ວິຊາເຕັກໂນໂລຊີ ຂໍ້ມູນຂ່າວສານ ແລະ ການສື່ສານ ມ.2

c[[IPo

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dkolnjlko (ICT)

-Ao,afmtpq,lbdlk xumu @

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d;fcdh3fpG IDl dq’.9 lul5ikf

l5dlts;ao rvogm;k
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lk]t[koສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

[qfmu ! 7v,ry;g8u c]t v5xtdvo8jk’M ..................................................................................1
1. 7v,ry;g8u c,oj spa’L.................................................................................................... 1
2. l;j oxtdv[0v’7v,ry;g8u............................................................................................ 2
3. |;j pxt,;ozqodk’ ...................................................................................................... 4
4. |j;p7;k,9es^ad (Main Memory) ..............................................................................10
5. |j;p7;k,9eleIv’ (Permanent Memory) ..............................................................11
6. v5xtdvoxhvo s^n Ia[0=h,6o (Input Devices)...................................................................29
7. v5xtdvoltcf’zqo (Output Devices).........................................................................35
7e4k,7Qo7;hk ! .........................................................................................................43
[qfmu @ -v[c; (Software)...........................................................................................45
1. 7;k,\kp c]t 7;k,le7ao0v’-v[c;.................................................................46
2. -v[c; c]t rklk7v,ry;g8u....................................................................................46
3. -toyf0v’-v[c; ........................................................................................................ 49
4. |hkmuj0v’-v[c;]t[q[............................................................................................... 52
5. -v[c;xtp5d ............................................................................................................... 70
6. w;iaf7v,ry;g8u XComputer’s Virus? ...........................................................................88
7e4k,7Qo7;hk @ ..........................................................................................................98
xt,;o7ela[ ...............................................................................................................100
8k8t\]k’ .................................................................................................................101
lk]t[koI6[...............................................................................................................102
cs^’j vhk'vu' ............................................................................................................... 104
g;[w-G..........................................................................................................................104
gvdtlkoG ................................................................................................................... 104

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ i

[qfmu !ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

7v,ry;g8u c]t v5xtdvo8jk’M

zkj odkoIPo[qfoU oadIPolk,kfG

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x Ikfc;c,oj spa’L

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l;j orq;raodaoco;.fL vao.fc,joIkfc;L

1. 7v,ry;g8u c,oj spa’L

7v,ry;g8u gxaov5xtdvo Xg7nvj ’9ad? gvg]ad38ioyd mujlk,kf-;j p7qogIqkgIaf;Pdwfh
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dko8kj ’M 9tgxaowx8k,g’nvj ow0muj 3xicdi, (program) s^n (software) 1

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.oshv’mqf]v’D

2. l;j oxtdv[0v’7v,ry;g8u

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2

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0v’,ao gvUo;kj Ikfc;3 (hardware)D

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2

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3

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xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 2

2.1 |j;pxt,;ozqodk’ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
gIaf|hkmuj.odko7yf7eo;o s^n xt,;ozqo0=h,6o 3fpgIaf8k,3xicdi,mudj eoqfw;h

.o|j;p7;k,9es^adD

2.2 |j;p7;k,9es^ad
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,k8u7;k,\kp c]t gIaf8k,wfh1jk’;vj ’w;D

2.3 |;j p7;k,9eleIv’
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2.4 v5xtdvoIa[0=h,6o
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|j;pxt,;ozqodk’D

2.5 v5xtdvoltcf’zqo
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|;j p7;k,9eleIv’D

|;j p7;k,9eleIv’

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|j;p7;k,9es^ad

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xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@

3. |j;pxt,;ozqodk’

|;j pxt,;ozqodk’lk,kfgvUovud1kj ’|b’j ;jk -uru16 (CPU) c]t sp=h,k9kd
Central Processing Unit. ,aogxaolj;o|bj’mulj e7ao0v’g7nvj ’7v,ry;g8uD xaf95[ao g8ad3o

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g-lg-u Xmicroprocessor?.

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|;j p7eo;o c]t 8addtlkf5 (ALU sp=h,k9kd Arithmetic Logic Unit)D

|;j pxt,;ozqodk’

|j;p7;[75, |;j p7eo;o c]t
8addtlkf

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
|j;p7;k,9e

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dk’ g;]kxt,;ozqoD
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4 Chip c,jo;q’9vo];,g-yj’gxaoczjo-y]y0t|kfohvp xtdv[fh;p;q’9vo c]t v5xtdvogvg]ad38ioyds^kp1kj ’
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xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 4

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gIaf8k,wfhs^kp]hko7elaj’8+;yokmuD fh;pxtlyfmyrk[dkogIaf;Pdmuj;jv’w;oUgv’ gIaf.sh
|j;pxt,qozqodk’lk,kfgIafdkoxt,;ozqowfhs^kp c]t ;vj ’w;D

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;jv’w;s^kp0BoD
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

I6[ !D& CPU *&W@F )W)) c]t gromP, (pentium) 5

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dqowddkogIaf;Pd0v’ CPU ,u9a’s;tdkogIaf;Pd’komujcooj vo g-aoj G vjko0=h,6o
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mu,j u7;k,w;l6’l5fD CPU I5oj 6.\jM lk,kf.-hlaopko3,’mu,j u7;k,w;wfhl6’d;kj @ GHz
Xvkj o;kj dydkgIuf?D

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

I6[ !D* CPU ) [yfF !* [yf c]t #@ [yf 6

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7Dl !_)W gxao CPU 0t|kf !* [yfD 8+,k[=]ylafwfhzt]yf CPU 8088 c]t dkpgxao-u

ru160v’w,37i7v,ry;g8uD CPU I5jooU ,u37’lhk’dkogIaf;Pdmugj -njv,8+da[|;j p7;k,9es^ad

3fpdq’ c]t ,u0t|kf.spgj 4y’ ! MB Xg,dkw[?. sq;|;j p0v’|j;p7;k,9e ,ufa’j oUG

! B Xw[? gmqjkda[ ) bit X[yf?

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! MB Xg,dkw[? gmqkj da[ !W@$ KB

! GB Xdydkw[? gmqkj da[ !W@$ MB

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

I6[ !D( CPU 8086 c]t CPU )W@)*

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ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

I6[ !D) w,37i3rig-lg-u )W#)* c]t )W$)*

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7 AT sp=h,k9kd Advanced Technology “xt,;o7ela[ ;ymtpkdko 0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnjlko”. 8
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ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

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4. |;j p7;k,9es^ad (Main Memory) ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

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,u;q’9vogda[0=h,6o.oI6[8q;g]d4kolv’ g-y’j d=7nlaopkow22hkD dkogda[0=h,6o9tgda[I;,
daogxaod5,j 7n ) bits I;,daogxao ! BD goNvmuj|;j p7;k,9es^ad0t|kf *$ MB lk,kf
gda[0=h,6o s^n 7elaj’wfh *$ V !W@$ V !W@$ B gmqkj da[ *(D!W)D)*$ B s^n xt,ko !*DWWW
|hkg9hpD

dkogda[0=h,6o.o|;j p7;k,9es^ad9tgda[3fpdeoqf8ec|’j muj160j v’0=h,6o (address)D
CPU 9t0Po s^n vjko0=h,6o.o|;j p7;k,9e3fpvhk’8ec|j’mu1j 6jD dkovhk’vu’8k,8ec|’j
muj160j v’0=h,6o.f|bj’ CPU lk,kfvhk’wfhmaomuD dkovhk’vu’8k,8ec|’j muj16j0v’0=h,6oc[[
oU gvUo;jk dkog0Qkg4y’3fpl5,j (random access)D

|;j p7;k,9es^admu.j -h.ow,37i7v,ry;g8u wfhc[’j gxao @ rkdl;j ofaj’oUG

4.1 ci, XRAM sp=h,k9kd Random Access Memory?
ci, gxao|;j p7;k,9emugj da[0=h,6ole]a[wx.-h.o;Pd’komqj;wxD dkovhk’vu’8k,

8ec|’j muj16j0v’0=h,6o.f|bj’grnvj dko0Po s^n dkovjko 9tgIafwfhc[[dkog0Qkg4y’3fpl5,j 7nG
gvUowxsk8ec|j’mu1j 6j0v’0=h,6o.fd=wfhD |j;p7;k,9extgrfoU9tgda[0=h,6ow;h .og;]k.fmu,j u
dtclw22hkc]oj .o;q’9vo skdw22hk,vfg,nvj .f 0=h,6od=9tl6oskpmaomujD

I6[ !D!! |;j p7;k,9e ci,

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 10

4.2 iv, XROM sp=h,k9kd Read Only Memory?
iv, gxao|;j p7;k,9evudxtgrf|b’j mu,j udkovhk’vu’8k,8ec|’j muj16j0v’0=h,6oc[[

g0Qkg4y’3fpl5j,D |;j p7;k,9extgrfoU ,uw;hgrnjv[ao953xicdi,le7ao[k’vao c]t 0=h,6oD
g,nvj gxufg7nvj ’ CPU 9tg]u,j 8QogIaf;PdmaomuD 0=h,6o s^n 3xicdi,mujgda[w;h.oiv,9t4nd
[aombd,kdjvoc]h; z6h.-hlk,kfvjko0=h,6owfh c8[j +lk,kf0Po0=h,6o.fM]q’wxwfhD 0=h,6o s^n
3xicdi,mu1j 6j.oiv,oU9t16j1kj ’4k;vo g4y’;kj 9txyfg7nvj ’ 0=h,6o s^n 3xicdi,d=9t[+4nd
]n[wxD

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
I6[ !D!@ |;j p7;k,9es^ad-toyf iv,

w,37i7v,ry;g8uc8j]tg7nvj ’ vkf9t,u0t|kf0v’|;j p7;k,9es^adc8d8jk’dao
8k,c8j7;k,8hv’dkoD xaf95[ao g7njv’w,37i7v,ry;g8u,u|j;p7;k,9es^ad mu,j u7;k,[ao95
s^kp0Bo grnvj .shlk,kf[ao953xicdi,0t|kf.spjwfhD

5. |;j p7;k,9eleIv’ (Permanent Memory)

ci, gxao|j;p7;k,9emugj da[0=h,6o s^n -v[c;.o0totg7njv’gIaf;Pdgmqkj oAo c8j0=h,6o
s^n -v[c;gs^qkj oAo9t4nd]b[4U,wx 4hkxyfg7nvj ’ s^n w22hkfa[D fh;pgsfoUgv’ ,ao9egxao
9bj’8hv’,u|j;p7;k,9eleIv’ grnjv.-hgda[0=h,6omuj8hv’dko s^n -v[c;w;h.-h;Pd8+wx c]t
skd8hv’dko.-h;Pdg,njv.f d=9t4jkp0=h,6o s^n -v[c;9kd|j;p7;k,9eleIv’,kw;h16mj uj
|j;p7;k,9es^ad Xci,? grnvj .sh|;j pxt,;ozqofegouo’koD |;j p7;k,9eleIv’muj.-h
dao.o]t[q[7v,ry;g8u ,us^kpxtgrf 7nG

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 11

5.1 czjo[aombd s^n czoj fyfltcdaf (floppy disk or diskette)
w,37i7v,ry;g8uI5jogdqjk lj;os^kp,ug7nvj ’vjkoczoj [aombd1jk’|hvp|bj’g7njv’D czoj

fyfltcdaf,u0t|kfmqj;wx 7nG ) oU;F &F@& oU; c]t #F& oU;D ,aogxaoczjo[k’F g7nv[
zu;|hkczoj fh;plko8c,jgs^ad c]t 16.j o0v[xt]klt8ydc0’ grnjvxhv’daodko06f0ufD dko
gda[0=h,6o9tgIaf3fp[aombd]q’wx.ljzu;|hk0v’czjoD xqddt8y czjooAo9t.-hwfhma’lv’fhkoF
fa’j oAoF sq;vkj o0v’g7njv’vjkoczjo[aombd9b’j ,ulv’sq;D czoj 9txyoj fh;p7;k,w;7q’muj Xvkf
9txyjowfh #WW s^n #*W Iv[8+okmu? c]t sq;vkj o9tc]oj g0Qk{vvd grnjvvkj o0=h,6o.o8ec|’j
muj16jmuj8hv’dkoD |hkzu;muj.-hgda[0=h,6o 9tc[j’gxao;q’Iv[gvUo;kj mtciad Xtrack?D c8j]t
track 9tc[’j gxaos^kpl;j ow;hle]a[gda[0=h,6o g-y’j c8j]tl;j ogvUo;kj g-adg8u Xsector?D
czjo[aombd0t|kf #F& oU; ,u7;k,[ao95wfh !F$$ MBD

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

I6[ !D!# lj;oxtdv[0v’czoj [aombd c]t 37’lhk’dko9afgda[0=h,6ogmy’czoj [aombd

.odko0Po0=h,6o]q’j .ljczjo[aombdF dtclw22hk9tws^zjko0qf];f.osq;vkj o c]t 9t
lhk’dtclc,jgs^ad (magnetic flux) .ocdoc,jgs^ad0v’sq;vjko{0PoD [jvo;jk’.ocdo
c,jgs^ad 9tpv,.shdtclc,gj s^adws^zkj ovvd,k c]t gIaf.shlkoc,gj s^adgmy’czjo[aombd

8 lko Xlki? \kpg4y’ 0v’c0’F l;j ole7aoF goNvcmh “rq9oko5diq, ]k;F l5[yo rit3dw-p%” 12
xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@

gxaoc,jgs^ad0BoD rNomugj my’czjo4ndgIaf.shgxaoc,jgs^ad 3fpgxaovto5rkdmuj,umyfmk’ c]t
Iadlklt4kotc,jgs^adw;hD 0Q;0v’rNomuj mujgIafgxaoc,jgs^ad9try9k]tokwfh 3fp.-hmyfmk’
dkows^0v’dtclw22hkzkj o0qf];fD 0=h,6olk,kfvjko9kdczjo[aombd fh;psq;vjko{0Po
g-aoj fP;daoD g,njv0Q;0v’c,jgs^adxjPo phvo track zjkowxgmy’[vj o;kj ’F .osq;vkj o{0PoD
cI’faow22hkohvpM gxao,y]u3;o (mV) 9tgduf0Bo.o0qf];fF g7nvj ’0tspkp (amplifier)
c]t g7nvj ’xa[laopko (comparator) 4nd.-hgxao8q;xjPolaopkoohvpM gxao]tfa[3]-yd
(logic)D ,kf8t4koIvj ’8q;xqdxhv’dko0Po (write-protect) .oczoj [aombd lk,kf.-h
xhv’daodkogda[0=h,6o9kddko0Poma[D

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

I6[ !D!$ czjo[aombd fhko|hk c]t sq;vkj o{0Po czoj c,gj s^ad

I6[ !D!& I6[c[[dko[aombd[yf (Recorded Bit Formats - FM and MFM)

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 13

I6[c[[dko[aombd[yf (Recorded Bit Formats: FM and MFM) 7nG [yf ! ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
cmofh;pdkoxPj o0Q;0v’c,gj s^adgmy’;q’Iv[ c]t [yf W cmofh;pdko[+xPj o0Q;0v’
c,gj s^adD I6[c[[dko[aombdoU gvUo;kj dko[aombdc[[gvovkic-af (NRZ sp=h,k9kd
non-return-zero)D phvo,ult|k,c,gj s^adgmy’;q’Iv[ltg\u vkf9t,u0Q;gxao|b’j s^n s^kp
myfmk’D sq;vjko9tlhk’laopko g,nvj rNomujmu,j ult|k,c,gj s^adxjPozjkosq;vkj oD

9kdI6[ltcf’dkogda[0=h,6ogxao[yfgmy’;q’Iv[0hk’gmy’ .oI6[c[[7;k,|kc|ho
xqddt8y Xsingledensity?9D I6[c[[oU,adgvUo;kj dko[aombdcv2gv, (FM sp=h,k9kd
frequency modulation or F2F)D 4hkla’gdfglAo7No 9t,u7No3,’ C (clock pulse C)
16j95fg]uj,8Qoc8]j txvj ’[yf Xbit cell)D .oI6[c[[oU 7No Xpulse) gs^qkj oU 9t4ndcmofh;p
7;k,4ujrNo4koD [yf ! 9t4nd0Po.oshv’[yf3fp.l7j No D ]ts;kj ’7No CD [yf W 9t4nd
cmo3fpdko[+,u7No ]ts;jk’7No C.

95ffu0v’dko[aombdc[[ F2F 7n 7No c]t 0=h,6o[yf (data bit) 4nd.-h grnvj cmoc8j]t
0=h,6o[yf grkt;kj [yflk,kfgda[w;h.dhMdaogmy’;q’Iv[0v’czoj [aombd 3fp[+8hv’g-njv,
8+daoD dkogda[c[[oU ,u0=h9edaf.ofhko9eo;o0v’0=h,6omulj k,kf16jgmy’;q’Iv[D 4hk.o9e
o;o0=h,6omulj k,kfgda[gmy’;q’Iv[ ,ugxaolv’gmnvj gryoj 9t.-hdkogda[c[[ cv,gv2cv,
(MFM sp=h,k9kd modified frequency modulation) fa’j ltcf’.oI6[ !D!&D

5.2 Ikfful Xhard disk?

9 Single density gxaoI6[c[[dko9afgda[0=h,6o.olnmj ugj dqkj cdmj ulj 5f s^a’9kdoAoF wfhsao,k.-h7;k,|hkc|ho @ gmqjk c]t $
gmqjk s^n 7;k,|hkc|hol6’cmo “xt,;o7ela[ ;ymtpkdko 0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnjlko”.

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 14

I6[ !D!* Ikffulສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

5.2.1 ]adltotmq;j wx
]t[q[Ikffulc8d8kj ’9kdczoj fyfltcdafD 3fpmqj;wxc]h; ,ao9t,u9eo;o|hkle

]a[gda[[aombd0=h,6os^kpd;kj lv’|hkD ovd9kdIkfful9tgda[[aombd0=h,6og\nvodaoda[czoj
fyfltcdafc]h; ,aopa’gxaolj;omuj.-h.odkovjko s^n 0Po[aombd0=h,6og\nvo38vkj oczoj fyl
(disk drive)D

czoj 9ko0v’Ikfful 9t,u7;k,|kc|ho0v’dko[ao950=h,6owfhl6’d;jkczjofyflt
cdafs^kp g-ajoG czoj fyfltcdaf,kf8t4ko0t|kf &F@& oU; [ao950=h,6owfh #*W dy3]w[
9t,u9eo;o;q’Iv[[aombd0=h,6ooAo 16j $W ;q’D d=]tou0v’Ikfful0t|kffP;dao 9t,u9e
o;o;q’Iv[s^kpd;jk !WWW ;q’0BowxD 0totfP;dao 7;k,[ao95.oc8]j t;q’Iv[0v’
Ikffuld=9tl6’d;jk g-yj’,uxt,ko & gmnjv0v’7;k,[ao95.oc8j]t;q’Iv[0v’czjofyf
ltcdafD

gonvj ’9kd7;k,|kc|ho0v’dko[aombd0=h,6o gmy’rNozu;czoj 9koc,jgs^ad0v’Ikf
fyll6’s^kp gIaf.shsq;vkj o c]t 0Po[aombd,u0t|kfohvpD 8ec|’j 0v’sq;vjko c]t 0Po
[aombd8hv’16j.o8ec|j’mu.j dhMda[zu;|hk9ko c]t ,u3vdkfmuzj u;|hk0v’9ko c]t
sq;vjko{0Povkf9tmq[daowfhD faj’oAoF czjo9koc,gj s^ad9b’j gxaoczoj vt]5p,yoP,c0’ c]h;
g7nv[fh;plkoc,jgs^adD Ikfful9t[ao9516.j oda[3]stxyfc9[ grnjvxhv’dao[+.shlyj’gxygxNvo
s^5fg0Qkwxrkp.oD 4hk8hv’dkogxufvvd 9t8hv’gxuf.oshv’mujltvkf (clean room) muj,u
dkodajo8v’0U/5jovvd9kdvkdkf.oshv’c]h;D Ikffulmujoypq,.-hdaogxaoc[[8yf16jrkp.o

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 15

g7njv’7v,ry;g8u c]t [+lk,kfg7nvj ophkpwx,kwfh7ndaoda[czoj [aombd gvUo;jk ;yoc9aflt
g8ufyf (Winchester Disk)10D

Ikffullj;o.spj9txtdv[fh;pczjo9koc,gj s^ad (platters) lv’czoj s^n s^kpd;jk
,k9afIP’16jgmy’cdofP;dao gvUo;jk cdo\6o (spindle)D cdo\6ogIaf.shczjoc,jgs^ad\6o
rhv,Mdao 9kddko0a[g7njvo0v’,=g8u fh;p7;k,w; #*WW Iv[8+okmuD c8j]t|hk0v’
czoj 9ko 9t,usq;vkj o{0Poxt9eltgrkt g-yj’sq;vkj o{0Pom5dsq;9tg-nvj ,8yfdao7hkp7ndao
da[s;u c]t lk,kfg7nvj og0Qk{vvd]ts;jk’;q’Iv[8jk’M wfh1kj ’;jv’w; XI6[ !D!(?D

9kdI6[0hk’]5,j ltcf’Ikffulmu,j uczoj 9ko rhv,da[dkodeda[-ncj zoj c]t
|hk0v’fyfD zu;0v’czoj 9koda[sq;vkj o{0Po9t16gj dnv[8yfdao 7nsjk’9kdrP’|bj’lj;o
clooU;D w]ptskj ’oU.o]ts;jk’;q’Iv[8jk’M 8hv’lt\Oltg\udao g-y’j dqowd0v’g7nvj ’
c]t dkoxtdv[Ikfful8hv’]tvPf c,jo1eD dko\6omuj;vj ’w;0v’czoj 9kogIaf .shsq;
vkj o {0Po cpdsjk’9kdzu;|hk9ko fh;pcI’]q,\6o0v’9koD c84j hkczjo9ko[+wfh\6o s^n
,vfg7nvj ’ sq;vjko{0Po9tg]njvo]q’8yfda[czoj 9koD faj’oAoF g;]kg]ud9kddko.-h;Pd
7;ophkpsq;vjko{0Powxsk[=]yg;omu[j +wfh.-hgda[0=h,6o mujgvUo;kj [jvo]q’9vf (Landing
Zone) grnvj ;jk ,udkodtmq[dtcmd0v’sq;vkj o{0Po c]t zu;|hkF czoj 9kod=9t[+,u
zqo8+0=h,6omugj da[w;hD
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

I6[ !D!( lj;oxtdv[ c]t I6[zjkmk’0;k’ltcf’sq;vjko{0Po c]t
czjo9koc,jgs^ad0v’Ikfful

10 Winchester Disk vjko;jk ;yoc9afltg8ufyf “xt,;o7ela[ ;ymtpkdko 0=h,6o0kj ;lko c]t dkolnlj ko
}37’dkopqd]tfa[0tc|’dkog8ad3o3]-u0+h,6o0kj ;lko}JICA},tsk;ymtpkw]cs’j -kf}dt-;’lndlkmydko}@WW&”.

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 16

5.2.2 dko3vophkp0=h,6o]ts;jk’Ikffulda[|;j p7;k,9eສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

Ikffulmuj.-hxtdv[.og7nvj ’w,37i7v,ry;g8u 9t8hv’,udko7;[75,.sh,ao,kgIaf;Pd
I;j ,3fp9tlP[g0Qkda[xJv’lP[ (slot)11 mujpa’;kj ’16j0v’g7njv’D .odkovkj o0=h,6o9kd disk
sq;vkj o{0Po9toegvqk0=h,6omujvkj owfh lq’j zkj o;q’9vow22hk0v’ wfi Xdrive? wxskcz’
(card) 7;[75,fyf 3fp9tgda[16.j ogoNvmuj7;k,9e-q;j 7k;grnjvgda[0=h,6o gvUo;jk [vj orad
0=h,6o-q;j 7k; (Data buffer12)D 0totfP;dao;q’9vogmy’cz’7;[75,9tlqj’laopkowxsk
|j;pxt,;ozqodk’ (CPU) g-yj’c,jow,37i3xig-lg-u g-aoj G CPU 8088, 80286 s^n vnjoMD
grnvj .sh8q; CPU 3vophkp0=h,6o9kd[jvorad0=h,6o-q;j 7k; wxsk|j;p7;k,9es^ad0v’

7v,ry;g8uD

.oI6[ !D!) gsao;jk dko3vophkp0=h,6og[Nv’8QovkfgIafwfh @ ;ymu 7nG 4hkgxaog7nvj ’I5jo
AT c]t PS/2 8q; CPU 9tgIaf;PdoAo3fpdq’ zkj o8q;,aogv’ c]t wxsk|;j p7;k,9eD
c84j hkgxaog7njv’I5oj gdqkj 7nG PC XT, dko3vophkp0=h,6o9tgIafc[[ dkog0Qkg4y’|;j p
7;k,9e3fpdq’ (DMA = Direct Memory Access) 3fp9t3vophkp0=h,6o9kd data buffer
wxsk|;j p7;k,9es^adD dko3vophkp0=h,6oc[[oU [+8hv’zkj o8q; CPU phvo;kj 8q; CPU

)W)) 0v’g7nvj ’I5oj gdqkj gIaf;Pd-hkF [+mao8+vaf8k7;k,w;0v’dko3vophkp0=h,6o0v’
IkffulD 0=h,6omuj3vophkpwxsk|;j p7;k,9e RAM 9tgda[.orNomuj gvUo;jk [a2g2u0v’fvl
(DOS Buffer) g-yj’|bj’ Buffer 9tgda[0=h,6o9kd disk wfh ! lj;o (sector)D 9eo;o Buffer
oU z6h.-h7;o9tgxaoz6hdeoqf0Bogv’9kd7el’ja BUFFERS c]t [ao95.o[vj ogda[2kp0=h,6o
(file house) @W BufferD g,nvj vkj o 2kp0=h,6o (file data) 9kd disk wxgda[w;h.o[vj ogda[-qj;
7k;0v’ DOS c]t [ao95 Buffer 9qog8a,7q[\qfF dko3vophkp sector 8+wx 9tpbf8k,s^ad
mu;j jk Buffer .f4ndgvUo.-h9kd3xicdi,.-h;Pdl5fmhkp|hvpmulj 5f (least recently
accessed) d=9t4ndcmomu0j Poma[.\jD 0=h,6omu1j 6.j o[jvogda[-qj;7k;0v’ DOS 9t3vophkpwx

sk|j;p7;k,9evnoj 8k,7;k,8hv’dko0v’3xicdi,oe.-hD

11 Slot \kpg4y’ xjv’xadlP[,u]adltotohvpM c]t pk;M grnvj lP[czjo;q’9vogru,j g8u,
12 [jvorad0=h,6o-qj;7k; XData buffer? gxaorNomuj0v’|j;p7;k,9emujdeoqfw;h grnjvgda[0=h,6o-q;j 7k;9qod;jkleg]af

rk]tdyf “xt,;o7ela[ ;ymtpkdko 0=h,6o0kj ;lko c]t dkolnjlko}37’dkopqd]tfa[0tc|’dkog8ad3o3]-u
0+h,6o0jk;lko}JICA},tsk;ymtpkw]csj’-kf }dt-;’lndlkmydko}@WW&”.

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 17

I6[ !D!) dko3vophkp0=h,6o]ts;jk’Ikffulda[|;j p7;k,9e ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

dko[aombd0=h,6ogmy’ disk d=gIaf.o]adltotdq’dao0hk,da[dkovjko0=h,6o 3fp3xi
cdi,oe.-h 9tc9h’8ec|j’0=h,6omuj8hv’dko0Powxsk DOSD DOS d=9t3vophkp0=h,6owx
sk Buffer c]t lq’j zkj owxsk[jvogda[0=h,6o-q;j 7k; gmy’cz’7;[75,fyfD ;q’9vogmy’
cz’7;[75, disk 9tdeoqf lj;o.o;q’Iv[ c]t |hk0v’ disk muj.-h[aombd 9tlq’j laopko
grnvj g]njvosq;vkj o{0Powxsk8ec|j’muj8hv’dko c]t 3vophkp0=h,6o9kd[vj orad-qj;7k;wx
gda[[aombdw;h.o diskD

5.2.3 dko7;[75,Ikfful
gonvj ’9kdIkfful[+lk,kfgIaf;Pd’kodjP;da[dkogda[0=h,6ogv’wfh gIqk9egxao8hv’

,udko7;[75, grnvj [vddkogIaf;Pdxtdv[oeD 8k,xqddt8y cz’ (card) oU 9t.-hlP[
g0QkxJv’lP[ (slot) le]a[dkogru,j 0tspkpD laopkomugj 0Qk s^n vvd9kdIkfful 9t8hv’
zjkocz’7;[75,oUdvj oltg\uD cz’7;[75,c8j]t-5f9t,u;ymudkog0Qk]tsafltgrktle]a[
-vj ’vkj o{0PoD gIqk[+lk,kfoegvqkcz’7;[75,vnoj muj.-h;ymudkog0Qk]tsafc8d8kj ’dao
,kvkj o0=h,6o.oIkffulD IkffuloAo9t8hv’gIafdko9afI6[c[[ (format) .\j ,ao9b’j 9t.-h
da[cz’7;[75,oAowfhD -toyf0v’cz’7;[75,muoj ypq,.-h.oxaf95[ao0Boda[ vyog8uia[ (inter-
rupt)13 mu,j u16j $ -toyf 7nG

13 interrupt (vyog8uia[? \kpg4y’ 8q;muj[vd.shg7njv’7v,ry;g8u 15fgIaf;Pdmujde]a’gIaf16j c]h;wx8v[lt|v’;Pd[k’1jk’
“xt,;o7ela[;ymtpkdko0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnlj ko}37’dkopqd]tfa[0tc|’dkog8ad3o3]-u0+h,6o0kj ;lko}JICA
},tsk;ymtpkw]csj’-kf }dt-;’lndlkmydko}@WW&”.

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 18

1) -toyf ST-506/41L: gxao]t[q[7;[75,,kf8t4koF g]uj,.-h7A’mevyfda[g7njv’ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
7v,ry;g8ul;j o[5d7qo (PC)D ,ao,u;ymudkog0Qk]tsafc[[ MFM. 8+,krkps^a’ 9b’j wfh0t
spkpgxaoc[[ RLL14 c]t ARLL 8k,g8ad3o3]-u0v’;afltf5muj.-hD 0=hla’gdfvudxtdko
|bj’ mu[j vd0=hc8d8kj ’0v’dkog0Qk]tsafc[[ MFM c]t RLL 7nG dkoc[j’lj;o.o
;q’Iv[0v’dkovkj o{0Poc[[ MFM 9twfh !( cluster15 X7t]afltg8u? 8+;q’Iv[ c]t
dkovjko{0Poc[[ RLL 9twfh @* cluster 8+ ;q’Iv[D c[[ RLL 9t,u7;k,[ao95
wfhs^kpd;jk #W : 9tdq’da[Ikfful -vj ’vjko{0Po @W MB 0v’c[[ MFMD

2) -toyf ESDI (enhanced small device interfaces): gxao]t[q[mujl6’d;kj
]t[q[,kf8t4ko ST-506 le]a[-jv’vjko{0Po ,u7;k,[ao95s^kp0Bo c]t 7;k,w;

l6’0BoD oa[;jk gxao]t[q[muvj vdc[[,k grnvj .-hda[g7njv’muj,uw,37i3xig-lg-u )W@)* c]t
)W#)* mu,j u7;k,w;laopko3,’l6’d;jk vaf8kdko3vophkp0=h,6o s^n dkovkj o0=h,6o9kd disk
9tw;d;jk disk c[[ ST-506 xt,ko $ gmnvj D le]a[ disk c[[ ST-506 c,jo.-hda[
g7njv’mu,j uw,37i3xig-lg-u )W))D cz’7;[75,c[[ ESDI oU lk,kf8+Ikffulwfhlv’vaoD

3) -toyf SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)G vjko;jk "-tdaf-u"
(SCUZZY) gxaocz’I5jo.\jmuoj ypq,.-hdaos^kp0Bo grkt]t[q[oU [+rP’c8jgxaocz’7;[75,
IkffulgmqjkoAo ,aopa’gxaodkog-njv,8+ [al Xbus? mulj ts^kf (intelligent) muj,u8q;xt,;ozqo
(processor) 16.j o38,aogv’ gIaf.shgxaol;j ogru,j 0tspkpda[cz’;q’9vo.\Dj 0t|kf c]t
vaf8kdkovjko0=h,6omP[wfh.dhda[c[[ ESDI. ]t[q[ SCSI ovd9kd9t.-hgrnjv7;[75,
Ikffulc]h; pa’.-hgrnvj dko7;[75,v5xtdvo8+glu,vnoj M wfhfh;p g-aoj G 3,gfa, (modem)F -ufu
iv, (CD ROM)F ltcdogou (scanner) c]t g7njv’ry, (printer)D ]t[q[ SCSI .o|b’j cz’

lt|a[lt|6odko8+v5xtdvog4y’ ) vao oa[ma’7v,ry;g8umu.j -h 9t4ngxaov5xtdvofh;pD faj’oAoF
9bj’gs^nv.shgIqk8+v5xtdvoglu, wfhgruj,vud ( vaoD rkp.8h DOS ]t[q[ SCSI 9t.shgIqk.-h
IkffulwfhrP’ @ vao X8k,dkovhk’vu’0v’muj16j0v’ w[vvl (BIOS)?D 4hk8hv’dko8+
v5xtdvovnjoM gIqk8hv’.-hv5xtdvo-jv’vkj o{0Po (device driver) 9kd[=]ylafvnjo,kme

dko8yf8A’glpdjvoD

14 RLL sp=h,k9kd run length limited
15 Cluster X7t]afltg8u? c,jod5j,0v’g-adg8u g-yj’gxaogoNvmulj e]a[9afgda[0=h,6o.oczoj fyl “xt,;o7ela[ ;ymtpkdko
0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnlj ko”.

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 19

4) -toyf IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics): ]t[q[oU gxao]t[q[.\j muj,u0t|kf ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
7;k,[ao95.dh7P’da[lv’c[[mujdkj ;,kc]h; 7nG ESDI c]t SCSI c8j,u]k7k8Od;jkD
]t[q[ IDE xaf95[aooypq,.-h[ao95I;j ,16j.ocz’8q;7;[75, c]t gs^nv slot ;kj ’.sh.-h.o
;PdvnjoMD .o]t[q[gdqkj d=lk,kf.-h dko0Po{vkj oc[[ IDE oU c8gj Iqk8hv’gru,j cz’dko
g-njv,8+lP[ slotD

5.3 gma[c,jgs^ad (magnetic tape)
gxaov5xtdvomuj.-hdao,kfqookoc]h; g-yj’]adltot0v’,ao gxaoc4[lkpxt]klt8ydF

g7nv[fh;plkoc,gj s^ad 7ndaoda[gma[[aombdlP’D gma[c,gj s^ad.-hle]a[gda[0=h,6o9eo;os^kpF
,udko9afgda[ c]t gvUo7Qosk0=h,6oc[[gxao]efa[D ltoAoF dkog0Qksk0=h,6od=9tgxaowx8k,
]efa[ (sequential access) g-ajoG 4hk8hv’dkosk0=h,6o16j]efa[mu & gmy’gma[ gIqk9t8hv’
vkj o0=h,6oc8j8Qodvj o X]efa[mu !? c]h;7vj pg0Qk,ksk0=h,6omugj Iqk8hv’dkoD lj;odkooe.-h
oAo goAole]a[.-hleIv’0=h,6ogrnjv7;k,\Ao.9 g-ajoG 4hkIkffulgxgj r 0=h,6o.oIkfful9tl6o
skpwx 9b’j 9egxao8hv’gda[leIv’0=h,6ow;hD

.ovtfuf .-h,h;ogma[.spj c8xj af95[aodkozt]yfgma[gIafwfhfus^kp0BoD gIaf.shgma[muj.-h
da[7v,ry;g8u,u0t|kfohvp]q’s^kp c]t gvUogma[r;doU;jk da[gma[ (cartridge tape).
da[gma[c,gj s^ad,u7;k,[ao958+,h;ol6’s^kp 9bj’oypq,.-hw;hgda[0=h,6omu,j u0t|kf.spj s^n 9eo;o
s^kpD dkoleIv’0=h,6o3fpmqj;wx ,ad9tdeoqf8k,dko.-h;Pdgxaow]ptg;]k g-ajoG leIv’
0=h,6om5dvkmyfD dkoleIv’0=h,6oc8]j tgmnvj vkf.-hg;]kokos^kply[okmuD

I6[ !D!_ gma[c,jgs^ad (magnetic tape)

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 20

5.4 czoj -ufu (CD sp=h,k9kd Compact Disc)

I6[ !D@W czoj -ufu[aombdwfhgmnjvfP; c]t czoj -ufumujlk,kf[aombdwfhs^kpgmnjvສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

5.4.1 xts;af7;k,gxao,kG
.o-j;’mqflt;af xu 7Dl !_(WF oad;yw90v’[=]ylaf2u]y[wfh.-hg8ad3o3]-u0v’czjog]g-u

fyl (Laser disc) ,kmqf]v’lhk’czjocl’ (optical disc) gda[lP’c8jrP’1kj ’fP;
3fpg]uj,8Qo.-h;ymudkog0Qk]tsaflP’c[[ wideband FM c]t c[[ PCM .o]t[q[fu9y8vo
(digital system)D .og;]k8+,k .o-;j ’xkpmqflt;af 2u]y[ (Phillip)F 3-ou (Sony) c]t
[=]ylafvnoj M wfhltcf’8Qoc[[0v’czoj fyl ]t[q[lP’fu9y8voD

.oxu8+,k 2u]y[ c]t 3-ou 8aflyo.9Ij;,,ndao 9af8A’my,;ylt;tdvoI;j , g-y’j ,u
rk]tdyfvvdc[[czoj fyl ]t[q[lP’fy9y8vo c[[.\Dj lt,k-ydmujle7ao0v’my, 7nG 7uf
vy,,y’ (Kees Immink) c]t 38-ymtft fvp (Toshitada Doi)D sa^’9kdmqf]v’ c]t
4qd4P’dao |b’j xuF my,’kowfhvvd,kf8t4kodjP;da[ CDD /kj p[=]ylaf 2u]y[ lt|a[lt|5o
.og]nvj ’0t[;odkozt]yf 3fpvkwlg8ad3o3]-udkozt]yfg]g-ufyl c]t pa’lt|a[lt|5o
;ymudkoxtlq,laopko (modulate16) c[[ EFM g-y’j lk,kf[aombdlP’wfhs^kp c]t
mqomko8+Ivp06f0uf s^n IvpoU;,nD 0totmuj 3-ou lt|a[lt|5o;ymucdh0=hzyfrkf (error

correction).

16 Modulate \kpg4y’ xtlq,laopko “xt,;o7ela[ ;ymtpkdko 0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnlj ko”. 21
xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@

CD vvd;k’8ts^kf.odk’ xu 7Dl !_)@ .ovk-u c]t xu8+,k.olt4komujvnjoMD
gsfdkooU wfhIa[dkola’gdf;jk gxao95fg]uj,8Qo0v’dkoxt8y;aflP’fy9y8voD czoj fyllP’
c[[.\joUwfhIa[dkopv,Ia[ c]t 7e-njo-q,.o75ootrk[lP’9kdg7njv’muxj tfyfle]a[[aombd
lP’faj’gfu,D dko.-h CD wfh0tspkpwxpa’fhkovnoj MD lv’xu8+,k ,udkozt]yf -ufuiv,
(CD-ROM) vvd9e|kj p g-yj’czjoc[[oU z6h.-h[+lk,kf0Po0=h,6ogv’wfhD czoj -ufuvki
(CD-R) d=wfhvvd,k.sh.-hxt,ko xu 7Dl !__W g-y’j gxaoczoj muzj 6h.-hlk,kf0Po0=h,6ogv’wfh
c]t dkpgxao,kf8t4ko.odko9afgda[c]dxjPo0=h,6o7v,ry;g8u c]t gr’.oxaf95[aoD CD
c[[8kj ’Mwfhxtlq[7;k,leg]afs^kp .oxu 7Dl @WW$ g-yj’rP’xufP; ,udko9e|kj pczjo-ufu
gr’.oI6[c[[ CD-ROM mq;j 3]d s^kpd;kj ly[]hkoczoj D

5.4.2 ,kf8t4ko0v’ CD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
czjo-ufulP’ (Audio CD) s^n czjo-ufugr’muj,urk[xtdv[ (VCD17) gda[laopko

lP’.oI6[c[[mugj xaowx8k,,kf8t4ko (red book)D -ufulP’xtdv[fh;p;q’Iv[le]a[
ltg8iu3v (sterio track) s^kp;q’ mugj da[dkog0Qk]tsafc[[ PCM 0t|kf !* [yf
fh;pvaf8kdkol5,j 8q;1kj ’ $$F! kHzD

CD ,kf8t4ko,uglAozkj l6odk’ !@W mm X,y]uc,af? c8dj =,uI5jo )W mm gxao
czjo0t|kfohvpD czofyf0t|kf !@W mm [aombdlP’wfh ($ okmu c8j,uI5oj mujlk,kf

[aombd )W okmuD g8ad3o3]-u7v,crdfyf8+,kwfhxa[x5’gxaov5xtdvo [aombd0=h,6omu,j adgvUo
dao;jk czoj -ufuiv, (CD-ROM). 8k8t]k’8+wxoU ltcf’0t|kf c]t 7;k,[ao95

0v’czjo-ufuG

0t|kf dko[ao95c[[lP’ dko[ao950=h,6omq;j wx I6[c[[

12 cm 74–99 min 650–870 MB Standard size

8 cm 21–24 min 185–210 MB Mini-CD size

85x54 mm - ~6 min 10-65 MB "Business card"
86x64 mm size

17 VCD sp=h,k9kd Video Compact Disc. 22
xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@

I6[ !D@! czoj -ufu8k,c8]j t0t|kfສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

5.4.3 dkogIaf;Pd0v’ CD
rkp.o-ufuiv,9tc[’j gxao;q’Iv[ c]t lj;o 7hkp7nda[czjofyfltcdaf (Diskette)

c8lj ;j omu9j tgda[0=h,6o.o CD 9t,u0t|kfgmqjkdaom5dlj;o c]t gIaf.shlk,kfgda[0=h,6owfh
s^kp0BoD g,njv.f CD g]u,j gIaf;PdF ,=g8u9tg]u,j \6ofh;p7;k,w;s^kp 7kj c[[oU d=grnvj
.shvaf8k7;k,w;.odkovjko0=h,6o9kdczoj -ufu7q’muj lt\Oltg\um5dl;j o [+;jk9tgxaolj;o
muj16j;q’Iv[ovd;q’.od=8k,D 9kdoAoF cl’g]g-ud=9tlkf]q’.ljczjo-ufu 3fp]ecl’9t4nd
9hv,g0Qk (focus) fh;p g]o (Lens) mujg7njvo8ec|’j wfh 3fpdkogIaf;Pd0v’0qf];fD
]ecl’g]g-u 9tmt]5zkj owxmujczoj -ufu c]h;4ndltmhvoda[wxskzu;|hk0v’-ufu ,ao9tdkp
gxao05,gxao[+D l;j omujgxao05,]q’wxgvUo;kj c]o (land)D le]a[[jvomu[j +,udkog9kt]q’
wxgvUo;kj ryf (pit)D zu;lv’I6[c[[oU gryjo.-hcmodkogda[0=h,6o .oI6[c[[0v’ ! c]t WD

cl’g,nvj 4nd pit 9tdt9kpwx[+ltmhvoda[ c8gj ,njvcl’4nd land 9tltmhvoda[zjko
cdh;s^jP, 9kdoAoF sadzjkocdh;s^Pj , wxskg7nvj ’d;f9a[cl’vudD m5dM w]pt0v’]ecl’
mudj tmq[g7njv’d;f9a[cl’ 9tgdufcI’faow22hk s^n gduf ! c]t W g-yj’gIaf.sh7v,ry;g8u
g0Qk.9wfhD

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 23

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
I6[ !D@@ dkogIaf;Pdgmy’czoj -ufu (CD-R or CD-RW18)

l;j odko0Po s^n [aombd0=h,6o]q’.lcj zjo-ufuoAo 8hv’.-hcl’g]g-ug-ajodao 3fp,u]e
cl’g]g-u9kdsq;[aombd0v’g7nvj ’[aombd0=h,6o lvj ’wxdtmq[.lrj Nozu;|hk0v’czoj D 4hkcl’
lvj ’wxdtmq[[=]yg;o.f ,ao9tgIaf.sh[=]yg;ooAogxao05,0t|kfohvpD [=]yg;omu[j +4nd[aombd
9t,u]adltotgxaorNorP’lt]a[daowxg]NvpM 8ts^vfma’czoj D czjo-ufugxaolnj.odkogda[
0=h,6oc[[cl’ (Optical Storage) 3fp.-h]ecl’g]g-u.odkovjko0=h,6omujgIaffh;pxt]klt
8yd c]t g7nv[fh;pvt]6,yoP, grnvj ltmhvocl’g]g-umujpy’,kD g,njvcl’g]g-umupj y’,k
ltmhvoda[wxsk8q;vjko0=h,6omugj vUo;jkG v5xtdvogda[cl’ XPhoto Detector) d=vjko0=h,6o
muwj fhda[,k;jk gxaospa’ c]t lq’j 7kj ! c]t W wx.shda[ CPU grnjvoegvqkwxxt,;ozqo8+wxD

18 CD-R sp=h,k9kd Compact Disc Recordable gxaoz6h.-hlk,kf0Po0=h,6o]q’wfh c]t s^a’0Poc]h;pa’lk,kf0Po0=h,6o
8n,j .ljwfhvud 4hkskdczoj oAopa’[+g8a,S CD-RW sp=h,k9kd Compact Disc ReWritable 7hkp7nda[czjo CD-R c8jlk,kf]n[
c]t 0Po0=h,6o.lwj fhs^kpgmnvj .oczjofP;oAoD

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 24

5.4.4 g7njv’vjko{0Po-ufu
7;k,w;0v’g7nvj ’vkj o{0Po-ufu ,us^kp]tfa[ g-ajoG c8j @V sk @$V s^n s^kpd;kj

Ivf &*V gxao8QoD 7kj @V \kpg4y’ g7njv’vjko{0Po vjko s^n 0Po 0=h,6owfh #WW
dy3]w[8+;yokmu (kB/s) c]t ,u7;k,w;.odko\6o @ gmqkj D g7nvj ’vjko{0Po -ufu g7nvj ’mevyf
mulj hk’0Bo ,u7;k,w;rP’c8j !V 9t,uvaf8kdko4jkp3vo0=h,6o (Data Tranfer Rate) 150
kB/sD .oxaf95[ao 7;k,w;.odkovjko-ufuiv,l6’l5f16jmuj &*V c8j4hkgxaodko0Poczoj CD-
RW c,jo,u7;k,w;8Od;jkoAoD

5.5 czjo fu;ufu (DVD = Digital Versatile Disc)

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
I6[ !D@# czjo DVD-R c]t DVD-RW

fu;ufu gxaoczjo0=h,6oc[[[aombdfh;pcl’ (optical disc) muj.-h[aombd0=h,6o8jk’M g-aoj G
I6[g’qk Xrk[rtpqo? g-yj’.sh75ootrk[0v’rk[ c]t lP’mufj uD fu;ufu 4ndrafmtok0Bo,k
grnjv.-hcmo -ufu 3fp.-hczoj mu,j u0t|kffP;dao XglAozjkl6odk’ !@ cm?D c8.j -h[aombd
0=h,6omujc8d8kj ’dao c]t 7;k,]tvPf.odko[aombd|kc|hod;kj D

.og[Nv’8Qo fu;ufu c,oj sp=h,k9kd digital video disc c8jz6hzt]yf[k’7qogsao;jk
7;oxPj o,kgxao digital versatile disc xaf95[ao8k,7eoypk,1jk’gxaomk’dkoc]h; fu;ufu
[+wfhsp=h,k9kd-ngj 8a,c81j kj ’.fg]upD

g7nvj ’0Po fu;ufu (DVD Writer) 7nG g7njv’le]a[dko[aombd0=h,6o]q’.oczjofu;ufu c]t
,u7;k,w;.odkogIaf;Pds^kp]tfa[c8d8kj ’dao 8k,0t|kf c]t pusj =hD

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 25

fu;ufu xtdv[fh;p75olq,[affaj’oUG

x lk,kf[aombd0=h,6o;yfu3v muj,u7;k,]tvPfl6’ wfhg4y’ !@W okmuD
x dko[u[vaf0v’;yfu3v.oI6[c[[ MPEG-219 oAo ,uvaf8klj;o16mj uj $GWG!D
x lk,kf,ulP’.o2y,wfhg4y’ * rklk 3fp.oc8j]trklkvkf9tgxaolP’ltg8iy

3v @DW -jv' XI6[c[[ PCM20? s^n ]t[q[lP’Iv[myfmk’ Xg-ajoG $DWS &D!S *D!?
.oI6[c[[ Dolby Digital (AC-3) s^n Digital Theater System (DTS)D
x ,u7e[aopkpwfhs^kpl5fg4y’ #@ rklkD
x |a’fu;ufu [k’czoj oAo lk,kfxjPo,5,dhv’wfhfh;p (Multiangle)D
x gIafrk[oY’.shlq,[6o g\nvodaoda[rk[ltw]D
x 7;[75,]tfa[lyfmydkos^Yo (Parental Lock) D
x ,u]tsafmhv’4yoj le]a[.-h;PdltgrktrNomuj mudj eoqf.sh (Regional Codes)D

-toyf0v’fu;ufu muj.-h[aombdoAo,u16j s^kp-toyf 7nG

0t|kf c]t -nj0v’czoj [aombd ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

(Capacity and nomenclature of (re)writable discs)

-Ao glAozkj l6odk’ 0t|kf

laopt]ad |hk (GB)

X];,? (cm)

DVD-R SS SL (1.0) 1 1 12 3.95

DVD-R SS SL (2.0) 1 1 12 4.70

DVD-RW SS SL 11 12 4.70

DVD+R SS SL 11 12 4.70

DVD+RW SS SL 11 12 4.70

DVD-R DS SL 22 12 9.40

19 MPEG-2 sp=h,k9kd Moving Picture Experts Group @ gxao-n0j v’]t[q[,kf8t4komu.j -hle]a[g0Qk]tsaflP’ 0=h,6ork[

Xg-aoj G rk[rtpqo;yfu3vgr’? .oI6[c[[[u[vafc[[fy9y8voD
20 PCM sp=h,k9kd Pulse-code modulation.

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 26

DVD-RW DS SL 2 2 12 9.40
DVD+R DS SL 2 2 12 9.40
DVD+RW DS SL 2 2 12 9.40
DVD-RAM SS SL 1 1 8 1.46
DVD-RAM DS SL 2 2 8 2.65
DVD-RAM SS SL (1.0) 1 1 12 2.58
DVD-RAM SS SL (2.0) 1 1 12 4.70
DVD-RAM DS SL (1.0) 2 2 12 5.16
DVD-RAM DS SL (2.0) 2 2 12 9.40

\kpgsfG SS = single-sided, DS = double-sided, SL = single-layer, DL = dual-layerສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

95ffu0v’ DVD-RW 7nG r;d,aolk,kf]b[ c]t oeda[[aombd0=h,6o.\jwfhd;kj
!WWDWWW 7A’ c8fj u;ufumuwj fhIa[7;k,oypq,s^;’s^kp.oxaf95[aooU c,jo DVD-RD lj;o DVD-
RAM [+oypq,.-hc]h;.

dko[aombdfu;ufuc8]j t-toyfoAo [+lk,kf.-h;Pd0hk,daowfh 7nG DVD-RW [+lk,kf
.-h.og7nvj ’[aombd DVD+RW wfh 8hv’0Poda[g7njv’[aombd DVD-RW gmqjkoAoD lj;odko
vjko0=h,6o.ofu;ufuoAo lk,kfvkj oda[g7njv’.fd=wfh g-ajoG DVD+RW lk,kfvkj oda[g7njv’
s^Yo DVD-R wfhD

czjofu;ufu muj.-h[ao95I6[g’qkoAo 9t,udkodeoqf]tsafmhv’4yjo (Regional Codes) s^n
[=]yg;o (Zone) grnvj xt3spf.odko7;[75,]y0tlyf21D .ooU c8]j tczjo9t[ao95]tsafw;h
1jk’|hvp ! [=]yg;oD le]a[czoj mujlk,kf.-hwfhda[m5d[=]yg;o (All Zone) oAo 9t[ao95]tsaf
gxao !S @S #S $S &S * oAogv’D czjo9er;doU [k’gmnjvoypq,daogvUo;kj G czjo3-o WD
3fpxqddt8y g7njv’s^Yofu;ufu I;,wxg4y’fu;ufuiv, muzj t]yf.oc8j]txtgmf 9tlk,kfs^Yowfh
ltgrktczoj muzj t]yfle]a[[=]yg;o s^n g0foAoM c]t czjomu]j t[5gxao All Zone gmqkj oAoD

21 27

]y0tlyf \kpg4y’ lyfmy.odkooe.-h
xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@

g0f rNomuj
1 ltst]afvtg,iydkF c7okfk

2 gvuiq[F pujx5oj F cv2iyddk.8hF 8tg;aovvddk’ I;,g4y’ vu1y[

vk-u8tg;aovvdlP’.8hF I;,g4y’xtgmfwmF vk-u8tg;aovvd I;,g4y’Ivj ’dq’

3

c8j[+I;,9uo

4 vtg,iydkdk’F vtg,iydk.8hF 3vg-pgop

5 gvuiq[8tg;aovvdF iafg-pF vk-u.8hF vk2iydkF gdqks^ug|nvF ,q’3dg]p

6 9uo

7 leIv’

8 pkorkstot]ts;kj ’xtgmf g-aoj G gInv c]t gInv[yo

le]a[g0f @ Xgvuiq[? vkf9t,u]tsafpvj p8A’c8j D1 9qog4y’ D4 3fp D1 7n ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
9e|kj pltgrktxtgmfva’dyfS D2 9qog4y’ D3 deoqf;kj [+9e|kj p.ova’dyf c]t wvc]oD
lj;o D4 \kpg4y’ 9e|kj pwfhmqj;ma’mt;u[gvuiq[D

.o|b’j czoj fu;ufu lk,kf.l]j tsafg0fI;,daowfhs^kpg0f 3fpvkf9t,u]tsafg0f #}*
grnjv.shlk,kf.-h.ovk-u8tg;aovvdlP’.8h c]t 9uoD

dkodegouf0v’ czoj fylcl’ (optical disk) X-toyf}xuzts^yf?

Laserdisc (1978) - Laserfilm (1984) - CD Video - VCD (1993) - DVD (1996) -
DVD-Video (1996) - MiniDVD - CVD (1998) - SVCD (1998) - FMD (2000) -
EVD (2003) - FVD (2005) - UMD (2005) - VMD (2006) - HD DVD (2006) -
Blu-ray Disc (BD) (2006) - AVCHD (2006) - Tapestry Media (2007) - HVD
(TBA) - PH-DVD (TBA) - Protein-coated disc (TBA) - Two-Photon 3-D (TBA)

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 28

5.6 |j;p7;k,9ec[[2tc]al (flash memory)

I6[ !D@$ |;j p7;k,9ec[[2tc]al mugj vUo;jkສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
g7nvj ’vjko{0PogIofU (handy drive)

2tc]alwfi s^n p6gvl[uwfi (Flash drive s^n
USB drive) gxaov5xtdvo7v,ry;g8u le]a[gda[0=h,6o3fp.-h|;j p7;k,9ec[[ 2tc]al
(flash) gIaf;PdI;j ,da[ 16gvl[u (USB) !D! s^n @DW ,u0t|kfohvp c]t g[qkD .oxaf95[ao
2tc]alwfi lk,kf[ao950=h,6owfhg4y’ !@) GBD

3fpmqj;wx 2tc]alwfi 9tgIaf;Pdwfh.os^kp]t[q[xt8y[afdko Xoa[c8j Windows
98/ME/2000/XP/Vista, MAC, Linux c]t Unix?D v5xtdvogda[0=h,6o-toyfoU vkf9t
I6h9addao.os^kp-nj 3fp-njgs^qjkoAo c,jo0Bo16oj ez6hzt]yf g-y’j gxaowx8k,8q;c[[0v’g0qkg9Qk
gv’ g-ajoG

x 7uwfi (key drive)F
x 9a,wfi (jump drive)F
x fk8hk7u (data key) s^n fk8hk-t8yd (data stick)F
x mikg;]wfi (travel drive)F
x ma,wfi (tump drive) s^n ma,7u (tump key)F
x growfi (pen drive)F
x 2tc]alwfi (flash drive) s^n 2tc]alful (flash disk)F
x g,3,iuwfi (memory drive) s^n g,3,iu-t8yd (memory stick)F
x p6gvl[uwfi (USB drive) s^n p6gvl[u7u (USB key)F
x cIofUwfi (handy drive) c]tvnjoM

6. v5xtdvoxhvo s^n Ia[0=h,6o (Input Devices)

9kdI6[c[[dkogIaf;Pd0v’7v,ry;g8u v5xtdvoxhvo0=h,6ogxaov5xtdvomujoegvqk
0=h,6o s^n 3xicdi, g0Qkwxgda[w;h.o|;j p7;k,9es^ad c]t .-h.odkoxt,;ozqoD v5xtdvo
Ia[0=h,6o,us^kpxtgrf g-aoj G cxhory, (keyboard)F g,qkl (mouse)F mtciad[vo (trackball)F

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 29

dko7;[75, (joystick)F g7njv’ltcdogou (scanner)F g7nvj ’vkj ovadlvoc,jgs^adF 9=leraf
(touch screen)D

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

I6[ !D@& cxhory,0t|kf !W$ x5,j

6.1 cxhory,
cxhory,gxaov5xtdvomujgIaf|hkmuIj a[0=h,6o3fpdkodqfx5,j gmy’cxhory, c]h;lqj’]tsaf

.shda[g7njv’7v,ry;g8uD cxhory,mu,j ad.-hdaos^kp .o8vooU ,u9eo;ox5,j !W$ x5j,D g4y’;jk
,ao9t,ux5,j s^kpd=8k, c8dj koxhvo0=h,6opa’,ux5j,pqd (shift key) le]a[.-h7;[75,8q;vadlvo
vnjo g-ajoG dqfx5,j shift grnjvg]nvdvadlvorklklkdqo.shgxao8q;.spDj cxhory,mu.j -h.oxtgmf
gIqklk,kfry,vadlvorklk]k;wfhD dkomujIa[0=h,6orklk]k;wfh gonvj ’9kd,udkorafmt
ok3fp.-h3xicdi, s^n -v[c;.shg7nvj ’Ia[I6hrklk]k;wfhD

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 30

6.2 g,qklF mtciad[vo c]t dko7;[75,
dkorafmtok3xicdi,7v,ry;g8u.oxaf95[ao 9tgoAo.shz6h.-hgIaf;Pdwfh’kj p0Bo 9b’j ,u

dkorafmtokv5xtdvoIa[g0Qk mugj \ktlq,da[3xicdi, g-yj’lk,kfg]nvd-Uwxgmy’|hk9=
c]h;g]nvdlyj’muj8hv’dkowfh g-aoj G

6.2.1 g,qkl
gxaov5xtdvoIa[0=h,6og0Qk mujlk,kfg]njvo8q;-Uwxsk8ec|j’mu8j hv’dkogmy’|hk9=D

g,qklI5jogdqjk ,u]adltotgxaox5j,dqf xqd16dj a[|j;pdq, c]t g,njv]kdwxgmy’rNoc]h; 9t,u
dkolq’j laopko8k,cdo x c]t y g0Qkl6j7v,ry;g8uD .oxaf95[ao g,qkl,us^kpI6[c[[ c]t
l;j os^kp9t.-hcl’cmo.sh|j;pdq, g-yj’gIaf.shz6h.-hlk,kfg]nvdwfh8k,7;k, 8hv’dkoD

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

I6[ !D@* g,qkl.oI6[c[[8kj ’M

6.2.2 mtciad[vo
7n |;j pdq,mujlk,kfdY’wx,k c]t ;k’16gj my’g[QkD z6h.-hlk,kf[a’7a[|j;pdq,.sh

\6owx,k grnjv7;[75,dkogIaf;Pd0v’8q;-Ugmy’|hk9=7v,ry;g8uD 7v,ry;g8uc[[3ohf[5d
(note book) I5oj gdqjk l;j os^kp,udkolhk’mtciad[vow;h grktltf;d8+dko.-h c]t .-h
rNomuj|hvpD

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 31

I6[ !D@( mtciad[vo

6.2.3 dko7;[75,
,u]adltotgxao7ao3pd g-yj’3pdwx,kwfhs^kpmyfmk’D 0totmu3j pddhko7;[75,wx,k

8ec|j’0v’8q;-UxPj owxfh;p g-yj’gxaodkolqj’laopkog0Qkl6j7v,ry;g8uD dko7;[75,gxao
muoj ypq,.-hdaos^kp.odkos^Yogd,D

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

I6[ !D@) dko7;[75,c[[8jk’M

6.3 g7nvj ’ltcdogou (scanner)
gxaov5xtdvoIa[0=h,6o3fp.-hg8ad3o3]-u0v’dkozjkocl’ grnjvvkj o]tsafmujgxaolaopt

]ad s^n I6[rk[8kj ’M c]h;.sh7v,ry;g8uoegvqkwxxt,;ozqo8+F g7njv’ltcdogou-;j p.sh
dkoIa[0=h,6owfh;jv’w;d;jkdkodqfx5j,gmyj’cxhory, c]t vudma’pa’s^5fzvj o0=hzyfrkfvao
gonjv’,k9kddkodqfx5j,vudfh;pD g7nvj ’mujoypq,.-hdao16mj qj;wxwfhcdj ltcdogouF g7nvj ’vjko
c4[]tsaf gxao8QoD

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 32

I6[ !D@_ ltcdogou c]t g7nvj ’vjkoc4[]tsafສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

6.3.1 g7njv’vkj oc4[]tsaf}[k37f (barcode reader)
gxaov5xtdvoIa[g0Qkmuj.-hle]a[vjko]tsafgxaoc4[ (bar code) g-y’j gxaoc4[glAomu,j u

0t|kfc8d8jk’dao c]t .-hcmo]tsaf0=h,6o8kj ’MD dkovkj o9t.-hcl’lvj ’c4[glAo
gIaf.shgdufdkoltmhvocl’ grnjvIa[]tsafg0Qk,k8u7;k,\kpD xaf95[ao oypq,.-h.oIhko
la[rtlyo7hk g-y’j lyo7hkm5d-toyf9t8yfc4[]tsafw;hD z6h0kp.-hg7nvj ’vjkooU grnvj 9twfhI6h;jk
,aogxaolyo7hkxtgrf.fF ]k7kgmqkj .f c]t lk,kfvvd.[[yoIa[g’yo.shwfh4nd8hv’1jk’
vaf8t3o,afD

I6[ !D#W c4[]tsaf c]t g7njv’vjkoc4[]tsaf 33

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@

6.3.2 g7nvj ’vjkovadlvoc,gj s^ad (Magnetic-Ink Character Recognition sp=hgxao

MICR)

gxaog7nvj ’vjko8q;g]dmujry,16gj my’gvdtlkomulj e7ao[k’1jk’ g-ajoG 8q;g]dmujry,16joe
mtok[af s^n .[g-adg’yo Xlaopk.-hg’yo? g-y’j 8q;g]dgs^qkj oAo ,u]adltotryglfmugj Iaf.sh
g7njv’vjkowfhD gonvj ’9kdc8]j t,N mtok7ko8hv’Ia[ c]t 9kj pg’yogxao9eo;os^kp 9b’j ,u
dko.-hg7njv’vkj ooU -;j p.odkooa[ c]t d;flv[7;k,4nd8hv’0v’mtok[af s^n .oleoad
’kowxltou gryjo.-hg7nvj ’vjkooU grnvj -j;pcpd9qf\kp8k,]tsafwxltouD

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

I6[ !D#! g7nvj ’vkj ovadlvoc,jgs^ad c]t .[g-ad (check)

6.4 9=lezaf
lk,kfgxaowfhma’|;j pIa[g0Qk c]t lq’j vvdD |;j p9=rk[lk,kfIa[0=h,6owxxt,;o

zqowfh 3fpdkolezafgmy’[=]yg;o|hk9=rk[D [=]yg;o|hk9=rk[0v’9=lezafxtdv[fh;p8k
7jkp0v’]ecl’vyo2kgif (infa red)D g,njv,u;af45,klezafgmy’|hk9= ,ao9t,udkolq’j
laopkow22hk g-yj’lk,kf]t[58ec|’j gmy’|hk9=.shda[3xicdi,mujde]a’gIaf;Pd16jD dko.-h
9=lezaf,u7;k,ltf;d c8vj kf9tzyfrkf.odko]t[58ec|j’gmy’|hk9= 4hk8ec|’j gmy’
|hk9=rk[,u0t|kfohvpgduowxD 9=lezafwfhxtp5d.-hda[;Pds^kp1kj ’ g-ajoG .os^kpxtgmf
gryjo.-h.odko9v’xUg[y’j |a’F .odko9v’xUpqoF .o86h4vog’yo c]t vnoj MD

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 34

I6[ !D#@ 9=leraf ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

7. v5xtdvoltcf’zqo (Output Devices)

gxaov5xtdvomujle7ao c]t 9egxao1kj ’|bj’D v5xtdvoltcf’zqomuj.-h.o]t[q[7v,
ry;g8u g-ajoG |j;p9=rk[ (Monitor)F g7nvj ’ry, (Printer)F g7njv’lkp (Data Projector).

7.1 |j;p9=rk[
|j;p9=rk[,u]adltot];,7ndaoda[3m]trk[mqj;wxD dkolq’j vvd0v’0=h,6o 9txkdqf

gmy’|hk9= g-y’j ltcf’wfhma’8q;vadlvoF 8q;g]dF g7njv’\kpryglf c]t pa’lk,kfltcf’
I6[rk[wfhfh;pD |;j p9=rk[,ulv’c[[7nG c[[ -uvkimu (CRT sp=h,k9kd Cathode Ray
Tube) .-hg8ad3o3]-u0v’s^vf]a’lugvg]ad8iq’ g-aoj fP;da[3m]trk[.odkogIaf.shgdufrk[
c]t c[[ cv;-ufu (LCD sp=h,k9kd Liquid Crystral Display) .-hg8ad3o3]-u0v’
dko[ao950v’cs^;w;hrkp.o|hk9= g-ajofP;da[|hkxaf3,’mujgxao]t[q[8q;g]dD

I6[ !D## |hk9=rk[c[[ -uvkimu c]t c[[ cv;-ufu 35

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@

dkoltcf’zqogmy’|hk9=rk[ 9tltcf’fh;pg,afohvpM8k,mk’ovo c]t mk’8A’D ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
c8dj vj o |hk9=rk[ltcf’zqowfhrP’lufP;D c8j8+,kwfh,udkorafmtok.sh,udkoltcf’zqo
wfhs^kpluD ovd9kdoU pa’,u7;k,]tvPfl6’0Bo g-aoj G |j;p9=rk[muj.-hda[7v,ry;g8u.o
xaf95[ao ltcf’zqo.ork;tdik2ydwfh1kj ’|hvp .omk’ovo )WW g,af .omk’8A’ *WW g,af
c]t ltcf’luwfhg4y’]hkoluD 3fpmqj;wx 0t|kf0v’|hk9=rk[9tcmd8k,7;k,pk;0v’
glAogoaj’9v,0v’|hk9= c]t ,u0t|kfg]uj,9kd !$ oU; 0Bowx $& oU; Xle]a[|hkc[[ CRT
vkf9tIvfc8jxt,ko @W oU;gmqkj oAo?D dkoltcf’zqogmy’|hk9=7;[75,3fpcz’;q’9vo
gvg]ad38ioydmuj16jrkp.o7v,ry;g8uD

7.2 g7nvj ’ry,
75ootrk[0v’dkory,gvdtlko 3fp.-hg7nvj ’7v,ry;g8ul;j o|b’j 0Boda[xtlyfmyrk[

0v’g7nvj ’ry,D ,aogxaov5xtdvomujle7aole]a[oegvqk0=h,6omujxt,;ozqoc]h; ry,]q’.l|j hk
g9hp8k,muj8hv’dkoD g7njv’ry,muj.-hdaoxaf95[ao,us^kpc[[s^kppujs=h 0Bo16jda[g8ad3o3]-u0v’
dkory, g-aoj G

7.2.1 g7njv’ry,c[[g,af (dot matrix printer) ,u]k7k4ndF ,u75ootrk[fu c]t .-h;Pd
wfhmqj;wxD dkomugj 7nvj ’ry,oU,u-n;j kj g7nvj ’ry,c[[g,af grktI6[]adltot8q;vadlvomujry,vvd
,k 9tgxaog,afohvpM16j.o0v[ g-aoj G 8q;vadlvomuj,u7;k,]tvPf.o];’l6’0v’8q;vadlvo
@$ g,af c]t 7;k,d;hk’c8]j t8q;vadlvo !@ g,afF 0t|kf c,miyd (matrix) 0v’8q;
vadlvo 9t,u @$V!@ g,afD

I6[ !D#$ g7njv’ry,c[[g,af

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 36

g7njv’ry,c[[g,af,ulj;oxtdv[[k’vao c]t 75o]adltotmujle7ao fa’j 8+wxoUGສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

1) sq;ry,0v’g7njv’ry, mu.j -hmqj;wx ,ug0a,ohvpM9eo;o _ vaoD c84j hk8hv’dko.sh
;Pddkory,,u7;k,]tvPfl6’ s^n .sh8q;|a’ln’k,0Bo sq;ry,7;o,ug0a, @$ vaoD dkory,
8q;|a’ln.ork;t7;k,l;p’k,oU gvUo;jk gvocv;7u; (NLQ = News Letter Quality).
sq;g0a,gxao];fmu,j udqowd0a[g7njvo .-hs^addko-adoec,gj s^adw22hkD sq;g0a,8hv’c0’ c]t ,u
75ootrk[fu 9b’j lk,kfry,gvdtlko.lgj 9hp|kl6’l5fwfhg4y’ & legoqk22D dkory,gvdtlko
0v’g7nvj ’ry,c8]j txtgrf s^n pusj =h 9tc8d8jk’dao grkt75ootrk[0v’cI’dqffaosq;ry,
c8]j tvao9t[+gmqjkdaoF gIaf.sh7;k,-afg9o0v’gvdtlkolegoqkl5fmhkp8kj ’daoD 7;k,]t
vPf0v’g,afry,9t0Bo16jda[0t|kf0v’sq;g0a, c]t dqowd0a[g7nvj o0v’g7njv’ry,c8]j tI5oj
g-aoj G #*WV#*W g,af8+oU;F #*WV!)W g,af8+oU;D 75ootrk[dkory,dik2yd0Bo16dj a[75o]adlt
otfa’j djk;oAoD

2) v5xtdvod;flv[sq;ry, vkf9t,u.og7njv’ry,[k’I5joD ,ao,u|hkmudj ;flv[7;k,
Ihvo0v’sq;ry, grktg,njvg7njv’ry,4nd.-h;Pdfqo sq;ry,9tIhvo0Bo g4y’9t,urkdlj;o]t
[kp7;k,Ihvoc]h;d=8k,F ,aovkf9t[+rP’r=D 4hkskdsq;ry,oAo Ihvo0Bos^kpD .od=]touoU
v5xtdvofa’j dkj ; 9tlqj’laopko.shg7nvj ’ry,zjvo7;k,w;0v’dkory,]q’D g,njvv5ostr6,s^5f
]q’ ,aod=9tgru,j 7;k,w;0v’dkory,wxg4y’0uf9edafvudD

3) v5xtdvod;flv[7;k,|k0v’g9hp lj;os^kp9t,u16j.og7njv’ry,D 4hkxhvog9hp
.ljg7njv’ry,|kgduowx 9tgIaf.shsq;ry,gxgr’kj pD v5xtdvooU 9tgIaf.shg7njv’ry,15fgIaf;Pd
g,njvd;frq[;jkg9hp muxj hvo.ljg7nvj ’skd|kgduowx grnjvxhv’dao7;k,glpskp0v’sq;ry,D
ovd9kdoU ,aopa’d;flv[g[y’j ;jk g9hpmuxj hvo.ljg7nvj ’ry,oAopa’,us^n[+L

4) v5xtdvocmd7;k,w;0v’dkory, ,usq;|j;p;afcmdgxao9eo;o8q;vadlvo8+
;yokmu g-ajoG g7njv’ry,9try,wfh #WW 8q;vadlvo8+;yokmu .ork;txqddt8y c]t fh;p0t|kf
8q;vadlvo !W 388+oU;F c8jskdry,c[[ NLQ 3fpmqj;wxc]h; 7;k,w;9ts^5f]q’ gs^nvrP’
|b’j .olk,lj;ogmqjkoAoD dkod;flv[7;k,w;0v’g7njv’ry, .o8q;9y’vkf9t[+gmqkj da[75o

22

legoqk \kpg4y’ 0=h7;k, s^n goNv.omurj y,9kd8Qolt[a[F 0=h7;k,goNv.omujdjkplegoqkvvd,k9kdlt[a[gfu,
“;af9toko5dq, rklk]k; Xlt[a[xa[x5’.\j? 3fp fiD mv’7e vjvo,toulvo}s=lt,5fcsj’-kf @WW)”.

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 37

]adltotmu[j vdw;h phvo;jk0totmujry,8q;9y’ g7nvj ’ry,8hv’wfhg]nvj osq;ry,wx,k 9tgIaf.sh ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
glpg;]kr=lq,7;oD 7;k,w;0v’g7nvj ’ry,.oxaf95[ao,u8A’c8j @WW{&WW 8q;vadlvo 8+;yokmuD

5) 0t|kfry,0v’g7njv’ry,,u @ 0t|kf 7nG .-hda[g9hp0t|kf _V!& oU; s^n ry,wfh
)W 8q;vadlvo c]t !#@ 8q;vadlvo.ork;t !W 8q;vadlvo8+oU;D

6) [vj orad0v’0=h,6o (buffer) gxaog]njv’mujle7ao grktdkory,c8]j tgmnvj oAo g7nvj ’
7v,ry;g8u 9tlqj’0=h,6o]q’wxgda[w;h.o[jvorad-q;j 7k;D 4hk[vj orad-q;j 7k; ,u0t|kf.spj
9ts^5frk]tdkolqj’;Pd0v’7v,ry;g8uwxskg7nvj ’ry,wfhs^kpD 0t|kf0v’[vj orad-q;j 7k;
,u8A’c8j ) KB 0BowxD g4y’1kj ’.fd=8k, g7nvj ’ry,[k’I5oj lk,kfgru,j 0t|kf0v’[vj orad
0=h,6o-qj;7k;wfh 3fpdko.lj|j;p7;k,9e]q’ g-yj’8hv’wfh-N.l8j jk’skdD

7) [jvo.lgj 9hp gxaolj;omujle7ao .odkoxhvog9hpg0Qk.og7nvj ’ry, c]t 7;o.-h
wfhma’g9hpme,tfk c]t g9hp8+gonvj ’mugj xaoI6mk’fhko0hk’D

7.2.2 g7njv’ry,g]g-u (laser printer) gxaog7njv’ry,muoypq,.-hdao1kj ’d;hk’0;k’D g7nvj ’
ry,oUvkwlg8ad3o3]-uw22hklt4yf mujrq[gsao.og7nvj ’4kj pgvdtlkomq;j wx 3fp]ecl’9kd
wf3vfg]g-u 9tlkpwxskdt9qd,5, grnjvltmhvowxskmvj odY’w;cl’ g-yj’9txa[laopko
rk[ s^n 8q;vadlvomujwfhIa[9kd7v,ry;g8u8k,mk’pk;0v’mjvodY’1kj ’;vj ’w;D lkog7nv[
gmy’mvj odY’9tgdufxt8ydy]ypkda[cl’ c]h;xPj ogxao[ao95w22hklt4yf g-yj’gIaf.shzq’\bd
gdkt8yfda[rNomujmuj,uw22hk[ao95D g,njvg9hpry,\6ozkj omvj odY’ 7;k,Ihvo9tgIaf.shzq’\bd
s^v,]t]kp8yfda[g9hp wfhI6[rk[ s^n 8q;vadlvoD

I6[ !D#& g7nvj ’ry,g]g-u (laser printer)

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 38

gonjv’9kd]ecl’g]g-uwfhIa[dko7;[75,1kj ’c,jo1e gIaf.sh7;k,]tvPf0v’g,afສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
I6[muxj tdqfgmy’g9hpdtfkfl6’s^kpF ;Pdry,9b’j ,u75ootrk[l6’ gIaf.sh8q;|a’ln,u7;k,7q,
-afg9o c]t l;p’k,D dkory,gvdtlko0v’g7nvj ’ry,g]g-u 9t[+,ulP’fa’g\nvodaoda[
g7nvj ’ry,c[[g,af c8j9t,yf’P[g\nvofa’j g7njv’4kj pgvdtlkoD

g7nvj ’ry,g]g-umuoj ypq,.-hda[g7njv’w,377v,ry;g8ulj;os^kp 9t,u7;k,w;xt,ko * sk
@$ |hk8+okmu 3fp,u7;k,]tvPf0v’rk[xt,ko #WW g,af8+oU;D fa’j oAoF ,ao9bj’gIaf.shwfh
rk[dik2ydmujl;p’k, c]t 8q;|a’lnmu7j q,-afg9ofu ,u-5fc[[vadlvos^kp-5fD g7njv’ry,
g]g-u]tfa[l6’9t,u7;k,w;0v’dkory,l6’0Bo 7n 8A’c8j @W |hk8+okmu sk (W |hk8+okmuD
g7nvj ’ry,g]g-u]tfa[l6’oU 9t,u]k7kcr’ [+g\ktlq,8+dkooe,k.-h.oleoad’komqj;wxD

g7njv’ry,g]g-upa’,udkorafmtok8+wx gonjv’9kd3xicdi,lhk’rk[dik2yd 9t,u
7;k,lk,kfl6’0BoD ,aolk,kflhk’ c]t ;kfrk[.o]adltotgxao-Yol;j o;af45 ,kxtlq,
xtlkodao.shg[y’j wfhl;p’k,0BoD 3xicdi,8jk’M 9t8hv’cx’0=h,6ork[,kgxaog,afrk[
c]h;9b’j lq’j 0=h,6o9kd95frk[wxskg7njv’ry,D rk[mulj hk’ c]t ltcf’zqovvdmk’g7njv’ry,
9t.-hg;]kpk;okos^kpokmu8+rk[D g7nvj ’g]g-u 9t,u|j;pxt,;ozqo s^n w,37i3xig-lg-u
16jrkp.ole]a[Ia[0=h,6oI6[rk[ grnjvc[j’g[qkrk]t0v’7v,ry;g8uD 0totfP;dao 9t,u
7;k,9e0t|kf.sp0j Bo le]a[gda[0=h,6oI6[rk[wfhs^kp0BoD

7elaj’ s^n rklk grnjvvtmy[kp0=h,6oI6[rk[ mujoypq,.-hda[g7njv’g]g-uI5jo.\oj U lj;os^kp
9t.-hrklkxqflt7iyx (postscript) 9qo,adgvUodao;jk g7nvj ’ry, xqflt7iyxD

.odkog]nvd-N g7nvj ’g]g-u,k.-h;Pd 9t8hv’wfhry9k]tok75o]adltot8jk’M fa’j oUG
1) 75ootrk[0v’g7njv’ry,G g7njv’ry,8hv’ry,wfh #WW sk *WW g,af8+oU;D 4hk9eo;o
g,afrk[8+oU;l6’s^kpgmqjk.f d=py’gIaf.shI6[rk[7q,-af0BogmqjkoAoD
2) 7;k,w;0v’dkory,G g7nvj ’ry,g]g-umuj.-hmqj;wx 9t,uvaf8k7;k,w;0v’dkory,
xt,ko * g4y’ @$ |hk8+okmuD vaf8k7;k,w;0v’dkory,mu]j t[5w;h.og7njv’vkf 9t[+
4nd8hv’ z6h.-hvkf9tmqflv[7;k,w;3fpdkodkory,;Pd8kj ’dao g-ajoG ry,gvdtlkoc[[
[+g;Ao[aomafF gvdtlkoc[[g;Ao[aomaf c]t rk[dik2yd 3fp,u-5fc[[vadlvo8kj ’dao
c]h;9qf[aombdg;]k grnvj xP[mP[zqoD
3) |j;p7;k,9e0v’g7njv’ry,G g7njv’ry,g]g-u 9t,u|j;p7;k,9ele]a[gda[0=h,6o
8q;vadlvo c]t rk[gvqkw;hD 8k,xqddt8y,ao9t,u|;j p7;k,9e16j &!@ dy3]w[ g4y’ !
g,dkw[ c]t lk,kf0tspkpgru,j g8u,wfhvudD g7njv’muj,u|j;p7;k,9el6’d;jk ]k7kcr’

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 39

d;kj 9tgIaf;Pdwfhw;d;kj grkt7v,ry;g8ulk,kfl’jq 0=h,6ork[wxry,wfhmaomu [+9egxao8hv’
glpg;]klq’j 0=h,6os^kpM gmnvj D

7.2.3 g7njv’ry,c[[rqoj \bd (inkjet printer) gxaog7nvj ’ry,muj.-h;ymudkorqoj oE\bd c]t
xtlq,lu9kdc,lj u lk,lu 7nG lucf’F lugs^nv’ c]t lu2hkD ,ao9txtlq,lu.shwfh8k,7;k,
8hv’dko c]t rqjo\bdvvd,k grnjv.sh8yfda[|hkg9hpD .oxt95[ao g7nvj ’ry,c[[rqoj \bd
gxaomuoj ypq,daos^kp gonvj ’9kd,aolk,kfry,I6[rk[vvd,kgxaoluwfhl;p’k,D

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
I6[ !D#* g7njv’ry,.-h\bd (inkjet printer)

7.2.4 g7njv’ry,c[[c4; (line printer) g7njv’ry,-toyfoU ,u7;k,w;.odkory,l6’s^kpD
,aolk,kfry,wfhs^kpIhvpc4;8+okmu 7nG 7;k,w;.odkory,,ug4y’ @DWWW c4;8+okmuD
]adltotdkory,,us^kpc[[D [k’c[[.-hry,fh;pc4[.=lj8q;vadlvomu\j 6o16j c]t ,u7aog7kt
8q;vadlvo.o8ec|j’mujdeoqfS [k’c[[.-hsq;py’c[[95f c8j,u9eo;osq;py’gxao9eo;o
s^kp grnvj .shry,wfhw;D g7njv’ry,-toyfoU 9bj’g\ktlq,da[leoad’ko s^n vq’dvomuj8hv’dko
ry,gxao9eo;os^kp c]t ry,1kj ’8+gonjv’D

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 40

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

I6[ !D#( g7njv’ry,c[[[aomaf (line printer)

7.3 g7njv’lkp0=h,6o
g7nvj ’lkp0=h,6o gxaov5xtdvow22hk-toyf mujlkp0=h,6os^a’9kdzkj odkoxt,;ozqo

vvd9kdg7njv’7v,ry;g8u .l9j =rk[ s^n zhklkdD .oxaf95[aoF ,aogxaov5xtdvomuoj ypq,.-hdao
.oshv’IPo c]t shv’xt-5, le]a[dkooeltg|ugoNv.o8kj ’MD g7nvj ’lkp0=h,6olk,kf
8+vvd9kd8q;g-njv,8+ (VGA socket) 0v’g7njv’7v,ry;g8u g-yj’,u7;k,g0A,0v’rk[c8j
800V600, 1024V768 c]t 1280V1024. g7njv’lkplj;os^kp lk,kf.-hwfhda[3m]trk[
];,ma’g7nvj ’lkp;yfu3vD [k’g7nvj ’lkplk,kf.-h wfhma’da[3m]trk[]t[q[ vkok]avd
c]t fy9y8vo c]t lk,kf.-hgxaog7njv’[aogmu’rkp.ogInvowfhD

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 41

I6[ !D#) g7nvj ’lkp0=h,6o.ovtfuf ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

.oxu !_)WF g7njv’lkp0=h,6o g7njv’|b’j ,uoE|ads^kpd;jk !) dy3]dik,F oe.-h
s^vfl6opkdkf (CRT) le]a[lkprk[0k;fe (monochrome image)D 4hkgxaog7njv’
lkpgxaoI6[lu ,ao9t,u oE|adgru,j 0Bos^kpgmqkj grkt8hv’wfh.-hs^vfl6opkdkfg4y’ # s^vf
mugj xaolu cf’ 0P; c]t 2hkD s^a’9kdoAoF d=wfh,udkorafmtokg7njv’lkp0=h,6ofh;ps^vfl6o
pkdkfmu,j u0t|kf.spj ,kgxaog7nvj ’lkp0t|kfohvpg-yj’,uoE|ad[+gmqjk.fdy3]dik,D

I6[ !D#_ g7nvj ’lkp0=h,6omuj.-h.oxaf95[ao

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 42

7e4k,7Qo7;hk !ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

1. dkoxt,;o0=h,6o.o]t[q[7v,ry;g8u,u95fgfajo7nco;.fL
2. l;j oxtdv[mujgxaorNo4ko0v’7v,ry;g8u ,uspa’cfLj
3. l;j oxtdv[rNo4ko0v’7v,ry;g8u c8j]tvao,u|hkmuj3fp];, 7nco;.fL
4. |;j pxt,;ozqodk’c[j’vvdco;.f c]t ,u|hkmujspa’LD
5. 9qj’g;Qkg4y’dkorafmtok c]t dkorq;rao0v’ CPU da[ TransistorsL
6. gryoj deoqf0t|kf0v’ CPU co;.fL
7. 9q’j deoqfsq;|;j pmujgxaov5xt76o c]t mt;u76o0v’ bit c]t dkorq;rao0v’r;d,aoD
8. 9qj’lhk’8k8t]k’xP[mP[7;k,c8d8kj ’0v’ CPU c8j]tI5joD
9. |j;p7;k,9es^ad ci, c]t iv,c8d8jk’daoco;.fL
10. 9q’j xP[mP[|hkmu0j v’|;j p7;k,9es^ad c]t |j;p7;k,9eleIv’D
11. |;j p7;k,9eleIv’xtdv[,uspa’cfjLD
12. 9q’j g;Qkg4y’37’xtdv[lhk’ c]t ;ymudko[aombd0=h,6o0v’fyfltcdafD
13. Ikfful,u]adltotmq;j wxco;.fL
14. dko3vophkp0=h,6o0v’]ts;kj ’Ikfful c]t |;j p7;k,9egxaowx7nco;.fL
15. dko7;[75,Ikffulgxaowxco;.f c]t -toyf0v’cz’7;[75,,uspa’cfjL
16. 37’xtdv[lhk’ c]t dkooe.-hgma[c,jgs^adgxaowxco;.fL
17. 37’xtdv[lhk’ c]t ]adltotmqj;wx0v’czoj -ufu c]t czoj fu;ufugxaoco;.fL
18. ,kf8t4ko0v’czjo-ufu ,uspa’cfjL
19. 3fpmq;j wx czoj -ufu c]t czoj fu;ufu,u9ad-toyf c]t -toyf.fcfLj
20. ]adltotmq;j wx0v’ data stick ,u7nco;.fL
21. v5xtdvoxhvo0=h,6o c]t ltcf’zqo ,uspa’cfjL c8]j tvao,u37’lhk’ c]t ;ymudko

gIaf;Pdco;.fL
22. g7njv’ry,,u9adxtgrf c]t c8]j txtgrfgIaf;Pdco;.fL
23. 9qj’xP[mP[g7nvj ’lkp0=h,6o c]t |j;p9=rk[D

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 43

]efa[24. .shoadIPory9k]tok;kj v5xtdvo8+wxoUgxaov5xtdvoxtgrf.fLj|;p7;k,9es^ad
j|;p7;k,9ele
v5xtdvo Iv’
j|;pIa[g0Qk
1 g,qkl j|;plqj’vvd
j|;pxt,;ozqo
2 CPU
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
3 g7njv’vkj o]tsafcmj’ (bar

code reader)

4 g7njv’vjkoczjo[aombd

5 Monitor

g7njv’vkj oczoj -ufu (CD

6

player)

7 dhko7;[75, (joystick)
8 ]e3r’ (speaker)
9 cxhory, (keyboard)
10 g7nvj ’ry, (printer)
11 ci, (RAM)
12 czjo[aombd (diskette)
13 Ikfful (hard disk)
14 czoj -ufu (CD)
15 iv, (ROM)

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 44

[qfmu @ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

-v[c; XSoftware?

zjkodkoIPo[qfoU oadIPolk,kfG

x g0Qk.97;k,\kp c]t g0Qk.97;k,le7ao0v’-v[c;D
x g0Qk.97;k,lerao]ts;kj ’-v[c; c]t rklk7v,ry;g8uD
x I6h-toyf0v’-v[c; c]t |hkmu0j v’r;d,aoD
x g0Qk.97;k,\kp c]t I6hxtgrf0v’w;iaf
x I6hvkdko0v’g7nvj ’7v,ry;g8umuj8yfw;iafF ;ymudkod;fskF ;ymudkode9af c]t ;ymu

dkode9afw;iafD

7e4k,7Qo7;hkG

x 7;k,\kp c]t 7;k,le7ao0v’-v[c;,u7nco;.fL
x -v[c; c]t rklk7v,ry;g8u ,udkora;raodao7nco;.fL
x -v[c;c[j’vvdgxao9ad-toyfF c8]j t-toyf,u7;k,\kp c]t |hkmu7j nco;.fL
x w;iafc,oj spa’ c]t ,uxtgrf.fcfjL
x vkdko0v’g7njv’7v,ry;g8umuj8yfw;iaf gxaoco;.fL c]t 9td;fskF de9af c]t

xhv’dao[+.shg7njv’8yfw;iafwfhco;.fL

d=]toulbdlkG

oadIPo]v’7yfg[yj’;kj dkorq;rao7qogIqkda[g7nvj ’7v,ry;g8u 9tgduf0Bowfh7nco;.f
.og,nvj 7qogIqklhk’,ao0Bo,k c]t ,aod=gxaorP’v5xtdvomuvj kwlw22hk grnjv]+]hP’8q;,ao
gv’.sh.-h;PdwfhD 4hk1kd.sh7v,ry;g8u-;j p;Pdwfhgxao]t[q[ c]t 8k,7;k,8hv’dko
0v’gIqkF c,oj spa’ mu9j tgxaolyj’deoqf.sh,aoxt8y[af8k,7;k,8hv’dko0v’7qogIqkwfhLD
ly’j gs^qjkoAo ,udko9aflaoF ,u7;k,\kp c]t ,u|hkmuj.odkooe.-hco;.fL [aoskmugj duf0Bo
da[dkogIaf;Pd0v’ 7v,ry;g8uc,jospa’L grnjvs^udg;Ao9kd[aoskgs^qjkoAo 7;ogIafco;.fL

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 45

1. 7;k,\kp c]t 7;k,le7ao0v’-v[c; ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

-v[c; \kpg4y’-5f7elaj’ s^n 3xicdi,mu.j -hla’j .sh7v,ry;g8ugIaf;Pd8k,]efa[
0Ao8vodkogIaf;Pd’ko g-yj’0Po0Bofh;prklk0v’7v,ry;g8uD 7elaj’gs^qjkoAo IP’dao
gxao3xicdi,7v,ry;g8uD g\nvofaj’mudj kj ;,kc]h;;jk 7v,ry;g8ugIaf;Pd8k,-5f7elaj’F
faj’oAoF dkogIaf;Pd’ko0AorNo4ko gxaorP’dkodtmeda[0=h,6omugj xao8q;g]d4kolv’ g-y’j
.-hcmo0=h,6omujgxao8q;g]dF 8q;vadlvoF I6[rk[ s^n cmolP’g;Qkd=wfhD

dkomujgIqkgsao7v,ry;g8ugIaf;Pd.shda[gIqk1jk’s^kds^kp phvo,ao,u-v[c;8jk’M
-j;plt|a[lt\6odkogIaf;Pd’kogs^qkj oAo g-ajoG Ihko7hkvkf9t.-h7v,ry;g8u .odkogIaf
[ao-umusj p5h’pkd-a[-hvoF [=]ylaf0kpxUpqo.-h7v,ry;g8u-j;p.o]t[q[dko9v’xUF mtok7ko
.-h7v,ry;g8u-j;p.odko9afdko0=h,6o8jk’M mu,j u16j1kj ’s^;’s^kpF 76 c]t oadIPo.-h7v,ry;
g8u-j;p.odko9afry,gvdtlkoD fa’j oAoF -v[c;9b’j ,u7;k,\kpI;,wxg4y’3xicdi,7v,
ry;g8um5dxtgrf mugj Iaf.sh7v,ry;g8ugIaf;PdwfhD

dkomuj7v,ry;g8ufegouodkowfhco;.f c]t lhk’.shgdufxt3spf.shwfhs^kp{|hvp
rP’.foAo 9b’j 0Bo16dj a[-v[c;D -v[c;9bj’gxaolj;ole7ao0v’]t[q[7v,ry;g8uD skd0kf
-v[c; 7v,ry;g8u[+lk,kfgIaf;Pdwfh c]t ,aogxaolj;oxtdv[|bj’mujgIaf.sh]t[q[0=h,6o
0kj ;lkogxaowxwfh8k,mu8j hv’dkoD

2. -v[c; c]t rklk7v,ry;g8u

g,nvj ,to5f,u7;k,8hv’dko.-h7v,ry;g8u gxaog7nvj ’,n-j;p.odkofegouodko ,to5f
9egxao8hv’[vd0Ao8vo c]t dkofegouodko.sh7v,ry;g8u-k[D dkomu9j t[vdly’j muj,to5f
g0Qk.9.sh7v,ry;g8uIa[I6h c]t gIaf;Pdwfh1kj ’4nd8hv’oAo 9egxao8hv’,ulndj k’D 4hkxP[mP[
da[-u;yfxt9e;aoc]h; gIqk,urklkmu.j -hgxaodko8yf8+g-yj’daoc]tdaoD g-aoj fP;dao 4hk,to5f
8hv’dko9t4kj pmvf7;k,8hv’dko.sh7v,ry;g8uIa[I6h c]t xt8y[af8k, 9t8hv’,uldjn k’
le]a[dko8yf8+ grnvj .sh7v,ry;g8uIa[I6hD gryoj gvUolndj k’oU;kj rklk7v,ry;g8uD

gonvj ’9kd7v,ry;g8ugIaf;Pdfh;plaopkow22hkxyf c]t gxuf g-y’j .-hcmofh;p8q;
g]d W c]t ! wfhD z6hvvdc[[7v,ry;g8u9bj’.-h8q;g]d W c]t ! oU gxao]tsafcmo

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 46

7ela’j .odkolaj’;Pd7v,ry;g8uD ]tsafcmo0=h,6o c]t 7elaj’3fp.-h]t[q[g]d4kolv’oUສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
gIaf.sh7v,ry;g8ulk,kfg0Qk.9wfhD gryoj gvUog]d4kolv’mujxtdv[gxao-5f7ela’j c]t .-hla’j
;Pd’ko7v,ry;g8u ;jk rklkg7nvj ’D

dko.-hrklkg7njv’ g4y’c,oj ;jk7v,ry;g8u9tg0Qk.9wfhmaomu c8jz6h.-h9t,u0=hsp5h’pkd
s^kp grktg0Qk.9 c]t 9n9j ewfhpkdD ltoAoF 9b’j ,uz6hlhk’rklk7v,ry;g8u.oI6[c[[mujgxao
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