NATIONAL CREATIVE DESIGN DIGEST 7th EDITION 2021

48 | P a g e Fig 1. Night Light and Alarm Clock separately (Cyprus, 2014) The proposed Portable Automatic Bed Light with Morning Alarm incorporated two features which are automatic bed light and automatic morning alarm combined into one product. This simple, safe and low cost product was designed to turn ON the bed light automatically when it senses dark and turn OFF the light automatically when ambient light is detected and activates the morning alarm. By using this product, the manual works are totally removed. People don’t have to turn ON and OFF the light manually, in fact, they don’t have to set the time for the morning alarm. Because this product is automatic, it helps to minimize and eliminate the restrictions of handicap accessibility. This circuit is a simple, low cost and reliable circuit. It makes the price more affordable. Furthermore, the portable concept this system introduced is the power source of this product directly from the socket outlet or by using a 9V DC battery. The small dimension and the lightweight with two selections of power supply make this product portable even at any place that has no socket power supply such as rural areas. It is also suitable to be used during outdoor activities such as camping. Methodology This proposed product automatically switched ON and OFF the lights when ambient light and darkness were detected. This was done by a sensor called Light Dependent Resistor (LDR). Fig. 2(a) shows the block diagram of the product that shows two input LDRs that activate LED and speaker as output. LDRs or photoresistors are electronic components that are used to detect light and change the operation of a circuit dependent upon the light levels. Resistors resist the flow of electricity. Photoresistors differ from other resistors in that they change when light shines on them. Fig. 2(b) shows the flow chart of the product. LDR 1 and LDR 2 acted as detectors that detect either darkness or daylight which then automatically turned ON or OFF the LED and speaker when the resistance reached a certain level. (a) (b) Fig. 2. (a) Block Diagram of the circuit and (b) Flow Chart of the system

49 | P a g e Product Design. The schematic diagram and the model were designed by using Proteus 8.9 and Autodesk Thinker CAD software, respectively. The casing was made from Perspex material. This product design will make the user feel easy to handle. This circuit automatically turned ON a bed light when darkness was detected. The bed light remained ON until the light sensor sensed daylight in the morning. The bed light was made of a super-bright white LED. It illuminated the space with both warm and cold light. When the sensor detected daylight in the morning, a melodious morning alarm sound was played through the speaker. The circuit was powered from a 240V AC socket outlet that would step down and convert the voltage to a 6V DC or 9V DC battery which made it portable. The system was powered ON with a 6V DC supply. The circuit utilized light dependent resistors (LDRs) for sensing darkness and light in the room. The resistance of LDR was very high in the darkness, which was reduced to a minimum when LDR was fully illuminated. LDR1 detected darkness, while LDR2 detected light in the morning. The schematic diagram of the system is shown in Fig.3. The circuit was based on the widely used NE555 (IC2) timer IC, which was activated by a low pulse supplied to its trigger pin 2. Once triggered, IC2's output pin 3 rose high and stayed there until pin 2 of IC2 was activated again. When ambient light in the room illuminates LDR1, its resistance stays low, keeping trigger pin 2 of IC2 at a positive potential. As a result, IC2's output pin 3 went low, and the white LED stayed turned off. When T1 was conducted, the melody-generator IC UM66 (IC3) received power from T1's emitter and began to produce the tune. T2 was a single-transistor amplifier that amplified the melodic tone created by IC3. The current was limited to IC3 by resistor R7, while the voltage was limited to 3.3 volts by Zener diode ZD. Fig. 3. Schematic Diagram Fig. 4 (a) (b) (c) and (d) show the front view, back view, side view and top view of the product, respectively. The product was designed in 3 parts which were rectangular shape in 12cm x15.5cmx7cm for the base that consisted of two LDR sensors, speaker and push button, the cylindrical shape in diameter and height of 8cm for the bed light and the square shape in 8 cm x 8 cm for the light closer of the cylindrical part. Fig. 3(e) shows the overall view of the product. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Fig. 4. (a) Front View (b) Back View (c) Side View (d) Top View and (e) Overall View

50 | P a g e Result and Discussion The Portable Automatic Bed Light with Morning Alarm had been developed as shown in Fig. 5. Two conditions were observed which were during daylight and darkness and the results were recorded in Table 1. From the results, it can be shown that LDR1 and LDR2 circuits have been successfully detected for both conditions. When LDR1 and LDR2 detected darkness, the LED or the light will be automatically ON and the alarm will remain OFF. Meanwhile, when LDR 1 and LDR 2 detected daylight, the LED remained OFF and the alarm would automatically be ON. In order to cut off the alarm system, the push button had to be pressed. Fig. 5. Portable Automatic Bed Light with Morning Alarm Table 1. Notification of darkness and daylight condition CONDITION INPUT LED SPEAKER DARKNESS LDR 1 and LDR 2 ON OFF DAYLIGHT LDR 1 and LDR 2 OFF ON Push Button OFF OFF The portable was introduced in the previous section, that is, it was powered by a 9V DC battery. Fig. 6 shows the capacity of the battery in 5 days of usage. One day usage entailed approximately 12 hours. The capacity of the battery reduced 0.5V to 0.6V per day and dropped to 1.2V from Day 4 to Day 5. The system needed 6VDC to operate. As a result, it showed that the 9VDC batteries had the capability for four days usage that equalled 48 hours. Table 2 shows the comparison summary between Night Light in the market with this product. Fig. 6. The capacity of DC battery vs time 8.5 8 7.4 6.8 5.6 0 2 4 6 8 10 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Voltage (V) Time (1 Day = 12hours usage) The capacity of DC battery vs time

51 | P a g e Table 2: Comparison of Night Light and Portable Automatic Bed Light with Morning Alarm Night Light Portable Automatic Bed Light with Morning Alarm Manually ON and OFF Automatic ON and OFF Without Morning Alarm With Morning Alarm Lightweight Lightweight One power source (socket outlet ONLY) Two power sources (socket outlet and 9V DC battery) Fixed Portable Conclusion The Portable Automatic Bed Light with Morning Alarm had been developed. LDR 1 and LDR 2 that located at the base of the product successfully detected two conditions either daylight or darkness and automatically activated the bed light and morning alarm. In addition, this product was also powered by a 9 VDC battery that made it portable, easy to carry and can be used in rural places and for outdoor activities. By combining bed lights with morning alarms and automatic features, this product could help minimize and eliminate accessibility barriers for people with disabilities. References Cyprus, S. (October, 2014). Retrieved from What is Bedside Lamp: https://www.wise-geek.com/ w what-is-a-bedsideDavid, I. (n.d.). How does a Night Light Work. Retrieved from https://www.hunker.com/13412849/ how-does-a-night-light-work Junhui Lai, G. C. (2018). Multi-function Wake-up System. 2018 IEEE International Conference of Safety Produce Informatization (IICSPI), 108-112. Kambhampati Sai Sandilya, M. E. (2018). Design for a Programmable Alarm Clock using Alphanumeric Display. 2018 IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Computing Research. Kaushik, D. D. (2016). Microprocessor Based Night Lamp with Morning Alarm. International J Journal of Industrial Electronics and Control, 43-50. Sitaraa Kumar, D. D. (2018). Smart Alarm Clock. Proceedings of the International Conference on Communication and Electronics Systems, 999-1001. Wei Yu, J. P. (2021). Design of Color Screen Clock Control System Based on STM32. 2021 IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Image Processing , Electronics and Computers (IPEC).

52 | P a g e Solar Learning Kit with Simple D.I.Y Solar Charger Controller Zuraidah bt. M.Taiba and Muhammad Arif Ikhmal bin Jasnib Electrical Engineering Department, Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Johor, Malaysia [email protected], [email protected] Keywords: Solar; Solar Energy; Renewable Energy; Solar Educational Kit; Solar Learning kit. Abstract. Renewable energy is one of the most significant topics for the next generation to understand since it is critical to understand how to obtain electricity from natural sources. This solar learning kit was a product that consisted of numerous components that were used to illustrate the fundamentals of solar energy. As the solar panel detected light from the sun, the mechanism activated. A 12V battery could be charged with this technique. An inverter module was also used in this Solar Learning Kit to turn on AC-powered appliances and other equipment. It also included a small voltmeter to display the solar panel's input into the circuit. Future work that could be recommended is the addition of a circuit for back current protection, overcharging protection, and indicators to show whether the circuit functions. This system was designed for educational purposes. Introduction Solar Power can be defined as the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), indirectly using concentrated solar power, or a combination. Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and solar tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaic cells convert light into an electric current using the photoelectric effect (Wikipedia, 2021). Everyone is likely most familiar with PV, which is utilized in solar panels. When the sun shines onto a solar panel, energy from the sunlight is absorbed by the PV cells in the panel. This energy creates electrical charges that move in response to an internal electric field in the cell, causing electricity to flow. Solar energy is nothing new. People have used solar power as far back in history as the 7th century. In its most primitive state, energy from the sun has been revered and used almost as long as man has walked the earth. The earliest uses of solar power included focusing the sun’s energy through a magnifying glass to start fires for cooking. By the 3rd century, Greeks and Romans bounced sunlight off “burning mirrors” to light sacred torches for religious ceremonies (Vivinsolar.com). The background of this project refers to the latest information related to the current issue of lack of awareness about renewable energy. The purpose is to provide a comprehensive overview of future awareness about renewable energy. This section also highlights key or current issues related to the basic concept of solar energy. In Malaysia, many students have trouble understanding the concept of renewable energy, especially solar. This is because there is a lack of equipment for the basic concept of renewable energy. It can cause the student difficulty to understand the basic concept of renewable energy like solar. For example, students do not understand the process of converting power from renewable energy to electrical energy. Almost all students will forget about the process of converting the power of renewable energy to an electric source and how the operation of the circuit works. Besides that, in this time of the pandemic, the student is unable to go through practical activities. Due to that, the student will have a hard time learning about renewable energy and be unable to perform practical activities about renewable energy. The purpose of these projects was to create a solar learning kit system using a solar panel and a simple handmade solar charge controller. It also provided instructional material to teach students about the importance of energy conservation and efficiency through hands-on lessons or online

53 | P a g e class lessons and to increase renewable energy awareness among students. It is hoped that exposure to students regarding solar energy can lead to increased understanding and knowledge of the community about solar energy. Table 1 describes several related projects that guided the author to produce an innovation project called Solar Learning Kit. The differences between the previous project and the proposed project were as stated below. Table 1. Related projects with solar Project Function Hardware Objective Solar Charged Battery Powered Arduino Uno a) Time switching battery-powered solar-charged circuit. b) Powered Arduino usingSolar Cells. a) Arduino UNO b) Arduino Proto Shield c) Step-Up Voltage Regulator d) Battery Charger e) High Voltage & Current Rated Diode. f) 555 Timer. g) Resistor h) Relay i) Solar Cell a) To create a device that can power Arduino UNO using renewable energy. b) To increase renewable energy awareness. Integrated Solar Charge Controller a) Reading the output and inputfrom the solar panel. b) Charge a leadacid battery. c) Provide a power bank to charge a smartphone/gadget. d) Provide an emergency lamp with a super bright LED lightsource. a) Microchip Technology Atmega8 b) Buck converter c) LED d) Nokia 5110 Display e) Heat Sink f) N-channel MOSFET g) P-channel MOSFET h) Solar panel i) Arduino UNO Arduino NANOR3 a) To develop a device that can read the output and input from the solar panel using the Nokia 5110 display. b) To develop a product that provides a power bank and can charge a gadget/smartpho ne. Solar Panel Sun Tracker – Phone Charger a) Tracking the sunlight for the solar panels. b) For phone charging. a) Arduino UNO b) Servos Motor c) Photoresistor d) Resistor e) 2.5V to 5V boost converter f) Solar Panel a) To develop a device that rotates according to the sunlight and can charge a smartphone. Solar Learning Kit with Simple D.I.Y Solar Charge Controller (Proposed) a) Show the basic concept and operation of solar energy. b) Provide with an inverter, phone charger module, and can light a bulb. a) Solar Panel b) Buck-Boost Converter c) 40W Inverter Module d) QC3.0 Simple Charging Module e) SPST Switch a) To create a solar learning kit system using a solar panel and simple D.I.Y solar charge controller b) To provide instructional

54 | P a g e Project Function Hardware Objective f) Push Button g) Digital Voltmeter h) DC Barrel Jack Male i) DC Barrel Jack Female j) PCB Board materials to teach students about the importance of energy conservation and efficiency through hands-on lessons or online class lessons. c) To increase energy awareness among students. Methodology The Solar Learning Kit could be used by the students and lecturers as learning material. It also can be used to show the basic concept of solar energy to the public. The system provided DC-DC BuckBoost Converter, QC3.0 Charging Module, 40 W Inverter Module, 12 V Lead-Acid Battery and most importantly 20 W Solar Panel. A voltmeter was included to show the output produced by the solar panel into the circuit. The project was to show the basic concept of solar energy. This project consisted of only one part which was hardware. As shown by the title “Solar Learning Kit with Simple D.I.Y Solar Charge Controller”, the author developed the hardware device that could show the operation and process of how Solar Energy works. The author also made a simple solar charger controller that could power an LED bulb, charging module, and inverter module to charge the 12 V lead-acid battery. Fig. 1. Block Diagram of the Project As shown in Fig. 1, the project was powered by using the solar panel and then travelled into the buckboost converter module to give a constant output for the circuit. The output from the buck-boost converter was used to charge the 12V lead-acid battery and to store the current inside of it due to low current from the solar panel. Then the voltage and current that had been stored in the 12V battery were used to power up the other components such as the inverter module and phone charging module. The inverter was for converting the 12VDC to 220VAC to power up the AC equipment, for example, an LED bulb. The phone charging module was used for charging the smartphone or any other device.

55 | P a g e Fig. 2. Solar Learning Kit Result and Discussion Analysis was carried out to determine the output of the solar panel and the buck converter. After the solar panel was connected to the buck converter, a mini voltmeter was used to measure the outputs produced by the solar panel into the circuit. And the usage of a multimeter became necessary at this time. The multimeter also could be used to check the current output produced by the solar panel. Fig. 3. The output from the solar panel is too high to charge the 12V Lead Acid Battery Because the solar panel output was not continuous, it is affected by the strength of the light. At times, the voltage was high, and at other times, it was low. As a result, the DC-DC Buck-Boost Converter was used if the input voltage was between 5-32VDC, the DC-DC Buck Converter could produce a constant output. Therefore the output regulation screw was rotated to 12.5-13VDC to configure the output for the buck converter The reason the output voltage was set up to 12.5-13VDC was that it could be used to charge and store the voltage and current in the 12V lead-acid battery. Then the battery output could be used to power up the load such as a 40W inverter or AC appliances such as LED Bulb and QC3.0 Charging Module.

56 | P a g e . Fig. 4. Mini Voltmeter displays the constant output after going through the buck converter. Conclusion The Solar Learning Kit had been successfully developed for educational purposes to show a basic concept of solar energy to the students of Polytechnic Ibrahim Sultan and also to the public who might have limited awareness about renewable energy. This can be realized because the prototype had functioned well without any problem. It could be seen from the voltmeter the output from the solar panel that had been stepped down by the buck converter to 12.5-13 VDC managed to achieve the desired voltage so that it can be used to charge the 12V battery and then provided input for other equipment. References Alburquerque, I. F. (2016, December 11). Project Hub. Retrieved from https://create.arduino.cc/projecthub/igorF2/solar-charged-battery-powered-arduino-uno645d89?ref=tag&ref_id=solar&offset=0 Company, S. (n.d.). Vivint.solar. Retrieved from History of solar energy: Who Invented solar panels?: https://www.vivintsolar.com/learning-center/history-of-solar-energy Fielding. (2018, February 8). Project Hub. Retrieved from https://create.arduino.cc/projecthub/FIELDING/solar-panel-sun-tracker-phone-chargerf669ce?ref=search&ref_id=solar&offset=1 Shahariar. (2016, December 15). Project Hub. Retrieved from ps://create.arduino.cc/projecthub/PSoC_Rocks/ Solar Energy. (2021, JULY 24). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy

57 | P a g e Gas Leakage Detector with Ventilation System Zuraidah bt M. Taiba and Muhammad Danial Amir bin Jamaludinb JKE, Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Johor, Malaysia [email protected], [email protected] Keywords: Gas Sensor, Gas Detector, Gas Leakage, Ventilation System, Buzzer. Abstracts. Throughout the year, there has been an alarming rise of fire cases caused by the variety of fire accidents caused by gas leaks at either manufacturing sites or homes. Fires often occur and pose a threat to life, people and property. Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) is highly flammable and can burn even at deep long distances. Security plays a major role in today’s world and there needs to be a good security system that needs to be implemented in the workplace, business premises, or at home. Therefore, innovation from existing security models that are installed in industry and can also be used in homes and business premises is essential. This is one of the preventive measures to avoid the associated hazards of a gas leak. A gas detector is a device that detects the presence of gas in an area where it will sound an alarm if it detects a gas leak in an area. This will allow users to repair or leave the areas that have leaks. It is important because many gases can be harmful to organic life such as humans and animals. In addition, the small leakage will gradually be able to cause explosions and accidents to the surrounding humans. This project used an Arduino to process input from the sensor to the GSM module and then activated the alarm and the ventilation system to pull out the gas. Introduction Gas leakage leads to various accidents resulting in both material loss and human injuries. The risk of explosion, firing, suffocation is based on their physical properties such as toxicity, flammability, etc. The number of deaths due to the explosion of gas cylinders has increased in recent years. The reason for such an explosion is due to substandard cylinders, old valves, worn-out regulators, and a lack of awareness in handling gas cylinders. Let's get to know a little bit of gas, the LPG or propane is a flammable mixture of hydrocarbon gases used as fuel in many applications like homes, hostels, industries, and automobiles because of its desirable properties which include less smoke, less soot, and meagre harm to the environment. Natural gas is another widely used fuel at homes. (Mahalingam., 2012). Attia et.al (2016). said that gas leak detection is the process of identifying potentially hazardous gas leaks using a variety of sensors. Therefore different gases have different absorption spectrums. In this project, due to the unique absorption properties of the gas to infrared radiation, leakage can be detected by measuring and comparing the IR intensity at both source and detector. In order to enhance the effectiveness of the gas leakage detector, a circuit consisting of an alarm system will be implemented in the prototype to warn users when gas leakage occurs. Besides, their molecules are heavier than air, so gases do not disperse easily. It can cause shortness of breath and can cause an explosion. In recent years the number of deaths because of the gas explosion has increased. To avoid this problem, there is a need for a system to detect gas leaks and solve the problem when a gas leak occurs. In this globalized era, many facilities have been released for detecting leakage. This is because the creation of a tool to detect leaks will provide a warning for safety purposes. Due to the explosion of LPG, the number of deaths has increased in recent years. To avoid this problem there is a need for a system to detect the leakage of LPG. Gas leak detection is the process of identifying potentially hazardous gas leaks utilizing various sensors Attia et.al (2016). Several designs of LPG

58 | P a g e detection and alert systems have been proposed in the literature. (Apeh, et al., 2014) designed kitchen gas leakage detection and automatic gas shut-off system. T.Soundarya et al., (2014) presented the cylinder LPG gas leakage detection system. Wireless and GSM technology-based gas detectors have also been proposed by Ashish et al., (2013). Furthermore, many of the current items on the market serve as gas detectors. It will only detect gas and sound an alarm if it detects leakage. The key issue is that in the event of a leak, a ventilation system can help to limit the amount of gas trapped in the workplace. A gas leakage detector with a ventilation system and buzzer has been developed to solve the stated problem. This system can detect the presence of LPG, then automatically starts the fan and triggers the alarm at the same time so its ability to reduce the number of gases in the sealed chamber and reduce the risk of explosion. Methodology This project consisted of three main parts as shown in Fig. 1. It detected a natural gas such as Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) at the input of the system. In order to detect a gas, a gas sensor that can detect LPG, propane, butane, and smoke was used. A gas sensor is a device that detects the presence or concentration of gases in the atmosphere. Based on the concentration of the gas, the sensor produces a corresponding potential difference by changing the resistance of the material inside the sensor, which can be measured as output voltage. Based on this voltage value the type and concentration of the gas can be estimated. The type of gas the sensor could detect depends on the sensing material present inside the sensor. Fig. 2 shows the position of the gas sensor in this project. Fig. 1. Block diagram of the project In this part of the process, it processed the input or information from the gas sensor. The Arduino Uno which is an open-source microcontroller board based on the Microchip ATmega328P microcontroller was used. The board is equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards (shields) and other circuits. The board had 14 digital I/O pins (six capable of PWM output), 6 analog I/O pins, and was programmed with the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment), via a type B USB cable. It was powered by a USB cable or by an external 12 Volt battery. Initially, the data and coding were set in the Arduino regarding the output production. In this light, a relay channel was used to trigger the alarm and activate the ventilation system. A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of another electrical circuit. The setting time to deactivate the ventilation system and the sound of the buzzer was 10 seconds. It aimed to show that coding works. At the same time, this project is concerned with the safety of consumers. With the activation of this system, it will alert the user to repair or leave the area hence reduces the rate of casualties or fires.

59 | P a g e Fig. 2. The position of the gas sensor in this project. Result and Discussion The gas leakage detector with a ventilation system had been developed as shown in Fig. 3. Based on information and tests performed, the gas sensor successfully detected the presence of gas in an area. When the gas was detected, the information was then sent to the next module and triggered the alarm. (a) (b) Fig. 3. Gas leakage detector with Ventilation System (a) Internal view (b) Outer view This project worked as follows. The purpose of this gas sensor was to detect gas leaks automatically. It provided input and info to the system where the gas leak occurred and activated the ventilation system. So it reduced the gas trapped in the workplaces. This might reduce the risk of accidents and explosions in the said places. Existing products must be upgraded due to their difficulty to detect gas leaks in airtight rooms. In addition, an alarm will sound if a gas leak is detected. It will warn users about personal safety. Therefore, the use of this alarm might help to provide information about gas leaks to people by alerting whether it is safe to maintain in that place or to proceed with evacuation from the area. A ventilation system together with alarms and gas sensors might be able to reduce accidents caused by high gas levels in enclosed spaces.

60 | P a g e Conclusion The design of a sensor-based automatic gas leakage detector with an alarm and ventilation system had been successfully developed. This is a low-cost, low power, lightweight, portable, safe, user friendly, efficient, multi-featured, and simple system device for detecting gas Although it is only a prototype, the system developed can be applied and suitable for a large area. It can reduce the rate of accidents caused by gas leaks and explosions with the help of ventilation compared to the previous project. Reference Apeh, S. T., K. B. Erameh, and U. Iruansi. (2014). Design and Development. Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applies Sciences vol 5, 222-228. Ashish Shrivastava, Ratnesh Prabhaker, Rajeev Kumar, Rahul Verma. (2013). GSM-Based Leakage Detection System. International Journal of Emerging Trends in Electrical and Electronics, 42-45. Attia, Hussain A., and Halah Y. Ali. . (2016). Electronic Design o Liquefied petroleum Gas Leakage Monitoring alarm And Protection System Based On Discrete Component. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research. Leavline, E. J. (2017). LPG Gas Leakage Detection and Alert System. International Journal of Electronics Engineering Research. Mahalingam, A., R. T. Naayagi, and N. E. Mastorakis. (2012). Design and implement of an economic gas leakage detector. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, (pp. 20-24). Shahrulzaman, N. A. (2009). Automated Safety System For Gas Leakage Detector. Tronoh. Somantri, L. D. (2018). Wireless Sensor Network on LPG Gas Leak Detection and. International Symposium on Materials and Electrical Engineering (ISMEE) 2017. IOP Publishing Ltd. T.Soundarya, J.V. Anchitaalagammai, G. Deepa Priya, S.S. Karthick kumar. (2014). C-Leakage: Cylinder LPG Gas Leakage Detection for Home Safety. Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering, 53-58.

61 | P a g e GPS Tracking Device Nazra Arisa and Nur Shafiqah Qistina Rashidb Electrical Engineering Department, Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Pasir Gudang, Johor, Malaysia [email protected], [email protected] Keywords: GPS; GSM; Arduino Uno; Liquid Crystal Display (LCD); Tracking System. Abstract. Some people are stressed because of the problem of losing or misplaced their belongings, such as bicycles, backpacks and luggage. Regardless of age, people always forget where they put their belongings so they use the GPS Tracker to find their belongings. However, the GPS Tracker nowadays cannot help those deaf and blind people, but with this new design of GPS Tracking Device, it is very useful for those deaf-blindness people. The GPS Tracking Device is designed to help people to locate a certain object. By using this device people are able to track their belongings and they can hear the beep sound from the buzzer and blink from the Light Emitting Diode (LED). This device will help those people to find their belongings because of sound and light coming from the buzzer and LED. The GPS Tracking Device will start working when the owner sends a message to this device. The GSM Module will read the message and send it to Arduino Uno. Arduino Uno will send the information to the GPS Module to display the longitude and latitude of the missing track. After the Arduino Uno gets the longitude and latitude, it will send a signal to the GSM Module and send the location to the owner. At the same time, Arduino Uno will send a set of instructions to the buzzer and make it beeping and the LED will start blinking. As a result, the Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) will display ‘TRACK’ and send its exact location to the owner. After a few seconds, the GPS Tracking Device will immediately respond to the handphone by calling back the owner. In addition, the tracker also will be beeping and blinking to acknowledge people nearby the location of the missing belongings. Introduction According to TechTarget Contributor (2014), a GPS tracking device is the surveillance of location through the use of the Global Positioning System (GPS) to track the location of an entity or object remotely. GPS tracking is invaluable for police, firefighters, military personnel and large courier businesses. A GPS tracker essentially contains a GPS module that receives the GPS signal and calculates the coordinates (longitude and latitude). For data loggers, it contains large memory to store the coordinates. Data pushers additionally contain a GSM modem to transmit this information to a central computer either via SMS. Satellite-based GPS tracking units will operate anywhere on the globe using satellite technology. Nowadays, GPS is used in every mobile phone and can connect to a GPS tracker to track their belongings. According to Chipolo News (2020), almost 70% of people in the world have lost, misplaced and forgotten where their belongings are. But most of the important things such as bicycles, backpacks and luggage have no GPS on them so it will be hard for people to track their important things. By using the GPS tracker it will be easier to find their belongings. Previous Work According to Aarthi Ravikumar (2020), the old GPS tracker was designed for the military to track people in the war but nowadays GPS is used in almost all gadgets to track things. GPS makes life easier to track or find their belongings without taking a long time to search their belongings and GPS trackers nowadays can be tracked by using smartphones. But the GPS nowadays could not help those deaf and blind to track their belongings. With GPS Tracking Device, it could help those blind and deaf to find their belongings because it provides the LED, buzzer and LCD. The old GPS tracker is

62 | P a g e big so it can't be put in the wallet or the cardholder but with GPS Tracking Device design in the small size, it can be put anywhere. Methodology GSM module will receive information from the owner to track their belongings and send the information to Arduino Uno. Arduino Uno will ask the GPS Module for the longitude and latitude (location) then Arduino Uno will send back the information to GSM Module about the location of their belongings via SMS. LCD will display the instructions, LED will blink and the buzzer will beep to tell the owner until the GPS tracker is off. Fig. 1 shows a block diagram for GPS Tracking Device. Fig. 1. Block Diagram This GPS tracker will start tracking when the owner sends a message to GSM Module. GSM module will get the message and sent it to Arduino Uno then Arduino Uno will ask GPS Module for the location then Arduino Uno will be sent the location to the GSM Module and Arduino Uno will instruct the LED, LCD and buzzer to start operating. LED will start blinking, LCD will display the owner's phone number and the buzzer will start beeping. The LED will help people to find things in the dark, the buzzer will beep to make people notice the location of belongings and the LCD will display the owner phone number so if someone else found it they will contact the owner. The flow of methodology shows in Fig. 2. SENDER GSM MODULE ARDUINO UNO GPS MODULE GSM MODULE ARDUINO UNO LCD LED BUZZER

63 | P a g e Fig. 2. Flow Chart Start End Sending SMS LCD, LED & Buzzer Message reply GPS, GSM on GPS on (send request) Arduino Uno GSM and GPS module Arduino Uno GSM waits the request (location, number) valid yes no

64 | P a g e Result and discussion GPS Tracking Devices provide one mode time selection. Firstly, the user needs to switch on the device, then the time tracker is ready to be used in instant time. Mode of operation within 15 minutes. When the power is on, the tracker will be ready to track the missing thing. Fig. 3(a) shows the tracker is ready to use. If the tracker is ready to track, send a message “TRACK” to the number that is provided in the tracker. After a few seconds, the user will receive an answer from the tracker. Fig. 3(b) shows the tracker had given a call to the user. The tracker will send “ITEM LOCATION” with longitude and latitude to the user. Users will be able to track their items from the location information that is given from the tracker. Fig. 3(c) shows the information of the missing item. This device was a friendly user because it just easily can plug in and we just need a smartphone that has enough mobile data to send a message “TRACK” and just wait a few minutes for the tracker to sent the location. Fig. 3. Tracking system; (a) Ready to use (b) User received a call from the tracker (c) Item location Fig. 4 shows an internal block in the prototype of the GPS Tracking Device. This prototype contains all the modules you need for long-term automation success. It will offer the best tracker in design for the tracking system based on blocks, parts, components and instructions. The design shows simple automation sequential control using various devices such as GPS and GSM Module, LCD, LED and buzzer. It will help users to trace their lost belongings more easily and securely. Fig. 4. An internal block used in GPS Tracking Device (a) (b) (c)

65 | P a g e Conclusion In conclusion, with this GPS Tracking Device, the owner can locate their belongings after getting the coordinates sending from the tracker. It is also very helpful to that impaired person because of the sound and light coming from the buzzer and LED. This device also comes with the owner’s phone number display on the LCD. It will help people around to return it to the owner. In addition, we also can understand the component specifications and gain more knowledge about them. We also know the operations of the power supply circuit and understand it and be able to perform it. Besides that, we are also able to understand how to write the coding and how to draw the circuit by using the Proteus 7 and Arduino software. References TechTarget Contributor (2014). GPS Tracking Retrieved from https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/GPS-tracking TracRavikumar, A. (2020). History of GPS satellites and commercial GPS tracking. Retrieved from https://www.geotab.com/blog/gps-satellites Chipolo News (2020). Lost And Missing Items: What We Lose The Most And Where We Lost It. Retrieved from https://chipolo.net/en/blogs/lost-and-missing-items-what-we-lose-the-mostand-where-we-lose-it

66 | P a g e Development of Coolant Vacuum for Lathe, Milling and Drilling Machine Nor Hafizah binti Adnana , Alicia Adrianab and Yazid Hanafi bin Karnoc Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Johor, Malaysia [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Keywords: Metal dwarf; Coolant; Time; Clean; Manual. Abstract. Proper equipment and tools are important for the effective operation of any engineering works. Using correct equipment and tools plays an important role in achieving timely and good quality results. This study aims to develop coolant vacuum tools that can be used for lathe, milling and drilling machine. A simple, convenient and affordable cost coolant vacuum is developed using a basic mechanical mechanism so it is easy to handle and use. Normally, it takes a lot of time for students to clean up the metal swarf and coolant using manual methods during mechanical practice workshops. Disposing of metal swarf is a tedious but necessary task. Rather than the manual method, the machine also has a small part that cannot be reached by basic tools like a brush. High power DC motor is combined with vacuum technology so it has strong suction and is able to separate the rest of the coolant and metal swarf after using the lathe, milling and drilling machine in minimum time. A new design of coolant vacuum is come up which is much smaller than an old industrial vacuum cleaner. At the end of this research, it reveals that the development of coolant vacuum can speed up the cleaning up to 16.97 minutes for lathe, 15.56 minutes for drilling and 9.27 minutes for drilling especially for separating and cleaning between metal swarf and coolant rather than using manual methods. Introduction During the machining process, students need to clean away the metal chips. This promotes a safe work environment. It also keeps the fine chips from scouring the surface of the lathe. One easy method is to vacuum the chips off the lathe rather than using a manual brush. Some people use a compressed air hose for blowing the chips away. Not only is this dangerous for user personal safety, but can also end up forcing the chips deeper into the bearings of the machine. Vacuum is made by removing the different gases from the contained volume. This is done by many different types of vacuum pumps, which either remove the particles from the volume by real pumping or trap them by binding them via physical or chemical forces, changing their form and keeping them trapped in the bulk of the pumping material, a so-called getter (Marquardt, 1999). (Jorish, 2015) states that vacuum technology is used in the area of chemistry applications to perform basic thermal and mechanical operations to reprocess reaction products under conditions that preserve the product. (Murthy et al., 2014) stated that the coolant applied in the machining process can reduce temperature and also help with the disposal of the chip. Machining with coolant helps to reduce wear, corrosion and creep of the materials (Nwoke et all., 2017; Orisanmi et all., 2017). The problem that inspired the invention of this product is the difficulty to clean and suction the coolant while performing mechanical practice workshops, especially when using the lathe, milling and the drilling machine. Other than that, the small part of the machine that needs to be cleaned cannot be reached by the basic tools such as brush. Before this, the machine cleaning process is done manually by using a brush and rag and it takes a long time for students. The objective of this research was to develop a coolant vacuum for lathe, milling and drilling machine that can minimize cleaning time. It also can suck up and separate between metal dwarf and coolant.

67 | P a g e Product Design The design coolant vacuum was created with a smaller size compared to an industrial vacuum cleaner so it can be a portable vacuum. The body part was made from PVC because PVC's abrasion resistance, lightweight, good mechanical strength and toughness are key technical advantages for its use in many engineering applications. PVC is commonly used as a SIP formwork for its lower cost compared to other materials such as fiber-reinforced polymers, its durability, and easy assembling procedure, developed as a solution for fast, secure, and convenient concrete construction (Michel et all., 2019). There was a filter built in the vacuum body to separate between metal swarf and coolant. The tank could be removed from the body when the tank is full. The product design is shown in Fig. 1. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Fig. 1. (a) Body part (b) End cap (c) Degree elbow (d) Reducer (e) Angle dimension

68 | P a g e Product Fabrication Product fabrication included the creation of machines, parts, and structures from various raw materials based on the planned design drawing before. As with other manufacturing processes, both human labors with tools are commonly used. The process of product fabrication is shown in Table 1 below. Table 1. Process of Product Fabrication Cutting Process After measuring and marking points on the object, the cutting process has proceeded. Hacksaw was used to cut the workpieces. Marking Process Before making a hole on the back of the body, the point was marked first so that the distance of each hole was the same. Drilling Process The drilling process was to make a fit and suitable hole for the DC Motor. A steel plate was drilled to put the DC motor holder in the body of the vacuum. Wiring Process Wiring is one of the important processes in product making. Wiring was done to connect the electric to the mechanical part. It’s because the wire conducts electric current from the battery to the motor. Product Assembly Complete products were assembled following a detailed specification. Intermediate checking and evaluation, as well as the use of specific tools and equipment, ensure high quality products. The final product is shown in Fig. 2.

69 | P a g e Fig. 2. Final Product Result and Discussion Based on Table 2, shows the cleaning time taken using vacuum coolant for three different machines; lathe, milling and drilling. Compared to the manual method using a brush, coolant vacuum showed a better result because it took less time to finish the cleaning work. Table 2. Result of time taken Tools Time is taken (min) Coolant Vacuum Trial Lathe Milling Drilling 1 17.29 15.51 8.54 2 17.06 16.04 10.05 3 16.57 15.12 9.21 Ave 16.97 15.56 9.27 Brush 1 45.21 40.22 20.07 2 44.44 39.36 18.59 3 43.96 38.57 21.44 Ave 44.54 39.38 20.03 Fig. 3. Graph time taken vs method used 0 10 20 30 40 50 COOLANT VACUUM BRUSH Time taken (min) Coolant Vacuum Brush Lathe 16.97 44.54 Milling 15.56 39.38 Drilling 9.27 20.03 Graph time taken vs method used

70 | P a g e From Fig. 3, results show that a coolant vacuum can save much time rather than using a brush as a manual method. Experiments had been conducted using three different types of machines; lathe, milling and drilling. The drilling process showed that coolant vacuum took 9.27 min for cleaning coolant and metal swarf compared to brush that takes about 20.03 min. Usually, the coolant used in the drilling process is not as much as used in milling and lathe machines. Coolant vacuum also showed cleaning time for the lathe and milling machine can save 27.57 min and 23.82 min compared to the manual method. Conclusion In conclusion, cleaning time to suck up metal dwarf and coolant is an important task. This objective can be achieved by using a coolant vacuum that is suitable for lathe, milling and drilling machines. As seen in the results, the vacuum worked well in minimizing the cleaning time. The DC motor provides enough power to suck up metal dwarf and coolant as per the design. As a suggestion, the rechargeable battery can be used and adding the charging port to make it easier and save cost for the users. References Jorish, W. (2015). Vacuum Technology in the Chemical Industry. Weinhem, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KgaA. Marquardt, N. (1999). Introduction to The Principles of Vacuum Physics. CAS - CERN Accelerator School: Vacuum Technology, pp.1-24. Michel, M. A., Bernado, F. T, Vinicus, O., Marcos, L. S. O., Carlos, H. S., Leandro, G. P., & Luis, F. S. O. (2019). Fire resistance performance of concrete-PVC panels with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) stay in place (SIP) formwork. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 8(5), pp. 4094–4107. Murthy, M., Babu, K. M., & Kumar, R. S. (2014). Optimization of machinability parameters of Al6061 using Taguchi Technique. International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, 1(3), 63–66. Nwoke, Obinna, N., Okokpujie, Imhade, P., & Ekenyem, S. C. (2017). Investigation of Creep Responses of Selected Engineering Materials. Journal of Science, Engineering Development, Environment and Technology (JOSEDET), 7(1). pp. 1-15. Orisanmi, B. O., Afolalu, S. A., Adetunji, O. R., Salawu, E. Y., Okokpujie, I. P., Abioye, A. A., Abioye, O. P. (2017). Cost of Corrosion of Metallic Products in Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research. 12(24), pp. 14141-14147.

71 | P a g e Control Home Appliance Using IoT Ts. Mohd Fairuz bin Salleha , Danial Aiman bin Noor Azmanb and Farhan bin Moh Fekaric Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Johor, Malaysia a [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Keywords: Electric Appliance; Control Home; Keyword; AC and DC Current; Internet Connectivity; air conditioner; Automatic Fan. Abstract. The control Home Appliance Using IoT is a project that controls the electrical appliance at home that uses the internet connection. Control home appliance is an innovative concept from the Internet of Thing technology. The electrical appliances of home appliances are a light, fan, switch sockets, and universal remote air conditioner. The appliances are using the AC and DC currents. The wire of high voltage connection for an electrical appliance is connected using a neutral wire to provide safety to users. The MCB is connected to a high voltage wire to provide safety measures for users and electrical appliances. The project must be always connected to the internet at home. The remote control or smartphone of the user also needs the internet connection to connect with the controller system. The Blynk application in smartphones needs an internet connection to interact with NodeMCU ESP8266, the microcontroller of the controller system. Google Assistant application is linked with the Blynk application to control the light with help IFTTT web application. Voice command only can be used for light. The temperature is above 33° C the sensor will actuate the Arduino to activate the fan, and when the temperature drops below 33° C fan will off. Then that will be an automatic fan with a temperature sensor. The equipment used for this Control Home Appliance Using IOT component is NodeMCU ESP8266, Arduino UNO, DHT11, Relay Module, MCB which allows controlling the appliance. This equipment provides important functions so that the Control Home Appliance Using IoT project can be done smoothly and successfully. Possible future works recommended are to make the application for remote control and to add the security future at home. The system as a whole provides a cost effective and simple solution for the implementation of the control Home Appliance Using IoT. Introduction Smart home technology generally refers to any suite device, appliance or system that connects to a common network that can be independently and remotely controlled. The internet makes it easier because it can be connected via smartphone or tablet. This level of connectivity between devices is typically referred to as the Internet of Things. This allows better control of appliances remotely, which can bring new levels of convenience, efficiency, safety and peace of mind in life. Each room at home must have a basic unit electrical appliance that uses a high voltage. Home appliances refer to many electrical appliances at home which are induction stove cooker, rice cooker, blender, iron, light and so on. However, today people still use manual controls to control their switch appliances. The creation of the Control Home Appliance product is to control the basic electrical appliance at home. The connectivity between home appliances and the internet makes our daily life easier because we can control it everywhere. The user only needs to use a smartphone to control the light, fan, switch socket and air conditioner. Methodology The project was divided into a few stages to ensure smooth progress and success. We have studied to understand the dangers and how to operate AC electrical appliances to be brought into this project.

72 | P a g e In this block diagram, it was divided into inputs, processes and outputs. In the input, the section described the process that takes place on a smartphone or control device. In the process part, it described the microcontroller which NodeMCU ESP8266 and Arduino Uno processed from the received instructions. The control system as specified in the control from the microcontroller to the relay and that controlled the temperature sensor. At the output section, there was a relay connected to the home appliance. Fig. 1. Block diagram of the project Based on the block diagram, the smartphone must have Google Assistant for Voice command, Blynk application for button as a control device, and internet data. Then the Blynk application controlled the microcontroller which was NodeMCU ESP8266 by using wifi as a connection. Next, another microcontroller Arduino Uno controlled the temperature sensor. Then NodeMCU ESP8266 controlled four relays. Three relays connected to NodeMCU ESP8266 controlled electrical appliances which was the alternating current (AC). While another relay controlled the air conditioner remote which was the direct current (DC). Two types of MCB were used. The first was connected to the bulb and the fan circuit. The second MCB was connected to the socket switch circuit. System Development The programming was used to connect Arduino Uno to control the relay circuit of the fan using a temperature sensor. To upload source code into Arduino Uno, Arduino IDE software was used. The temperature sensor read the ambient temperature and sent the data to the Arduino Uno. Then, the Arduino Uno controlled the relay connected to the fan. For example, the fan will turn on and off automatically according to the temperature sensor. When the fan switch is off, the temperature sensor will work according to the coding uploaded on the Arduino Uno. The set temperature for the fan to be turned on is 33°C and above. Then the temperature set for the fan to turn off is 33°C and below.

73 | P a g e Fig. 2. Flowchart of temperature sensor system Hardware Review The relay was a component used in a home appliance control project using IoT, this relay was used as a connection of AC electric current to control lights, fans and sockets or remote air cond to turn on and off the equipment connected to the relay. This relay used AC and DC control which was a control that allowed users to control the home appliances by using a smartphone. Fig. 3. Relay Circuit

74 | P a g e Result and Discussion Arduino Uno was programmed to receive information from the temperature sensor to assess whether the temperature in the room was above 33° Celsius or less than 33° Celsius. Then from that information, Arduino Uno processed the data to control the fan to turn on or off automatically. This will only happen if the fan is in off mode or switched off. Table 1. Time of Temperature Sensor Function Fig. 4. Temperature above 33°C in Serial Monitor

75 | P a g e Fig. 5. Before switch on the Project Fig. 6. After switch on the Project Fig. 7. Before switch on the Project Fig. 8. After switch on the Project

76 | P a g e Fig. 9. Before switch on the Project Fig. 10. After switch on the Project Fig.11. Instruction turn on light Fig. 12. Commands using Voice

77 | P a g e Fig. 13. Instruction turn off light Fig. 14. Product of the Project Figure. 15. Product of the Project

78 | P a g e Conclusion All the devices worked and functioned as expected and the home control appliance could operate well with the designed circuit. When home appliances can be controlled at a long distance, it provides many facilities to users in terms of time and energy. This prototype was developed to remotely monitor the environmental conditions and control the appliances through the existing Wi-Fi infrastructure. Reaping the benefits of sensor technology and advancements in communication technology, it is possible to enhance the old appliances and make them smart through IoT. This kind of automation system can be useful for differently-abled people to control their home appliances remotely. This project gave an understanding of the Internet of Things, high voltage circuit, and the implementation of interface products. The designed system was low cost, intelligent and flexible. The use of IoT in this project gave something new to the internet-connected controls and home appliances that are usually manually controlled are also connected via the internet. Although the place is far or near if the internet network is there, then it is not impossible for most manual devices to be connected to the internet. References Channel Be Smart Nothing Impossible, Arduino UNO & ESP8266 and control using smartphone, 1. Retrieve form https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2cjufbgOBYo, 26 March 2018. COMPONENTS 101, 5V 5-Pin Relay 1. Retrieved from https://components101.com/5vrelaypinoutworking-datasheet , 26 September 2017. Dickson Kho, Teknik Elektronika, Pengertian Relay dan Fungsinya, 1. Retrieved from https://teknikelektronika.com/pengertian-relay-fungsi-relay/ Electronic city of dream, Electrical Engineering, Power System, Renewable Energy, Power Elektronik dan Arduino, Pengertian Kegunaan dan Fungsi Arduino, 1. Retrieved from http://electricityofdream.blogspot.com/2016/09/kegunaan-dan-fungsi-arduino.html , 201609- 10T16:01:00+07:00. Electronic Hub: Home / Free Project Circuits / Bluetooth Controlled Electronic Home Appliances. 1. Retrieved from https://www.electronicshub.org/bluetooth-controlledelectronichomeappliances/ (25 August 2017) James A. Martin and Matthew Finnegan Computer World. What is IFTTT? How to use If This, Then That services 1. Retrieved from https://www.computerworld.com/article/3239304/what-is-ifttthow-to-use-if-this-thenthatservices.html (SEP 25, 2020 6:18 AM PDT) Mohd Azlan Abu, Siti Fatimah Nordin, Mohd Zubir Suboh, Mohd Syazwan Md Yid & Aizat Faiz Ramli, Universiti Kuala Lumpur British Malaysian Institute, Article in International Journal of Applied Engineering Research · (February 2018), Design and Development of Home Security Systems based on Internet of Things Via Favoriot Platform 1. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Flow-chart-of-the project_fig2_323225176 Nadi Eleczone Solutions, ESP8266 NodeMcu V1 V2 CP2102 ESP 8266 Lua WiFi IoT Board, 1. Retrieved from https://www.nadieleczone.com.my/products/NodeMcu- V1ESP8266CP2102-- -ESP-8266-Lua-WiFi-ioT-Board/424.

79 | P a g e PIR Motion Sensor and Node MCU 1. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340716845_IoT_Based_Home_Automation_using_ PIR_Motion_Sensor_and_Node_MCU Ranjithkumar. R, Rathish Ganesh. S, Ram Vikash. K, Manikandan. M, IoT International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 9(4) (April 2020) Based Home Automation using The free encyclopaedia, ESP8266, 1. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESP8266 , last edited on 9 November 2020, at 19:28 (UTC). Wildane, Cara memasang / menggunakan NodeMCU ESP8266 menggunakan Arduino IDE, 1. Retrieved from https://badar-blog.blogspot.com/2019/05/caramemasangmenggunakannodemcu.html , May 11 2019. ZenMaker Studio, Tips Kenali Sensor Untuk Projek, 1. Retrived from http://zentronic.com.my/jomkenali-pelbagai-sensor/ , June 5, 2019.

80 | P a g e Automated Shoulder Crutches Azlin binti Yahyaa , Ahmad Iffat Imran bin Alib Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Johor, Malaysia [email protected], [email protected] Keywords: Crutches; ambulation by a crutch; hydraulic crutch; crutch history. Abstract. The current crutch design causes some issues for users. It takes about twice as much energy to ambulate with a swing-through crutch gait as it does with a normal crutch gait. Ambulation by crutch requires double the amount of energy as a typical stride and can lead to hand and arm problems. This paper aimed to solve the issue. When presenting ideas for improved elbow indentation design, keep in mind human factor engineering. Crutches that are both pleasant and safe to use should not be the major challenge for disabled persons who can't walk normally. One of the reasons for this is that the height of the stick cannot be altered to the user's comfort. In this study, we developed a tool that might be safe to use in the biomedical engineering field: a stick that can be adjusted easily. Introduction Crutches must always be designed to be used comfortably by those with impairments. Crutches make it easier for people with impairments to easily move. Traditional crutches, on the other hand, can cause a few issues for crutch users, making them more of a hindrance than a help. Traditional axillary crutches can cause injury to the wrists and shoulders of the crutch user. Crutch palsy occurs when the outer edges of the crutch saddle damage nerves in the armpit. Numerous people use crutches, including amputees, paraplegics, persons who have fractured bones, people who have torn ligaments, and others. It will allow them to move more freely without the limitations of traditional axillary crutches (Segura, 1993). The objective of this project was to invent crutches that have a safety feature that detects slippery floors with a rechargeable battery that can be used for extended periods and motorized sticks according to the height of the user. This idea was built on standard shoulder crutches with the addition of modern features such as adjustable crutch height and detection of wet floors. Literature Review Crutches and other walking aids have been around for almost 5,000 years, and they haven't been altered much in that time. Traditional axillary crutches, for example, can cause injuries and irritation by transferring vibrating pressures to the user's shoulders and wrists. Axillary crutches and elbow crutches are the two most common crutch forms currently provided to most patients. Based on a study, elbow crutches demand more energy expenditure than axillary crutches (Segura, 1993). The study found that when compared to standard axillary crutches, spring-loaded crutches reduced both shock and maximum load at the hand and wrist (Miski, 2016). Internal power via a cylinder and piston installed in a crutch has been the subject of feasibility studies. The feasibility of an experimental model of an aluminium forearm crutch with a master cylinder whose piston is triggered by leaning on the hand grip has been reported. A slave cylinder is attached to the body at a position where the piston motion can provide a useful force, and hydraulic fluid conveys the power directly to it (Corcoran et al., 1968). Methodology This project intended to design axilla crutches with improved functionality, which were distinct from the standard axilla crutches of the time by using knowledge of electrical engineering and hardware such as an Arduino, an L298 motor driver, and a water sensor. The project's main goal was to solve

81 | P a g e or decrease the problem that the user encounters when using the axilla crutches. The goal of this project was to create a prototype model for leg-disabled persons using a single little gadget. This project offered a one-of-a-kind way for these folks to manage their own lives. The project was based on the C programming language. It is the most user-friendly programming language for the Arduino Nano. The project used C programming source code to assist leg-disabled people in a single gadget that was both safe and comfortable for the user. The project was divided into two components, both of which were completed at the same time. The parts were divided into two categories: hardware and software. Arduino Nano, L298N Motor Driver, Shoulder Crutches, Hydraulic Actuator, Push button, Toggle Switch, Lipo Battery, Lipo Battery Charger, and water sensor/detector were the tools used in this project. System Development The purpose of this system was to invent and develop an adjustable crutch with a water detector based on a standard crutch in order to assist or lessen the number of people who have difficulty using crutches in their daily lives. Once the crutch's button switch was turned on, the system began to function. The crutch's push button could be used to move the linear actuator motor, allowing the crutch's height or length to be adjusted to the user's height for a better crutch experience. The device also was built with a water detector that automatically beeped when it came into contact with water, alerting the user to be extra cautious during that time because the slippery floor could result in an accident. The system came with a 12V rechargeable Li-Po battery that may be used to power the system. Figure 1 shows (a) Flow chart and (b) Automated Shoulder Crutches. (a) (b) Fig. 1. (a) Flow chart and (b) Automated Shoulder Crutches Results and Discussions Basic knowledge skills such as etching, soldering, and programming were utilized in this project from installing the hardware component to the circuit and developing coding to apply to this project in order to make the crutch operate as the desired objectives. In principle, the hydraulic system had been YES NO

82 | P a g e applied to the regular axilla crutches, along with an improved security feature that attached a water sensor to the crutches, allowing the crutch height to be changed and the crutch to detect a slick surface for a safer user experience. Figure 2 shows (a) The maximum height of the crutch (49” inch) and (b) The minimum height of the Crutch (44” inch). The outcome of testing the hydraulic was that it moved forward and backwards by using a push button. The water sensor was able to detect any slick surface for the user’s safety. Figure 3 shows a water detector tipped at the bottom of the crutch to detect slippery floors. The Arduino activated the push button, which caused the hydraulic to go forward or backwards. The overall goal of this project was to assist those who are unable to walk easily and securely while using a crutch in order to make the user feel better. Table 1 shows notification of water detector conditions. (a) (b) Fig. 2. (a) The maximum height of the crutch (49” inch) and (b) The minimum height of the Crutch (44” inch) Fig 3. The water detector tipped at the bottom of the crutch to detect the slippery floor.

83 | P a g e Table 1. Notification of water detector conditions Water detector condition Buzzer Slick surface ON No slick surface OFF Conclusion All targeted objectives were successfully achieved at the end of the project progress, based on the implementation of the Automated Shoulder Crutch project. The crutch could be adjusted based on a standard crutch and could also be raised with a motor so that the crutch could be adjusted to the height of the user for a better experience when using the crutch. It also might serve as an easier tool for users who use a cane. The crutch could be made shorter or taller by pressing a button, which was available in heights ranging from 44" to 49". Finally, an automatic shoulder crutch was made with a safety function to detect slippery floors using water sensors. It also develops the crutch with excellent safety functions that provide comfort and convenience to the users. A water sensor was placed on the tip of the stick to detect a slippery surface to prevent the user from falling. Finally, this project was designed with a rechargeable battery that could be recharged for long term use. References Corcoran, P. J., Taggart, R., Brown, L. W., & Simon, B. C. (1968). Hydraulic crutch as a source of internal power for orthotics and prosthetics. Orthot Prosthet, 22(4), 4–7. Miski, A. (2016). Design Evaluation of Crutches from an Engineering Perspective Adnan Miski. American Journal of Engineering Research, 5(9), 33–38. Segura, A. (1993). Biomechanical Evaluation of Crutch Design Variations. Forms.Gradsch.Psu.Edu, 55–70.

84 | P a g e Implementasi Kit Asas Rumah Pintar untuk Kursus DET10022 - Electrical Wiring di Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan Mazlan bin Karim @ Hussein Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Johor, Malaysia [email protected] Keywords: Kit Latihan Amali; Rumah Pintar; IoT Abstrak. Kajian ini memperihalkan tentang implementasi Kit Asas Rumah Pintar untuk kursus DET10022 - Electrical Wiring di Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk membangunkan satu kit latihan amali pendawaian elektrik berasaskan Internet Pelbagai Benda (IoT) dan mengenal pasti persepsi pelajar kursus DET10022 terhadap implementasi Kit Asas Rumah Pintar. Kit ini merupakan kit latihan amali yang menggunakan suis pintar, soket pintar dan aplikasi telefon pintar yang membolehkan peralatan elektrik dikawal melalui talian internet. Seramai 23 orang pelajar Jabatan Kejuruteraan Elektrik, Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan yang mengambil kursus DET10022 - Electrical Wiring terlibat dalam kajian ini. Penyelidikan secara kuantitatif dijalankan untuk pengumpulan data dan maklumat melalui soal selidik berbentuk terbuka. Hasil kajian mendapati satu Kit Asas Rumah Pintar berjaya direka dan dibangunkan berdasarkan model ADDIE. Penggunaan kit ini dapat membantu pelajar mengawal peralatan elektrik dalam persekitaran IoT. Secara keseluruhannya persepsi penerimaan pelajar terhadap Kit Asas Rumah Pintar memberi nilai purata min 4.41, ditafsirkan sebagai "Sangat Setuju” dari segi fungsi, keselamatan, ketahanan dan estetika. Pengenalan Kajian ini adalah satu usaha untuk menambahbaik keperluan pelajar yang mengambil kursus DET10022 - Electrical Wiring terhadap elemen reka bentuk pendawaian satu fasa menggunakan suis pintar, soket pintar dan aplikasi telefon pintar. Bagi memastikan gaya hidup yang selesa di kediaman moden, semakin ramai menggunakan alat dan perkakas berteknologi tinggi dengan pelbagai pilihan. Peranti sedemikian merangkumi suis pintar, soket pintar dan telefon pintar yang beroperasi dalam mod automatik. Apabila alatan elektrik di rumah dirangkaikan ke internet, maka seluruh sistem dikenali sebagai Rumah Pintar berasaskan IoT (Gaikwad, Gabhane, & Golait, 2015). Teknologi ini berkembang dengan pesat dan membolehkan pengguna mengawal peralatan elektronik dari mana sahaja dan pada bila-bila masa (Fauzan Masykur & Fiqiana Prasetiyowati, 2016). Hasil daripada pemerhatian, pengkaji mendapati kaedah pengajaran dan pembelajaran kursus DET10022 – Electrical Wiring masih di tahap konvensional. Tiada usaha ke arah teknologi tinggi berasaskan Rumah Pintar didedahkan kepada pelajar. Oleh itu, penambahbaikan berterusan amali dengan menggunakan perkakasan yang bersesuaian diusahakan oleh pengkaji bagi mengatasi masalah ini. Dalam kajian ini, satu Kit Asas Rumah Pintar direka serta dibangunkan berdasarkan model pengajaran ADDIE dan akan diterangkan lebih lanjut di bahagian metodologi. Kit berkonsep rumah pintar ini dibangunkan bagi membolehkan pelajar mengintegrasikan teknologi ke dalam peralatan elektrik. Ia membolehkan peralatan elektrik dikawal melalui talian internet. Sebanyak seratus ringgit diperlukan untuk membeli suis pintar dan soket pintar bagi setiap unit kit. Penyelidikan secara kuantitatif dijalankan untuk pengumpulan data dan maklumat melalui soal selidik berbentuk terbuka. Kriteria penilaian yang ditetapkan pada awal kajian dari segi fungsi, keselamatan, ketahanan dan estetika.

85 | P a g e Objektif Kajian Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk: (i) Membangunkan satu kit latihan amali pendawaian elektrik berasaskan Internet Pelbagai Benda (IoT). (ii) Mengenal pasti persepsi pelajar kursus DET10022 - Electrical Wiring terhadap implementasi Kit Asas Rumah Pintar. Metodologi Dalam kajian ini, model ADDIE digunapakai sebagai rujukan dalam pembinaan Kit Asas Pendawaian Rumah Pintar. Menurut Mohd Hafiez & Sharifah Nadiyah (2019) dan Morrison (2010), model ADDIE merupakan proses mereka bentuk yang berkesan dan digunakan bagi memantapkan proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran di luar kuliah (amali). Model ADDIE terdiri daripada lima (5) fasa iaitu 1) Analisis (Analysis), 2) Reka Bentuk (Design), 3) Pembangunan (Development), 4) Pelaksanaan (Implementation) dan 5) Penilaian (Evaluation). Dalam fasa Analisis, pengkaji mendapati terdapat enam lembaran amali yang dijalankan dalam kursus DET10022 seperti yang ditunjukkan di Rajah 1. Pendedahan awal kepada amali pendawaian elektrik berasaskan Internet Pelbagai Benda (IoT) dapat memberi ruang kepada pelajar untuk menimba pengalaman dalam Rumah Pintar. Rajah 1. Contoh Lembaran Amali DET10022- Electrical Wiring Selain itu, analisa terhadap perkakasan pintar juga dijalankan bagi mengenalpasti kesesuaian penggunaanya di dalam Kit Asas Rumah Pintar. Pemilihan suis pintar, soket pintar mestilah bersepadanan dengan aplikasi yang dimuat turun pada telefon pintar. Rajah 2 menunjukkan perkakasan yang dipilih dalam kajian ini dengan menggunakan aplikasi eWeLink pada telefon pintar. Rajah 2. Perkakasan Suis Pintar, Soket Pintar dan Aplikasi Telefon Pintar

86 | P a g e Seterusnya dalam fasa Reka Bentuk, Rajah 3 dan Rajah 4 masing-masing menunjukkan litar skematik dan litar pendawaian lampu dengan menggunakan suis pintar yang direka berdasarkan adaptasi lembaran amali asal yang bersesuaian dengan susun atur Kit Asas Rumah Pintar. Rajah 3. Reka Bentuk Litar Skematik Lampu Rajah 4. Reka Bentuk Litar Pendawaian Lampu Dalam fasa Pembangunan, susun atur perkakasan dan aturcara aplikasi telefon pintar disediakan berdasarkan reka bentuk yang telah ditetapkan. Lembaran amali beserta kod QR dibangunkan untuk rujukan pelajar. Pelajar boleh memuat turun lembaran amali dan menonton video pemasangan dengan menggunakan kod QR yang disediakan. Di peringkat fasa Pelaksanaan, Kit Asas Rumah Pintar yang sudah dibangunkan seperti di Rajah 5 akan digunakan semasa sesi amali. (a) (b) Rajah 5. (a) Kerja Pendawaian Elektrik dan (b) Litar Lengkap Kit Asas Rumah Pintar

87 | P a g e Akhirnya di fasa Penilaian, Kit Asas rumah Pintar yang dilengkapi pendawaian elektrik dipasangkan dan akan dinilai kefungsiannya. Pelajar akan mengawal secara manual dan automatik dengan menggunakan telefon pintar seperti paparan di Rajah 6(b). Seterusnya, kaji selidik diedarkan untuk melihat persepsi pelajar terhadap pembangunan Kit Asas Rumah Pintar. (a) (b) Rajah 6. (a) Penilaian Kefungsian Kit Asas Rumah Pintar dan (b) Paparan Kawalan eWeLink Keputusan dan Perbincangan Satu kit latihan amali pendawaian elektrik berasaskan Internet Pelbagai Benda (IoT) telah berjaya dibangunkan. Justeru itu, persepsi pelajar kursus DET10022 - Electrical Wiring terhadap implementasi kit tersebut perlu dikenalpasti. Soal selidik yang merangkumi empat (4) kriteria iaitu 1) fungsi, 2) keselamatan, 3) ketahanan dan 4) estetika telah dijawab oleh 23 orang pelajar. Skala dan tafsiran yang dinyatakan adalah bedasarkan Skala Likert hasil intepretasi oleh Asuncion & Galita (2015) seperti di Jadual 1. Jadual 1. Skala Likert Bersama Tafsiran Skala Tafsiran 4.21 - 5.00 Sangat Setuju 3.41 - 4.20 Setuju 2.61 - 3.40 Sederhana Setuju 1.81 - 2.60 Tidak Setuju 1.00 - 1.80 Sangat Tidak Setuju Jadual 2 menunjukkan ringkasan maklum balas responden berdasarkan empat kriteria yang dinyatakan. Keputusan menunjukkan penyataan mengenai kebolehoperasian adalah ditafsirkan sebagai "Sangat Setuju” di mana nilai min adalah 4.78. Ini menunjukkan projek dinilai sangat baik oleh responden dari segi fungsinya. Seterusnya hasil penilaian responden dari segi keselamatan penggunaan kit ditafsirkan sebagai "Sangat Setuju” dengan nilai min 4.60. Ini membuktikan kit yang dibangunkan mempunyai aspek keselamatan yang sangat baik. Selain itu, kriteria ketahanan turut dinilai oleh responden. Dapatan menunjukkan responden menilai kualiti hasil kerja sebagai sangat baik. Ini dibuktikan dengan nilai min 4.35 ditafsirkan sebagai “Sangat Setuju”. Berdasarkan hasil penilaian kriteria estetika pula, reka bentuk dan saiz projek dinilai "Setuju" di mana nilai min adalah

88 | P a g e 3.91 dan boleh dikategorikan sebagai baik. Secara keseluruhannya persepsi penerimaan responden terhadap Kit Asas Rumah Pintar memberi nilai purata min 4.41, ditafsirkan sebagai "Sangat Setuju”. Jadual 2. Ringkasan Maklum Balas Responden Kriteria Min Tafsiran 1. Fungsi 4.78 Sangat Setuju 2. Keselamatan 4.60 Sangat Setuju 3. Ketahanan 4.35 Sangat Setuju 4. Estetika 3.91 Setuju Purata Min 4.41 Sangat Setuju Kesimpulan Sebagai kesimpulan, projek Kit Asas Rumah Pintar bedasarkan model ADDIE telah berjaya dibangunkan. Ia dapat berfungsi mengikut jangkaan dan menjadi alternatif yang lebih murah berbanding dengan produk yang tersedia secara komersial di pasaran. Walau bagaimanapun, kriteria estetika harus ditambah baik oleh pengkaji di masa hadapan. Reka bentuk yang baik merangkumi penggunaan kit yang sangat praktikal semestinya mudah disesuaikan untuk kegunaan pelbagai ujikaji amali pendawaian elektrik berkaitan Rumah Pintar di masa hadapan. Rujukan Asuncion, R. B. & Galita, W.M. (2015). Development of an Electric Tri-Wheel Scooter. Open Access Library Journal, 2, 1558. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1101558 Fauzan Masykur & Fiqiana Prasetiyowati. (2016). Aplikasi Rumah Pintar (Smart Home) Pengendali Peralatan Elektronik Rumah Tangga Berbasis Web. Jurnal Teknologi Informasi dan Ilmu Komputer (JTIIK), 3(1), 51-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.25126/jtiik.201631156 Gaikwad, P. P., Gabhane, J. P., & Golait, S. S. (2015). A survey based on Smart Homes system using Internet-of-Things. 4th IEEE Sponsored International Conference on Computation of Power, Energy, Information and Communication (ICCPEIC 2015), 330–335. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCPEIC.2015.7259486 Mohd Hafiez Ahmad & Sharifah Nadiyah Razali. (2019). Pembangunan Kit DIY Smart Home Installation. Proceedings of NIICe 2019 UTHM, 93-95. Morrison, G. R. (2010). Designing Effective Instruction (6th Edition). New York: John Wiley & Sons.

89 | P a g e Penghasilan Warna Batik Daripada Bahan Alami : Satu Kajian Tinjauan Noor Azreen Binti Ibrahim Jabatan Rekabentuk Dan Komunikasi Visual, Politeknik Besut Terengganu [email protected] Kata Kunci: bahan semulajadi; mordan; warna alami; tekstil. Abstrak. Warna alami adalah pewarna semula jadi yang merujuk kepada pewarnaan yang terdapat daripada tumbuh-tumbuhan, serangga, mikroorganisma dan mineral. Kesedaran untuk kembali kepada pewarnaan semula jadi adalah kerana dianggap lebih mesra alam, selamat dan lebih murah. Penggunaan pewarna semula jadi juga mendorong nilai jual batik yang lebih tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan penggunakan warna sintetik kerana nilai estetika dan keunikan warna yang terhasil. Tujuan kajian ini dibuat adalah untuk melihat penghasilan warna daripada bahan semula jadi yang sesuai dijadikan pewarna tekstil secara kajian keperpustakaan. Objektif kajian adalah untuk mengenalpasti sumber semula jadi yang berpotensi dijadikan warna fabrik di samping pemilihan mordan yang sesuai untuk menghasilkan kualiti warna yang maksima. Kaedah kualitatif digunakan dalam kajian ini di mana sumber sekunder yang diperoleh daripada perpustakaan dan laman sesawang yang berkaitan. Dapatan kajian mendapati warna dapat dihasilkan melalui pelbagai jenis sumber alam seperti ubi jalar ungu, bawang merah, ubi bit, kunyit, jamblang, bakau, jati, sepang, alam tingi, angsana, pisang, suji, lengkeng, petai cina, jambu, nila, sengkuang dan sebagainya. Dengan penggunaan bahagian tertentu seperti akar, batang, daun, buah dan biji telah menghasilkan warna seperti coklat, hijau, merah, kuning, kelabu, ungu dan lain-lain. Hasil kajian juga menunjukkan penggunaan tawas, kapur, asam cuka, soda penaik, limau nipis, daun betik, pisang dan tunjung sebagai mordan untuk membantu penyerapan dan penetapan warna ke atas permukaan fabrik. Kajian berbentuk konseptual ini akan memberi gambaran positif terhadap penggunaan pewarnaan alami dalam industri tekstil berdasarkan kajian sedia ada yang telah dibuat. Dapatan daripada kajian ini akan menjadi input kepada cadangan ke arah kajian secara terperinci untuk melihat fenomena penggunaan warna alami ini dalam industri batik di Terengganu pada masa hadapan. Pengenalan Sejak zaman dahulu lagi warna semula jadi telah banyak digunakan dan menjadi pilihan masyarakat dalam industri makanan, tekstil, farmasi, kosmetik dan kraf (Pujilestari, 2016). Sehingga kini pewarna semula jadi ini diakui selamat dan tidak menyebabkan kesan sampingan kepada tubuh badan manusia. Bagi menghasilkan warna-warna klasik yang unik dan lain daripada yang lain, pewarna alami merupakan salah satu bahan pilihan dalam penghasilan pewarnaan batik. Meskipun bahan tersebut semakin sukar didapati, namun beberapa bahan ini masih boleh diperolehi di sekitar kita atau dapat dibeli di pasar-pasar tradisional. Pewarna semula jadi untuk tekstil adalah alternatif bagi pewarna kimia atau lebih dikenali dengan pewarna sintetik. Pewarna yang tidak beracun, boleh diperbaharui (renewal), mudah dihancurkan dan dilupuskan sisa prosesnya serta mesra alam (Pujilestari, 2016). Pewarna alami merupakan zat warna yang berasal dari sumber haiwan (pewarna lac) atau dari bahan ekstrak tumbuhan seperti batang, akar, daun, kulit bunga mahupun buahnya. Ejen pewarna semula jadi ini termasuk pigmen sedia ada yang terdapat di dalam bahan itu sendiri atau terbentuk melalui pemanasan, penyimpanan atau pemprosesan. Pigmen semula jadi yang banyak terdapat di sekitar kita termasuk klorofil, karotenoid, tanin dan antosianin (Alamsyah, 2018). Menurut Pujilestari (2016) juga, sumber warna alami ini boleh didapati dari sumber tumbuhan, haiwan, mikroorganisma dan juga mineral. Pelbagai warna dapat dihasilkan daripada penggunaan bahan tersebut meskipun tidak selengkap penggunaan pewarna batik buatan atau sintetik. Ternyata hasil warna tumbuhan tidak jauh berbeza dengan pewarna kimia yang ada di pasaran. Tumbuhan masih dapat menghasilkan warna tekstil yang mengagumkan dan unik. Proses yang sempurna diperlukan dalam menghasilkan warna

90 | P a g e alami atau semula jadi ini. Bagi mendapatkan warna yang diinginkan, bahan tersebut akan dimasak dalam tempoh masa yang tertentu. Dalam kajian Titek (2017) menerangkan bahawa pencelupan berulang kali juga adalah proses yang memepengaruhi penghasilan warna yang sekata. Pelbagai ton warna dapat dihasilkan daripada tumbuhan. Antara faktor yang mempengaruhi hasil warna tersebut adalah seperti jenis tumbuhan, umur tumbuhan, waktu penuaian, tanah yang digunakan dan faktor lainnya. Zat pewarna alami dianggap selamat penggunaannya, maka Food And Drugs Administration (FDA) Amerika Syarikat mengkategorikan zat pewarna semula jadi ini tidak perlu mendapat sijil bagi mengesahkan penggunaannya (Winarti, 2014). Bahan kimia atau semula jadi yang digunakan untuk menyokong penghasilan warna dikenali sebagai mordan. Antara contoh mordan yang sering digunakan seperti alum, tawas, cuka, kapur buah limau, halia, kunyit, urea, simen, tar, asid tartarik dan alginate. Dalam menghasilkan warna alami yang stabil dan baik, penggunaan mordan sangat penting. Mordan juga berperanan membantu mempercepatkan pengeluaran warna terhadap sesuatu bahan. Mordan juga berfungsi sebagai bahan yang membantu penyerapan dan penetapan warna ke atas permukaan fabrik. Kualiti dan pelbagai warna boleh terhasil dengan penggunaan mordan sebagai campuran dalam proses menghasilkan warna tersebut (Fadillla et al., 2021; Marlina, 2007). Material atau fabrik adalah bahan utama dalam penghasilan batik selain pigmen atau warna. Bagi mendapatkan hasil batik yang unik dan menarik, penggunaan fabrik daripada serat semula jadi seperti sutera (silk), linen (flax) dan kapas (cotton) sangat digalakkan kerana material tersebut dapat menyerap warna yang disapu atau dicelup dengan mudah. Fabrik yang menggunakan pewarna alami juga perlu dijemur secara terbalik bagi mengelakkan warna menjadi pudar dan berubah kerana sinaran UV matahari yang kuat. Cuaca dan suhu juga memainkan peranan penting dalam penghasilan fabrik batik yang bermutu (Dhesriani et al., 2021). Oleh itu, objektif kajian ini adalah untuk melihat bahan alami atau semula jadi yang boleh menghasilkan warna alami yang berpotensi dijadikan pewarnaan tekstil khususnya dalam industri batik. Metodologi Kajian ini adalah kajian tinjaun berbentuk kualitatif di mana kaedah penyelidikan yang digunakan bagi mencari dan mengumpul data atau maklumat (heuristik) lebih berdasarkan kepada sumber sekunder iaitu tinjauan literatur atau keperpustakaan (Garraghan, 1947; Nina Herlina, 2020). Sumber ini diperoleh dengan mencari dan mengumpulkan maklumat melalui pembacaan daripada pelbagai sumber di perpustakaan dan laman sesawang yang berkaitan (Wahyudin, 2020). Sumber yang didapati dari buku, hasil penyelidikan dan jurnal yang berkaitan akan ditafsir dan diulas bagi keperluan kajian. Peringkat seterusnya adalah dengan melakukan klasifikasi, dihubungkan bersama data terkumpul antara satu sama lain sebagai bentuk tafsiran dan sintesis bagi membina semula menjadi sebuah artikel. Dapatan dan Perbincangan Daripada kaedah tinjauan literatur yang dijalankan, sebanyak 20 artikel di antara tahun 2017 hingga 2020 telah dirujuk bagi memperoleh dapatan kajian. Melalui penelitian literatur yang dijalankan, didapati Indonesia adalah negara paling aktif menggunakan bahan alami sebagai pewarnaan batik berbanding Malaysia di asia tenggara. Penggunaan sumber semula jadi ini boleh menghasilkan warna yang jarang didapati kerana warna yang terhasil sangat berbeza serta unik daripada bahan alami yang dipilih. Tambahan lagi, ia bergantung kepada faktor cuaca, jenis mordan (pemati warna), fabrik yang digunakan, juga proses atau teknik yang dilaksanakan. Kebanyakkan bahan alami yang berpotensi menghasilkan warna adalah dari sumber tumbuhan seperti daun suji, batang jamblang, kulit kopi, lengkeng, ubi jalar ungu, daun petai, kayu bakau, kulit rambutan, daun betik, daun bayam, sengkuang, kulit bawang merah, daun puring, batang pisang ambon, daun jati, daun jambu australia, daun nila, kulit kayu tingi, kulit manggis dan macam-macam lagi. Penggunaan mordan sebagai pengikat warna sangat mempengaruhi untuk menghasilkan variasi warna (hue) yang baharu. Antara mordan yang

91 | P a g e digunakan dalam menjalankan eksperimentasi adalah tawas, kapur, tunjung, cuka, soda penaik, dan limau nipis. Tunjung adalah mordan yang paling sesuai digunakan bagi menghasilkan warna yang mempunyai intensiti yang maksima iaitu warna yang lebih tua dan gelap (Elga Hayu et al., 2021; Fitri Aridanti et al., 2021). Biasanya bahan tekstil atau fabrik yang digunakan untuk diwarnai dengan pewarna semula jadi adalah bahan yang berasal daripada serat semula jadi seperti sutera (silk), bulu (wool), linen (flax), dan kapas (cotton). Umumnya fabrik sutera menjadi pilihan dalam penggunaan warna alami berbanding fabrik kapas kerana fabrik sutera mempunyai daya serap yang tinggi untuk mendapatkan hasil terbaik dalam pewarnaan semula jadi (Dhesriani et al., 2021; Rien Ana et al., 2017). Semakin lama tempoh proses pencelupan warna dilakukan, semakin banyak nilai warna (terang gelap) dapat diserap oleh fabrik. Selain itu suhu yang tinggi juga mempengaruhi serapan warna sewaktu proses pencelupan dijalankan bagi menghasilkan warna yang stabil dan sekata (Rien Ana et al., 2017; Roscha, 2018; Syamsul et al., 2018). Warna fabrik akan mudah luntur sekiranya terdedah kepada cahaya matahari yang kuat atau dicuci berulang kali. Oleh itu, disarankan agar fabrik yang menggunakan warna alami tidak dijemur di bawah bumbung, tidak dicuci berulang kali dan tidak menggunakan bahan pencuci yang tidak mempunyai bahan kimia. Jadual 1. Pewarna alami dari bahagian tumbuhan yang berbeza Bahagian Tumbuhan Sumber Alami Akar Ubi jalar ungu, bawang merah, ubi bit, kunyit Batang Jamblang, bakau, jati, sepang, alam tingi, angsana, pisang Daun Suji, lengkeng, petai cina, jambu, nila, sengkuang, bayam, puring, betik Buah / Biji Kopi, petai, rambutan, manggis, kesumba, jering, avokado

Jadual 2. Pewarna batik yang dihasilka Penulis, Tahun Tajuk Kajian (Fitri Aridanti et al., 2021) Rancangan Pewarnaan Alami Daun Suji Pada Tenun Sutera Sengkang, Sulawesi Selatan Syamsul et al., (2018) Pembuatan Zat Warna Alami Dari Kulit Batang Jamblang (Syzygium Cumini) Sebagai Bahan Dasar Pewarna Tekstil Inaya Sari et al., (2019) Pemanfaatan Limbah Kulit Kopi Sebagai Bahan Pewarna Teks Alami Untuk Pembuatan Batik Shibori Di Desa Sidoharjo, Kecamatan Candiroto, Kabupaten Temanggung Ravika Setyo et al., (2021) Pemanfaatan Daun Lengkeng (Nephelium Logan) Untuk Pewarnaan Batik Fadillla et al., (2021) Perbedaan Mordan Asam Sirat Dan Asam Cuka Terhadap Ha Pencelup Bahan Katun Menggunakan Ektrak Ubi Jalar Ungu (Ipomea Batatas) Elga Hayu et al., (2021) Pembuatan Bubuk Warna Ekstrak Daun Petai Cina (Laucaena Leucocephala) Sebagai Pewarna Alami Kain Yuyun et al., (2021) Ekstrasi Zat Warna Alami Dari Kayu Bakau (Rhizophora Mucronata) Dengan Metode Microwave-Assisted Extraction

92 | P a g e an dari sumber alami (tumbuhan) Sumber Alam Warna Fabrik Mordan Negara Daun Suji Hijau Sutera Tenun Tawas Tunjung Kapur Indonesia Kulit Batang Jamblang (Syzygium Cumini) Coklat Kapas Indonesia stil Biji Kopi Coklat Kapas Tawas Tunjung Indonesia Daun Lengkeng Sepia, Latte Sand, Biscoti Medallion, Dijon Charcoal, Coal Morri Tanpa Mordan Tawas Kapur Tunjung Indonesia sil Ubi Jalar Ungu (Ipomea Batatas) Amaranth Pink Warm Bronwn Kapas Asam Sitrun Asam Cuka Indonesia a Daun Petai Cina (Laucaena Leucocephala) Kuning Morri Promis sima Tawas Indonesia Kayu Bakau (Rhizophora Mucronata) Coklat Kapas Tawas Indonesia

Penulis, Tahun Tajuk Kajian RA. Ataswarin et al., (2021) Penerapan Zat Pewarna Alami Limbah Organik Kulit Rambuta (Nephelium Lappaceum) Pada Bahan Katun Dengan Teknik Shibori Tie Dyes) Dan Batik Murni et al., (2019) Pembuatan Serbuk Pewarna Alami Tekstil Dari Ekstrak Daun (Tectona Grandis Linn. F.) Deny Efita & Adriani, (2020) The Effect Of Mordan Alum, Mordan Whiting And Mordan Bak Soda On The Dyeing Results Of Mangosteen Skin Extract In Cotton Erren Jossie & Humin, (2019) Eksplorasi Zat Warna Alami Batik Dalam Konteks Warna Trad Etnik Di Sabah Ardani & Nur Hidayati, (2018) Pengaruh Jenis Mordan Dan Proses Mordanting Terhadap Kekuatan Dan Efektifitas Warna Pada Pewarnaan Kain Katun Menggunakan Zat Warna Daun Jambu Biji Australia Titiek, (2017) Optimasi Pencelupan Kain Batik Katun Dengan Pewarna Alam Tingi (Ceriops Tagal) Dan Indigofera SP

93 | P a g e Sumber Alam Warna Fabrik Mordan Negara an Kulit Rambutan (Nephelium Lappaceum) Coklat Coklat Kelabu Kapas Tawas Kapur Tunjung Indonesia Jati Daun Jati (Tectona Grandis Linn. F.) Merah Kapas Tawas Indonesia ing Kulit Manggis Beige Sephia Brown Light Brown Kapas Tawas Kapur Baking Soda Indonesia isi Buah Kesumba (Bixa Orellana) Batang Kayu Sepang (Caesalpinia Sappan Linn) Kulit Kayu Sepang (Caesalpinia Sappan L.) Kulit Rambutan Merah Ungu Merah Kecoklatan Kuning Kecoklatan Kapas Tawas , Kapur Dan Tunjung, Daun Betik, Batang Pisang, Limau Nipis Malaysia Daun Jambu Biji Australia Coklat Kapas Tawas , Kapur dan Tunjung Indonesia m Alam Tingi (Ceriops Tagal) Tarum (Indigofera SP) Coklat tua Biru Kapas Tawas , Kapur dan Tunjung Indonesia

Penulis, Tahun Tajuk Kajian Roscha, (2018) Proses Ketahanan Zat Warna Alami pada Bahan Batik dengan Beberapa Spesies Tanaman Sri Asriani, (2021) Analisis Hasil Jadi Pewarnaan Alami Daun Singkong Dan Dau Bayam Terhadap Proses Ekstraksi Panas Dan Ekstraksi Dingi Rien Ana et al., (2017) Pengaruh Lama Pencelupan Terhadap Warna Yang Dihasilka Pada Bahan Sutera Menggunakan Zat Warna Alam Ekstrak Daun Puring (Codiaeum Variegatum) Dengan Mordan Jeruk Nipis (Citrus Aurantifolia Ramelawati et al., (2017) Pengaruh Mordan Tawas Dan Jeruk Nipis (Citrus Aurantifolia) Terhadap Hasil Pencelupan Ekstrak Bawang Merah (Allium Ascalonium L) Pada Bahan Sutera Dhesriani et al., (2021) Pemanfaatan Daun Pepaya Sebagai Pewarna Alami Pada Kemeja Pria Dengan Teknik Shibori Widy Prama & Sri Zulfia, (2020) Pengaruh Mordan Kapur Sirih Dan Tunjung Terhadap Hasil Pencelupan Ekstrak Batang Pisang Ambon Pada Bahan Katun Aliffianti & Kusumastuti, (2020) Pembuatan Pewarna Tekstil Ekstrak Pulutan (Urena Lobata L) Untuk Pencelupan Kain Rayon Viskosa

94 | P a g e Sumber Alam Warna Fabrik Mordan Negara n Kulit Kayu Angsana (Pterocarpus Indicus) Kulit Buah Jering (Archidendron Sp.) Biji, Kulit Avocado Merah Jingga Jingga Kemerahan Kapas Tawas, Kapur Indonesia un in Daun Sengkuang Daun Bayam Kuning muda Hijau kapas Tawas Indonesia n Daun Puring (Codiaeum Variegatum) Violet Sutera Limau Nipis Indonesia Bawang Merah (Allium Ascalonium L) Sephia Brown Golden Rod Soft Brown Sutera Tanpa mordan Tawas Limau Nipis Indonesia Daun Betik Hijau Kapas Tawas Indonesia n Batang Pisang Ambon Light Brown Clam Shell Pink Kapas Kapur sirih Tunjung Indonesia ) Pulutan (Urena Lobata L) Coklat Rayon Viskos Tawas, Kapur, Tunjung Indonesia