76,j n76
g8ad3o3]-u0h=,6o0kj ;lko c]t
dkolnlj ko (ICT)
-Ao,afmtpq,lbdlk xumu @
IP[IP’3fpG 9aomt]k ry]q,]klad XlD;Dl?
d;fcdh3fpG IDl dq’.9 lul5ikf X,tsk;ymtpkw]cs’j -kf?
l5dlts;ao rvogm;k XlD;Dl?
g0Qk|hk3fpG 9aomt]k ry]q,]klad XlD;Dl?
dt-;’lbdlkmydko
lt4k[ao7Qo7;hk ;ymtpklkf dkolbdlk
@W!@
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
lk]t[ko
7ecotoe];,............................................................................................................... 1
ID 95f\kp .......................................................................................................................................... 1
II. lt,af4trk[0AorNo4kofhkodkoIPo Xle]a[ ,D@? ....................................................................... 2
III. ;ymudkolvo .................................................................................................................................... 2
IV. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo .................................................................................................................. 5
[qfmu ! 7v,ry;g8u c]t v5xtdvo8kj ’M......................................................................... 10
dyf9tde mu !G 7;k,\kp0v’7v,ry;g8u ............................................................................................. 10
7e4k,7Qo7;hk mu !D! g]njv’ 7v,ry;g8uc,oj spa’L ............................................................................... 13
7e4k,7Qo7;hk mu @D! g]njv’ dkogIaf;Pd0v’7v,ry;g8u..................................................................... 14
dyf9tde mu @ c]t #G dkogIaf;Pd0v’7v,ru;g8u ............................................................................... 15
g9hp7;k,I6h mu @D! g]njv’ l;j oxtdv[0v’7v,ry;g8u ............................................................................ 20
7e4k,7Qo7;hk mu $D! g]njv’ CPU Xci, c]t iv,? ............................................................................ 21
dyf9tde mu $G -uru16 Xci, c]t iv,? .................................................................................................. 22
7e4k,7Qo7;hk mu &D! g]njv’ |;j p7;k,9eleIv’0v’7v,ry;g8u.......................................................26
dyf9tde mu &G |;j p7;k,9eleIv’0v’7v,ry;g8u Xfyfltcdaf? ........................................................27
7e4k,7Qo7;hk mu *D! g]njv’ Ikfful Xhard disk? .................................................................................. 30
dyf9tde mu *G Ikfful Xhard disk? ........................................................................................................ 31
g9hp7;k,I6h mu *D! g]nvj ’ Ikfful Xhard disk?........................................................................................ 34
7e4k,7Qo7;hk mu (D! g]njv’ gma[c,gj s^ad c]t czoj -ufu ........................................................................36
dyf9tde mu (G gma[c,jgs^ad c]t czoj -ufu .............................................................................................. 37
7e4k,7Qo7;hk mu )D! g]njv’ czjo DVD ............................................................................................... 40
dyf9tde mu )G czoj DVD ..................................................................................................................... 41
7e4k,7Qo7;hk mu _D! g]njv’ USB drive c]t czjo[aombd0=h,6o8kj ’M ...................................................43
dyf9tde mu _G USB drive c]t czoj [aombd0=h,6o8jk’M ......................................................................... 44
7e4k,7Qo7;hk mu !WD! g]njv’ v5xtdvoxhvo0=h,6o (Input devices)......................................................... 47
xB,76,j n76 ICT ,D@ i
dyf9tde mu !WG v5xtdvoxhvo0=h,6o (Input devices) .............................................................................. 49
g9hp7;k,I6h mu !WD! VIS 0v’ Monitor................................................................................................. 52
7e4k,7Qo7;hk mu !!D! g]njv’ v5xtdvoltcf’zqo (Ouput devices)..................................................... 53
dyf9tde mu !!G v5xtdvoltcf’zqo (Ouput devices)........................................................................... 54
7e4k,7Qo7;hk mu !@D! g]njv’ -v[c; (Softwares) .............................................................................. 56
[qfmu @ -v[c; (Softwares)..........................................................................................57 ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
dyf9tde mu !@G -v[c; (Softwares) .................................................................................................... 57
7e4k,7Qo7;hk mu !#D! g]njv’ -toyf0v’-v[c;.................................................................................. 61
dyf9tde mu !#G -toyf0v’-v[c;........................................................................................................ 62
7e4k,7Qo7;hk mu !$D! g]njv’ ]t[q[xt8y[afdko DOS......................................................................... 65
dyf9tde mu !$G ]t[q[xt8y[afdko DOS ............................................................................................... 66
7e4k,7Qo7;hk mu !&D! g]njv’ ]t[q[xt8y[afdko Windows and Linux ................................................ 69
dyf9tde mu !&G ]t[q[xt8y[afdko Windows and Linux....................................................................... 70
7e4k,7Qo7;hk mu !*D! g]njv’ ]t[q[xt8y[afdko Unix and Mac .......................................................... 73
dyf9tde mu !*G -v[c;]t[q[ Unix and Mac....................................................................................... 74
7e4k,7Qo7;hk mu !(D! g]njv’ -v[c;8q;cxrklk c]t rklkxkldko............................................. 77
dyf9tde mu !(G -v[c;8q;cxrklk c]t rklkxkldko................................................................... 78
7e4k,7Qo7;hk mu !)D! g]njv’ rklkg[-yd c]t rklk-u...................................................................... 81
dyf9tde mu !)G rklkg[-yd c]t rklk-u............................................................................................ 82
7e4k,7Qo7;hk mu !_D! g]njv’ rklk3]3d ............................................................................................ 84
dyf9tde mu !_ c]t @WG rklk3]3d (Logo) ........................................................................................ 85
7e4k,7Qo7;hk mu @!D! g]njv’ rklk9k;k........................................................................................... 88
dyf9tde mu @!G rklk9k;k (Java) ...................................................................................................... 89
7e4k,7Qo7;hk mu @@D! g]njv’ -v[c;xtp5d}-v[c;xt,;o7ela[ ..................................................... 91
dyf9tde mu @@G -v[c;xtp5d}-v[c;xt,;o7ela[............................................................................ 92
7e4k,7Qo7;hk mu @#D! g]njv’ -v[c;8k8t]k’7eo;o...................................................................... 95
dyf9tde mu @#G -v[c;8k8t]k’7eo;o (Spread Sheet) ................................................................... 96
7e4k,7Qo7;hk mu @$D! g]njv’ -v[c;9afdko4ko0=h,6o ....................................................................... 98
xB,76,j n76 ICT ,D@ ii
dyf9tde mu @$G -v[c;9afdko4ko0=h,6o.............................................................................................. 99
7e4k,7Qo7;hk mu @$D! g]njv’ -v[c;oeltg|u .................................................................................. 102
dyf9tde mu @&G -v[c;oeltg|u......................................................................................................... 103
7e4k,7Qo7;hk mu @&D! g]njv’ -v[c;lnjlko c]t 7Qosk0=h,6o............................................................ 105
dyf9tde mu @* c]t @(G -v[c;lnjlko c]t 7Qosk0=h,6o .................................................................... 106
7e4k,7Qo7;hk mu @(D! g]njv’ -v[c;dik2yd c]t dkooe.-h........................................................... 109
dyf9tde mu @) c]t @_G -v[c;dik2yd c]t dkooe.-h................................................................... 110
7e4k,7Qo7;hk mu @_D! g]njv’ w;iaf .................................................................................................... 113
dyf9tde mu #WF #! c]t #@G w;iaf ...................................................................................................... 115
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
xB,76j,n76 ICT ,D@ iii
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
7ecotoe];,
ID 95f\kp
dkoIPo;y-kg8ad3o3]-u0h=,6o0kj ;lko c]t dkolnjlko (ICT) .o-Ao,afmtpq,lbdlk
8vo8Qo c,oj grnjv.shoadIPowfhIa[dkorafmtokfhko7;k,Ih6F madltF mafltot7t8y c]t
7kj oypq,fa’j oUG
fhko7;k,I6h
.shoadIPo,u7;k,g0Qk.9djP;da[G
- 7;k,\kp c]t lj;oxtdv[rNo4ko0v’7v,ry;g8uD
- 7;k,\kp c]t 7;k,le7ao0v’-v[c; (Software)D
fhkomadlt
.shoadIPo,u7;k,lk,kfG
- I6hs^addkodkogIaf;Pd0AorNo4ko0v’7v,ru;g8uD
- oe7;k,I6hmujwfhIPo.o0AoIPooU grnvj wxlbdlk8+wfhD
- \6o.-h7;k,I6hfa’j djk;g0Qk.odkofe]q’-u;yfwfh.o0AorNo4koD
fhkomafltot7t8y c]t 7jkoypq,
.shoadIPoG
- ,u7;k,lqo.9F ,ad-vdI6h -vdgsaodPj ;da[;ymtpklkf c]t 0t[;odkomk’
g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0kj ;lko c]t dkolnjlkoD
- ,u;ymudkomk’;ymtpklkf.odkooe.-h g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnjlko
grnjv7Qorq[ c]t sq;7yfxtfyflhk’.odkocdh[aoskD
- r6,.98+8qogv’F 8+;afmtotme c]t 8+-kf0v’8qoD
- g7qk]q[8+7;k,gsao c]t lk,kfgIaf;PdIj;,da[z6hvjnowfhD
- ,ult8y-kfF g7qk]q[ c]t pqdphv’;afmtotmevaofu’k,0v’xtgmfvnjoD
xB,76j,n76 ICT ,D@ 1
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
- ,u9t]yptme.odkooe.-h g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnjlko g0Qk.odko
xqdxadIadlk8qogv’ c]t xtgmf-kfD
- gxufd;hk’l6jco;7yf.\Fj ,u7;k,lts^kfmk’lt8yxaopk c]t ,u7;k,g0A,’;f
8+8qogv’D
II. lt,af4trk[0AorNo4kofhkodkoIPo Xle]a[ ,D@?
1. 7v,ry;g8u c]t v5xtdvo8kj ’M
- I6h;kj 7v,ry;g8u c,oj spa’L
- I6hl;j oxtdv[0v’7v,ry;g8u
- I6h7;k,\kp c]t |hkmu0j v’|j;pxt,;ozqodk’ (Central Processing Unit)
- I6h7;k,\kp c]t |hkmu0j v’|;j p7;k,9es^ad (Main Memory Unit)
- I6h7;k,\kp c]t |hkmu0j v’|;j p7;k,9eleIv’ (Permanent Memory Unit)
- I6h7;k,\kp c]t |hkmu0j v’v5xtdvoxhvo s^n Ia[0=h,6o (Input Devices)
- I6h7;k,\kp c]t |hkmuj0v’v5xtdvoltcf’zqo (Output Devices)
2. -v[c; (Software)
- I6h7;k,\kp c]t 7;k,le7ao0v’-v[c;
- I6h-v[c; c]t rklk7v,ry;g8u
- I6h-toyf0v’-v[c;
- I6h|hkmuj0v’-v[c; c]t ]t[q[xt8y[afdko
- I6h-v[c;oe.-h
- I6h w;iaf7v,ry;g8u (Computer’s Virus)
III. ;ymudkolvo
czop5fmtlkfdkoxt8yI6[]t[q[dkolbdlkcsj’-kf lt[a[g]dmu )$}op ]q’;aomu
!}W#}@WW( c8xj u @WW* sk @W!& wfhdeoqf.sh “xa[x5’xjPocx’;ymulyflvo7no.\”j D grnjv.sh
lvf7jv’da[czop5fmtlkffaj’dkj ;F 9bj’7;ooe.-h;ymudkolvo mulj q’j glu,.shoadIPo,udko
g7njvows; c]t xtdv[l;j os^kp0Bo.odkolhk’7;k,I6hD ;ymudkolvofa’j djk;gvUo;kj dko
xB,76j,n76 ICT ,D@ 2
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
lvo3fpgvqkoadIPogxao.9dk’D dkolvo;y-k g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnjlko
gxaodkolvomugj oAo.shz6hIPoI6hoe.-hg8ad3o3]-ufhkodko9afdkoda[0=h,6o0kj ;lko c8]j tfa[
’kj p0Bosk]tfa[pkdmulj ts^a[la[-hvoD faj’oAoF 0t[;odkolvo9b’j 8hv’goAo|addko9af[ao
pkdkf.shgdufdkoIPoI6h9kddkogsaoF dko7yfF dkoxt8y[af’ko c]t dkocdh[aosk
I;j ,daoF ltoAoF dkolvoc[[gvqkoadIPogxao.9dk’oU 9bj’g-nvj ,3p’]ts;kj ’dkoxt8y[af
shk0Ao8vofaj’8+wxoUG
1. dko.-h7e4k,0v’76
76gxao[5d7qomulj e7aomulj 5fmk’fhkogoNv.o0v’[qfIPoF fhkodko9af;k’ltrk[c;f
]hv,mk’dkoIPoF gxaoz6hlhk’[aopkdkf.odkoIPo.shfegouowx1kj ’,uxtlyfmyzqoD fa’j oAoF
769bj’8hv’I6h;ymu8A’7e4k,.shoadIPo7Qo7;hk g-y’j 7e4k,faj’djk; 9t8hv’d;,gvqkgoNv.oma’
\qf0v’[qfIPoD
7e4k,muj769t8A’0Bo.shoadIPooewx7Qo7;hkoAo xtdv[fh;p7e4k,xyf c]t 7e4k,
gxufD 95fxtlq’0v’7e4k,xyfc,jo.shoadIPo,umadltfhkogoNv.o0v’[qfIPoF l;j o7e4k,
gxufc,oj .shoadIPo,uco;7yfgxufd;hk’.odko8v[7e4k, c]t dhkltcf’7;k,7yfgsaoD
dvj odkolvo.oc8]j t[qfIPoF 76lvo9t8hv’wfhdtdP,7e8v[le]a[7e4k,7qho7;hk
0v’m5dMdyf9tde grnjvdtdP,.shdkolts^5[[qfIPo.oc8j]tdyf9tde,uxtlyfmyzqod;jkgdqkj
c]t s^a’9kd9q[m5d[qfIPoc]h;F 76lvo9t8hv’gxaoz6hc8’j [qflv[gla’l5fmhkp grnjvxtg,uo
zqodkoIPo0v’oadIPoD
2. dkoIPoI6h9kddko7Qo7;hk8q;9y’
dko7Qo7;hk8q;9y’c,oj ;ymudkomujle7aomujl5fmk’fhkodkoIPoI6hD 7;k,I6hmuwj fh9kd
dko7Qo7;hk9kdcs^’j 0=h,6o8kj ’M g-aoj G 9kdxB,c[[IPoF 9kd3m]trk[F 9kd;ymtp5 c]t
9kdcs^’j 0=h,6ovnoj M 9tgIaf.shoadIPog0Qk.9 c]t 9qf9es^kpd;kj 4hkmP[.l7j ;k,I6hmuwj fh
9kddko[ao]tpkp0v’76rP’1jk’fP;D
faj’oAoF 769t8hv’,udkocotoe;ymudko7Qo7;hkF dko8v[7e4k,0v’7e4k,mu7j 6wfh
9afc[’j .shoadIPo]tvPf c]t oadIPo9twfhgvqk7e8v[muwj fh9kddko7Qo7yfoAowxltg|u.o
d5j,0v’8qoD
xB,76,j n76 ICT ,D@ 3
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
3. dkoIPoI6h9kddkoltcf’7e7yfgsao
dkoltcf’7;k,7yfgsaoc,jo;ymudko|bj’mugj /yd.shoadIPo,u7;k,dhksko c]t \Ao
.9.o7;k,I6hmuj8qogv’7Qo7yf c]t lk,kfltcf’7;k,7yf7;k,gsao.\jM0v’8qovvd
,kwfhD fa’j oAoF 769bj’8hv’I6hcotoe.shoadIPoltcf’vvdco;7;k,7yf0v’8qofh;p;ymudko
ltg|u[qfD grnjv.shdko;af c]t xtg,uozqodkoltg|u[qf0v’oadIPo,u7;k,-afg9o.oc8j
]tfhko 769b’j 8hv’;k’,kf8t4ko.odkoltg|u[qf g-ajoG fhkody]ypk,k]tpkfF dkoo5’j 4nF
dkog;Qk9kFfhkogoNv.o[qfIPo c]t dko8v[7e4k,D ,kf8t4kofa’j djk;gxaolj;o|bj’
0v’dko;af c]t xtg,uozqoleg]af0Ao8vooAoD
4. dkoIPo9kd\6jgrnjvo c]t 9kddkolqomtokgxaod5j,
.om5dM ;afmtotme9t,u7eg;Qk s^n l5rklyfmu,j u7;k,\kpmeov’fP;dao “lv’sq;fu
d;kj sq;fP;”D l5rklyfoU lvf7vj ’da[7t8ylkdqomuj,ugoNv.o;jk lv’7qolk,kfcdh[aosk
fud;kj s^n w;d;kj z6hfP;D
7e7yfgsao0v’\6gj rnvj o.oshv’IPogxao7;k,I6hmujle7aovudvao|bj’ mujgIaf.shgoNv.o0v’
[qfIPov5fq,lq,[6o0BoD
.odkoltg|u[qf0v’oadIPo[k’7A’ vkf9t,ugoNv.o7;k,I6h[+7q[4h;o s^n [+4nd8hv’D
faj’oAoF 9b’j ,u7;k,9egxao.shoadIPo7qovnoj M .oshv’IPowfhxtdv[7;k,7yfgsao.l8j nj,
grnjv.sh[qfIPo,ugoNv.o7q[4h;ov5fq,lq,[6oD faj’oAoF 769bj’8hv’I6h]tfq,oadIPo.oshv’IPo
xtdv[7egsaogru,j 8nj, 3fp.-h;ymudkocotoe s^n gxufmk’.odkoxtdv[7egsaoD ovd9kd
oAoF 769t8hv’gvqk.9.ljoadIPomu[j +dhkskoF 0Uvkp[+dhkltcf’7;k,7yfgsao wfh,u3vdkf
ltcf’7;k,7yf0v’8qogv’ g-yj’76vkf9t.-hI6[dko.sh7tcoo7;k,rtpkpk,8+z6hmujlt
cf’7;k,7yf7;k,gsaoD
5. dkoIPoI6h9kddkolts^5[0v’76
g4y’c,oj ;jk 769t[+wfhlq’j 7;k,I6h3fpdq’.shoadIPofh;p;ymudko[ao]tpkpd=8k, c8j76
pa’,u[qf[kfle7ao.odkogda[degoNv.oma’\qf mujwfh9kddkoltg|u[qfF dkoxtdv[7egsao
c]t goNv.omujgsao;kj pa’[+mao7q[4h;o grnvj gxaodkolts^5[7no.shoadIPoIa[I6h1jk’4nd8hv’F
,u]t[q[F ]t[P[ c]t 9qf9e’kj pD
xB,76j,n76 ICT ,D@ 4
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
faj’oAoF 769b’j 8hv’gxaoz6hmuj,u7;k,I6hd;hk’0;k’.os^kpfhkoF lk,kf.sh7ecotoeF
8A’7e4k, c]t lts^5[[qfIPowfh1kj ’4nd8hv’ c]t -afg9oD
IV. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo
dko;af c]t xtg,uozqogxao0Ao8vomulj e7aomujl5f c]t 0kf[+wfh.o0t[;odkoIPo{
dkolvoD 95fxtlq’8Qo8=0v’dko;af c]t xtg,uozqoc,jo grnjv1a’j g[yj’7;k,I6hmujoadIPo
wfhIa[.ow]ptdkoIPoF rhv,fP;daod=grnjv-;j p.shoadIPo,u;ymuIPomufj u g-aoj G I6h9ad7Qo7;hk
[qfIPofh;p8qogv’F I6hc]dxjPo[qfIPooe\6gj rnvj oF I6hlts^5[goNv.omulj e7ao0v’[qfIPo c]t
I6hltcf’7e7yf7egsao0v’8qoD dko;af c]t xtg,uozqopa’-;j p.sh76lvowfhxtg,uo
dkolyflvo0v’8qo c]t lk,kfxa[x5’;ymudkolvo0v’8qogv’.shfu0BoD ltoAoF .odko;af
c]t xtg,uozqodkoIPo0v’oadIPo9b’j c[’j vvdgxaos^kp0Ao8vo g-y’j c8j]t0Ao8vo,u]kp
]tvPffaj’oUG
0Ao8vomu !G dko;af c]t xtg,uozqodko,ul;j oIj;,0v’oadIPo.od5j,
c,jodko;af c]t xtg,uozqodkoxt8y[af|hk;Pd mujsq;|hkd5j,wfh,v[\kp.shD lt,k
-ydc8j]t7qo.od5j, 9twfhoegvqk|hk;PdmujwfhIa[9kdsq;\hkd5,j wx7Qo7;hk c]h;0Pogxao[qf
]kp’ko,v[.shIv’d5j, grnjvla’];,gxao[qf]kp’ko];,0v’d5,j D .odkoxtg,uozqo0Ao
8vooUc,jogxaolyf0v’sq;|hk c]t Iv’d5j,muj9twfhxbdlkdao;jk lt,k-ydz6h.f,u7;k,gvqk
.9.lj8+|hkmu;j Pd’komu4j nd,v[\kp.shs^kp|hvplO.fD 76vkf9tlhk’Ijk’ grnjv.shsq;|hk
d5j,oe.-h.odkoxtg,uozqorkp.od5,j 0v’8qofaj’oUG
xB,76,j n76 ICT ,D@ 5
8q;1jk’G Ijk’dko;af c]t xtg,uozqodko,ul;j oI;j ,0v’oadIPo.od5j,D
d5,j mu DDD
ly’j muj8hv’dko;af c]t xtg,uozqogxaol;j oIhvp
]}f -nj c]t ok,ltd5o 7;k,rtpkpk,
0v’[5d7qo
#W:
goNv.o[qfIPomjult,k-yd
.od5j,wfhIa[
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dkoxtdv[7;k,7yfgsao
.od5j,
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gxaodj5,
1 oD [5o,u Xsq;|hkd5j,? 20 35 10 65%
2 mD [5o,k XIv’d5j,? 15 25 10 50%
3 oD ;kflt|k Xlt,k-yd?
4 mD 7e,k Xlt,k-yd?
5 oD 3lrk Xlt,k-yd? ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
lt,k-ydm5d7qo.od5j,9t8hv’xt8y[af|hkmujfh;p7;k,Ia[zyf-v[l6’ grnvj .shwfhIa[7t
cooc8]j tfhkol6’ c]h;7tcoo];,0v’d5,j .odkoxt8y[afdyf9tde9tl6’D 4hklt,k-yd
7qo.f|b’j skdwfh7tcoofhko.ffhko|b’j vjvoF 7tcoo];,pvfd=9tvjvo8k, g-yj’.ooAo
c8]j t7qo9t.sh7tcoo0v’8qogv’.oshv’7;k,rtpkpk,0v’[5d7qoD lj;oshv’vnjoM c,jo
gxao|hkmu0j v’sq;|hkd5,j c]t Iv’d5,j D .od=]toumujlt,k-ydskd[+wfhxtdv[7;k,gsao
rkp.od5,j .sh76;yoywl7tcoofa’j dkj ;.oshv’0v’7tcoogoNv.o[qfIPoD
0Ao8vomu @G dko;af c]t xtg,uozqodkoltg|u[qf
c,jodko;af c]t xtg,uozqodkoltg|u[qfmujd5,j wfhdtdP,w;h8k,|hk;Pdma’\qf
8k,dko,v[\kp0v’76D .odkoxtg,uozqo0Ao8vooU 769t8hv’wfhlhk’Ikj ’.sh7tcoodko
xtg,uozqo]tvPf g-yj’.oIkj ’vkfxtdv[fh;pG 7tcoo75olq,[af Xdkoo5’j 4nF dy]ypk,k]t
pkfF dkog;Qk9k c]tvnoj M?F 7tcoogoNv.o[qfIPo c]t dko8v[7e4k,fa’j 8q;1jk’
]5,j oUG
xB,76j,n76 ICT ,D@ 6
8q;1jk’G Ikj ’dko;af c]t xtg,uozqodkoltcf’7;k,7yf7;k,gsao s^n dkoltg|u[qf
0v’oadIPoD
lyj’muj8hv’dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo
]}f -nj c]t ok,ltd5o
dy]ypk,k]tpkf
!W:
dkooj5’4n
!W:
dkog;Qk9k
!W:
goNv.o[qf]kp’ko
&W:
dko8v[7e4k,
@W:
7tcoo];,
1 oD [5o,u 10 8 8 30 10 66%
2 mD [5o,k
3 oD ;kflt|k
4 mD 7e,k
5 oD 3lrk
6 DDDDDDD
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
l;j odko.sh7tcooc8j]tfhkoc,oj 76gxaoz6hry9k]tok.sh8k,7;k,g\ktlq,da[rbf8y
demuoj adIPoltcf’vvd g-aoj G 7tcoo7;k,rtpkpk, s^n 7;k,gvqk.9.lFj 4hkgsao;jk
oadIPo7qo.f,u7;k,8A’.9 s^n rtpkpk,l6’.odkoltcf’7;k,7yf7;k,gsao grnvj gIaf.sh
goNv.o[qfIPo,u7;k,9tc9h’0Bo oadIPo7qooAo d=7;owfhIa[7tcool6’D oadIPo7qo.f
ltcf’7;k,7yf7;k,gsaofh;pmjkmu dy]ypk,k]tpkfmujfuF dkoo5j’4ngxao]t[P[IP[IhvpF
dkog;Qk9kl5rk[oY,o;oF ,u,k]tpkf.odko8v[7e4k,fh;pgsf c]t zqomk’;ymt
pklkfoadIPo7qooAo d=7;owfhIa[7tcoo.ofhkooAol6’ faj’oUgxao8QoD .od=]toumulj t,k-yd
skd[+wfh8v[7e4k, .sh76;yoywl7tcoofa’j dkj ;.oshv’0v’7tcoogoNv.o0v’[qf]kp’koD
0Ao8vomu #G dko;af c]t xtg,uozqodko,ul;j oIj;,0v’oadIPo.oshv’IPo
c,oj dko;af c]t xtg,uozqos^a’9kddkoltg|u[qf0v’d5,j D .o0Ao8vooU gxao0Ao8vo
xtdv[7e7yf7egsao0v’oadIPom5d7qo.oshv’IPo8+dkoltg|u|hk;Pd0v’d5,j g-y’j vkf
9txtdv[fhkogoNv.omujgsao;jk[+7q[4h;o s^n 7e7yf7egsao8kj ’M grnvj gIaf.sh[qfIPoc9h’0BoD
fa’j oAoF 76lvo9tgxaog9Qkdko.odkog9kt9U,goNv.o0v’[qfIPo.shg]yd8nj, c]t .sh7tcoo
7;k,rtpkpk,0v’oadIPomuj,ul;j oIj;,.odkoxtdv[7egsaoD .odko.sh7tcoo.o0Ao
xB,76j,n76 ICT ,D@ 7
8vooU 76vkf.-hg7nvj ’\kp s^n laopt]ad.f|b’j grnvj gxao8q;cmo.sh7tcoo7;k,rtpkpk,
9kdoAoF 9bj’xa[xPj o7;k,rtpkpk,fa’j djk;oAo ,kgxao7tcoo8q;9y’D
8q;1kj ’G dko;af c]t xtg,uozqodko,ul;j oI;j ,0v’oadIPo.oshv’IPo
]}f -nj c]t ;aomuDDDDDD gfnvo DDD 7tcoo];,
ok,ltd5o ;aomuDDDDDD ;aomuDDDDDD ;aomuDDDDDD
!@
1 oD [5o,u II IIII III III (
$
2 mD [5o,k I III III *
I III
3 oD ;kflt|k
4 mD 7e,k I II III
\kpgsfG dkodeoqf7tcoo.o0Ao8vooU gmqjkda[ @W: ltcf’;kj G
oD [5o,u wfh7tcoog8a, @W:D
mD [5o,kwfh xt,ko !@: X X@W}!@?×(=!@?? ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
0Ao8vomu $G dko;af c]t xtg,uozqos^a’dkolvo9q[[qfIPo c]t 9q[s^adl6f
c,jodko;af c]t xtg,uo7;k,Ia[I6h0v’oadIPo s^a’9kdIPo9q[[qfIPo c]t
9q[s^adl6fc]h;D 95fxtlq’0v’dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo.o0Ao8vooU c,jo1kdxtg,uozqowfhIa[
mu7j 6wfhrtpkpk,v5myfma’gsnjvcI’ c]t lt8yxaopk0v’8qog0Qk.odkolyflvo;jkwfh8k,
95fxtlq’ c]t 7kf\kpmuj;k’w;h[+L faj’oAoF .odkoxtg,uozqo 76vkfg]nvdgvqk;ymumuj
g\ktlq,le]a[[qfIPoc8]j t[qf g-ajo;jk [qf.f7;o9t.-h0=hlv[c[[vaf8twoF [qf.f7;o.-h
c[[xk]two s^n [qf.f7;o.-h7e4k,c[[8n,j .l[j jvopts;jk’ s^n c[[vnoj M mu7j 6gsao;kj
g\ktlq,D .odkolhk’0=hlv[.o0Ao8vooU .shgoAo.lj95f.fmujgsao;kj le7ao c]t d;,goNv.o
s^kpd;kj D
s^a’9kdwfhxtg,uozqoma’ $ 0Ao8voc]h; 76lvo9b’j la’];,7tcooma’\qffh;pdko9af
7;k,le7ao0v’c8j]t0Ao8vo1jk’]tvPf 3fpvu’.llj trk[ c]t c;f]hv,0v’dkoIPo
.oc8j]tmhv’4yjo g-ajoG .og0f8q;g,nv’gxaog0fmu,j uly’j gvNvveo;p.odkoIPovkf.sh7;k,
le7ao0Ao8vomu ! c]t mu @ s^kpd;kj c]t .og0f-qoot[qfvkf.sh7;k,le7ao0Ao8vomu #
c]t mu $ s^kpd;jkD 7tcoo.oc8]j t0Ao8vovkf4ndc[j’vvdgxaovaf8klj;oIhvp8k,
xB,76j,n76 ICT ,D@ 8
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
7;k,le7ao muj76lvodeoqf0Bogv’ g-aoj G 0Ao8vomu ! .sh !W l;j oIhvp c]t 0Ao8vomu @ .sh
#W lj;oIhvpF 0Ao8vomu # .sh @W l;j oIhvp c]t 0Ao8vomu $ .sh $W lj;oIhvpD
dko;af c]t xtg,uozqodkoIPo 7;oxt8y[afc[[8+gonjv’ c]t gxao]t[q[mujxtdv[
fh;p95f\kp c]t ;ymudko;af c]t xtg,uozqoF dkolhk’g7nvj ’,n c]t dkofegouodko
8k,czomu;j k’w;hD 0Ao8vomujgxaowxwfh.odkodko;af c]t xtg,uozqoltcf’wfh8k,czo
r6,8+wxoUG
zqomuwj fh9kddkoxtg,uooe,k8aflyo]tfa[75ootrk[3fp.-hgdo
mudj eoqf grnjvlts^5[7;k,dhk;|hk c]t zqoleg]af0v’dkoIPo
xB,76,j n76 ICT ,D@ 9
g;]k ! -qj;3,’
[qfmu !
7v,ry;g8u c]t v5xtdvo8kj ’M
dyf9tde mu !G 7;k,\kp0v’7v,ry;g8u
I. 95fxtlq’
.shoadIPoI6h c]t g0Qk.9G
- 7;k,\kp0v’7v,ry;g8uD
- |hkmuj0v’7v,ry;g8u.o-u;yfxt9e;aoD
II. goNv.o8Qo8=
7v,ry;g8u gxaov5xtdvo Xg7njv’9ad? gvg]ad38ioyd mulj k,kf-j;p7qogIqkgIaf;Pdwfh
1jk’;vj ’w; c]t ,uxtlyfmyzqo s^n gxaog7nvj ’,nmu.j -h.odkoxt,;ozqo0=h,6o.shdkp,kgxao
0=h,6o0jk;lkoD
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
III. lnj c]t v5xtdvo
1. g9hp7e4k,7Qo7;hk mu !D! c]t @D!
2. xB,c[[IPo g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnlj ko 0Ao ,D@
3. I6[rk[xtdv[ s^n czjo-ufu mu,j ugoNv.odjP;0hv’ Xvu’8k,g’njvow0?
IV. ;ymudkofegouodkolvo
1. dkodtdP,
1.1 dtdP,g9hp7e4k,7Qo7;hk mu !D! c]t mu @D!D
1.2 dtdP,goNv.odjP;da[7;k,\kp0v’7v,ry;g8u g-y’j 16.j oxB,c[[IPo g8ad3o3]
-u0=h,6o0jk;lko -aho,afmtpq,lbdlk8vo8Qo 0oA ,D@F lhk’3fplt4k[ao7qho7;hk
;ymtpklkfdkolbdlk XlD;Dl? s^n 9kdlnjvnjoMvu’8k,g’nvj ow0D
1.3 lhk’g7njv’,ngrnjvdko;af c]t xtg,uozqo8k,c8j]t0Ao8vo8k,7;k,g\ktlq,D
xB,76j,n76 ICT ,D@ 10
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
2. 0aho8vofegouodko
2.1 76lvoltg|ugoNv.os^adl6fdkoIPo;y-k g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnj
lko -Ao ,D@ 3fpla’g0[D
2.2 76lvooeg0qhkl6[j qfIPo 3fpdko[ao]tpkpdPj ;da[7;k,\kp0v’7v,ry;g8u
9kdxB,c[[IPo X4hk,ug’nvj ow0 76vkfoegvqkgoNv.o9kdlk]t7tfuF mk’3m]trk[F
;ymtp5 c]t |a’lnry, s^n lkpczoj -ufu .shg[yj’?D
2.3 76lvoc[’j oadIPovvdgxao $ d5,j F 3fp.shc8j]td5,j lts^5[goNv.odjP;da[7;k,
\kp0v’7v,ry;g8uD
2.4 .shoadIPoc8j]t7qo.od5j,I;j ,dao8v[7e4k, .og9hp7e4k,7Qo7;hkmu !D! c]h;
.sh8jk’|hkd5j, 0Bo]kp’kozqo’ko0v’d5j, .sh\6gj rnvj o2a’D
2.5 76lvoIj;,da[oadIPolts^5[goNv.odPj ;da[7;k,\kp0v’7v,ry;g8u c]t |hkmuj
0v’,ao.shgxaogvdtlao c]t 4nd8hv’D
2.6 grnjvgxaodkodtdP,.shdkoIPo0v’[qfIPo8+wxF djvo9t\qfg;]k pa’xt,ko &
sk !W okmuF 76lvoc[j’oadIPovvdgxaod5,j Xd5j,]t & sk ) 7qo? c]t c9d
1kp7e4k,7Qo7;hk @D! .shD 9kdoAoF .shc8j’8A’sq;|hk c]t Iv’d5,j rhv,ma’
,v[7;k,Ia[zyf-v[faj’oUG sq;|hkd5,j Ia[zyf-v[];, c]t ,u|hkmucj [’j xao;Pd.sh
lt,k-ydm5d7qo.od5j,D Iv’sq;|hkd5j,,u|hkmugj da[dezqo’komujlt,k-ydIa[zyf-v[ma’
\qf c]t lq,mq[da[sq;|hkd5j,xtg,uozqo7;k,shk;sao.o|hk;Pdmu4j nd,v[\kp
3fp.shgxao7tcoo7;k,rtpkpk,D
2.7 76lvocotoe;ymu7Qo7;hk c]t ;ymu8v[7e4k,mujwfhc[’j .shc8]j td5,j oAo]tvPfD
3. 0=hcotoe
0Ao8vooeg0Qkl6j[qfIPo s^n .o0Ao8vodkofegouodko 76lvovkfoeltg|u3fp
dkolkp;yfu3v Xvu’8k,g’njvow0? muwj fhI;[I;,gvqk0=h,6odjP;da[goNv.o0v’[qfIPo s^n
ltg|uI6[rk[mujdPj ;0hv’da[[qfIPo grnvj -j;pdt85ho 7;k,lqo.90v’oadIPo.shs^kp0BoD
xB,76,j n76 ICT ,D@ 11
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
4. cs^j’0=h,6ogruj,g8u,
4hk,ug’njvow0 d=.shlbdlkgvqkgoNv.omudj jP;0hv’9kds^kpcs^’j g-aoj G 3m]trk[F ;ymtp5F
|a’lnry, c]t vyog8ucoafD
V. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo
1. la’gdfdko8v[7e4k,9kd g9hp7e4k,7Qo7;hkD
2. la’gdfdko,ulj;oI;j ,.odyf9tdeD
xB,76,j n76 ICT ,D@ 12
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
7e4k,7Qo7;hk mu !D! g]nvj ’ 7v,ry;g8uc,jospa’L
s^a’9kdoadIPolbdlkgoNv.o0v’[qfIPo c]t lqomtokIj;,daoc]h;.shoadIPo
lts^5[lk]tle7ao faj’8+wxoUG
1. 7v,ry;g8uc,oj spa’L
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
2. 7v,ry;g8u,u|hkmujspa’cfLj
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
3. 95fgfaoj 0v’7v,ry;g8u,u7nco;.fL
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
4. 9q’j pqd8q;1jk’dkooe.-h7v,ry;g8u.o-u;yfxt9e;ao8k,mujoadIPowfhrq[gsao
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
xB,76,j n76 ICT ,D@ 13
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
7e4k,7Qo7;hk mu @D! g]nvj ’ dkogIaf;Pd0v’7v,ry;g8u
s^a’9kdoadIPolbdlkgoNv.o0v’[qfIPo16gj Invo c]t 9kdcs^’j 0=h,6o8jk’M c]h;.sh
oadIPolts^5[lk]tle7ao fa’j 8+wxoUG
1. lj;oxtdv[mujgxaorNo4ko0v’7v,ry;g8u,uspa’cfjL
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
2. |hkmusj ^ad0v’l;j oxtdv[rNo4ko0v’7v,ry;g8uc8]j tvaogxaoco;.fL
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
3. lhk’czo;kfdPj ;da[dkogIaf;Pd0v’lj;oxtdv[0v’7v,ry;g8uc8]j tvaoL
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
xB,76j,n76 ICT ,D@ 14
dyf9tde mu @ c]t #G dkogIaf;Pd0v’7v,ru;g8u g;]k @ -qj;3,’
I. 95fxtlq’
.shoadIPolk,kfG
- I6hlj;oxtdv[mujgxaorNo4ko0v’7v,ry;g8uD
- [vddkogIaf;Pdg[Nv’8Qo0v’7v,ry;g8uD
II. goNv.o8Qo8= ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
dkogIaf;Pd0v’7v,ry;g8uxtdv[fh;plj;ole7ao16j & l;j o 7nG
1) |;j pxt,;ozqodk’G gIaf|hkmuj.odko7yf7eo;o s^n xt,;ozqo0=h,6o 3fpgIaf
8k,3xicdi,mudj eoqfw;h.o|;j p7;k,9es^adD
2) |j;p7;k,9es^adG |j;pxt,;ozqo9toe3xicdi, c]t 0=h,6o,kgda[w;h|;j p
7;k,9es^adoU grnvj .sh|j;pxt,;ozqodk’oe,k8u7;k,\kp c]t gIaf8k,wfh1jk’;jv’w;D
3) |;j p7;k,9eleIv’G ,uw;hle]a[gda[0=h,6o s^n -v[c;muj,u9eo;os^kp s^n muj
8hv’,udkooe,k.-h c]t g,njv8hv’.-h;Pdd=9t,udko4kj p3vo9kd|j;p7;k,9eleIv’,k
sk|;j p7;k,9es^adD
4) |j;pIa[0=h,6oG gIaf|hkmujIa[0=h,6omugj da[w;h.o|j;p7;k,9eD
5) |;j pltcf’zqo s^n lqj’vvdG gxao|j;pmujoegvqk0=h,6omujwfhIa[dkoxt,;ozqo,k
ltcf’zqo8k,7elaj’0v’3xicdi,D
III. lnj c]t v5xtdvo
1. g9hp7;k,I6h mu @D! g]nvj ’ 7v,ry;g8u c]t lj;oxtdv[rNo4ko
2. g9hp7e4k,7Qo7;hk mu @D! c]t $D!
3. xB,c[[IPo g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnlj ko 0Ao ,D@
4. [af7elaj’ c]t xhkp7hv’7=
xB,76,j n76 ICT ,D@ 15
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
5. I6[rk[xtdv[ c]t czjo-ufu mu,j ugoNv.odPj ;0hv’ Xvu’8k,g’njvow0?
IV. ;ymudkofegouodkolvo
1. dkodtdP,
- 9af8P,[af7elaj’ c]t xhkpc0;o7= 8k,sq;0=hfaj’oUG |j;pIa[g0QkF |;j p7;[75,F
|j;p7eo;o c]t 8addtlkfF |j;p7;k,9es^adF |j;p7;k,9eleIv’ c]t
|;j plq’j vvdD
- lhk’[qflts^5[sp=hg]nvj ’dkogIaf;Pd0v’7v,ry;g8uD
- lhk’g7nvj ’,ngrnjvdko;af c]t xtg,uozqo8k,c8j]t0Ao8vo8k,7;k,g\ktlq,D
2. 0aho8vofegouodko
2.1 76lvooeg0qhkl6[j qfIPo 3fpdkom;o7nodjP;da[[qfIPogdqkj D
2.2 76lvo.shoadIPo0Boltg|u[qfmuj8qogv’Ia[zyf-v[.og9hp7e4k,7Qo7;hk @D! fh;p
dko9a[lts^kd s^n fh;pI6[dkovnoj 8k,7;k,g\ktlq,D
2.3 sa^’9kdltg|u[qfc]h; 76lvocotoe.sh,udkoxtdv[7;k,7yfgsao0v’oadIPo
.oshv’IPoD
2.4 76lvoI;j ,da[oadIPolts^5[7nogoNv.o0v’[qfIPo c]t dkoxtdv[7;k,gsao
0v’oadIPo.oshv’ c]t 76lvoc-dgoNv.o0v’[qfmugj sao;jk pa’[+mao 7q[4h;oD
.o[qfoU grnjvgIaf.shoadIPo,u7;k,g0Qk.9’kj p c]t d;hk’0;k’8n,j vud 76lvovkf
9tlhk’dyf9tde.f|b’j 0Bo.o-q;j 3,’mu @ faj’8q;1jk’]5,j oUG
- oadIPolbdlkg9hp7;k,I6h @D!
- 76lvol5j,g]nvdoadIPovvd,k & 7qo grnvj ltcf’[qf[kflq,,5f 3fpG
7qomu ! ltcf’gxao |;j pIa[g0Qk
7qomu @ ltcf’gxao |j;p7eo;o c]t 8addtlkf
7qomu # ltcf’gxao |j;p7;k,9es^ad
xB,76,j n76 ICT ,D@ 16
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
7qomu $ ltcf’gxao |;j p7;k,9eleIv’
7qomu & ltcf’gxao |;j plqj’vvd
- 76lvo1kp[af7ela’j mu !F @F #F $ 8k,]efa[ .shoadIPoIa[|hkmugj xao|j;pIa[g0Qk
c]t .shoadIPomuIj j;,ltcf’xt8y[af8k,[qf[kf c]t |hkmuj0v’8qo 3fp76lvo
gxaoz6h7vpdeda[dkoltcf’.shgxaowx8k,]efa[dkogIaf;Pd0v’7v,ry;g8uD
- 76lvoc[j’oadIPovvdgxaod5,j M ]t & 7qo .shlt,t-yd.od5,j lbdlkgoNv.omudj jP;
0hv’9kdxB,c[[IPo g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0kj ;lko c]t dkolnlj ko 0Ao ,D@ faj’oUG
7qomu ! ltcf’gxao |j;pIa[g0Qk
7qomu @ ltcf’gxao |;j p7eo;o c]t 8addtlkf
7qomu # ltcf’gxao |;j p7;k,9es^ad
7qomu $ ltcf’gxao |;j p7;k,9eleIv’
7qomu & ltcf’gxao |;j plqj’vvd
- 76lvo.shoadIPoc8]j td5,j vtmy[kp goNv.omujlt,k-yd.od5j,wfhlbdlk,k
- 76lvo c]t oadIPorkdaolts^5[dkogIaf;Pd0v’7v,ry;g8u
2.5 grnvj gxaodkodtdP,.shdkoIPo0v’[qfIPo8+wxF dvj o9t\qfg;]k pa’xt,ko &
sk !W okmuF 76lvoc9d1kp7e4k,7Qo7;hk $D! .shc8]j td5,j mujwfh9afc[j’.o-q;j
3,’dvj oD 9kdoAoF .sh,v[7;k,Ia[zyf-v[faj’oUG sq;|hkd5,j Ia[zyf-v[];,
c]t ,u|hkmucj [’j xao;Pd.shlt,k-ydm5d7qo.od5,j D Iv’sq;|hkd5,j ,u|hkmujgda[de
zqo’komulj t,k-ydIa[zyf-v[ma’\qf c]t lq,mq[da[sq;|hkd5j,xtg,uozqo
7;k,shk;sao.o|hk;Pdmuj4nd,v[\kp 3fp.shgxao7tcoo7;k,rtpkpk,D
3. 0=hcotoe
- 4hk,ug’nvj ow0F s^a’9kdm;o7no[qfIPogdqjkc]h; 76lvovkfoeltg|u[qfIPo.\j
3fpdkolkp;yfu3vmujwfhI;[I;,gvqk0=h,6odPj ;da[goNv.o0v’[qfIPo s^n ltg|uI6[
rk[mujdPj ;0hv’da[[qfIPo grnjv-;j pdt85ho7;k,lqo.90v’oadIPo.shs^kp0BoD
xB,76j,n76 ICT ,D@ 17
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
- .od=]toumuj,udkos^Yogd,F .sh76lvogIaf|hkmugj xao|j;p7;[75,.odkoltcf’[qf
[kflq,,5fD
4. cs^’j 0=h,6ogruj,g8u,
4hk,ug’njvow0 d=.shlbdlkgvqkgoNv.omudj Pj ;0hv’9kds^kpcs^’j g-ajoG 3m]trk[F ;ymtp5F
|a’lnry, c]t vyog8ucoafD
V. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo
1. la’gdfdkoltg|u[qf0v’oadIPoD
2. la’gdfdko,ulj;oI;j ,.odyf9tde c]t dkoxtdv[7;k,7yfgsao0v’oadIPo
.oshv’D
[af7elaj’G
1. Ia[0=h,6o A
2. Ia[0=h,6o B
3. C = A + B
4. 4hk C = 9 .shIhv’;jk “g9QkI6h9ad0hvp[=”
4hk C ≠ 9 .shIhv’;jk “0hvpI6h9ad”
xB,76j,n76 ICT ,D@ 18
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
0Ao8vodkogIafdyf9tde Xs^Yogd,8k,[qf[kflq,,5f?
1. .shoadIPomujltcf’gxaol;j o8jk’M0v’7v,ry;g8u 1no.o8ec|’j fa’j oUG
2. .shoadIPo7qomu ! g-yj’gIaf|hkmugj xao|;j pmuIj a[0=h,6owxgda[w;h16j|j;p7;k,9es^ad 3fp,u
|j;p7;[75, gIaf|hkmuj7;[75,dkogIaf;Pd8jk’M g-ajoG 7;[75,.shoegvqk0=h,6o9kd
|;j p7;k,9ewxlq’j .sh|;j pxt,;ozqo c]h;laj’.sh|;j p7eo;o c]t 8addtlkf gIaf
dkoxt,;ozqo0=h,6ovvd,k 3fpmujgIafdkoxP[mP[;kj C = A + B s^n[= c]t ltcf’
zqo 3fpry9k]tok9kd[af7ela’j mu $D 9kdoAoF |j;p7;[75,la’j .sh0=h,6omujxt,;ozqo
c]h; wxlq’j .sh|;j plq’j vvdD |;j plqj’vvdltcf’zqo8k,mujwfhIa[9kd|;j pxt,;ozqo
3fp.sh 7qomuxj hkp|;j plqj’vvd Ihv’;kj “0hvpI6h9ad” s^n “g9QkI6h9ad0hvp[=” 8k,g’nvj ow0
mujwfh c]t |j;p7;[75,laj’[aombd0=h,6o 3fpoegvqk0=h,6owxgda[w;h16j|j;p7;k,9eleIv’D
xB,76j,n76 ICT ,D@ 19
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
g9hp7;k,I6h mu @D! g]nvj ’ lj;oxtdv[0v’7v,ry;g8u
7v,ry;g8u gxaov5xtdvomu,j to5fwfhxtfyf0Bo grnvj oe,kglu,7;k,lk,kf0v’,to5f
.ofhko dkoIa[I6h dko9e dko7eo;o dkoxP[mP[8aflyo.9 c]t dkoltcf’vvdD
faj’oAoF 7v,ry;g8u9b’j ,u37’lhk’muxj tdv[fh;pl;j o8kj ’M .shlk,kfgIaf;Pd’kogxao]t[q[
lt|v’7;k,8hv’dko0v’,to5fD dkoxt,;ozqo0v’7v,ry;g8u 9txtdv[fh;pv5xtdvo
Ia[g0Qk (input device) grnvj Ia[0=h,6o c]t 7elaj’9kdz6h.-hrkpovd g0Qkwxgda[w;h16.j o
v5xtdvogda[0=h,6o s^n |j;p7;k,9es^ad (main memory)D 7ela’j mugj da[w;h.olj;o7;k,
9es^ad 9t4ndoewx8u7;k,\kp c]t la’j .shgIaf;Pd16mj u|j j;pxt,;ozqodk’ gvUo;kj CPU
X-uru16? g-yj’gxaosq;.90v’dkoxt8y[af’ko.o7v,ry;g8uD ,ao,u|hkmuj7eo;o c]t xP[mP[
0=h,6omujgda[.o\;j p7;k,9es^adD zqo9kddko7eo;o s^n xt,;ozqo 9toeda[wxgda[w;h.o
\;j p7;k,9es^ad c]t dP,rhv,mu9j toevvdltcf’mujv5xtdvolq’j vvd (output device)
da[wxl6zj 6h.-h7v,ry;g8u8+wxD fa’j oAoF ]t[q[7v,ry;g8u9b’j xtdv[fh;p |;j pxt,;ozqodk’
|j;p7;k,9es^ad v5xtdvoIa[g0Qk c]t v5xtdvolq’j vvdD
xB,76,j n76 ICT ,D@ 20
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
7e4k,7Qo7;hk mu $D! g]nvj ’ CPU Xci, c]t iv,?
s^a’9kdoadIPolbdlkgoNv.o0v’[qfIPo16gj Invo c]t 9kdcs^j’0=h,6o8jk’M c]h;.sh
oadIPolts^5[lk]tle7ao fa’j 8+wxoUG
1. dkoxtdv[lhk’ c]t l;j oxtdv[mugj xaorNo4ko0v’ CPU:
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
2. ;y;afmtokdko0v’w,37i3xig-alg-u c8jxu!_(W g4y’ @WWWG
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
3. dkoxtdv[lhk' c]t l;j oxtdv[s^ad0v’|j;p7;k,9e
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
4. 7;k,\kp0v’ ci, c]t iv,D
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
xB,76j,n76 ICT ,D@ 21
dyf9tde mu $G -uru16 Xci, c]t iv,? g;]k ! -qj;3,’
I. 95fxtlq’
oadIPolk,kfI6hG
- dkoxtdv[lhk’ c]t lj;oxtdv[s^ad0v’ -uru16
- ;y;afmtokdko0v’w,37i3xig-alg-u c8jxu !_(W g4y’ @WWW
- dkoxtdv[lhk' c]t lj;oxtdv[s^ad0v’|j;p7;k,9e
- 7;k,\kp0v’ ci, c]t iv,D
II. goNv.o8Qo8= ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
|;j pxt,;ozqodk’gxaoczoj ohvp XgvUo;kj -y[? g-yj’xtdv[;q’9vogvg]ad38ioyd
mulj a[-hvo c]t ,u-nj;jk w,37i3xig-lg-u (micro processor) |j;pxt,;ozqodk’
c[j’vvdgxao @ |;j p 7nG |j;p7;[75, (Control Unit) c]t |j;p7eo;o c]t 8addtlkf
(Arithmetic Logic Unit = ALU)D
dkorafmtokw,37i3rig-lg-uwfhgIaf.sh,ao,u7;k,lk,kfgruj,l6’0Bo ,kIvfxaf95
[ao g-y’j w,37i3rig-lg-uvao|b’j lk,kf[ao95miko-ulg8u wfh !DWWW vao .oxu !_(WF c8,j k
g4y’ @WWW wfh !WWDWWWDWWW vaoD
|j;p7;k,9es^ad gxaov5xtdvomugj Iaf,k9kd wv-u (IC) g-aoj fP;daoda[|;j pxt,;o
zqodk’D |j;p7;k,9es^admu.j -h.ow,37i7v,ry;g8uc[’j vvdgxaoG
• ci, (RAM = Random Access Memory)G gxao|j;p7;k,9emujgda[0=h,6o
le]a[wx.-h.o;Pd’komq;j wxD |j;p7;k,9extgrfoU 9tgda[0=h,6ow;h.og;]k.f muj,udtcl
w22hkc]jo.o;q’9voF skdw22hk,vfg,nvj .f 0=h,6od=9tl6oskpmaomujD
• iv, (ROM = Read Only Memory)G |;j p7;k,9extgrfoU ,uw;hgrnjv[ao95
3xicdi,le7ao[k’vao c]t 0=h,6oD g,nvj gxufg7nvj ’-uru169tg]u,j 8QogIaf;PdmaomuDj 0=h,6o s^n
3xicdi,mugj da[w;h.oiv, 9t4nd[aombd,kdjvoc]h; z6h.-hlk,kfvkj o0=h,6owfh c8[j +lk,kf
xB,76j,n76 ICT ,D@ 22
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
0Po0=h,6o.fM ]q’wxwfhD 0=h,6o s^n 3xicdi,mu1j 6j.oiv,oU 9t16j1jk’4k;vo g4y’;jk9txyf
g7nvj ’ 0=h,6o s^n 3xicdi,d=9t[+4nd]n[wxD
III. lnj c]t v5xtdvo
1. xB,c[[IPo g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0kj ;lko c]t dkolnlj ko 0Ao ,D@
2. I6[rk[xtdv[ c]t czjo-ufu mu,j ugoNv.odjP;0hv’ Xvu’8k,g’nvj ow0?
3. g9hp7e4k,7Qo7;hkmu $D! c]t &D!D
IV. ;ymudkofegouodkolvo
1. dkodtdP,
1.1 la’];, c]t lts^5[goNv.odPj ;da[dkoxtdv[lhk’ c]t l;j oxtdv[s^ad0v’
|;j pxt,;ozqodk’ c]t 0v’|;j p7;k,9es^ad g-y’j 16j.oxB,c[[IPog8ad3o3]
-u0=h,6o0jk;lko-aho,afmtpq,lbdlk8vo8Qo 0Ao ,D@ lhk’3fp lD;DlD
1.2 lhk’g7nvj ’,ngrnjvdko;af c]t xtg,uozqo8k,c8j]t0Ao8vo8k,7;k,g\ktlq,D
2. 0aho8vofegouodko
2.1 76lvooeg0qhkl6[j qfIPo 3fpdkom;o7nodjP;da[[qfIPogdqkj D
2.2 76lvo.shoadIPo0Boltg|u[qfmuj8qogv’Ia[zyf-v[.og9hp7e4k,7Qo7;hk $D! fh;p
dko9a[lts^kd s^n fh;pI6[dkovnjo 8k,7;k,g\ktlq,D
2.3 sa^’9kdltg|u[qfc]h; 76lvocotoe.sh,udkoxtdv[7;k,7yfgsao0v’oadIPo.o
shv’IPoD
2.4 76lvoI;j ,da[oadIPolts^5[7nogoNv.o0v’[qfIPo c]t dkoxtdv[7;k,gsao
0v’oadIPo.oshv’ c]t 76lvoc-dgoNv.o0v’[qfmugj sao;kj pa’[+mao 7q[4h;oD
2.5 grnvj gxaodkodtdP,.shdkoIPo0v’[qfIPo8+wxF djvo9t\qfg;]k pa’xt,ko &
sk !W okmuF 76lvoc9d1kp7e4k,7Qo7;hk &D! .shc8]j td5,j muwj fh9afc[’j .o-q;j
3,’dvj oD 9kdoAoF .sh,v[7;k,Ia[zyf-v[faj’oUG sq;|hkd5,j Ia[zyf-v[];, c]t
,u|hkmujc[j’xao;Pd.shlt,k-ydm5d7qo.od5,j D Iv’sq;|hkd5j,,u|hkmugj da[dezqo
xB,76,j n76 ICT ,D@ 23
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
’komulj t,k-ydIa[zyf-v[ma’\qf c]t lq,mq[da[sq;|hkd5,j xtg,uozqo7;k,shk;
sao.o|hk;Pdmuj4nd,v[\kp 3fp.shgxao7tcoo7;k,rtpkpk,D
xB,76j,n76 ICT ,D@ 24
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
3. 0=hcotoe
.o0Ao8vodkofegouodkolvo vkflkp;yfu3v Xvu’8k,g’nvj ow0? mujwfhI;[I;,
gvqk0=h,6odPj ;da[goNv.o0v’[qfIPo s^n ltg|uI6[rk[mudj jP;0hv’da[[qfIPo grnvj -j;pdt85ho
7;k,lqo.90v’oadIPo.shs^kp0BoD
4. cs^j’0=h,6ogru,j g8u,
4hk,ug’nvj ow0 d=.shlbdlkgvqkgoNv.omujdPj ;0hv’9kds^kpcs^j’ g-ajoG 3m]trk[F ;ymtp5F
|a’lnry, c]t vyog8ucoafD
V. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo
1. la’gdfdkoltg|u[qf0v’oadIPoD
2. la’gdfdko,ul;j oI;j ,.odyf9tde c]t dkoxtdv[7;k,7yfgsao0v’oadIPo
.oshv’D
xB,76,j n76 ICT ,D@ 25
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
7e4k,7Qo7;hk mu &D! g]njv’ |j;p7;k,9eleIv’0v’7v,ry;g8u
s^a’9kdoadIPolbdlkgoNv.o0v’[qfIPo16jgInvo c]t lqomtokI;j ,daoc]h;.shoadIPo
lts^5[lk]tle7ao faj’8+wxoUG
1. vtmy[kp|hkmu0j v’|;j p7;k,9eleIv’
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
2. vtmy[kp37’xtdv[lhk’ c]t |hkmu0j v’fyfltcdaf
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
3. g;Qkg4y’dko0Po0=h,6o]q’.lczoj fyfltcdafD
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
4. g;Qkg4y’I6[c[[dko[aombdc8]j tvaoD
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
xB,76j,n76 ICT ,D@ 26
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
dyf9tde mu &G |;j p7;k,9eleIv’0v’7v,ry;g8u Xfyfltcdaf?
g;]k ! -qj;3,’
I. 95fxtlq’
.shoadIPoI6hG
- 7;k,\kp0v’|j;p7;k,9eleIv’D
- v5xtdvomuj.-h[aombd0=h,6o g-ajoG fyfltcdaf c]t ;ymudkogIaf;Pd0AorNo4ko
0v’,aoD
II. goNv.o8Qo8=
|;j p7;k,9eleIv’ gxaov5xtdvogrnvj .-hgda[0=h,6omu8j hv’dko s^n -v[c;w;h.-h;Pd
8+wxD g,njv.f8hv’dko.-h;Pd d=9tlk,kf4kj p3vo0=h,6o s^n -v[c;9kd|j;p7;k,9e
leIv’,kw;h16mj uj|j;p7;k,9es^ad Xci,? grnvj .sh|;j pxt,;ozqofegouo’koD |;j p7;k,
9eleIv’mu.j -hdao.o]t[q[7v,ry;g8u ,us^kpxtgrf g-aoj G fyfltcdaf (floppy disk s^n
diskette).
III. lnj c]t v5xtdvo
1. g9hp7e4k,7Qo7;hkmu &D! c]t *D!
2. xB,c[[IPo g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0kj ;lko c]t dkolnlj ko 0Ao ,D@
3. I6[rk[xtdv[ c]t czjo-ufu mu,j ugoNv.odjP;0hv’ Xvu’8k,g’njvow0?
IV. ;ymudkofegouodkolvo
1. dkodtdP,
1.1 dtdP, g9hp7e4k,7Qo7;hk mu &D! c]t *D!
1.2 dtdP,goNv.omudj jP;0hv’ g-y’j 16j.oxB,c[[IPog8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0kj ;lko -aho,af
mtpq,lbdlk8vo8Qo 0Ao ,D@ lhk’3fp lD;DlD
xB,76,j n76 ICT ,D@ 27
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
1.3 lhk’g7njv’,ngrnjvdko;af c]t xtg,uozqo8k,c8]j t0Ao8vo8k,7;k,g\ktlq,D
2. 0aho8vofegouodko
2.1 76lvooeg0qhkl6j[qfIPo 3fpdkom;o7nodjP;da[[qfIPogdqjkD
2.2 76lvo.shoadIPo0Boltg|u[qfmuj8qogv’Ia[zyf-v[.og9hp7e4k,7Qo7;hk &D! fh;p
dko9a[lts^kd s^n fh;pI6[dkovnoj 8k,7;k,g\ktlq,D
2.3 sa^’9kdltg|u[qfc]h; 76lvocotoe.sh,udkoxtdv[7;k,7yfgsao0v’oadIPo.o
shv’IPoD
2.4 76lvoI;j ,da[oadIPolts^5[7nogoNv.o0v’[qfIPo c]t dkoxtdv[7;k,gsao
0v’oadIPo.oshv’ c]t 76lvoc-dgoNv.o0v’[qfmujgsao;jk pa’[+mao7q[4h;oD
2.5 grnvj gxaodkodtdP,.shdkoIPo0v’[qfIPo8+wxF dvj o9t\qfg;]k pa’xt,ko &
sk !W okmuF 76lvoc9d1kp7e4k,7Qo7;hk *D! .shc8]j td5,j muwj fh9afc[’j .o-q;j
3,’djvoD 9kdoAoF .sh,v[7;k,Ia[zyf-v[fa’j oUG sq;|hkd5j,Ia[zyf-v[];, c]t
,u|hkmucj [j’xao;Pd.shlt,k-ydm5d7qo.od5j,D Iv’sq;|hkd5j,,u|hkmugj da[dezqo
’komulj t,k-ydIa[zyf-v[ma’\qf c]t lq,mq[da[sq;|hkd5,j xtg,uozqo7;k,shk;
sao.o|hk;Pdmuj4nd,v[\kp 3fp.shgxao7tcoo7;k,rtpkpk,D
3. 0=hcotoe
.o0Ao8vodkofegouodkolvo vkflkp;yfu3v Xvu’8k,g’njvow0? mujwfhI;[I;,
gvqk0=h,6odPj ;da[goNv.o0v’[qfIPo s^n ltg|uI6[rk[mujdPj ;0hv’da[[qfIPo grnjv-;j pdt85ho
7;k,lqo.90v’oadIPo.shs^kp0BoD
4. cs^’j 0=h,6ogruj,g8u,
4hk,ug’njvow0 d=.shlbdlkgvqkgoNv.omudj jP;0hv’9kds^kpcs^j’ g-ajoG 3m]trk[F ;ymtp5F
|a’lnry, c]t vyog8ucoafD
xB,76,j n76 ICT ,D@ 28
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
V. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo
1. la’gdfdkoltg|u[qf0v’oadIPoD
2. la’gdfdko,ul;j oI;j ,.odyf9tde c]t dkoxtdv[7;k,7yfgsao0v’oadIPo
.oshv’D
czjofyfltcdaf
xB,76,j n76 ICT ,D@ 29
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
7e4k,7Qo7;hk mu *D! g]njv’ Ikfful Xhard disk?
s^a’9kdoadIPolbdlkgoNv.o0v’[qfIPo16gj Invo c]t lqomtokIj;,daoc]h;.sh
oadIPolts^5[lk]tle7ao faj’8+wxoUG
1. xts;af0v’IkffulG
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
2. 0t|kf c]t 7;k,lk,kf.odko[ao950=h,6oG
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
3. dkogIaf;Pd0v’IkffulG
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
4. dkogda[0=h,6o0v’IkffulG
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
xB,76j,n76 ICT ,D@ 30
g;]k ! -qj;3,’
dyf9tde mu *G Ikfful Xhard disk?
I. 95fxtlq’
.shoadIPoI6hG
- ]adltotmqj;wx0v’IkffulD
- dkogIaf;Pd0AorNo4ko0v’IkffulD
- dkogda[0=h,6o0v’Ikfful
II. goNv.o8Qo8=
Ikfful gxaov5xtdvo-toyf|b’j 0v’|j;p7;k,9eleIv’ muj.-hdao.o]t[q[7v,ry;g8u
grnvj .-hgda[0=h,6omuj8hv’dko s^n -v[c;w;h.-h;Pd8+wxD skd8hv’dko.-h;Pdg,nvj .f d=9tlk
,kf4jkp3vo0=h,6o s^n -v[c;9kd|;j p7;k,9eleIv’,kw;h16jmu|j j;p7;k,9es^ad Xci,?
grnjv.sh|j;pxt,;ozqofegouo’koD
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
III. lnj c]t v5xtdvo
1. g9hp7e4k,7Qo7;hk mu *D! c]t (D!
2. g9hp7;k,I6h *D! g]njv’ Ikfful
3. xB,c[[IPo g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnjlko 0Ao ,D@
4. I6[rk[xtdv[ c]t czjo-ufu muj,ugoNv.odPj ;0hv’ Xvu’8k,g’nvj ow0?
IV. ;ymudkofegouodkolvo
1. dkodtdP,
1.1 dtdP, g9hp7e4k,7Qo7;hk mu *D! c]t (D!
1.2 dtdP,goNv.omujdjP;0hv’ g-yj’16j.oxB,c[[IPog8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko -aho,af
mtpq,lbdlk8vo8Qo 0Ao ,D@ lhk’3fp lD;DlD
1.3 lhk’g7njv’,ngrnvj dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo8k,c8j]t0Ao8vo8k,7;k,g\ktlq,D
xB,76j,n76 ICT ,D@ 31
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
2. 0aho8vofegouodko
2.1 76lvooeg0qhkl6[j qfIPo 3fpdkom;o7nodjP;da[[qfIPogdqjkD
2.2 76lvo.shoadIPo0Boltg|u[qfmuj8qogv’Ia[zyf-v[.og9hp7e4k,7Qo7;hk *D! fh;p
dko9a[lts^kd s^n fh;pI6[dkovnoj 8k,7;k,g\ktlq,D
2.3 s^a’9kdltg|u[qfc]h; 76lvocotoe.sh,udkoxtdv[7;k,7yfgsao0v’oadIPo.o
shv’IPoD
2.4 76lvoI;j ,da[oadIPolts^5[7nogoNv.o0v’[qfIPo c]t dkoxtdv[7;k,gsao
0v’oadIPo.oshv’ c]t 76lvoc-dgoNv.o0v’[qfmugj sao;jk pa’[+mao 7q[4h;oD
2.5 grnvj gxaodkodtdP,.shdkoIPo0v’[qfIPo8+wxF djvo9t\qfg;]k pa’xt,ko &
sk !W okmuF 76lvoc9d1kp7e4k,7Qo7;hk (D! .shc8j]td5,j mujwfh9afc[’j .o-qj;
3,’djvoD 9kdoAoF .sh,v[7;k,Ia[zyf-v[fa’j oUG sq;|hkd5,j Ia[zyf-v[];, c]t
,u|hkmujc[’j xao;Pd.shlt,k-ydm5d7qo.od5,j D Iv’sq;|hkd5,j ,u|hkmujgda[dezqo
’komulj t,k-ydIa[zyf-v[ma’\qf c]t lq,mq[da[sq;|hkd5j,xtg,uozqo7;k,shk;
sao.o|hk;Pdmuj4nd,v[\kp 3fp.shgxao7tcoo7;k,rtpkpk,D
3. 0=hcotoe
.o0Ao8vodkofegouodkolvo vkflkp;yfu3v Xvu’8k,g’njvow0? muwj fhI;[I;,
gvqk0=h,6odjP;da[goNv.o0v’[qfIPo s^n ltg|uI6[rk[mujdPj ;0hv’da[[qfIPo grnvj -;j pdt85ho
7;k,lqo.90v’oadIPo.shs^kp0BoD
4. cs^’j 0=h,6ogruj,g8u,
4hk,ug’nvj ow0 d=.shlbdlkgvqkgoNv.omudj Pj ;0hv’9kds^kpcs^’j g-aoj G 3m]trk[F ;ymtp5F
|a’lnry, c]t vyog8ucoafD
xB,76,j n76 ICT ,D@ 32
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
V. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo
1. la’gdfdkoltg|u[qf0v’oadIPoD
2. la’gdfdko,ulj;oI;j ,.odyf9tde c]t dkoxtdv[7;k,7yfgsao0v’oadIPo
.oshv’D
Ikfful
xB,76,j n76 ICT ,D@ 33
g9hp7;k,I6h mu *D! g]nvj ’ Ikfful Xhard disk?
Ikfful (hard disk) 7n v5xtdvo7v,ry;g8umu[j ao950=h,6oc[[4k;voD ,ao,u]adltot
gxaoczoj 9ko3]stmugj 7nv[fh;pmkfc,jgs^ad g-y’j xyoj 1kj ’;vj ’w; g,nvj ,aogIaf;PdD dko8yf
8A’Ikfful g0Qk.og7njv’7v,ry;g8ulk,kfgIafwfh3fpzjkodko8+g0Qkda[dtfkoc,j (mother-
board) muj,udkog-njv,8+c[[0t|ko (PATA)F c[[]Po (SATA) c]t c[[-tdaf-u
(SCSI)D ovd9kdoAoF ,aopa’lk,kf8+g0Qkg7nvj ’9kdrkpovdzjkolkp USB wfh g-yj’gIaf.sh
dko.-hgda[0=h,6o,u7;k,ltf;dpy’j 0Bo g,nvj [+,u7v,ry;g8ugxao0v’8qogv’1jk’4k;voD
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
Ikfful0t|kf8jk’M Ikfful.oltw\gdqjk c]t .\j Ikfful-toyf SSD
Ikffulwfh4ndxtfyf0Bog,nvj xu !_&* 3fpoadxtfyfp5d[5dg[ud0v’[=]ylaf IBM g-yj’,u
0t|kf.spj XglAozjkl6odk’ &WF) cm? c8,j u7;k,[ao95wfhrP’]tfa[g,dkw[gmqkj oAoD
.o8vomevyf,ao,u-nj;jk 9ko[aombdmuj8yf16dj a[mu j (fixed disk) c]t .o[=]ylaf IBM gvUo;jk
;yog-afltg8u (Winchesters)D 8+9kdoAo 9bj’gvUo;jk 9ko[aombdc[[c0’ (hard disk)
grnjv9ecod9kd9ko[aombdc[[vvj o (floppy disk)D 8A’c8gj 0Qkl6lj af8t;afmu @! gxao8Qo,k
9ko[aombdc0’ s^n Ikffullk,kfgsaowfh.ov5xtdvogvg]ad38ioydmq;j wx [+ltgrktrkp.o
g7njv’7v,ry;g8ugmqjkoAo c8jpa’I;,wxg4y’v5xtdvogvg]ad38ioydvnjoM vudfh;p g-aoj G g7njv’
s^Yo MP3F g7njv’[aombdrk[fy9y8voF dhv’4jkpI6[F 7v,ry;g8u,n4n (PDA) c]t 3m]tla[
,n4n[k’I5oj D .oxu @WW) wfh,udkorafmtokIkfful,kgxao Ikp[iyfwfi (Hybrid drive?
c]t cvlcvlfu (SSD)D
xB,76j,n76 ICT ,D@ 34
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
7;k,[ao950v’Ikfful 3fpmq;j wx.oxaf95[ao ,u8A’c8j @W dydkw[ g4y’ !F& gmikw[
(1 TB=103GB) c]t ,us^kp0t|kfc8d8jk’dao7nG
• 0t|kf7;k,|k ) inch (241,3 mm×117,5 mm×362 mm)
• 0t|kf7;k,|k &F@& inch (241,3 mm×117,5 mm×362 mm)
g]uj,c8xj u @WW) wfh,uIkffulxtgrfG
• 0t|kf7;k,|k #F& inch (101,6 mm×25,4 mm×146 mm) gxaoIkffulle]a[
7v,ry;g8u8A’38t (Desktop PC) s^n 7v,ry;g8u0t|kf.spj (Server) g-y’j ,u
7;k,w; .odkoxyjo0v’9ko 9kd !WFWWWS (F@WW sk &F(WW Iv[8+okmu (RPM)
c]t lk,kf [ao950=h,6owfh8A’c8j )W GB = 1 TB.
• 0t|kf7;k,|k @F& inch (69,85 mm×9,5-15 mm×100 mm) gxaoIkfful
le]a[ NotebookF LaptopF UMPCF NetbookF v5xtdvolnjxtlq,c[[,n4n g-y’j ,u
7;k,w; .odkoxyjo0v’9ko 9kd !WFWWWS (F@WW sk &F(WW Iv[8+okmu (RPM)
c]t lk,kf[ao950=h,6owfh8A’c8j *W GB = 320 GB.
• 0t|kf7;k,|k !F* inch (54 mm×8 mm×71 mm)
• 0t|kf7;k,|k ! inch (42,8 mm×5 mm×36,4 mm)
• 0t|kf7;k,|k WF)& inch (24 mm×8 mm×32 mm)
dkorafmtok0v’Ikfful8k,7;k,[ao95G
4hkIkffullk,kf[ao950=h,6owfhs^kp d=gIaf.shdkogIaf;Pd,uxtlyfmyrk[l6’ ,u7;k,
|hkg-njv4n.ofhko7;k,xvfwr g-yj’g\ktlq,da[7;k,8hv’dko0v’dko.-h.oxaf95[aoD
xB,76,j n76 ICT ,D@ 35
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
7e4k,7Qo7;hk mu (D! g]njv’ gma[c,jgs^ad c]t czjo-ufu
s^a’9kdoadIPolbdlkgoNv.o0v’[qfIPo16gj Invo c]t lqomtokI;j ,daoc]h;.sh
oadIPolts^5[lk]tle7ao faj’8+wxoUG
1. 7;k,\kp0v’gma[c,jgs^ad c]t |hkmu0j v’,aoG
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
2. xts;af7;k,gxao,k0v’czoj -ufuG
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
3. ,kf8t4ko0v’czoj -ufuG
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
4. dkogIaf;Pd0v’czoj -ufuG
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
xB,76,j n76 ICT ,D@ 36
dyf9tde mu (G gma[c,jgs^ad c]t czoj -ufu g;]k ! -qj;3,’
I. 95fxtlq’
.shoadIPoI6hG
- ]adltotmq;j wx0v’gma[c,gj s^ad c]t czoj -ufuD
- xts;af7;k,gxao,k0v’czoj -ufuD
- ,kf8t4ko c]t dkogIaf;Pd0v’czoj -ufuD
II. goNv.o8Qo8=
gma[c,jgs^ad gxaov5xtdvomuj.-hgrnjv[aombd0=h,6o9eo;os^kp g-yj’]adltot0v’,aogxao
c4[lkpxk]klt8ydF g7nv[fh;plkoc,gj s^ad7ndaoda[gm[[aombdlP’ c88j hv’.-hg;]kfqo
oko.odkogda[[aombdD
czoj -ufu gxaov5xtdvo[aombd0=h,6ovud-toyf|bj’ 7hkp7nda[czjo[aombd (Diskette) c8j
dkogda[[aombd0=h,6o.-h]ecl’g]-uD czjo-ufu,us^kp-toyf c]t 0t|kf g-aoj G CD, CD-R
c]t CD-RW.
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
III. lnj c]t v5xtdvo
1. g9hp7e4k,7Qo7;hk mu (D! c]t )D!
2. xB,c[[IPo g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnlj ko 0Ao ,D@
3. I6[rk[xtdv[ c]t czjo-ufu mu,j ugoNv.odjP;0hv’ Xvu’8k,g’njvow0?
IV. ;ymudkofegouodkolvo
1. dkodtdP,
1.1 dtdP,g9hp7e4k,7Qo7;hk mu (D! c]t )D!D
1.2 dtdP,goNv.omujdPj ;0hv’ g-yj’16j.oxB,c[[IPog8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0kj ;lko -aho,af
mtpq,lbdlk8vo8Qo 0Ao ,D@ lhk’3fp lD;DlD
xB,76j,n76 ICT ,D@ 37
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
1.3 lhk’g7nvj ’,ngrnjvdko;af c]t xtg,uozqo8k,c8]j t0Ao8vo8k,7;k,g\ktlq,D
2. 0aho8vofegouodko
2.1 76lvooeg0qhkl6[j qfIPo 3fpdkom;o7nodPj ;da[[qfIPogdqjkD
2.2 76lvo.shoadIPo0Boltg|u[qfmu8j qogv’Ia[zyf-v[.og9hp7e4k,7Qo7;hk (D! fh;p
dko9a[lts^kd s^n fh;pI6[dkovnjo 8k,7;k,g\ktlq,D
2.3 s^a’9kdltg|u[qfc]h; 76lvocotoe.sh,udkoxtdv[7;k,7yfgsao0v’oadIPo.o
shv’IPoD
2.4 76lvoIj;,da[oadIPolts^5[7nogoNv.o0v’[qfIPo c]t dkoxtdv[7;k,gsao
0v’oadIPo.oshv’ c]t 76lvoc-dgoNv.o0v’[qfmugj sao;kj pa’[+mao7q[4h;oD
2.5 grnvj gxaodkodtdP,.shdkoIPo0v’[qfIPo8+wxF dvj o9t\qfg;]k pa’xt,ko &
sk !W okmuF 76lvoc9d1kp7e4k,7Qo7;hk )D! .shc8]j td5,j mujwfh9afc[’j .o-qj;
3,’djvoD 9kdoAoF .sh,v[7;k,Ia[zyf-v[fa’j oUG sq;|hkd5j,Ia[zyf-v[];, c]t
,u|hkmucj [’j xao;Pd.shlt,k-ydm5d7qo.od5j,D Iv’sq;|hkd5j,,u|hkmujgda[dezqo
’komujlt,k-ydIa[zyf-v[ma’\qf c]t lq,mq[da[sq;|hkd5,j xtg,uozqo7;k,shk;
sao.o|hk;Pdmu4j nd,v[\kp 3fp.shgxao7tcoo7;k,rtpkpk,D
3. 0=hcotoe
.o0Ao8vodkofegouodkolvo vkflkp;yfu3v Xvu’8k,g’nvj ow0? muwj fhI;[I;,
gvqk0=h,6odPj ;da[goNv.o0v’[qfIPo s^n ltg|uI6[rk[mudj Pj ;0hv’da[[qfIPo grnjv-;j pdt85ho
7;k,lqo.90v’oadIPo.shs^kp0BoD
4. cs^’j 0=h,6ogru,j g8u,
4hk,ug’njvow0 d=.shlbdlkgvqkgoNv.omujdjP;0hv’9kds^kpcs^j’ g-aoj G 3m]trk[F ;ymtp5F
|a’lnry, c]t vyog8ucoafD
xB,76,j n76 ICT ,D@ 38
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
V. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo
1. la’gdfdkoltg|u[qf0v’oadIPoD
2. la’gdfdko,ul;j oI;j ,.odyf9tde c]t dkoxtdv[7;k,7yfgsao0v’oadIPo
.oshv’D
gma[c,jgs^ad c]t czoj -ufu
xB,76,j n76 ICT ,D@ 39
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
7e4k,7Qo7;hk mu )D! g]njv’ czoj DVD
s^a’9kdoadIPolbdlkgoNv.o0v’[qfIPo16gj Invo c]t lqomtokI;j ,daoc]h;.sh
oadIPolts^5[lk]tle7ao faj’8+wxoUG
1. ]adltotmq;j wx0v’czjo DVDG
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
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……………………………………………………………………………………
2. xts;af7;k,gxao,k0v’czjo DVDG
……………………………………………………………………………………
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……………………………………………………………………………………
3. ,kf8t4ko0v’czoj DVDG
……………………………………………………………………………………
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……………………………………………………………………………………
4. dkogIaf;Pd c]t dko.-h]tsaf0v’czoj DVDG
……………………………………………………………………………………
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……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
xB,76j,n76 ICT ,D@ 40
dyf9tde mu )G czjo DVD g;]k ! -qj;3,’
I. 95fxtlq’
.shoadIPoI6hG
- ]adltotmq;j wx0v’czoj DVDD
- 75olq,[afrNo4ko c]t -toyf0v’czjo DVDD
- dkogIaf;Pd c]t dko.-h]tsaf0v’,aoD
II. goNv.o8Qo8=
czoj fu;ufu gxaoczoj 0=h,6oc[[[aombdfh;pcl’ (optical disc) mu.j -h[aombd0=h,6oc[[
8jk’M g-aoj G I6[g’qk Xrk[rtpqo? g-y’j .sh75ootrk[0v’rk[F lP’mujfuD ,aolk,kf[aombd
0=h,6owfhgxao9eo;os^;’s^kp c]t s^kpd;kj czjo-ufus^kpgmqkj D
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
III. lnj c]t v5xtdvo
1. g9hp7e4k,7Qo7;hk mu )D! c]t _D!
2. xB,c[[IPo g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0kj ;lko c]t dkolnjlko -Ao ,D@
3. I6[rk[xtdv[ c]t czjo-ufu mu,j ugoNv.odjP;0hv’ Xvu’8k,g’njvow0?
IV. ;ymudkofegouodkolvo
1. dkodtdP,
1.1 dtdP,7e4k,7Qo7;hk mu )D! c]t _D!D
1.2 dtdP,goNv.omudj jP;0hv’ g-y’j 16j.oxB,c[[IPog8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0kj ;lko -aho,af
mtpq,lbdlk8vo8Qo 0Ao ,D@ lhk’3fp lD;DlD
1.3 lhk’g7nvj ’,ngrnvj dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo8k,c8j]t0Ao8vo8k,7;k,g\ktlq,D
2. 0aho8vofegouodko
2.1 76lvooeg0qhkl6[j qfIPo 3fpdkom;o7nodjP;da[[qfIPogdqkj D
xB,76j,n76 ICT ,D@ 41
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
2.2 76lvo.shoadIPo0Boltg|u[qfmuj8qogv’Ia[zyf-v[.og9hp7e4k,7Qo7;hk )D! fh;p
dko9a[lts^kd s^n fh;pI6[dkovnoj 8k,7;k,g\ktlq,D
2.3 s^a’9kdltg|u[qfc]h; 76lvocotoe.sh,udkoxtdv[7;k,7yfgsao0v’oadIPo.o
shv’IPoD
2.4 76lvoI;j ,da[oadIPolts^5[7nogoNv.o0v’[qfIPo c]t dkoxtdv[7;k,gsao
0v’oadIPo.oshv’ c]t 76lvoc-dgoNv.o0v’[qfmugj sao;kj pa’[+mao7q[4h;oD
2.5 grnvj gxaodkodtdP,.shdkoIPo0v’[qfIPo8+wxF dvj o9t\qfg;]k pa’xt,ko &
sk !W okmuF 76lvoc9d1kp7e4k,7Qo7;hk _D! .shc8]j td5,j mujwfh9afc[’j .o-q;j
3,’djvoD 9kdoAoF .sh,v[7;k,Ia[zyf-v[fa’j oUG sq;|hkd5j,Ia[zyf-v[];, c]t
,u|hkmujc[j’xao;Pd.shlt,k-ydm5d7qo.od5,j D Iv’sq;|hkd5,j ,u|hkmujgda[dezqo
’komujlt,k-ydIa[zyf-v[ma’\qf c]t lq,mq[da[sq;|hkd5,j xtg,uozqo7;k,shk;
sao.o|hk;Pdmu4j nd,v[\kp 3fp.shgxao7tcoo7;k,rtpkpk,D
3. 0=hcotoe
.o0Ao8vodkofegouodkolvo vkflkp;yfu3v Xvu’8k,g’njvow0? mujwfhI;[I;,
gvqk0=h,6odjP;da[goNv.o0v’[qfIPo s^n ltg|uI6[rk[mujdjP;0hv’da[[qfIPo grnjv-;j pdt85ho
7;k,lqo.90v’oadIPo.shs^kp0BoD
4. cs^’j 0=h,6ogru,j g8u,
4hk,ug’nvj ow0 d=.shlbdlkgvqkgoNv.omudj jP;0hv’9kds^kpcs^j’ g-aoj G 3m]trk[F ;ymtp5F
|a’lnry, c]t vyog8ucoafD
V. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo
1. la’gdfdkoltg|u[qf0v’oadIPoD
2. la’gdfdko,ulj;oIj;,.odyf9tde c]t dkoxtdv[7;k,7yfgsao0v’oadIPo
.oshv’D
xB,76j,n76 ICT ,D@ 42
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
7e4k,7Qo7;hk mu _D! g]njv’ USB drive c]t czjo[aombd0=h,6o8jk’M
s^a’9kdoadIPolbdlkgoNv.o0v’[qfIPo16gj Invo c]t lqomtokI;j ,daoc]h;.sh
oadIPolts^5[lk]tle7ao faj’8+wxoUG
1. ]adltot c]t 75olq,[af0v’ USB driveG
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……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
2. ]adltot c]t 75olq,[af0v’ DVD c]t CDG
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
3. ]adltot c]t 75olq,[af0v’gma[c,gj s^ad c]t fyfltcdafG
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
4. xP[mP[]adltot c]t 75olq,[af0v’ czoj [aombd8jk’M mu,j u.oxB,c[[IPoG
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
xB,76j,n76 ICT ,D@ 43
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
dyf9tde mu _G USB drive c]t czjo[aombd0=h,6o8kj ’M
g;]k ! -qj;3,’
I. 95fxtlq’
.shoadIPoI6hG
- ]adltot c]t 75olq,[af0v’ USB driveD
- xP[mP[]adltotF 37’lhk’ c]t dkogIaf;Pd0v’czjo[aombd8kj ’MD
II. goNv.o8Qo8=
2tc]afwfi (Flash drive) s^n 16gvaf[uwfi (USB drive) gxaov5xtdvole]a[
gda[0=h,6o3fp.-h|j;p7;k,9ec[[ 2tc]af gIaf;PdIj;,da[ USB !D! s^n @DW ,u0t|kf
ohvp c]t g[qjkD .oxaf95[ao Flash drive lk,kf[ao950=h,6owfhg4y’ !@) dydkw[D
III. lnj c]t v5xtdvo
1. g9hp7e4k,7Qo7;hk mu _D! c]t !WD!
2. xB,c[[IPo g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnjlko 0Ao ,D@
3. I6[rk[xtdv[ c]t czjo-ufu mu,j ugoNv.odjP;0hv’ Xvu’8k,g’nvj ow0?
IV. ;ymudkofegouodkolvo
1. dkodtdP,
1.1 dtdP, g9hp7e4k,7Qo7;hk mu _D! c]t !WD!D
1.2 dtdP,goNv.omujdPj ;0hv’ g-y’j 16j.oxB,c[[IPog8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko -aho,af
mtpq,lbdlk8vo8Qo 0Ao ,D@ lhk’3fp lD;DlD
1.3 lhk’g7nvj ’,ngrnjvdko;af c]t xtg,uozqo8k,c8]j t0Ao8vo8k,7;k,g\ktlq,D
xB,76,j n76 ICT ,D@ 44
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
2. 0aho8vofegouodko
2.1 76lvooeg0qhkl6[j qfIPo 3fpdkom;o7nodPj ;da[[qfIPogdqjkD
2.2 76lvo.shoadIPo0Boltg|u[qfmuj8qogv’Ia[zyf-v[.og9hp7e4k,7Qo7;hk _D! fh;p
dko9a[lts^kd s^n fh;pI6[dkovnjo 8k,7;k,g\ktlq,D
2.3 s^a’9kdltg|u[qfc]h; 76lvocotoe.sh,udkoxtdv[7;k,7yfgsao0v’oadIPo.o
shv’IPoD
2.4 76lvoI;j ,da[oadIPolts^5[7nogoNv.o0v’[qfIPo c]t dkoxtdv[7;k,gsao
0v’oadIPo.oshv’ c]t 76lvoc-dgoNv.o0v’[qfmugj sao;jk pa’[+mao7q[4h;oD
2.5 grnvj gxaodkodtdP,.shdkoIPo0v’[qfIPo8+wxF djvo9t\qfg;]k pa’xt,ko &
sk !W okmuF 76lvoc9d1kp7e4k,7Qo7;hk !WD! .shc8j]td5j,mujwfh9afc[j’.o-qj;
3,’djvoD 9kdoAoF .sh,v[7;k,Ia[zyf-v[faj’oUG sq;|hkd5,j Ia[zyf-v[];, c]t
,u|hkmucj [’j xao;Pd.shlt,k-ydm5d7qo.od5j,D Iv’sq;|hkd5,j ,u|hkmujgda[dezqo
’komujlt,k-ydIa[zyf-v[ma’\qf c]t lq,mq[da[sq;|hkd5j,xtg,uozqo7;k,shk;
sao.o|hk;Pdmu4j nd,v[\kp 3fp.shgxao7tcoo7;k,rtpkpk,D
3. 0=hcotoe
.o0Ao8vodkofegouodkolvo vkflkp;yfu3v Xvu’8k,g’njvow0? muwj fhI;[I;,
gvqk0=h,6odPj ;da[goNv.o0v’[qfIPo s^n ltg|uI6[rk[mudj Pj ;0hv’da[[qfIPo grnjv-;j pdt85ho
7;k,lqo.90v’oadIPo.shs^kp0BoD
4. cs^j’0=h,6ogru,j g8u,
4hk,ug’nvj ow0 d=.shlbdlkgvqkgoNv.omudj jP;0hv’9kds^kpcs^j’ g-aoj G 3m]trk[F ;ymtp5F
|a’lnry, c]t vyog8ucoafD
xB,76,j n76 ICT ,D@ 45
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
V. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo
1. la’gdfdkoltg|u[qf0v’oadIPoD
2. la’gdfdko,ul;j oIj;,.odyf9tde c]t dkoxtdv[7;k,7yfgsao0v’oadIPo
.oshv’
USB drive I6[c[[8jk’MD
xB,76j,n76 ICT ,D@ 46
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