney„. 1968 `l¡gp A¡L$pv$
d„Ópge A„sN®s `p¡jZ A_¡ bpgrhL$pk, ìe[¼s_p¡ AL$õdps \pe A_¡ s¡_p¡ `N
kpdprS>L$ kyfnp A_¡ kpdprS>L$ k„fnZ, ÷u r_[ó¾$e \C Åe sp¡ s¡_¡ bpL$u_y„ Æh_
L$ëepZ A_¡ rhL$pk_p L$pe®¾$d Adgdp„ d|¼ep. dyíL¡$gudp„ L$pY$hy„ `X$sy„ Ap_p D`pe sfuL¡$
Aphp âL$pf_u ìehõ\p OV$L$ fpÄep¡_p õsf¡ X$p¡. âdp¡v$ k¡W$uA¡ Ly$im L$pfuNf fpdQ„Ö
idp®_u dv$v$\u L©$rÓd lp\, `N, _pL$, L$p_
`Z L$fhpdp„ Aphu R>¡.
s¥epf L$ep®.
A_yk|rQs Års A_¡ S>dpsu: 1971_u
S>_NZ_p A_ykpf v$¡idp„ 22% gp¡L$p¡ "S>e`yf a|V$' s„Óop_ hp`fu_¡ s¥epf
A_yk|rQs Års-S>dpsu_p lsp. Ap b^p L$f¡gp L©$rÓd Ahehp¡_¡ L$pfZ¡ A`„N v$v$}
dpV¡$ L$pev$p OX$u_¡ i¥nrZL$ rióeh©rÑ A_¡ Myëgp `N¡ MfbQX$u S>du_ `f Qpghy„,
ârsr_r^Ðh Ap`u_¡ k„kv$dp„ A_¡ fpÄe_p v$p¡X$hy„, kpCL$g Qgphhu, M¡sudp„ L$pd L$fhy„,
rh^p_d„X$mdp„ A_¡ ipkL$ue k¡hpAp¡dp„ L¡$V$guL$ TpX$ `f QX$hy„ A_¡ `h®spfp¡lZ L$fhy„ S>¡hp
L$pdp¡ klS>`Z¡ L$fu iL¡$ R>¡. Ap L©$rÓd `N
A_pds S>Áep fpMhpdp„ Aphu R>¡. `f b|V$ `l¡fhp_u S>ê$f _ lp¡hp_¡ L$pfZ¡
b|V$_p¡ MQ® bQu Åe R>¡. `N hpmhp¡, `gpW$u
kph®S>r_L$ Apfp¡Áe: cpfsue k„rh^p_dp„ hpmhu Ap L©$rÓd `N\u i¼e bÞey„. `pZudp„
ipk__„y âp\rdL$ L$sì® e AV¡ $g¡ cpfsue S>_sp_u A\hp cu_u [õ\rsdp„ L$pd L$fhp dpV¡$ Ap
fl¡ZuL$fZu ky^pfhu, s¡d_y„ `p¡jZ õsf
h^pfhy„ A_¡ kph®S>r_L$ Apfp¡Áe ky^pfhy„ A¡hy„ `N kyNd R>¡.
_½$u L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡. L¡$ÞÖ ipk_ Apfp¡Áe
A_¡ kdpS> L$ëepZ d„Ópge Ap k„v$c®dp„ d|Ót`X$ âÐepfp¡`Z (qL$X$_u V²$pÞkàgpÞV$):
fpÄe ipk__¡ dv$v$ L$f¡ R>¡. R>Ì$u `„Qhprj®L$ Ap i÷q¾$ep cpfsdp„ iê$ \sp„ v$v$}Ap¡_p
ep¡S>_pdp„ âp\rdL$ õhê$`_u Apfp¡Áe k¡hp âpZ bQphhpdp„ X$p¡¼V$fp¡_¡ kamsp dmu.
s¡dS> h¥ÛL$ue k¡hp N°pduZ cpN_p gp¡L$p¡, 1971 `l¡gp Aphp âL$pf_u i÷q¾$ep cpfsdp„
Apqv$hpku A_¡ Nfub gp¡L$p¡_¡ D`gå^ L$fphu h^pf¡ \su _lp¡su. sprdg_pXy$_p h¡ëgyfdp„
Ap`hp_p¡ DØ¡i lsp¡. Apfp¡Áe_p k„v$c®dp„ q¾$ò_ d¡qX$L$g L$p¡g¡S>_u lp¡[õ`V$gdp„ Ap
i÷q¾$ep 1971 dp„ kam \C. X$p¡. Å¡_u
A_¡ X$p¡. dp¡l_ fph¡ Ærhs ìe[¼sA¡ v$p_
L$f¡g d|Ót`X$_y„ v$v$}_p ifufdp„ kamsp`|h®L$
48
âÐepfp¡`Z L$ey¯. lh¡ ArhL$rks v$¡i_p v$v$}Ap¡ h©qÙ r_e„rÓs L$fhu, N°pduZ A_¡ _pNfu
cpfsdp„ Ap i÷q¾$ep L$fphhp dpV¡$ Aph¡ R>¡ cpNp¡dp„ AphíeL$ k¡hp A_¡ kyrh^p `|fu
V¡$õV$V$éyb b¡bu: cpfsdp„ `l¡gp\u S> `pX$hu Ap D`pep¡ R>¡.
Ly$Vy„$b ìehõ\pdp„ bpmL$p¡ lp¡hp A¡ dlÐh_u
bpbs dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. S>¡_¡ bpmL$p¡ Å¡CA¡ N°pduZ cpN
R>¡ s¡hp `rs-`Ð_u_u kdõep_p¡ DL¡$g ip¡^hp
dpV¡$ " V¡$õV$V$éyb b¡bu' s„Óop__p¡ Ap^pf õhs„Ó fus¡ A\hp kpd|rlL$ fus¡ `p¡s¡ S>
1978 \u D`gå^ \ep¡. L$p¡gL$spdp„ X$p¡. M¡X$hp ep¡Áe S>du__u `pk¡ fl¡_pfp M¡X|$sp¡_u
kycpj dyMp¡`pÝepe_u v$¡Mf¡M _uQ¡ V¡$õV$V$éyb L$pedu hõsu_¡ Npd L$l¡hpe R>¡. M¡su_u ip¡^
b¡bu_p¡ âep¡N kam \ep¡. A¡ `l¡gp¡ L©$rÓd \C Ðepf\u Npd A[õsÐhdp„ Apìep. cpfsdp„
Nc®^pfZ s„Ó_p¡ kam âep¡N bÞep¡. Ap N°pçe `Ùrs R|>V$uR>hpC gp¡L$hõsu ^fphsu
sÓ„ op_\u "v$yNp'® _pd_u R>pL¡ $fu_p¡ S>Þd \ep.¡ `Ùrs R>¡. ApSy>bpSy> M¡su_u S>du_ âkf¡gu
s¡\u bpmL$p¡ BÃR>sp hpguAp¡_p âñp¡ DL¡$ghpdp„ lp¡e A_¡ hÃQ¡ kd|ldp„ hk¡gp Ofp¡ A¡
cpfsue NpdX$p_u dy¿e rhriô$sp R>¡. N°pduZ
dv$v$ dmu. kdyv$pe dp¡V$p¡ lp¡e sp¡ `Z s¡ _pNfu kdyv$pe_u
syg_pdp„ OÏ„ _p_y„ S|>\ lp¡e R>¡. Npd L$fsp
fkuL$fZ: 1978 `l¡gp cpfsdp„ v$fhj£
S>Þd¡gp v$k bpmL$p¡dp„\u 6 bpmL$p¡ S>Þd _p_y„ S|>\ A¡V$g¡ hõsu.
`R>u_p `l¡gp S> hj®dp„ âpZOpsL$ k„L$V$p¡_p¡
kpd_p¡ L$fsp lsp. `p¡rgep¡, AR>bX$p, ^_yhp®s, k„`|Z® cpfs_u N°pd fQ_p A¡L$kfMu
ne, qX$à\¡qfep, dp¡V$u D^fk_¡ dps L$fhp dpV¡$ _\u. âpv$¡riL$ õhê$` âdpZ¡ õ\m_u rhriô$sp
fkuL$fZ_p¡ L$pe®¾$d lp\ ^fhpdp„ Apìep¡. 1995
dp„ "`ëk `p¡rgep¡' fkuL$fZ_y„ Arcep_ lp\ A_ykpf s¡dp„ afL$ `X¡$ R>¡.
^fpey„. s¡_¡ gu^¡ `p¡rgep¡ L$pbydp„ Apìep¡. õhps„Ôep¡Ñf L$pmM„X$: N°pdrhL$pk_u ×rô$A¡
kpd|rlL$ rhL$pk ep¡S>_p iê$ L$fhpdp„ Aphu
il¡fuL$fZ s¡_p\u M¡su s„Ó bv$ghy„, S>gtkQ_ h^pfhy„,
rinZ_p¡ âkpf L$fhp¡, c|ky^pfZp L$pev$p dpV¡$
il¡fdp„ L¡$ _pNfu n¡Ódp„ gp¡L$hõsu_y„ kldrs kp^hu S>¡hu ep¡S>_p s¥epf L$fhpdp„
L¡$ÞÖuL$fZ \hp_u âq¾$ep A¡V$g¡ il¡fuL$fZ, Aphu. Ap ep¡S>_p A_ykpf M¡su_y„ DÐ`pv$_
_pNfuL$fZ \hp dpV¡$ h^su gp¡L$k„¿ep A¡ h^pfhy„, k„v$¡i ìehlpf, Apfp¡Áe A_¡ rinZ_p¡
A¡L$ dlÐh_y„ L$pfZ R>¡. lhp, `pZu, N°pduZ cpNdp„ âkpf L$fhp¡ A¡ A¡L$ DØ¡íe
kd|lÆh_ dpV¡$ AphíeL$ lp¡e s¡hu Apr\®L$ R>¡. NpdX$p_p Apr\®L$ rhL$pk_¡ âp^pÞe
A_¡ kpdprS>L$ k„õ\p S>¡hp OV$L$p¡ _pNfuL$fZ Ap`hp_y„ _½$u \ey„. Ap dpV¡$ kfL$pf¡
N°pd`„Qpes_p dpÝed Üpfp L$pe® iê$ L$ey¯.
D`f Akf L$fu iL¡$ R>¡. N°pd`„Qpes_u fQ_pdp„ kh® Års S>dpsu_p
gp¡L$p¡_p¡ kdph¡i L$fhp_u iê$Aps \C. Ap
õhps„Ôep¡Ñf cpfs_p k„v$c®dp„ _pNfu dpV¡$ N°pd`„Qpes, `„Qpes krdrs A_¡ rS>ëgp
gp¡L$k„¿ep h©qÙ_p L¡$V$gpL$ dy¿e L$pfZp¡ A¡V$g¡
d©Ðeyv$fdp„ OV$pX$p¡, Ap¥Ûp¡rNL$L$fZ, N°pduZ `qfjv$_p Ar^L$pf h^pfhpdp„ Apìep.
cpNdp„ fp¡S>Npf_u A_D`gå^sp, il¡fdp„
bv$gpsy„ Apr\®L$ Æh_: `l¡gp NpdX$p_y„
fp¡S>Npf_u sL$p¡ A_¡ h¡`pf, õ\mp„sf lsp. Æh_ Apr\®L$ ×rô$A¡ õhphg„bu lsy„. NpdX$p_p
dp¡V$p cpN_p gp¡L$p¡ M¡su `f Ahg„rbs lsp.
il¡fp¡ `f Aphsp¡ bp¡Å¡ AV$L$phhp _p_p M¡su_y„ DÐ`pv$_ L$pfuNfp¡_¡ s¡d_p L$pd_p
_p_p NpdX$pAp¡dp„ fp¡S>Npf D`gå^ L$fphu hmsf sfuL¡$ hl¢Qhpdp„ Aphsy„ lsy„. lh¡ Ap
Ap`hp Apr\®L$ rhL$pk_y„ kdsp¡g_ kp^hy„, `qf[õ\rs bv$gpC NC R>¡. N°pduZ cpN M¡su
Apr\®L$ rhL$pk_¡ Nrs Ap`hu, dlp_Nfp¡_u
49
A_¡ M¡su kp\¡ k„b„r^s `|fL$ ìehkpe kp\¡ 1971_p A„sdp„ 1677 _p_u _l¡fp¡_y„ L$pd
Å¡X$hpdp„ Apìep R>¡. s¡dS> il¡fu kdpS> M¡su
rkhpe_p DÐ`pv$_ A_¡ k¡hp ìehkpe kp\¡ `|Z® L$fhpdp„ Apìe„y.
Å¡X$pe¡gp R>¡. N°pduZ rhÛysuL$fZ : N°pduZ cpNdp„
rhL$pk L$fhp dpV¡$ huS>mu_u AÐe„s S>ê$f lp¡e
N°pduZ rhL$pk: cpfsdp„ 1961dp„ 82% R>¡. M¡su_¡ `pZu_p¡ `yfhW$p¡ `lp¢QpX$hp dpV¡$
gp¡L$p¡ N°pduZ cpNdp„ fl¡sp lsp. 1971dp„ õhe„ k„Qprgs `„` Å¡BA¡, v|$^ A_¡ HX$p
A¡ âdpZ 80.1% lsy„. AÞ_^pÞe A_¡ AÞe S>¡hp _pih„s `v$p\® kpQhhp, am A_¡
L$pQpdpg_y„ DÐ`pv$_ L$fu_¡ il¡fp¡_u S>ê$qfeps ipL$cpÆ kpQhhp, Mpsf âL$ë` (ep¡S>_p)
`|fu `pX$hu, il¡fp¡_p Ap¥Ûp¡rNL$ rhcpNp¡_¡ Qgphhp, rhÛp\}Ap¡_p Aæepk dpV¡$ fpÓ¡
îrdL$p¡ `|fp `pX$hp, _¥krN®L$ kp^_k„`rÑ_u âL$pi lp¡hp¡, `„Mp, v|$fv$i®_ S>¡hp e„Óp¡ dpV¡$
v$¡Mf¡M L$fhu S>¡hu bpbsp¡ N°pduZ cpN ApS> huS>mu Å¡BA¡. cpfsdp„ `l¡gu `„Qhprj®L$
ky^u L$fsp¡ Apìep¡ R>¡. s¡\u Apr\®L$ ìehkpe_p¡ ep¡S>_p_p L$pmdp„ ÓZ lÅf NpdX$p_y„
rhL$pk L$fhp¡, kpdprS>L$ S>ê$qfepsp¡ A_¡ rhÛysuL$fZ \ey„ lsy„. 1973dp„ Ap Ap„L$X$p¡
kyrh^pAp¡_p¡ rhL$pk L$fhp¡, kp„õL©$rsL$, kpdprS>L$
A_¡ h¥QpqfL$ ×rô$L$p¡Zdp„ bv$gph gphhp¡ Ap ÅNrsL$uL$fZ L$pmM„X$dp„_p¡ N°pduZ
ÓZ Apl¹hp_p¡ N°pduZ rhL$pk_p k„v$c®dp„ R>¡. A_¡ _pNfu kdpS>
S>du_ ky^pfZp A_¡ S>gtkQ_ âL$ë`p¡_¡ Nrs
N°pduZ kdyv$pe _pNfu kdyv$pe
Ap`hu AphíeL$ R>¡.
M¡su A_¡ `|fL$ rb_ M¡su DÐ`pv$_
kpdprS>L$ S>ê$qfepsp¡ A_¡ kyrh^p: ìehkpe_¡ âp^pÞe A_¡ k¡hp ìehkpe
kph®S>r_L$ õhÃR>sp A_¡ Apfp¡Áe_u kNhX$
sfa AN°sp¾$d¡ gÿe Ap`hy„ S>ê$fu R>¡. `uhp_p âp^pÞe
`pZu_u bpf¡dpk kNhX$, õhÃR>spN©l, Y$p„L¡$gu
NV$fp¡, kp„L$X$p fõsp, A`|fsu rhÛys D`gå^u, ApL$pfdp„ _p_p, ApL$pfdp„ dp¡V$p,
Ap¥j^p¡`Qpf_u ANhX$ S>¡hp âñp¡\u N°pduZ cpjp, k„õL©$rs A_¡ cpjp, k„õL©$rs A_¡
cpN ApS>¡ `Z O¡fpe¡gp¡ R>¡. âp\rdL$ rinZ\u `f„`fpdp„ A¡L$pÐdsp `f„`fpdp„ rhrh^sp
DÃQ rinZ ky^u_u NyZhÑpey¼s kNhX$_u
A_D`gå^sp, d_p¡f„S>_ L¡$ÞÖ A_¡ âp\rdL$ õhê$`_p dp¡V$p dp¡V$p ìehkpe
hp„Q_pgep¡_u AR>s_¡ L$pfZ¡ N°pduZ cpNdp„ ìehkpe, blpf_p A_¡ DÐ`pv$_
gp¡L$p¡_¡ N°pduZ ÅNrsL$ õsf¡
rhi¡j gÿe Ap`hp_u S>ê$f R>¡. ìehkpedp„ kdphu AÞe cpNdp„\u
g¡hp_¡ bv$g¡ Aph_pfp_¡ kdphu
cpfs kfL$pf_u `l¡gu Qpf `„Qhprj®L$ Npddp„\u s¡d_¡ g¡_pfp
ep¡S>_pdp„ kd|l rhL$pk ep¡S>_p_y„ dlÐh_y„ õ\p_ il¡fdp„ dp¡L$g_pfp
lsy„. dlpfpô²$ fpÄeA¡ Ap ep¡S>_p A„sN®s Ap_yhp„riL$
âcphu L$pdNufu L$fu. dlpfpô²$dp„ 1962dp„ Ap_yhp„riL$ ìephkpreL$ âdpZ
rS>ëgp `qfjv$_u õ\p`_p L$fhpdp„ Aphu. ìephkpreL$ âdpZ vy$g®c
1970-71dp„ dlpfpô²$dp„ `p¥rô$L$ Aplpf h^pf¡ Ly$Vy„$b_¡ cpÁe¡S>
ep¡S>_p iê$ L$fhpdp„ Aphu. L|$hp Mp¡v$hp A_¡ âp^pÞe. ìe[¼s_¡
_m Üpfp `pZu `yfhW$p¡ L$fhp dpV¡$ "N°pduZ Ly$Vy„$b âdyM A_¡ âp^pÞe. k„ey¼s
`pZu `yfhW$p ep¡S>_p' iê$ L$fhpdp„ Aphu. Ly$Vy„$b ìehõ\p_¡ Ly$Vy„$b `Ý^rs_y„
âp^pÞe, k„ey¼s rhcpS>_
Ly$Vy„$b `Ý^rs
50
1,38,646 NpdX$p ky^u `lp¢Ãep¡. 1966\u rinZ Ap`hp dpV¡$ dlpfpô²$ ipk_¡ kpspfp,
`„` A_¡ L|$`_rgL$p_¡ h^pf¡ huS>mu Ap`hp_u Ap¥f„Npbpv$, _priL$ A_¡ rQMgv$fpdp„
ep¡S>_p b_phhpdp„ Aphu 1961dp„ "N°pduZ rhÛpr_L¡$s_ A¡hu hkrsN©ley¼s dpÝerdL$
rhÛysuL$fZ r_Nd' õ\p`hpdp„ Apìey„. s¡dp„\u ipmpAp¡ iê$ L$fu. L$p¡W$pfu L$rdi__u cgpdZ
Ap„^° âv$¡i, NyS>fps, L$Zp®V$L$, dlpfpóV²$ A_¡ A_ykpf dlpfpô²$dp„ fplyfu, AL$p¡gp, `fcZu
DÑf âv$¡i S>¡hp fpÄep¡dp„ N°pduZ rhÛysuL$fZ A_¡ v$p`p¡gudp„ L©$rj rhÛp`uW$p¡ iê$ L$fhpdp„
klL$pfu k„õ\p A[õsÐhdp„ Aphu. Aphu. dlpfpô²$A¡ rinZn¡Ódp„ L$f¡gu L$pe®_u
Ap¥Ûp¡rNL$fZ rhL$pk: N°pduZ Ap¥Ûp¡rNL$fZ _p¢^ gB_¡ ey_¡õL$p¡A¡ 1972dp„ kpnfsp
rhL$pk_¡ Nrs Ap`hp dpV¡$ "N°pdp¡Ûp¡N r_ep¡S>_ âkpf Np¥fh_y„ Ap„sffpô²$ue `pqfsp¡rjL$
krdrs'_u õ\p`_p L$fhpdp„ Aphu. 1972_p
dlpfpô²$_¡ Apàey„.
A„s ky^udp„ Ap ep¡S>_pdp„ A¡L$ gpM R> lÅf Ap fus¡ õhps„Ôep¡Ñf L$pmdp„ iê$Apsdp„
gp¡L$p¡_¡ fp¡S>Npf dþep¡. Aph¡gu dyíL¡$guAp¡ `f rhS>e d¡mhu_¡ cpfs¡
rhL$pk kp^hp_u iê$Aps L$fu. ApNm_p
N°pduZ cpNdp„ ârsL|$m `qf[õ\rsdp„ `pW$dp„ Ap`Z¡ AÞe n¡Ó_u âNrs_p¡ Aæepk
fl¡_pf rhi¡j by[Ý^dp_ rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ î¡›$ L$fhp_p R>uA¡.
õhpÝepe
1) _uQ¡_p `ep®ep¡dp„\u ep¡Áe `ep®e `k„v$ L$fu 4. _uQ¡_p rh^p_p¡ kL$pfZ õ`ô$ L$fp¡
rh^p_p¡ `|Z® L$fp¡. 1) `ëk `p¡rgep¡ fkuL$fZ L$pe®¾$d lp\ ^fhpdp„
1) X$p¸. A¡_. Np¡`u_p\_p _¡s©Ðh _uQ¡ cpfsdp„ Apìep¡.
......... il¡fdp„ `l¡gu Ap¡‘“ lpV®$ i÷q¾$ep 2) N°pduZ `pZu `yfhW$p ep¡S>_p iê$ L$fhpdp„
eiõhu \B. Aphu.
(A) Q¡Þ_B (b) h¡ëgyf
(L$) l¥Öpbpv$ (X$) dy„bB 5. _uQ¡_p âñp¡_p krhõspf DÑfp¡ gMp¡.
2) "S>e`yf a|V$' _p S>_L$ sfuL¡$ ........... _¡ 1) k„rh^p_ âdpZ¡ L$ep L$pfZp¡\u c¡v$cph
Ap¡mMhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. L$fhp_u d_pC R>¡?
(A) X$p¡. A¡_. Np¡`u_p\ (b) X$p¡. âdp¡v$ k¡W$u 2) kdpS> L$ëepZ L$pe®¾$d_p DØ¡ip¡ L$ep R>¡?
(L$) X$p¡. dp¡l_ fph (X$) Apdp„\u A¡L$`Z _rl 3) N°pduZ rhL$pk k„v$c®dp„ L$ep Apl¹hp_p¡ R>¡?
2. _uQ¡_pdp„\u Aep¡Áe Å¡X$u Ap¡mMu_¡ gMp¡. 6. kph®S>r_L$ Apfp¡Áe_p n¡Ódp„ cpfsdp„ \e¡gu dy¿e
(1) X$p¡. A¡_. Np¡`u_p\ - Ap¡`_ lpV®$ i÷q¾$ep OV$_pAp¡_u V|„$L$dp„ dprlsu Ap`p¡-
(2) fpdQ„Ö idp® - Ly$im L$pfuNf
(3) X$p¡. kycpj dyMp¡`pÝepe - V$¡õV$ V$éyb b¡bu D`¾$d
(4) X$p¡. dp¡l_fph - `p¡rgep¡ sdpfp `qfkfdp„ A¡L$pv$u hqf›$ ìe[¼s_u _uQ¡_p
dyØp_¡ Ap^pf¡ dygpL$ps gp¡.
3. V|„$L$ _p¢^ gMp¡ (2) S>e`yf a|V$ s„Óop_ - Of_u fQ_pdp„ \e¡gp¡ bv$gph
(1) Ly$Vy„$bk„õ\p (4) bv$gpsy„ Apr\®L$ Æh_ - M¡su_p k„v$c®dp„ bv$gph
(3) il¡fuL$fZ - hpl__u D`gå^sp
51
10 bv$gpsy„ Æh_: cpN -2
Ap `pW$dp„ Ap`Z¡ cpjp, fdsNds, _pV$L$ "A„N°¡Æ' cpjp_y„ âcyÐh h^hp gpÁey„ R>¡.
A_¡ QgrQÓ, hs®dp_`Ó A_¡ v|$fv$i®_ S>¡hp A„N°¡Æ Sê$fueps_u cpjp \hp gpNu R>¡.
n¡Óp¡dp„ \e¡gp„ a¡fapf_u dprlsu d¡mhhp_p R>uA¡. _p¡L$fu_u A_¡L$ sL$p¡ A„N°¡Æ cpjp_¡ L$pfZ¡
D`gå^ \hp gpNu R>¡. A„N°¡Æ cpjp
cpjp: cpfsdp„ tlv$u, Apkpdu, b„Npmu, iuMhpdp„ cpfsue gp¡L$p¡ ApNm `X$sp„ R>¡.
NyS>fpsu, L$Þ_X$, L$pídufu, dëepgd, dfpW$u, s¡d R>sp„ Ap âq¾$ep\u âpv$¡riL$ cpjp_y„
DqX$ep, `„Åbu, k„õL©$s, sprdg, s¡gyNy, Dv|$®, A[õsÐh Å¡Mddp„ _ d|L$pe s¡_u L$pmÆ g¡hu
L$p¢L$Zu, drZ`yfu, _¡`pmu A_¡ tk^u S>¡hu S>ê$fu R>¡.
cpjpAp¡ dlÐh_u R>¡. s¡ cpfsue cpjp_u
bp¡gucpjp `Z R>¡. s¡d_u k„¿ep lh¡ Ap¡R>u ’su ip¡^u L$pY$uA¡:-
Åe R>¡. s¡ kdekf kpQhhu S>ê$fu R>¡. AÞe\p
A¡L$ kpfp¡ hpfkp¡ _pi `pdi¡. A¡d R>sp„ tlv$u dlpfpóV²$dp„_u bp¡gu cpjp_u dprlsu
QgrQÓ Üpfp Qp¡d¡f âkfpe¡gu tlv$u cpjpA¡, rhrh^ kp^_p¡_¡ Ap^pf¡ ip¡^uA¡: N|Ng,
cpjp_u ×rô$A¡ v$¡i_¡ Å¡X$hp_„y L$pd L$e¯y R>¡. iåv$L$p¡i, rhqL$`uX$uep, k„ip¡^L$p¡_p„ g¡M.
B.k. 1990 `R>u iê$ \e¡gu fdsNds:- õhs„Ósp `l¡gp_p kdedp„
ÅNrsL$uL$fZ_u âq¾$ep_¡ L$pfZ¡ cpfsdp„ fdsNds_p n¡Ódp„ Ap„Nmu_p h¡Y¡$ NZu iL$pe
s¡V$gu fdsp¡_p _pd g¡hpsp. Apdp„ bv$gph
sd¡ ÅZp¡ R>p¡ L¡$? gphhp_y„ L$pd L¡$V$gpL$ M¡gpX$uAp¡A¡ L$ey¯. s¡_p\u
fds A_¡ M¡gpX$u bÞ_¡ ApNm Apìep.
1961dp„ _pNpg¡ÞX$_y„ cpjpL$ue rhhfZ Apdp„_y„ A¡L$ Dv$plfZ Nus i¡W$u R>¡. rbrgeX®$k¹
_uQ¡ âdpZ¡ R>¡. fds_p õ_|L$f âL$pfdp„ i¡W$uA¡ h¥rðL$ õsf¡
âprhÎe d¡mìey„. 15dp„ hj£ rbrgeX®$k¹_u
cpjp A_¡ gp¡L$k„¿ep_y„ âdpZ Ly$dpf fpóV²$ue õ`^p®dp„ rhS>¡sp füp. s¡ ApNm
A„Npdu - 33766 k¡dp - 47439 S>sp„ fpóV²$ue s¡dS> Ap„sffpóV²$ue õ`^p®dp„
gp¡\p - 26565 A¡Ap¡ - 55904 s¡dZ¡ AS>¡e `v$p¡ d¡mìep. h¥rðL$ ìehkpreL$
f¢Ndp - 5786 Qpfh¡k„N - 339 õ`^p®dp„ `p„Q hMs rhS>e d¡mìep¡. h¥rðL$
M¡Å - 7295 k„Nsd `p¡Qyfu-2736 âp¡Ðkprls rbrgeX®$k¹ õ`^p®dp„ ÓZ hpf s¡dZ¡
k„Nsd - 15508 L$p¥r_epL$ - 46653 rhS>e`v$ d¡mìey„. Ap fds_¡ s¡dZ¡ gp¡L$râesp
Qp„N - 11329 ap¡d- 13385 d¡mhu Ap`u. kdpQpf `Ódp„ Ap fds_p
eudQy„N¡°- 10187 Mud_y„Nd - 12434 kdpQpf R>`pep s¡dp„ i¡W$u_y„ L$pe® L$pfZc|s
T¡rge„N k¡du-6472 rgep„Nd¡ - 2969 R>¡. cpfs_p Dcfsp M¡gpX$uAp¡ dpV¡$ s¡dZ¡
Ly$L$u-Qufy - 1175 dL$hf¡ - 769 _hy„ n¡Ó D`gå^ L$fu Apàey„ R>¡.
rsrMf - 2468
1983dp„ L$r`g v$¡h_p _¡s©Ðh l¡W$m cpfs¡
Ap rhrh^sp_u Akf L$p¡rldp q¾$L¡$V$ rhðL$` õ`^p®dp„ A¥rslprkL$ rhS>e
ApL$pihpZu L¡$ÞÖ `f \C. Ap L¡$ÞÖdp„ 25 d¡mìep¡ A_¡ Ap fds¡ v$¡icfdp„ A_Þe
cpjpdp„ âkpfZ L$fphhy„ `X$sy„. s¡dp„ gp¡L$râesp d¡mhu. ApS> hj£ ky_ug NphõL$f¡
A„N°¡Æ, tlv$u, _pNp bp¡gu A_¡ AÞe 16 L$kp¡V$udp„ kp¥\u h^y kv$u b_phhp_p¡ rh¾$d
_pNp cpjpAp¡_p¡ kdph¡i R>¡.
52
kS>®ep¡. B.k. 1985dp„ cpfs¡ "b¡Þk_ A¡ÞX$ `qf[õ\rs_y„ rQÓZ QgrQÓp¡dp„ v$¡MpC Aph¡
R>¡. rQrÓL$fZ_p õ\mp¡ v$¡iblpf S>hp gpÁep.
l¡S>¡k' q¾$L¡$V$ õ`^p®dp„ rhS>e d¡mìep¡. Ap_p v$¡i-`fv$¡i_p h¥rhÝe`|Z® õ\mp¡ gp¡L$p¡_¡ Å¡hp
dþep. AÞe cpjp_p QgrQÓp¡ A_yhpqv$s
`qfZpd¡ cpfs_p v$f¡L$> fpÄep¡dp„ Ap¡R>p hÑp \hp gpÁep. A„N°¡Æ QgrQÓ_p âv$i®_ hMs¡
`X$v$p `f tlv$u A_yhpv$ v$¡Mphp gpÁep. tlv$u
âdpZdp„ q¾$L¡$V_u$ QgrQÓ ÅNrsL$ QgrQÓp¡ kp\¡ õ`^p® L$fhp
gpÁep. tlv$u QgrQÓ rhðcfdp„ a¡gpep.
fds fdphp gpNu. fpS>L$pfZ, kpdprS>L$, DÛp¡N, s„Óop__p
ârstbbp¡ QgrQÓdp„ v$¡Mphp gpÁep. `l¡gp
v$¡iu fdsp¡ `pR>m 3-4 L$gpL$ Qpg_pfp QgrQÓp¡_¡ bv$g¡ v$p¡Y$
L$gpL$_p QgrQÓp¡ Aphhp gpÁep. A¡L$S> `X$v$p¡
flu_¡ q¾$L¡$V$_u fds A_¡ A¡L$S> rk_¡dpN©l_u k„L$ë`_p bv$gpB_¡
lh¡ bly `X$v$p (Multiplex) A_¡ rk_¡dp
ApNm h^u NB. k„Ly$g_u fQ_p A[õsÐhdp„ Aphu. Ap_¡ L$pfZ¡
A¡L$S> QgrQÓ 100 AW$hpqX$ep Qpghp_y„
q¾$L¡$V$_u fds_¡ âdpZ b„^ \ey„ A_¡ A¡L$S> QgrQÓ A¡L$S>
kde¡ v$¡i rhv$¡i_p lÅfp¡ rk_¡dpN©lp¡dp„ v$¡Mphp
L¡$ÞÖõ\p_¡ fpMu_¡ gpÁey„. A¡_¡ gu^¡ QgrQÓ_y„ A\®L$pfZ bv$gpC
Ney„. QgrQÓ r_rd®rs_¡ DÛp¡N_p¡ v$fÄÅ¡ âpàs
L¡$V$gp„L$ QgrQÓp¡_y„ kyr_g NphõL$f \ep¡. Ap DÛp¡N L$fp¡X$p¡ gp¡L$p¡_¡ kdprhóV$ L$fhp
gpÁep¡. âpv$¡riL$ cpjpdp„_p QgrQÓp¡_p¡
r_dp®Z L$fhpdp„ Apìey„. v|$fv$i®_ `f `|fp `p„Q DÛp¡N `|f Å¡i\u Qpghp gpÁep¡.
qv$hk, A¡L$ qv$hk A¡ fus¡ fds_y„ âkpfZ hs®dp_`Óp¡: bv$gpe¡gu Æh_ i¥gu_p¡
âcph hs®dp_`Ó `f A_¡ âkpf dpÝedp¡ `f
iê$ \ey„. `X$ép¡. Ap dpÝedp¡_p¡ âcph ìe[¼sNs A_¡
kpd|rlL$ Æh_ `f `Z `X$ép¡. õhps„Ôep¡Ñf
A¡riepX$ A_¡ Ap¡tgr`L$ õ`^p®dp„ cpfs L$pmM„X$dp„ v$¥r_L$ OV$_pAp¡_p spÅ kdpQpf
Ap`hp, Ål¡fps R>p`u_¡ DÛp¡N ìehkpe_¡
klcpNu lsy„. B.k. 2000_p Ap¡tgr`L$dp„ ApNm ^`phhy„, gp¡L$ds s¥epf L$fhp¡, kL$pfpÐdL$
L$pdp¡ dpV¡$ gp¡L$ds âcprhs L$fu_¡ âpk„rNL$
""L$f_pd dëg¡ðfu'' A¡ cpfÐÑp¡g_ (h¡BV$ _s¡ Щ h L$fh,„y ÅNr© Ñ gphhu, ipk_ ìehõ\p`f
A„Ly$i fpMhp¡ S>¡hp rhrh^ DØ¡ip¡ dpV¡$
rgaV$]N) `v$L$ d¡mìey„. Ap¡tgr`L$dp„ `v$L$ hs®dp_`Óp¡ L$pe®fs lsp. Ap L$pmdp„ hs®dp_`Óp¡
L©$óZ^hg f„Ndp„ R>p`hpdp„ Aphsp„ lsp.
dm¡ h_pfu s¡ `lg¡ u
ApNm S>sp„ hs®dp_`Óp¡ f„Nu_ \ep.
cpfsue drlgp `l¡gp spgyL$p A\hp rS>ëgp_p dyM`Ó sfuL¡$
Ap¡mMpsp hs®dp_`Óp¡_¡ dp¡V$p âdpZdp„
lsu. lp¡L$u, sfZ fpÄeõsfue hs®dp_`Óp¡ kp\¡ õ`^p® L$fhu `X¡$
R>¡. lpgdp„ hs®dp_`Óp¡ M|bS> kq¾$e \hp
õ`^p®, rsf„v$pÆ, gpÁep R>¡. vy$óL$pmN°õsp¡ dpV¡$ a„X$ A¡L$Wy„$ L$fhy„,
hS>_ JQL$hy„,
V¡$r_k, b¡X$rdÞV$_
S>¡hu õ`^p®dp„
cpfs_„y ârsr_r^Ðh
L$f_pd dëg¡ðfu h^hp gpÁey„.
_pV$L$ A_¡ QgrQÓ: _pV$L$ A_¡ QgrQÓ
cpfsuep¡_p Æh__y„ dlÐh_y„ OV$L$ R>¡. `l¡gp
_pV$L$p¡ gp„bp¡ kde ¼epf¡L$ ¼epf¡L$ ApMu fps
Qpgsp„. lpgdp„ _pV$L$_y„ õhê$`, s„Ó, kde
bv$gpB Nep R>¡. Sy>v$p„ Sy>v$p„ n¡Ó_p gp¡L$p¡
_pV$L$p¡dp„ Å¡X$php gpÁep R>¡. k„Nus f„Nc|rd_y„
dlÐh `l¡gp L$fsp„ Ap¡Ry>„ \hp gpÁey„ R>¡.
`p¥fprZL$ A_¡ A¥rslprkL$ rhjep¡_¡ bv$g¡
fpS>L$pfZ, kdpS>L$pfZ S>¡hp rhjep¡_¡ âp^pÞe
dmhp gpÁey„ R>¡.
QgrQÓ n¡Ó¡ L©$óZ^hg rk_¡dp `R>u
f„Nu_ QgrQÓ_p¡ eyN Apìep¡. d_p¡f„S>_ n¡Ó¡
tlv$u QgrQÓ_y„ õ\p_ Asyg_ue R>¡. kdL$pgu_
53
`|fN°õsp¡ dpV¡$ a„X$ A¡L$Wy„$ L$fhy„, lp¡riepf `f„sy hprl_uAp¡_y„ rhð S> bv$gpB Ney„. 1998dp„
õV$pf [STAR] [Setelite Television-Asia
Apr\®L$ ×[óV$A¡ r_b®m rhÛp\}Ap¡_p„ DÃQ Region] Mp_Nu DÛp¡N kd|l cpfsdp„ Apìep¡.
Ap_p\u cpfsdp„ iê$Aps_p L$pm_p _ufk,
rinZ dpV¡$ klpesp L$fhu, kp„õL©$rsL$ L$pe®¾$dp¡ A¡L$k|Óu, âQpfL$, õhê$`_p kdpQpfp¡_y„ rhð
S> bv$gpB Ney„.
Apep¡rS>s L$fhp A_¡ âp¡Ðkprls L$fhp S>¡hp
cpjp, fS|>Aps_y„ s„Ó, s„Ó kÄS> õVy$qX$Ap¡
rhrh^ L$pep£ Üpfp hs®dp_`Óp¡ Ap`Zp„ A_¡ OB (Outdoor Broadcasting) h¡__p
D`ep¡N\u Ap hprl_uAp¡_p¡ rhõspf \hp
Æh__p¡ ArhcpÄe A„N b_u füp„ R>¡. gpÁep¡. S>¡\u âkpfZdp„ dy¼s`Ï„, rhrh^sp
v|$fv$i®_: cpfsdp„ õhps„Ôep¡Ñf L$pmM„X$dp„ Aphu. v$¡i_p M|Z¡ M|Zp„ Å¡X$php gpÁep„.
Ap_u Akf fpS>L$fZ `f `Z \B. ApMp¡
v|$fv$i®__y„ ApNd_ \ey„. iê$Apsdp„ L©$óZ^hg v$¡i bv$gphp gpÁep¡.
fl¡_pfy„ v|$fv$i®_ ApNm S>sp„ f„Nu_ \ey„.
iê$Apsdp„ NÎep„ Np„W$ép„ L$pe®¾$dp¡ A_¡ r_ròs AÐepf ky^u Ap`Z¡ Ap^yr_L$ cpfs_p
kdedp„S> d_p¡f„S>_ A¡hy„ v|$fv$i®__y„ õhê$` Brslpk_p¡ Aæepk L$ep£. Aphsp hj£ Brslpk
lsy„. ApNm S>sp„ i¥nrZL$ D`¾$d, hpsp®`Óp¡, rhje ìephlpqfL$ S>Nsdp„ L$B fus¡ D`ep¡Nu
fpóV²$`rs-hX$pâ^p__u dygpL$psp¡_y„ krhõspf \pe R>¡ s¡ Ap`Z¡ iuMhp_p R>uA¡. Brslpk
âkpfZ, kdpQpf S>¡hp A¡L$ A¡L$ D`¾$dp¡ A¡ fp¡Æ„v$p Æh__p¡ cpN L¡$hu fus¡ \B iL¡$
h^sp„ Nep. fpdpeZ A_¡ dlpcpfs S>¡hu s¡ Ap`Z¡ Å¡Biy„.
^pfphprlL$p¡_p kdedp„ Ak„¿e gp¡L$p¡ v|$fv$i®__u
kpd¡ b¡ku fl¡sp. Ap dpÝed_p gp¡L$râesp_u
ÅZ Ap ^pfphprlL$p¡ Üpfp S>Zphp gpNu.
1991_p BfpL$_p eyÝ^_y„ Æh„s Öíe
âkpfZ "CNN' (Q¡_g) hprl_uA¡ rhðcfdp„
v$¡MpX$éy„. Ap_¡ L$pfZ¡ cpfsue kdpQpf
õhpÝepe
1. Ap`¡gp `ep®edp„\u ep¡Áe `ep®e ip¡^u_¡ rh^p_p¡ 3. _uQ¡_p rh^p_p¡ kL$pfZ õ`óV$ L$fp¡:
`|Z® L$fp¡: (1) cpfsdp„ kh®Ó Ap¡R>p hÑp âdpZdp„ q¾$L¡$V$_u
(1) cpfs¡.............. _p _¡s©Ðh l¡W$m rhðL$` fds fdphp gpNu.
q¾$L¡$V$ õ`^p® Æsu. (2) QgrQÓ_y„ A\®L$pfZ bv$gpey„ R>¡.
(A) kyr_g NphõL$f (b) L$r`g v$¡h 4. _uQ¡ Ap`¡gp âñp¡_p„ krhõspf DÑfp¡ gMp¡:
(1) cpfsue cpjpAp¡_u bp¡gu cpjp_y„ S>s_
(L$) k¥ev$ qL$fdpZu (X$) k„qv$` `pV$ug L$fhy„ AphíeL$ bÞey„ R>¡? ip dpV¡$?
(2) hs®dp_`Óp¡_y„ bv$gpsy„ õhê$` õ`óV$ L$fp¡.
(2) ÅNrsL$uL$fZ_u âq¾$ep_¡ L$pfZ¡ cpfsdp„ (3) v|$fv$i®__p dpÝeddp„ ¼ep bv$gph Apìep R>¡?
................. cpjp_y„ âcyÐh h^sy„ Åe D`¾$d
(1) v$pv$pkpl¡b apmL¡$ rhi¡ Internet_u dv$v$\u
R>¡. dprlsu d¡mhp¡. v$pv$pkpl¡b apmL¡$ `yfõL$pf \u
kÞdpr_s ìe[¼sAp¡_u epv$u s¥epf L$fp¡.
(A) `„Åbu (b) ä¢Q (2) gp¡L$iplu_p¡ Qp¡\p¡ õs„c "hs®dp_`Ó' Ap
rhje `f ipmpdp„ r_b„^ õ`^p®_y„ Apep¡S>_
(L$) A„N°¡Æ (X$) tlv$u
L$fp¡.
2. _uQ¡_p¡ L$p¡W$p¡ `|Z® L$fp¡.
1. cpfs_u dlÐh_u cpjp ..................
..................
2. Ap¡tgr`L$ õ`^p®dp„ `v$L$ âpàs ..................
L$f_pf M¡gpX$uAp¡ ..................
3. sd¡ Å¡e¡gy„ bpg QgrQÓ ..................
..................
4. rhrh^ kdpQpfp¡_y„ âkpfZ ..................
L$f_pf Q¡_gp¡_p _pd ..................
54
fpÄeip÷
cpfs A_¡ S>Ns
A_y¾$drZL$p
¾$. `pW$_y„ _pd `©óW$ ¾$dp„L$
1. rhðeyÝ^p¡Ñf fpS>L$ue OV$_pAp¡ 57
2. cpfs_y„ Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ 65
3. cpfs_u kyfnp ìehõ\p 72
4. k„ey¼s fpô²k„O 77
5. cpfs A_¡ AÞe v$¡i 84
6. Ap„sffpóV²$ue kdõep 91
^p¡. 8 ky^u _pNqfL$ip÷ sfuL¡$ cZphpsp¡ rhje ^p¡. 9 \u
fpÄeip÷_p _pd\u Ap`Z¡ cZhp_p R>uA¡. _pNqfL$ip÷_u S>¡d S>
fpÄeip÷dp„ `Z Ap`Z¡ Ap`Zp fpS>L$ue Æh__p¡ Aæepk L$fhp_p
R>uA¡. Ap Aæepk lh¡ h^pf¡ ìep`L$ A_¡ KX$pZ\u \i¡. fpS>L$ue
Æh_dp„ S>¡ âdpZ¡ õ\pr_L$ ipk_, k„rh^p_, k„rh^p_dp„_p d|mc|s lL$
A_¡ dpN®v$i®L$ sÐhp¡ hN¡f¡_p¡ kdph¡i lp¡e R>¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ v$¡i_u
ipk_ìehõ\p, fpÄeL$pfcpf, ^p¡fZ r_rd®rs, gp¡L$iplu, rhrh^ Qmhmp¡_p¡
`Z kdph¡i lp¡e R>¡. kfL$pf_p r_Z®e, ipk__p ^p¡fZp¡, ipk_ sfa\u
\_pf kÑp_p¡ D`ep¡N hN¡f¡_u Akf kpdpÞe dpZk_p Æh_ `f \pe
R>¡. fpÄeip÷ Ap b^u bpbsp¡_p¡ ip÷iyÝ^ A_¡ kdunL$$ `Ý^rs\u
Aæepk L$f¡ R>¡. fpÄeip÷_p Aæepk\u sd_¡ fpS>L$ue OV$_pAp¡, fpS>L$ue
âhpl A_¡ âq¾$ep_y„ h^pf¡ kpfu fus¡ ApL$g_ \i¡. L$p¡B`Z n¡Ódp„ L$pd
L$fhp A_¡ âphuÎe d¡mhhpdp„ Ap ApL$g__p¡ apev$p¡ \i¡.
55
A.¾$. OV$L$ ndsp rh^p_p¡
1. 1945\u S>Ns -
ndsp
dlÐh_p¡ âhpl
• i÷p÷ õ`^p®\u Ap„sffpóV²$ue ip„rs kpd¡ Å¡Md r_dp®Z \pe
2. cpfs_y„ Ap„sffpóV²$ue R>¡ s¡_u ÅZ \hu.
^p¡fZ
• riseyÝ^p¡Ñf L$pm_u h¥rðL$ OV$_pAp¡_y„ rhïg¡jZ L$fu iL$hy„.
3. cpfs_u kyfnpìehõ\p • ÅNrsL$uL$fZ_¡ cpfs¡ Ap`¡gp ârskpv$_u dprlsu d¡mhhu.
• ÅNrsL$uL$fZ_p k„v$c®dp„ rhrh^ v$¡ip¡_p„ `fõ`fphg„b_ ÅZu
4. k„ey¼s fpóV²$k„O
gB s¡ bpbs¡ QQp® L$fhu.
5. cpfs A_¡ AÞe v$¡i
• Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ_p¡ A\® L$lu iL$i¡.
6. Ap„sffpóV²$ue kdõep • Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ_p Dv¹$¡ip¡_p¡ Apv$f L$fi¡.
• õhs„Ó cpfs_p Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ_¡ rhrh^ OV$_pAp¡_u
dv$v$\u õ`óV$ L$fhy„.
• cpfs Ap„sffpóV²$ue ip„rs A_¡ kyfrnssp_¡ l„d¡ip âp^pÞe Ap`¡
R>¡ s¡ ÅN©rs rhL$rks L$fhu.
• cpfs_u k„fnZ e„ÓZp_y„ õhê$` kdS>i¡.
• gíL$fu A_¡ A^®gíL$fu v$mp¡_p L$pep£_y„ hN}L$fZ L$fhy„.
• dp_hu kyfnp k„L$ë`_p õ`óV$ L$fhu.
• A„sN®s kyfrnssp kpd¡_p Apl¹hp_p¡_u ÅZL$pfu d¡mhhu.
• A¡L$pv$ Apl¹hp__p¡ Aæepk L$fu_¡ s¡_u k„ip¡^_ `rÓL$p s¥epf
L$fhu.
• k„ey¼s fpóV²$k„O A¡ A¡L$ dlÐh_u h¥rðL$ k„OV$_p R>¡ s¡ L$lu
iL$i¡.
• k„ey¼s fpóV²$k„O ip„rs_y„ fnZ L$f¡ R>¡ s¡ L$lu iL$i¡.
• kh® fpóV²$p¡_p rhL$pk dpV¡$ ip„rs AphíeL$ lp¡e R>¡ s¡ A„N¡
ÅN©rs rhL$rks L$fhu.
• k„ey¼s fpóV²$k„O_u kyfnp `qfjv$dp„ bv$gph \hp dpV¡$_u
AphíeL$sp õ`óV$ L$fhu.
• cpfs_y„ cp¥Np¡rgL$ õ\p_ A_¡ s¡_y„ cpfs_p A„sN®s A_¡
Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ `f \_pf `qfZpd õ`óV$ \i¡.
• `pX$p¡iu v$¡ip¡ kp\¡ d¥Óu`|Z® k„b„^ lp¡hp Å¡BA¡ A¡ rhQpf ×Y$
\i¡.
• âpv$¡riL$ klL$pe® dpV¡$_u k„OV$_p bpbs¡ L$pfZdudp„kp L$fi¡.
• cpfs A_¡ AÞe v$¡i hÃQ¡ Apr\®L$ A_¡ ìep`pfu k„b„^dp„
\sp bv$gph_p¡ Al¡hpg g¡i¡.
• dp_h lL$ S>Ns_p v$f¡L$ dp_h_¡ âpàs \pe R>¡ Ap rhQpf
rhL$rks \i¡.
• cpfsue k„rh^p_ A_¡ L$pev$p dpfas dp_h lL$_y„ k„fnZ L$B
fus¡ \pe R>¡ s¡ ÅZi¡.
• `ep®hfZ rh_pi A¡ A¡L$ h¥rðL$ kdõep R>¡ A¡ ÅN©rs rhL$rks
\i¡.
• r_hp®rks A¡V$g¡ L$p¡Z A¡ õ`óV$ \i¡.
56
1 rhðeyÝ^p¡Ñf fpS>L$ue OV$_pAp¡
Qpgp¡, `y_fphs®_ L$fuA¡ A¡ Ap„sffpóV²$ue ìehõ\p_y„ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ ApS>_u
ÅNrsL$ ìehõ\p_y„ A¡L$ dlÐh_y„ h¥rióV$é R>¡.
`pR>gp ^p¡fZdp„ _pNqfL$ip÷_p `pW$é-
`yõsL$dp„\u Ap`Z¡ õ\pr_L$ ipk_ k„õ\p, d_¡ Dv¹$ch¡gp âï_p¡ .....
c$pfs_y„ k„rh^p_ A_¡ Ap`Zp v$¡i_u * ìe[¼s A_¡ fpóV²$p¡_p `fõ`fphg„b_dp„
fpÄe`Ý^rs A\hp ipk__u fQ_p_p¡ Aæepk
L$ep£. Ap ^p¡fZdp„ Ap`Z¡ lh¡ cpfs_p S>Ns iy„ afL$ lp¡e R>¡?
kp\¡_p k„b„^ Å¡hp_p R>uA¡. c|Np¡m_p * îud„s v$¡i A_¡ Nfub v$¡i A¡hp L$p¡B
Aæepk\u sd_¡ S>Ns_u cp¥Np¡rgL$ fQ_p
kdÅZu li¡. Brslpk_p Aæepk\u rhcpN lp¡e R>¡ L¡$?
A¥rslprkL$ L$pm_u h¥rðL$ OV$_pAp¡ kdÅZu * v$¡i_p¡ L$pfcpf S>¡d k„rh^p__p Ap^pf¡
li¡. fpÄeip÷_p Aæepk\u Ap`Z¡ lh¡
cpfs_p S>Ns kp\¡_p k„b„^ A_¡ dlÐh_u Qpg¡ R>¡, s¡d ÅNrsL$õsf¡ A¡L$pv$
ÅNrsL$ kdõepAp¡ kdS>hp_p R>uA¡. k„rh^p_ lp¡e R>¡ L¡$?
* Ap„sffpóV²$ue ìehõ\pdp„ khp£ÃQ õ\p_
Ap`Z¡ b^p AgN AgN L$pfZp¡ L$p¡_y„ lp¡e R>¡?
dpV¡$, kyM kNhX$ dpV¡$ kdpS>_u ìe[¼s,
k„õ\p A_¡ k„OV$_p `f Ap^pqfs R>uA¡. Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ Üpfp Ap„sffpóV²$ue
Ap`Ï„ kpdprS>L$ Æh_ `fõ`fphg„bu lp¡e k„b„^: âÐe¡L$ fpóV²$ `p¡sp_p A„sN®s ìehlpfp¡
R>¡ A_¡ s¡dp„ `fõ`f klL$pe® M|b dlÐh_y„ dpV¡$ s¡S> âdpZ¡ AÞe fpóV²$p¡ kp\¡ L¡$hp¡
lp¡e R>¡, s¡ Ap`Z¡ Å¡ey„. Ap S>¡d ìe[¼s ìehlpf L$fhp¡, Ap bpbs¡ r_ròs ^p¡fZ
A_¡ kdpS> dpV¡$ R>¡ s¡d s¡ rhrh^ fpóV²$p¡ dpV¡$ _½$u L$f¡ R>¡. Aphp ^p¡fZ_¡ Ap„sffpóV²$ue
`Z R>¡. cpfs_u S>¡d S>Nsdp„ A_¡L$ õhs„Ó ^p¡fZ L$l¡hpe R>¡. cpfs_p Ap„sffpóV²$ue
v$¡i R>¡. s¡d_u hÃQ¡ kss L„$BL$ Ap`-g¡ ^p¡fZp¡_p¡ Ap`Z¡ h^y„ rhõs©s Aæepk
Qpgy lp¡e R>¡, ìehlpf \sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. Ap ApNm_p âL$fZdp„ L$fhp_p R>uA¡.
õhs„Ó fpÄep¡ `fõ`f L$fpf `Z L$f¡ R>¡. Ap
kh® õhs„Ó A_¡ kph®cp¥d v$¡ip¡_u dmu_¡ A¡L$ L$fu Sy>Ap¡
ìehõ\p s¥epf \pe R>¡. s¡_¡ Ap`Z¡
Ap„sffpóV²$ue ìehõ\p L$luA¡ R>uA¡. Ap A¡L$ drl_p_p R>p`p k„L$rgs L$fu
Ap„sffpóV²$ue ìehõ\p_u L¡$V$guL$ rhrióV$spAp¡ s¡dp„_p Ap„sffpóV²$ue k„b„^p¡_p kdpQpfp¡_y„
Ap`Z¡ ÅZuA¡. k„L$g_ L$fp¡. _uQ¡_p dyØp_¡ Ap^pf¡ Ap
kdpQpfp¡_y„ hN}L$fZ L$fp¡ A_¡ s¡_y„
`fõ`fphg„b_: S>Ns_p b^p„S> v$¡i âv$i®_ L$fp¡.
L$p¡B_¡ L$p¡B L$pfZp¡ dpV¡$ A¡L$buÅ `f Ap^pqfs (A) `ffpóV²$p¡_p dlÐh_p `v$ `f_u ìe[¼sA¡
lp¡e R>¡. fpóV²$ Nd¡ s¡V$gy„ dp¡Vy$„, kd©Ý^ A_¡
rhL$rks lp¡e, s¡ ¼epf¡e v$f¡L$ bpbsp¡dp„ gu^¡g Ap`Zp v$¡i_u dygpL$ps.
õhe„`|Z® lp¡B iL¡$ _l]. dp¡V$p fpóV²$p¡_¡ `Z (b) Ap`Zp v$¡i A_¡ AÞe v$¡i hÃQ¡
AÞe s¡d_p S>¡hp dp¡V$p A_¡ _p_p fpóV²$p¡ `f
Ap^pqfs fl¡hy„ `X¡$ R>¡. dpV¡$ S> `fõ`fphg„b_ \e¡gp L$fpf.
(L$) Ap`Zp v$¡idp„ ep¡Åe¡g A¡L$pv$
Ap„sffpóV²$ue `qfjv$.
(X$) `X$p¡iu v$¡ip¡_p k„v$c®_u OV$_pAp¡.
57
`pð®c|rd: Ap`Z¡ ApS>¡ S>¡ rhðdp„ fluA¡ \ep. v$p. s. eyfp¡`_p `l¡gp_p kpd°pÄep¡ _óV$
R>uA¡ s¡ A_¡L$ âk„Np¡, OV$_pAp¡\u ApL$pqfs \ep A_¡ _hp fpóV²$p¡ A[õsÐhdp„ Apìep.
\e¡g R>¡ A¡V$g¡S> Ap`Ï„ ApS>_y„ rhð kdS>hp
dpV¡$ Ap`Z¡ Brslpkdp„ X$p¡qL$ey L$fhy„ `X$i¡. eyfp¡`_p A_¡L$ v$¡ip¡_u ApqäL$p A_¡
Ns isL$dp„ b¡ dlpeyÝ^p¡ \ep s¡_u Ap`Z_¡ A¡riep M„X$dp„ hkplsp¡ lsu. Ap hkplsp¡dp„
ÅZ R>¡ S>. Ap b¡ dlpeyÝ^p¡ Ns isL$dp„ õhps„Ôe dpV¡$ Qmhmp¡ iê$ \B. eyfp¡`ue
b_¡g kp¥\u dlÐh_u OV$_p lsu. s¡_p gu^¡ fpóV²$p¡_p hQ®õh_¡ Ap Qmhmp¡A¡ dp¡V$p âdpZdp„
S>Ns bv$gpe„y. rhðdp„ _hp¡ âhpl Apìep¡, Apl¹hp_ Apàey„.
_hp¡ rhQpf Apìep¡, Ap dlpeyÝ^\u buSy>„ iy„
\ey„ s¡ kdÆA¡. `l¡gp rhðeyÝ^ `R>u ip„rs âõ\pr`s
L$fhp dpV¡$ fpóV²$k„O_y„ r_dp®Z \ey„. `f„sy
`l¡gy„ rhðeyÝ^: 1914 \u 1918 _p fpóV²$k„O_¡ eyÝ^ fp¡L$hpdp„ ei dþep¡ _lu.
kde v$fçep_ `l¡gy„ rhðeyÝ^ \ey„. eyfp¡`M„X$_p S>d®_u, BV$gu, õ`¡_ hN¡f¡ v$¡ip¡dp„
dlÐh_p v$¡i Apdp„ kpd¡g lsp. A¡L„$v$f¡ kfdyMÐepfiplu A[õsÐhdp„ Aphu. Ap
Ap„sffpóV²$ue A\hp ÅNrsL$ ìehõ\pdp„ OV$_pAp¡_y„ `qfZpd buÅ rhðeyÝ^dp„ \ey„.
eyfp¡`_y„ Ap L$pmdp„ M|b dlÐh lsy„. `l¡gp
rhðeyÝ^_¡ L$pfZ¡ M|b dp¡V$p âdpZdp„ Å_lpr_ `l¡gp rhðeyÝ^dp„ klcpNu \e¡gp cpfsue k¥r_L$
A_¡ dpglpr_ \B. eyÝ^dp„ klcpNu \e¡gp
fpóV²$p¡_¡ M|bS> Apr\®L$ _yL$kp_ kl_ L$fhy„ rhQpf L$fp¡ A_¡ gMp¡
`X$éy„. S>¡ fpóV²$p¡ eyÝ^dp„ klcpNu _ lsp S>d®_udp„ rlV$gf_u kfdyMÐepfiplu_p¡
s¡d_¡ `Z eyÝ^_u ÄhpmpAp¡ gpNu. Æs¡gp
A_¡ lpf¡gp fpóV²$p¡_u A\®ìehõ\p _bmu `X$u. Dv$e \ep¡. S>d®_udp„ gp¡L$iplu `f„`fp
âbm lp¡s sp¡ i„y \e„y lp¡s? kfdyMÐepfiplu
`l¡gp rhðeyÝ^dp„ klcpNu fpóV²$p¡ A[õsÐhdp„ _ Aph¡ s¡ dpV¡$ Ap`Z¡ L$B
L$pmÆ g¡hu Å¡BA¡?
rdÓ fpóV²$ ^fu fpóV²$
HÁg¢X$, äpÞk, S>d®_u, Ap¡[õV²$ep, sd_¡ iy„ gpN¡ R>¡?
friep, BV$gu, l„N¡fu, syL®$õsp_, eyÝ^ `f ârsb„^ d|L$hp dpV¡$ fpóV²$k„O_y„
Ad¡qfL$p bëN¡qfep r_dp®Z L$ey¯. `f„sy eyÝ^ fp¡L$hpdp„ fpóV²$k„O_¡
A`ei dþep¡. fpóV²$k„O¡ eyÝ^ V$pmhp L$B
Aphp âL$pf_y„ eyÝ^ afu _ \pe s¡ dpV¡$ D`peep¡S>_p L$fhu Å¡Bsu lsu?
L¡$V$guL$ D`peep¡S>_p L$fhu Å¡BA¡ A¡hy„
b^pS> fpóV²$p¡_¡ gpÁey„. s¡dp„\u fpóV²$k„O A¡ buSy>„ rhðeyÝ^: 1939 \u 1945 _p
Ap„sffpóV²$ue k„OV$_p_u õ\p`_p \B. L$pmdp„ buSy>„ rhðeyÝ^ \ey„. `l¡gp rhðeyÝ^
Ap„sffpóV²$ue kdõep DL¡$ghp dpV¡$ QQp® A_¡ L$fsp„ buSy>„ rhðeyÝ^ h^y k„lpfL$ W$ey¯.
hpV$pOpV$p¡ L$fhp_y„ A¡ A¡L$ dlÐh_y„ ìepk`uW$ `l¡gp rhðeyÝ^_u syg_pdp„ s¡ h^pf¡ ìep`L$
bÞey„. eyÝ^ V$pmhy„ A¡ fpóV²$k„O_u dy¿e
S>hpbv$pfu dp_hpdp„ Aphu.
â\d rhðeyÝ^ `|Z® \ep `R>u eyfp¡`dp„
A_¡ eyfp¡` blpf A_¡L$ dlÐh_p bv$gph
58
59
sp¡ lsy„ S> `Z Ap eyÝ^dp„ h^y âNs Ap kde¡ Ad¡qfL$p sp¡ dlpkÑp lsy„ S> `Z
s„Óop__p¡ D`ep¡N L$fhpdp„ Apìep¡. eyÝ^dp„ kp¡rhe¡s friepA¡ `Z AÏi÷p¡_y„ r_dp®Z
klcpNu \e¡gp fpóV²$p¡ `f afu A¡L$ hMs L$fu_¡ `p¡sp_y„ gíL$fu kpdÕe® h^pfu_¡ dlpkÑp
Apr\®L$ k„L$V$ Apìey„. b_hp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$ep£. Ad¡qfL$p A_¡ kp¡rhe¡s
friep Ap b¡ dlpkÑp hÃQ¡_p¡ k„Oj®, kÑp
gMp¡... õ`^p®, i÷ õ`^p®, rhQpf âZpgudp„ c¡v$,
`fõ`f S>e `fpS>e_u h©rÑ S>¡hu bpbsp¡\u
1939 \u 1945 Ap L$pmdp„ buSy>„ iuseyÝ^ iê$ \ey„ lsy„.
rhðeyÝ^ iê$ lsy„. Ap L$pmdp„ cpfsdp„
L$B OV$_pAp¡ \B? iuseyÝ^_y„ `qfZpd
gíL$fu k„OV$_p_y„ r_dp®Z : iuseyÝ^_p
rhðeyÝ^_y„ cpfs `f iy„ `qfZpd kdedp„ b„_¡ dlpkÑpA¡ gíL$fu k„OV$_p
\ey„? r_dp®Z L$fu. s¡dp„ kpd¡g \_pfp fpóV²$p¡_p
k„fnZ_u S>hpbv$pfu s¡ s¡ dlpkÑpA¡
buÅ rhðeyÝ^dp„ klcpNu fpóV²$p¡ gu^u. _pV$p¡ (NATO: North Atlantic
Treaty Organization) A¡ Ad¡qfL$_
rdÓ fpóV²$ rb°V$_, äpÞk, Ap¡õV²¡$rgep, L¸$_X$p, _¡s©Ðhhpmu gíL$fu k„OV$_p lsu. sp¡ hp¡kp£
Þe|Tug¢X$, cpfs, kp¡rhe¡s L$fpf A¡ kp¡rhe¡s friep_p _¡s©Ðhhpmu
gíL$fu k„OV$_p lsu.
friep, Qu_, Ad¡qfL$p
sd_¡ iy„ gpN¡ R>¡?
^fu fpóV²$ S>d®_u, Å`p_, CV$gu
* s„Óop_dp„ âNrs A_¡ Ap„sffpóV²$ue
buÅ rhðeyÝ^dp„ Ad¡qfL$p_p¡ dlÐh_p¡ ip„rs hÃQ¡ L$p¡B k„b„^ R>¡?
klcpN lsp¡. Ad¡qfL$pA¡ AÏbp¢b_u r_rd®rs
L$fu lsu. eyÝ^ b„^ L$fhp Å`p__p rlfp¡ridp * dp_hu L$ëepZ dpV¡$ s„Óop__p¡
A_¡ _pNpipL$u Ap b¡ il¡fp¡ `f A_y¾$d¡ D`ep¡N L¡$hu fus¡ L$fu iL$pe?
6 Ap¸NõV$ A_¡ 9 Ap¸NõV$ 1945_p fp¡S>
Ad¡qfL$pA¡ AÏbp¸çb _p„¿ep„. eyfp¡`dp„ S>d®_u_p S>Ns_y„ rhcpS>_: riseyÝ^_p kdedp„
`fpch `R>u A_¡ A¡riepdp„ Å`p__p `fpch S>Ns_p gNcN b^p v$¡ip¡ Ap b¡
`R>u buSy>„ rhðeyÝ^ `|Z® \ey„. buÅ rhðeyÝ^_p dlpkÑp_p S|>\dp„ kpd¡g \ep lsp.
kdeNpmp v$frdep_ h¥rðL$õsf¡ S>¡ L„$B OV$_pAp¡ fpóV²$p¡_u Apd b¡ S|>\dp„ rhcpNZu \hu
\B s¡dp„\u dlÐh_u OV$_p A¡V$g¡ iuseyÝ^_u s¡_¡ S> S>Ns_y„ rhcpS>_ (S>Ns_y„
iê$Aps. 1945 \u 1991 Ap gp„bp kde ky^u qÜ-^°yrhL$fZ) L$l¡ R>¡. s¡_¡ L$pfZ¡
iuseyÝ^ ìep`¡gy lsy„. Ap kdedp„ \e¡gp L¡$V$gpL$
a¡fapf_p¡ Al¡hpg Ap`Z¡ Å¡BA¡. L$fu Sy>Ap¡
iuseyÝ^ : buÅ rhðeyÝ^dp„ rdÓ fl¡_pf ¼e|bp_p¡ k„Oj® (1962) Ap iuseyÝ^
Ad¡qfL$p A_¡ kp¡rhe¡s friep eyÝ^ `|Z® \sp„S> L$pm_u A¡L$ dlÐh`|Z® OV$_p lsu. Ap
`fõ`f õ`^®L$ bÞep. Ap õ`^p®_p¡ ìep` k„Oj® rhj¡ Ar^L$ dprlsu d¡mhp¡.
ÅNrsL$ fpS>L$pfZ_p 40-45 hj®_p¡ L$pmM„X$
ky^u füp¡. Ap b„_¡ v$¡ip¡dp„ v$¡Musy„ eyÝ^ _ \ey„
lp¡hp R>sp„ eyÝ^_p¡ cX$L$p¡ Nd¡ Ðepf¡ \i¡ A¡hp¡
sZph s¡d_p k„b„^dp„ lsp¡. âÐen eyÝ^ _rl
`Z eyÝ^_¡ `|fL$ A¡hu sZph`|Z® `qf[õ\rs_y„
hZ®_ iuseyÝ^ k„op Üpfp L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
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iy„ sd¡ ÅZp¡ R>p¡? õ`^p®\u ÅNrsL$ ip„rs Å¡Mdpi¡ A¡_u ÅZ
b„_¡ dlpkÑp_¡ \sp„ i÷p÷ r_e„ÓZ A_¡
1917dp„ friepdp„ kpçehpv$u ¾$p„rs r_:i÷uL$fZ_p¡ âeÐ_ `Z Ap S> L$pmdp„
\B A_¡ s¡dp„\u kp¡rhe¡s friep \ep¡.
A[õsÐhdp„ Apìey„. V|„$L$ kdedp„S> kp¡rhe¡s âpv$¡qiL$ k„OV$_p_u r_rd®rs: dlpkÑp_u
friep Ap„sffpóV²$ue fpS>L$pfZdp„ õ`^p®dp„ rhL$pkiug fpóV²$p¡A¡ `fõ`f dv$v$
dlpkÑp sfuL¡$ Dcfu Apìey„. `f„sy L$fhp dpV¡$ `p¡s`p¡sp_p âpv$¡riL$ õsf¡ k„OV$_p
Ad¡qfL$p A_¡ kp¡rhe¡s friep hÃQ¡ OZp¡ r_dp®Z L$fu. s¡d_u ×[óV$A¡ Apr\®L$ rhL$pk
dsc¡v$ lsp¡. dlÐh_p¡ lsp¡. eyfp¡`_p v$¡ip¡A¡ eyfp¡`ue
Apr\®L$ k„O r_dp®Z L$ep£ sp¡ A[Á_ A¡riepB
• Ad¡qfL$p A¡ d|X$uhpv$_¡ `yfõL©$s v$¡ip¡A¡ (tkNp`|f, \peg¢X$, dg¡riep,
L$f_pfp¡ gp¡L$iplu v$¡i lsp¡. kp¡rhe¡s HX$p¡_¡riep, qarg`pBÞk hN¡f¡) A¡rie_
friep kdpS>hpv$_¡ A_¡ A¡L$`nue (ASEAN) k„OV$_p r_dp®Z L$fu.
kfdyMÐepf iplu_¡ âp¡Ðkpl_ Argàssphpv$: iuseyÝ^ \ep `R>u_p
Ap`_pfp¡ v$¡i lsp¡. b„_¡ v$¡ip¡_¡ kdedp„ A¡L$ bpSy> S>Ns_y„ b¡ cpNdp„
S>Nsdp„ `p¡sp_y„ hQ®õh h^pfhy„ lsy„ rhcpS>_ \sy„ lsy„ s¡_u kp\¡ S> L¡$V$gpL$
Ad¡qfL$p_¡ d|X$uhpv$_p¡ Äepf¡ kp¡rhe¡s v$¡ip¡_¡ dlpkÑp_u õ`^p®dp„ kpd¡g \hy„ _
friep_¡ kdpS>hpv$_p¡ âkpf L$fhp¡ lsy„. Aphp fpóV²$p¡A¡ dlpkÑp_u õ`^p®dp„\u
lsp¡. Argàs fl¡hp_y„ S>¡ ^p¡fZ õhuL$pey¯ s¡_¡
Argàssphpv$ L$l¡ R>¡. Argàssphpv$ A¡
• `p¡sp_y„ âcyÐh h^¡ s¡ dpV¡$ b„_¡ iuseyÝ^L$pm_u A¡L$ dlÐh_u Qmhm lsu.
v$¡ip¡A¡ _p_p fpóV²$p¡_¡ `p¡sp_p S|>\dp„
M¢Qhp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$fhp_u iê$Aps Argàssphpv$u Qmhm: buÅ rhðeyÝ^
L$fu lsu. `qfZpd¡ eyfp¡`_y„ h¥QpqfL$ `R>u A¡riep A_¡ ApqäL$p M„X$dp„ _hp õhs„Ó
õsf¡ rhcpS>_ \ey„. `ròd eyfp¡` \e¡gp v$¡ip¡A¡ Argàssp_p rhQpfp¡_¡ V¡$L$p¡ Apàep¡
A_¡ Ðep„_p v$¡i Ad¡qfL$p_p S|>\dp„ A_¡ s¡ A¡L$ dlÐh`|Z® Qmhm b_u. cpfs_p
kpd¡g \ep. Äepf¡ `|h® eyfp¡`_p v$¡i hX$pâ^p_ S>hplfgpg _¡lfy, eyNp¡õgprhep_p
kp¡rhe¡s friep_p S|>\dp„ kpd¡g AÝen dpi®g qV$V$p¡, BrS>às_p AÝen Ndpg
\ep. `p¡sp_p S|>\dp„ kpd¡g \e¡gp Aåv|$g _pk¡f, HX$p¡_¡riep_p fpóV²$pÝen X$p¸.
fpóV²$p¡_¡ gíL$fu A_¡ Apr\®L$ dv$v$ Aldv$ kyL$p_p£ A_¡ Op_p_p fpóV²$pÝen ¼hpd¡
Ap`hp_y„ ^p¡fZ Ap dlpkÑpAp¡A¡ _¾y$dp_p _¡s©Ðh l¡W$m B.k. 1961\u Ap
õhuL$pey¯. Qmhm_u iê$Aps \B.
iuseyÝ^_p¡ âcph hÝep¡ A_¡ sZph_y„ Argàssphpv$u Qmhm_y„ d|ëedp`_:
n¡Ó ìep`L$ \ey„. Argàssphpv$u Qmhm¡ hkplshpv$, kpd°pÄehpv$
A_¡ h„ihpv$_p¡ rhfp¡^ L$ep£ R>¡. Ap„sffpóV²$ue
i÷põÓ õ`^p®: dlpkÑp A¡L$ buÅ_¡ dps âñp¡_p¡ DL¡$g ip„rs_p dpN£ gphhp dpV¡$ Ap
L$fhp dp¡V$p âdpZdp„ i÷p¡_y„ r_dp®Z L$fhp Qmhm¡ âp¡Ðkpl_ Apàey„ R>¡. `„qX$s S>hplfgpg
gpNu. h^y_¡ h^y k„lpfL$ i÷p¡ b_phhp_p _¡lfy_p dpN®v$i®_ l¡W$m cpfs¡ Ap Qmhm_y„
k„v$c®dp„ A_¡ s¡_¡ gpNsp s„Óop__¡ lõsNs _¡s©Ðh L$ey¯. Ðepf `R>u_p kdedp„ `Z cpfs¡
L$fhp_u õ`^p® iê$ \B. `f„sy i÷p÷
61
Ap Qmhm_¡ kq¾$e kd\®_ Apàey„ R>¡. 3) `|h® eyfp¡`dp„_p kp¡rhe¡s friep_p
iuseyÝ^ `|Z® \ey„ R>sp„e Ap Qmhm_y„ dlÐh âcph l¡W$m_p v$¡ip¡A¡ d|X$uhpv$u A_¡ gp¡L$iplu
Ap¡Ry>„ \ey„ _\u. dpN®_p¡ õhuL$pf L$fsp„ Ðep_y„ fpS>L$pfZ bv$gpey„.
dp_hsphpv$, ÅNrsL$ ip„rs A_¡ kdp_sp 4) kp¡rhe¡s friep_y„ rhcpS>_ \ey„ A_¡
Ap ipðs d|ëep¡ `f Argàssphpv$u Qmhm_p¡ s¡dp„\u A_¡L$ _hp õhs„Ó fpóV²$ r_dp®Z \ep.
Ap^pf R>¡. Ap Qmhm¡ Aë`rhL$rks fpóV²$p¡_¡ friep Ap kp¡rhes friep_p¡ kp¥\u dp¡V$p¡ v$¡i
A¡L$rÓs \hp â¡qfs L$ep®. lsp¡.
Ap Qmhm¡ Ap„sfpóV²$ue âñ ip„rsde dpN£ Aphy„ L¡$d?
DL¡$ghp âp¡Ðkpl_ Apàey„. r_:i÷uL$fZ,
dp_hu lL$p_¡ „y kh„ ^_® Ap bpbs¡ ApNl° cfu _pV$p¡ Ap k„OV$_p ApS>¡ `Z A[õsÐhdp„
cr| dL$p gs¡ u hMs¡ S> Argàssphpv$u Qmhm¡ R>¡ `f„sy s¡_y„ õhê$` lh¡ gíL$fu _\u.
Nfub A_¡ ArhL$rks fpóV$²p_¡ u kdõep AkfL$pfL$ Ap k„OV$_pdp„ L¡$V$gp v$¡i R>¡ s¡
fus$¡ fS>| L$fu. AL¡ $ _hu Aps„ ffpóV$²ue Apr\L® $ ip¡^p¡.
ìehõ\p_u (NIEO) dpN„ Zu Ap Qmhm¡ L$fu.
iåv$ k|Qhp¡
V|„$L$dp„ L$luA¡ sp¡ iuseyÝ^ `|Z® \ey„ s¡ A¡L$S> dlpkÑp lp¡e A_¡ Äepf¡ s¡_p
R>sp„ `Z Argàssphpv$u Qmhm_y„ dlÐh Ap¡Ry>„
\ey„ _\u. Ap Qmhm¡ Aë`rhL$rks fpóV²$p¡_¡ `f A_¡L$ v$¡i Ap^pqfs lp¡e Ðepf¡ s¡
A¡L$rÓs \hp â¡qfs L$ep®. Ap Qmhm Apr\®L$ Ap„sffpóV²$ue ìehlpf_¡ Ap`Z¡ A¡L$
A_¡ kpdprS>L$ bv$gph_p A_¡L$ âhplp¡ L¡$ÞÖue ìehõ\p L$luA¡ R>uA¡. b¡
Ap„sffpóV²$ue fpS>L$pfZdp„ gphu. Ap fpô²$p¡_¡ dlpkÑpdp„ \e¡gp fpóV²$p¡_u rhcpNZu_¡
Ap„sffpóV²$ue fpS>L$pfZdp„ kÞdp_`|h®L$ Ecp qÜL¡$ÞÖueL$fZ L$l¡ R>¡.
fl¡hp_p¡ A¡L$ _hp¡ rhðpk Apàep¡.
Äepf¡ A_¡L$ v$¡i dlpkÑp sfuL¡$
iuseyÝ^_p¡ A„s: 1945\u ÅNrsL$ Ap„sffpóV²$ue ìehõ\pdp„ ApL$pf `pd¡ Ðepf¡
fpS>L$pfZdp„ âcphu fl¡g iuseyÝ^ `R>u s¡ ìehõ\p_¡ iy„ L$l¡ R>¡?
kdp[às_p Apf¡ Apìey„. iuseyÝ^_p¡ A„s A¡
Nep isL$_p A„sdp„ \e¡g A¡L$ dlÐh_u OV$_p ""eyÝ^_y„ dlÐh _\u'' Ap rhje `f
lsu. iuseyÝ^_p A„s dpV¡$ A_¡L$ bpbsp¡ r_b„^ gMp¡. s¡ dpV¡$ L¡$V$gpL$ dyØp Al]
L$pfZc|s lsu. v$p.s. Apàep R>¡ s¡_p `f QQp® L$fp¡.
* L$p¡B`Z kdõep QQp® L¡$ hpV$pOpV$\u
1) kp¡rhe¡s friep_¡ Apr\®L$ Dv$pfuL$fZ
õhuL$pey¯. fpÄe_y„ A\®ìehõ\p`f_y„ r_e„ÓZ DL¡$gu iL$pe R>¡.
rir\g \ey„. * eyÝ^\u kdõep DL¡$gpsu _\u.
* eyÝ^\u rhL$pk Ahfp¡^pe R>¡.
2) kp¡rhe¡s friep_p sÐL$pgu_ AÝen
rdMpBg Np¡bp®Q¡ìl "`¡f¡÷p¡BL$p' (`y_f®Q_p) A_¡
Ágpk_p¡õs (dy¼ssp) ^p¡fZ Adgdp„ gpìep. Ap
^p¡fZ\u dpÝedp¡ `f_y„ r_e„ÓZ Ap¡Ry>„ \ey„.
fpS>L$ue A_¡ Apr\®L$ n¡Ódp„ dlÐh`|Z® bv$gph
\ep¡. A¡V$g¡S> Ap n¡Ódp„ `y_f®Q_p L$fhpdp„ Aphu.
s¡\u gp¡L$ipluL$fZ_¡ Nrs dmu.
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iuseyÝ^ `R>u_y„ S>Ns ÅNrsL$uL$fZ A¡V$g¡ iy„? : iuseyÝ^ `R>u
ìep`pf A_¡ Apr\®L$ k„b^p¡dp„ dy¼ssp Aphu.
kp¡rhe¡s friep_p rhcpS>_ kp\¡S> Ap `l¡gp L$üp âdpZ¡ d|X$u, îd, bÅf A_¡
iuseyÝ^ `|Z® \ey„. A¡ kde¡ dlpkÑp_y„ dprlsu_p¡ S>Nscfdp„ âkpf \hp gpÁep¡.
rhcpS>_ \hp\u ÅNrsL$ fpS>L$pfZdp„ dlÐh_p¡ rhðcfdp„ gp¡L$p¡ hÃQ¡ rhQpf, L$ë`_p_u g¡hX$
bv$gph Apìep¡. v$¡hX$ h^u. dprlsu s„Óop__u ¾$p„rs\u S>Nsdp„
b_su fp¡S>bfp¡S>_u OV$_pAp¡_u v$f¡L$_¡ ÅZ
ÅNrsL$ fpS>L$pfZdp„ Ad¡qfL$p A¡ A¡L$S> \hp gpNu. v$¡i_u kudp f¡Mp_y„, `l¡gp S>¡V$gy„
dlpkÑp flu. dlÐh _ füy„. Ap b^u âq¾$ep_¡ ÅNrsL$uL$fZ
L$l¡ R>¡. ÅNrsL$uL$fZ\u S>¡d L¡$V$gp„L$ apev$p
fpóV²$p¡ fpóV²$p¡ hÃQ¡ h¡`pf A_¡ Apr\®L$ k„b„^ \ep R>¡ sp¡ L¡$V$gy„L$ _yL$ip_ `Z \ey„ R>¡ v$p.s.
h^pfhp A_yL|$m hpsphfZ r_dp®Z \ey„. rhrh^ fpóV²$p¡_u A\®ìehõ\p `fõ`f Å¡X$php\u
d|X$u, îd, bÅf, dprlsu_p¡ S>Nsdp„ âkpf h¡`pf hÝep¡. Apr\®L$ A¡L$ÓuL$fZ hÝey„, bÅfp¡dp„
\ep¡. gp¡L$p¡dp„ rhQpf L$ë`_p_p¡ dy¼s k„Qpf h©[Ý^ \B, `f„sy s¡_u kp\¡S> Nfub A_¡
\hp gpÁep¡. îud„s fpóV²$p¡ hÃQ¡_u MpB Ap¡R>u _ \B.
b^p fpóV²$p¡A¡ ìep`pfu k„b„^p¡_¡ âp^pÞe Ap âL$fZdp„ Ap`Z¡ 1945\u S>
Ap`hp_y„ _½$u L$fsp„ AÞe fpóV²$p¡_¡ "dv$v$' ÅNrsL$ OV$_pAp¡_p¡ Aæepk L$ep£.
L$fhp_u L$ë`_p `pR>m flu NB. s¡_p bv$g¡ iuseyÝ^L$pgu_ S>Ns, s¡dp„_u i÷õ`^p® A_¡
Apr\®L$ k„b„^ âõ\pr`s L$fhp_p¡ âeÐ_ r_:i÷uL$fZ_p âeÐ_ kdÆ gu^p.
\hp gpÁep¡. A¡V$g¡ L¡$ `|h£ Ap`Zp„ rhfp¡^u ÅNrsL$uL$fZ_p¡ A\® `Z s`põep¡. ApNm_p
fl¡gp„ A¡L$pv$ v$¡i_¡ "iÓyfpóV²$' sfuL¡$ âL$fZdp„ Ap`Z¡ cpfs_p Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ_p¡
k„bp¡^hp_p bv$g¡ "õ`^®L$ fpóV²$' k„L$ë`_p Aæepk L$fhp_p R>uA¡.
ApNm Aphu.
ip¡^p¡ A_¡ klcpNu \pAp¡
k„ey¼s fpóV²$k„O_u S>hpbv$pfudp„ h©[Ý^ \B.
ÅNrsL$ ip„rs A_¡ kyfrnssp V$L$phhp dpV¡$ `ep®hfZ fnZ dpV¡$_u L$p¡B`Z b¡
k„ey¼s fpóV²$k„O_¡ kbm âeÐ_p¡ L$fhp `X¡$ ÅNrsL$ k„OV$_p rhj¡ dprlsu d¡mhp¡.
R>¡. s¡d_p DØ¡i sd_¡ dpÞe lp¡e sp¡ s¡dp„
klcpNu \hp_u sL$ L$B R>¡ s¡ ip¡^p¡.
`ep®hfZ fnZ, dp_h l½$_u ÅmhZu,
÷u-`yfyj kdp_sp, _¥krN®L$ Ap`rÑ_p¡
kpd_p¡ Ap bpbsp¡_¡ ÅNrsL$ õhê$` dþey„.
õhpÝepe
1. Ap`¡gp `ep®e `¥L$u ep¡Áe `ep®e `k„v$ L$fu rh^p_ X$) Ap `¥L$u A¡L¡$e _l]
`|Z® L$fp¡. (2) fpóV²$k„O_u dy¿e S>hpbv$pfu-
(1) õhs„Ó A_¡ kph®cp¥d v$¡ip¡ dmu_¡ r_dp®Z
\_pfu ìehõ\p A) eyÝ^ V$pmhy„
A) fpS>L$ue ìehõ\p b) hkplsuAp¡_y„ õhps„Ôe
b) Ap„sffpóV²$ue ìehõ\p L$) fpóV²$p¡_u A\®ìehõ\p k„cpmhu
L$) kpdprS>L$ ìehõ\p X$) r_:i÷uL$fZ L$fhy„
63
(3) iuseyÝ^ ......... Ap OV$_p\u `|Z® \ey„ dyØp `l¡gy„ buSy>„
A) k„ey¼s fpóV²$k„O_u õ\p`_p rhðeyÝ^ rhðeyÝ^
b) kp¡rhe¡s friep_y„ rhcpS>_ 1. L$pmM„X$
L$) gíL$fu k„OV$_p_u r_rd®rs 2. klcpNu fpóV²$
X$) ¼e|bp_p¡ k„Oj®
3. `qfZpd-fpS>L$ue
2. rh^p_p¡ Mfp„ R>¡ L¡$ Mp¡V$p„ s¡ kL$pfZ õ`óV$ L$fp¡. A_¡ Apr\®L$
1) `l¡gp rhðeyÝ^ `R>u fpóV²$k„O_u r_rd®rs 4. eyÝ^ `R>u
õ\`pe¡g
\B. Ap„sffpóV²$ue
k„OV$_p
2) iuseyÝ^_¡ L$pfZ¡ S>Ns_y„ A¡L$ L¡$ÞÖuL$fZ
2) iuseyÝ^ `|Z® \hp dpV¡$ L$B bpbsp¡
\ey„. L$pfZc|s b_u?
3) rdMpBg Np¡bp®Q¡ìl_p ^p¡fZp¡\u 3) iuseyÝ^_u kdp[às `R>u ÅNrsL$
fpS>L$pfZdp„ ¼ep¡ dlÐh_p¡ bv$gph Apìep¡?
gp¡L$ipluL$fZ_¡ h¡N dþep¡.
D`¾$d
3. k„L$ë`_p õ`óV$ L$fp¡ 2) Argàssphpv$ 1) S>Ns_p rhrh^ fpóV²$p¡ `fõ`f Ahg„rbs lp¡e R>¡
1) iuseyÝ^ 4) qÜL¡$ÞÖuL$fZ
3) `fõ`fphg„b_ s¡ Dv$plfZ Ap`u õ`óV$ L$fp¡.
5) ÅNrsL$uL$fZ 2) "hky^¥h Ly$Vy$çbL$d¹' Ap d|ëe kdpS>dp„ fp¡`pe s¡
4. _uQ¡_p âñp¡_p V|„$L$dp„ DÑf gMp¡ dpV¡$ sd¡ iy„ L$fip¡ s¡_u QQp® hN®dp„ L$fp¡.
1) `l¡gp rhðeyÝ^ A_¡ buÅ rhðeyÝ^_u
_uQ¡_p dyØp_¡ Ap^pf¡ syg_p L$fp¡.
64
2 cpfs_y„ Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ
Ap âL$fZdp„ Ap`Z¡ _hy„ iy„ iuMhp_p fpóV²$ue rlsk„b„^: Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ
R>uA¡? A¡V$g¡ iy„ A¡ Ap`Z¡ V|„$L$dp„ kdÆ gu^y„.
fpóV²$ue rlsk„b„^ A_¡ Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ_p¡
Ap„sffpóV²$ue ìehõ\p, s¡_y„ õhê$` Arsie _ÆL$_p¡ k„b„^ R>¡. fpóV²$ue
A_¡ `pR>gp isL$_p iuseyÝ^ A_¡ s¡_p rlsk„b„^_u k„cpm Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ Üpfp
`qfZpd hN¡f¡ kdÆ gu^p `R>u lh¡ Ap`Z¡ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. A¡V$g¡S> Ap„sffpóV²$ue
s¡_p k„b„r^s AÞe rhjep¡_u Ap¡mM L$fhp_p ^p¡fZ_p¡ rhõs©s Aæepk L$fsp„ `l¡gp Ap`Z¡
R>uA¡. s¡ A_ykpf Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ_p¡ A\®, fpóV²$ue rlsk„b„^_p¡ A\® A_¡ s¡_y„ dlÒh
s¡_p `f `qfZpd L$f_pf OV$L$ s¡dS> cpfs_p kdS>hy„ Å¡BA¡.
Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ_y„ õhê$` kdS>hp_p R>uA¡.
fpóV²$ue rlsk„b„^ A¡V$g¡ Ap`Zp v$¡i_y„
Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ õhps„Ôe A_¡ kph®cp¥dÐh kyfrns fpMhp dpV¡$
L$fhp_u D`peep¡S>_p. Ap`Zp¡ Apr\®L$ rhL$pk
A\® A_¡ dlÐh: v$f¡L$ v$¡i Ap„sffpóV²$ue L$fu `p¡sp_y„ kpdÕe® h^pfhp_p âeÐ__p¡ `Z
ìehõ\p_p OV$L$ lp¡e R>¡. s¡dp„_p L$p¡B`Z fpóV²$ue rlsk„b„^dp„ kdph¡i \pe R>¡. Ap`Zp
fpóV²$ kh®fus¡ õhe„`|Z® lp¡sp _\u. A¡V$g¡S> fpóV²$ dpV¡$ rlsL$pfL$ A_¡ ep¡Áe iy„ R>¡ s¡_p¡
Ap„sffpóV²$ue ìehõ\pdp„ `fõ`fphg„b_ lp¡e rhQpf L$fu_¡ Äepf¡ r_Z®e g¡hpe R>¡ Ðepf¡
R>¡ A¡ Ap`Z_¡ kdÅey„ R>¡. Ap `fõ`fphg„b_ s¡_¡ Ap`Z¡ fpóV²$ue rlsk„b„^_u k„cpm A¡d
dpÓ L$p¡B NÎep„Np„W$ép v$¡ip¡_p apev$p dpV¡$ L¡$ L$luA¡ R>uA¡. Ap A\£ L$p¡B`Z fpóV²$_p fpóV²$ue
rlsdp„ lp¡e s¡ ep¡Áe _\u. s¡ âÐe¡L$ fpóV²$_p rlsk„b„^dp„ _uQ¡_p OV$L$p¡_p¡ kdph¡i \pe R>¡.
rlsdp„ lp¡e s¡ dpV¡$ âeÐ_ L$fhp `X¡$ R>¡. ¼ep
fpóV²$p¡ kp\¡ d¥Óu L$fhu, ¼ep S|>\dp„ kpd¡g Ap`Zp„ v$¡i_y„ õhps„Ôe, kph®cp¥dÐh A_¡
\hy„ A\hp Ap„sffpóV²$ue fpS>L$pfZdp„ L$B AM„qX$ssp_y„ fnZ L$fhy„ A¡V$g¡ L¡$> k„fnZ
c|rdL$p g¡hu hN¡f¡ rhj¡ âÐe¡L$ v$¡i¡ r_Z®e A¡ khp£ÃQ fpóV²$ue rls lp¡e R>¡.
g¡hp¡ `X¡$ R>¡. Aphp¡ r_Z®e rhQpf`|h®L$ g¡hp¡ Apr\®L$ rhL$pk A¡ `Z A¡L$ dlÐh_y„
`X¡$ R>¡. Ap h¥QpqfL$ Qp¡L$W$p_¡ Ap„sffpóV²$ue fpóV²$ue rls R>¡. Apr\®L$ ×[óV$A¡ vy$b®m
^p¡fZ L$luA¡ R>uA¡. âÐe¡L$ õhs„Ó A_¡ fpóV²$_¡ `p¡sp_p õhps„Ôe_y„ S>s_ L$fhy„
kph®cp¥d fpóV²$ `p¡s`p¡sp_p Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ dyíL¡$g b_¡ R>¡. dpV¡$ k„fnZ_u kp\p¡kp\
_½$u L$f¡ R>¡. A¡V$g¡S> fpóV²$p¡_p `fõ`f Apr\®L$ rhL$pk A¡ dlÒh_y„ fpóV²$ue rls
k„b„^p¡_p Aæepk L$f_pfp Ap„sffpóV²$ue d_pe R>¡.
fpS>L$pfZdp„ Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ_y„ M|b dlÐh fpóV²$ue rlsk„b„^ A_¡ Ap„sffpóV²$ue
lp¡e R>¡. ^p¡fZ: k„fnZ A_¡ Apr\®L$ rhL$pk Ap fpóV²$ue
rlsk„b„^p¡ S>mhpe s¡ ×[óV$A¡ Ap„sffpóV²$ue
iy„ sd¡ ÅZp¡ R>p¡? ^p¡fZ _½$u \pe R>¡. A¡V$g¡S> fpóV²$ue rlsk„b„^
A¡ DØ¡i d_pe R>¡ sp¡ Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ s¡
Ap`Z¡ Äepf¡ A¡L$pv$ v$¡i_p¡ âpàs L$fhp_y„ kp^_ R>¡. `qf[õ\rs A_¡
Aæepk L$fhp_p¡ lp¡e Ðepf¡ s¡ v$¡i_y„ L$pmp_ykpf fpóV²$_p DØ¡ip¡dp„ bv$gph \sp„ lp¡e
k„rh^p_ A_¡ Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ R>¡. s¡ âdpZ¡ fpóV²$ue rlsk„b„^p¡dp„ `Z
kdÆ g¡hy„ AphíeL$ lp¡e R>¡.
65
bv$gph \pe R>¡. s¡ bv$gph_y„ ârstbb k„OfpÄe ìehõ\p ^fphsp„ v$¡ip¡dp„
Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZdp„ v$¡Mpe R>¡. A¡V$g¡S> Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ _½$u L$fsu hMs¡
Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ âhplu lp¡e R>¡. OV$L$fpÄep¡_p¡ rhQpf `Z L$fhp¡ `X¡$ R>¡. L$pfZL¡$
`pX$p¡iu v$¡ip¡dp„ b_su OV$_pAp¡_y„ OV$L$fpÄep¡
Qpgp¡, QQp® L$fuA¡ `f `qfZpd \pe R>¡. v$p.s. îug„L$pdp„ b_su
`qf[õ\rs A_¡ L$pmp_ykpf Ap„sffpóV²$ue OV$_pAp¡_y„ sprdg_pXy$ `f A_¡ bp„Ágpv$¡idp„
L„$C b_¡ sp¡ `ròd b„Npm A_¡ Bip_ sfa_p
^p¡fZdp„ a¡fapf \sp¡ lp¡e sp¡ `Z L¡$V$gpL$ fpÄep¡ `f s¡_y„ `qfZpd \pe R>¡.
v$¡ip¡_y„ Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ L¡$V$gpL$ ipðs
d|ëep¡ `f Ap^pqfs lp¡e R>¡. v$p.s. cpfs_y„ Aphy„ ip dpV¡$ L$fhy„ `X¡$ R>¡?
Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ Ap„sffpô²$ue ip„rs,
dp_hu lL$, kyfrnssp Ap d|ëep¡ `f Ap`Zp v$¡idp„ ip„rs A_¡ [õ\fsp
Ap^pqfs R>¡. s¡ kprbs L$fhp dpV¡$ S>¡V$gu dlÐh_u R>¡ s¡V$gu S> `pX$p¡iu
Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZdp„ L$C ep¡S>_p lp¡hu v$¡ip¡dp„ lp¡hu `Z dlÐh_u R>¡ A¡V$g¡ S>
Å¡CA¡ s¡hy„ sd_¡ gpN¡ R>¡? `pX$p¡iu fpô²$p¡dp„ gp¡L$iplu r_dp®Z \pe
s¡ dpV¡$ cpfs¡ âeÐ_ L$fhp `X¡$ R>¡.
Aps„ ffpóV$²ue ^pf¡ Z r_ròs L$f_pfp OV$L :
Ap„sffpô²$ue ìehõ\pdp„ L$ep fpô²$ kp\¡ L$ep 3. A\®ìehõ\p : Ap^yr_L$ kdedp„
âL$pf_p¡ k„b„^ fpMhp¡ A¡ Ap„sffpóV²$ue L$p¡C`Z v$¡i_u Apr\®L$ [õ\rs_¡ Ap„sffpóV²$ue
^p¡fZ_¡ Ap^pf¡ _½$u \pe R>¡. `f„sy ^p¡fZ _½$u L$fsu hMs¡ M|b dlÒh âpàs
Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ _½$u L$fsu hMs¡ A_¡L$ \ey„ R>¡. Apr\®L$ rhL$pk A¡ b^p S> fpô²$p¡_p¡
OV$L$p¡_u s¡_p `f Akf \su lp¡e R>¡. kp¥\u dlÒh_p¡ DØ¡i bÞep¡ R>¡. s¡\u
A\®ìehõ\p_y„ Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ `f b¡
1. v$¡i_y„ cp¥Np¡rgL$ õ\p_: sd¡ `©Õhu_p¡ âL$pf¡ `qfZpd \pe R>¡.
Np¡mp¡ L¡$ S>Ns_p¡ _L$ip¡ Å¡ep¡ li¡. s¡dp„
L$p¡C`Z v$¡i_y„ cp¥Np¡rgL$ õ\p_ sd_¡ v$¡Mpe 1) v$¡i_u A\®ìehõ\p dS>b|s L$fhp
R>¡ L¡$V$gpL$ v$¡i AÞe v$¡ip¡\u v|$f A„sf¡ R>¡. dpV¡$ AÞe v$¡ip¡ kp\¡ âõ\pr`s L$fhp_p
sp¡ L¡$V$gpL$ v$¡i_u Apk`pk A_¡L$ `pX$p¡iu Apr\®L$ k„b„^, Apeps-r_L$pk, ÅNrsL$
v$¡ip¡ R>¡. L¡$V$gpL$ v$¡i_¡ dp¡V$p¡ kdyÖ qL$_pfp¡ h¡`pfdp„ klcpN hN¡f¡ bpbsp¡\u Ap„sffpóV²$ue
dþep¡ R>¡ sp¡ L¡$V$gpL$ v$¡ip¡ `pk¡ cf`|f Mr_S> ^p¡fZ OX$pe R>¡.
k„`rÑ R>¡. V|„$L$dp„ v$¡i_p¡ ApL$pf, gp¡L$k„¿ep,
S>du__p¡ âL$pf, v$¡i_¡ dm¡gp¡ kdyÖqL$_pfp¡, 2) lpg_u ÅNrsL$ ìehõ\pdp„ Apr\®L$
_¥krN®L$ kp^_k„`rÑ_u D`gå^sp Ap b^u kyfrnssp_p dyØp fpô²$ue kyfrnssp S>¡V$gp S>
S> bpbsp¡ Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ _½$u L$fsu dlÐh_p d_pe R>¡. Apr\®L$ kyfrnssp S>¡V$gu
hMs¡ Ýep_dp„ fpMhu `X¡$. dS>b|s s¡V$gu S> bmhp_ fpô²$ sfuL¡$ s¡_¡
dpÞesp dm¡ R>¡. A\®ìehõ\p dS>b|s lp¡e s¡
2. fpS>L$ue ìehõ\p: gp¡L$iplu õhê$`_u v$¡i Ap¡R>p¡ `fphg„bu lp¡e R>¡ A_¡ s¡Ap¡ õhs„Ó
fpS>L$ue ìehõ\pdp„ k„kv$_y„ Ap„sffpóV²$ue fus¡ Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ _½$u L$fu iL¡$ R>¡.
^p¡fZ_u r_rd®rsdp„ dlÐh_y„ õ\p_ lp¡e R>¡.
L$pfZL¡$ Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZk„b„^u rhjep¡ `f 4. fpS>L$ue _¡s©Ðh: Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ
k„kv$dp„ QQp® \pe R>¡, rhfp¡^u `n âñ `|R>u_¡ _½$u L$fhpdp„ fpô²$`rs, hX$pâ^p_, rhv$¡id„Óu,
Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ `f r_e„ÓZ d|L$u iL¡$ R>¡.
66
sd_¡ d„S|>f R>¡ L¡$? d„S|>f lp¡e sp¡ L¡$d? A_¡ cg¡ hX$pâ^p_ A_¡ s¡d_y„ â^p_d„X$m g¡sp
_ lp¡e sp¡ L¡$d _l] s¡ rhõspf\u gMp¡. lp¡e sp¡ `Z s¡ r_Z®e ky^u `lp¢Qhp dpV¡$
âipkL$ue e„ÓZp dv$v$ L$f¡ R>¡. Ap„sffpóV²$ue
v$¡i_y„ Apr\®L$ kpdÕe® h^pfhp dpV¡$ ^p¡fZ dpV¡$ AphíeL$ dprlsu A¡L$W$u L$fhu,
dpÓ Nfubu v|$f L$fhp `f cpf _ d|L$sp s¡_y„ rhïg¡jZ L$fhy„, s¡_p `f Ap^pqfs
k„`rÑ A_¡ Mfuv$i[¼s h^pfhp_p¡ âeÐ_ ep¡Áe kgpl Ap`hu hN¡f¡ L$pd âipkL$ue
L$fhp¡ Å¡CA¡. Ar^L$pfu `pf `pX¡$ R>¡. s¡_u kp\p¡kp\
fpô²$ue kyfnp kgplL$pf krdrs `Z dlÐh_u
k„fnZd„Óu, A\®d„Óu, N©ld„Óu_p¡ klcpN c|rdL$p cS>h¡ R>¡.
lp¡e R>¡. Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ_y„ kpsÐe
Åmhu_¡ s¡ ky^pfhp_p¡ âeÐ_ Ap `v$ `f_u sd¡ iy„ L$fip¡ ?
ìe[¼s L$f¡ R>¡. v$p.s. `„qX$s S>hplfgpg
_¡lfyA¡ cpfs_p Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZdp„ sd¡ rhv$¡i krQh `v$¡ L$pd L$fp¡
Argàssp hpv$ `f cpf d|¼ep¡. AV$grblpfu R>p¡. hX$pâ^p_ Qu__u dygpL$ps g¡hp_p
hpS>`¡euA¡ cpfs-Qu_ k„b„^ ky^pfhpdp„ dp¡Vy$„ R>¡. rhv$¡i krQh sfuL¡$ rhv$¡i d„Ópge
ep¡Nv$p_ Apàey„ R>¡. sfa\u sd¡ hX$pâ^p__¡ QQp® dpV¡$ L$ep
rhjep¡ k|Qhip¡?
epv$u `|Z® L$fp¡ cpfs_y„ Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ
_uQ¡ L¡$V$gpL$ _¡spAp¡_p _pd A_¡ Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ rhj¡ âp\rdL$ dprlsu
s¡d_p ep¡Nv$p__u dprlsu Ap`¡gu R>¡. v$p.s. gu^p `R>u lh¡ Ap`Z¡ cpfs_p Ap„sffpóV²$ue
gpgblpv|$f ip÷u : spíL„$v$ L$fpf Ap
fus¡ _uQ¡_u epv$u `|Z® L$fp¡. ^p¡fZ rhj¡ ÅZuA¡.
A) Hqv$fp Np„^u : ................. Bkhu k_ 1947dp„ cpfs_¡ õhs„Ósp
dmu Ðepf\u S> cpfs¡ `p¡sp_y„ Ap„sffpóV²$ue
b) fpÆh Np„^u : ................. ^p¡fZ õhs„Ó fus¡ _½$u L$fhp_u iê$Aps
L$fu. cpfs_p k„rh^p__p dpN®v$i®L$ sÐhp¡dp„
L$) AV$grblpfu hpS>`¡eu : ................. v$¡i_y„ Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ L$C fus¡ _½$u L$fhy„
s¡ rhj¡ õ`óV$uL$fZ L$f¡g R>¡. dpN®v$i®L$ sÐh_u
_uQ¡_p ^p¡fZp¡_¡ `uW$bm `|fy„ `pX$_pf L$gd 51 A_ykpf Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ_y„ A¡L$
hX$pâ^p_ L$p¡Z R>¡? ìep`L$ dpmMy„ s¥epf L$f¡g R>¡. s¡ âdpZ¡
cpfs¡ Ap„sffpô²$ue ip„rs A_¡ kyfrnssp_p
A) ................ : `|h® sfa Sy>Ap¡ S>s__¡ âp^pÞe Ap`hy„, Ap`Zu Ap„sffpô²$ue
kdõep L¡$ rhhpv$ ip„rs_p dpN£ DL¡$ghp A¡hy„
b) ................ : Ap„sffpô²$ue õsf¡\u õ`ô$ L$ey¯ R>¡. AÞe v$¡ip¡ kp\¡ d¥Óu `|Z®
ìehlpf fpMhp¡ A_¡ Ap„sffpô²$ue L$pev$p_p¡
cpfsdp„ fp¡L$pZ Apv$f L$fhp¡ A¡ `Z Ap`Zp„ Ap„sffpóV²$ue
^p¡fZ_p¡ DØ¡i d_pe R>¡. cpfs_y„ AÐepf
h^pfhp_p¡ âeÐ_ ky^u_y„ Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ Ap fus¡ rhL$rks
5. âipkL$ue OV$L$: Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ_u \e¡g R>¡.
r_rd®rsdp„ rhv$¡i d„Ópge, rhv$¡i d„Óu,
`fv$¡idp„ Aph¡g v|$sphpk, fpS>_¥rsL$ Ar^L$pfu
hN¡f¡ âipkL$ue OV$L$p¡_p¡ kdph¡i lp¡e R>¡.
Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ k„b„^u A„rsd r_Z®e
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cpfsue Ap„sffpô²$ue ip„rs A_¡ kyfrnssp hkplshpv$_p¡ rhfp¡^ L$ep£. Ap„sffpô²$hpv$u
k„rh^p__u õ\p`hu. c|rdL$p gC_¡ ÅNrsL$ ip„rs A_¡ kyfrnssp_¡
L$gd-51 âp^pÞe Apàey„. Ap L$pmdp„ cpfs_p
fpô²$p¡-fpô²$p¡ hÃQ¡ Þepeey¼s A_¡ Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ `f ÓZ bpbsp¡_p¡ âcph
kÞdp__ue k„b„^ õ\p`hp. lsp¡. (1) v$f¡L$ Ap„sffpô²$ue OV$_pAp¡_y„
ApL$g_ L$p¡C`Z kÑp_p v$bpZ hNf,
Ap„sffpô²$ue ìehlpfdp„ Ap„sffpô²$ue õhs„Ó`Z¡ L$fhp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$ep£. ip„rs A¡
L$pev$p A_¡ L$fpf âÐe¡ Apv$f l„d¡ip cpfs_p Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ_y„ h¥rióV$é
h^pfhp¡. flu R>¡. (2) `pqL$õsp_ A_¡ Qu_ Ap v$¡ip¡
sfa_p ce_¡ `Z rhQpfdp„ gu^p. (3)
ghpv$_p dpÝed\u Ap„sffpô²$ue õhphg„b__p¡ ApN°l A_¡ s¡_p `f_p¡
rhhpv$ ip„rsde dpN£ DL¡$ghp¡. Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ_p¡ l¡sy A¡ `Z sÐL$pgu_
Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ_y„ h¥rióV$é R>¡.
cpfs_p Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ_p h^y
L¡$V$gpL$ DØ¡ip¡ Ap âdpZ¡ : A¡L$v$d iê$Aps_p kdedp„ cpfs¡ `p¡sp_p
Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ Üpfp A¡riep M„X$_p v$¡ip¡
* `pX$p¡iu v$¡ip¡ kp\¡ A_¡ AÞe v$¡ip¡ kp\¡ kp\¡ k„b„^ ky^pfhp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$ep£. A¡riepC
d¥Óu`|Z® k„b„^ Åmhsu hMs¡ `p¡sp_p fpô²$p¡ kp\¡ klL$pe® L$fu_¡ rhL$pk kp^hp_p¡ A_¡
v$¡i_p k„fnZ_¡ dyíL¡$gu _ Aph¡ s¡_y„ `p¡sp_y„ õhps„Ôe Abpr^s fpMhp_p¡ âeÐ_ Ap
Ýep_ fpMhy„. fpô²$_u cp¥Np¡rgL$ kudpf¡Mp kdedp„ \ep¡. Ap âpv$¡riL$ L¡$ n¡Óue rhL$pk_u
kyfrns fl¡ s¡ bpbs¡ bp„^ R>p¡X$ _ L$ë`_p ApNm S>sp„ ApqäL$p ky^u rhõsfus
L$fhu. \C; `f„sy L¡$V$gpL$ Apäp¡-A¡riepC v$¡i Ad¡qfL$p
A_¡ kp¡rhe¡s friep_p iuseyÙL$pgu_ gíL$fu
* cpfs_u A¡L$sp A_¡ A¡L$pÐdsp_y„ k„fnZ k„OV$_p_p kæe lsp. s¡\u âpv$¡riL$ rhL$pk_u
L$fhy„. âq¾$ep AV$L$u NB. Ðepfbpv$ bpL$u fl¡g S>¡ v$¡i
iuseyÙ_p gíL$fu k„OV$_pdp„ kpd¡g _ \ep
* buÅ v$¡idp„ hk_pfp Ap`Zp„ _pNqfL$p¡_p s¡Ap¡A¡ Argàssphpv$ k„L$ë`_p_¡ V¡$L$p¡ Apàep¡.
rls_y„ fnZ L$fhy„. Ap S>hpbv$pfu S>¡ s¡ ip„rs A_¡ õhps„Ôe - Ap b¡ sÐhp¡
v$¡i_p v|$sphpk r_cph¡ R>¡. Argàssphpv$u ^p¡fZ_p d|mc|s sÐhp¡ bÞep.
* cpfs_p Apr\®L$ rhL$pk dpV¡$ AÞe Ap L$pmdp„ cpfs_¡ `pX$p¡iu fpô²$p¡ kp\¡
fpô²$p¡ kp\¡ Apr\®L$ A_¡ ìep`pfu k„b„^ \e¡g k„Oj®_p¡ kpd_p¡ L$fhp¡ `X$ép¡. cpfs
A_¡ `pqL$õsp_dp„ 1947-48 A_¡ 1965dp„
âõ\pr`s L$fhp. L$píduf âñ¡ eyÙ \ey„. 1971dp„ \e¡gp ÓuÅ
eyÙ\u `pqL$õsp__y„ rhcpS>_ \ey„ A_¡ õhs„Ó
cpfs_p Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ_u QL$pkZu: bp„Ngpv$¡i_u r_rd®rs \C.
cpfs_p Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ_u QL$pkZu
Ap`Z¡ b¡ sb½$pdp„ L$fuA¡. `l¡gp¡ sb½$p¡ 1970_p v$iL$dp„ cpfs_p Ap„sffpóV²$ue
A¡V$g¡ õhs„Ó \ep Ðepf\u B.k. 1990 ^p¡fZdp„ A¡L$ âL$pf¡ [õ\fsp lsu. v$rnZ
ky^u_p¡ d_pe R>¡. buÅ¡ sb½$p¡ 1990\u A¡riepdp„ A¡L$ âbm âpv$¡riL$ kÑp sfuL¡$
ApS> ky^u_p¡ fl¡i¡.
cpfs_„y Aps„ ffpóV$²ue ^pf¡ Z : iê$Aps_p¡ sb½$p¡
`„. _¡lfyA¡ cpfs_p Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ_u
ê$`f¡Mp iê$Aps_p kdedp„ s¥epf L$fu lsu.
cpfs_p Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ Üpfp s¡dZ¡
68
cpfs_p¡ Dv$e \ep¡. 1974dp„ cpfs¡ iuseyÙp¡Ñf L$pmdp„ dpÓ fpS>L$ue A_¡
AÏ`funZ L$fu_¡ AÏk„ip¡^_ n¡Ódp„ `p¡sp_u gíL$fu k„b„^p¡_y„ S> dlÐh _ füy„.
ndsp rkÙ L$fu. 1980\u L¡$V$gp„L$ a¡fapf_u Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZdp„ A\®L$pfZ, ìep`pf,
iê$Aps \C. v$rnZ A¡riepC fpô²$p¡ hÃQ¡ rinZ A_¡ s„Óop_ S>¡hu A_¡L$ bpSy>Ap¡_p¡
klL$pe® h^¡ s¡ dpV¡$ kpL®$ k„OV$_p_u õ\p`_p kdph¡i \ep¡. 1991 `R>u cpfs¡ Apr\®L$
\C. Qu_ kp\¡_p k„b„^p¡ ky^pfhp cpfs¡ k„hpv$ ìehõ\p `f_y„ kfL$pfu r_e„ÓZ Ap¡Ry>„ L$fu
iê$ L$ep£. kyfrnssp_p n¡Ó¡ klL$pe® dpV¡$ cpfs¡ dy¼s Apr\®L$ ^p¡fZ õhuL$pey¯. s¡\u kplrS>L$
Ad¡qfL$p kp\¡ g¡hX$v$¡hX$_u iê$Aps L$fu. S> `pX$p¡iu v$¡ip¡ kp\¡_p ìep`pfdp„ h©qÙ
\C. ÅNrsL$ ìep`pfdp„ Ap`Zp¡ klcpN
`l¡gp¡ sb½$p¡ : 1947 \u 1990 hÝep¡. Apr\®L$ rhL$pk v$f h^pfhp_p
âeÐ_ \hp gpÁep.
* iuseyÙ_u `pð®c|rd `f cpfs¡
Argàssphpv$_p¡ õhuL$pf L$ep£. s¡\u b^p„ sd_¡ ip¡^sp AphX$i¡ L¡$ ?
S> fpô²$p¡ kp\¡ d¥Óu`|Z® k„b„^ fpMhp, * Apr\®L$ rhL$pk v$f A¡V$g¡ iy„?
rhL$pk dpV¡$ ep¡Áe s¡ dv$v$ buÅ fpô²$p¡ * cpfs, _¡`pm, c|sp__p Apr\®L$
`pk¡\u g¡hu s¡ AphíeL$ lsy„.
Argàssphpv$u ^p¡fZ_¡ L$pfZ¡ cpfs_¡ rhL$pk v$f_y„ L$p¡óV$L$ s¥epf L$fp¡.
`p¡sp_p rhL$pk dpV¡$ b„_¡ dlpkÑp `pk¡\u
dv$v$ d¡mhhu i¼e bÞey„. * 1990 `R>u_p v$iL$dp„ A[Á_ A¡riepC
fpô²$p¡ kp\¡ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ tkNp`|f, \peg¢X$,
* A¡ kde¡ k„fnZ ìehõ\p dS>b|s L$fhu rhe¡s_pd hN¡f¡ fpô²$p¡ kp\¡_p Ap`Zp
S>ê$fu lsy„. s¡ dpV¡$_y„ s„Óop_ Apeps Apr\®L$ k„b„^p¡ h^pf¡ dS>b|s \ep.
L$fhpdp„ Apìey„. S>¡dp„ kp¡rhe¡s friep, BTfpe¡g, Å`p_, Qu_, eyfp¡`ue k„O
äp„k A_¡ S>d®_u hN¡f¡ v$¡ip¡A¡ cpfs_¡ kp\¡_u Ap`Zu g¡hX$ v$¡hX$ h^u.
dv$v$ L$fu.
* Ap„sffpô²$ue A_¡ âpv$¡riL$ õsf¡ A_¡L$
Ap L$pmM„X$dp„ cpfs_¡ L¡$V$gpL$ Apl¹hp_p¡_p¡ Apr\®L$ k„OV$_pAp¡dp„ cpfs_p¡ klcpN
kpd_p¡ L$fhp¡ `X$ép¡. S>¡dp„ `pqL$õsp_ kp\¡_p¡ hÝep¡. v$p.s. Æ-20 A_¡ BRICS
k„Oj® A_¡ bp„Ágpv$¡i_u r_rd®rs s¡dS> Qu_ (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South
kp\¡ k„Oj®_p¡ kdph¡i lsp¡. Africa)
buÅ¡ sb½$p¡ : 1991 \u ApS> ky^u
* cpfs_p buÅ sb½$p_y„ Ap„sffpóV²$ue
^p¡fZ h^y ìep`L$ A_¡ Nrsiug bÞey„.
cpfs_p Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZdp„ `„qX$s rb°¼k bp¡^rQl¹_
_¡lfy_y„ ep¡Nv$p_
ÅNrsL$ A\hp Ap„sffpô²$ue
OV$_pAp¡_y„ Ap`Z¡ õhs„Ó`Z¡ ApL$g_
L$fhy„ A¡ s¡d_u c|rdL$p lsu.
ip„rs_p ^p¡fZ_y„ s¡dZ¡ kd\®_ L$ey¯.
69
L$fu Sy>Ap¡. sd_¡ Mbf R>¡?
cpfs A_¡ Ad¡qfL$p A¡ b„_¡ v$¡ip¡dp„ AÏi÷p¡ AÐe„s rh_piL$pfu lp¡e R>¡.
A_¡L$ bpbsp¡dp„ kfMp`Ï„ R>¡. v$p.s. A¡V$g¡ S> s¡_p¡ L$v$u`Z D`ep¡N _ \pe,
b„_¡ v$¡ip¡dp„ gp¡L$iplu R>¡. Aphy„ kfMp`Ï„ s¡ dpV¡$ kss âeÐ_ L$fhp¡ AphíeL$ R>¡.
bsph_pfu lÆ L¡$V$guL$ bpbsp¡ ip¡^p¡ AÏi÷p¡_p¡ âkpf fp¡L$hp dpV¡$ dy¿e b¡
A_¡ s¡_p `f A¡L$ âL$ë` s¥epf L$fp¡. L$fpf L$fhpdp„ Apìep R>¡. 1) AÏi÷
âkpfb„^u L$fpf (NPT) 2) kh¯L$j
* Ad¡qfL$p kp\¡_p Ap`Zp k„b„^ h^y AÏ`funZ b„^u L$fpf (CTBT). Ap b„_¡
dS>b|s bÞep R>¡. `fõ`f rhðpk hÝep¡. L$fpf dpÓ dp¡V$p v$¡ip¡_p S> rlsdp„ lp¡hp\u
Ap„sffpô²$ue kd|ldp„ cpfs_y„ õ\p_ KQy A_¡ rhL$pkiug v$¡ip¡ `f ârsb„^ gpv$_pfp
Apìey„. lp¡hp\u Ap L$fpfp¡ `f cpfs¡ lõspnf L$ep®
_\u.
* cpfs_„y Ap[ÎhL$ ^p¡fZ cpfs_p
Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ_p¡ A¡L$ dlÐh_p¡ L$fu Sy>Ap¡.
cpN R>¡. AÏi[¼s_p¡ A\® A_¡ s¡_p
D`ep¡N_p¡ Aæepk sd¡ Brslpk, c|Np¡m AÏi÷p¡ r_dp®Z L$f_pfp v$¡ip¡_u
L¡$ fkpeZip÷ rhjep¡dp„ L$ep£ li¡. k„¿ep kss h^u flu R>¡. AÏi÷p¡_p¡
AÏi[¼s_y„ dlÐh Ýep_dp„ gC cpfs¡ âkpf fp¡L$hp dpV¡$ sdpfp hN® sfa\u A¡L$
õhps„Ôe `R>u sfs S> AÏDÅ® L$pe®¾$d_p¡ r_h¡v$_ s¥epf L$fp¡. hs®dp_`Ódp„ s¡ ârkÙ
`pep¡ _p„¿ep¡. s¡ dpV¡$ AÏDÅ® rhcpN L$fhp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$fp¡.
A_¡ AÏDÅ® d„X$m õ\pàey„. AÏDÅ®
d„X$m_p â\d AÝen X$pµ. lp¡du cpcp cpfs lh¡ AÏi÷^pfu fpô²$ R>¡ `f„sy
lsp. DÅ®_u r_rd®rs A¡ s¡_p¡ dy¿e DØ¡i A¡L$ S>hpbv$pf AÏi÷^pfu fpô²$_u c|rdL$p
lp¡hp R>sp„ gíL$fu ndsp r_dp®Z L$fhu A¡ Ap`Z¡ õhuL$pfu R>¡. r_:i÷uL$fZ_p âeÐ_p¡_¡
`Z A¡L$ DØ¡i lsp¡. s¡ âdpZ¡ 1974dp„ cpfs kss V¡$L$p¡ Ap`¡ R>¡. L$pfZ L¡$ S>Nsdp„
cpfs¡ `p¡MfZdp„ `l¡gy„ AÏ`funZ L$ey¯. ip„rs A_¡ kyfrnssp lp¡e A¡S> cpfs_u
1998dp„ buSy>„ AÏ `funZ L$fu cpfs¡ c|rdL$p R>¡.
AÏi÷p¡ r_dp®Z L$ep® R>¡. AÏi÷p¡
gC S>_pf n¡`Zp÷ `Z s¥epf L$fu Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ_u Aphp âL$pf¡
Ap`Zp„ hpeyv$m A_¡ _p¥L$pv$m knd _p¢^ gu^p `R>u ApNm_p âL$fZdp„ Ap`Z¡
L$fhpdp„ Apìep R>¡. cpfs_u kyfnp ìehõ\p_p¡ Aæepk L$fhp_p
R>uA¡.
õhpÝepe
1. Ap`¡gp `ep®e `¥L$u ep¡Áe `ep®e `k„v$ L$fu rh^p_ A) gíL$fu ndsp r_dp®Z L$fhu
`|Z® L$fp¡. b) AÏ`funZ L$fhy„
(1) AÏDÅ® krdrs_u õ\p`_p L$fhp_p¡ dy¿e L$) AÏi÷p¡_p¡ âkpf fp¡L$hp¡
DØ¡i ............. lsp¡. X$) DÅ®_u r_rd®rs
70
2) S>Ns_p kh® fpô²$p¡_p¡ kp¥\u dlÐh_p¡ DØ¡i 4. AÏi÷p¡ kÄS>sp\u ÅNrsL$ ip„rs kpd¡ ce
................ R>¡. r_dp®Z \ep¡ R>¡ Ap rhj¡ sd_¡ iy„ gpN¡ R>¡?
A) Ap[ÎhL$ rhL$pk b) Apr\®L$ rhL$pk
L$) AÏ `funZ X$) kyfnp ìehõ\p 5. _uQ¡_p âñp¡_p V|„$L$dp DÑf gMp¡.
1) cpfs_y„ Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ L$ep d|ëep¡ `f
3) cpfs_p Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZdp„ dy¿eÐh¡ Ap^pqfs R>¡?
_uQ¡_u bpbs dlÐh_u R>¡. 2) cpfs-Qu_ k„b„^ ky^pfhpdp„ L$p¡Z¡ L$p¡Z¡
A) dy¼s Apr\®L$ ^p¡fZ ep¡Nv$p_ Apàey„?
b) `fõ`fphg„b_ L$) Argàssphpv$ 3) cpfs_p Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ_p DØ¡ip¡ gMp¡
X$) Ap[ÎhL$ rhL$pk
6. k„L$ë`_p rQÓ s¥epf L$fp¡.
4) C.k. 1974 dp„ cpfs¡ ............. dp„
Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ
AÏ`funZ L$ey¯. r_ròs L$f_pfp OV$L$
A) îu lfuL$p¡V$p b) \y„bp D`¾$d
âpQu_ L$pmdp„ cpfs_p„ L$ep L$ep v$¡ip¡ kp\¡
L$) `p¡MfZ X$) S>¥sp`|f ìep`pfu k„b„^ lsp s¡_u dprlsu d¡mhp¡
2. _uQ¡_p rh^p_p¡ Mfp„ R>¡ L¡$ Mp¡V$p„ s¡ kL$pfZ õ`ô$
L$fp¡.
1) `„. _¡lfyA¡ cpfs-Qu_ k„b„^ ky^pfhpdp„
dp¡Vy„$ ep¡Nv$p_ Apàey„.
2) AV$grblpfu hpS>`¡euA¡ `pqL$õsp_ kp\¡_p
k„b„^ ky^pfhpdp„ ApNm `X$sp¡ cpN gu^p¡.
3. ApNm_u k„L$ë`_p õ`ô$ L$fp¡.
1) cpfs_y„ Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ
2) fpô²$ue rlsk„b„^
3) ÅNrsL$ ip„rs
71
3 cpfs_u kyfnp ìehõ\p
Qpgp¡, `y_fphs®_ L$fuA¡ ìehõ\p l„d¡ip kÄS> A_¡ AÐep^yr_L$ fpMhu
`X¡$ R>¡ s¡_¡ fpô²$ue kyfnp L$l¡ R>¡.
`l¡gp„_p âL$fZdp„ Ap`Z¡ cpfs_p
Ap„sffpóV²$ue ^p¡fZ k„b„^u Aæepk L$ep£. L$lp¡ Å¡CA¡?
`fv$¡iu Ap¾$dZ A_¡ A„sN®s Aìehõ\p\u
k„fnZ L$fhy„, kudp f¡Mp kyfrns fpMhu A¡ `fõ`f `|fL$ A_¡ `fõ`f rhfp¡^u
v$¡i_p¡ âp\rdL$ rls k„b„^ lp¡e R>¡ s¡ `Z rls-k„b„^p¡_p L¡$V$gpL$ Dv$plfZ cpfs
Ap`Z_¡ kdÅey„. s¡ dpV¡$ âÐe¡L$ fpô²$ fpô²$ue A_¡ `pX$p¡iu v$¡ip¡_p k„v$c®dp„ sd¡ L$lu
õsf¡ A¡L$ dS>b|s kyfnp ìehõ\p r_dp®Z L$f¡ iL$ip¡?
R>¡. cpfs¡ `Z Aphu fpô²$ue kyfnp ìehõ\p
r_dp®Z L$fu lp¡hp\u Ap âL$fZdp„ Ap`Z¡ s¡_y„ fpô²$ue kyfnp_y„ S>s_ L$fhp_p¡ dpN®
õhê$` A_¡ kyfnp ìehõ\p kpd¡_p Apl¹hp_p¡
rhQpfhp_p R>uA¡. fpô²$_u kyfnp_p¡ k„b„^ cp¥Np¡rgL$ [õ\rs
kp\¡ fl¡gp¡ R>¡. L$pfZ L¡$ cp¥Np¡rgL$ ×rô$A¡
fpô²$ue kyfnp A¡V$g¡ iy„? h^y _ÆL$ Aph¡gp fpô²$p¡\u fpô²$ue kyfnp
kpd¡ Å¡Md r_dp®Z \hp_u i¼esp lp¡e
Ap„sffpô²$ue ìehõ\p kph®cp¥d fpô²$p¡_u R>¡. Ap`Zu cp¥Np¡rgL$ kudpf¡Mp kpd¡ fl¡g
b_¡gu R>¡. Ap kph®cp¥d fpô²$p¡ A¡L$buÅ_¡ Å¡Md L$ep R>¡ A_¡ s¡ L$p¡_p sfa\u R>¡
klL$pe® L$fsp lp¡hp R>sp„ s¡d_pdp„ L$p¡CL$ hMs s¡ Ap¡mMhy„ dlÐh_y„ R>¡.
k„Oj® `Z \pe R>¡. fpô²$p¡ fpô²$p¡ hÃQ¡
kudpf¡Mp dpV¡$ hpv$ lp¡e R>¡, sp¡ L$p¡CL$ hMs Ap Å¡Md v|$f fpMhp dpV¡$ v$¡i¡ `p¡sp_u
`pZu hl¢QZu_p dyØ¡ s¡d_pdp„ k„Oj® r_dp®Z gíL$fu spL$ps h^pfhu `X¡$ R>¡. Ap^yr_L$
\pe R>¡. Ap„sffpô²$ue L$fpfp¡_y„ `pg_ _ L$fhy„, s„Óop__y„ Ahg„b_ gC_¡ Å¡Md_p¡ A„v$pS>
`fõ`f kss õ`^p® L$fhu, `X$p¡iu v$¡ip¡dp„\u L$pY$hp¡, i÷p÷ r_rd®rs, k„fnZ v$mp¡_y„
r_hp®rksp¡_p V$p¡mp Aphhp A¡ k„Oj®_p L¡$V$gpL$ Ap^yr_L$uL$fZ A_¡ s¡_¡ AÐep^yr_L$ L$fhy„
AÞe L$pfZp¡ lp¡C iL¡$. fpô²$p¡dp„ Aphp âL$pf¡ hN¡f¡ dpN® A`_phhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
`fõ`f rhfp¡^u rlsk„b„^ r_dp®Z \pe Ðepf¡
s¡_y„ r_fpL$fZ kdS|>su, QQp® Üpfp L$fhpdp„ eyÙ_p dpN£ k„Oj®_y„ r_fpL$fZ L$fhy„ A_¡
Aph¡ R>¡. `f„sy Aphp¡ âeÐ_ Äepf¡ A`|fsp¡ fpô²$ue kyfnp_u ÅmhZu L$fhu A¡ Ar^L$
_uhX¡$ Ðepf¡ A¡L$pv$ fpô²$ eyÙ_p¡ rhQpf L$f¡ sZph A_¡ Ap„sffpô²$ue ip„rs kpd¡ Å¡Md
R>¡. A¡L$ fpô²$A¡ buÅ fpô²$`f Ap¾$dZ L$fhy„, Dcy„ L$f_pfy„ lp¡e R>¡ A¡V$g¡ L¡$V$gpL$ fpô²$p¡
fpô²$_p kph®cp¥dÐh_¡ `X$L$pf Ap`hp\u fpô²$_u AÞe fpô²$p¡_p¡ V¡$L$p¡ d¡mhu fpô²$ue kyfnp
kyfrnssp kpd¡ Å¡Md r_dp®Z \pe R>¡. kpd¡_y„ Å¡Md Ap¡Ry>„ L$fhp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$f¡ R>¡.
Ap¾$dL$ fpô²$p¡_p gíL$fu kpdÕe®_¡ L$pfZ¡ Aphp
âL$pf_y„ Apl¹hp_ r_dp®Z \pe R>¡. L$p¡C`Z rhQpf L$fp¡ A_¡ k|Qhp¡
`qf[õ\rsdp„ fpô²$_p kph®cp¥dÐh_y„ A_¡ i÷ kpdÕe® bpbs¡ b^p v$¡ip¡ kdp_
A[õsÐh_y„ fnZ L$fhy„ A¡ v$¡i_y„ `l¡gy„ L$s®ìe õsf¡ _\u. Aphu `qf[õ\rsdp„ Å¡ Ap`Z¡
A_¡ S>hpbv$pfu lp¡hp\u v$¡i¡ `p¡sp_u kyfnp i÷ L$`ps_y„ ^p¡fZ ÅNrsL$ õsf¡
Åmhhp_y„ lp¡e sp¡ iy„ L$fhy„ `X¡$?
72
Ap sd_¡ dpÞe R>¡ L¡$? L$l¡ R>¡. _p¥L$pv$m_p âdyM "AµX$rdfg' lp¡e R>¡
sp¡ hpeyv$m_p âdyM_¡ "A¡f Qua dpi®g' L$l¡
gíL$fu spL$ps h^pfhp_p âeÐ_ê$`¡ R>¡. Ap ÓZ¡e v$m hÃQ¡ kdÞhe fpMhp dpV¡$
fpô²$p¡ `fõ`f i÷p÷ õ`^p® iê$ L$f¡ R>¡. 2019dp„ k„fnZ âdyM (Chief of Defence
i÷õ`^p®_p L$pfZ¡ Akyfrnssp_u cph_p Staff) ‘v$ r“dp®Z L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡. Ap
h^¡ R>¡. Akyfrnssp_u cph_p fpô²$ue âdyM_u r_dZ|„L$ cpfs_p fpô²$`rs L$f¡ R>¡.
kyfnp kpd¡_p Å¡Md_¡ `Z h^pf¡ R>¡. Ap
Å¡Md V$pmhp dpV¡$ i÷õ`^p®_u _rl `Z c|v$m
i÷L$`ps_u AphíeL$sp R>¡.
“p¥L$pv$m
`qfÃR>¡v$ hp„Qp¡ A_¡ s¡_u _uQ¡ Ap`¡gp
âñp¡_p DÑf gMp¡ hpeyv$m
Ap„sffpô²$ue k„Oj® ip„rs A_¡ ip¡^p¡ A¡V$g¡ h^y kdÅi¡
hpV$pOpV$_p dpÝed\u DL¡$ghp_p¡ âeÐ_ gíL$fu ipk_ A¡V$g¡ iy„?
âÐe¡L$ v$¡i¡ L$fhp¡ Å¡CA¡. s¡ dpV¡$ Aphp ipk_dp„ gp¡L$iplu lp¡e L¡$?
fpô²$p¡-fpô²$p¡ hÃQ¡ k„hpv$ A_¡ Ap`g¡
h^hu Å¡CA¡. fpô²$p¡-fpô²$p¡ hÃQ¡ S>¡V$gy„ cpfs_p fpô²$`rs b^p k„fnZ v$m_p
h^y `fõ`fphg„b_, s¡V$gu h^y ip„rs kf k¡_p`rs (Supreme Commander of
A_¡ kyfrnssp h^i¡. s¡\u Ap„sffpô²$ue the Defence Forces) lp¡e R>¡. fpô²$`rs_u
klL$pe® h^pfhp QQp® A_¡ hpV$pOpV$p¡ dpV¡$ k„drs rh_p k„fnZ v$mp¡ eyÙ A\hp ip„rs
Sy>v$p Sy>v$p dpÝed A_¡ ìepk`uW$ D`gå^ k„b„^¡ r_Z®e gC iL$sp _\u. L$pfZL¡$
\i¡. Apr\®L$ _yL$kp__p X$f\u fpô²$ eyÙ fpô²$`rs _pNfu kÑp_y„ ârsr_r^Ðh L$f¡ R>¡.
V$pmhp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$fi¡. gp¡L$ipludp„ _pNfu _¡s©Ðh gíL$fu _¡s©Ðh L$fsp
î¡›$ d_pe R>¡.
1. D`f_p `qfÃR>¡v$dp„\u L$ep¡ k„v$¡i dm¡
R>¡? cpfs_u kyfnp e„ÓZp_p ÓZ¡e k„fnZ v$m
AÐep^yr_L$ lp¡hp Å¡CA¡. s¡ dpV¡$ A_¡L$
2. fpô²$p¡-fpô²$p¡ hÃQ¡ k„hpv$ L$C fus¡ D`peep¡S>_p L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. s¡ dpV¡$ L¡$V$guL$
h^i¡?
3. Apr\®L$ _yL$kp_ A_¡ eyÙ hÃQ¡ ip¡
k„b„^ R>¡?
cpfs_u kyfnp e„ÓZp : c|v$m, _p¥L$pv$m
A_¡ hpeyv$m Ap k„fnZ L$f_pfp ÓZ¡ v$m_p¡
cpfs_u kyfnp e„ÓZpdp„ kdph¡i R>¡. cpfs_u
cp¥Np¡rgL$ kudp_y„ fnZ L$fhp_u S>hpbv$pfu
c|v$m `f lp¡e R>¡. cpfs_p kpNfu kudp_y„
fnZ _p¥L$pv$m L$f¡ R>¡. cpfs_u lhpC kudp
A_¡ AhL$pi_y„ fnZ L$fhp_u S>hpbv$pfu
hpeyv$m_u lp¡e R>¡. Ap ÓZ¡e v$mp¡ `f
k„fnZ d„Ópge_y„ r_e„ÓZ lp¡e R>¡. cpfs_y„
c|v$m M|b dp¡Vy„$ lp¡hp\u s¡ rhðdp„ kpsdp
¾$dp„L¡$ NZpe R>¡. c|v$m_p âdyM_¡ "S>_fg'
73
k„ip¡^_ k„õ\p `Z õ\p`u R>¡. k„fnZ v$m_u S>_Æh_ afu\u kyìeh[õ\s L$fhp_y„ L$pd
kh® î¡Zu_u ìe[¼s `p¡sp_y„ L$pd DÑd âL$pf¡ `pf S>gv$ L©$rsv$m L$f¡ R>¡.
`pX$u iL¡$ s¡ dpV¡$ Ap`Zp v$¡idp„ A_¡L$ ârinZ
k„õ\p `Z R>¡. v$p.s. `yZ¡ _¸i_g qX$a¡Þk rhÛp\}Ap¡dp„ riõs A_¡ gíL$fu rinZ_u
A¸L¡$X$du, qv$ëlu_u _¸i_g qX$a¡Þk L$p¡g¡S> hN¡f¡. fyrQ r_dp®Z \pe A¡ l¡sy\u fpô²$ue R>pÓk¡_p
A¡V$g¡ L¡$ A¡_.ku.ku._u õ\p`_p L$fhpdp„ Aphu
A^®gíL$fu v$mp¡ : cpfs_p k„fnZ v$mp¡_¡ R>.¡ sd¡ p„ ipmp, L$pg¡ S¡ >_p rhÛp\}-rhÛpr\_® uAp¡
dv$v$ L$fhp dpV¡$ A^®gíL$fu v$m lp¡e R>¡. s¡ klcpNu \C iL¡$ R>¡.
`|Z®s: gíL$f `Z _\u A_¡ _pNfu `Z
_\u. A¡V$g¡ S> s¡_¡ "A^®gíL$fu v$m' L$l¡ R>¡. N©lfnL$ v$m : õhps„Ôe `|h£_p kdedp„
k„fnZ v$m_¡ klpe L$fhu A¡ s¡d_y„ âdyM N©lfnL$ v$m (lp¡dNpX®$) k„NW$_ õ\p`hpdp„
L$pd lp¡e R>¡. kudp kyfnp v$m (Border Apìey„. N©lfnL$ v$mdp„ Å¡X$pC_¡ _pNqfL$ v$¡i_p
Security Force), sV$fnL$ v$m (Coast k„fnZ dpV¡$ dv$v$ê$` b_u iL¡$ R>¡. huk\u
Guard), L¡$[ÞÖe A_pds `p¡rgk v$m `p„Óuk hj®_u he_p L$p¡C`Z ÷u-`yfyj
(Central Reserve Police Force), S>gv$ _pNqfL$p¡ Ap v$mdp„ Å¡X$pC iL¡$ R>¡.
L©$rsv$m (Rapid Action Force) hN¡f¡_p¡
A^®gíL$fu v$mdp„ kdph¡i \pe R>¡. `p¡guk_u kp\p¡kp\ kph®S>r_L$
kyfrnssp Åmhhu, fdMpZp¡ L¡$ b„^ (lX$spm)
f¡ëh¡õ\p_L$p¡, s¡gn¡Óp¡, S>mn¡Óp¡ hN¡f¡ hMs¡ v|$^-`pZu S>¡hu Æh_phíeL$ hõsyAp¡_p¡
dlÐh_p„ õ\mp¡_y„ k„fnZ L$fhp_u S>hpbv$pfu `|fhW$p¡ `|fp¡ `pX$hp¡, hpl_ìehlpf_u ìehõ\p
A^®gíL$fu v$m_u lp¡e R>¡. s¡dS> Ly$v$fsu L¡$ L$fhu, ^fsuL„$`, `|f S>¡hu Ly$v$fsu Ap`rÑAp¡
dp_h r_rd®s Ap`v$p_y„ ìehõ\p`_ L$fhpdp„ hMs¡ gp¡L$p¡_¡ dv$v$ L$fhu hN¡f¡ L$pdp¡ Ap
s¡d_p¡ klcpN lp¡e R>¡. ip„rs_p„ kdedp„ v$m¡ L$fhp_p lp¡e R>¡.
v$¡i_u Ap„sffpô²$ue kudp_y„ fnZ L$fhp_u
S>hpbv$pfu A^®gíL$fu v$m_u lp¡e R>¡. cpfs_u kyfnp kpd¡_p `X$L$pfp¡
kudp _ÆL$_p rhõspfdp„ fl_¡ pfp _pNqfL$p_¡ p õhps„Ôe dþey„ Ðepf\u ApS> ky^u cpfs_u
d_dp„ kyfrnssp_u cph_p r_dp®Z L$fhu, kyfnp kpd¡ `pqL$õsp_ A_¡ Qu_ S>¡hp
sõL$fu fp¡L$hu, kudp D`f Qp¡L$u L$fhu S>¡hp„ fpô²$p¡A¡ Å¡Md r_dp®Z L$fhp_p¡ âeÐ_
L$pdp¡ kudp kyfnpv$m L$f¡ R>¡. L$ep£ R>¡. cpfs A_¡ `pqL$õsp_ hÃQ¡ A_¡L$
rhhpv$N°õs âñ R>¡. v$p.s. L$píduf_u
cpfs_p kpNfu qL$_pfpAp¡_y„ fnZ L$fhp kdõep, `pZu hl¢QZu dyØ¡ TOX$p,
dpV¡$ sV$fnL$ v$m_u õ\p`_p L$fhpdp„ Aphu OykZMp¡fu_u kdõep, kudphpv$ hN¡f¡. Ap
R>¡. cpfs_u kpNfu kudpdp„ dpR>udpfu âñ QQp® A_¡ hpV$pOpV$_p dpÝed\u
ìehkpe_¡ k„fnZ Ap`hy„, kpNf dpN£ \su DL¡$ghp_p¡ âeÐ_ cpfs kpsÐe`|h®L$ L$f¡
v$pZQp¡fu fp¡L$hu hN¡f¡ L$pdp¡ sV$fnL$ v$mp¡ `pf R>¡ (cpfs-`pqL$õsp_ k„b„^ rhi¡ sd_¡
`pX¡$ R>¡. âL$fZ-6 dp„ h^y Aæepk L$fhp dmi¡).
L$pev$p¡ A_¡ kyìehõ\p õ\p`hp_p L$pe®dp„ A¡riep M„X$dp„ cpfs A_¡ Qu_ dlÐh_p
Sy>v$p„ Sy>v$p„ fpÄe_p âipk__¡ dv$v$ L$fhp_y„ v$¡i R>¡. 1962 dp„ Qu_ kp\¡ Ap`Ï„ eyÙ
L$pd L¡$ÞÖue A_pds `p¡gukv$m L$f¡ R>¡. \ey„ lsy„. cpfs_p `pX$p¡iu fpô²$p¡ D`f
`p¡sp_y„ âcyÐh âõ\pr`s L$fhp_p¡ Qu_
bp¢b õap¡V$, lyëgX$p¡ hN¡f¡_¡ gu^¡ v$¡i_u âeÐ_ L$fsy„ lp¡hp\u cpfs-Qu_ k„b„^p¡dp„
kyfnp Å¡Mdpe Ðepf¡ TX$`u ìehõ\p L$fu_¡
74
sZph R>¡. kudpf¡Mp bpbs¡ `Z cpfs- dp_hu kyfnp kpd¡_p Apìl¹p_
Qu_ hÃQ¡ rhhpv$ R>¡.
1) dp_hu kyfnp kpd¡_y„ kp¥\u dp¡Vy„$
cpfs_u kyfrnssp_¡ a¼s `ffpô²$p¡ sfa\u Apìl¹p_ A¡V$g¡ Ap„sL$hpv$. Ap„sL$hpv$uAp¡_y„
S> Å¡Md R>¡ A¡hy„ _\u, A„sN®s n¡Óp¡dp„\u gn S> kpdpÞe, r_f`fp^u dp_hp¡ lp¡e R>¡.
`Z kyfrnssp kpd¡ Å¡Md Ecy„ L$fhp_p¡ sd¡ _p d_dp„ Aps„ L$ L$¡ X$f r_dpZ® L$fu sd¡ _pdp„
âeÐ_ \pe R>¡. fpô²$ue kyfrnssp_p k„v$c£ Akyfrnssp_u cph_p r_dp®Z L$fhu A¡
lh¡ bpü kyfrnssp A_¡ A„sN®s Ap„sL$hpv$_p¡ l¡sy R>¡. s¡\u dp_hu kyfnp dpV¡$
kyfrnssp A¡hp¡ saphs dlÒh_p¡ füp¡ Ap„sL$hpv$ _ô$ L$fhp¡ S>ê$fu R>¡.
_\u. ^d®, âpv$¡riL$sp, h¥QpqfL$, hp„riL$,
Apr\®L$ hN¡f¡ rhjep¡ `f A_¡L$ rhÖp¡lu QQp® L$fp¡
Qmhmp¡ A„sN®s n¡Óp¡dp„ A[õ\fsp r_dp®Z dp_hu kyfnp dpV¡$ gp¡L$iplu ipk_
L$f¡ R>¡. Dv$p. _nghpv$u Qmhm.
ìehõ\p S> D`ey¼s R>¡ A¡hy„ sd_¡ gpN¡
Ap„sL$hpv$ cpfs_u A„sN®s kyfnp k„v$c£ R>¡ L¡$? QQp®dp„ sd¡ L$ep dyØp fS|> L$fip¡?
kp¥\u dp¡Vy„$ Apìl¹p_ R>¡. Ap„sL$hpv$ A¡L$ dp_hu kyfnp dpV¡$ L$p¥Vy„$rbL$ õsf¡ L$ep
h¥rðL$ kdõep lp¡hp\u s¡_p¡ _pi L$fhp âeÐ_ L$fu iL$pe?
cpfs âeÐ_iug R>¡.
2) `ep®hfZdp„ \sp„ bv$gph_p L$pfZ¡
dp_h kyfnp A_¡ âv|$jZ_p L$pfZ¡ `Z dp_h Æh_ kpd¡
Å¡Md Ecy„ \ey„ R>¡. A¡CX¹$k, X¢$Áe|, rQL$_
iuseyÙ `R>u_p L$pmdp„ fpô²$ue kyfnp_u Nyr_ep, õhpC_ ãgy, Bbp¡gp, L$p¡fp¡“p S>¡hp
L$ë`_pdp„ bv$gph \ep¡ lp¡hp\u s¡ h^y ìep`L$ fp¡Np¡A¡ dp¡Vy„$ Apìl¹p_ r_dp®Z L$ey¯ R>¡. Aphp
\C R>¡. fpô²$ue kyfnp A¡V$g¡ a¼s v$¡i_u fp¡Np¡\u dp_hu_y„ k„fnZ A¡ `Z dp_hu
kyfnp S> _l] `Z s¡dp„ fl¡_pfp dp_hp¡_u kyfnp_p¡ S> OV$L$ d_pe R>¡.
`Z kyfnp A¡hp¡ _hp¡ rhQpf s¡dp„ kdprhô$
\ep¡ R>¡. L$pfZL¡$ v$¡i_u kyfnp `Z A„ss: sd_¡ iy„ gpN¡ R>¡?
dp_hp¡ dpV¡$ S> lp¡e R>¡. A¡V$g¡ S> dp_hu_¡ kdpS>dp„ h^su tlkp dp_hu kyfnp
L¡$ÞÖõ\p_¡ fpMu _h¡kf\u L$f¡gp¡ kyfnp_p¡
rhQpf A¡V$g¡ S> dp_hkyfnp. dp_h kyfnpdp„ dpV¡$ Å¡Md r_dp®Z L$f¡ R>¡. tlkp h^¡ _l]
dp_hu_y„ v$f¡L$ âL$pf_p Å¡Md\u k„fnZ L$fu s¡ dpV¡$ v$f¡L$ õsf¡ L$ep âL$pf¡ ip„rs_u
s¡_¡ rinZ, Apfp¡Áe A_¡ rhL$pk_u sL$ âq¾$ep r_dp®Z L$fu iL$pi¡?
Ap`hu A`¡rns R>¡.
cpfs_u kyfnp ìehõ\p_y„ õhê$` Ap`Z¡
r_fnfsp, v$pqfÖe, A„^îÙp, Ap âL$fZdp„ iu¿ep. fpô²$ue kyfnp\u dp_hu
`R>ps`Ï„ v|$f L$fu b^p dpV¡$ kÞdp_\u Æhhp kyfnp A¡hu kyfnp k„b„^u L$ë`_pdp„ \e¡gp¡
dpV¡$_u `p¡jL$ `qf[õ\rs r_dp®Z L$fhu A¡ bv$gph `Z Ap`Z¡ Ap âL$fZdp„ kdÄep.
bpbs_p¡ kdph¡i dp_h kyfnpdp„ \pe R>¡. lh¡ `R>u_p âL$fZdp„ Ap`Z¡ k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O
Aë`k„¿eL$ A_¡ vy$b®m OV$L$p¡_p lL$p¡_y„ k„fnZ _pd_u Ap„sffpô²$ue k„OV$_p_p¡ Aæepk
`Z dp_hu kyfnp dpV¡$ AphíeL$ R>¡. L$fhp_p R>uA¡. dp_hu kyfnp dpV¡$ s¡ L$C
D`pe ep¡S>_p L$f¡ R>¡, s¡ iuMuiy„.
75
õhpÝepe
1. Ap`¡gp `ep®ep¡ `¥L$u ep¡Áe `ep®e `k„v$ L$fu 4. “uQ¡“p âñp¡“p V|„$L$dp„ DÑf gMp¡.
1) fpô$²_u kfy np_¡ L$C bpbsp\¡ u ÅM¡ d r_dpZ®
rh^p_ `|Z® L$fp¡. \pe R>¡?
2) kudp kyfnp v$m_p L$pe® gMp¡.
1) cpfs_p ............... A¡ kh® k„fnZ v$m_p 3) dp_hu kyfnp A¡V$g¡ iy„?
kfk¡_p`rs lp¡e R>¡. 5. Ap`¡gu k|Q_p A_ykpf L©$rs L$fp¡.
1) kyfnp v$m rhi¡ _uQ¡ Ap`¡gy„ L$p¡ô$L$ `|Z® L$fp¡.
A) hX$pâ^p_ b) fpô²$`rs
L$) k„fnZ d„Óu X$) kfk¡_p`rs
2) cpfs_p kpNfu qL$_pfp_p fnZ_u S>hpbv$pfu
r_cphsy„ v$m .......... lpgdp„
L$pe®fs
A) c|rdv$m b) sV$fnL$ v$m kyfnp v$m_y„ âdyM_y„
“pd _pd
L$) kudp kyfnp v$m X$) S>gv$ L©$rsv$m L$pep£ AÝen
3) rhÛp\}Ap¡dp„ riõs A_¡ gíL$fu rinZ_u c|rdv$m ------- ---- -------
fyrQ r_dp®Z L$fhp dpV¡$ ............. _u -----
õ\p`_p L$fhpdp„ Aphu. ----- ------- A¸X$rdfg -------
A) bu.A¡k.A¡a. b) ku.Apf.`u.A¡a.
L$) A¡_.ku.ku. X$) Apf.A¡.A¡a. cpfs_u lhpC ---- -------
kudp_y„ A_¡
2. _uQ¡_p rh^p_p¡ Mfp„ R>¡ L¡$ Mp¡V$p„ s¡ kL$pfZ õ`ô$ AhL$pi_y„
L$fp¡. fnZ L$fhy„
1) dp_hu kyfnp dpV¡$ Aps„L$hpv$ _ô$ L$fhp¡ 2) cpfs_u kyfnp kpd¡_p Apìl¹p_p¡ _uQ¡_p
S>ê$fu R>¡. k„L$ë`_p rQÓ_u dv$v$\u v$ip®hp¡.
2) âÐe¡L$ fpô²$ `p¡sp_p dpV¡$ dS>b|s kyfnp
ìehõ\p r_dp®Z L$f¡ R>¡.
3) cpfs A_¡ `pqL$õsp_ hÃQ¡ L$p¡C S> kyfnp
rhhpv$põ`v$ âñ _\u. ìehõ\p kpd¡_p
3. “uQ¡“u k„L$ë‘“p õ‘ô$ L$fp¡. Apìl¹p_p¡
1) S>gv$ L©$rsv$m_p„ L$pe® 2) dp_hu kyfnp
3) N©lfnL$ v$m
D`¾$d
"cpfs_u kyfnp kpd¡_p Apìl¹p_p¡' Ap rhje `f
ipmpdp„ QQp®kÓ Apep¡rS>s L$fp¡.
76
4 k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O
Ap âL$fZdp„ Ap`Z¡ _hy„ iy„ iuMhp_p k¸_äp[ÞkõL$p¡dp„ 1945dp„ `Qpk fpô²$p¡_p
R>uA¡? Ap„sffpô²$ue õsf¡ ip„rs A_¡ kyfrnssp ârsr_r^Ap¡A¡ krhõsf QQp® L$fu_¡ k„ey¼s
fl¡ s¡ dpV¡$ "k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O' Ap Ap„sffpô²$ue fpô²$k„O_u k_v$ s¥epf L$fu. Ap k_v$ `f
k„OV$_p_u õ\p`_p L$fhpdp„ Aphu. Ap k„OV$_p_p lõspnf L$ep® bpv$ eyÙ kdpàs \sp„ S> 24
DØ¡íep¡, sÒhp¡, fQ_p A_¡ ip„rs fnZdp„ s¡_u Ap¸¼V$p¡bf 1945_p fp¡S> "k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O'
c|rdL$p_p¡ Aæepk âõsys âL$fZdp„ L$fhp_p¡ R>¡. k„OV$_p_u õ\p`_p L$fhpdp„ Aphu. k„ey¼s
fpô²$k„O A¡ kph®cp¥d fpô²$p¡_u k„OV$_p R>¡.
k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O : `pð®c|rd
L$lp¡ Å¡J?
hukdu kv$u_p `|hp®^®dp„ b¡ rhðeyÙp¡ \ep.
Ap rhðeyÙp¡_¡ gu^¡ dp¡V$p âdpZdp„ Å_lpr_ A_¡ eyÙ_p kde¡ \e¡gu `qfjv$p¡dp„ cpfs
dpglpr_ \C. s¡\u ÅNrsL$ ip„rs âõ\pr`s klcpNu \ey„ lsy„ L¡$?
L$fhp dpV¡$ A¡L$ e„ÓZp r_dp®Z L$fhu Å¡CA¡ A¡ k„ey¼s fpô²$ qv$_ sfuL¡$ L$ep¡ qv$hk
l¡sy\u `l¡gp rhðeyÙ `R>u fpô²$k„O A_¡ buÅ DS>hpe R>¡?
rhðeyÙ `R>u k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O Ap Ap„sffpô²$ue
k„OV$_p_u õ\p`_p L$fhpdp„ Aphu. `l¡gp rhðeyÙ k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O_p DØ¡ip¡
`R>u õ\p`_ \e¡gp fpô²$k„O_¡ L$p„C Mpk ei k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O A¡ rhðdp„ kp¥\u dp¡V$u
dþep¡ _lu. `Z buÅ rhðeyÙdp„ AÏbp¡çb_p¡
h`fpi \ep `R>u Aphp âL$pf_p rh_piL$pfu eyÙp¡ Ap„sffpô²$ue k„OV$_p R>¡. iê$Apsdp„ a¼s 50
AV$L$hp„ Å¡CA¡ A_¡ A¡ b^p„ S> fpô²$p¡_u kpd|rlL$ v$¡i Ap k„OV$_p_p kæe lsp. ApS>¡ Ap k„¿ep
S>hpbv$pfu R>¡, A¡hp¡ rhQpf bmhsf \ep¡. Aphu 193 S>¡V$gu R>¡. Ap kh® kæe fpô²$p¡ k„ey¼s
ÅN©rs v$f¡L$ fpô²$p¡dp„ r_dp®Z L$fhp dpV¡$ k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O_u ìepk`uW$ `f A¡L$rÓs \pe R>¡. k„ey¼s
fpô²$k„O k„OV$_p_u õ\p`_p buSy>„ rhðeyÙ kdpàs fpô²$k„O_p L¡$V$gp„L$ r_ròs DØ¡ip¡ R>¡. V|„$L$dp„ L$luA¡
\ep `R>u L$fhpdp„ Aphu. sp¡ k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O ÅNrsL$ ip„rs õ\p`hp dpV¡$
AphíeL$ b^u D`pe ep¡S>_p L$f¡ R>¡.
k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O_u õ\p`_p_p¡ L$pm¾$d
fpô²$p¡-fpô²$p¡ hÃQ¡ d¥Óu`|Z® k„b„^p¡
buÅ rhðeyÙ v$fçep_ 14 Ap¸NõV$ âõ\pr`s L$fhp.
1941_p fp¡S> HÁg¢X$_p hX$pâ^p_ rhÞõV$_ Ap„sffpô²$ue âñp¡ ip„rsde dpN£ DL¡$ghp
QrQ®g A_¡ Ad¡qfL$_ fpô²$pÝen 丄L$rg_ X$u. A_¡ Ap„sffpô²$ue kyfnp h^pfhu.
ê$Th¡ëV$ hÃQ¡ A¡V$gp„qV$L$ L$fpf \ep¡. Ap L$fpf dp_hu lL$_y„, õhps„Ôe_y„ S>s_ A_¡ k„h^®_
A_ykpf eyÙ kdpàs \sp„ Ap„sffpô²$ue kyfnp L$fhy„.
r_dp®Z L$fhp dpV¡$ A¡L$ L$pedu õhê$`_u e„ÓZp s¡dS> Ap„sffpô²$ue õsf¡ Apr\®L$ klL$pe®
õ\p`hp_p¡ r_Z®e g¡hpdp„ Apìep¡. Ap r_Z®e h^pfhy„ A¡ `Z k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O_p¡ l¡sy R>¡.
`f 1944 A_¡ 1945dp„ b_¡gp rdÓ fpô²$p¡_u
`qfjv$dp„ rhõs©s QQp® L$fhpdp„ Aphu A_¡ s¡
A_ykpf Ap„sffpô²$ue k„OV$_p õ\p`_ L$fhp_p
L$fpf_p¡ dykv¹$$p¡ s¥epf L$fhpdp„ Apìep¡. Ad¡qfL$p_p
77
kph®cp¥d fpô²$p¡_p fpS>_¥rsL$ rhi¡jpr^L$pfp¡_p¡ _uQ¡_p âñp¡_p DÑfp¡ Ap`u iL$ip¡ ?
Apv$f L$fhp¡, buÅ v$¡ip¡ `f Ap¾$dZ _ L$fhy„, Ap„sffpô²$ue kyfnp kpd¡ Å¡Md r_dp®Z
Ap„sffpô²$ue L$pev$pAp¡_y„ A_¡ L$fpfp¡_y„ `pg_ \sp„ k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O ki÷ lõsn¡`
L$fhy„ A¡ b^p kæe fpô²$p¡_y„ L$s®ìe R>¡. L$fu iL¡$?
dp_hu lL$ A_¡ õhps„Ôe_p k„h^®_ dpV¡$
k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O A¡ kph®cp¥d fpô²$p¡A¡ A¡L k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O¡ L$ep `Ngp„ cep® R>¡?
\C_¡ õ\p`¡gu k„OV$_p R>¡. s¡\u kplrS>L$ S>
s¡ L¡$V$gp„L$ sÒhp¡ `f A\hp r_edp¡ `f k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O_u fQ_p: k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O_u
k_v$dp„ Ap k„OV$_p_u fQ_p A_¡ L$pe®`Ùrs
Ap^pqfs R>¡. s¡ sÒhp¡ V|„$L$dp„ _uQ¡ âdpZ¡ R>¡. rhi¡_u dprlsu Ap`¡gu R>¡.
k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O_p sÒhp¡ k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O_p dy¿eÐh¡ R> OV$L$p¡
A\hp ipMpAp¡ R>¡.
1. b^p kæe fpô²$p¡_p¡ v$fÄÅ¡ kdp_ li¡.
cp¥Np¡rgL$ ApL$pf, Apr\®L$ A_¡ gíL$fu 1) Apdkcp 2) kyfnp `qfjv$ 3) Apr\®L$
bm_p Ap^pf¡ fpô²$p¡-fpô²$p¡ hÃQ¡ c¡v$cph A_¡ kpdprS>L$ `qfjv$ 4) Ap„sffpô²$ue Þepepge
L$fhpdp„ Aphsp¡ _\u. 5) rhðõs d„X$m 6) krQhpge.
2. k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O_p kæe fpô²$p¡A¡ `fõ`f_p
õhps„Ôe A_¡ cp¥Np¡rgL$ A¡L$pÐdsp_p¡ Apv$f
L$fhp¡.
3. kh® kæe fpô²$p¡A¡ `p¡sp_p Ap„sffpô²$ue
âñp¡, rhhpv$ ip„rsde dpN£ DL¡$ghp.
k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O - Apdkcp.
78
Ap R> ipMpAp¡ rkhpe k„ey¼s k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O_y„ dy¿e L$pep®ge
fpô²$k„O_p L$pe®dp„ dv$v$ L$f_pfu k„ey¼s
fpô²$k„O_u A_¡L$ k„gÁ_ k„õ\pAp¡ R>¡. s¡ Þe|ep¸L®$dp„ Aph¡gy„ R>¡. A„N°¡Æ, ä¢Q, frie_,
k„õ\pAp¡_¡ rhi¡j L$pep®ÐdL$ k„õ\p L$l¡ R>¡.
rhrióV$ L$pe®n¡Ódp„ L$pd L$f_pfu Aphu õ`¸r_i, rQ_u A_¡ Afbu Ap k„ey¼s
k„õ\pAp¡ rhð_p fpô²$p¡_¡ S>¡ s¡ L$pe®dp„ dv$v$
L$f¡ R>¡. Ap„sffpô²$ue L$pdNpf k„NW$_ (ILO), fpô²$k„O_u Ar^L©$s cpjp R>¡.
AÞ_ A_¡ M¡su k„NW$_ (FAO), ÅNrsL$
Apfp¡Áe k„NW$_ (WHO), ÅNrsL$ b¸„L$ kfy np `qfjv$ : kfy np `qfjv$dp„ L$yg 15
(WB), Ap„sffpô²$ue _pZpr_^u (IMF), kæe lpe¡ R>.¡ s¡ `L¥ $u 5 (`pQ„ ) kæe õ\peu
k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O bpg r_^u (UNICEF), A_¡ 10 kæe Aõ\peu õhê$`¡ lp¡e R>¡.
k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O_u i¥nrZL$, h¥opr_L$ A_¡ Aõ\peu kæe fpô²$p¡_u `k„v$Nu v$f b¡ hj£
kp„õL©$rsL$ k„OV$_p (UNESCO) Aphu L¡$V$guL$ Apdkcp L$f¡ R>¡. Ad¡qfL$p, friep, IÁg¸„X$,
dlÒh`|Z® k„gÁ_ k„õ\pAp¡ R>¡. äpÞk A_¡ Qu_ kyfnp krdrs_p õ\peu kæep¡
R>¡. s¡d_¡ _L$pfpr^L$pf_p¡ Ar^L$pf R>¡. L$p¡C`Z
Apdkcp: k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O_p kh® kæe dlÒh_p âñp¡ `f r_Z®e g¡hp dpV¡$ 5 (`p„Q)
v$¡i (fpô²$) Apdkcp_p kæe lp¡e R>¡. v$¡i õ\peu kæe A_¡ Ap¡R>pdp„ Ap¡R>p 4 Aõ\peu
îud„s lp¡e L¡$ Nfub, dp¡V$p¡ lp¡e L¡$ _p_p¡, kh® kæep¡_u d„S|>fu lp¡hu AphíeL$ lp¡e R>¡.
kæe fpô²$p¡_y„ õ\p_ A_¡ v$fS>Å¡ kdp_ lp¡e õ\peu kæep¡ `¥L$u L$p¡C`Z A¡L$ kæe¡ Å¡
R>¡. A¡V$g¡ L¡$ v$f¡L$ fpô²$_¡ A¡L$ S> ds lp¡e R>¡. _L$pfpr^L$pf_p¡ D`ep¡N L$ep£, A¡V$g¡ L¡$ Å¡ rhfp¡^u
v$f hj£ kàV¡$çbf \u qX$k¡çbf v$fçep_ ds Apàep¡ sp¡ `Z r_Z®e gC iL$psp¡ _\u.
Apdkcp_y„ Ar^h¡i_ lp¡e R>¡. Ap Ar^h¡i_dp„
`ep®hfZ, r_:i÷uL$fZ S>¡hp dlÒh`|Z® kyfnp `qfjv$_p L$pep£
ÅNrsL$ rhjep¡ `f QQp® \pe R>¡. Apdkcp_p
r_Z®ep¡ blydsu\u g¡hpe R>¡. Ap r_Z®e W$fph 1) Ap„sffpô²$ue ip„rs A_¡ kyfrnssp fpMhu
õhê$`¡ lp¡e R>¡. A¡V$g¡ L¡$ Apdkcp dpÓ W$fph A¡ kyfnp `qfjv$_u dy¿e S>hpbv$pfu R>¡.
L$f¡ R>¡, L$pev$p L$fsu _\u. kæe fpô²$p¡_p Ap„sffpô²$ue k„Ojp£_u `qf[õ\rsdp„ k„Oj®
ârsr_r^Ap¡_¡ c¡Np dmu_¡ QQp® L$fhp dpV¡$, v|$f L$fu ip„rs âõ\pr`s L$fhp dpV¡$ âeÐ_
dlÒh_p ÅNrsL$ âñp¡ `f ^p¡fZ _½$u L$fhp L$fhp, Apr\®L$ ârsb„^ d|L$hp A\hp
dpV¡$ A¡L$ ìepk`uW$ sfuL¡$ Apdkcp_y„ dlÒh R>¡. Ap¾$dL$ fpô²$ rhfp¡^u gíL$fu L$pe®hplu
Apdkcp_p L$pep£ L$fhp_p¡ r_Z®e g¡hp¡ s¡ `¥L$u A¡L$ `ep®e
kyfnp `qfjv$ k|Qh¡ R>¡.
1) kyfnp krdrs_p Aõ\peu kæep¡_u
r_dZ|„L$ L$fhu. 2) i÷p÷ r_e„ÓZ dpV¡$ ep¡S>_p s¥epf
L$fhp_y„ L$pd kyfnp `qfjv$ L$f¡ R>¡.
2) kyfnp `qfjv$_u (krdrs_u) kp\¡
k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O_p dlpkrQh A_¡ Ap„sffpô²$ue 3) Apdkcp_u kp\¡ kp\¡ Ap„sffpô²$ue
Þepepge_p Þepep^ui_u r_dZ|„L$ L$fhu Þepepge_p Þepep^ui A_¡ k„ey¼s
fpô²$k„O_p dlpkrQh_u r_dZ|„L$ L$fhpdp„
3) k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O_p hprj®L$ A„v$pS>`Ó_¡
d„S|>fu Ap`hu. kyfnp `qfjv$_p¡ klcpN lp¡e R>¡.
kyfnp `qfjv$_u fQ_pdp„ a¡fapf \pe A_¡
s¡_y„ õhê$` h^y gp¡L$iplu`|Z® \pe A¡ ×rô$A¡
lpgdp„ ky^pfZp k|Qhhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. kyfnp
`qfjv$dp„ cpfs_¡ L$pedu kæe`v$ dm¡ s¡ dpV¡$
cpfs âeÐ_iug R>¡.
79
Apr\®L$ A_¡ kpdprS>L$ `qfjv$ : k„ey¼s L$pep£
fpô²$k„O_p Apr\®L$ A_¡ kpdprS>L$ L$pep£ hÃQ¡
kdÞhe kp^hp¡ A¡ Ap `qfjv$_p¡ dy¿e DØ¡íe 1) lhpdp_dp„ \sp¡ a¡fapf, dp_hu lL$,
R>¡. Ap `qfjv$dp„ Ly$g 54 kæep¡ R>¡. s¡d_u r_:i÷uL$fZ S>¡hp ÅNrsL$ âñp¡ `f
r_dZ|„L$ Apdkcp L$f¡ R>¡. v$f¡L$ kæe_p¡ Ap„sffpô²$ue `qfjv$p¡ cfhu.
L$pe®L$pm 3 hj®_p¡ lp¡e R>¡. v$f hj£ 1/3 S>¡V$gp
_hp kæep¡_u r_dZ|„L$ L$fpe R>¡. Ap `qfjv$_p 2) Apdkcp A_¡ kyfnp `qfjv$_u b¡W$L$p¡
r_Z®e blydsu\u g¡hpe R>¡. Apep¡rS>s L$fhu.
L$pep£ 3) dprlsu_y„ k„L$g_ L$fhy„.
1) Nfubu, b¡fp¡S>Npfu, Apr\®L$ A_¡ kpdprS>L$ 4) âkpf dpÝedp¡_¡ dprlsu `|fu `pX$hu.
rhjdsp S>¡hp âñp¡_u h¥rðL$ õsf¡ QQp®
L$fhu A_¡ D`peep¡S>_p k|Qhhu. Ap„sffpô²$ue Þepepge: Ap„sffpô²$ue
Þepepge A¡V$g¡ k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O_u Þepepgeu_
2) ÷u rhjeL$ âñp,¡ ÷u ki[¼sL$fZ, dp_hu ipMp - Ap„sffpô²$ue Þepepge _¡^fg¸„X$ v$¡i_p
lL$, d|mc|s õhps„Ôe, ÅNrsL$ h¡`pf, "v$ l¡N'dp„ R>¡. Ap Þepepgedp„ Ly$g 15
Apfp¡Áe rhjeL$ kdõep S>¡hp âñp¡ `f Þepep^ui lp¡e R>¡. s¡d_u r_dZ|„L$ Apdkcp
QQp® L$fu r_Z®e g¡hp¡. A_¡ kyfnp `qfjv$ L$f¡ R>¡. âÐe¡L$ Þepep^ui_p¡
L$pe®L$pm 9 hj®_p¡ lp¡e R>¡.
3) Ap„sffpô²$ue õsf¡ kp„õL©$rsL$ A_¡ i¥nrZL$
klL$pe® âõ\pr`s L$fhp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$fhp¡. L$pep£
4) k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O kp\¡ k„gÁ_ lp¡e s¡hu 1) ke„ ¼y s fpô$²kO„ _p kæe lpe¡ Ah¡ p b¡ A\hp
rhrh^ k„OV$_p_p L$pe®dp„ kyk|Ósp A_¡ h^y fpô$²p¡ hÃQ_¡ p TOX$p_p¡ r_L$pg gphhp.¡
kdÞhe fpMhp¡.
krQhpge : k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O_p âipkL$ue 2) Ap„sffpô²$ue L$pev$pAp¡_y„ ep¡Áe A\®OV$_ L$fhy„.
L$pdL$pS> k„cpmhp_u S>hpbv$pfu krQhpge `f 3) k„ey¼s fpô²$k„NW$“_u rhrh^ ipMp L¡$
R>¡. krQhpge_p âdyM_¡ dlpkrQh L$l¡ R>¡. k„gÁ_ k„õ\pAp¡_¡ L$pev$p k„b„r^s âñp¡
s¡d_u r_dZ|„L$ Apdkcp A_¡ kyfnp `qfjv$ `f kgpl Ap`hu.
L$f¡ R>¡. s¡d_p¡ L$pe®L$pm `p„Q hj®_p¡ lp¡e R>¡.
Ap„sffpô²$ue Ny_¡Npfu Þepepge :
gMp¡: Ap„sffpô²$ue Ny_¡Npfu Þepepge A¡
* AÐepf ky^u_p dlpkrQhp¡_p _pd gMp¡. Ap„sffpô²$ue k„NW$_ A_¡ A¡L$
* dlpkrQh A¡ dlpkÑp_p _pNqfL$ lp¡hp Ap„sffpô²$ue Þepepge lp¡hp\u s¡_y„ dy¿e
L$pep®ge _¡^fg¸„X$_p v$ l¡Ndp„ R>¡.
Å¡CA¡ A¡hy„ b„^_ R>¡ L¡$? h„ik„lpf, eyÙL$pgu_ Ny_p A_¡
* L$ep fpô²$p¡_p _pNqfL$p¡_¡ dlpkrQh `v$ dp_hsphpv$ rhfyÙ Ny_p S>¡hp Ap„sffpô²$ue
kdyv$pe dpV¡$ tQspS>_L$ N„cuf Ny_pdp„
dpV¡$ âp^pÞe A`pe R>¡? kdprhóV$ lp¡e s¡hu ìe[¼s `f_p
* lpg_p dlpkrQh L$p¡Z R>¡ A_¡ s¡ Apfp¡`p¡_u s`pk L$fhu A_¡ s¡_p `f
MV$gp¡ Qgphhp_y„ L$pe® Ap Þepepge
L$ep v$¡i_p R>¡? L$f¡ R>¡.
80
rhðõs d„X$m : buÅ rhðeyÙ `R>u_p k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O bpgr_^u A¡V$g¡
kdedp„ S>¡ âv$¡ip¡ L¡$ hkplsp¡ ArhL$rks lsu, eyr_k¡a (UNICEF) k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O_u
s¡d_p rhL$pk_u S>hpbv$pfu L¡$V$gp„L$ rhL$rks k„gÁ_ k„õ\p R>¡. _p_p bpmL$p¡_¡ `p¡jL$
fpô²$p¡_¡ kp¢`hpdp„ Aphu lsu. s¡ rhL$rks Aplpf A_¡ Apfp¡Áe k¡hp `|fu `pX$hp
fpô²$p¡A¡ Aphp âv$¡ip¡_p rhL$pkdp„ dv$v$ L$fhu dpV¡$ eyr_k¡a L$pe® L$f¡ R>¡. eyr_k¡a_u
A_¡ s¡d_u õhs„Ósp d¡mhhpdp„ s¡d S> Ðep„ dv$v$\u cpfsdp„ bpm Ly$`p¡jZ_u
gp¡L$iplu_u õ\p`_p L$fhpdp„ dv$v$ L$fhu kdõep dpV¡$ D`peep¡S>_p L$fhp dpV¡$
A`¡rns lsy„ A_¡ s¡_y„ DÑfv$preÐh rhðõs rhrh^ L$pe®ipmp Apep¡rS>s L$fhpdp„
d„X$m_¡ kp¢`hpdp„ Apìey„. Ap rhðõs d„X$m_y„ Aphu R>¡.
L$pe® lpgdp„ A[õsÐhdp„ _\u.
k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O_u k„gÁ_ k„õ\p
rhðõs d„X$m_y„ L$pe® 1 _h¡çbf UNESCO _u dv$v$\u rinZ, rhop_,
1994_p fp¡S> `gpD v$¡i_¡ õhps„Ôe k„õL©$rs hÃQ¡ klL$pe® h^pfu S>Nsdp„
dmsp„ `|Z® \ey„ R>¡. `gpD A¡ qarg`pBÞk ip„rs A_¡ kyfnp L$ped L$fhp_p¡ âeÐ_
fpô²$_u 500 duV$f `|h®dp„ Aph¡gp¡ âip„s L$ep£ R>¡.
dlpkpNfdp„_p¡ A¡L$ V$p`y R>¡.
k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O A_¡ ip„rs fnZ
kl÷L$_p rhL$pk DØ¡ip¡:
Ap„sffpô²$ue k„Ojp£ ip„rs_p dpN£ DL¡$ghp
k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O_p kæe fpô²$p¡A¡ 2000_u A¡ k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O_p¡ DØ¡i R>¡. Ap DØ¡i
kpgdp„ A¡L$Ó dmu_¡ _hp kl÷L$_p rhL$pk kpÝe L$fhp dpV¡$ L$ep¡ dpN® hp`fhp¡ s¡_p¡ k„ey¼s
DØ¡ip¡ r_ròs L$ep®. s¡dp_p„ L¡$V$gp„L$ dlÒh_p fpô²$k„O_u k_v$dp„ Dëg¡M L$f¡gp¡ R>¡. S>¡ fpô²$p¡
DØ¡ip¡ _uQ¡ Ap`¡gp R>¡. hÃQ¡ k„Oj® R>¡ s¡ fpô²$p¡_¡ dpÞe lp¡e s¡hp¡
dÝeõ\u _udhp¡, ÞepreL$ âq¾$ep_p¡ D`ep¡N
Nfubu A_¡ c|Mdfp_y„ r_d|®g_ L$fhy„. L$fhp¡, k„Oj® DL¡$ghp ghpv$_u õ\p`_p L$fhu,
S>ê$f `X¡$ gíL$f_p¡ D`ep¡N L$fhp¡ A_¡ afu
âp\rdL$ rinZ_u kyrh^p D`gå^ L$fhu. k„Oj® \pe _l] s¡_u L$pmÆ g¡hu hN¡f¡ dpNp£_p¡
Apdp„ kdph¡i L$f¡gp¡ R>¡. Ap^yr_L$ L$pmdp„
÷u ki[¼sL$fZ L$fhy„, bpmd©Ðey_y„ âdpZ Aps„L$hpv$, hp„riL$ A_¡ ^prd®L$ k„Oj®_¡ gu^¡
Ap¡Ry>„ L$fhy„. dp_hu kyfnp kpd¡ Å¡Md Ecy„ \ey„ R>¡. s¡\u
k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O_p ip„rs fnZ_p L$pe®_¡ dlÒh
Nc®hsu ÷uAp¡_p Apfp¡Áe_u rhi¡j L$pmÆ âpàs \ey„ R>¡. k„Oj®N°õs âv$¡ip¡dp„ afu tlkp_p¡
g¡hu. D`Öh \pe _l] A_¡ Ðhqfs kpdpÞe [õ\rs
r_dp®Z \pe s¡ dpV¡$ k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O âeÐ_
A¡BX¹$k, dg¡qfep hN¡f¡ fp¡Np¡_¡ dps L$fhp. L$f¡ R>¡. Dv$p. ipmp iê$ L$fhu, S>_spdp„ dp_hu
lL$ rhjeL$ ÅN©ssp r_dp®Z L$fhu, kpdprS>L$,
`ep®hfZ_y„ fnZ L$fhy„ A_¡ rhL$rks s\p Apr\®L$, fpS>L$ue kyrh^p r_dp®Z L$fhu,
rhL$pkiug v$¡ip¡ hÃQ¡ klL$pe® h^pfhy„. Q|„V$ZuAp¡ L$fphhu hN¡f¡.
Ap DØ¡ip¡ kpÝe L$fhp dpV¡$ r_ròs kde
dep®v$p _½$u L$fhpdp„ Aphu R>¡.
eyr_k¡a A_¡ ey_¡õL$p¡_u dv$v$\u cpfs¡
kl÷L$_p rhL$pk DØ¡ip¡ kp^hpdp„ Dëg¡M_ue
âNrs L$fu R>¡.
81
* rinL$p¡_u dv$v$\u eyNp¡õgp[ìlep, L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Ap„sffpô²$ue ip„rs A_¡
_prdrbep, L„$bp¡qX$ep, kp¡dprgep, l¥su, kyfrnssp_y„ k„`|Z® S>Nsdp„ S>s_ A_¡
\pBg¡ÞX$ hN¡f¡ fpô²$p¡dp„ k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O¡ k„h^®_ L$fhp dpV¡$ k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O S>¡ rhrh^
Qgph¡gu ip„rs fnZ Qmhm_u dprlsu L$pep£ L$f¡ R>¡ s¡ `¥L$u ip„rs fnZ `Z A¡L$
d¡mhp¡. L$pe® R>¡. Ap L$pe®_¡ `|fL$ buÆ L©$rsAp¡dp„
_uQ¡_u bpbsp¡_p¡ kdph¡i \pe R>¡.
* k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O_u ip„rsk¡_p dpV¡$ k¥Þe
dp¡L$ghpdp„ L$ep fpô²$p¡ AN°¡kf R>¡, s¡_u * k„Oj® ârsb„^ A_¡ dÝeõ\u.
k|rQ s¥epf L$fp¡.
* âÐen ip„rs âõ\pr`s L$fhu.
cpfsue ip„rs k¥r_L$
* ipr„ s fnZ_u D`pe epS¡ >_p_p¡ Adg L$fhp.¡
k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O_y„ ip„rs fnZ : k„Oj®N°õs
âv$¡ip¡dp„ L$pedu õhê$`¡ ip„rs õ\p`hp dpV¡$ * ip„rs õ\p`hu.
`p¡jL$ `qf[õ\rs r_dp®Z L$fhp_y„ L$pd Ap
D`¾$d Üpfp L$fpe R>¡. k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O_p k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O A_¡ cpfs
ip„rsfnL$ k„Oj®N°õs âv$¡ip¡_¡ ip„rs sfa v$p¡fu
S>hpdp„ dv$v$ L$f¡ R>¡. k„Oj®N°õs âv$¡ip¡dp„ k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O_u õ\p`_p `|h£ S>¡ S>¡
kyfrnssp_u kp\¡ ip„rs õ\p`hp dpV¡$ klpe rhrh^ `qfjv$p¡ \C lsu s¡dp„ cpfs klcpNu
\ey„ lsy„. r_h®kplsuL$fZ, r_:i÷uL$fZ,
h„ic¡v$ S>¡hp A_¡L$ âñp¡ k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O_u
ìepk`uW$ `f fS|> L$fhpdp„ cpfs_p¡ klcpN
R>¡. k„ey¼s fpô²$k„Odp„ 1946dp„ hZ®c¡v$_p¡ âñ
D`[õ\s L$f_pf cpfs `l¡gp¡ v$¡i lsp¡. k„ey¼s
fpô²$k„Odp„ ArhL$rks A_¡ rhL$pkiug fpô²$p¡_u
kdõep A„N¡ QQp®dp„ cpfs L$ped AN°¡kf füy„
R>¡. k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O_u ip„rsk¡_pdp„ klcpNu
\hp dpV¡$ cpfs¡ L$ped `p¡sp_y„ k¥Þe dp¡L$ëey„
R>¡. A¡V$gy„ S> _l] cpfs¡ a¼s ÷u k¥r_L$p¡_u
ip„rsk¡_p `Z dp¡L$gu R>¡. s¡\u Ap„sffpô²$ue
k„Oj® ip„rs_p dpN£ DL¡$gpe s¡ dpV¡$ cpfs
âeÐ_iug R>¡, s¡ S>ZpB Aph¡ R>¡.
õhpÝepe
1. Ap`¡gp `ep®ep¡ `¥L$u ep¡Áe `ep®e `k„v$ L$fu 2) cpfsdp„ bpm-Ly$`p¡jZ kdõep `f
D`peep¡S>_p L$fhp dpV¡$ rhrh^ L$pe®ipmp
rh^p_ `|Z® L$fp¡. Apep¡rS>s L$f_pfu Ap„sffpô²$ue k„õ\p......
1. _uQ¡_p `¥L$u L$ey„ fpô²$ k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O_u
kyfnp `qfjv$_y„ õ\peu kæe _\u? A) eyr_k¡a b) ey_¡õL$p¡
A) Ad¡qfL$p b) friep L$) rhðõs d„X$m X$) f¡X$¾$p¸k
L$) S>d®_u X$) Qu_
82
3) k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O_p lpgdp„ kæe lp¡e s¡hp (2) k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O_u õ\p`__p¡ L$pm¾$d _uQ¡_u
fpô²$p¡_u k„¿ep ...... L$pmf¡Mp `f v$ip®hp¡.
1941 1944 1945
A) 190 b) 193
(3) k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O Ap^pqfs _uQ¡_y„ L$p¡ô$L$ `|Z®
L$) 198 X$) 199 L$fp¡.
k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O$
2. Ap`¡gp rh^p_p¡ Mfp„ R>¡ L¡$ Mp¡V$p„ s¡ kL$pfZ
õ`ô$ L$fp¡. dy¿epge
1) Apdkcp ÅNrsL$ âñp¡ `f QQp® L$fhp_u dy¿e OV$L$ ipMp k„gÁ_ k„õ\p
ìepk`uW$ R>¡.
2) k„ey¼s fpô²$k„Odp„_p kh® kæe fpô²$p¡_p¡
v$fS>Å¡ kdp_ _\u.
3) Qu_ kyfnp `qfjv$dp„ _L$pfpr^L$pf_p¡ D`ep¡N
L$f¡ sp¡ `Z W$fph d„S|>f \C iL¡$ R>¡.
4) k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O_p L$pe®dp„ cpfs¡ dlÒh_u
L$pdrNfu L$fu R>¡.
3. Ap`¡g k„L$ë`_p õ`ô$ L$fp¡. D`¾$d
1) _L$pfpr^L$pf
2) eyr_k¡a (1) k„ey¼s fpô²$ bpmL$p¡_p s¡dS> drlgpAp¡_p
rhL$pk dpV¡$ L$ep D`¾$d ep¡S>¡ R>¡ s¡_u
4. “uQ¡“p âñp¡“p V|„$L$dp„ DÑf gMp¡. dprlsu A¡L$W$u L$fp¡.
1) k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O_u õ\p`_p_p L$pfZp¡ gMp¡.
2) k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O_u ip„rsk¡_p L$C c|rdL$p (2) ÅNrsL$ Apfp¡Áe k„OV$_ rhi¡ dprlsu
cS>h¡ R>¡? A¡L$W$u L$fp¡.
3) k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O_p DØ¡ip¡ gMp¡.
5. k|Q_p A_ykpf L©$rs L$fp¡.
(1) k„ey¼s fpô²$_u OV$L$ipMpAp¡ rhi¡ dprlsu
Ap`sy„ L$p¡ô$L$ `|Z® L$fp¡.
¾$. ipMp kæe L$pe®
k„¿ep
1. Apdkcp
2. kyfnp krdrs
3. Ap„sffpô²$ue Þepepge
4. Apr\®L$ s¡dS> kpdprS>L$
`qfjv$
83
5 cpfs A_¡ AÞe v$¡i
Qpgp¡, `y_fphs®_ L$fuA¡. Qpgp¡ ip¡^uA¡...
ApNm_p âL$fZdp„ Ap`Z¡ k„ey¼s fpô²$k„O * v$rnZ A¡riep_p _L$ip_p Ap^pf¡
rhi¡ A_¡ ip„rs Åmhhpdp„ s¡_u c|rdL$p rhi¡ cpfs_u kudpf¡Mp L$ep L$ep fpô²$p¡ kp\¡
dprlsu d¡mhu R>¡. ip„rs Åmhhp_p L$pe®dp„ Å¡X$pe¡gu R>¡. s¡ kdÆ gp¡.
cpfs¡ l„d¡ip„ k„ey¼s fpô²$_¡ dv$v$ L$fu R>¡, s¡
Ap`Z_¡ kdÅey„ R>¡. âõsys âL$fZdp„ Ap`Z¡ * cpfs rkhpe CÑf L$ep fpô²$_u kudp
cpfs A_¡ `pX$p¡iu fpô²$p¡_p `fõ`f k„b„^p¡_u A¡L$buÅ kp\¡ Å¡X$pe¡gu R>¡ s¡ ip¡^p¡.
kdunpÐdL$ QL$pkZu L$fhp_p R>uA¡. cpfs L$fsp„
v|$f Aph¡gp„ L¡$V$gpL$ v$¡ip¡_p¡ cpfs kp\¡ k„b„^ cpfs A_¡ `pX$p¡iu fpô²$p¡
L¡$hp¡ R>¡, s¡ `Z Ap`Z¡ kdS>hp_y„ R>¡. cp¥Np¡rgL$ A_¡ fpS>L$ue ×[óV$A¡ cpfs_y„
A¡riep M„X$dp„ dlÒh_y„ õ\p_ R>¡. cpfs_p
cpfs A_¡ `pX$p¡iu fpô²$p¡
84
`pX$p¡iu fpô²$dp„ AaOpr_õsp_, `pqL$õsp_, L$píduf âñ `Z lsp¡. 1972 dp„ rkdgp
îug„L$p, bp„Ngpv$¡i, çep_dpf, _¡`pm, c|sp_, L$fpf Üpfp cpfs A_¡ `pqL$õsp_ hÃQ¡ `fõ`f
Qu_, dpgv$uh_p¡ kdph¡i \pe R>¡. kdp_sp, g¡hX$-v$¡hX$ dpV¡$_u A¡L$ _hu {$`f¡Mp s¥epf
`fõ`f Apv$f S>¡hp d|ëep¡_y„ cpfs_p buÅ L$fu. 1999dp„ cpfs A_¡ `pqL$õsp_ hÃQ¡
fpô²$p¡ kp\¡_p ^p¡fZdp„ dlÒh R>¡. Ap d|ëep¡_¡ L$pfrNg n¡Ódp„ `pqL$õsp_¡ L$f¡g O|kZMp¡fu_¡
A_ykfu_¡ S> cpfs¡ `pX$p¡iu fpô²$p¡ kp\¡ k„b„^ L$pfZ¡ afu\u k„Oj® r_dp®Z
âõ\pr`s L$ep£ R>¡. cpfsue D`M„X$dp„ cpfs \ep¡. ApS>¡ `Z L$píduf b„_¡ v$¡i hÃQ¡_p
n¡ÓApL$pfdp„ kp¥\u dp¡V$p¡ v$¡i R>¡. s¡dS> Apr\®L$ k„Oj®_y„ L$pfZ R>¡. k„Oj®_y„ õhê$` dpÓ
A_¡ s„Óop__u ×[óV$A¡ `Z cpfs h^y bv$gpe¡gy„ R>¡ A_¡ kOj®_p„ _hp âL$pf_y„ hZ®_
rhL$rks v$¡i R>¡. s¡_p L$pfZ¡ v$rnZ A¡riepC Aps„L$hpv$_u kdõep Ap fus¡ L$fpe R>¡.
fpô²$dp„ cpfs_p¡ âcph lp¡hp¡ õhpcprhL$ R>¡.
cpfs A_¡ `pqL$õsp_ b„_¡ v$¡ip¡A¡
cpfs A_¡ `pqL$õsp_ 1998dp„ `fdpÏ `funZ L$ey¯ A_¡ s¡_p
L$pfZ¡ s¡ n¡Ódp„ ip„rs A_¡ kyfrnssp k„b„^u
1947dp„ cpfs_y„ rhcpS>_ \C_¡ cpfs _hu tQspAp¡ r_dp®Z \C R>¡. Ap b„_¡ v$¡idp„
A_¡ `pqL$õsp_ b¡ õhs„Ó v$¡i r_dp®Z \ep. `fdpÏ k„Oj® _ \pe s¡hy„ A_¡L$ fpô²$p¡_¡
gpN¡ R>¡. cpfs-`pqL$õsp__p k„b„^dp„ buÆ
cpfs-`pqL$õsp_: cpfs-`pqL$õsp_ b„_¡ A¡L$ kdõep A¡V$g¡ kf ¾$uL$ kflv$ rhõspf
v$¡ip¡_p k„b„^ `f ÓZ kdõep_p¡ âcph R>¡. rhi¡ rhhpv$ R>¡.
(1) b„_¡ fpô²$_p ÅNrsL$ ×[óV$L$p¡Zdp„ saphs
(2) L$píduf kdõep (3) AÏi÷ rhjeL$ b„_¡ v$¡ip¡A¡ `fõ`f k„hpv$ kp^hp_p¡
k„Oj®. âeÐ_ L$ep£ R>¡. `f„sy `pqL$õsp_ S>¡ fus¡
cpfs_p rhfp¡^ dpV¡$ Aps„L$hpv$_¡ âp¡Ðkpl_
cpfs A_¡ `pqL$õsp_ Ap b„_¡ fpô²$p¡_p¡ Ap`¡ R>¡ A_¡ Aps„L$hpv$u L$phsfp OX¡$ R>¡ s¡
S>Ns_¡ Å¡hp_p¡ ×[óV$L$p¡Z Sy>v$p¡ R>¡. cpfs¡ Å¡sp k„hpv$_p b^p„ S> âeÐ_p¡ r_óam
ÅNrsL$ ×[óV$L$p¡Zp_ykpf iuseyÙ_p kde¡ _uhX$ép R>¡.
cpfsue gíL$fu k„OV$_p_p¡ rhfp¡^ L$ep£ A_¡
cpfs-`pqL$õsp__p¡ k„Oj® qÜ`nue A¡V$g¡ L¡$ cpfs-Qu_: cpfs A_¡ Qu__p¡ k„Oj® b¡
`fõ`f DL¡$ghp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$ep£. 1972dp„ âñp¡ kp\¡ k„b„r^s R>¡. (1) kudpâñ A_¡
L$fhpdp„ Aph¡gp¡ "rkdgp L$fpf' Ap sÒh `f (2) rsb¡V$_p¡ v$fÄÅ¡. cpfs A_¡ Qu_ hÃQ¡
Ap^pqfs lsp¡. Ap\u rh{$Ù `pqL$õsp_¡ Cõgpdu kudp_p L$pfZ¡ S>¡ rhhpv$ R>¡ s¡ AL$kpC Qu_
S>Ns A_¡ Qu_ kp\¡ k„b„^ fpMhp_p¡ âeÐ_ A_¡ d¸L$dp¡l_ f¡Mp n¡Óp¡ kp\¡ k„b„r^s R>¡.
L$fu Ad¡qfL$p_u gíL$fu k„OV$_pdp„ âh¡i L$ep£. Qu__p¡ v$php¡ R>¡ L¡$, AL$kpC Qu_ A_¡
d¸L$dp¡l_ f¡Mp_u v$rnZ_p¡ âv$¡i (A{$ZpQg
`pqL$õsp__¡ cpfs kp\¡ k„b„^ âõ\pr`s âv$¡i) A¡ Qu__p¡ c|âv$¡i R>¡. d¸L$dp¡l_ f¡Mp
L$fhp_u bpbs¡ L$píduf kp¥\u dlÒh_p¡ âñ A¡ Ap„sffpô²$ue kudpf¡Mp R>¡, A¡ Qu_ dpÞe
gpN¡ R>¡, 1965dp„ L$píduf âñ¡ `l¡gy„ cpfs- L$fsy„ _\u. Ap kudprhhpv$ `fõ`f_p k„hpv$_p
`pqL$õsp_ eyÙ \ey„. b„_¡ v$¡ip¡dp„ k„Oj® v|$f dpN£ DL¡$gpe s¡ dpV¡$ cpfs¡ OZu hpf âeÐ_
L$fhp 1966 dp„ "spíL„$v$ L$fpf' \ep¡ `f„sy L$ep®. `f„sy s¡dp„ h^pf¡ kamsp dmu _\u.
s¡_p\u L$p„C kpÝe \ey„ _rl. 1971_y„ eyÙ 1962dp„ Qu_¡ cpfs `f Ap¾$dZ L$ey¯.
bp„Ngpv$¡i_u r_rd®rs dpV¡$ \ey„ lp¡hp R>sp„ s¡dp„
85
rsb¡V$ `pf„`pqfL$ ×[óV$A¡ A¡L$ õhs„Ó n¡Ó ipmp, Apfp¡Áe kyrh^p, tkQ_ âL$ë` Ap b^p
R>¡. `f„sy Qu_¡ s¡ âv$¡idp„ kss `p¡sp_y„ gíL$fu S> n¡Óp¡dp„ cpfs AaOpr_õsp__¡ dv$v$ L$f¡ R>¡.
r_e„ÓZ h^pfsp rsb¡V$_p v$gpC gpdpA¡
cpfsdp„ fpÄepîe gu^p¡. Ap hps b„_¡ v$¡i bp„Ágpv$¡i : ApS>_p¡ bp„Ngpv$¡i A¡V$g¡
hÃQ¡ k„Oj®_y„ L$pfZ b_u R>¡. `l¡gp_y„ `|h® `pqL$õsp_. `pqL$õsp__p r_dp®Z_p
kde¡ `pqL$õsp__y„ rhcpS>_ `ròd A_¡ `|h®
Qu_ A_¡ `pqL$õsp__u d¥Óu, Qu_ Üpfp `pqL$õsp_dp„ \ey„ lsy„. `ròd `pqL$õsp_ A_¡
`pqL$õsp__¡ `|fp¡ `X$psp¡ i÷ kf„Åd_p¡ `|h® `pqL$õsp_dp„ cprjL$ afL$ R>¡. s¡dS> AÞe
`yfhW$p¡ A_¡ n¡`Zp÷ A_¡ AÏi÷p¡_y„ fpS>L$ue kO„ j® `Z lsp. sd¡ p\„ u S> bpN„ gpv$i¡ _u
s„Óop__p L$pfZ¡ cpfs_u kyfnp_y„ Å¡Md M|b dy[¼s Qmhm_u iê$Aps \C. Ap Qmhm¡
h^u füy„ R>¡. s¡_p L$pfZ¡ `pqL$õsp_ A_¡ bp„Ngpv$¡i_¡ `pqL$õsp__p hQ®õhdp„\u dy¼s
Qu__u d¥Óu s¡dS> cpfs_p AÞe `pX$p¡iu L$fhp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$ep£. bp„Ngpv$¡i dy[¼s k„N°pddp„
fpô²$p¡dp„ h^sp¡ S>sp¡ Qu__p¡ âcph A¡ cpfs cpfs¡ bp„Ngpv$¡i_¡ dv$v$ L$fu lsu. bp„Ngpv$¡i_u
dpV¡$ tQsp_p¡ rhje R>¡. Apd R>sp„ `Z cpfs¡ õ\p`_p 1971dp„ \C. cpfs A_¡ bp„Ngpv$¡i
Qu_ kp\¡_p¡ k„b„^ ky^pfhp_p¡ l„d¡ip âeÐ_ hÃQ¡ `pZu_u hl¢QZu k„b„^¡ s¡dS> kudpf¡Mp
L$ep£ R>¡. Ap b„_¡ v$¡i_p¡ kudp âñ QQp®_p k„b„^¡ L¡$V$gpL$ L$fpf \sp„ s¡d_u hÃQ¡_p¡ k„Oj®
dpÝed\u DL¡$ghp k„ey¼s L$pe®L$pfu NV$_u kdpàs \C lh¡ s¡d_pdp„ ìep`pfu k„b„^ h^y
õ\p`_p L$fhpdp„ Aphu. Qu_ A_¡ cpfs Ap h^hp_u iê$Aps \C R>¡.
b„_¡_p¡ Apr\®L$ rhL$pk_p¡ h¡N hÝep `R>u b„_¡_p¡
ìep`pfu k„b„^ dS>b|s \hp_u iê$Aps \C. îug„L$p : Ap`Zp `pX$p¡iu fpô²$ îug„L$p
b„_¡ hÃQ¡ Apr\®L$ A_¡ ìep`pfu k„b„^ kp\¡ cpfs_p¡ d¥Óu`|Z® k„b„^ R>¡. îug„L$p_p
ky^fhp_p L$pfZ¡ friep, Qu_ A_¡ cpfs srdgp¡ A_¡ îug„L$p_u kfL$pf hÃQ¡_p k„Oj®_¡
hÃQ¡ hpf„hpf \e¡gu QQp®_¡ gu^¡ cpfs-Qu__p L$pfZ¡ 1985 `R>u îug„L$pdp„ fpS>L$ue
k„b„^dp„ ky^pfp¡ \ep¡ R>¡. s¡\u kudpâñ A[õ\fsp r_dp®Z \C lsu. s¡ kde¡ îug„L$p
DL¡$gpep¡ _ lp¡hp R>sp„ \p¡X$p¡ `pR>m ^L¡$gpep¡ kfL$pf_u dv$v$ dpV¡$ cpfs¡ ip„rsk¡_p dp¡L$gu
R>¡. A_¡ buÅ n¡Ó¡ k„b„^p¡_¡ dlÒh âpàs lsu. kpNfu n¡Ó_u kyfnp_u ×[óV$A¡ îug„L$p
\ey„ R>¡. kp\¡_p¡ d¥Óu k„b„^ dlÒh_p¡ R>¡.
cpfs A_¡ buÅ `pX$p¡iu fpô²$p¡ _¡`pm : _¡`pm A_¡ c|sp_ Qpf¡ bpSy>
`h®sue c|cpN\u O¡fpe¡g v$¡i R>¡. s¡_u kudp
AaOpr_õsp_ : AaOpr_õsp_dp„ fpS>L$ue cpfs A_¡ Qu_ kp\¡ Å¡X$pe¡gu R>¡. cpfs A_¡
A[õ\fsp dp¡V$p âdpZdp„ R>¡. Aps„L$hpv$u k„OV$_p _¡`pm hÃQ¡ d¥Óu`|Z® k„b„^_p¡ `pep¡ 1950dp„
sprgbp__y„ s¡_p `f_y„ hQ®õh s¡ dpV¡$ L$pfZc|s cpfs-_¡`pm d¥Óu L$fpf\u _pMhpdp„ Apìep¡
R>¡. AaOpr_õsp_dp„ ip„rs, kyfrnssp A_¡ R>¡. Ap L$fpf\u _¡`pm_p _pNqfL$p¡_¡ cpfsdp„
[õ\fsp gphhpdp„, Ðep„_u tlkp b„^ L$fphhpdp„, klS> fus¡ dpÓ âh¡i S> _rl `f„sy kfL$pfu
gp¡L$iplu kfL$pf_u õ\p`_pdp„ dv$v$ L$fhp dpV¡$ _p¡L$fu A_¡ DÛp¡N L$fhp_u `fhp_Nu dmu R>¡.
cpfs¡ AaOpr_õsp__¡ dv$v$ L$fhp_u iê$Aps _¡`pmdp„ fpÅiplu lsu. 1990dp„ _¡`pmdp„
L$fu R>¡ s¡dS> eyÙ_p L$pfZ¡ _óV$ \e¡gp gp¡L$iplu_u qv$ipdp„ rlgQpg iê$ \C. Apr\®L$
k„v$¡iìehlpf_u kyrh^p r_dp®Z L$fhu, fõsp âNrs, `pepc|s kyrh^p, AÞ_rhjeL$ S>ê$qfeps
bp„^hp, rhop_ A_¡ s„Óop_ n¡Ó_y„ klL$pe®, A_¡ ìep`pf A_¡ EÅ® dpV¡$ _¡`pm cpfs `f
86
Ahg„rbs R>¡. _¡`pmdp„ 2015dp„ \e¡gp h^u R>¡. çep_dpf `pk¡\u cpfs _¥krN®L$
c|L„$`_p kde¡ cpfs¡ _¡`pm_¡ dv$v$ L$fu lsu. hpey_u Apeps L$fu iL$i¡.
c|sp_ : c|sp__p k„fnZ_u S>hpbv$pfu dpgv$uh : cpfs A_¡ dpgv$uh hÃQ¡_p¡
cpfs `f R>¡. c|sp_dp„ `pZu_p¡ âQ„X$ ÷p¡s k„b„^ iê$Aps\u S> d¥Óu`|Z® füp¡ R>¡. cpfs_u
R>¡. Ap `pZu_p¡ D`ep¡N L$fu_¡ dp¡V$p âdpZdp„ v$rnZ qv$ipdp„ Aph¡gp¡ Ap _p_p¡ v$¡i A_¡L$
huS> r_dp®Z L$fhp_p âL$ë`dp„ cpfs¡ klL$pe® bpbsp¡ dpV¡$ cpfs `f Ahg„rbs R>¡. 1981\u
L$ey¯ R>¡. Ap b„_¡ fpô²$p¡A¡ ìep`pfu k„b„^ âõ\pr`s L$ep£
R>¡, d|mc|s n¡Óp¡_p¡ rhL$pk, Apfp¡Áe, rhr_de
çep_dpf : çep_dpf A¡ cpfs_u `|h® S>¡hp n¡Óp¡dp„ cpfs¡ dpgv$uh_¡ dp¡V$p âdpZdp„
qv$ipdp„ Aph¡gp A[Á_ A¡riepC fpô²$p¡_¡ cpfs Apr\®L$ dv$v$ L$fu R>¡. 2006 `R>u s¡d_u hÃQ¡
kp\¡ Å¡X$_pfy„ âh¡iÜpf R>¡. Ap cpNdp„ rhL$pk k„fnZ n¡Ódp„ `Z klL$pe®_u iê$Aps \C
`pdsp gp¡ldpN® A_¡ dlpdpN® hX¡$ v$rnZ R>¡. cpfs¡ dpgv$uh_¡ kyfnp ìehõ\p dS>b|s
A¡riep, dÝe A¡riep A_¡ A[Á_ A¡riep L$fhp dpV¡$ klpe L$fhp_u iê$Aps L$fu R>¡.
A¡L$buÅ kp\¡ Å¡X$pe¡gp R>¡. Ap L$pfZ¡ Ap AhL$piue klL$pe®, A¥rslprkL$ hõsy_y„ S>s_,
âv$¡ip¡dp„ ìep`pf A_¡ Apr\®L$ g¡hX$-v$¡hX$ `e®V$_ S>¡hp n¡Óp¡dp„ b„_¡ fpô²$p¡A¡ L$fpf L$ep®
R>¡. s¡d S> Aps„L$hpv$ S>¡hu kdõep kpd¡ gX$hp
iy„ sd¡ ÅZp¡ R>p¡ ? dpV¡$ klL$pe® L$fhp_y„ _½$u L$ey¯ R>¡.
çep_dpf A_¡ Ap„N ku L$e| : cpfs A_¡ Ad¡qfL$p
çep_dpfdp„ gíL$fu ipk_ rhfyÙ gp„bp
kde ky^u gX$s Qgphu_¡ gp¡L$iplu cpfs A_¡ Ad¡qfL$p A¡ gp¡L$iplu ìehõ\p
âõ\pr`s L$fhp_p¡ î¡e Ap„N ku L$e|_¡ ^fphsp b¡ bmhp_ fpô²$p¡ R>¡. Ad¡qfL$p iê$Aps\u
Ap`hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. s¡d_¡ ip„rs dpV¡$_p¡ S> cpfs_y„ kp¥\u dlÒh_y„ ìep`pfu cpNuv$pf
_p¡b¡g `yfõL$pf dþep¡ R>¡. lsy„. A_¡L$ cpfsue gp¡L$p¡ rinZ A_¡ _p¡L$fu
v$rnZ A¡riepC klL$pe® k„OV$_p - kpL®$
kpL®$ A¡ v$rnZ A¡riepC fpô²$p¡_u 1985dp„ õ\`pe¡gu
âpv$¡riL$ k„OV$_p R>¡. v$rnZ A¡riepC fpô²$p¡dp„ Apr\®L$ klL$pe®
r_dp®Z L$fhy„ A_¡ s¡ Üpfp k„`|Z® v$rnZ A¡riep_p¡ rhL$pk
kp^hp¡ A¡ Ap k„OV$_p_p¡ l¡sy R>¡. kpL®$ k„OV$_p A¡V$g¡ kh®
v$rnZ A¡riepC v$¡ip¡A¡ A¡L$rÓs \C_¡ `p¡sp_p kdp_ âñp¡_u
A_¡ kdp_ rlsp¡_u QQp® L$fhp_p¡ d„Q R>¡. Nfubu r_d|®g_,
M¡su_p¡ rhL$pk, s„Óop_dp„ ¾$p„rs A¡ v$rnZ A¡riepC v$¡ip¡_p
L¡$V$gp„L$ kdp_ rlsk„b„^ R>¡. v$rnZ A¡riepC v$¡ip¡_¡ `fõ`f
ìep`pf L$fhp¡ kNhX$cep£ b_¡ s¡ dpV¡$ kpL®$_p d„Q\u L¡$V$gp„L$ dlÒh_p L$fpfp¡ L$fhpdp„ Apìep
R>¡. s¡ dyS>b k„`|Z® v$rnZ A¡riep_y„ A¡L$ dy¼s ìep`pfn¡Ó r_dp®Z L$fhp_y„ _½$u L$fhpdp„
Apìey„ R>¡. v$rnZ A¡riepC fpô²$p¡_p kdp_ rhL$pk dpV¡$ v$rnZ A¡riepC rhðrhÛpge S>¡hu
k„õ\p A_¡ v$rnZ A¡riepC dy¼s ìep`pf n¡Ó L$fpfp¡ L$fhpdp„ Apìep R>¡.
* kpL®$ k„OV$_p_u õ\p`_p L$fhp `pR>m_p¡ l¡sy L$ep¡ R>¡? * kpL®$dp„ lpgdp„ L¡$V$gp„ kæe
v$¡ip¡ R>¡? * v$rnZ A¡riepC v$¡ip¡_p kdp_ rlsk„b„^ L$ep R>¡?
87
dpV¡$ Ad¡qfL$p S>sp„ lsp„. _p¡L$fu_p r_rdÑ¡ Ad¡qfL$p k„b„^p¡ füp R>¡. iuseyÙ_p kdedp„ 1971dp„
S>sp lsp. Ðep„_p Ar_hpku cpfsuep¡_¡ L$pfZ¡ s¡d_u hÃQ¡ d¥ÓuL$fpf \ep A_¡ k„fnZrhjeL$
Ad¡qfL$p A_¡ cpfs hÃQ¡ kp„õL©$rsL$, kpdprS>L$ s¡dS> Apr\®L$ s\p s„Óh¥opr_L$ klL$pe®_¡ h¡N
A_¡ Apr\®L$ k„b„^p¡ h^sp Nep. iuseyÙ `R>u dþep¡. kp¡rhe¡s friep_¡ cpfs_¡ dp¡V$p âdpZdp„
cpfs A_¡ Ad¡qfL$p hÃQ¡_p kyfnp k„b„^p¡dp„ Apr\®L$ A_¡ gíL$fu dv$v$ L$fu lsu.
dp¡V$p âdpZdp„ h^pfp¡ \ep¡. cpfs¡ dy¼s
A\®ìehõ\p_y„ ^p¡fZ A`_phsp ^ud¡ ^ud¡ kp¡rhe¡s friep_y„ rhcpS>_ \ep bpv$
cpfs_u Apr\®L$ âNrs_p¡ h¡N h^hp gpÁep¡. cpfs¡ friep kp\¡ k„b„^p¡ h^pfhp_p âeÐ_p¡
`qfZpd¡ cpfs A_¡ Ad¡qfL$p hÃQ¡_p ìep`pfu L$ep®. iê$Apsdp„ friep_u fpS>L$ue A_¡ Apr\®L$
k„b„^p¡ h^y ×Y$ \ep. kdõepAp¡_¡ L$pfZ¡ k„b„^p¡dp„ h^y ky^pfZp
\C _l]. 1996 `R>u cpfs A_¡ friep
C. k. 1998dp„ cpfs¡ AÏ`funZ hÃQ¡_p k„b„^p¡ ^uf¡ ^uf¡ ky^fhp dp„X$ép.
L$fsp„ L¡$V$gp¡L$ kde cpfs A_¡ Ad¡qfL$p gíL$fu kpdN°u_y„ DÐ`pv$_, Mr“S> s¡g_y„
hÃQ¡_p k„b„^p¡dp„ sZph r_dp®Z \ep¡ lsp¡. DÐ`pv$_ S>¡hp n¡Óp¡dp„ cpfs A_¡ friepA¡
Ðepfbpv$ k„b„^p¡ ky^pfhp_p l¡sy\u cpfs A_¡ k„ey¼s âL$ë`p¡ Dcp L$ep® R>¡.
Ad¡qfL$p hÃQ¡ A_¡L$ QQp®-dygpL$psp¡ \C. Ap
QQp® Üpfp Ad¡qfL$p_¡ rhðpk \ep¡ L¡$ cpfs cpfs A_¡ eyfp¡r`e_ fpô²$p¡$
AÏi÷p¡_p¡ D`ep¡N S>hpbv$pfu `|h®L$ L$fi¡.
Ðepfbpv$ cpfs-Ad¡qfL$p k„b„^p¡dp„ ^fd|m\u cpfs A_¡ eyfp¡r`e_ fpô²$p¡ hÃQ¡ ìep`pfu
`qfhs®_ Apìey„. 2005dp„ \e¡gp k„fnZ k„b„^p¡ R>¡. Mpk L$fu_¡ S>d®_u A_¡ äpÞk
rhjeL$ klL$pe® L$fpf A_¡ 2008dp„ \e¡gp cpfsdp„ s„Óop_ n¡Ó¡ dp¡V$p âdpZdp„ fp¡L$pZ
Ap[ÎhL$ klL$pe® L$fpf A¡ cpfs Ad¡qfL$p L$f¡ R>¡. Ap rkhpe cpfs_¡ A÷i÷ r_rd®rs_y„
k„b„^_p dlÐh_p sb½$p R>¡. R>¡ëgp `p„Q s„Óop_ `Z eyfp¡r`e_ fpô²$p¡ `pk¡\u dm¡ R>¡.
hjp£dp„ cpfs A_¡ Ad¡qfL$p hÃQ¡ v$f¡L$ n¡Ó¡ Äepf¡ Arcep„rÓL$u A_¡ dprlsu s„Óop_ n¡Ó¡
klL$pe® k„b„^ r_dp®Z \ep R>¡. cpfs âdyM r_L$pkL$sp® v¡i R>¡. dy¼s ìep`pf
`f cpf Ap`hp¡ A¡ b„_¡_p¡ âdyM DØ¡i R>¡.
iy„ sd¡ ÅZp¡ R>p¡? Ap rkhpe cpfs A_¡ eyfp¡r`e_ fpô²$p¡ AÞe
2005dp„ cpfs A_¡ Ad¡qfL$p hÃQ¡ A_¡L$ bpbsp¡dp„ klL$pe®_u c|rdL$p A`_ph¡ R>¡.
lhpdp_dp„ a¡fapf, õhÃR> DÅ®, k„fnZ
_pNfu AÏklL$pe® L$fpf_¡ cpfs_p DÐ`pv$_, kpebf kyfnp, k„ip¡^_, f¡ëh¡
sÐL$pgu_ hX$pâ^p_ X$p¸. d_dp¡l_ tkN ìehõ\p`_ k„v$c£ A_¡L$ L$fpfp¡ L$fhpdp„ Apìep
A_¡ Ad¡qfL$p_p AÝen Äep¡S>® byi¡ R>¡. cpfs_p rhL$pk_u ×[óV$A¡ Ap klL$pe®
dpÞesp Ap`u. 2008dp„ Ap„sffpô²$ue AÐe„s dlÐh_y„ R>¡.
AÏDÅ® Apep¡N¡ Ap L$fpf_¡ dpÞesp
Ap`u. Ap L$fpf_¡ L$pfZ¡ cpfs_¡ AÞe Qpgp¡, ip¡^uA¡...
v$¡ip¡ `pk¡\u Ap[ÎhL$ s„Óop_ dmhy„
i¼e bÞey„. * eyfp¡r`e_ k„O_u õ\p`_p ¼epf¡ \C?
cpfs A_¡ friep * eyfp¡r`e_ bÅf, eyfp¡r`e_ QgZ
rhi¡ dprlsu d¡mhp¡.
cpfs A_¡ kp¡rhe¡s$ friep A_¡
AÐepf_p friep hÃQ¡ iê$Aps\u S> d¥Óu`|Z®
88
cpfs A_¡ ApqäL$p M„X$ cpfs A_¡ A[Á_ A¡riep
cpfs A_¡ ApqäL$p M„X$ hÃQ¡ klL$pe® dpV¡$ HX$p¡_¡riep, dg¡riep, tkNp`|f,
cpfs¡ l¡sy`|h®L$ L$v$d DW$pìep R>¡. ApqäL$p kp\¡ qagu`pBÞk, \pCg¡ÞX$, çep_dpf, rhe¡s_pd,
_ÆL$_p k„b„^p¡ b„_¡ dpV¡$ apev$pL$pfL$ rkÙ \i¡. gpAp¡k, L„$bp¡qX$ep A_¡ b°y_¡C S>¡hp A[Á_
ApqäL$p_p A_¡L$ v$¡ip¡ TX$`\u âNrs L$fu füp A¡riepC fpô²$p¡ kp\¡ cpfs_p iê$Aps\u S>
R>¡. ApqäL$pdp„ eyhp_p¡_p khp¯Nu rhL$pk dpV¡$ dv$v$ d¥Óu k„b„^p¡ füp R>¡. 1991 `R>u cpfs¡ `p¡sp_p
L$fhp_u cpfs¡ s¥epfu v$ip®hu R>¡. rinZ, L$p¥iëe, Apr\®L$ ^p¡fZdp„ a¡fapf L$fu_¡ dy¼s A\®ìehõ\p
Apfp¡Áe, rhop_ A_¡ s„Óop_, M¡su, `e®V$_ A_¡ õhuL$pfu. Ðepf bpv$ A[Á_ A¡riepC fpô²$p¡
b^p S> n¡Ó¡ rhL$pk kp^hp cpfs¡ Apr\®L$ klpe kp\¡_p ìep`pfu k„b„^p¡dp„ h©qÙ \C. A[Á_
Ap`hp_u, A_yv$p_ Ap`hp_u s¥epfu v$¡MpX$u R>¡. A¡riepC fpô²$p¡ kp\¡ h¡`pf h^pfhp_y„ Ap ^p¡fZ
sp¡ cpfs_u DÅ®_u S>ê$qfeps ApqäL$pdp„_p "`|h® sfa Sy>Ap¡' (Look East) sfuL¡$ Ap¡mMpe
DÅ®k„`Þ_ v$¡ip¡ - CrS>às, _peS>¡qfep, A„Np¡gp, R>¡. 2014 `R>u Ap ^p¡fZ h^y kq¾$e L$fhpdp„
kyv$p_ `|fu L$fu iL¡$ R>¡. ApqäL$p kp\¡ ìep`pf Apìey„ R>¡. lpgdp„ Ap ^p¡fZ "L©$rs L$fp¡' (Act
h^pfhp dpV¡$ cpfs âeÐ_iug R>¡. East) sfuL¡$ Ap¡mMpe R>¡.
2015_p„ cfpe¡g cpfs A_¡ ApqäL$p cpfs A_¡ `ròd A¡riep: `ròd A¡riepdp„_p
riMf `qfjv$dp„ ApqäL$p_p v$f¡L$ 54 fpô²$p¡_p v$¡ip¡ dy¿eÐh¡ Mr_S> s¡g A_¡ _¥krN®L$ hpey_p¡
ârsr_r^Ap¡ D`[õ\s lsp„. Ap `qfjv$dp„ `|fhW$p¡ `|fp¡ `pX$_pfp v$¡i R>¡. cpfs_p `ròd
A_¡L$ ÅNrsL$ âñp¡ `f QQp® L$fhpdp„ Aphu. A¡riepC fpô²$p¡ kp\¡ `pf„`pqfL$ k„b„^p¡ R>¡. cpfs
S>¡dL¡$ - lhpdp_dp„ a¡fapf, Aps„L$hpv$, kpNfu `ròd A¡riepC fpô²$p¡ `pk¡\u dmsp Mr_S> s¡g
Qp„rQeprNfu, hN¡f¡. `f Ahg„rbs R>¡. Bfp_, Cfpk, bl¡qf_, Ly$h¡s,
cpfs A_¡ IX$p¡-`¡rkqaL$ kpDv$u Af¡rbep, k„ey¼s Apfb Adufps S>¡hp
fpô²$p¡ `pk¡\u cpfs Mr_S> s¡g_u Apeps L$f¡ R>¡;
IX$p¡-`¡rkqaL$ n¡Ódp„ dy¿eÐh¡ Å`p_, sp¡ M¡su dpV¡$ Ap^yr_L$ s„Óop_ Ap`Z_¡ CTfpe¡g
Ap¡õV²¡$rgep, ÞeyTug¢X$ A_¡ A[Á_ A¡riepC `pk¡\u dm¡ R>¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ k„fnZ rhjeL$
fpô²$p¡_p¡ kdph¡i \pe R>¡. Ap v$f¡L$ fpô²$p¡ kp\¡ Ap^yr_L$ kpdN°uAp¡ `Z CTfpe¡g `pk¡\u dm¡ R>¡.
cpfs_p Or_›$ Apr\®L$ A_¡ ìep`pfu k„b„^p¡ Ap rkhpe _p¡L$fu-ìehkpe A\£ A_¡L$ cpfsuep¡
R>¡. Ðep„_u A_¡L$ L„$`_uAp¡A¡ cpfsdp„ fp¡L$pZ Ðep„ fl¡ R>¡. s¡d_y„ `Z Ap`Zu Apr\®L$
L$ey¯ R>¡. cpfs A_¡ Ap¡õV²¡$rgep hÃQ¡ kpdprS>L$ ìehõ\pdp„ dlÐh_y„ ep¡Nv$p_ R>¡.
kyfnp, Ny_¡Npfp¡_y„ lõsp„sfZ, dpv$L$ `v$p\®
sõL$fu rhfyÙ Qmhm, `e®V$_, L$gp k„õL©$rs v$f¡L$ fpô²$p¡ kp\¡ d¥Óu`|Z® k„b„^p¡ fpMhp
S>¡hp n¡Ó¡ rhrh^ L$fpfp¡ L$fhpdp„ Apìep R>¡. A_¡ `p¡sp_u kp\¡ AÞe fpô²$p¡_¡ `Z rhL$pk
sp¡ d|mc|s kyrh^p, Apr\®L$ klL$pe®, k„fnZ, dpV¡$ dv$v$ L$fhu A¡ cpfs_p Ap„sffpô²$ue
dprlsu s„Óop_, AÏDÅ®, f¡ëh¡ S>¡hp A_¡L$ ^p¡fZ_p¡ âdyM DØ¡i R>¡.
n¡Ó¡ rhL$pk dpV¡$ Å`p_ cpfs kp\¡ klL$pe®
L$f¡ R>¡. cpfs_¡ kpNfu n¡Ó¡ rhL$pk A_¡ kyfnp cpfs A_¡ vy$r_ep_p dlÐh_p v$¡ip¡
dpV¡$ Apr\®L$ A_¡ sp„rÓL$ dv$v$ Ap`hp_y„ Å`p_¡ hÃQ¡_p k„b„^p¡_y„ Ap`Z¡ V|„$L$dp„ ApL$g_ L$ey¯.
dpÞe L$ey¯ R>¡. b„_¡ v$¡ip¡_p sV$fnL$ v$m A_¡ lh¡ `R>u_p âL$fZdp„ Ap`Z¡ L¡$V$guL$ dlÐh_u
_p¥L$pv$mdp„ k„ey¼s Aæepk \pe R>¡. Ap„sffpô²$ue A\hp ÅNrsL$ kdõep_p¡
Aæepk L$fhp_p R>uA¡.
89
õhpÝepe
1. Ap`¡gp `ep®ep¡ `¥L$u ep¡Áe `ep®e `k„v$ L$fu 3. k|Q_p âdpZ¡ L©$rs L$fp¡.
1. L$p¡W$p¡ `|Z® L$fp¡.
rh^p_ `|Z® L$fp¡.
(1) cpfs kp\¡ Myëgu Ap„sffpô²$ue kudp ¾$. \e¡gp L$fpf/Apv$p_ âv$p_ k„b„r^s v$¡i
1. .......................... cpfs-`pqL$õsp_
^fphsp¡ v$¡i - 2. d¸L$dp¡l_ f¡Mp ..............
3. .......................... cpfs-bp„Ngpv$¡i
(A) `pqL$õsp_ (b) bp„Ngpv$¡i 4. _¥krN®L$ hpey_u Apeps ..............
5. .......................... cpfs-Ad¡qfL$p
(L$) _¡`pm (X$) çep_dpf 6. `pepc|s n¡ÓrhL$pk, ..............
(2) cpfs kp\¡ sZph `|Z® k„b„^ lp¡e s¡hp Apv$p_âv$p_, Apfp¡Áe cpfs-ApqäL$p
v$¡i - 7. ..........................
(A) `pqL$õsp_ A_¡ Qu_
(b) _¡`pm A_¡ c|sp_
(L$) çep_dpf A_¡ dpgv$uh
(X$) AaOpr_õsp_ A_¡ Ad¡qfL$p 4. “uQ¡“u k„L$ë‘“p õ‘ô$ L$fp¡.
(1) rkdgp L$fpf (2) cpfs-_¡`pm d¥Óu L$fpf
(3) cpfs A_¡ `pqL$õsp__p k„b„^p¡ `f âcph (3) d¸L$dp¡l_ f¡Mp (4) cpfs-AaOpr_õsp_ k„b„^
`pX$su bpbsp¡ -
5. V|„$L$dp„ DÑf gMp¡.
(A) b„_¡ fpô²$p¡_p ÅNrsL$ ×rô$L$p¡Zdp„ saphs
(1) cpfs-Ad¡qfL$pdp„ klL$pe®_p k„b„^ r_dp®Z
(b) L$píduf kdõep \hp `pR>m_u `pð®c|rd õ`ô$ L$fp¡.
(L$) AÏi÷rhjeL$ k„Oj®
(2) `pX$p¡iu fpô²$p¡dp„ gp¡L$iplu âõ\pr`s L$fhp
(X$) D`f_u b^u kdõep dpV¡$ cpfs¡ L$f¡gp âeÐ_p¡ rhi¡ Dv$plfZ
krls dprlsu gMp¡.
2. _uQ¡_p rh^p_p¡ kpQp R>¡ L¡$ Mp¡V$p s¡ L$pfZ
krls õ`ô$ L$fp¡. (3) v$rnZ A¡riepC âpv$¡riL$ klL$pe® k„OV$_p
(1) v$rnZ A¡riepC fpô²$p¡dp„ cpfs_y„ L$ep L$pep£ L$f¡ R>¡.
õ\p_ dlÐh_y„ R>¡. D`¾$d
(2) cpfs-Qu_ k„b„^ d¥Óu`|Z® R>¡. (1) fpô²$`rs, hX$p â^p__p rhv$¡i dygpL$ps_u
dprlsu d¡mhp¡.
(3) îug„L$p kfL$pf_u dv$v$ dpV¡$ cpfs¡
ip„rsk¡_p dp¡L$gu. (2) rhrh^ v$¡ip¡_p "ey\ A¡¼kQ¢S>' L$pe®¾$d_u
dprlsu d¡mhp¡.
90
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Gujarati Itihas 9th
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