ວິຊາເຕັກໂນໂລຊີ ຂໍ້ມູນຂ່າວສານ ແລະ ການສື່ສານ ມ.2

Compiler Author 8k8t]k’ltcf’8q;1kj ’ Compiler

Windows UNIX-like Other OSs License type

Visual Basic Microsoft Yes No DOS Proprietary

Portable C Anders Magnusson and Yes Yes Yes Open source

Compiler others

C++ Compiler Embarcadero Yes No No Freeware
(CodeGear)

Borland C++ Borland (CodeGear) Yes No DOS Proprietary

Turbo C++ for Borland (CodeGear) No No DOS Proprietary
DOS

Visual C++ Microsoft Yes No No Proprietary

VisualAge IBM Yes AIX OS/2 Proprietary
C++

Intel Fortran Intel Yes Linux and No Proprietary
Compiler Mac OS X

Lahey Computer Yes Linux only No ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດProprietary
Lahey Fortran

Systems, Inc.

NAG Fortran Numerical Algorithms Yes Yes No Proprietary
Compiler Group

Object Pascal Borland (CodeGear) Yes (3.x) No No Proprietary
for Windows

Turbo Pascal CodeGear (Borland) No No Yes Freeware

-v[c; s^n 3xici,7v,ry;g8u gxaolj;ole7ao mu7j ;[75,dkogIaf;Pd’ko0v’
7v,ry;g8u .shfegouodko8k,co;7;k,7yfmudj eoqfw;h]j;’|hkc]h;D 7v,ry;g8ugIaf;Pd
8k,3xicdi,gmqkj oAo ,ao[+lk,kfgIaf;Pd’koovdg|nv9kdmujdeoqfw;h.o3xicdi,D

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 48

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
I6[ @D! 7v,rkpg]u (compiler) c]t vyog8uxiyfg8u (interpreter)

3. -toyf0v’-v[c;

-v[c; s^n 3xici,7v,ry;g8umuj,uz6hrafmtok0Bo,k grnvj .-h.o7v,ry;g8u,us^;’s^kpD
-v[c;gs^qjkoU vkf9twfhIa[dkorafmtok9kdz6h.-hgv’ s^n z6hrafmtok]t[q[ s^n z6hzt]yf
9e|kj pD skdc[’j cpd-toyf0v’-v[c;8k,ltrk[dkogIaf;Pd’ko 9tc[j’wfhgxao
lv’xtgrffa’j oUG

-v[c;

-v[c;]t[q[ -v[c;xtp5d

]t[q[xt8y[afdko 8q;cxrklk -v[c;leg]afI6[ -v[c;.-h;Pdltgrkt

I6[ @D@ dkoc[’j -toyf-v[c;

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 49

3.1 -v[c;]t[q[ (system software)
gxao-v[c;mu[j =]ylaflhk’0Bo,k grnjv.-h9afdkoda[]t[q[dko[=]ysko’ko8jk’MD |hkmuj

dkogIaf;Pd0v’,ao 7nfegouo’korNo4ko8jk’M0v’]t[q[7v,ry;g8u g-aoj G Ia[0=h,6o9kd
cxhory, c]h;cx7;k,\kp.sh7v,ry;g8ug0Qk.9F oegvqk0=h,6owxltcf’zqogmy’9=rk[ s^n
lq’j vvdwxskg7nvj ’ry,F 9afdko0=h,6o.o]t[q[c2h, 0=h,6ogmy’j |j;p7;k,9eleIv’D

g,nvj gxufg7njv’7v,ry;g8u maomumuj,udtclw22hk.shda[g7nvj ’ ,ao9tgIaf;Pd8k,3xi
cdi,maomuD 3xicdi,mevyfmujlaj’.sh7v,ry;g8ugIaf;PdoU gxao-v[c;]t[q[D -v[c;]t[q[
vkfgda[w;h.oiv, s^n .oczjo9koc,jgs^ad (hard disk)D skd[+,u-v[c;]t[q[F 7v,ry;g8u
9tgIaf;Pd[+wfhD 8q;1jk’0v’-v[c;]t[q[ g-aoj G ;yo3f _( (Windows _()F ;yo3f _)
(Windows _))F ;yo3f ,u (Windows Me)F ;yo3f gvadru (Windows XP)F ;yo3f ;yl8ki
(Windows Vista)F p6oyd (Unix) c]t ]uo5d (Linux) gxao8QoD

-v[c;]t[q[pa’gxaog7njv’,n.odkorafmtok-v[c;vnjoM g-aoj G Utility Software
c]t pa’I;,g4y’8q;cxrklk8kj ’M g-yj’xtdv[,u [aofk Graphic, Clean up, …
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

I6[ @D# ,t3ork[dPj ;da[-v[c;]t[q[ c]t -v[c;xtp5d

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 50

3.2 -v[c;xtp5d}oe.-h 23 (application software)
gxao-v[c;muj.-hda[;Pd’kofhko 8kj ’M 8k,7;k,8hv’dko0v’z6h.-hmujlk,kfoe

,k.-hxt3spfwfh3fpdq’D xaf95[ao ,uz6hrafmtok-v[c;.-hle]a[;Pd’kofhko8jk’M vvd9e
|jkpgxao9eo;os^;’s^kpF gIaf.shdkooe.-h;Pd’kofh;p7v,ry;g8u 9bj’gxaowx1kj ’d;hk’
0;k’ c]t crsj ^kpD

-v[c;xtp5dvkf4ndc[’j vvdgxaolv’d5,j g-ajoG -v[c;leg]afI6[ c]t -v[c;muj
rafmtok0Bo.-h;PdltgrktD -v[c;leg]afI6[.oxaf95[ao,us^;’s^kp g-ajoG -v[c;xt
,;o7ela[ (word processing software)F -v[c;gIaf;Pdda[8k8t]k’ c]t vnjoMD

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

I6[ @D$ -v[c;oe.-h8kj ’M

23 xtp5d (applied) \kpg4y’ xa[.-h.shgxaoxt3spfF “rqf9toko5dq,]k;F lt[a[rklkg7Qkgfu, 3fp l5[yorit3dw-p%
rDl @$$)”.

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 51

4. |hkmuj0v’-v[c;]t[q[ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
g4y’;jk7v,ry;g8u9txtdv[fh;pvq’xtdv[rNo4komulj e7ao faj’v5xtdvoIa[g0QkF v5xt

dvolqj’vvdF |j;p7;k,9e c]t |;j pxt,;ozqo d=8k,F .odkogIaf;Pd0v’7v,ry;g8u
9egxao8hv’,udkofegouo’koda[v5xtdvorNo4kogs^qjkoAoD fa’j oAoF 9b’j 8hv’,u-v[c;]t[q[
grnvj .-h.odko9afdkodPj ;da[]t[q[0v’g7njv’D |hkmu8j Qo8=0v’-v[c;]t[q[xtdv[fh;pG

1) .-h.odko9afdkov5xtdvoxhvo0=h,6o c]t v5xtdvoltcf’zqo g-aoj G Ia[I6hdko
dqfx5,j 8jk’M0v’cxhory,F lqj’]tsaf8q;vadlvovvdmk’9=rk[ s^n g7nvj ’ry,F 8yf8+da[v5xt
dvoIa[g0Qk c]t lqj’vvdvnoj M 7nG g,qklF ]e3r’ gxao8QoD

2) .-h.odko9afdko|j;p7;k,9e grnvj oegvqk0=h,6o9kdczoj [aombd0=h,6o,k[ao95.o
|;j p7;k,9es^ad s^n .omk’dq’dao0hk, 7noegvqk0=h,6o9kd|j;p7;k,9es^ad,k[aombdw;h
.oczjo[aombd s^n IkffulD

3) .-hgxao38g-njv,8+]ts;jk’z6h.-hda[g7nvj ’7v,ry;g8u grnjv.shlk,kf.-h;Pdwfh’jkp0Bo
g-ajoG dkog[yj’]kpdko.olk]t[ko (directory)F .oczoj [aombd0=h,6oF dkogIaflegoqk
c2h,0=h,6oD

-v[c;]t[q[muj.-hdaomqj;wx c[j’vvdgxao]t[q[xt8y[afdko c]t 8q;cxrklk-v[
c;D ma’lv’xtgrfoU gIaf.shgdufrafmtokdkodkooe.-h wfh’kj p0BoD

4.1 ]t[q[xt8y[afdko
]t[q[xt8y[afdko s^n gvUosp=h;jk 3vgvl (OS sp=h,k9kd Operation System) gxao

l;j oxtdv[mujle7ao0v’]t[q[-v[c;D ]t[q[xt8y[afdkoxtdv[0Bo9kd-5f3xicdi,muj
gIaf|hkmu7j ;[75,dkofegouodko8jk’M0v’]t[q[7v,ry;g8u c]t xtlkodkogIaf;Pd
’ko]ts;kj ’-a[rtpkdvo8jk’M.o]t[q[7v,ry;g8u g]uj,c8jlj;omugj xao-v[c; c]t l;j omuj
gxaoIkfc;.shgxaowx1jk’g\ktlq, c]t ,uxtlyfmyrk[D ]t[q[7v,ry;g8u.o]tfa[w,37i
7v,ry;g8u8hv’,u-v[c;]t[q[xt8y[afdkooU c]t 3fpmqj;wx.-h]t[q[xt8y[afdkomuj9afgda[
16jgmy’czjo[aombd s^n IkffulD ]t[q[xt8y[afdkomuoj ypq,.-hdaos^kp c]t I6h9addaofu 7n fvl

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 52

XDOS sp=h,k9kd Disk Operation System)F ;yo3f (Windows)F 16oyd XUnix?F ]uo5dສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

(Linux) c]t c,advyomvf (Macintosh sp=hgxao Mac) gxao8QoD

4.1.1 DOS

DOS gxao-v[c;9af]t[q[;Pd’komujrafmtok,kfqookoc]h;F dko.-h;Pd9b’j .-h
7elaj’fh;p8q;vadlvoD zkj o,klj;os^kp.ow,37i7v,ry;g8ugxaomujI6hdaofu c]t ,adoypq,.-h
gva,gvl fvl (MS-DOS sp=h,k9kd Microsoft Disk Operation System? g-yj’rafmtok
3fp[=]ylaf w,37i-v[7=x=gi-ao XMicrosoft Cooperation?D ]t[q[xt8y[afdkooUwfh,udko
rafmtok,k1kj ’8+gonvj ’8k,7;k,8hv’dko0v’z6h-q,.-h c]t rafmtokdko0v’-v[c;
c]t Ikfc;D

dkog]u,j 8QogIaf;Pd0v’ DOSG DOS 9tg]u,j 8QogIaf;Pd3fpvaf8t3o,af9kdl;j o
0v’-5f7ela’j mu9j afgda[16gj my’|j;p7;k,9e0v’]t[q[7v,ry;g8umu.j -hvjko1jk’fP; (ROM)D
7ela’j gs^qjkoU 9tgIaf|hkmuj7;[75,v5xtdvorNo4ko c]t gIafdko[ao95]t[q[xt8y[afdko
9kdczoj [aombd s^n Ikfful 0Bol6|j ;j p7;k,9es^ad c]t s^a’9kdoAoF dko7;[75,dko
gIaf;Pd0v’]t[q[7v,ry;g8u 9t4nd[ao95wx16jgmy’|;j p7;k,9es^ad.shgxaomuIj P[IhvpD 3xi
cdi,|b’j .o DOS muj4nd[ao95 7n 3xicdi,7ela’j mu,j u-n;j jk 7a,,aofvf7v, (command.
com) c]t 0t[;odkog]u,j 8QodkogIaf;Pd0v’]t[q[7v,ry;g8ufaj’dkj ;gvUodaomq;j wx;jk
dko[5f (boot) g7njv’7v,ry;g8uD dko[5f,u16fj h;pdao @ ;ymu 7nG

1) 37o[5f XCold Boot? 7ndkogxufg7njv’fh;px5j,xyf{gxuf (power switch)D
2) ;v,[5f XWarm Boot? 7n9t.-h;ymuoU .o0totmugj 7nvj ’gxuf16j c]t g7nvj ’7hk’

(hank) g-yj’[+lk,kfgIaf;Pdwfh8k,mujgIqkxhvo0=h,6og0QkwxD dko[5fc[[oUlk,kf
gIafwfh16j @ ;ymu 7nG

1. dqfx5,j Reset Xvjko;kj iug-af?D
2. dqfx5j, Ctrl+Alt+Del rhv,dao16j.ocxhory, c]h;xvj p,nD

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 53

I6[ @D& rk[ltcf’|hk9=dko[5fg7njv’7v,ry;g8u fh;p]t[q[xt8y[afdko DOS

-toyf7elaj’0v’ DOSG 7ela’j 0v’ DOS ,u16j @ -toyf7nG

1) 7elaj’rkp.o (Internal Command) gxao7ela’j mugj vUo.-hwfhmaomu 8ts^vfg;]k

mugj 7nvj ’.-hgIaf;Pd16j grkt7elaj’xtgrfoU 4nd[ao95]q’.o|j;p7;k,9es^ad8ts^vf
g;]k s^a’9kdmuj boot DOS24D lj;os^kp9tgxao7ela’j muj.-h16jltg\u g-aoj G CLS,

DIR, COPY, REN gxao8QoD

2) 7ela’j rkpovd (External Command) 7elaj’oU9t4ndgda[w;h.o disk s^n czoj

DOSD 7ela’j gs^qkj oU 9t4ndgda[w;h.o|;j p7;k,9eD g,nvj 8hv’dko.-h7ela’j gs^qjkoU
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
g7njv’7v,ry;g8u 9tgvUo7elaj’g0Qksk|;j p7;k,9eD 4hkczjofyl s^n Ikfful

[+,u7elaj’mu8j hv’dko.-h16j d=[+lk,kfgvUo7ela’j oAowfhD 8q;1jk’ 7ela’j FORMAT,

DISKCOPY, TREE, DELTREE gxao8QoD

I6[c[[ c]t dko.-h7ela’j 8jk’MG .odko.-h7ela’j 8jk’M0v’ DOS 9t,udko

deoqfvadlvo s^n laopt]ad.-hcmo0=h7;k,0v’I6[c[[7elj’a faj’oUG

[d:] \kpg4y’[jvogda[0=h,6o (Drive) g-aoj G A:, B:

[path] \kpg4y’-njwfgiadg8uiupvj p

[filename] \kpg4y’-ncj 2h,0=h,6o s^n -nj2kp (file name)

[.ext] \kpg4y’lj;o0tspkp s^n ok,ltd5o

\kpgsfG 0=h7;k,16.j o;q’0= X[]? 4hk[+,u d=[+8hv’.l7j ela’j D

24 Boot DOS \kpg4y’dkooe]t[q[xt8y[afdko DOS g0Qkl6j|;j p7;k,9eD 54
xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@

I6[c[[ c]t dko.-h7ela’j rkp.o

7elaj’ |hkmuj I6[c[[

CLS (CLEAR ]n[0=h,6ogmy’9=rk[.o0totoAo CLS
SCREEN)
DATE cdhw0}g[y’j ;aomu.shda[]t[q[ DATE

TIME (SYSTEM) TIME
VER VER
(VERSION) cdhw0}g[yj’g;]k.shda[]t[q[
g[yj’g]d\kp (version) 0v’ VOL [d:]
VOL (VOLUME) fvl DIR [d:] [path]
DIR ltcf’-nj0v’ DISKETTE [filename
(DIRECTORY) g[yj’-njc2h,0=h,6oF goNvmugj my’czjo [.ext]] [/p] [/w]
[aombdF -njczjo[aombd

[/p] \kpg4y’ ltcf’
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
0=h,6ogmnjv]t ! |hk9=rk[

4hk8hv’dkog[y’j |hk8+wx .sh

dqfx5j,.fx5j,|bj’0v’cxhovad

lvoD

[/w] \kpg4y’ ltcf’-nj

c2h,0=h,6o8k,7;k,d;hk’

TYPE ltcf’goNv.o s^n 0=h,6o.oc2h, 0v’9=rk[
COPY 0=h,6omudj eoqf
TYPE [d:] [path]
.-hlegoqkc2h,0=h,6o|b’j s^n s^kp [filename.
c2h,0=h,6o9kdc2h,0=h,6o [.ext]]
8Qomk’ wxskc2h,0=h,6oxkp COPY [d:] [path]
mk’ vkf9tgxao9kd [filename
[.ext]] [d:]
[path] [filename
[.ext]]

czjo[aombd czjo|b’j s^n

czoj gfu,d=wfh

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 55

REN (RENAME] xjPo-ncj 2h,0=h,6o X0=h,6o.oc2h, REN [d:] [path]
0=h,6o pa’g\nvogfu,? [oldfilename[.ext]
]
[newfilename[.ext]
]

DEL (DELETE) ]n[c2h,0=h,6ovvd9kdczoj fyl DEL [d:] [path]
[filename
PROMPT xjPoI6[c[[8q; rihv, Ia[7e [.ext]]
COMMAND laj’ (system prompt) gxao8q; PROMPT [prompt-
.\j 8k,mu8j hv’dko text] or
propt $p$

$ \kpg4y’ 8q;vadlvo

t \kpg4y’ g;]k ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
d \kpg4y’ ;ao gfnvo xu
MD (MAKE lhk' subdirectory Xshv'pvj p? p \kpg4y’ glAomk’
DIRECTORY) grnjvgda[c2h,0=h,6o Directory xaf95[ao
gxao7ela’j .odkoxjPowx.-h;Pd v \kpg4y’ DOS
CD (CHANGE subdirectory mu8j hv’dko
DIRECTORY) VERSION NUMBER

g \kpg4y’g7njv’\kp >
l \kpg4y’g7nvj ’\kp <
q \kpg4y’g7nvj ’\kp =

MD [d:] [path]
[Dir_name]

CD [d:] [path]
[Dir_name]

CD\ (dkophkpda[,kl6j

ROOT DIRECTORY

RD (REMOVE ]n[ subdirectory Xshv'pvj p? CD.. (dkophkpda[,kmuj
DIRECTORY) mujlhk’fh;p7ela’j MD
DIRECTORY)
RD [d:] [path]
[Dir_name]

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 56

7ela’j rkpovd ,u @ ok,ltd5o 7nG

1) ok,ltd5ogxao .COM gxao 2kpmuj[ao950=h,6omuj4ndcx’gxaorklkg7nvj ’c]h;D
2) ok,ltd5ogxao .EXE gxao 2kpmu[j ao950=h,6omu0j Po 3fp.-hrklk]tfa[l6’ c]t

cx’gxaorklkg7nvj ’c]h;D

7elaj’ |hkmuj I6[c[[

TREE ltcf’]kp-nj directory TREE [d:] [/f]

ma’\qf.oczjofyl mudj eoqf SYS [d:]
SYS (SYSTEM) gxao7elaj’ copy c2h,0=h,6omu.j -h

.odkogxufg7njv’ ]q’.ljczjofyl

s^n Ikfful mu[j +,u]t[q[

CHKDSK Xgxufg7njv’[+wfh? CHKDSK [d:] [path]
(CHECK d;flv[ directory s^n file [filename
DISK) ltcf’ 9eo;o memory mu.j -h [.ext]] [/f] [/v]
wx c]t mugj s^nv16j I;,g4y’goNvmuj
/f \kpg4y’ dkod;flv[
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
gmy’czoj fyl mu.j -hwx c]t goNvmuj mujglpskp

mugj s^nv16j /v \kpg4y’ .shltcf’

directory c]t

LABEL grnvj deoqf volume label, xPj o c2h,0=h,6omugj -njv’16j
s^n ]n[ volume label gmy’fyl
LABEL [d:] [volume
label]

FORMAT d=]toumuj diskette .\j FORMAT [d:] [/s]
9tgxaodko9af track c]t [/v]
sector 0v’ diskette .\j
/s \kpg4y’ gIafdko
format 3fpgIafdkolegoqk

grnvj .sh0Po0=h,6owfh 3xicdi,]t[q[fvl

d=]toumuj diskette mu,j u0=h,6o16jc]h; (BIO.COM, OS.COM,

g,njv.-h7ela’j oU COMMAND.COM)

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 57

0=h,6o9t4nd]hk’vvd\qf /v \kpg4y’deoqf

rhv,muj9t0Po0=h,6o.\j volume label .shfyf

DISKCOPY gxao7ela’j muj.-h copy file ma’ DISKCOPY [d:] [d:]
(COPY
DISKETTE \qf 9kdczoj fylczoj |b’j wx.lj

vudczjo|bj’ c8j4hkczjofyl vud

czoj pa’[+wfhgIaf format d=9t

gIaf format .sh3fpvaf8t3o,af

4.1.2 ;yo3f ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
gxao]t[q[xt8y[afdkomujrafmtok8+9kd DOS 3fp.shz6h.-hlk,kflaj’;Pdwfh9kd

dkooe.-hg,qkls^kp0Bo cmodko.-hcxhory,rP’1jk’fP;D ovd9kdoU ]t[q[xt8y[afdko
;yo3f pa’lk,kfgIaf;Pds^kp1jk’rhv,daowfh 3fp;Pdc8j]t1jk’ 9t16j.o0v[0v’|hk8jk’
gmy’9=rk[D dko.-h;PdgoAowxmk’dik2yd g-yj’z6h.-hlk,kf.-hg,qklg]nvj o8q;-U (cursor)
grnvj g]nvd8ec|’j muxj tdqfgmy’|hk9=rk[ gIaf.sh.-h;Pdwfh’kj pD faj’oAoF ]t[q[xt8y[afdko
;yo3f 9bj’wfhIa[7;k,oypq,s^kp .oxaf95[aoD

4.1.3 16oyd
gxao]t[q[xt8y[afdkomurj afmtok,k8A’c8j.op5d.-hg7nvj ’,you7v,ry;g8uD ]t[q[xt8y[af

dko16oydgxao]t[q[xt8y[afdkogxuf (open system) g-y’j gxaoco;7yfmuzj 6h.-h[+8hv’dko0Bo
da[]t[q[.f]t[q[|b’j s^n 8hv’.-hv5xtdvomu,j upusj =h25fP;daoD 16oydpa’4ndvvdc[[,kgrnvj 8v[
lt|v’dko.-h;Pd.o]adltotmujz6h.-h .-hwfhs^kp7qo .og;]kfP;dao g-j’y gvUo;kj ]t[q[s^kp
7qo.-h (multiusers) c]t lk,kfgIaf;Pds^kp1kj ’.og;]kfP;dao .o]adltotmujgvUo;jk

25 pusj =h \kpg4y’ g7njv’\kple]a[Ihko0kp0v’ s^n dko7hk0kpF -nlj P’ “;a9oko5dq, rklk]k; 3fp ,tsk lu]k
;yit;q’l% lt[a[xa[x5’.\j rDl @&$_”.

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begin

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int main(void)
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(Python) s^n rklkvnjoM lhk’d=wfhD l;j orklk9k;koAo d=lk,kfoewx.-hrafmtok

29 8Qow,h3vHd (oak) -n8j Qow,h-toyf|b’j mu,j ugoNvw,h.-hle]a[gIafg7njv’gInvo c]t g7njv’.-h8jk’M“rqf9toko5dq,]k;F
lt[a[rklkg7Qkgfu, 3fp l5[yorit3dw-p% rDl @$$)”
30 lt4kxaf8tptde \kpg4y’ ;y-k s^n ly]txt;jkfh;pdkod+lhk’ “rqf9toko5dq,]k;F lt[a[rklkg7Qkgfu, 3fp
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@&$_”

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 67

3xicdi,rtc]af2v,vnjowfhg-aoj fP;dao g-aoj G 7v,rkpg]u gcj31 lk,kfcx3xicdi,muj ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
0Pofh;prklk9k;k .shgIaf;Pdwfh 3fp[+8hv’.-h g7njv’9ad7hkp7n8q;9y’0v’rklk9k;kD

xts;afI5oj (vision) 8kj ’M0v’rklk9k;k,ufa’j oUG
1. !DW Xxu !__*? lhk’0BogmnjvmevyfD
2. !D! Xxu !__(? xa[x5’7A’.spj 3fpgruj, inner classD
3. !D@ X;aomu $ mao;k !__)? ]tsaf Playground32 fhko9k;krtc]af2v,
wfhIa[dkoxjPocx’7A’.sp.j o API33 c]t JVM34 XAPI le7aomujgruj,,k7n Java
Collections Framework c]t SwingS lj;o.o JVM gruj, JIT 35 compiler? c8j8q;
rklk9k;koAo xjPocx’g]ad|hvp Xgruj,7ela[s^ad strictfp36? c]t ma’\qf4nd.l-j n.j \;j kj
“9k;k @” c8]j t[q[g]dI5jopa’[+xjPocx’D
4. !D# X;aomu ) rnfltrk @WWW? ]tsaf Kestrel 4ndfafcdhg]ad|hvpD
5. !D$ X;aomu !# d5,rk @WW@? ]tsaf Merlin gxaoI5jomu4j nd.-h;Pds^kpmujl5f.oxu
@WW&D
6. &DW Xmevyfgxao !D&};aomu @_ daopk @WW$? ]tsaf Tiger gru,j 75olq,[af.\j .o
rklk9k;k g-ajoG Annotations, Enumerations, Varargs, Enhanced for loop,
Autoboxing c]t mujle7ao 7nG GenericsD
7. *DW X;aomu !! mao;k @WW*? ]tsaf Mustang gxaoI5jo.odkorafmtok0v’
Java SDK 6.0 muvj vd,k.shmqf]v’.-h.ogfnvort9yd @WW$D

31 GCJ s^n gcj sp=h,k9kd GNU Compiler for Java gxao3xicdi,cx3xicdi,mu.j -h]hk (free software compiler) le]a[

rklk9k;k c]t gxaolj;o|bj’0v’ GNU Compiler Collection.

32 Playground \kpg4y’]tsafrNo4ko0v’]t[q[xt8y[afdkoD

]tsaf

33 API sp=h,k9kd Application Programming Interface c]t \kpg4y’;ymudko0v’]t[q[xt8y[afdkoshv’lt\5f s^n

[=]ydkovnjoM gxuf.sh3xicdi,7v,ry;g8ulk,kf8yf8+gvUo.-h;PdwfhD
34 JMV sp=h,k9kd Java Virtual Machine.
35 JIT sp=h,k9kd just-im-time.
36 strictfp gxao Java keyword muj.-hgrnjv9edafdkog]njvo95f0v’8q;g]d.odko7eo;oD

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 68

8. (DW Xrafmtok.oxu @WW)? ]tsaf Dolphin wfh4ndrafmtok0BoDສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

-v[c;gl]u mujdjP;0hv’da[9k;k g-aoj G

7v,rkpg]u c]t g7njv’9ad7hkp8q;9y’ (visual machine)

x JDK 7v,rkpg]u,kf8t4ko0v’ -aow,37i-ulg8a,D
x GCJ 7v,rkpg]urklk9k;k0v’37’dko GCC s^n GNU Compiler

Collection.

x Jikes 7v,rkpg]umujmevyfrafmtok3fp IBMD
x GNU Classpath shv’lt\5f7v,rkpg]u-5fle]a[9k;krtc]af2v, 3vgro

-vl (Open Source)D

x Kaffe
x SableVM

x IKVM 7v,rkpg]urklk9k;kgmy’ NET PlatformD

x SuperWaba.

x JRockit JDK rafmtok3fp IBM SystemD

ltrk[c;f]hv,le]a[dkorafmtok (Intergred Development Environment: IDE)
x BlueJ gxao IDE mugj \ktda[dkolbdlk 3fpgoAo|adwxmujco;7yf g]nvj ’dko0Po

3xicdi,.oI6[c[[;af45D

x Borland JBuilder.

x Eclipse 3vgro-vlD

x IntelliJ IDEA.

x JDeveloper 0v’[=]ylaf 3vikg7iuD
x JEdit Xgxao Editer c8lj k,kf8yf8A’ Plug in grnvj gru,j 7;k,lk,kffhko IDE

wfh?D
x JLab gxao0v’rkd;y-k;ylt;tde7v,ry;g8uD
x NetBeans 3vgro-vlD
x Rational Application Developer 0v’wv[ugva,D
x Sun Java Studio 0v’ -ao w,37i-ulg8a,D
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Application Developer).

x Visual Cafe 0v’[=]ylaf Symantec.

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 69

x WebSphere Studio Application Developer 0v’wv[ugva, Xxaf95[ao 4ndcmo ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
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g-ajoG rklk3x]Hvd (Prolog) rklk37[vo (COBOL=COmmon Business-Oriented
Language) c]t rklk2vicmio (FORTRAN) gxao8QoD

5. -v[c;xtp5d
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lk,kfoegvqk7v,ry;g8u0t|kfohvp 8yf38wx.-h.olt4komuj8kj ’M wfhltf;d0BoD dko.-h
7v,ry;g8u8hv’,u-v[c;xtp5d g-y’j vkf9tgxao-v[c;leg]afI6[ mu,j uz6hrafmtok,kc]h;
grnjv.-h;Pdmqj;wxF gIaf.sh;Pd’koltf;d0Bo s^n vkf9tgxao-v[c;.-hltgrkt g-yj’z6h.-h
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x -v[c;xt,;o7ela[ (word processing software)
x -v[c;8k8t]k’7eo;o (spreadsheet software)
x -v[c;9afdko4ko0=h,6o (database management software)
x -v[c;oeltg|u (presentation software)
x -v[c;lnlj ko c]t 7Qosk0=h,6o (data communication and discovery

software)

x -v[c;dik2yd (graphic software)

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 70

5.1.1 -v[c;xt,;o7ela[ (word processing software)
gxao-v[c;xtp5d .-hle]a[dko8ury,gvdtlko g-yj’lk,kfcdhw0F gru,j F lvfc-dF

]b[ c]t 9afI6[c[[gvdtlkowfhgxao1jk’fuD gvdtlkomu8j ury,w;hF lk,kf9afgxaoleo;o s^n
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da[c[[2v,murj y, c]t 9afdP,w;h.o-v[c;xt,;o7ela[D ovd9kdoU -v[c;xt,;o
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gIqklk,kflhk’xB,gvg]ad38ioyd (e-book) fh;p-v[c;oUwfhD -v[c;xt,;o7ela[ gIaf.sh
7;k,le7ao0v’dko.-h g7njv’ry,fyfs^5f|hvp]q’ g-ajoG Microsoft Word, Lotus WordPro,
OpenOffice.org Writer c]tvnoj MD
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 71

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

I6[ @D) MS Office Word 2007, Lotus WordPro c]t OpenOffice.org 3 Writer

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 72

75olq,[afgfajovudxtdko|b’j 0v’-v[c;xt,;o7ela[.oxaf95[ao7n lk,kf-;j pd;fສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
lv[dkoltdqf7ela[.ogvdtlko;kj 4nd8hv’ s^n[+L ma’.oI6[c[[0v’7ela[ s^n w;pkdvo
X.-hwfhltgrktrklk8kj ’xtgmfgmqjkoAo? skdry,zyf 3xicdi,9tltcf’laopt]ad.shz6h.-h
la’gdfwfh’jkp g-ajoG ,udko0ufglAolucf’dhv’7ela[murj y,zyf c]t 9t,u7emu4j nd8hv’.shg]nvd
;jk 8hv’dko7ela[.fD 7;k,lk,kfoU ln[gonvj ’,k9kddkoI;,gvqk-v[c;mk’fhko
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,udkorafmtokgru,j 7;k,lk,kf0v’-v[c;vuds^;’s^kpD

5.1.2 -v[c;8k8t]k’7eo;o (spreadsheet software)
gxao-v[c;oe.-hmu-j j;p.odko7yf7eo;oD dkogIaf;Pd0v’,aoc,jo.-hs^addko

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8q;gv’ d=lk,kffegouodkowfh c]t lk,kflhk’7elaj’ryglf g-aoj G ,k37i (macro)
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oeltg|u.oI6[c[[8kj ’M g-ajoG czor6,mjvoF ;q’dq,F dik2glAo c]tvnjoMD z6h.-h
lk,kfgvqk-v[c;xtgrfoU.-h;Pdxt,;ozqo8q;vnoj M wfh1jk’d;hk’0;k’ g-aoj G Micrisoft
ExcelF Lotus 123F c]tvnjoMD

I6[ @D_ MS Office Excel 2007, Lotus 1-2-3 c]t OpenOffice.org 3 Calc

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 73

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dko7eo;o0v’-v[c;8k8t]k’7eo;ooAo lk,kfgIafwfhma’.omk’8A’ X4ao? ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
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7eo;omk’lt4y8yF dko7eo;omk’7toyflkfF 8addtlkfF 4ko0=h,6o c]tvnjoM 3fp[+9e
gxao8hv’0Po,k37igru,j g8u,D 8q;1kj ’G ;ymuc[[dko7eo;o mu,j udko.-hl6f s^n 8q;g]d
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8q;1jk’ 0=h,6o.o8k8t]k’ 7;k,\kp

1 =B2+B3+B4+B5 skzqo[;d s^n zqoI;,8k,4ao

2 =A2+B2+C2+D2 skzqo[;d s^n zqoI;,8k,c4;

3 =Sum(B2:B5) skzqo[;d s^n zqoI;,8k,4ao 3fp.-hl6f

4 =Sum(A2:D2) skzqo[;d s^n zqoI;,8k,c4; 3fp.-hl6f

5 =A2+B3*C4-D5 sk7kj 9kdl6fmu7j eo;o9kd7jk.oshv’8jk’M c[[g9kt9q’

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 74

dkogIaf;Pd0v’-v[c;oU 9kd8q;1jk’ mu & .o8k8t]k’ 9tgvqk7kj 16jshv’ B3ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
,k76oda[ C4 c]h;[;dda[ A2D 8+9kdoAoF oegvqkzqoIa[muwj fh ]q[da[7jk D5D ,aogxaoc[[oU
d=phvo;jk gxaos^addkomk’7toyflkf muj.sh8q;fegouodko76o c]t sko fegouodkodvj o
8q;fegouo[;d c]t ]q[D faj’oAoF dkodeoqfl6f9bj’8hv’,u7;k,-afg9oD dko.ljg7njv’\kp
;q’g]a[9txhv’dao7;k,la[lqoD fa’j oAoF .od=]tou ,ul6f7eo;o7n =A2+B3*C4-D5 lk,kf
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7jk8kj ’Mmuj16j.oshv’0v’8k8t]k’lk,kfdeoqf-toyf0v’0=h,6owfh g-joa G gxao8q;vad
lvoF 9eo;og8a,F 9eo;o9y’F ;aogfnvoxuF g;]kF gxug-ao c]t sq;|j;p7jkg’yo8k
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rkluF ]kpIa[{]kp9kj p c]t xtg,uozqodkoIPodkolvo0v’oadIPo c]t 76 gxao8QoD

5.1.3 -v[c;9afdko4ko0=h,6o (database management software)
dko.-h;Pd7v,ry;g8uvud1jk’|bj’ 7n dko.-h,aogda[0=h,6o c]t 9afdkoda[0=h,6omuwj fh

9afgda[w;h.og7njv’D ,ao9bj’9egxao8hv’,u-v[c;9afdko0=h,6oD dkoI;[I;,0=h,6os^kpMg]nvj ’
mujdjP;0hv’daow;h.o7v,ry;g8u gvUo;jk 4ko0=h,6o (Data Base)D -v[c;oU 9bj’\kpg4y’-v[
c;muj-j;p.odkogda[I;[I;,0=h,6oD dkoxt,;ozqo0=h,6oF dkoxt,;ozqo0=h,6orNo4koF
dkolhk’[qf]kp’kozqo s^n lts^5[zqo0v’0=h,6omuzj kj odkoxt,;oc]h;D -v[c;oU 9t,u
dko9afgda[ma’7kj 0=h,6orhv,da[37’lhk’0v’,ao grnjv-;j ps^5f7;k,-E-hvo c]t 7;k,0af
cp’0v’0=h,6o8ts^vf9qo-j;p.shz6h.-hma’s^kp wfhIa[7;k,ltf;d c]t .-h0=h,6oIj;,daowfhD

.o-v[c;9afdko4ko0=h,6o 9t,udko9afgda[gxao8k8t]k’7;k,lerao (relation)
g-yj’.o4ko0=h,6o|bj’M 9t,u8k8t]k’7;k,leraowfhs^kp8k8t]k’ c]t .oc8j]t8k8t
]k’7;k,lerao d=9t,uwfhs^kp]adltotxt9e (attribute)D .odkolhk’]adltotxt9eoAo
9t,udkodeoqf-toyf0v’]adltotxt9e c]t deoqf75olq,[afvnoj M g-ajoG I6[c[[ c]t
7;k,pk;0v’g0f0=h,6ogxao8QoD ly’j muj0kf[+wfh7n 8hv’deoqf]adltotxt9e ! 38 .shgxao
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]k’7;k,lerao gvUo;jk gvomy8u (entity)D

ovd9kdoAoF -v[c;9afdko4ko0=h,6o pa’,u.olj;o0v’rqf9toko5dq,0=h,6o g-yj’9t
[vd]kp]tvPf0v’8k8t]k’7;k,lerao g-aoj G [vd-nj8k8t]k’7;k,lerao 9eo;o

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 75

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0=h,6o9kd7jkmudj eoqf c]t pa’lk,kfdeoqf7;k,lerao0v’8k8t]k’0=h,6o lhk’[qf]kp
’ko c]t l;j oxtdv[vnoj M mudj Pj ;0hv’wfhD 37’lhk’ c]t I6[c[[8jk’M gs^qkj oU 4nddeoqf
0Bo grnvj -j;p.shz6h.-hlk,kf.-h;Pdwfhltf;dD -v[c;9afdko4ko0=h,6o[k’vaolk,kfgvUo
.-h;Pd4ko0=h,6omulj hk’9kd-v[c;9afdko4ko0=h,6ovnjowfhD

-v[c;9afdko4ko0=h,6o,us^kp-toyf c8]j t-toyfd=,u7;k,g\ktlq,da[|hk;Pdmuj
c8d8jk’daoD 8q;1kj ’0v’-v[c;9afdko4ko0=h,6o g-ajoG w,37i-v[ vHv[2ul cvdg-l
(Microsoft Office Access)F 3vgxaovv[2ul vHvdg[l (OpenOffice.org Base) c]t
2Hvdg[l (FoxBASE)D ovd9kdoU -v[c;9afdko4ko0=h,6ovnjo g-aoj G gmy’]t[q[]uo5d ,u-v[
c;9afdko4ko0=h,6ogxao9eo;os^kp ma’mugj xao3xicdi,.-h]hk X[+8hv’-N? g-ajoG ,kpgvl7u;
cv] (MySQL)F 3rldtiugvl7u;cv] (PostgreSQL)F ru7u;cv] (PQL) s^n -v[c; mujgxao
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ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

I6[ @D!! |hk8jk’dko.-h-v[c;9afdko4ko0=h,6o0v’ MS Office Access 2007

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 76

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’jkpF lk,kf8q[c8’j c]t oeltg|ultw]fh;pI6[c[[8kj ’M g-ajoG dko.lj c]t 8q[c8j’
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w,37i-v[grqkg;urvp (Microsoft PowerPoint?F 3]8af2iuc]o (Lotus Freeland)
c]tvnjoMD

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

I6[ @D!@ |hk8kj ’dko.-h-v[c;oeltg|u0v’ MS Office PowerPoint 2007

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 77

5.1.5 -v[c;lnlj ko c]t 7Qosk0=h,6o (data communication and discovery software)
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7v,ry;g8uvnoj M wfhD

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wxltougvg]ad38ioyd mujgxaodko7hk c]t .sh.-h]hk g-aoj G gofltg7[}vk3vcv; (Netscape/
AOL Mail)F w,37i-v[gvqk]5d (MS Outlook)F 1kI6g,; (Yahoo Mail)F 9ug,; (G Mail)
c]tvnjoMD

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 78

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@

79 ສະຫສງວ.ວນ.ລສຂິ ະສດິ

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
I6[ @D!# Netscape/AOL MailF Microsoft OutlookF Yahoo Mail c]t G Mail

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3fpzjko3xicdi, s^n -v[c;7Qosk0=h,6o (browser) g-aoj G w,37i-v[ gvdr]=g]u
(Microsoft Explorer)F ,=-uo]k w22Hvd (Mozilla Firefox) c]t 3vgxik gvdr]=g]u
(Opera Explorer) gxao8QoD

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 80

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

I6[ @D!$ Microsoft ExplorerF Mozilla Firefox c]t Opera Explorer

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[+glp7jk g-aoj G vk3vcv; (www.aol.com)F 1kI6 (www.yahoo.com)F d6gdu] (www.
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xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 81

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

I6[ @D!& g;a[w-7Qosk0=h,6oG www.aol.com c]t www.google.com

dkomugj Iqk9t.-h[=]ydko 9qf\kpgvg]ad38ioyd[+glp7kj oAoF dvj ovnoj gIqk8hv’8n,j
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z6h[=]ydko .sh7q[4h;odjvo c]h;9bj’oe.-h,aowfh XI6[ @D!*?D

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 82

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

I6[ @D!* c[[2v,gvg]ad38ioyd le][a dkolt\adoe.-h[=]ydko vug,; 0v’ yahoo

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 83

3xicdi,7Qosk0=h,6o gxao3xicdi, mujvjkogvdtlko9kd Web page Xg;a[grf?
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sp=h,k9kd HyperText Transfer Protocol) .odko8yf8+0=h,6o9kd8q;[=]ydkog;a[ (web
server) c]t ltcf’0=h,6o8k,I6[c[[0v’]tsaf0v’rklk gv-mugva,cv; (HTML
sp=h,k9kd HyperText Markup Language).

5.1.6 -v[c;dik2yd (graphic software)
gxao-v[c;muj.-hlhk’F vvdc[[F c8h, s^n 9afc8’j gvdtlko s^n I6[rk[D

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c]tvnoj MD

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

37 CAD sp=h,k9kd Computer-aided design gxao3xicdi,muoj ypq,.-h-j;p.odkovvdc[[lyj’xtfyf c]t lyj’d+lhk’8kj ’M
g-ajoG AutoCAD 2000 c]t .oxaf95[ao,uIvf AutoCAD 2010D

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 84

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

I6[ @D!( 3xicdi,dik2ydG PaintF Photoshop c]t CAD

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 85

5.2 -v[c;oe.-hle]a[;Pdltgrkt ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
dkooe.-h;Pdfh;p-v[c;leg]afI6[ ,ad9tgoAo.ljdko.-h;Pdmqj;wx c8jvkf9toe

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lj;o3I,dao grnvj Ij;,daogIaf;PdD -v[c;.-h;Pdltgrktmuj.-hdaomk’m5]tdyf g-ajoG ]t[q[
;Pdmk’fhko[ao-uF ]t[q[;Pddko9af9e|jkpF ]t[q[.o3I’’kov5flkstdeF [=]ysko
dkog’yoF dkog-qjk-N c]t vnoj MD

7;k,8hv’dko0v’dko.-h7v,ry;g8u.o;Pd’komk’m5]tdyf pa’,uvuds^kp faj’oAoF
9b’j pa’,u7;k,8hv’dko0v’z6hrafmtok-v[c; grnjvrafmtok-v[c;.-h;Pdltgrkt8kj ’M
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-v[c;.-h;Pdltgrktvkf9t16.j oI6[c[[0v’-v[c;gd, g-yj’gxaomuoj ypq,daomqj;3]d
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(joystick)D

I6[ @D!) Same Game gxaomuoj ypq,dao.od5,j z6h.-h16oyd c]t ]uo5d

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 86

I6[ @D!_ Game Puzzle gxaogd,9a[76vj 5xtdvomu7j ndao g-y’j g\ktlq,da[z6hg]uj,8Qo.-h
7v,ry;g8u.\j mu8j hv’dkog/yd-hv,dkooe.-hg,qklD
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

I6[ @D@W Chess Titans gxaogd,\kdglyd g-yj’g\ktlq,le]a[dkoIPo;ymudko;k’czoD

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 87

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dkog]nvd.-h-v[c;gd, gIqk9b’j 9egxao1jk’pyj’8hv’,udkory9k]tok.shIv[7v[ c]t
7;oxbdlkz6hxqd7v’dPj ;da[7;k,g\ktlq,fh;pD

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gIqk]v’,klbdlk]kp]tvPfdao dPj ;da[8q;w;iaf7v,ry;g8u3fprNo4kofaj’8+wxoUG

6.1 w;iaf c,oj spa’L
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muj8yfw;iaf9kdg7nvj ’|b’j wx.-h.ovudg7nvj ’|b’j D dkooe.-h]t[q[g7nv0jkp s^n dkooe.-h]t[q[
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dkomuwj ;iaf7v,ry;g8uc-dg0Qkwx]t[kf.o]t[q[7v,ry;g8u \kp7;k,;jk w;iafwfh
g0Qkwx/a’8q;16.j o|j;p7;k,9e0v’7v,ry;g8uIP[Ihvpc]h;D gonvj ’9kdw;iafgxaorP’c8j
3xicdi,vao|bj’F dkomujw;iaf9tg0Qkwx16.j o|j;p7;k,9ewfhoAo ,ao9t8hv’,udko4ndgvUo
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95fxtlq’0v’dkogIaf;Pd0v’w;iafc8j]t8q; 0Bo16dj a[8q;z6h0Pow;iafoAoM g-aoj G vkf
9tlhk’w;iaf.shwxme]kp3xicdi, s^n 0=h,6ovnoj M mu1j 6j.og7nvj ’7v,ry;g8u s^n vkf9tltcf’
0=h7;k,c]oj wx,kgmy’|hk9= gIaf.shz6h.-h7v,ry;g8u]e7ko gxao8QoD

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 88

6.2 xtgrf0v’w;iaf ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
w;iaf7v,ry;g8u,u16gj xao9eo;os^;’s^kp c]t ,us^kpxtgrffh;pdao Xlk,kf7Qosk

]kp-nj0v’w;iafwfh .o http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_viruses_(all)?D .ooU
9t0=pqdgvqk[k’lj;o,kltg|u g-aoj G

x [6fg-adg8uw;iaf (Boot Sector Viruses) s^n [6fvyog2ad g8uw;iaf (Boot Infector
Viruses) 7nG w;iafmugj da[8q;gv’16.j o Boot Sector 0v’ disk X|j;pgda[0=h,6o?D dko.-h
;Pd0v’ Boot Sector 7nG g,nvj g7njv’7v,ry;g8ug]u,j gIaf;Pd0Bo,kmevyf g7nvj ’9tg0Qkwx
vjko Boot Sector 3fp.o[vj ooU 9t,u3xicdi,0t|kfohvpM w;h.-h.odkogvUo]t[q[
xt8y[afdko0Bo,kgIaf;Pdvud8+|bj’D Boot Sector w;iaf9tg0Qkwxcmomu3j xicdi,fa’j djk;D
w;iafxtgrfoU 4hkskdwx8yf16.j o harddiskF 3fpmq;j wx 9tg0Qkwx16j[=]yg;omujgvUo;kj ,klg8u
[6fg-adg8u (Master Boot Sector) s^n cxiyg-uo gmg[uo (Pariton Table) 0v’ harddisk
oAoD

4hk Boot Sector 0v’ disk .f,uw;iafxtgrfoU8yf16j m5dgmnjvmugj xufg7nvj ’0Bo,k
3fprtpkpk,gvUo DOS 9kd disk 8q;3xicdi,w;iafoAo 9tgIaf;Pddvj o c]t 9tg0Qk
wx/a’8q;16j.o|;j p7;k,9e grnvj 8P,rhv,muj9tgIaf;Pd8k,mujwfh4ndlhk’,k c]h;8q;w;iaf
9bj’7vj pwxgvUo DOS .sh0Bo,kgIaf;Pd8+wx 7ndaoda[;kj [+,uspa’gduf0BoD

x 3xicdi,w;iaf (Program Viruses) s^n 2kp vyog2adg8uw;iaf (File Infector
Viruses) gxaow;iafvudxtgrf|b’j mu9j t8yf16dj a[3xicdi, g-y’j xqddt8yd=7nG 2kp (file)
mujok,ltd5o “.com” s^n “.exe” c]t [k’w;iaflk,kfg0Qkwx8yf16.j o3xicdi,mu,j uok,
ltd5o gxao “.sys” c]t 3xicdi,xtgrf3vg;ug] (Overlay Programs) wfhvudfh;pD
Overlay Programs gxao file muj,uok,ltd5omu0j Bo8Qofh;p ovD ;ymudkomujw;iaf.-hgrnjvg0Qkwx
8yf3xicdi, ,u16lj v’;ymu g-ajoG !? dkoc-d8q;gv’g0Qkwx16.j o3xicdi, zqod=7nG s^a’9kd
muj3xicdi,oAo8yfw;iafwxc]h; 0t|kf0v’3xicdi,9t.spj0Bo s^n @? vkf9t,udkole

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 89

goqk8q;gv’g0Qkwxma[l;j o0v’3xicdi,mu,j u16jgfu,F fa’j oAoF 0t|kf0v’3xicdi,9t[+xjPo ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
cx’ c]t pkdmuj9tlhv,cx’.shda[7nofu7ngdqjkwfhD

dkogIaf;Pd0v’,ao3fpmq;j wx 7nG g,njv,udkogvUo3xicdi,mu8j yfw;iafF l;j o0v’
w;iaf9tgIaf;Pddjvo c]t 9t4n3vdkfoU /a’8q;g0Qkwx16j.o|;j p7;k,9emaomu c]h;9bj’
7vj p.sh3xicdi,oAogIaf;Pd8k,xqddt8y8+wxD g,nvj w;iaf/a’8q;.o|;j p7;k,9ec]h; s^a’
9kdoUwx 4hk,udkogvUo3xicdi,vnoj M 0Bo,kgIaf;Pd8+F 8q;w;iafd=9tlegoqk8q;gv’g0Qkwx
.o3xicdi,gs^qkj oAomaomu c]t gxaodkocrj]t[kf8+wxD

;ymudkocr]j t[kf0v’3xicdi,w;iafvudc[[|bj’ 7nG g,nvj ,udkogvUo3xicdi,muj,u
w;iaf8yf16jF 8q;w;iafoAo 9tg0Qkwxsk3xiccdi,vnjoM muj1j6.o disk grnjvgIaflegoqk8q;gv’
]q’wxmaomu c]h;9b’j 7jvp.sh3xicdi,muj4ndgvUooAo gIaf;Pd8k,xqddt8y8+wxD

x ,hk3mi9ao (Trojan Horse) gxao3xicdi,mulj hk’0Bo,k.shgIaf8q;gv’7ndaoda[
;kj gxao3xicdi,me,tfkmq;j wx grnjvs^vd]=hz6h.-h.shgvUo0Bo,k c8gj ,nvj 4ndgxuf0Bo,kc]h;
,aod=9tg]u,j me]kp8k,mujwfhlhk’0Bo,kmaomuD w;iaf-toyfoU [k’8q;4nd0Po0Bo,k.\jma’-5f
3fpz6h0Po9tgIafdko8A’-nj3xicdi,rhv,-nIj 5jo c]t 7evtmy[kpdko.-h;Pdmujg[y’j c]h;
lq,da[7;k,9y’ grnjvs^vd.sh7qomuj9tgvUo.-hoAo g-njv.9D

95fxtlq’0v’z6hmuj0Pow;iafoU vkf9tg-aoj fP;da[z6h0Pow;iafmq;j wx 7nG lhk’.sh,aog0Qk
wxme]kp0=h,6omu,j u16.j og7njv’ s^n vkf9t,u95fxtlq’grnjv]adgvqk7;k,]a[0v’]t[q[7v,
ry;g8uD

I6[ @D@! Virus: Trojan Horse

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 90

,hk3m9aooU vkf9t4n;kj [+gxaow;iaf8Qo8= grktgxao3xicdi,mu4j nd0Po0Bo,k3fffjP;
c]t 9t[+,udkog0Qkwx8yf.o3xicdi,vnjo grnjvgIaflegoqk8q;gv’D c8,j ao9t.-h7;k,I6hgmqkj
[+g4y’dko0v’z6h.-h gxao8q;crj]t[kf-v[c;muj,u,hk3m9ao16j.ooAoD oa[;jk ,aogxao|b’j .o
xtgrf0v’3xicdi,muj7;k,vao8t]kpl6’ grktpkdmuj9td;flv[ c]t lhk’0Bo,k
wfh’jkp g-y’j vkf.-hrP’c8j batch file d=lk,kflhk’,hk3m9aowfhD

x 3x]u,=2ydw;iaf (Polymorphic Viruses) gxao-nmj u.j -h.odkogvUow;iaf muj,u7;k,
lk,kfxPj ocx’8q;gv’wfh g,nvj ,udkolegoqk8q;gv’gduf0Bo g-y’j vkfgxaowfhs^kpIhvpc[[D
zqomu8j k,,kd=7nG 3xicdi,7Qoskw;iafmu.j -h;ymudkoltcdo Xscan? 1jk’fP; [+lk,kf
d;f9a[w;iafgs^qkj oUwfhD w;iaf.\jM.oxaf95[ao mu,j u7;k,lk,kfc[[oU g]uj,,u9eo;ogru,j s^kp
0Bog]NvpMD

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
x ltmuow;iaf (Stealth Viruses) gxao-nj0v’w;iafmu,j udkoverk’8q;8+dkod;f
9a[wfh g\nvodaoda[ File Infector VirusesD 4hkskd,aowx8yf3xicdi,.fc]h; 9tgIaf.sh
0t|kf0v’3xicdi,oAo.sp0j Bo c8wj ;iaf-toyfoU 9t[+lk,kfd;fg[yj’0t|kfmucj mh9y’
0v’3xicdi,mugj ru,j 0Bowfh gonvj ’9kd;jk w;iaf9tg0Qkwx7;[75, DOSD g,njv,udko.-h7ela’j
DIR s^n 3xicdi,.fd=8k, grnvj d;fg[yj’0t|kf0v’3xicdi,F DOS 9tltcf’0t|kf
g\nvogfu,m5d1jk’ 7hkp7n;jk[+,uspa’gduf0BoD

6.3 vkdko0v’g7njv’7v,ry;g8umuj8yfw;iaf
gsfdkofaj’djk;lk,kfla’gdfwfh9kddkogIaf;Pd0v’g7njv’D 4hk,aoskd,uvkdko

fa’j 8+wxoU vkfgxaowxwfh;kj ,ao,uw;iafg0Qkwx8yf16.j og7nvj ’c]h;D vkdkomu;j jkoAo wfhcdjG
x .-hg;]kfqozyfxqddt8y.odkogxuf3xicdi, grnjv0Bo,kgIaf;PdD
x 0t|kf0v’3xicdi,.spj0BoD
x ;aog;]k0v’3xicdi,xjPowxD
x 0=h7;k,xqddt8y[+7vj pwfhgsao raf4ndltcf’0Bo,kg]NvpMD

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 91

x gdufvadlvo s^n 0=h7;k,xts^kf16j|hk9=D ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
x g7nvj ’lq’j lP’vvd9kd]e3r’ 3fp[+wfh9kd3xicdi,mujde]a’.-h16Dj
x cxhory,vadlvogIaf;Pdzyfxqddt8y s^n [+gIaf;Pdg]upD
x 0t|kf0v’|;j p7;k,9emugj s^nv s^5f|hvp]q’zyfxqddt8y 3fpskgsfzqo[+wfhD
x file ltcf’lt4kotdkogIaf;Pd0v’ disk 7hk’fqooko d;jkmugj 7upgxaoD
x file 0=h,6o s^n 3xicdi,mugj 7up.-h 16j-nMj d=skpwxD
x g7nvj ’gIaf;Pd-hk]q’D
x g7njv’gxuf0Bogv’ 3fp[+wfhlaj’D
x ]t[q[15fgIaf;Pd3fp[+I6hlkgsfD
x Sector mujglpskp ,u9eo;ogru,j 0Bo 3fp,udko]kp’ko;kj 9eo;o Sector

mujglpskpoAo ,u9eo;ogru,j 0Bos^kpd;jkc8dj vj o 3fpmujpa’[+wfh.-h3xicdi,.f
g0Qkwxd;fskg]upD

6.4 dkod;fskw;iaf
dkod;fskw;iaf,u16jfh;pdao 7nG dkoltcdow;iaf (Virus Scanning) dkod;fdk

dkoxPj ocx’ c]t dkog/Qk]t;a’D

I6[ @D@@ dkod;fskw;iaffh;pdkoltcdo 0v’3xicdi,G Symantec

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 92

6.4.1 dkoltcdo ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
grnvj d;fskw;iafmu8j yf16j.og7njv’ 8hv’.-h3xicdi,d;fskw;iaf g-yj’ gvUo;jk w;iaf

ltcdogou (Virus Scanner)D 0Ao8vodkofegouodkod=7nG Virus Scanner 9tfb’gvqk
3xicdi,[k’l;j o0v’w;iaf,kgda[w;hgxao4ko0=h,6oD l;j omujfb’,koAo4ndgvUo;kj w;iaf-yd
gog9u (Virus Signature)D g,njv Virus Scanner 4ndgvUo0Bo,k.-h;Pd ,aod=9tg0Qkwx
d;fskw;iaf.o|;j p7;k,9eF Boot Sector c]t file 3fp.-h Virus Signature mu,j u
16gj xao8q;xP[mP[D 95ffu0v’;ymudkooUd=7n gIqklk,kfd;flv[-v[c;muj,k.\jwfhmaomu
g]up;jk 8yfw;iafs^n[+L grnjvxhv’dao[+.shw;iaf4ndgvUo0Bo,kgIaf;Pd8A’c8jg]uj,8QoD c8j;ymuoU
,u95fvvj o16sj ^kp0=h7nG

1) 4ko0=h,6omugj da[ Virus Signature 8hv’maoltw\16lj tg\u c]t 7;[75,w;iaf
m5d8q;.shwfhs^kpmulj 5fgmqkj muj9ts^kpwfhD

2) grkt Virus Scanner 9t[+lk,kfd;f9a[w;iaf mupj a’[+,u Virus Signature oAo
gda[16j.o4ko0=h,6owfhD

3) pkdmu9j td;f9a[w;iafxtgrf muj,u7;k,lk,kfxjPocx’8q;gv’wfh 9b’j gIaf.sh
Virus Signature muj.-h lk,kfoe,kd;flv[wfh dvj omujw;iaf9txPj o8q;gv’
gmqjkoAoD

4) 4hk,u Stealth Virus 8yf16.j og7nvj ’ Virus Scanner vkf9t[+lk,kfd;fsk
w;iaf-toyfoUwfhD

5) [k’gmnjvdkod;flv[d=0Bo16jda[7;k,lts^kf c]t g8adoydmuj.-h0v’8q; Virus
Scanner c]t w;iafgv’;kj .z9tgdaj’d;jkD

6) gonvj '9kd;kj w;iaf,u8q;.\jM vvd,k16jltg\u z6h.-h9b’j 9egxao8hv’sk Virus
Scanner 8q;muj.\jmujl5f,k.-hD

7) ,uw;iaf[k’8q;9tg0Qkwx8yf.o3xicdi,maomu mu3j xicdi,oAo4ndvkj oD
8) 4hklq,,5f;jk Virus Scanner mu.j -h[+lk,kfd;f9a[wfh c]t 4hkg7vjn ’,uw;iaf-t

oyfoU8yf16j g,njv,udkogvUo Virus Scanner 0Bo,k.-hF ,ao9tg0Qkwxvkj ogmnjv]t

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 93

3xicdi, grnvj d;flv[D zqod=7n 9tgIaf.shw;iaf8q;oU g0Qkwx8yf16j.o3xicdi, ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
m5d8q; muj4ndd;flv[D
9) Virus Scanner ]kp’kozyfrkfwfh 7nG Virus Signature mu.j -h [a’gvuowxdq’da[
mu,j uD
10) 16j.o3xicdi,me,tfkmu[j +wfh8yfw;iaf ,ad9tgduf0Bo.od=]toumuj Virus Signature
muj.-h ,u0t|kflAogduowx c]t 9tgIaf.sh3xicdi,fa’j dkj ;.-h[+wfhvud8+wxD

6.4.2 dkod;fdkdkoxjPocx’
7n dkosk7kj ryglf1jk’|b’j mugj vUo;kj g-ad-a, (Checksum) g-yj’gduf9kddkooegvqk

-5f7elaj’ c]t 0=h,6omuj16j.o3xicdi,,k7eo;o s^n vkf9t.-h0=h,6ovnoj M 0v’ file wfhcdj
attributeF ;ao c]t g;]k g0Qk,kIj;,.odko7eo;ofh;pD gonvj ’9kdm5dlyj’m5d1jk’ [+;kj
9tgxao7elaj’ s^n 0=h,6omu1j 6j.o3xicdi, 9t4ndcmofh;p]tsafg]d4kolv’F gIqk9bj’lk,kf
oegvqk8q;g]dgs^qjkoU ,kzkj o0Ao8vodko7eo;omk’7toyflkfwfhD ;ymudko7eo;ogrnvj sk
7kj Checksum oU ,us^kpc[[ c]t ,u]tfa[dkod;flv[c8d8kj ’daovvdwxD g,nvj 8q;
3xicdi,rkp.o,udkoxPj ocx’ [+;kj w;iafoAo 9t.-h;ymudkoc-d s^n 0Poma[d=8k,F
9eo;o8q;g]dmuwj fh9kddko7eo;o7A’.\j 9txPj owx9kdmu7j eo;owfhdjvo|hkoUD 95ffu0v’
dkod;fdkoxPj ocx’d=7nG lk,kfd;f9a[w;iaf.\jMwfh c]t pa’,u7;k,lk,kf.odko
d;f9a[w;iafxtgrf Polymorphic Virus wfhvudfh;p c8dj =pa’pkdle]a[ Stealth. dkod;f
skw;iafpa’0Boda[7;k,lts^kf0v’3xicdi,d;fskw;iaf;kj 9tlk,kf4ndpq;t3fpw;
iafxtgrfoUwfhs^n[+L c]t ,u;ymudkod;fdkoxPj ocx’oU 9td;f9a[w;iafwfh d=8+g,nvj w;iaf
g0Qkwx8yf16.j og7nvj ’c]h;gmqkj oAoD ,ao9t0hvo0hk’lPj ’.od=]toumugj ]uj,,u7eo;osk7jk Check-
sum gxao7A’mevyfF g7njv’mu.j -h8hv’co.j 9;kj [=]yl5fr= 7nG 8hv’[+,u3xicdi,.fM8yfw;iafD
4hk[+fa’j oAoF 7kj mujskwfh9kddko7eo;omuIj ;,gvqk8q;w;iafg0Qkwxoe 9t]e[kd8k,rkp
s^a’ .odkomuj9td;fskw;iafoU8+wxD

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 94

6.4.3 dkog/Qk]t;a’ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
grnjv9t.sh3xicdi,d;f9a[w;iaf lk,kfg/Qk]t;a’dkogIaf;Pd0v’g7nvj ’7v,ry;

g8uwfh8ts^vfg;]koAo 9b’j ,udkolhk’3xicdi,c[[ gi-ygfo (resident) s^n fuw;wfg;u
(devide driver)D g8adoyd0v’dkog/Qk]t;a’oAo vkf9t.-h;ymudkoltcdo s^n d;flv[
dkoxPj ocx’ s^n .-hma’lv’c[[I;,daod+wfhD dkogIaf;Pd3fpmqj;wx7n g,njv-v[c; s^n
3xicdi, d;f9a[w;iafmuj.-h;ymuoU 4ndgvUo0Bo,k.-h;Pd ,aod=9tg0Qkwxd;f.o|;j p7;k,9e
0v’g7njv’dvj o;jk ,uw;iaf8yf16js^n[+L 3fp.-h Virus Signature mu,j u16.j o4ko0=h,6oD 9kdoAoF
9bj’7vj poegvqk8q;gv’g0Qkwx/a’16j.o|;j p7;k,9eD 8+,k 4hk,udkogxuf3xicdi,.f0Bo,k
.-h3xicdi,g/Qk]t;a’d=9tg0Qkwxd;f3xicdi,oAodvj o 3fp.-hg8adoyddkoltcdo s^n
d;flv[dkoxjPocx’grnjvskw;iafD 4hk[+,u[aosk d=9tvto5pkf.sh3xicdi,oAo gxuf0Bo
,kgIaf;PdwfhD ovd9kdoUF 3xicdi,d;f9a[w;iaf[k’8q;pa’lk,kfd;flv[ 0totmuj,u
dkolegoqk file wfhvudfh;pD 95ffu0v’;ymuoUd=7nG g,njv,udkogxuf3xicdi,0Bo,k 3xicdi,
oAo9t4ndd;flv[dvj om5dgmnjv 3fpvaf8t3o,afD 4hkgxaodko.-hltcdogou 9tlk,kfI6hwfh;kj
3xicdi,.f 8yfw;iaf16j .og,nvj gxufltcdogou0Bo,k.-hdvj ogmqkj oAoD 95fvvj o0v’3xicdi,
d;flv[w;iaf c[[g/Qk]t;a’ d=7n,ao9t,ug;]kmujglpwxle]a[dkod;fskw;iafdvj om5d
gmnvj c]t gonvj ’9kdgxao3xicdi,c[[ resident s^n devide driver 9bj’9egxao9t8hv’.-h
|j;p7;k,9elj;o|b’j 0v’g7njv’8ts^vfg;]k grnvj gIaf.sh|j;p7;k,9e.og7njv’gs^nv|hvp
]q’ c]t g-ajofP;daoda[dkoltcdogou d=7n ,ao9egxao8hv’,udkoxa[x5’0=h,6o0v’ Virus
Signature .shmaoltw\16lj tg\uD

6.5 7ecotoe c]t dkoxhv’daow;iaf
x leIv’2kp0=h,6o (data files) mujle7aoD
x le]a[g7nvj ’mu,j uIkfful 1kj gvUo DOS 9kd floppy diskD
x xhv’daodko0Po.shda[ floppy diskD
x 1kj gxuf3xicdi,mu8j yfw;iaf,kda[ disk vnoj D

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 95

x -vdsk3xicdi,d;fw;iafmuj.\j c]t s^kpd;jk|b’j 3xicdi,9kd7qo]t[=]ylaf ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
Xmk’mufj u c]t Ia[xtdao7;o.-h3xicdi,d;f c]t 0hkw;iafmu4j nd8hv’ c]t
,u]y0tlyf?D

x gxuf.-h3xicdi,d;fskw;iafgxaow]ptD
x gxuf.-h3xicdi,d;fskw;iafc[[g/Qk]t;a’m5dgmnvj D
x legoqk-v[c;ltgrktmuj4ndd;flv[c]h; .o [u[ugvl
x le]v’0=h,6omujle7ao0v’ harddisk wxgda[.o floppy diskD
x dtdP, floppy disk muwj ;hle]a[.shgvUo DOS 0Bo,kgIaf;PdwfhD
x g,nvj g7nvj ’8yfw;iaf .shrtpkpk,skmuj,k0v’w;iafoAoD

6.6 dkode9afw;iaf
g,njvco.j 9;kj g7njv’7v,ry;g8u8yfw;iafc]h; .shgIafdkocdhw0fh;p7;k,Iv[7v[

c]t ]t,af]t;a’1kj ’s^;’s^kp grkt[k’gmnjv 8q;7qocdhgv’ Xs^n 3xicdi,d;fw;iaf?
9tgxao8q;me]kps^kpd;kj 8q;w;iaf8q;9y’vudD dkod;flv[ c]t deoqf[vj o[aombd0=h,6o
.\j (harddisk formating) vudgmvjn |b’j d=[+c,oj ;ymumujfumulj 5fltg\uwxF ,ao9tpyj’|adwxd;kj oAo
4hkskd;kj gIafwx3fp[+,udkoleIv’0=h,6ow;hdjvoD dkocdhw0oAo 4hkz6h.-h,u7;k,I6hdPj ;da[
w;iaf mu8j yf16;j jk ,aogxaoxtgrf.f d=9t-;j pwfh1jk’s^;’s^kpD 0=hltg|u8+wxoU vkf9tgxao
xt3spf8+dkos^udg;Ao9kddko8yfw;iaf0v’g7njv’ g-ajoG

[5f (boot) g7nvj ’.\jmaomu g,njvI6h;jk g7njv’8yfw;iafG g,nvj I6h;kj g7nvj ’8yfw;iaf
.shgIafdko[5f (booting) g7nvj ’.\mj aomu 3fpgvUo.-h DOS 9kd floppy disk muwj fhdtdP,w;hD
4hkgvUo DOS 9kd floppy disk mu1j 6.j og7njv’mu8j yfw;iaf gxaowxwfh;jk 8q;w;iafvkf9tda[
g0Qkwx.o|j;p7;k,9ewfhvudD g,nvj leg]af0Ao8vodkogvUo.-h DOS c]h; shk,gvUo3xi
cdi,.fM .og7njv’muj8yfw;iaf grkt[+I6h;kj 3xicdi,.fcfmj uj,uw;iaf8yf16Dj

gvUo3xicdi,9afdkow;iaf0Bo,kd;fsk c]t me]kpG gvUo3xicdi,d;f
9a[w;iaf grnvj d;fg[y’j ;jk ,u3xicdi,.fcfj 8yfw;iafD 4hk3xicdi,d;fskw;iafmu.j -h16j
lk,kfde9afw;iaf8q;mujrq[gsaowfh d=.shmqf]v’g[yj’D c8dj jvo9t]q’,nxt8y[af .shgIafdkole
goqk grnjvleIv’3xicdi,muj8yfw;iafw;hglpdjvoD 3xicdi,9afdkow;iaf[k’vaolk,kf
laj’.shleIv’3xicdi,muj8yfw;iafwxgxaovud-n|j bj’ dvj omu9j tde9afw;iaf g-aoj G MSAV 0v’
DOS gv’gxao8QoD

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 96

dkolhk’legoqk3xicdi,mu8j yfw;iaf gIafw;h d=phvo;jk g,njvw;iaf4ndde9afvvd9kd
3xicdi,wx 3xicdi,oAovkf[+lk,kfgIaf;Pdwfh8k,xqddt8y s^n gIaf;Pd[+wfhg]upd=gxao
wxwfhD ;ymudkod;flv[0Ao8Qo 7n .shmqf]v’xP[mP[0t|kf0v’3xicdi, s^a’9kdmuj4nd
de9afw;iafwxc]h; da[0t|kfgfu,0v’,aoD 4hk,ao,u0t|kfohvpd;jk ltcf’;kj [+leg]afF
skdgxaog-ajooAo .shgvqk3xicdi,9afdkow;iaf8q;vnjo,kd;f3xicdi,mu8j yfw;iafleIv’
w;hoAoD c8j4hk,u0t|kf.spjd;jk s^n gmqjkgfu, gxaowxwfh;kj dkode9afw;iafvkfleg]afD
grnjv7;k,cojovo vkf9tmqf]v’gIaf-E7novudgmnjv|b’j D skdzqodkod;flv[vvd,k
xaflt9kdw;iafc]h; d=.shgxuf3xicdi,mu4j ndde9afw;iafwxoAovvd,kmqflv[dkogIaf;Pd
vudgmnvj |b’j c]t la’gdfg[yj’;kj ,aogxaoxqddt8yfus^n[+L .o-;j ’fa’j djk; 7;ogda[3xicdi,oU
leIv’wxoe 0totmu8j yfw;iaf16wj ;h grnvj ;jk.o0hk’|hkskdrq[;jk 3xicdi,gIaf;Pd[+gxao
wx8k,xqddt8y d=lk,kfmqf]v’gvUo3xicdi,9afdkow;iaf8q;vnoj 0Bo,kde9af8+wxwfhD 4hk
\Ao.9;kj 3xicdi,.-hwfhxqddt8yfu d=lk,kf]b[3xicdi,leIv’mujpa’8yfw;iaf16j4U,wxmaomu
grnjvs^udg;Ao[+.sh,udkogxuf,ao0Bo,k.-h3fp7;k,[a’gvuoD

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 97