รายงานประจำปี 2560 สถาบันวิทยาศาสตร์การแพทย์ทหาร

สถาบันวจิ ัยวิทยาศาสตรก์ ารแพทย์ทหาร

ARMED FORCES RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES

15. Easterhoff D; Moody MA; Fera D; Cheng H; Ackerman M; Wiehe K; Saunders KO;
Pollara J; Vandergrift N; Parks R; Kim J; Michael NL; O'Connell RJ; Excler JL;
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Sinangil F; Tartaglia J; Phogat S; Kepler TB; Alam SM; Liao HX; Ferrari G; Seaman
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16. Enkhtsetseg A; Davadoorj R; Fernandez S; Mongkolsirichaikul D; Altantuul D;
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17. Fontaine A; Filipovic I; Fansiri T; Hoffmann AA; Cheng C; Kirkpatrick M; Rasic G;
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18. Gilbert PB; Excler JL; Tomaras GD; Carpp LN; Haynes BF; Liao HX; Montefiori
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19. Gloria-Soria A; Ayala D; Bheecarry A; Calderon-Arguedas O; Chadee DD; Chiappero
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20. Haddow AD; Nasar F; Guzman H; Ponlawat A; Jarman RG; Tesh RB; Weaver SC.
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21. Hoest C; Seidman JC; Lee G; Platts-Mills JA; Ali A; Olortegui MP; Bessong P;
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22. Hsu DC; O'Connell RJ. Progress in HIV vaccine development. Hum Vaccin Immunother
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23. Hsu DC; Wegner MD; Sunyakumthorn P; Silsorn D; Tayamun S; Inthawong D;
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ARMED FORCES RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES

25. Karnasuta C; Akapirat S; Madnote S; Savadsuk H; Puangkaew J; Rittiroongrad S;
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26. Kijak GH; Sanders-Buell E; Chenine AL; Eller MA; Goonetilleke N; Thomas R;
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27. Kittikraisak W; Suntarattiwong P; Ditsungnoen D; Klungthong C; Fernandez S; Yoon
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28. Kittikraisak W; Suntarattiwong P; Ditsungnoen D; Pallas SE; Abimbola TO;
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29. Kobylinski KC; Ubalee R; Ponlawat A; Nitatsukprasert C; Phasomkulsolsil S;
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30. Korkusol A; Takhampunya R; Hang J; Jarman RG; Tippayachai B; Kim HC; Chong
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31. Kosaisavee V; Suwanarusk R; Chua ACY; Kyle DE; Malleret B; Zhang R; Imwong
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32. Kosek MN; Lee GO; Guerrant RL; Haque R; Kang G; Ahmed T; Bessong P; Ali A;
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33. Kroon EDMB; Phanuphak N; Shattock AJ; Fletcher JLK; Pinyakorn S; Chomchey N;
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ARMED FORCES RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES

34. Lertsethtakarn P; Nakjarung K; Silapong S; Neesanant P; Sakpaisal P; Bodhidatta L;
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35. Lima AAM; Soares AM; Filho JQS; Havt A; Lima IFN; Lima NL; Abreu CB; Junior
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37. Liu J; Silapong S; Jeamwattanalert P; Lertsehtakarn P; Bodhidatta L; Swierczewski
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38. Luo K; Liao HX; Zhang R; Easterhoff D; Wiehe K; Gurley TC; Armand LC; Allen
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39. Manak MM; Eller LA; Malia J; Jagodzinski LL; Trichavaroj R; Oundo J; Lueer C;
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40. Maneerattanasak S; Gosi P; Krudsood S; Chimma P; Tongshoob J; Mahakunkijcharoen
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41. Mason CJ; Sornsakrin S; Seidman JC; Srijan A; Serichantalergs O; Thongsen N; Ellis
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42. McCormick BJ; Lee GO; Seidman JC; Haque R; Mondal D; Quetz J; Lima AA; Babji
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ARMED FORCES RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES

43. Mitchell NJ; Hsu HH; Chandyo RK; Shrestha B; Bodhidatta L; Tu YK; Gong YY;
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44. Mohan VR; Ramanujam K; Babji S; McGrath M; Shrestha S; Shrestha J; Mdumah
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45. Nirdnoy W; Kietsiri P; Sethabutr O; Poramathikul K; Ruksasiri S; Srijan A;
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47. Paquet T; Le Manach C; Cabrera DG; Younis Y; Henrich PP; Abraham TS; Lee
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48. Parobek CM; Lin JT; Saunders DL; Barnett EJ; Lon C; Lanteri CA; Balasubramanian
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49. Parobek CM; Parr JB; Brazeau NF; Lon C; Chaorattanakawee S; Gosi P; Barnett EJ;
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50. Perez LG; Martinez DR; deCamp AC; Pinter A; Berman PW; Francis D; Sinangil F;
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51. Phasomkusolsil S; Pantuwatana K; Tawong J; Khongtak W; Kertmanee Y; Monkanna
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ARMED FORCES RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES

52. Pichyangkul S; Spring MD; Yongvanitchit K; Kum-Arb U; Limsalakpetch A; Im-
Erbsin R; Ubalee R; Vanachayangkul P; Remarque EJ; Angov E; Smith PL; Saunders
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53. Pitisuttithum P; Boonnak K; Chamnanchanunt S; Puthavathana P; Luvira V;
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54. Ponlawat A; Harwood JF; Putnam JL; Nitatsukprasert C; Pongsiri A; Kijchalao U;
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55. Ponlawat A; Khongtak P; Jaichapor B; Pongsiri A; Evans BP. Field evaluation of two
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56. Quoc CH; Henrik S; Isabel R; Yoon IK; Chau NV; Hung NT; Tuan HM; Lan PT;
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57. Rerks-Ngarm S; Pitisuttithum P; Excler JL; Nitayaphan S; Kaewkungwal J; Premsri
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58. Rogawski ET; Bartelt LA; Platts-Mills JA; Seidman JC; Samie A; Havt A; Babji S;
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59. Rogawski ET; Guerrant RL; Havt A; Lima IFN; Medeiros PHQS; Seidman JC;
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60. Rogawski ET; Platts-Mills JA; Seidman JC; John S; Mahfuz M; Ulak M; Shrestha
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ARMED FORCES RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES

61. Rutvisuttinunt W; Klungthong C; Thaisomboonsuk B; Chinnawirotpisan P;
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62. Salje H; Lessler J; Maljkovic Berry I; Melendrez MC; Endy T; Kalayanarooj S; A-
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63. Schwinger C; Fadnes LT; Shrestha SK; Shrestha PS; Chandyo RK; Shrestha B; Ulak
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64. Sereti I; Krebs SJ; Phanuphak N; Fletcher JL; Slike B; Pinyakorn S; O'Connell RJ;
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65. Serichantalergs O; Bodhidatta L; Nobthai P; Ruekit S; Supawat K; Swierczewski BE;
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66. Serichantalergs O; Ruekit S; Pandey P; Anuras S; Mason C; Bodhidatta L;
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67. Silapong S; Sakpaisal P; Bodhidatta L; Lertsethtakarn P; Sethabutr O; Vansith K;
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2017 Apr; 96(4):947-52.

68. Sumonwiriya M; Paris DH; Sunyakumthorn P; Anantatat T; Jenjaroen K; Chumseng
S; Im-Erbsin R; Tanganuchitcharnchai A; Jintaworn S; Blacksell SD; Chowdhury FR;
Kronsteiner B; Teparrukkul P; Burke RL; Lombardini ED; Richards AL; Mason CJ;
Jones JW; Day NPJ; Dunachie SJ. Strong interferon-gamma mediated cellular immunity
to scrub typhus demonstrated using a novel whole cell antigen ELISpot assay in rhesus
macaques and humans. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017 Sep; 11(9):e0005846.

69. Swierczewski B; Simons M. Diagnostics in a forward deployed setting. Mil Med 2017
Sep; 182(S2):11-16.

70. Takata H; Buranapraditkun S; Kessing C; Fletcher JL; Muir R; Tardif V; Cartwright
P; Vandergeeten C; Bakeman W; Nichols CN; Pinyakorn S; Hansasuta P; Kroon E;
Chalermchai T; O'Connell R; Kim J; Phanuphak N; Robb ML; Michael NL; Chomont
N; Haddad EK; Ananworanich J; Trautmann L; RV254/SEARCH010 and the
RV304/SEARCH013 Study Groups. Delayed differentiation of potent effector CD8+ T
cells reducing viremia and reservoir seeding in acute HIV infection. Sci Transl Med 2017
Feb; 9(377):eaag1809.

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71. Takhampunya R; Kim HC; Chong ST; Korkusol A; Tippayachai B; Davidson SA;
Petersen JM; Klein TA. Francisella-like endosymbiont detected in Haemaphysalis ticks
(Acari: Ixodidae) from the Republic of Korea. J Med Entomol 2017 Jul; [Epub ahead of
print].

72. Thiemmeca S; Tamdet C; Punyadee N; Prommool T; Songjaeng A; Noisakran S;
Puttikhunt C; Atkinson JP; Diamond MS; Ponlawat A; Avirutnan P. Secreted NS1
protects dengue virus from mannose-binding lectin-mediated neutralization. J Immunol
2016 Nov; 197(10):4053-4065.

73. Turtle L; Tatullo F; Bali T; Ravi V; Soni M; Chan S; Chib S; Venkataswamy MM;
Fadnis P; Yaich M; Fernandez S; Klenerman P; Satchidanandam V; Solomon T.
Cellular immune responses to live attenuated japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine SA14-14-2
in adults in a JE/dengue co-endemic area. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017 Jan; 11(1):e0005263.

74. Ubalee R; Kim HC; Schuster AL; McCardle PW; Phasomkusolsil S; Takhampunya R;
Davidson SA; Lee WJ; Klein TA. Vector competence of Anopheles kleini and Anopheles
sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae) from the Republic of Korea to vivax malaria-infected blood
from patients from Thailand. J Med Entomol 2016 Nov; 53(6):1425-1432.

75. Undurraga EA; Edillo FE; Erasmo JN; Alera MT; Yoon IK; Largo FM; Shepard DS.
Disease burden of dengue in the Philippines: adjusting for underreporting by comparing
active and passive dengue surveillance in Punta Princesa, Cebu City. Am J Trop Med Hyg
2017 Apr; 96(4):887-98.

76. Vanachayangkul P; Lon C; Spring M; Sok S; Ta-Aksorn W; Kodchakorn C; Pann ST;
Chann S; Ittiverakul M; Sriwichai S; Buathong N; Kuntawunginn W; So M; Youdaline
T; Milner E; Wojnarski M; Lanteri C; Manning J; Prom S; Haigney M; Cantilena L;
Saunders D. Piperaquine population pharmacokinetics and cardiac safety in Cambodia.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017 May; 61(5):e02000-16.

77. Vasan S; Wansom T; Schuetz A; Krebs S; Thomas R; Kijak G; Polyak C. Highlights
from the HIV Research for Prevention Conference (R4P),: 17-21 October 2016, Chicago, IL,
USA. J Virus Erad 2017 Apr; 3(2):92-96.

78. Velasco JM; Valderama MT; Peacock T; Warawadee N; Nogrado K; Navarro FC;
Chua D Jr; Apichai S; Sirigade R; Macareo LR; Swierczewski B. Carbapenemase-
producing enterobacteriaceae and nonfermentative bacteria, the Philippines, 2013-2016.
Emerg Infect Dis 2017 Sep; 23(9):1597-1598.

79. Wang Y; Whittall T; Neil S; Britton G; Mistry M; Rerks-Ngarm S; Pitisuttithum P;
Kaewkungwal J; Nitayaphan S; Yu X; Sato A; O'Connell RJ; Michael NL; Robb ML;
Kim JH; Lehner T. A novel mechanism linking memory stem cells with innate immunity
in protection against HIV-1 infection. Sci Rep 2017 Apr; 7(1):1057.

80. Weis AM; Huang BC; Storey DB; Kong N; Chen P; Arabyan N; Gilpin B; Mason C;
Townsend AK; Smith WA; Byrne BA; Taff CC; Weimer BC. Large-scale release of
Campylobacter draft genomes: resources for food safety and public health from the 100K
pathogen genome project. Genome Announc 2017 Jan; 5(1):e00925-16.

81. Woda M; Friberg H; Currier JR; Srikiatkhachorn A; Macareo LR; Green S; Jarman
RG; Rothman AL; Mathew A. Dynamics of dengue virus-specific B cells in the response
to dengue virus-1 infections using flow cytometry with labeled virions. J Infect Dis 2016
Oct; 214(7):1001-9.

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FY17 Conference Papers

1. Akapirat S; Madnote S; Pitisuttithum P; Nitayaphan S; Chariyalertsak S; Puangkaew
J; Rittiroongrad S; Chantakulkij S; Phogat S; Sinangil F; Excler J; Robb ML; Michael
NL; Kim JH; Vasan S; O'Connell RJ; Karasavvas N; The RV306 Study Group.
Characterization of HIV-1 envelope antibody responses following ALVAC-HIV and AIDSVAX
B/E prime-boost vaccinations with varying late boosts (RV306). HIV Research for Prevention
2016 "AIDS Vaccine, Microbicide and ARV-based Prevention Science". Chicago, IL, U.S.A.
17-20 October 2016. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32(S1):100. (Abstract no. OA22.04;
Oral Abstract Session 22: Human Vaccine Clinical Trials: Reality Check).

2. Akapirat S; Madnote S; Pitisuttithum P; Nitayaphan S; Chariyalertsak S;
Rittiroongrad S; Puangkaew J; Chantakulkij S; Phogat S; Sinangil F; Excler J; Robb
ML; Michael NL; Kim JH; Vasan S; O'Connell RJ; Karasavvas N; The RV306 Study
Group. Characterization of antibody responses in anogenital secretions of ALVAC-HIV
and AIDSVAXB/E prime-boost vaccinations with varying late boosts (RV306). Poster.
HIV Research for Prevention 2016 "AIDS Vaccine, Microbicide and ARV-based Prevention
Science". Chicago, IL, U.S.A. 17-20 October 2016. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016;
32(S1):321. (Abstract no. P18.34; Poster Session 18: Mucosal immunology).

3. Akapirat S; Teeratakulpisarn N; Nonenoy S; Wongkanya R; Madnote S; Puangkaew
J; Rittiroongrad S; Trichavaroj R; Hongchookiat P; Pankam T; Kanaprach R;
Riyaten P; Kerr SJ; Ananworanich J; Michael NL; Phanuphak P; Phanuphak N;
O'Connell RJ; van Griensven F; Karasavvas N. Antibody characterization in neovaginal
and rectal secretions of transgender women. Poster. HIV Research for Prevention 2016
"AIDS Vaccine, Microbicide and ARV-based Prevention Science". Chicago, IL, U.S.A.
17-20 October 2016. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32(S1):321. (Abstract no.
P18.33; Poster Session 18: Mucosal immunology).

4. Akapirat S; Vasan S; Pitisutthithum P; Nitayaphan S; Chariyalertsak S; Phonrat B;
Phogat S; Sinangil F; Michael NL; Excler JL; Robb ML; Kim JH; O'Connell RJ;
Karasavvas N. HIV envelope-specific IgG subclasses induced by varying late boosts in
RV306. Poster. Keystone Symposia Global Health Series: HIV Vaccines (C9). Steamboat
Springs, Colorado, U.S.A. 26-30 March 2017. (Poster no. 1002).

5. Akapirat S; Wansom T; Pitisutthithum P; Nitayaphan S; Chariyalertsak S; Eamsila C;
Panjapornsuk P; Dhitavat J; Phogat S; Sinangil F; Michael NL; Robb ML; Kim JH;
Vasan S; O'Connell RJ. RV306 vaccine induced seroreactivity identified by common anti-
HIV test kits in Thailand. Poster. Keystone Symposia Global Health Series: HIV Vaccines
(C9). Steamboat Springs, Colorado, U.S.A. 26-30 March 2017. (Poster no. 2051).

6. Anderson KB. Epidemiology and transmission of respiratory infections in Thai army
recruits. Poster. Singapore ID Conference. Singapore. 24-26 August 2017.

7. Balasubramanian S; Rahman RS; Parobek CM; Gosi P; Saunders DL; Lon C; Ubalee
R; Meshnick SR; Juliano JJ; Lin JT. Anopheles dirus efficiently transmits mixed species
and multiple clone malaria infections in Cambodia. American Society of Tropical Medicine
and Hygiene 65th Annual Meeting. Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A. 13-17 November 2016. Am J
Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95(5 suppl):26. (Abstract no. 77; Malaria: Vector Control Interventions
in Africa - LLINs and Beyond).

8. Bodhidatta L; Lon C; Sivhour C; Lurchachaiwong W; Vannara S; Lenin K;
Swierczewski B. Enteric pathogen surveillance in children and adults in a case-control
study of acute diarrhea in Battambang, Cambodia. Poster. American Society of Tropical
Medicine and Hygiene 65th Annual Meeting. Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A. 13-17 November

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2016. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95(5 suppl):523. (Abstract no. 1667; Session 131 -
Poster Session C: Presentations and Light Lunch).

9. Bodhidatta L; Neesanant P; Abente E; Nakjarung K; Supawat K; Mason C;
Swierczewski B. Phylogenetics of norovirus GII.3 variants in young children in Thailand
from 2004 to 2010. 6th International Calicivirus Conference. Savannah, GA, U.S.A. 9-13
October 2016.

10. Bodhidatta L; Raksasiri S; Suksawad U; Sornsakrin S; Serichantalergs O; Pandey P;
Anuras S; Swierczewski B. Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli prevalence and
antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in travelers' diarrhea in Thailand and Nepal. Poster.
19th International Workshop on Campylobacter, Helicobacter and Related Organisms.
Nantes, France. 10-14 September 2017:194.

11. Brazeau NF; Lon C; Rao P; Parobek C; Balasubramanian S; Fukuda M; Wojnarski
M; Smith P; Carlton JM; Saunders DL; Lin JT. Whole genome analysis of successive
Plasmodium vivax relapses in Cambodia reveals polyclonal infections that are genetically
related. 6th International Conference on Plasmodium vivax Research. Manaus, Brazil. 11-
14 June 2017. (Abstract no. 63182; Track: Trackling the hypnozoite and relapse).

12. Brazeau NF; Parobek CM; Hathaway NJ; Lin JT; Lon C; Saunders DL; Juliano JJ.
Longitudinal pooled deep sequencing of Plasmodium vivax kelch propeller domain in
Cambodia reveals a lack of directional selection. Poster. American Society of Tropical
Medicine and Hygiene 65th Annual Meeting. Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A. 13-17 November
2016. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95(5 suppl):109. (Abstract no. 350; Session 26 - Poster
Session A: Presentations and Light Lunch).

13. Britch S; Linthicum K; Ponlawat A; Pongsiri A; Khongtak P; Aldridge R; Golden F.
Ultra-low volume applications of Natular 2EC larvicide in a tropical environment against
Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. AMCA2017: 83rd Annual Meeting. San Diego,
California. 13-17 February 2017. (Abstract no. 63; Session: Larval Control I).

14. Chinnawirotpisan P; Huang A; Klungthong C; Manasatienkij W; Macareo LR; Ellison
DW; Fernandez S; Rutvisuttinunt W. Assessment of MiSeq next generation sequencing
procedure for viral pathogen detection in Southeast Asia. Poster. American Society of
Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 65th Annual Meeting. Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A. 13-17
November 2016. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95(5 suppl):48. (Abstract no. 148; Session
26 - Poster Session A: Presentations and Light Lunch).

15. Chuenarom W; Pitisutthithum P; Phuangngern Y; Nitayaphan S; Chariyalertsak S;
Kaewkungwal J; Kaewboon B; Phogat S; Karasavvas N; Sinangil F; Excler J; Robb
M; Michael N; Kim J; deSouza M; O'Connell R; Vasan S; Schuetz A; on behalf of the
RV306 Study Group. Late boost strategies of ALVAC-HIV/AIDSVAX B/Er prime-boost
regimen (RV306) increased functional B cell responses and frequency of plasmablasts.
Poster. HIV Research for Prevention 2016 "AIDS Vaccine, Microbicide and ARV-based
Prevention Science". Chicago, IL, U.S.A. 17-20 October 2016. AIDS Res Hum
Retroviruses 2016; 32(S1):393. (Abstract no. P25.10; Poster Session 25: Results of clinical
trials).

16. Colby D; Kroon E; Wansom T; Nitayaphan S; Sriplienchan S; Kitsiripornchai S;
Buapunth P; Charuthamrong P; Prasit T; Michael N; Robb M; O'Connell R; RV217
Study Group. Factors associated with HIV prevalence in a high-risk cohort in Thailand.
Poster. HIV Research for Prevention 2016 "AIDS Vaccine, Microbicide and ARV-based
Prevention Science". Chicago, IL, U.S.A. 17-20 October 2016. AIDS Res Hum
Retroviruses 2016; 32(S1):244. (Abstract no. P09.07; Poster Session 09: Epidemiology of
HIV prevention).

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17. Crowell TA; Colby DJ; Pinyakorn S; Intasan J; Benjapornpong K; Tanjnareel K;
Chomont N; Trautmann L; Tovanabutra S; Krebs S; Bolton D; McDermott A; Bailer
R; Doria-Rose N; Patel B; Gorelick RJ; Fullmer BA; Visudhiphan P; O'Connell RJ;
Tressler R; Mascola J; Michael NL; Robb ML; Phanuphak N; Ananworanich J;
RV397 and RV254/SEARCH01 Study Groups. HIV-specific broadly-neutralizing
monoclonal antibody, VRC01, minimally impacts time to viral rebound following treatment
interruption in virologically-suppressed, HIV-infected participants who initiated antiretroviral
therapy during acute HIV infection. 9th IAS Conference on HIV Science. Paris, France.
23-26 July 2017. (Abstract no. TUAB0106LB).

18. Davidson SA; Ponlawat A; Iamsiri S; Fansiri T; Nitatsukprasert C; Wanja E. Sand fly
and Leishmaniasis surveillance in Thailand. Poster. Asia Pacific Military Health Exchange
"Future Challenges and Collaborations in Military Health". Singapore. 23-26 May 2017.

19. Dhitavat J; Phonrat B; Nitayaphan S; Chariyalertsak S; Kaewkungwal J; Khowsroy
K; Lapwech W; Kaewthit O; Jarujareet P; Karasavvas N; Akapirat S; Phramtong A;
Vasan S; Robb M; Michael N; O'Connell R; Pitisuttithum P; The RV306 Study Group.
Characterization of factors associated with mucosal secretion collections and biopsies in
RV306 study. Poster. HIV Research for Prevention 2016 "AIDS Vaccine, Microbicide and
ARV-based Prevention Science". Chicago, IL, U.S.A. 17-20 October 2016. AIDS Res
Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32(S1):392. (Abstract no. P25.07; Poster Session 25: Results of
clinical trials).

20. Dussupt V; Schuetz A; Gift S; Donofrio G; Sutton WF; Mendez-Rivera L;
Pitisutthithum P; Nitayaphan S; Chariyalertsak S; Phogat S; Excler JL; Polonis VR;
Haigwood NL; O'Connell RJ; Kim JH; Robb ML; Michael NL; Krebs SJ; Vasan S.
Polyclonal IgG from ALVAC-HIV/AIDSVAX B/Er prime-boost vaccinated individuals
(RV306) demonstrated robust binding, ADCC, and Tier 1 neutralization activity. Poster.
Keystone Symposia Global Health Series: HIV Vaccines (C9). Steamboat Springs,
Colorado, U.S.A. 26-30 March 2017. (Poster no. 1042).

21. Easterhoff D; Luo K; Bradley T; Nagle C; Moody MA; Wiehe K; Saunders KO; Parks
R; Kim J; Michael NL; O'Connell RJ; Excler J; Robb ML; Vasan S; Rerks-Ngarm S;
Kaewkungwal J; Pitisuttithum P; Nitayaphan S; Sinangil F; Tartaglia J; Phogat S;
Kepler TB; Alam SM; Montefiori DC; Ferrari G; Haynes BF. Induction of B cell clonal
lineages with characteristics of broadly reactive neutralizing antibodies by boosting RV144
vaccinees. Poster. Keystone Symposia Global Health Series: HIV Vaccines (C9).
Steamboat Springs, Colorado, U.S.A. 26-30 March 2017. (Poster no. 1043).

22. Eller MA; Creegan M; Costanzo MC; Rerks-Ngarm S; Pitisuttithum P; Schuetz A;
Sinangil F; Phogat S; Robb ML; Michael NL; Excler J; Kim JH; O'Connell RJ; Vasan
S; for the RV305 Study Group. NK cell changes after a late boost with ALVAC-HIV and
AIDSVAXr B/E in HIV-uninfected Thai adults from RV144. HIV Research for Prevention
2016 "AIDS Vaccine, Microbicide and ARV-based Prevention Science". Chicago, IL,
U.S.A. 17-20 October 2016. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32(S1):76. (Abstract no.
OA14.03; Oral Abstract Session 14: Teaching the Immune System New Tricks: Vaccine-
Induced Immune Responses).

23. Eller MA; Pegu P; Schuetz A; Kim D; Pitisutthithum P; Nitayaphan S; Chariyalertsak
S; Phogat S; Sinangil F; Excler JL; Kim JH; Robb ML; Michael NL; O'Connell RJ;
Vasan S; for the RV306 Study Group. Interval of ALVAC-HIV/AIDSVAXr B/E vaccine
late boosting (RV306) alters CD4+ T-cell polyfunctionality and functional distribution.
Poster. Keystone Symposia Global Health Series: HIV Vaccines (C9). Steamboat Springs,
Colorado, U.S.A. 26-30 March 2017. (Poster no. 3040).

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24. Elliott I; Batty L; Thangnimitchok N; Wangrangsimakul T; Linsuwanon P; Davidson
S; Day N; Newton P; Paris D; Morand S; Bowden R. Whole genome sequencing of
Orientia tsutsugamushi from chiggers, rodents and humans in Northern Thailand Lao PDR.
One Health - 9th Tick and Tick-borne Pathogen Conference 1st Asia Pacific Rickettsia
Conference. Cairns, Queensland, Australia. 27 August - 1 September 2017. (Abstract no.
0057; Session: Genetics Genomics 1).

25. Escobedo-Vargas KS; López-Sifuentes VM; Durand S; Baldeviano GC; Gerbasi RV;
Vásquez GM; Kobylinski K. The effect of ivermectin on the Amazonian malaria vector
Anopheles darlingi: LC50 determination. Poster. American Society of Tropical Medicine
and Hygiene 65th Annual Meeting. Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A. 13-17 November 2016. Am J
Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95(5 suppl):247. (Abstract no. 787; Session 79 - Poster Session B:
Presentations and Light Lunch).

26. Fansiri T; Pongsiri A; Kijchalao U; Davidson S; Ponlawat A. Knockdown and mortality
effects of LLINs against malaria vectors in Thailand. Poster. AMCA2017: 83rd Annual
Meeting. San Diego, California. 13-17 February 2017. (Poster no. P-23; Poster Session:
New Product Trials).

27. Ferrer P; Ubalee R; Kobylinski K; Davidson S; Gerbasi R. A consensus proteome of
Plasmodium vivax sporozoites. Poster. American Society of Tropical Medicine and
Hygiene 65th Annual Meeting. Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A. 13-17 November 2016. Am J
Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95(5 suppl):514. (Abstract no. 1639; Session 131 - Poster Session C:
Presentations and Light Lunch).

28. Fuangmarayat Y. Occupation health and safety program. Animal for Scientific Works
2017 Training. Chalermprakiat Building, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok,
Thailand. 24-25 July 2017.

29. Fuangmarayat Y. Occupation health and safety program - What do we offer at AFRIMS?
Promoting High Standard of Laboratory Animal Care and Use. Laboratory Animal Center,
Chiang Mai University, Thailand. 16 December 2016.

30. Gift SK; Wieczorek L; Krebs SJ; Molnar S; Chenine AL; Sanders-Buell E; Kijak G;
Chang D; Bose M; Doria-Rose N; Law W; Sriplienchan S; Nitayapan S; O'Connell RJ;
Eller L; Mascola J; Rolland M; Tovanabutra S; Michael NL; Robb ML; Polonis VR.
Development of autologous neutralizing antibody response in HIV-1 CRF01_AE-infected
patients during acute infection. Poster. Keystone Symposia Global Health Series: HIV
Vaccines (C9). Steamboat Springs, Colorado, U.S.A. 26-30 March 2017. (Poster no. 1042).

31. Gift SK; Wieczorek L; Krebs SJ; Molnar S; Donofrio G; Chenine A; Sanders-Buell E;
Kijak G; Chang D; Doria-Rose N; Rolland M; Tovanabutra S; Sriplienchan S;
Nitayapan S; O'Connell RJ; Eller L; Mascola J; Michael NL; Robb ML; Polonis VR.
Development of autologous neutralizing antibodies in HIV-1 CRF01_AE-infected patients
spanning the first three years of infection. Poster. HIV Research for Prevention 2016
"AIDS Vaccine, Microbicide and ARV-based Prevention Science". Chicago, IL, U.S.A.
17-20 October 2016. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32(S1):146. (Abstract no.
P01.30; Poster Session 01: Antibody functions (neutralizing and non-neutralizing)).

32. Harrison ST; Shetty AC; Jacob CG; Machikas A; Agrawal S; Huang F; Saunders D;
Lon C; Ringwald P; Han KT; Hlaing TM; Nyunt MM; Silva JC; O'Connor TD; Plowe
CV. Use of shared haplotypes that are identical-by-descent to infer population structure and
parasite migration within Southeast Asia. American Society of Tropical Medicine and
Hygiene 65th Annual Meeting. Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A. 13-17 November 2016. Am J
Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95(5 suppl):577. (Abstract no. 1843; Session 156 - Malaria: Parasite,
Vector and Host Genomics).

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33. Herrera C; Veazey R; Schuetz A; Olejniczak N; Chenine A; Phogat S; Sinangil F;
Nitayaphan S; Kaewkungwal J; Pitisuttithum P; Rerks-Ngarm S; Michael NL; Robb
ML; Excler J; O'Connell RJ; Vasan S; Kim JH; Shattock RJ; RV305 Study Group. Ex
vivo evaluation of mucosal cytokine responses to in vivo vaccination with ALVACHIV/AIDSVAXr
B/E of non-human primates (NHPs) and humans. HIV Research for Prevention 2016 "AIDS
Vaccine, Microbicide and ARV-based Prevention Science". Chicago, IL, U.S.A. 17-20
October 2016. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32(S1):75. (Abstract no. OA14.01;
Oral Abstract Session 14: Teaching the Immune System New Tricks: Vaccine-Induced
Immune Responses).

34. Hsu DC; Sunyakumthorn P; Wegner M; Estes JD; Deleage C; O'Connell RJ; Valcour
V; Spudich S; Michael NJ; Vasan S. Early macrophage-independent inflammation and
SHIV-RNA in CNS in a rhesus SHIV model. Poster. Conference on Retroviruses and
Opportunistic Infections. Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. 13-16 February 2017. (Abstract no.
070; Session O-6: CNS Reservoirs, Neuropathogenesis, and Host Factors).

35. Hsu D. Towards an HIV/AIDS vaccine (Keynote). Macarthur Series in Immunology:
Immunology and Allergy 2007-2017 - A Decade of Remarkable Progres. Western Sydney
University School of Medicine. Sydney, Australia. 18 March 2017.

36. Huang A. A multi-layer graph analytics to identify bioformatic tool usage practices from
tool directories and PubMed indexed cross-citations. 20th International Computer Science
and Engineering Conference "Smart ubiquitous computing and knowledge". Chiang Mai,
Thailand. 14-17 December 2016. IEEE Xplore: Digital Library 2016.

37. Hunsawong T. Polytopic vaccination with a live-attenuated dengue vaccine enhances B-
cell and T-cell activation, but not neutralizing antibodies. Poster. 17th Vaccinology Course.
International Vaccine Institute (IVI), Seoul, South Korea. 4-8 September 2017.

38. Hussem K; Klungtong C; Huang A; Ajariyakhajorn C; Buddhari D; Shrestha SK;
Alera MT; Velasco JM; Anderson KB; Ellison DW; Macareo LR. Other respiratory
viral pathogens detection in influenza like illness (ILI) patients using multiplex PCR systems
during influenza surveillance in Nepal, Philippines, and Thailand during 2012-2015. Poster.
Asia Pacific Military Health Exchange "Future Challenges and Collaborations in Military
Health". Singapore. 23-26 May 2017.

39. Im-erbsin R. Online Course - Certificate in laboratory animal medicine, Guelph University,
Canada. Symposium. TALAS International Pre-Symposium and Workshop. Pathumwan
Princess Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand. 20 June 2017. (Pre-symposium II: Research Animal
Veterinarians in Thailand Networking).

40. Im-erbsin R. Veterinary care for non-human primates. Symposium. TALAS International
Pre-Symposium and Workshop. Pathumwan Princess Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand. 20 June
2017. (Pre-symposium II: Research Animal Veterinarians in Thailand Networking).

41. Jongsakul K; Spring M; Chuang I; Bethell D; Vanachayangkul P; Law S; Srivichai S;
Kuntawunginn W; Wongarunkochakorn S; Gosi P; Chaisatit C; Chaorattanakawee S;
Fernandes P; Forshey B; Halbach A; Cummings J; Saunders D; Fukuda M. Evaluation
of P. falciparum artemisinin resistance in western Thailand as part of a DoD multi-center
trial II. Poster. American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 65th Annual Meeting.
Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A. 13-17 November 2016. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95(5
suppl):471. (Abstract no. 1503; Session 131 - Poster Session C: Presentations and Light
Lunch).

42. Kietsiri P. Identification, detectionof virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance of
Arcobacter isolated from human diarrheal stool and food samples in Thailand. Poster. 11st
Ubon Ratchathani University Research Conference "Microbial Diversity: Literacy and
applications". Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand. 13-15 July 2017.

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43. Kobylinski KC. Safety and mosquito-lethal efficacy of ivermectin, dihydroartemisininpipera-
quine and primaquine: Ivermectin for malaria in Southeast Asia (IMSEA Study, Thailand).
American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 65th Annual Meeting. Atlanta, Georgia,
U.S.A. 13-17 November 2016. (Session 69 - Ivermectin to Reduce Malaria Parasite
Transmission: Clinical Trials, Models, and Regulatory Pathways to Accelerate Implementation).

44. Kobylinski K; Davidson S; Jittamala P; Pukrittayakamee S; Hanboonkunupakarn B;
van der Pluijm R; Mukaka M; Tarning J; Dondorp A; Day N; White N. Ivermectin for
malaria in Southeast Asia (IMSEA). The Third TRAC II Investigators Meeting. Bangkok
Thailand. 24 March 2017.

45. Kobylinski K; Davidson S; Jittamala P; Pukrittayakamee S; Hanboonkunupakarn B;
van der Pluijm R; Mukaka M; Tarning J; Wattanakul T; Dondorp A; Day N; White
N. Ivermectin for malaria in Southeast Asia (IMSEA). The National Institute for Malaria
Parasitology and Entomology and the National Hospital for Tropical Diseases in Hanoi,
Vietnam. 22-24 February 2017.

46. Korkusol A; Tippayachai B; Promsthaporn S; Leepitakrat S; Pongpichit C; Davidson
SA; Richards AL; Takhampunya R. Molecular and serological surveillance of Rickettsia
spp. in Thailand. Poster. One Health - 9th Tick and Tick-borne Pathogen Conference 1st Asia
Pacific Rickettsia Conference. Cairns, Queensland, Australia. 27 August - 1 September
2017. (Abstract no. 0117; Poster Session 2).

47. Lertsethtakarn-Ketwalha P; Silapong S; Sakpaisal P; Gonwong S; Shrestha S; Pandey
P; Anuras S; Liu J; Houpt E; Bodhidatta L; Swierczewski B; Mason C. Use of the
TaqManr Array Card on traveler's diarrhea stool samples for the detection and quantitation
of enteric pathogens from Thailand. Poster. American Society of Tropical Medicine and
Hygiene 65th Annual Meeting. Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A. 13-17 November 2016. (Abstract
no. LB-5080; Session 26 - Poster Session A: Presentations and Light Lunch).

48. Leyre L; Ananworanich J; Vandergeeten C; Kroon E; Chomchey N; Sacdalan C;
Buranapradikun S; Akapirat S; Phanuphak N; Robb M; Michael N; Trautmann L;
Chomont N; on behalf of the RV254/SEARCH010 and RV304 Study Groups. Low
frequencies of HIV-infected cells in blood, colon and lymph node at the earliest stage of
acute infection (Fiebig I). Poster. 9th IAS Conference on HIV Science. Paris, France. 23-
26 July 2017. (Abstract no. MOPEA0081).

49. Linsuwanon P; Payungporn S; Auysawadi N; Wanja E; Davidson S. Comparative
metagenomic profiling of Orientia tsutsugamushi infected and noninfected Leptotrombidium
species mites. Poster. One Health - 9th Tick and Tick-borne Pathogen Conference 1st Asia
Pacific Rickettsia Conference. Cairns, Queensland, Australia. 27 August - 1 September
2017. (Abstract no. 0058; Poster Session 1).

50. Linsuwanon P; Rodkvamtook W; Chao C; Teampanpong J; Krairojananan P;
Leepitakrat S; Wanja E; Davidson S; Ching W; Richards A. Seroepidemiology of
ectoparasite-borne diseases in small rodent population Thailand with a focus on scrub
typhus, murine typhus and tick typhus assessment. Poster. American Society of Tropical
Medicine and Hygiene 65th Annual Meeting. Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A. 13-17 November
2016. (Abstract no. LB-5350; Session 131 - Poster Session C: Presentations and Light Lunch).

51. Liu J; Silapong S; Jeanwattanalert P; Lertsehtakarn P; Bodhidatta L; Swierczewski B;
Mason C; Zhang J; Lalani T; Tisdale M; Nshama R; Maro A; Gratz J; Houpt E.
Development of multiplex real time PCR panels to identify fourteen major colonization
factors of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Poster. American Society of Tropical
Medicine and Hygiene 65th Annual Meeting. Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A. 13-17 November
2016. (Abstract no. LB-5081; Session 26 - Poster Session A: Presentations and Light
Lunch).

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52. Llanos-Cuentas EA; de Lacerda MV; Chuquiyauri R; Saunders D; Lon C; Yilma D;
Mohammed R; Krudsood S; Pereira D; Espino F; Noedl H; Angus B; Kleim JP;
Duparc S; Jones SW; Hardaker E; Mohamed K; Fletcher K; Breton J; Green JA;
Ugwuegbulam CO; Koh GCKW. Tafenoquine for radical cure of Plasmodium vivax
malaria: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III trial
("DETECTIVE"). 6th International Conference on Plasmodium vivax Research. Manaus,
Brazil. 11-14 June 2017. (Abstract no. 63246; Track: Achieving Universal access to safe
and radical cure).

53. Lohachanakul J; Hunsawong T; Chusri S; Thaisomboonsuk B; Weg AL; Macareo LR;
Ellison DW. In vitro study of ivermectin inhibitory effects on zika virus infection. Asia
Pacific Military Health Exchange "Future Challenges and Collaborations in Military Health".
Singapore. 23-26 May 2017. (Breakout Session 4A - Arboviruses).

54. Macareo L. Zika Virus Threat, 2017. Zika Virus Threat 2017: Royal Thai Air Force
Nursing College Conference 60. Bangkok, Thailand. 23 January 2017.

55. Margulieux KR; Srijan A; Nobthai P; Ruekit S; Bodhidatta L; Pandey P;
Serichantalergs O; Crawford JM; Swierczewski BE. ESBL prevalence and mechanisms
of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli responsible for traveler's diarrhea in Nepal from 2001-
2016. Poster. WRAIR NAS Research Associateship Program. Silver Spring, MD, U.S.A.
8-11 September 2017.

56. Margulieux KR; Srijan A; Nobthai P; Ruekit S; Bodhidatta L; Pandey P;
Serichantalergs O; Swierczewski BE. ESBL prevalence and mechanisms of
enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli responsible for traveler's diarrhea in Nepal from 2001-
2016. Poster. American Society for Microbiology 2017. New Orleans U.S.A. 1-5 June
2017. (Poster no. 88; Session 337 - AAID01 - Antibacterial Resistance: Animal and Food
Reservoir for Multidrug Resistant Bacteria).

57. Mathew A; Woda M; Friberg H; Currier J; Green S; Srikiatkhachorn A; Macareo L;
Jarman R; Rothman A. Fluorescently labeled flaviviruses to track antigen-specific B cells.
Poster. American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 65th Annual Meeting. Atlanta,
Georgia, U.S.A. 13-17 November 2016. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95(5 suppl):38.
(Abstract no. 113; Session 26 - Poster Session A: Presentations and Light Lunch).

58. Maza JP. USAMD-AFRIMS mission presentation. WHO Regional Consultation. New
Delhi, India. 19-21 October 2016.

59. Mongkolsirichaikul D; Ajariyakajorn C; Hussem K; Thaisomboonsuk B; Klangthong
C; Simasathien S; Watanaveeradej V; Nisalak A; Fernandez S; Yoon IK; Ellison D;
Weg A; Macareo L. Seven years of influenza surveillance in Pramongkutklao hospital
(PMK), Thailand since 2009 to 2015. Poster. American Society of Tropical Medicine and
Hygiene 65th Annual Meeting. Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A. 13-17 November 2016. Am J
Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95(5 suppl):48. (Abstract no. 146; Session 26 - Poster Session A:
Presentations and Light Lunch).

60. Moser KA; Ouattara A; Drabek EF; Koren S; Phillippy A; Adams M; Niangaly A;
Traore K; Kone AK; Coulibaly D; Thera MA; Doumbo OK; Laufer MK; Laurens
MB; Jongsakul K; Lon C; Saunders D; Han KT; Nyunt MM; Sauerwein RW; Sim
BKL; Li T; Travassos MA; Harrison ST; Hoffman SL; Plowe CV; Silva JC.
Population genomics of Plasmodium falciparum to inform the design and efficacy of whole
organism malaria vaccines. American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 65th
Annual Meeting. Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A. 13-17 November 2016. Am J Trop Med Hyg
2016; 95(5 suppl):390. (Abstract no. 1243; Session Young Investigator Award Session D).

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61. Nitatsukprasert C; Khongtak P; Davidson S; Ponlawat A. Effect of pyriproxyfen on
sperm production and survivorship of Aedes albopictus. Poster. AMCA2017: 83rd Annual
Meeting. San Diego, California. 13-17 February 2017. (Poster no. P-01; Poster Session:
Adult Control).

62. O'Connell RJ; Hsu D; Sunyakumthorn P; Wegner M; Schuetz A; Estes J; Valcour V;
Spudich S; Michael N; Vasan S. Harnessing animal models to improve warfighter health:
central nervous system inflammation is macrophage independent during early infection in a
non-accelerated SHIV macaque model. Poster. Asia Pacific Military Health Exchange
"Future Challenges and Collaborations in Military Health". Singapore. 23-26 May 2017.

63. O'Connell RJ. Prevention HIV vaccine, Where are we now? Joint International Tropical
Medicine Meeting 2016 "Uncover Asian Tropical Medicine". Amari Watergate Bangkok,
Thailand. 7-9 December 2016.

64. O'Connell RJ. The power and fragility of infectious diseases countermeasure discovery,
development, and delivery as exemplified by the adenovirus vaccine. Poster. Asia Pacific
Military Health Exchange "Future Challenges and Collaborations in Military Health".
Singapore. 23-26 May 2017.

65. Ong-ajchaowlerd P; Hunsawong T; Suthangkornkul R; Thaisomboonsuk B; Klungtong
C; Manasatienkij W; Fernandez S; Macareo LR; Ellison DW. The association between
dengue pre-existing antibody on Zika virus infection in THP-1 monocytes cell line. Poster.
American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 65th Annual Meeting. Atlanta,
Georgia, U.S.A. 13-17 November 2016. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95(5 suppl):40.
(Abstract no. 120; Session 26 - Poster Session A: Presentations and Light Lunch).

66. Opaschaitat P; Nu-iat S; Singjam S; Sakdinun P; Limwibulpong K; Laolue P;
Sawasdee Y; Coygasem G; Jiwakanon N; Maza J; Yingst S. Update Q fever status from
the ruminant placentas, Thailand 2014-2015. Poster. American Society of Tropical
Medicine and Hygiene 65th Annual Meeting. Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A. 13-17 November
2016. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95(5 suppl):171. (Abstract no. 543; Session 26 - Poster
Session A: Presentations and Light Lunch).

67. Ouattara A; Kara M; Thera M; Drabek EF; Coulibaly D; Agrawal S; Travassos MA;
Adams M; Niangaly A; Tolo Y; Saunders D; Lon C; Han KT; Takala-Harrison S;
Nyunt MM; Doumbo OK; Plowe CV; Silva JC. Lack of geographic signal in the pattern
of allele and epitope frequencies in four malaria liver stage candidate vaccine antigens. Poster.
American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 65th Annual Meeting. Atlanta,
Georgia, U.S.A. 13-17 November 2016. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95(5 suppl):514.
(Abstract no. 1638; Session 131 - Poster Session C: Presentations and Light Lunch).

68. Pantuwatana K; Phasomkusolsil S; Tawong J; Khongtak W; Kertmanee Y; Monkanna
N; Khaosanorh S; Wanja EW; Davidson SA. Effects of container variations on predation
by Toxorhynchites splendens (Diptera: Culicidae). Poster. Joint International Tropical
Medicine Meeting 2016 "Uncover Asian Tropical Medicine". Amari Watergate Bangkok,
Thailand. 7-9 December 2016:38. (Poster no. 41).

69. Pichyangkul S; Spring MD; Yongvanitchit K; Kum-Arb U; Limsalakpetch A; Im-
Erbsin R; Ubalee R; Vanachayangkul P; Remarque EJ; Angov E; Smith PL; Saunders
DL. Chemoprophylaxis with sporozoites in P. knowlesi rhesus monkeys confers protection
and elicits sporozoite-specific memory T cells in the liver expressing CCR5, CXCR6 and
tissue-resident memory T cell marker CD69. Joint International Tropical Medicine Meeting
2016 "Uncover Asian Tropical Medicine". Amari Watergate Bangkok, Thailand. 7-9
December 2016:83.

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70. Pinilla YT; Lopes S; Sampaio V; Andrade F; Velasquez C; Melo GC; Vásquez GM;
Escobedo-Vargas K; Lopez-Sifuentes V; Stoops C; Kobylinski K; Orfanó A; Guerra MG;
Lacerda MV; Pimenta PF; Monteiro WM. Use of ivermectin for transmission blocking
of Plasmodium vivax in Anopheles aquasalis and Anopheles darlingi. 6th International
Conference on Plasmodium vivax Research. Manaus, Brazil. 11-14 June 2017. (Abstract
no. 63810; Track: Understanding, mapping and novel interventions in transmission).

71. Pollara J; Easterhoff D; Luo K; Moody MA; Huffman T; Wiehe K; Saunders KO;
Parks R; Kim J; Michael NL; O'Connell RJ; Excler J; Robb ML; Vasan S; Rerks-
Ngarm S; Kaewkungwal J; Pitisuttithum P; Nitayaphan S; Sinangil F; Tartaglia J;
Phogat S; Kepler TB; Alam SM; Montefiori D; Ferrari G; Haynes BF. Induction of
new broadly potent ADCC responses in RV144 vaccinees with boosts 6-8 years after initial
vaccination. Poster. Keystone Symposia Global Health Series: HIV Vaccines (C9).
Steamboat Springs, Colorado, U.S.A. 26-30 March 2017. (Poster no. 3008).

72. Ponlawat A; Fansiri F; Kijchalao K; Davidson D. Field evaluation of spatial repellents in
Thailand. AMCA2017: 83rd Annual Meeting. San Diego, California. 13-17 February
2017. (Abstract no. 164; Session: Apatial Retellents II).

73. Ponlawat A; Harwood JF; Putnam JL; Nitatsukprasert C; Pongsiri A; Kijchalao U;
Linthicum KJ; Kline DL; Clark GC; Obenauer PJ; Doud CW; McCardle PW;
Richardson AG; Szumlas DE; Richardson JH. Field evaluation of indoor thermal fog
and ultra low volume applications for control of Aedes aegypti in Thailand. Joint
International Tropical Medicine Meeting 2016 "Uncover Asian Tropical Medicine". Amari
Watergate Bangkok, Thailand. 7-9 December 2016:30.

74. Poramathikul K; Chiek S; Oransathit W; Lurchachaiwong W; Nou S; Lon C;
Bodhidatta L; Swierczewski B. Serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance ratterns
of Shigella spp. in children with diarrhea and non-diarrhea controls in Cambodia. Poster.
American Society for Microbiology 2017. New Orleans U.S.A. 1-5 June 2017. (Poster no.
115; AAID01 - Session 338 - Antibacterial Resistance: Global Surveillance of Multi-drug
Resistant Bacteria).

75. Poramathikul K; Serichantalergs O; Chiek S; Oransathit W; Wassanarungroj P;
Ruekit S; Bodhidatta L; Lon C; Swierczewski B. Azithromycin resistance and extended
spectrum beta-lactamase production among enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)
isolates from Cambodia. Poster. American Society for Microbiology 2017. New Orleans
U.S.A. 1-5 June 2017. (Poster no. 100; Session 038 - AAID01 - Antibacterial Resistance:
New Insights on Enterobacteriaceae Producing AmpC, ESBL and Carbapenemases).

76. Riddle MS; Connor P; Fraser J; Porter CK; Swierczewski B; Hutley EJ; Danboise BA;
Simons M; Lalani T; Hulseberg C; Gutierrez RL; Tribble DR; on behalf of the TrEAT
TD Study Team. Results from the trial evaluating ambulatory therapy of travelers' diarrhea
(TrEAT TD) study: a randomized controlled trial comparing three single dose antibiotic
regimens with loperamide. American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 65th
Annual Meeting. Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A. 13-17 November 2016. Am J Trop Med Hyg
2016; 95(5 suppl):28. (Abstract no. 81; Session 21 - Clinical Tropical Medicine I).

77. Rolland M; Tovanabutra S; Krebs S; Sanders-Buell E; Bose M; Kijak G; O'Sullivan
AM; Harbolick E; Bonar L; Owen C; Slike B; Dussupt V; Doria-Rose N; Mascola J;
Nitayaphan S; Polonis V; Eller LA; Kim J; Michael N; Robb M. Super-infection and
development of MPER-specific neutralization breadth in subject 40512 from the acute
infection cohort RV217. Poster. HIV Research for Prevention 2016 "AIDS Vaccine,
Microbicide and ARV-based Prevention Science". Chicago, IL, U.S.A. 17-20 October
2016. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32(S1):268. (Abstract no. P12.20; Poster
Session 12: HIV transmission and viral diversity).

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78. Roth AE; Maher SP; Adapa SR; Jiang RH; Ubalee R; Conaway A; Salinas ND; Jimah
J; Carias L; Dechavanne S; Sreng S; Seila S; Amaratunga C; Fairhurst RM; King CL;
Tolia N; Frischknecht F; Kyle DE; Davidson S; Adams JH. Immunoassays for
characterizing and evaluating vaccine candidates that target pre-erythrocytic stages of
Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum. American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
65th Annual Meeting. Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A. 13-17 November 2016. Am J Trop Med
Hyg 2016; 95(5 suppl):414. (Abstract no. 1316; Session 128 - Malaria: Immunology).

79. Salje H; Lessler J; Berry IM; Melendrez M; Kalanaooj S; ANuegoonpipat A;
Chanama S; Sangkijporn S; Nisalak A; Gibbons R; Iamsirithaworn S; Macareo L;
Yoon IK; Sangasang A; Jarman R; Cummings D. Dengue diversity across spatial and
temporal scales: local structure and the impact of host population size. Poster. American
Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 65th Annual Meeting. Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A.
13-17 November 2016. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95(5 suppl):227. (Abstract no. 719;
Session 79 - Poster Session B: Presentations and Light Lunch).

80. Sampaio V; Rivas G; Kobylinski K; Beltrán T; de Siqueira A; Paulo M; Pimenta P;
Lima J; Bruno R; Lacerda M; Monteiro W. Effects of ivermectin sub lethal doses on the
locomotor activity of Anopheles aquasalisi. 6th International Conference on Plasmodium
vivax Research. Manaus, Brazil. 11-14 June 2017. (Abstract no. 63794; Track: Understanding,
mapping and novel interventions in transmission).

81. Schuetz A; Eller M; Phuangngern Y; Pegu P; Pitisutthithum P; Nitayaphan S;
Chariyalertsak S; Phanuphak N; Kaewkungwal J; Excler JL; Sanjay Phogat; Kim JH;
Robb ML; Michael NL; O'Connell RJ; Vasan S; for the RV306 Study Groups. Differential
peripheral and mucosal cellular immune responses induced by ALVAC-HIV/AIDSVAX
B/E late boost strategies (RV306). Poster. Keystone Symposia Global Health Series: HIV
Vaccines (C9). Steamboat Springs, Colorado, U.S.A. 26-30 March 2017. (Poster no. 3023).

82. Schuetz A; lmerbsin R; Chuenarom W; lnthawong D; Phuang-Ngern Y; Jongrakthaitae
S; Ruprecht RM; Lakhashe SK; Michael NL; O'Connell R; Vasan S. Rapid
accumulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and loss of Th17 cells in the rectal mucosa
during acute SHIV infection. 34th Annual Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for
AIDS. New Orleans, LA, U.S.A. 11-14 October 2016.

83. Serichantalergs O; Nobthai P; Srijan A; Oransthit W; Bodhidatta L; Swierczewski BE.
Molecular characterization of Escherichia albertii isolated from diarrheal stool samples in
Southeast Asia. Poster. American Society for Microbiology 2017. New Orleans U.S.A. 1-
5 June 2017. (Poster no. 470; Session 206 - CPHM03 - Diagnostic Bacteriology III).

84. Serichantalergs O; Ruekit S; Bodhidatta L; Pandey P; Anuras S; Swierczewski B.
Prevalence of Campylobacter concisus and C. ureolyticus in travelers' diarrhea cases and
asymptomatic controls. Poster. 19th International Workshop on Campylobacter,
Helicobacter and Related Organisms. Nantes, France. 10-14 September 2017:210.

85. Silapong S; Lertsethtakarn-Ketwalha P; Sakpaisal P; Shrestha S; Pandey P;
Bodhidatta L; Mason C; Swierczewski B. Detection of Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora
by digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) in acute diarrhea stool samples from Western travelers and
the indigenous population in Nepal. Poster. Military Health System Research Symposium
2017. Kissimmee, Florida, U.S.A. 27-30 August 2017.

86. Sirikajornpan K; Thaisomboonsuk B; Nisalak A; Klungthong C; Hunsawong T;
Imerbsin R; Yoon IK; Ellison DW; Weg AL; Macareo LR. Preparation of standard Zika
virus (ZIKV) IgM for serological diagnosis of ZIKV Infection. Poster. American Society of
Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 65th Annual Meeting. Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A. 13-17
November 2016. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95(5 suppl):40. (Abstract no. 121; Session
26 - Poster Session A: Presentations and Light Lunch).

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87. Smith K. Good participatory practice lessons learned from ECHO center and RV 217.
AVAC Good Participatory Practice (GPP) Online Training Course- Thailand in-person
workshop, Thai Red Cross. Bangkok, Thailand. 13 July 2017.

88. Smith KS. Good participatory practice overview: Perspectives for the I4C CAB. Web
conference to the Community Advisory Board of the Combined Immunologic Approaches to
Cure HIV-1 (I4C) Collaboratory. 27 July 2017.

89. Sok S; Wojnarski M; Prom S; Chann S; Spring M; Gosi P; Bun R; Kin S; Buathong
N; Ittiverakul M; Sriwichai S; Kuntawunginn W; Rekol H; Sinoun M; Khengheng T;
So M; Lin J; Saly K; Manning J; Saunders D; Smith P; Fukuda M; Lon C. Comparison
of mass drug administration vs. mass screening and treatment high-risk, military mobile
populations to support malaria elimination in Cambodia. American Society of Tropical
Medicine and Hygiene 65th Annual Meeting. Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A. 13-17 November
2016. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95(5 suppl):381. (Abstract no. 1216; Session 91 -
Malaria: Elimination Strategies and New Tools).

90. Soltis CB; Wongstitwilairoong T; Pokpong P. Supporting the warfighter through
effective tropical disease research - insights from the AFRIMS foxhole. Poster. Asia
Pacific Military Health Exchange "Future Challenges and Collaborations in Military
Health". Singapore. 23-26 May 2017.

91. Somsri M; Siriwatthanakul K; Chaitaveep N; Thongsen N; Maza J. Determination of
antimicrobial resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infected patients in Royal Thai military
hospitals. Poster. Asia Pacific Military Health Exchange "Future Challenges and
Collaborations in Military Health". Singapore. 23-26 May 2017.

92. Spring MD; Bennett JW; Darko C; Sousa J; Li Q; Morrison M; Mills K; Tosh D;
Marcsisin S; Havens J; Paolino K; Twomey P; Moon JE; Kress A; Froude J; Oliver T;
McCarthy W; Smith P; Reichard G; Kreishman-Deitrick M; Waters N. Determination
of Cytochrome P-450 Isoenzyme 2D6 (CYP2D6) genotypes in an active-duty U.S. military
population and the pharmacogenomic Impact on primaquine metabolism. Poster. 2017
Military Health System Research Symposium. Kissimmee, Florida, U.S.A. 27-30 August
2017.

93. Srimeechai S; Fuangmarayat Y. What IACUC need to know about occupational health
and safety in the care and use of research animals - Benefits for the health of personnel
working with animals. Symposium. TALAS International Pre-Symposium and Worksho.
Pathumwan Princess Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand. 20 June 2017. (Pre-symposium I: Basic
IACUC Training - Enhancing Effective IACUC at International Standard).

94. St John H; Masuoka P; Jiang J; Takhampunya R; Klein T; Kim H; Chong S; Richards
A. Distribution and ecological niche modelling of ticks known to vector human pathogens
in the Republic of Korea. One Health - 9th Tick and Tick-borne Pathogen Conference 1st
Asia Pacific Rickettsia Conference. Cairns, Queensland, Australia. 27 August - 1
September 2017. (Abstract no. 0165; Session: Epidemiology, Ecology Modelling 1).

95. Sunyakumthorn P; Linsuwanon P; Wongwairot S; Wegner M; Ege C; Jones J;
Swierczewski B; Wanja E; Davidson S; Day N; Mason C; Paris D. Distribution of
Orientia tsutsugamushi in Leptotrombidium mites, scrub typhus vector and reservoir.
Poster. One Health - 9th Tick and Tick-borne Pathogen Conference 1st Asia Pacific
Rickettsia Conference. Cairns, Queensland, Australia. 27 August - 1 September 2017.
(Abstract no. 0080; Poster Session 1).

96. Sunyakumthorn P; Sumonwiriya M; Im-erbsin R; Anantatat T; Chumpolkulwong K;
Wongwairot S; Dunachie S; Lombardini E; Burke R; Wegner M; Ege C; Jones J;
Swierczewski B; Richards A; Day N; Mason C; Paris D. Immune response of scrub

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typhus in rhesus macaques by intraderm al inoculation of Orientia tsutsugamushi. One
Health - 9th Tick and Tick-borne Pathogen Conference 1st Asia Pacific Rickettsia
Conference. Cairns, Queensland, Australia. 27 August - 1 September 2017. (Abstract no.
0081; Session: Immunology Immunity 1).

97. Sunyakumthorn P; Wegner M; Lombardini E; Silsorn D; Tayamun S; Kuncharin Y;
Burke R; Estes JD; Ananworanich J; Valcour V; O'Connell R; Spudich S; Michael N;
Vasan S. Early brain inflammation and SHIV infection in a non-accelerated rhesus model.
34th Annual Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS. New Orleans, LA,
U.S.A. 11-14 October 2016.

98. Suthangkornkul R; Hunsawong T; Ong-ajchaowlerd P; Thaisomboonsuk B;
Klungtong C; Poolpanichupatam Y; Phonpakobsin T; Srikiatkhachorn A; Weg AL;
Macareo LR; Ellison DW. Evidence for dengue virus antibody dependent enhancement of
zika virus infection of THP-1 cells via downregulation of RIG-I and IRF-I. Asia Pacific
Military Health Exchange "Future Challenges and Collaborations in Military Health".
Singapore. 23-26 May 2017. (Breakout Session 4A - Arboviruses).

99. Swierczewski B; Omnus-Leone F; Ong A; Maybank R; Clifford R; McGann P; Ruekit
S; Srijan A; Waterman P; Watanaveeradai V; Lesho E. Diverse carbapenemase genes
among gram-negative clinical isolates from a healthcare facility in Thailand. Poster. Asia
Pacific Military Health Exchange "Future Challenges and Collaborations in Military
Health". Singapore. 23-26 May 2017.

100. Tabprasit S; Saipin K; Siriwatthanakul K; Theerapolumpun W; Thongsen N; Kana K;
Teague N; Sukwit S; Chuenchitra T; Maza JP. Seroprevalence of treponema pallidum
(syphilis), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), and human papillomavirus (HPV) in Royal
Thai Army recruits in 1995, 2012 and 2013. Asia Pacific Military Health Exchange "Future
Challenges and Collaborations in Military Health". Singapore. 23-26 May 2017. (Breakout
Session 3A - Emerging Infections Disease).

101. Takhampunya R; Tippayachai B; Korkusol A; Promsathaporn S; Leepitakrat S;
Pongpichit C; Richards A; Davidson S. The presence and prevalence of co-existing
Orientia tsutsugamushi genotypes in Trombiculid mites. Poster. One Health - 9th Tick and
Tick-borne Pathogen Conference 1st Asia Pacific Rickettsia Conference. Cairns, Queensland,
Australia. 27 August - 1 September 2017. (Abstract no. 0101; Poster Session 2).

102. Tam CC; Anderson KB; Macareo LR; Ellison DW; Rangsin R; Fernandez S; Gibbons
RV; Yoon I; Simasathien S. Epidemiology and transmission of respiratory infections in
Thai army recruits. Transmission of Respiratory Viruses: from basic science to evidence
based options for control. Hong Kong. 19-21 June 2017. (Abstract no. P110).

103. Tam CC; Anderson KB; Offeddu V; Macareo LR; Ellison DW; Rangsin R; Fernandez
S; Gibbons RV; Yoon I; Simasathien S. Incidence of clinical and asymptomatic influenza
in Thai army recruits. Transmission of Respiratory Viruses: from basic science to evidence
based options for control. Hong Kong. 19-21 June 2017. (Abstract no. P112).

104. Tam KC; Anderson KB; Offeddu V; Macareo LR; Ellison W; Rangsin R; Fernandez
S; Gibbons RV; Yoon IK; Silnasathien S. Incidence of clinical and asymptomatic
influenza in Thai army recruits. Poster. Singapore International Infectious Disease
Conference "Changing Paradigms in Infectious Diseases". Singapore. 24-26 August 2017.

105. Tam KC; Offeddu V; Anderson KB; Macareo LR; Ellison W; Rangsin R; Fernandez
S; Gibbons RV; Yoon IK; Silnasathien S. Microbial loads from real-time multiplex
diagnostic assays do not reliably predict respiratory symptoms. Poster. Singapore
International Infectious Disease Conference "Changing Paradigms in Infectious Diseases".
Singapore. 24-26 August 2017.

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106. Tawong J; Phasomkusolsil S; Pantuwatana K; Khongtak W; Kertmanee Y; Monkanna
N; Khaosanorh S; Wanja EW; Davidson SA. Effect of prey density on the development
time and body size of male and female predatory mosquitoes Toxorhynchites splendens
(Diptera: Culicidae). Poster. Joint International Tropical Medicine Meeting 2016 "Uncover
Asian Tropical Medicine". Amari Watergate Bangkok, Thailand. 7-9 December 2016:39.
(Poster no. 42).

107. Thaisomboonsuk BK; Ellison DW; Imerbsin R; Hussen K; Poolpanichupatam Y;
Sirikajornpan K; Hunsawong T; Ong-ajchaowlerd P; Suthangkornkul R; Wongsaen
K; Gomootsukavadee M; Lohachanakul J; Kaneechit W; Chantharawiphak S;
Klungthong C; Nisalak A; Yoon IK; Weg AL; Srikiatkhachorn A; Macareo LR. The
African strain of Zika shows protection against heterologous challenge with an Asia strain of
Zika in rhesus monkeys. Poster. American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 65th
Annual Meeting. Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A. 13-17 November 2016. (Abstract no. LB-5299;
Session 79 - Poster Session B: Presentations and Light Lunch).

108. Thaloengsok S; Korkusol A; Promsthaporn S; Leepitakrat S; Pongpichit C; Davidson
SA; Kosoy M; Richards AL; Takhampunya R. The distribution and diversity of
Bartonella species from rodents and their associated ticks and the seroprevalence of B.
henselae and B. quintana in patients. Poster. One Health - 9th Tick and Tick-borne
Pathogen Conference 1st Asia Pacific Rickettsia Conference. Cairns, Queensland, Australia.
27 August - 1 September 2017. (Abstract no. 0116; Poster Session 1).

109. Trinh HV; Hamlin C; Bryant C; Pham P; Tovanabutra S; Bose M; Kijak G; Sanders-
Buell E; Liao H; Eller LA; Akapirat S; Karasavvas N; Alving CA; Dawson P; Tomaras
G; Kim JH; Michael NL; Robb ML; Rao M. Antibody binding specificities in the plasma
of East African individuals during the course of early acute HIV-1 infection. Poster.
Keystone Symposia Global Health Series: HIV Vaccines (C9). Steamboat Springs,
Colorado, U.S.A. 26-30 March 2017. (Poster no. 3035).

110. Vasan S; Shangguan S; Akipirat S; Karasavva N; O'Connell R; Rerks-Ngarm S;
Nitayaphan S; Chariyalertsak S; Pitisittithum P; Robb M; Michael N; Thomas R.
Increased levels of HIV-1 specific IgG antibody in the presence of HLA-DPB1*13 in three
HIV-1 vaccine trials. Poster. 9th IAS Conference on HIV Science. Paris, France. 23-26
July 2017. (Abstract no. MOLBPEA07).

111. Vasan S. SHIV models acute HIV infection in rhesus macaques. Opening Ceremony of the
Institute for HIV Research. University of Essen, Germany. 11 November 2016.

112. Velasco JM. Dengue virus in Philippines. Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease
Workshop-Dengue, Enterovirus and Intestinal parasites. College of Medicine, National
Cheng Kung University Tainan, Taiwan. 21-25 August 2017.

113. Velasco JMS; Valderama MT; Alera MT; Nogrado K; Lopez MN; Chua Jr D;
Swierczewski B; Macareo L. Influenza, dengue, chikungunya and multi-drug resistant
bacteria surveillance in a Philippine tertiary hospital. Poster. American Society of Tropical
Medicine and Hygiene 65th Annual Meeting. Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A. 13-17 November
2016. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95(5 suppl):50. (Abstract no. 152; Session 26 - Poster
Session A: Presentations and Light Lunch).

114. Velasco J; Valderama M; Diones P; Nogrado K; Chua D; Navarro F; Srijan A; Ruekit
S; Nirdnoy W; Peacock T; Crawford J; Macareo L; Swierczewski B. Multi-drug
resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance in wound infections in military and civilian
populations. Poster. American Society for Microbiology 2017. New Orleans U.S.A. 1-5
June 2017. (Poster no. LB6; Session 033a - AAID Late Breakers).

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115. Wanja E; Linsuwanon P; Wuttikon R; Leepitakrat S; Davidson S. Surveillance for
scrub typhus in rodents and rodent ectoparasites in Thailand. Poster. Asia Pacific Military
Health Exchange "Future Challenges and Collaborations in Military Health". Singapore.
23-26 May 2017.

116. Wansom T; Akiparat S; Pitisutthitum P; Nitayaphan S; Chariyalertsak S; Eamsila C;
Wongwarapat K; Karasavvas N; Sinangil F; Phogat S; Robb M; Michael N; Kim J;
Vasan S; O'Connell R; RV 306 Study Group. Vaccine induced seroreactivity induced by
ALVAC-HIV and AIDSVAXB/E prime-boost vaccinations with varying late boosts
(RV306). Poster. HIV Research for Prevention 2016 "AIDS Vaccine, Microbicide and
ARV-based Prevention Science". Chicago, IL, U.S.A. 17-20 October 2016. AIDS Res
Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32(S1):397. (Abstract no. P25.18; Poster Session 25: Results of
clinical trials).

117. Weg AL. Disease reporting and information sharing between military and civilian
authorities. US-Bangladesh Clinical Lab Biopreparedness SMEE. Dhaka, Bangladesh.
7-10 August 2017.

118. Weg AL. The global epidemiology of central nervous system infections. 8th Asian Congress
of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Bangkok, Thailand. 7-10 November 2016.

119. Wegner M; Sunyakumthorn P; Silsorn D; Tayamun S; Ege C; O'Connell R; Michael
N; Ndhlovu L; Vasan S. CD4+ T cell infiltration into subcutaneous adipose tissue is not
indicative of productively infected cells during acute SHIV infection. 34th Annual
Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS. New Orleans, LA, U.S.A. 11-14
October 2016.

120. White Y; Lal K; Rolland M; Schuetz A; Krebs S; Robb ML; Ake J; Michael NL; Eller
MA. Assays of non-neutralizing antibody-mediated cellular effector functions reveal
distinct biological processes in HIV-1 infection and vaccination. Poster. Keystone
Symposia Global Health Series: HIV Vaccines (C9). Steamboat Springs, Colorado, U.S.A.
26-30 March 2017. (Poster no. 3049).

121. Wieczorek L; Pitisutthithum P; Nitayaphan S; Chariyalertsak S; Kaewkungwal J;
Molnar S; Blaskowski S; Schoen J; Gao H; Greene K; Phogat S; Sinagil F; Michael N;
Excler J; Montefiori D; Robb M; Kim J; Vasan S; O'Connell R; Polonis V. Delayed
boost of ALVACrHIV and AIDSVAXr B/E gp120 following the RV144 regimen,
significantly increases HIV-1 neutralizing antibody responses. HIV Research for Prevention
2016 "AIDS Vaccine, Microbicide and ARV-based Prevention Science". Chicago, IL,
U.S.A. 17-20 October 2016. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32(S1):100. (Abstract
no. OA22.03; Oral Abstract Session 22: Human Vaccine Clinical Trials: Reality Check).

122. Wieczorek L; Pitisutthithum P; Nitayaphan S; Chariyalertsak S; Kaewkungwal J;
Molnar S; Schoen J; Gift S; Phogat S; Sinagil F; Michael N; Excler J; Montefiori D;
Robb M; Kim J; Vasan S; O'Connell R; Polonis V. Late Boosting improves the
durability of neutralizing antibody responses after vaccination with ALVACrHIV and
AIDSVAXr B/E gp120. Poster. Keystone Symposia Global Health Series: HIV Vaccines
(C9). Steamboat Springs, Colorado, U.S.A. 26-30 March 2017. (Poster no. 3050).

123. Wojnarski M; Lon C; Gosi P; Vanachayangkul P; Harrison D; Berjohn C; Lin J;
Spring M; Sok S; Ittiverakul M; Buathong N; Chann S; Kuntawunginn W; Heang V;
Kong N; Chum B; Ratchmat A; Fukuda M; Smith P; Vaughn A; Prom S; Lek D;
Saunders D. Update on the asexual and sexual stage-efficacy of atovaquone-proguanil and
single low dose primaquine with or without artesunate in Cambodia. Poster. American
Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 65th Annual Meeting. Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A.
13-17 November 2016. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95(5 suppl):466. (Abstract no. 1488;
Session 131 - Poster Session C: Presentations and Light Lunch).

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124. Wojnarski M; Lon C; Sok S; Bun R; Chann S; Boonchan T; Spring M; Gosi P;
Soveasna K; Buathong N; Ittiverakul M; Sriwichai S; Kuntawunginn W; Rekol H;
Sinoun M; Thay K; So M; Lin J; Satharath P; Saly K; Saunders D; Smith P; Fukuda
M. Lessons learned from deployment of primaquine (PQ) in G6PD normal and deficient
volunteers in pilot malaria elimination study in the military cohort in Cambodia. Poster. 6th
International Conference on Plasmodium vivax Research. Manaus, Brazil. 11-14 June 2017.
(Abstract no. 63183; Track: Are current control strategies aimed at P. vivax working?).

125. Wojnarski M; Lon C; Sok S; Bun R; Kuntawunginn W; Satharath P; Saly K;
Saunders D; Smith P; Fukuda M. Lessons from screening of Royal Cambodian Armed
Forces for G6PD deficiency and implications for the use of G6PD testing and primaquine
(PQ) treatment of P.vivax. Poster. Asia Pacific Military Health Exchange "Future
Challenges and Collaborations in Military Health". Singapore. 23-26 May 2017.

126. Wojnarski M; Lon C; Sok S; Rathvicheth B; Chann S; Spring M; Saunders D; Gosi P;
Kin S; Buathong N; Ittiverakul M; Sriwichai S; Kuntawunginn W; Rekol H; Sinoun
M; Thay K; So M; Lin J; Prom S; Smith P; Fukuda M. Primaquine safety in G6PD-
deficient military cohort in Cambodia using the lower-dose, extended course regimen as part
of mass drug administration for malaria elimination. Poster. American Society of Tropical
Medicine and Hygiene 65th Annual Meeting. Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A. 13-17 November
2016. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95(5 suppl):280-1. (Abstract no. 894; Session 79 -
Poster Session B: Presentations and Light Lunch).

127. Wojnarski M; Mouri O; Roussel C; Ciceron L; Chartrel N; Thellier M; Buffet P;
Ndour A. Parasite clearance is pitting-dependent in patients treated with artemisinin-
combined therapies and not in those treated with atovaquoneproguanil, mefloquine or
quinine. Poster. American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 65th Annual
Meeting. Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A. 13-17 November 2016. (Abstract no. LB-5133; Session
26 - Poster Session A: Presentations and Light Lunch).

128. Wojnarski M; Sok S; Prom S; Chann S; Spring M; Gosi P; Bun R; Heng K; So S; Kin
S; Buathong N; Ittiverakul M; Sriwichai S; Kuntawunginn W; Rekol H; Sinoun M;
Khengheng T; So M; Lin J; Saly K; Manning J; Saunders D; Smith P; Fukuda M; Lon
C. Review of comparative efficacy and acceptance of interventions of monthly prophylaxis
vs. screening and treatment in high-risk, military mobile populations to support malaria
elimination in Cambodia. Poster. Joint International Tropical Medicine Meeting 2016
"Uncover Asian Tropical Medicine". Amari Watergate Bangkok, Thailand. 7-9 December
2016:76. (Poster no. 92).

129. Wongstitwilairoong T; Klungtong C; Lon C; Chuenchitra T; Buddhari D; Shrestha
SH; Velasco JM; Swierczewski BE; Smith PL; Macareo LR; Maza JP. Influenza
surveillance collaborations in Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS).
Asia Pacific Military Health Exchange "Future Challenges and Collaborations in Military
Health". Singapore. 23-26 May 2017. (Breakout Session 3A - Emerging Infections Disease).

130. Wongstitwilairoong T; Kumar S; Velasco JM; Lon C; Klungtong C; Chuenchitra T;
Buddhari D; Dorji T; Smith PL; Macareo LR; Maza JP. Network activity of influenza
surveillance in South and Southeast Asia. Poster. American Society of Tropical Medicine
and Hygiene 65th Annual Meeting. Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A. 13-17 November 2016.
(Abstract no. LB-5242; Session 79 - Poster Session B: Presentations and Light Lunch).

131. Wongstitwilairoong T; Lon C; Wongstitwilairoong B; Ponlawat A; Anderson KB;
Opaschaitat P; Swierczewski BE; Macareo LR; Smith PL; Davidson SA; Maza JP.
The use of geographic information systems (GIS) for infectious diseases research and
surveillance at the Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok,
Thailand. Poster. Asia Pacific Military Health Exchange "Future Challenges and
Collaborations in Military Health". Singapore. 23-26 May 2017.

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FY17 Lectures

1. Anderson KB. Flavivirus cross-reactive immunity: implications for vaccine development
and understanding pathogenesis. Lecture. [Global Opportunities] 2017 SATU Presidents'
Forum -Frontiers in Dengue virus and Zika Virus Infections. Tainan, Taiwan. 19-20 August
2017.

2. Chinnawirotpisan P. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) on viral pathogen identification.
Lecture. Next Generation Sequencing Technology (NGS). QIAGEN held at OMICS Center,
Chulalongkorn University. 31 May 2017.

3. Ellison D. Overview of mosquito-borne viral diseases. Lecture. International Training
Workshop on Laboratory Diagnosis for Den/Zika/Chikungunya. K.P. Chen Lecture Hall,
CPH Building, NTU/101 Hall, Taiwan. 25-28 April 2017.

4. Klungthong C. Molecular diagnosis of arbovirus infection protocols and experiences.
Lecture. International Training Workshop on Laboratory Diagnosis for Den/Zika/Chikungunya.
K.P. Chen Lecture Hall, CPH Building, NTU/101 Hall, Taiwan. 25-28 April 2017.

5. Klungthong C. Molecular diagnosis of mosquito-borne viral disease. Lecture.
International Training Workshop on Laboratory Diagnosis for Den/Zika/Chikungunya. K.P.
Chen Lecture Hall, CPH Building, NTU/101 Hall, Taiwan. 25-28 April 2017.

6. Macareo L. Zika virus update and the Thailand experience. Lecture. Zika Virus Update
and the Thailand Experience. Eijkman Institute, Jakarta, Indonesia. 2 August 2017.

7. Nisalak A. Update on dengue diagnosis. Lecture. International Training Course on Severe
Dengue. Queen Sirikit National Convention Center, Bangkok, Thailand. 7-8 November
2016.

8. O'Connell RJ. HIV vaccine research and development: international perspective. Lecture.
HIV Vaccine Awareness Day 2017. Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University.
18 May 2017.

9. Siriyanonda D. Shipping and trasportation of biological agents and workshop. Lecture.
Workshop for Biosafety Officer (BSO-II). The Biosafety Association (Thailand), held at SV
Avenue Hotel, Pinklao, Bangkok, Thailand. 6-9 June 2017.

10. Smith K. Equipment preventive maintenance. Lecture. Lab QMS workshop on equipment
management, facilities and process management. Hanoi, Vietnam. 6-9 September 2017.

11. Sornwattana G; Tephassadin Na Ayuttaya T. Biosafety cabinet certification
demonstration workshop. Lecture. Workshop for Biosafety Officer (BSO-II). The
Biosafety Association (Thailand), held at SV Avenue Hotel, Pinklao, Bangkok, Thailand.
6-9 June 2017.

12. Sukpanichnant B. Safety issues and reporting. Lecture. GCP Training. Siriraj Hospital,
Mahidol University. 25 November 2016.

13. Tephassadin Na Ayuttaya T. Biosafety in medical laboratory. Lecture. Biosafety in
Medical Laboratory. Department of Laboratory Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial
Hospital. 3-4 April 2017.

14. Tephassadin Na Ayuttaya T. Introduction to biosafety cabinet and certification. Lecture.
Ventilation System for Industrial Hygienist. Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of
Public Health Mahidol University. 23 December 2016.

15. Tephassadin Na Ayuttaya T. Occupational Health and Safety. Lecture. Ventilation
System for Industrial Hygienist. Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health,
Mahidol University. 3 March 2017.

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16. Thaisomboonsuk B. Serological diagnosis of arboviral infection: protocols and experiences
sharing. Lecture. International Training Workshop on Laboratory Diagnosis for
Den/Zika/Chikungunya. K.P. Chen Lecture Hall, CPH Building, NTU/101 Hall, Taiwan.
25-28 April 2017.

17. Thaisomboonsuk B. Serological diagnosis of mosquito-borne viral disease. Lecture.
International Training Workshop on Laboratory Diagnosis for Den/Zika/Chikungunya. K.P.
Chen Lecture Hall, CPH Building, NTU/101 Hall, Taiwan. 25-28 April 2017.

18. Upakaew A. Biosafety equipment: PPE and workshop. Lecture. Workshop for Biosafety
Officer (BSO-II). The Biosafety Association (Thailand), held at SV Avenue Hotel, Pinklao,
Bangkok, Thailand. 6-9 June 2017.

19. Vesamavibool B. Planning and implementing a PM program. Lecture. Lab QMS
workshop on equipment management, facilities and process management. Hanoi, Vietnam.
6-9 September 2017.

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DEPARTMENT OF ADMINISTRATION

Mission:
The mission of the Department of Administration is to provide administrative support to the
USAMD-AFRIMS research departments in the areas of personnel administration, resource
management, protocol management, publication clearance, quality improvement, information
management, library research, audio-visual products, physical security, Thai language instruction,
English language instruction, safety, biosurety, radiation protection monitoring and occupational
health.
Organization and Personnel:

Resource Management:
To ensure that the USAMD-AFRIMS Director and Departments, and other supported U.S.
Government agencies, as directed, receive required financial and budgetary guidance and
education in an efficient and cost effective manner. This Resource Management Division (RMD)
support extends to various field sites and laboratories located throughout the Kingdom of Thailand,
Nepal, the Philippines, Cambodia, Bhutan, and in other countries in the PACOM AOR as required.
During FY17, RMD with 1 U.S. military, 1 U.S. Department of the Army GS, 3 Foreign Service
Nationals provided financial oversight of AFRIMS’s overall operating budget. This included an
Army/DOD Research, Development, Test and Evaluation (RDT&E) program of $4.1 million;
Defense Health Program (DHP), including O&M and RDT&E of $13.1 million. The reimbursable
program totaled $1.7 million.

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FY17 Funds Execution

FUND/BRANCH/WBS Total Allotment Total Comm Comm Rate% Total Oblig Oblig Rate% Total Disb Disb Rate% Total Avail Allot

204020A17 - Reimbursable RDT&E $ 1,681,368.03 $ 248,578.77 14.78% $ 248,578.77 14.78% $ 139,599.59 8.30% $ 1,432,789.26

204020D17 - RDT&E $ 4,182,611.14 $ 2,658,308.59 63.56% $ 2,588,308.59 61.88% $ 880,138.26 21.04% $ 1,524,302.55

202010D17 - O&M Army $ 297,062.15 $ 297,062.14 100.00% $ 297,062.14 100.00% $ 119,378.27 40.19% $ 0.01

01302F2D17 - DHP 1831 - R&D $ 3,738,471.68 $ 3,182,030.68 85.12% $ 3,178,565.68 85.02% $ 498,161.94 13.33% $ 556,441.00

01302J1D17 - DHP 1881 - O&M $ 9,051,465.45 $ 8,840,858.64 97.67% $ 8,605,362.49 95.07% $ 2,127,271.61 23.50% $ 210,606.81

Grand Total $ 18,950,978.45 $ 15,226,838.82 80.35% $ 14,917,877.67 78.72% $ 3,764,549.67 19.86% $ 3,724,139.63

RMD staff prepared and conducted FY17 status of funds updates for the Director and Branch Chiefs
to provide awareness on the financial health of the organization. The Division provided expert
advice and recommendations to Division Chiefs for budget actions, determining the amount and
timing of fund allocation reprogramming actions. Reports were distributed on the obligation and
disbursement rates and the uncommitted balances. The organization closed the fiscal year with
an obligation rate above 99%.

RMD staff prepared and presented to the Director the FY17 and FY18 General & Administrative
(G&A) Budget Implementation Plan. The approved course of action provided the Director with an
up-front, conservative financial analysis and projection on funding so that he could make critical
decisions at the start of and throughout FY17 instead of waiting until the end of the year to make
a determination to fund time sensitive, critical initiatives.

RMD staff planned, prepared and executed departmental financial briefs to the Director to provide
better financial understanding of execution at the departmental level throughout the fiscal year.

RMD was instrumental in the extension of the Royal Thai Army (RTA) Cooperative Agreement
(CA). The RTA CA was due to end March 2017. This one year extension through March 2018 was
approved providing the institute to function with the manpower it requires for one additional year.

RMD staff worked with Division Chiefs and Administrative Officers to prepare, consolidate, and
submit the FY18 Command Budget Estimate (CBE). The CBEs will be utilized to provide the
Director/Department Chiefs with budget/funding execution during the Director’s meetings.

RMD staff stabilized for the foreseeable future by hiring the cooperative agreement employee as
a foreign service national. RMD staff reorganized by converting staff positions from cashier and
voucher examiner to budget technicians.

Military Comptroller, 70C, Chief, Resource Management position PCSed without a replacement.
No replacement will be provided in FY18.

Information Management:

The Information Management Division (IMD) at AFRIMS provides information technological,
library, medical audio visual and language services to AFRIMS personnel. It does this with a
full-time staff of one (1) U.S. Military, one (1) G.S. Civilian, seven (7) Foreign Service Nationals,
and seven (7) Cooperative Agreement local nationals.

IMD operated with a total budget of $1.12 million for FY17, with 35% spent on civilian labor,
19% for contract services, 19% for equipment, 17% for contract personnel, 7% for supplies, and
3% on travel.

A. Information Technology

1) WRAIR Staff Assistance Visit
a. Worked with WRAIR cyber security to establish a means for personnel that do not
possess a CAC to complete required annual training for network access.

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b. Remediated several inspection findings from the previous year’s IG inspection
and discovered other areas of emphasis to meet DoD requirements for authority to
operate (ATO).

c. Installed hardware security modules (HSM), public key infrastructure (PKI), and
card management system (CMS) in order to establish two-factor authentication as
well as email encryption and digital signatures for security and non-repudiation.

d. Performed cost analysis of purchasing software to scan and discover PII/PHI
information on current file servers.

e. Ordered 60TB file server to perform backups and establish a server cleared for
storing PII and PHI.

2) Army.Mil Access
a. Requested and implementing 30Mbps circuit capability to increase bandwidth.
Continued working with service provider to establish connection.
b. IT Specialist continued working on Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA)
certification to establish network administrator rights on .mil.
c. Continued working with WRAIR IA to establish a procedure for screening and
clearing LN work force for administrative rights.

3) Veterinary Medicine Video Sharing. Requirement to send large 2GB+ digital videos
of operations; truncated and assisted with storage/transmission of videos. Transfer of
large files from .org to .mil currently accomplished with IT assistance.

4) Software/Hardware
a. Reviewed .mil usage and conducted life cycle replacement for 22 .mil laptops.
b. Completed 75% upgrade of all .org users to Microsoft Office 2013.
c. Upgraded System Center Configuration Manager to version 1703 in preparation
for upgrading all .org machines to Windows 10.
d. Deployed Army Golden Master (AGM) Windows 10 to 10% of users to test and
discover issues before implementation. Full upgrade of all machines to be
completed before end of March 2018.

B. Information Resources Center

1) Library
a. Assisted patrons via visitations and correspondence 557 times; catalogued 460
books, videos, and journals; acquired 40 books, 32 journal subscriptions, 4,000+
online journals and electronic books.
b. Maintained a circulation of 2,882 books, journals, and videotapes; conducted 658
inter-library loans; conducted 203 literary database searches from within WRAIR
and AFRIMS; conducted updates on 4,749 electronic resources; analyzed 2,314
AFRIMS published articles.

2) Medical Audio-Visual Section (MAVS)
a. In FY17, MAVS printed 160 photographs, produced 32 Department of the Army
and 355 civilian photos, covered 31 events, and edited 418 photographs.
b. Produced 7,676 graphics and 151 posters, as well as laminated 183 products and
bound 146 books.
c. Prepared the conference room for meetings and training events 279 times.

3) English Language Instruction
a. Conducted classes for 110 students (Easy Basic English (Everyone Can learn),
Email writing, English class for IT staff, English class for special needs, English
for Drivers, Essential Vocabulary for ALAT, General English 1-6, Grammar and
Vocabulary for TOEIC test, Listening and Reading Skills for TOEIC test, Remedial
English 1-2, Super Easy Writing (Everyone Can learn), Telephoning Skills

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b. Started English Tips Newsletter (52 issues), circulated weekly to 209 subscribers
c. Provided AFRIMS English Recruitment Test to 15 AFRIMS candidates

C. Organizational

The IT Specialist (GS-12) was filled on 23 January 2017. IT Specialist arrived in country
on 16 March 2017.

D. IMD Training and Education

Outside Training of Personnel
• CompTIA Network+ Training (2 personnel)
• CompTIA Security+ Training and Certification (1 personnel)
• Cisco Certified Network Associate (1 personnel)
• Server virtualization with Windows Server Hyper-V (1 personnel)
• Library (2) and MAVS (2) personnel completed WRAIR counterpart training in

Silver Spring, MD
• Sound Engineer Course (1 personnel)
• Defense Health Information Technology Symposium (1 personnel)

Training and Education:

• AFRIMS Protocol Review Process and Local Requirement
• Animal Biosafety Level-3 (ABSL-3) Hazard Training
• Arbinger Leadership Training
• Bacteriophage Cocktails as an Alternative Therapy Against MDR Bacterial
• Best Practices in Teaching Technical Topics
• BSC/IBC Committee Training
• BSL-3 Laboratory Training
• Commissioning for the Containment Laboratory
• CPR/AED Class (Thai version)
• DoD Information Assurance Awareness
• Engineering for the Biosafety Professional—Part II
• Fire Fighting Training
• Fourth Year Med Student Discover “He Doesn't Know Everything”
• Good Clinical Practice: ICH-GCP MOPH
• How to Escape from the Cage and Rack Washer
• IBC Basics
• Mandatory Unauthorized Commitment Training - video
• Occupational Health & Safety Program, and Communication
• Predictive Resource Staffing Model (PRSM)
• Primary Hazard Training
• Respirator Fit Test
• Safety Training and Occupational Health Training
• The Current State of Research in Rabies
• The Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals
• Working Safely with Arthropods in the Laboratory
• WRAIR Commander Town Hall Video
• Zika, Eureka!... Challenges in Diagnosis of Zika from Cases Seen at Walter Reed Army

Institute of Research

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DEPARTMENT OF LOGISTICS

Mission:
The mission of the Department of Logistics is to ensure that the USAMD-AFRIMS research
departments, and other supported U.S. Government agencies, as directed, receive required
general and laboratory supplies, equipment, biomedical maintenance, facilities maintenance,
transportation, glassware, shipping, property accountability, and life cycle management services
in an efficient and cost effective manner. This logistics support extends to various field sites and
laboratories located throughout the Kingdom of Thailand, Nepal, the Philippines, Cambodia,
Bhutan, and in other countries in the PACOM AOR as required.
Organization and Personnel:

Training and Education:
A. In-House Training of Personnel
• Defense Medical Logistics Standard Support Facilities Module (DMLSS-FM)
Training
• Billing Official (BO) Certification for the Management of the Government Purchase
Card (GPC)
• IA Awareness Training
• Annual Safety Training
• Annual ABSL3 Training

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• Annual BSL3 Training
• BSL-3 Laboratory Manual Training for Facility
• DCO -DMLSS Online Training
• UPL Training for all NCOs

B. Outside Training of Personnel

• Annual Transport of Biomedical Material Course (TBM)
• Planning a Bio Containment Facility for Successful Certificate by World BioHazTec

(Singapore)
• Construction Failure-Cause Analysis and Repairing by The Engineering Institute of

Thailand (EIT)
• Fire Protection Systems, Inspection with NFPA Standards by The Engineering

Institute of Thailand (EIT)
• Energy Audit Specialist by The Engineering Institute of Thailand (EIT)
• Lab Standard Design and Laboratories for the 21st Century Seminar
• Drivers Training Safety Course

Core Accomplishments:

In 2017, the Logistics Department renewed the 1st option year of Operations and Maintenance
contract with J&J Worldwide Services. AFRIMS had full 100% facility operation and records in
DMLSS-FM system for all new work requests and recurring preventive maintenance service work
with total record over 3,700 work numbers.

The major facility project this year is the failing cage washers replacement in the vivarium
facility awarded under USACE Contract W912DY-13-D-0018 Task Order No. 0015 ($1.45M).
One of the two cage washers has been completely installed together with support wall panels and
all utilities. This first unit is currently operating after the training and commissioning test done in
November 2017. The second unit is ongoing and is scheduled to be completed in March 2018.

Since Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC) re-
accreditation schedule will be in February 2018, Logistics Department has completed multiple
facility improvement projects in animal facility to meet all certification requirements. Examples
of recent projects were replacement of two aging autoclaves which were failure occasionally
($211K), replacement of eight aging surgical lights which were failure occasionally ($150K).
The ongoing projects are in positive progress of the Installation of stainless steel panels (wall to
wall) to cover the seams in thirteen animal rooms in Wings C&D ($32K), replacement of twelve
defective doors in Wing C to prevent animal escape and to ensure they are self-closing to secure
the area ($91K), and replacement of a defective boiler and a hot water recirculating pump in room
AB3 which was failure occasionally ($52K).

The Facilities Management Office successfully processed a warranty call service with NAVFAC
Bangkok Office for the defective laboratory furniture system on the Main Research Building
(MRB) 2nd floor with no cost to Virology Department. The facility corrective works were
completed to meet the requirements on The POSHO Thermo-Graphic Safety and Electrical
Inspection report by the Embassy Post Occupational and Safety Health Office (POSHO) and the
Regional Security Office (RSO), able to award of renewal function lease of Freezer Farm
Warehouse. The Installation project of a 20,000 liter LN2 silo tank at Yothi Annex to reduce the
use of the aging ultra-low temperature electric freezers which cause the electricity bill the 2nd
highest operating cost after personnel. This project will help the organization save money by
lower the cost of the LN2 supply from 40 Baht/L to 4.5 Baht/L. The project is expecting the
completion in January 2018.

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The Medical Maintenance Branch completed over 3,500 scheduled services and calibrations, and
over 650 repairs on a myriad of laboratory equipment. These services were conducted at 25
different sites in seven different countries. Medical Maintenance also continues to have the only
qualified Biological Safety Cabinet Certifier in Thailand.
Continuing with efforts to reduce excess within AFRIMS the Property Management Section
conducted three auctions for excess and obsolete property through the U.S. Embassy Assets to
Cash (ASTOCA) process. The auctions netted over $1,500,000 (over 500 items) which were
returned to the U.S. Treasury. Coordination was also made to donate an additional 44 pieces
(value $101,727.60) of research equipment to our counterpart labs in the Royal Thai Army
(RTA), Mahidol University and hospitals at Kanchanaburi and Kamphaeng Phet provinces for
their continued use.
In 2017, the Logistics Supply Section continued to refine the medical supply ordering process
with the Theater Lead Agent for Medical Materiel- Pacific (TLAMM-P) in Okinawa, by
establishing a stockage list for the TLAMM-P warehouse. This process will help reduce the
delay in shipment time for critically needed item here at AFRIMS, since these critical items will
be stocked at the TLAMM-P warehouse and shipped to us when order is placed. We have also
increased efforts by placing order through the DMLSS system for our stockroom supplies. This is
helping to reduce the cost of Purchase Request (PR) through the Embassy. The Government
Purchase Card (GPC) has also been an instrumental in providing prompt service for the AFRIMS
staff and their mission. We look forward to continue to improve on the channel of logistics
support and develop a more efficient process for procurement in Thailand.
Lastly, the motor pool closed FY17 having conducted 201 TDY transportation missions and
1,524 local transportation missions in support of AFRIMS research and administrative staff.
During this time the chauffeurs logged over 123,110 km with all 9 drivers receiving driving
safety awards and 2 mechanics, and the motor pool supervisor, receiving service awards.

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DEPARTMENT OF ENTERIC DISEASES

Mission:
The mission of the Department of Enteric Diseases is to develop and evaluate interventions to
diagnose, treat, and prevent diarrheal disease and antimicrobial resistance.
Organization and Personnel:

Training and Education:

• International Basic Training Workshop on BioNumerics, Sint-Maetens-Latem, Belgium.
3-4 October 2016

• American Society for Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Atlanta, GA, U.S.A. 14-18
November 2016

• 1st American Society for Microbiolgy (ASM) – Mahidol Joint Seminar "Antimicrobial
Resistance: from Research to Practice in 2016" Siriraj Hospital, Thailand. 19 December
2016

• The Pursuit of Excellence in Laboratory Quality: A College of American Pathologists
(CAP) Ortho Education Seminar, Bangkok, Thailand. 31 March 2017

• Southeast Asia - European Union Workshop on “Tracking Antimicrobial Resistance in
the Food Chain: An ASEAN-EU Partnership," Pathum Thani, Thailand. 3-4 April 2017

• Microbiome: 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing from Samples to Analysis. The Omics Sciences
and Bioinformatics Center, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand. 24-25 May 2017

• Asia Pacific Military Health Exchange (APMHE) 2017, Singapore. 23-26 May 2017

• American Society for Microbiology "Microbe 2017," New Orleans, LA, U.S.A. 1-5 June
2017

• Advanced IACUC Training and Current Issues Symposium, Bangkok, Thailand. 21 June
2017

• Cultivation and Cryopreservation of Giardia duodenalis, Faculty of Tropical Medicine,
Mahidol University. 7-11, 15-18, and 21-25 August 2017

• Military Health System Research Symposium (MHSRS) 2017, Kissemmee, FL. 27-30
August 2017

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• Thailand Lab International 2017, Bitech Bangna, Thailand. 6-8 September 2017
• 19th International Workshop on Campylobacter, Helicobacter and Related Organisms

(CHRO), France. 18 September 2017

Research and Development:

A. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Campylobacter Isolates from Clinical Samples at
a Military Medicine Center in Hawaii. This is a collaborative project between Tripler
Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI and AFRIMS. The objectives of this study are to
1) determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of Campylobacter isolates and 2) genotype
and phenotype analysis of isolates, to include identification of major capsular types and
phenotypes analysis of isolates to include identification of major capsular types and
variations in genetic profiles. Of 111 isolates, 106 isolates were positively identified as
Campylobacter jejuni and five as Campylobacter coli. Campylobacter isolates were
antimicrobial susceptibility tested (AST) to azithromycin (AZM), erythromycin (ERY),
ciprofloxacin (CIP), nalidixic acid (NA), tetracyclin (TET) and ceftriaxone (CRO).
Resistance to CIP, NA, TET and CRO was detected in 26%, 26%, 16% and 100%,
respectively, and all 108 isolates were susceptible to AZM and ERY. A total of 79 C. jejuni
isolated were molecular characterized by capsule types, Multilocus Sequence Typing
(MLST), and Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). Capsule multiplex Polymerase
Chain Reaction (PCR) assays detected 10 single capsule types and 5 complex types. The
most common capsule type was HS4 cpx (24 out of 79) for C. jejuni isolates. Sequencing
of 7 housekeeping genes for 40 MLST and 59 PFGE profiles were completed for C. jejuni
isolates. The summarized data were submitted to the Clinical Infectious Diseases journal,
entitled “Retrospective study of antibiotic resistance, molecular characterizations, and
clinical manifestations of campylobacteriosis at a military medical center in Hawaii from
2012-2016.”

B. Determining the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp., Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia
lamblia in diarrheal stool samples of traveler and deployed U.S. military to Southeast Asia
(SEA) by using multiplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Gastrointestinal
parasites cause considerable morbidity worldwide and usually result in chronic effects on
health, especially in developing regions. To effectively determine gastrointestinal
prevalence in Western travelers and U.S. military personnel deployed to SEA, a reliable
multiplex qPCR detection method suitable for accurate and sensitive identification of
parasites is required for the application to large-scale diarrheal diseases surveillance
studies. The main objectives were 1) to evaluate a multiplex qPCR assay for the detection
of Cryptosporidium spp., E. histolytica and G. lamblia and, 2) to determine prevalence
and intensity of infection in Western travelers and U.S. military deployed to SEA. The
project successfully established multiplex qPCR conditions for the parasitic detection,
and the efficiency to detect parasitic concentrations was as low as 1.00x10-5 pg/μL
without cross-amplification with other enteric bacterial pathogens such as Enterobacter
cloacae, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella Typhimurium, Shigella flexneri, Shigella
sonnei, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pyogenes,
Campylobacter jejuni, and Campylobacter coli. The optimized multiplex qPCR assay was
applied to determine prevalence and intensity of infection in 27 stool samples from U.S.
military deployed to SEA. These detected the signal of extrinsic controls, but not the
positive signal of Cryptosporidium spp., G. lamblia, and E. histolytica. These negative
results were compared to the ELISA screening and stool microscopic examination. The
optimized multiplex qPCR assay will be further evaluated to determine the parasitic
prevalence and intensity in stool samples of Western travelers.

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C. Diarrheal Disease Surveillance for Cobra Gold. Diarrheal disease surveillance was
conducted for the joint U.S.-Thai military exercise, ‘Cobra Gold.’ Cobra Gold involved
3,500 total personnel for the exercise and surveillance was conducted at three sites from
Chanthaburi and Korat provinces in which four diarrheal stools were collected. All patients’
self-reported that they ate local foods, and experienced bowel movement ranges from 7-
20 times per day. Campylobacter was the predominant cause of diarrhea for these cased,
followed by diarrheagenic E. coli (EAEC and EPEC) and norovirus GI. Three out of four
cases were observed to have co-infection between Campylobacter and diarrheagenic E. coli.
There was widespread antibiotic resistance in the bacterial isolates derived from these
samples, to include 100% resistance to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid in the C. jejuni
isolates.

D. The Global Travelers Diarrhea (GTD) Study: an Evaluation of Study Design and Laboratory
Methodologies Standardization in a Multisite Protocol Assessing the Epidemiology and
Etiology of Acquired Diarrhea among a U.S. Military or Civilian Traveler’s. This is a multi-
site collaboration with NMRC to implement standardized detection and characterization
various diarrhea etiology. The populations were Westerners who experienced diarrhea
while traveling in Nepal (1) and Phuket, Thailand (2):

1) Epidemiology of Acute Gastrointestinal Illness and Clinical Outcomes in Travelers to
Nepal. This is a 2-year prospective observational study to determine the etiology of
traveler’s diarrhea and clinical outcomes among diarrhea cases was conducted at the
CIWEC clinic in Kathmandu and Pokhara, Nepal. After obtaining written informed
consent, a stool specimen was collected, processed, and examined for enteric pathogens.
Specimen processing: microscopic examination and microbiology work was conducted
in the CIWEC clinic laboratory and/or WARUN in Nepal, with confirmation and
further characterization at AFRIMS. Basic demographic and clinical data was collected
using a short questionnaire, either via email or completed during clinic visits as
applicable. During this reporting period, staff enrolled 153 cases. Of these 96 cases
meeting study criteria of GTD study (i.e., no antimicrobial agents before enrollment),
the most common pathogens identified were norovirus (36%), Enterotoxigenic E. coli
(ETEC) (16%), Campylobacter (16%), Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) (12%),
Shigella (7%) and sapovirus (7%). The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial
isolates from this study revealed high resistance of Campylobacter isolates against
nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin (93%).

2) Epidemiology of Acute Gastrointestinal Illness in Travelers to Phuket, Thailand. This
is a 3-year prospective case observational study to determine the etiology of acute
gastrointestinal illness and to describe antimicrobial resistance patterns of enteric
bacterial at the Patong district hospital, Phuket, Thailand. The study started in
December 2016. After obtaining written informed consent, a stool specimen was
collected, processed, and examined for enteric pathogens. Specimen processing and
microscopic examination was conducted at the hospital laboratories, and microbiology
work was conducted at the Phuket Regional Medical Science Center. Confirmation
and further characterization was conducted at AFRIMS. A short questionnaire
regarding demographic and clinical data was also collected. Staff enrolled 21 cases.
Of these, 13 cases meet the criteria of GTD study (i.e., no antimicrobial agents before
enrollment), and the most common pathogens were Aeromonas (38%), Campylobacter
(36%), Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) (25%), and Salmonella (8%). No Shigella was
identified and norovirus testing is pending. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of
bacterial isolates from this study revealed high resistance of Campylobacter isolates
against nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin (75%).

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Another objective of this study was to identify diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) including
ETEC, EAEC, EHEC, EPEC, EIEC and ETEC colonization factors from nucleic acids
extracted from stool DNA samples using the GEIS-GTD SOP. A total of 233 extracts
from the Nepal and Thailand studies were evaluated by PCR for DEC, and 77 (33%) were
DEC positive. Out of these 77, 38 (49%) were ETEC, 16 (21%) EPEC, and 12 (16%)
EAEC. Two EIEC isolates was detected at low frequency (3%). Mixed DEC pathogens
(four ETEC/EAEC, three ETEC/EIEC, one ETEC/EPEC, and one EAEC/EPEC) were
detected in nine (12%) samples. Of 43 ETEC isolates, colonization factors (CF) were
detected in 32 (74%) of ETEC, and 11 (26%) of ETEC were negative for known CF test
assays. The most common CF among 32 ETEC isolates was CS6 (22-69%). Real-time
PCR detection of norovirus, Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, and sapovirus were
also performed, according to the GEIS-GTD protocol/SOP. Of 295 Nepal samples tested
by this method, the following positive percentages were identified: 7% were positive for
norovirus GI, 20% for norovirus GII, 5% were mixed infections of GI and GII, 8% for
sapovirus, 17% for Campylobacter, 1% for Salmonella, and 12% for Shigella. For 18
Phuket samples tested, 28% were norovirus GI, 44% were norovirus GII, and 11% were
Campylobacter.

E. Genomic Sequencing of Norovirus. This was a collaboration with the Oxford University
Clinical Research Unit (OUCRU) in Vietnam to study phylogeography and genetic
diversity of norovirus strains in SEA using norovirus positive samples collected from
diarrheal surveillance studies in Bhutan, Cambodia, Nepal, and Thailand. A total of 400
samples were selected. Norovirus particles were isolated from stool samples by Enzyme-
linked immunoassay (ELISA) method followed by an extraction of RNA using a modified
phenol-chloroform extraction method. RNA was then shipped to OUCRU for a full
genome sequencing. This project was completed, and results/analyses are ongoing.

F. Surveillance of Two Emerging Gastrointestinal Pathogens, Tropheryma whipplei and
Escherichia albertii in Acute Diarrhea Cases and Controls Using Molecular Methods.
Tropheryma whipplei (T. whipplei) and Escherichai albertii (E. albertii) are emerging
diarrhea pathogens. T. whipplei is the causative agent of Whipple’s disease (WD), but
recent reports associated this agent with mild gastroenteritis in adults and children in
Africa, Europe, and Southeast Asia. E. albertii, on the other hand, was discovered in 1991,
but its identification remains cumbersome due to its high similarity to Enterobacteriaceae
spp. To assess the true rate and prevalence of these microorganisms in SEA, assays were
developed to detect these two emerging pathogens. A total of 300 pathogen-negative
samples (cases and controls) from travelers and children diarrhea surveillance studies
from Nepal, Thailand, and Cambodia were evaluated for these pathogens. Additionally
for E. albertii, 200 EPEC strains were re-isolated and tested. Real-time PCR assay was
developed and optimized based on published literature using synthetic plasmid DNA
containing a T. whipplei target region as a positive control. A limit of detection (LOD),
specificity, and repeatability criteria were determined. The assay was applied to 432 cases
and controls of pathogen-negative samples. These were samples from traveler’s diarrhea
studies conducted in Nepal and Thailand, and from adults and children in Cambodia.
Thirteen samples (3%) were positive for T. whipplei, and these were confirmed by
sequencing. Manuscript is in preparation.

G. An evaluation of the Next Generation Diagnostic Platform – TaqMan Array Cards (TAC)
on traveler’s diarrhea samples. The objective of this project was to evaluate the TAC
platform, a 384-well customized real-time PCR array card containing reagents to detect
enteropathogens, and compare these results to conventional detection methods.
Conventional methods are often time and labor intensive, often with a limited pathogen
repertoire. Molecular diagnostics such as TAC is rapid and covers a wide range of
pathogens. Case and control samples from traveler’s diarrhea in Thailand and Nepal were

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used. A complete analysis of samples from travelers’ diarrhea from Thailand has been
performed and a revised manuscript was submitted for a consideration for publication.
Briefly, a comparative analysis showed that results obtained by TAC is similar to results
obtained by conventional methods demonstrating TAC as an effective diagnostic tool for
diarrhea etiologic agents. This study was completed and a manuscript entitled “Travelers’
diarrhea in Thailand: a quantitative analysis using TaqMan Array Card” was accepted by
Clinical Infectious Diseases for publication on 10 January 2018.

H. Whole Genome Sequencing of Human H1N1 and H3N2 Influenza A Virus in Thailand,
2007 – 2013. The primary objective was to obtain whole genome sequences of Influenza
A H1 and H3 isolates from clinical samples collected in remote areas of Thailand. Nasal
and Nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected from influenza-like illness patients
visiting 8 Royal Thai Army border hospitals in Chiang Rai, Chumporn, Kanjanaburi,
Nakorn Phanom, Nan, Pattani, Sakaeo and Ubon Ratchathani provinces during March
2007 to February 2013 and tested by real-time RT-PCR to identify H1 and H3 subtypes.
A total of 174 samples (103 of H1 and 71 of H3) were selected for influenza virus isolation
by cell culture using MDCK cells. Whole genome sequencing was performed using the
MiSeq, Illumina platform on 120 selected isolates (80 H1N1 and 40 H3N2) by the WHO
collaborating for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, Chulalongkorn University,
Bangkok, Thailand. Whole genome sequencing of influenza virus (8 segments/isolate)
was completed on all 120 isolates (80 H1N1and 40 H3N2) and sequences were submitted
in GenBank as accession numbers KP637275-KP638234. This project was completed,
and data analysis is ongoing.

I. Sequencing of Unknown Capsule Types of Campylobacter jejuni Isolates and Detection
of C. jejuni Capsule Types/Immune Responses and Non-C. jejuni spp. in Prospective
Samples from Military Personnel and Travelers. This project had three objectives:

1) The first objective of this study was to sequence unknown capsule type of C. jejuni
isolates from AFRIMS’ archived samples. A total of 20 C. jejuni isolates, with unknown
capsule types, were whole genome sequenced using the MiSeq, Illumina platform.
These C. jejuni isolates were from a collection strains of traveler’s diarrhea project
Cobra Gold exercises, as well as surveillance efforts from Thailand, Nepal, and Cambodia.
DNA sequence results (Fast Q files) obtained from Next Generation sequencing were
analyzed by DNA analysis using CLC Work Bench (v. 9.0- QIAGEN, Germany) and
MEGA (v.7- Free Software). Assembled contigs were assessed using the Basic Local
Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) tool against known KpsC and KpsF sequences to
identify capsule loci in each contig. The CPS sequences obtained were annotated
using the RAST program (Rapid Annotation Using Subsystem Technology) and CLC
Work Bench. Resulting capsule sizes for these 20 C. jejuni isolates varied between
23,383 to 37,360 bp, with putative open reading frames (ORFs) identified by predicted
protein translation. The CPS contigs were homologous to four enzyme groups: heptose
biosynthesis, sugar transferase, sugar biosynthesis, and CPS transport assembly. CPS
contigs, predicted proteins, and non-ORF regions were aligned to known CPS sequences
of control type strains. CPS regions that did not match to known CPS sequences were
used to design primers (Primer 3 software). The capsule type sequence (CPS) results
identified 8 unique regions from the 20 unknown capsule types isolates. Oligo primers
were selected using the 8 unique regions and commercially synthesized (MACROGEN,
Korea). PCR was used to evaluate for sensitivity and specification from different
amplified products obtained via 8 pairs of primers, and there were no cross-reactions
to any other known capsule type C. jejuni isolates from positive controls, other enteric
bacteria, or other C. jejuni strains at AFRIMS. These primer sequences may be
incorporated in the multiplex capsule primers for detection of C. jejuni in the future.

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Capsule sequences (FASTA files) of 20 unknown isolates and primers for detection of
these isolates were also submitted to NMRC for inclusion in global C. jejuni assays.

2) The second objective was to study host immune responses of humans infected with
C. jejuni gastroenteritis. AFRIMS identified paired human sera (Day 0, Day 14) from
3 military personnel infected with C. jejuni-HS23/36 isolates from the Treat TD study
Cobra Gold (CG) exercise FY16) and from a military personnel infected with C. jejuni-
HS2 isolates from a previous CG exercise in 2002. A new protocol was expanded for
FY19 by inclusion of collaborators at the Uniformed Services University of the Health
Sciences, NMRC, Trippler Army Hospital, Hawaii and AFRIMS.

3) The third objective of this study was to detect C. jejuni and associated capsule types
directly from stool DNA samples (prospective and retrospective samples) using
nested real-time PCR and SYBR-Green real-time PCR assays for non-C. jejuni spp.
(C. concisus and C. ureolyticus) detection. Numbers of prospective stool samples for
non-C. jejuni detection by real-time PCR assay were from the following studies:
Cobra Gold Exercise FY16 (n=16), Cobra Gold FY17 (n= 4), Balikatan FY15 and
FY16 (n=9), and CIWEC study FY16 (n=30+243). Nested real-time PCR for C. jejuni
capsules in stool DNA samples were evaluated with conventional multiplex PCR
from culture isolates. A total of 39 C. jejuni culture positive isolates and 59 stool
DNA samples were evaluated for capsule multiplex PCR (mPCR) and nested real-
time PCR (nested PCR). In summary, 38 of 39 (96.7%) culture positive C. jejuni
isolates were capsule typed by mPCR. However, 15/30 (50%) of stool samples
(CIWEC’16) were capsule typed by nested PCR. Only 10/15 stool DNA samples were
correctly identified by capsule types, as compared to capsule multiplex PCR directly
from culture. Multiplex real-time PCR detection for Campylobacter genus, C. concisus
(CC) and C. ureolyticus (CU) was evaluated against 246 stool DNA extracts. Primers
and probes were designed for three targets: 16S rRNA, C. concisus, and the C. ureolyticus
heat shock protein-chaperonin cpn60 gene. These were included in one multiplex real-
time PCR assay and tested against positive bacterial isolates (CC & CU), positive spiked
bacteria (CC & CU) in negative stool DNA, and for the 246 stool DNA extracts described
above. Preliminary results indicated that multiplex real-time PCR with positive bacteria
(CC and CU) or spiked positive control strains in negative stool DNA correlated with
conventional PCR results (control strains). The percent detection of Campylobacter
genus, CC, and CU were 3.7%, respectively 23.2%, and 1.2%, respectively. However,
multiplex real-time PCR for 16S rRNA, CC, and CU exhibited increased sensitivity
for 16S rRNA detection (3.7% and 25.2%), similar detection rates for CU (1.2% and
1.2%), but 0% for CC (23.2% and 0%) compared to conventional PCR. CC was detected
in 22/246 (8.9%) of the samples.

J. Assessment of the Prevalence and Diversity of Campylobacter ureolyticus and C. concisus
Among Travelers and Children with Diarrhea in Thailand, Nepal and Cambodia. This
project was completed, and the manuscript entitled “Incidence of Campylobacter concisus
and C. ureolyticus in traveler’s diarrhea cases and asymptomatic controls in Nepal and
Thailand” was submitted and published by Serichantalergs et al. in Gut Pathogenesis,
(2017) 9:47.

K. Surveillance for Epidemiology of Diarrhea and Post-Infectious Sequelae in Travelers to
Thailand. This was a prospective case-control study to determine the etiology of traveler’s
diarrhea, and to describe the development of post-infectious sequelae and chronic intestinal
symptoms post-diarrhea. The subject enrollment and internet-based follow up are complete.
During this reporting period, data will be analyzed and compiled for a manuscript
preparation. A closeout report was submitted.

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L. Surveillance for Diarrhea Etiologic Agents at the Public Health Laboratory in Stool Samples
from Children in Bhutan. This was a hospital-based surveillance of enteric pathogens and
antimicrobial resistance of bacteria among children aged 3 months to 5 years, divided into
two groups: suffering from acute diarrhea, and non-diarrhea controls, at the Jigmi Dorji
Wangchuk National Referral Hospital, Thimphu, and 3 regional hospitals in Mongar,
Phuntsholing and Gelephu, Bhutan. Enrollment and sample collection were completed.
During this reporting period, data will be analyzed and compiled for a manuscript
preparation. The expiration date of this study at the WRAIR was 22 November 2017. A
closeout report was submitted.

M. Surveillance for Epidemiology of Diarrhea and Post-Infectious Sequelae in Travelers to
Nepal. This was a 2-year prospective case-control study to determine the etiology of
traveler’s diarrhea, and to describe development of post-infectious sequelae and chronic
intestinal symptoms after the diarrhea episodes. The subject enrollment and internet-based
follow up was complete. During this reporting period, data will be analyzed and compiled
for a manuscript preparation. A closeout report was submitted.

N. Clinic-Based Surveillance for Diarrhea Etiologic Agents in Children and Military
Personnel in Battambang, Cambodia. This was a human use protocol for diarrheal disease
surveillance in military and children populations at the Military Regional 5 Hospital,
Battambang Referral Hospital (BRH) and Svay Por Health Center, Battambang, Cambodia.
Enrollment and sample collection are ongoing. 315 diarrhea cases and 343 non-diarrhea
controls were enrolled during this period. Major pathogens identified included Plesiomonas
(37% case vs. 32% controls), Salmonella (29% vs. 31%), EAEC (14% vs. 16%), Aeromonas
(14% vs. 11%), Giardia (13% vs. 9%), Campylobacter (4% vs. 5%), rotavirus (3% vs. 1%)
and Shigella (2% vs. 0.3%), respectively. No enteric pathogens were identified in 27% of
both cases and controls.

The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates from this study revealed a
high resistance of Campylobacter isolates against nalidixic acid (84%) and ciprofloxacin
(82%), and Shigella isolates to nalidixic acid (92%) and ampicillin (82%). Confirmed
Campylobacter jejuni isolated from 41 cases were further characterized for capsule types
using multiplex PCR assays. The most common capsule types was HS2 (20%), followed
by HS23/36 (12%) and HS53 (12%). ETEC and Salmonella isolated from Cambodia
exhibiting either extended beta-lactamase (ESBL) or macrolide resistant phenotypes were
further characterized for antibiotic resistant drug resistance genes and compared to
susceptible ETEC isolates from the same study. 10/23 ETEC isolates resistant to
azithromycin possessed the mphA (macrolide phosphotransferase) gene, while 23 ETEC
isolates resistant to either one or more antibiotics in the ESBL phenotypic screen (cefixime,
ceftriaxzone and ceftazidime) possessed either the blaTEM-1(n=14), blaCTX-M-15
(n=14), blaCTX-M-27 (n=1), DHA-1(n=1), and OXA-1 (n=1) genes. 11 out of 27
susceptible ETEC isolates possessed the blaTEM-1 gene, and the remaining 16 ESBL
susceptible isolates were negative for all ESBL genes. All 8 Salmonella isolates were
positive for blaTEM-1, and 6 also possessed the blaCTX-M-55 gene.

Escherichai albertii prevalence in diarrheal stool samples was also obtained from this
Cambodia study. 56 NLF-Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) isolated from 25 samples
were selected to PCR identification of E. albertii. 18 isolates were positive for lysP and
mdh, suggesting these were E. albertii. Approximately 32% of isolates were misidentified
as E. albertii from EPEC assays, as determined by AFRIMS’ confirmation testing. Among
the 18 E. albertii isolates, 8 were from cases and 10 from controls. These 18 E. albertii
isolates were additionally screened for these virulence genes: Cytolethal distending toxin
(cdt); cdtB (Gr. 1 and 2), and shiga-like toxin type2f (stx2f). All isolates were positive for
cdtB Gr. 2 (cdtB type II, III, and V), and none were positive for cdtB Gr.1 (cdtB type I
and IV) or stx2f.

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O. Cross-sectional Study of Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections and Drug Susceptibility
and Genotypes/Assemblages of Giardia lamblia Among School Children in Sangkhlaburi,
Thailand. This was a cross-sectional study to assess the prevalence of intestinal parasitic
infections, and to assess the drug susceptibility and genotype/assemblage of Giardia
lamblia in students aged 3-12 years old at 3 schools: Bann Huay Malai School, Border
Patrol Police United Bank Bangkok School, and the United Christian School in Sangkhlaburi,
Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand. After obtaining written informed consent, a stool
specimen and a short questionnaire regarding demographic and clinical data were collected.
Stool microscopic examination was performed at the school study site. Cultivation of
intestinal amoeba, ELISA for parasitological diagnoses, and further laboratory testings
will be conducted at AFRIMS. The study began at the United Christian School during
25-28 September 2017, with 325 cases enrolled. Of these, Giardia was identified in 64
(20%) cases.

P. Prevalence of Antibodies to Infectious Diseases of Public Health Importance Among
Recruits in the Royal Thai Army. The primary objective of this study was to estimate the
seroprevalence of the infectious diseases Coxiella burnetti (Q fever), Spotted Fever group
Rickettsia (SFGR), Orientia tsutsugamushi (scrub typhus), Leptospira spp. and Rickettsia
typhi (murine typhus) by measuring serum IgG antibody in serum samples collected from
Royal Thai Army (RTA) recruits in 2012. A total of 6,627 sera specimens from recruits in
all 77 provinces in Thailand were tested. Of all 6,627 sera specimens:
• 124 sera (2%) had IgG seropositive to Coxiella burnetti
• 2,105 sera (32%) had IgG seropositive to scrub typhus
• 1,176 sera (18%) had IgG seropositive to Leptospira spp
• 296 sera (4.5%) had IgG seropositive to Spotted Fever group Rickettsia
• 339 sera (5.1%) had IgG seropositive to Rickettsia typhi (murine typhus)

This study is complete and data analysis will be performed to evaluate the relationship of
seroprevalance and demographic data.

Q. Evaluation of xTAG Gastrointestinal Pathogen Panel (GPP) Multiplexed Nucleic Acid
Test for the Detection of Diarrheal Pathogens in Preserved Fecal Samples from Cobra
Gold Studies (2012 to 2016). The primary objective was to compare the etiologic yield of
standard laboratory microbiologic testing with a multiplex molecular assay (xTAG® GPP).
Stool specimens obtained from Cobra Gold studies (diarrheal cases with some controls)
from years 2012 to 2016 (a total of 84 samples) were evaluated by standard laboratory
methods and the xTAG® GPP assay. A total of 84 stool specimens were tested by using the
Luminex xTAG GPP to simultaneously detect and identify these pathogens: Campylobacter,
Clostridium difficile, Escherichia coli O157, ETEC, STEC, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio
cholera, Yersinia enterocolitica, adenovirus, norovirus, rotavirus A, Cryptosporidium,
Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia). In comparison with conventional diagnostic tests,
the xTAG GPP assay demonstrated increased sensitivity towards Campylobacter,
Salmonella, norovirus GII, ETEC and shiga-toxin producing E. coli (STEC), with high
sensitivity ranging from 97.6-100% and specificity ranging from 94-100%. Multiple
pathogens were identified by the xTAG GPP assay in 9/84 (10.7%), and these were E. coli
O157 (66.7%), Campylobacter (44.4%), norovirus (33.3%), and 22.2% for both ETEC and
Salmonella. This project is complete and a manuscript is in preparation for publication.

R. Evaluation of Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Patients Treated in the Queen
Sirikit Naval Hospital, Chonburi, Thailand. In early 2017, 153 MDR Gram-negative
bacterial isolates were collected from patient clinical samples: 74 Escherichia coli, 39
Klebsiella pneumoniae, 33 Acinetobacter baumannii, 3 Proteus mirabilis, 2 Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, 1 Enterobacter aerogenes, and 1 Enterobacter cloacae. Carbapenemase
enzyme production was assayed using the Carba-NP Test. Both carbapenemase and ESBL

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genes were detected using real-time or multiplex PCR, and confirmed by sequencing.
Carbapenemase enzyme production and/or genes were detected in 68/153 (44.4%) isolates,
and ESBL-positive genes were detected in 145/153 (94.8%) isolates. Two of the 74 E. coli
isolates were carbapenem resistant, with one positive for blaKPC and the other for
blaNDM-1. Out of 70 suspected ESBL-producing E. coli, 56 were positive for ESBL
genes by PCR assay (80%). The majority were blaCTX-M group 9 (40%), followed by
blaCTX-M group 1 (31.4%). Thirty of the K. pneumoniae isolates were carbapenem
resistant, with both blaNDM-1 and blaOXA-48 detected in 26/30 (87%) and the remaining
4 are unknown. All 39 K. pneumoniae isolates were confirmed as ESBL-producing, with
blaCTX-M group 1 being the most prevalent (77%). Only 1/33 MDR A. baumannii carried
blaNDM-1, with the rest undetermined. For the 2 P. aeruginosa isolates, only one was
carbapenem-resistant, and carried blaVIM. The P. mirabilis isolates carried blaCTX-M
group 8/25 and blaVEB, the E. arogenes isolate carried blaNDM-1. Overall, this study
revealed a high prevalence of carbapenemase genes, specifically blaNDM-1, and ESBL
genes, specifically the blaCTX-M family, in MDR Gram-negative hospital-associated
infections in Thailand. In collaboration with WRAIR, two mcr-1 positive K. pneumoniae
strains, QS17-0029 and QS17-0161, isolated from clinical samples of two separate patients.
QS17-0029 was shown to carry seventeen antibiotic resistance genes, including the
extended-spectrum beta-lactamases blaCTX-M-15 and blaSHV-1, the carbapenemases
blaNDM-1 and blaOXA-232, and mcr-1. QS17-0161 was shown to carry thirteen antibiotic
resistance genes, including the extended-spectrum beta-lactamases blaCTX-M-55 and
blaSHV-1and mcr-1. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a clinical
K. pneumoniae strain (QS17-0029) containing multiple extended-spectrum beta-lactamase
and carbapenemase genes along with the plasmid-mediated mcr-1 gene.

Resource Management and Budget:

AFRIMS’ RM manages and coordinates the roughly $7 Million GEIS budget for the institute and
implements projects valued at approximately $1 million. This is expected to continue into the
future.

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DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY

Mission:

The mission of the Department of Entomology is to identify vector- and rodent-borne disease
threats of military and global health importance and to develop and evaluate interventions and
products in order to mitigate those threats.

Organization and Personnel:

Statistical Data:

The Department of Entomology processed over 15,000 administrative actions in FY17. These
supported 20 research projects, 14 protocols and 16 agreements. The collection of over 44,000
laboratory and field samples resulted in 15 publications for FY17. Research support maintained
nine species of mosquitoes and eleven Leptotrombidium mite colonies, producing over eight
million mosquitoes and 80,000 mites.

Training and Education:

The Department of Entomology provided training, by Laboratory, to:
A. Vector Biology & Control
1) Two students from Chulalongkorn University, Thailand trained on vector identification
and surveillance.

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B. Diagnostic & Reemerging Diseases

1) Provided 2 weeks training on PCR techniques for malaria diagnosis and vector
incrimination to 5 staff from the Royal Government of Bhutan.

2) Assisted in training 14 staff from Zoological Park Organizations, Thailand, to be able
to learn the fastidious Bartonella culture techniques and serology testing using
Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA) on wildlife samples.

C. Malariology

1) Provided training on the artificial membrane feeding to 20 Thai MoPH staff at the
MoPH malaria clinic in Ubol-Ratchathani province on 28 March 2017.

D. Insectary

1) One student trained in insectary operations from the Faculty of Science (Biology),
Naresuan University, Thailand.

2) One student trained in insectary operations from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
Chulalongkorn University, Thailand

3) One PhD student from the Department of Plant Production Technology, Faculty of
Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang
(KMITL), Bangkok, Thailand worked in the Insectary as part of his PhD Thesis for
one year.

E. Mite and Rodent Support

1) Trained two students from Chulalongkorn University (Department of Microbiology)
and Kasetsart University (Department of Biochemistry), Thailand on medical
entomology and scrub typhus studies.

2) Trained medical research technologists and entomologist from USAMD-K on mite
collection and identification at Baringo county and Kisumu, Kenya.

Research and Development:

A. Vector Biology & Control

1) Field Evaluations of Residual Pesticide Applications and Misting System on Military
Relevant Materials Against Medically Important Mosquitoes in Thailand

This is an ongoing study that was repeated for a third year. This project was funded by
the Deployed Warfighter Protection Program and done in collaboration with the USDA.
Field evaluations were carried out in Chanthaburi province, Thailand. Four groups of
ground-mounted geotextile HESCO structures (2x3 m) and camouflage netting
enclosures (3x3 m) were built. These materials are extensively used around perimeters
of U.S. military camps during field operations. A residual pesticide formulation
containing λ-cyhalothrin and a pesticide misting system releasing permethrin were
applied or used with each type of structure. The effects were evaluated by using BG
sentinel traps and CDC light traps with dry ice to collect both day and night biting
mosquitoes. Spinosad was applied using ULV sprayer on two of 35 m long transects of
open and vegetated areas. Empty plastic cups were placed every 7 m along transect and
exposed to the pesticide. The effects of pesticide residue were tested against Aedes
aegypti, Ae. albopictus, Anopheles dirus and An. minimus larvae under laboratory
conditions. Results showed that treated HESCOs and camouflage netting enclosures
substantially reduced mosquitoes (≥50%) compared to untreated units. Moreover, the
misting system significantly reduced mosquito populations at treated units compared
to treated structures without misting systems. The effect of residual pesticide on

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materials lasted for more than two weeks but was not retained at week ten in this
tropical climate. Residual pesticide applications and misting systems on militarily
relevant materials show promising results for mosquito control in Thailand.

2) Development of and Integrated Push-Pull System for the Control of the Important
Malaria Vectors in Thailand

Spatial repellent and attractant evaluations were performed using a mesh-enclosed 50-m
wind tunnel setup with the important malaria vectors, Anopheles minimus and An.
cracens. For each trial replicate, the two tunnels were run simultaneously with one
tunnel acting as the control and the other as the treatment. For repellent trials, the
treatment was set up with one screen tent containing “human bait” while the opposite
screen tent contained “human bait” and a repellent device. For attractant trials the
treatment was set up with one screen tent containing “human bait” while the opposite
screen tent contained an attractant device to represent a human being. Each attractant
and repellent trial was replicated four times. Human baits and the tested device were
set up in the tents 10 minutes prior to the start of the experiment. Then, 75 of non-
bloodfed mosquitoes, 8 h starved females, were released at the midpoint of each
tunnel at the same time. The number of females caught in the interception traps were
counted and recorded at the end of each replicate. The Spatial Activity Index (SAI)
was calculated to reveal spatial repellency and attractiveness of each product. Only
OFF!® Clip-On™ showed a significant spatial repellency effect against An. minimus
(P < 0.001, SAI=1) compared to other repellent products. Neither of the attractant
products showed significant attractiveness to the mosquitoes in this study.

3) ZIKV Detection in Field Collected Mosquitoes

A total of 1,395 samples of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes collected
from provinces across Thailand (Kamphaeng Phet, Chantaburi, Kanchanaburi, Lopburi,
Rayong, Surat Thani and Tak) during 2010-2015 were detected for the viral polyprotein
NS4B. Those positive samples were further confirmed ZIKV species specific for the
presence of NS5 by real-time RT-PCR and genus based conventional PCR. The
molecular detection was performed by Diagnostic and Reemerging Diseases Section,
Entomology Department, AFRIMS. The viral polyprotein NS4B positive was found
in 96 samples. Among them, 22 samples were confirmed by genus based conventional
PCR. The genome sequences of ZIKV NS5 gene in these samples were aligned.
Phylogenetic analysis was then conducted with neighbor-joining algorithms and
bootstrap analysis with 1,000 replicates. The phylogenetic tree revealed that the
nucleotide sequences of 19 samples collected from Kamphaeng Phet and Tak provinces
were closely related to Kamiti River virus. It indicated that there was no evidence of
ZIKV infection in all tested samples.

4) Conduct Sand Fly Surveillance and to Investigate Potential Leishmania Vectors

Sand fly collections were conducted in 28 villages located in Chantaburi, Sisaket,
Ubon Ratchathani, Chiang Rai, Phayao, Kanchanaburi and Songkhla provinces during
November 2016 to January 2017. The CDC light traps were applied outdoors and
inside the caves. The captured females were dissected into head and the posterior
segments for species identification under microscope. The abdomens were stored at
-80°C for pathogen detection by molecular technique. From the study, 5,248 females
were collected from 523 traps with 20.9 females per trap. A total of 2,079 females were
identified to 11 species including Phlebotomus stantoni, P. kiangsuensis, Sergentomyia
ivengari, S. barraudi, S. gemmea, S. anodontis, S. dentate, S. indica, S. jamesi, S. kauli
and S. perturbans.

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5) Knockdown and Mortality Effects of LLINs Against Malaria Vectors in Thailand

Three commercially available LLINs were evaluated against Anopheles dirus, An.
minimus and An. sawadwongporni in large mosquito enclosures under semi-field
conditions in Thailand. The three nets evaluated were the Olyset Net® (2% permethrin),
Olyset Plus® (2% permethrin plus 1% piperonyl butoxide), and Olyset Duo® (2%
permethrin and 1% PPF). A double-layer bed net consisting of the LLIN as the inner-
layer net and the untreated net as the outer-layer net were designed to measure
knockdown effect and mortality. Thirty to forty mated females were released into the
space between the inner and outer-layer nets for 13 hours. Dry ice and human skin
lure were placed inside the inner-layer net to attract mosquitoes. Cone bioassays were
performed using LLINs tested against host seeking and blood-fed mosquitoes. They
were observed after LLINs exposure for 3 minutes and counted for the number of
eggs laid. Percent knockdown of all Anopheles species was between 95-100% after
1 hour of exposure. The pairwise comparison revealed percent knockdown of An.
sawadwongporni and An. dirus was significantly lower when exposed to Olyset Net®
compared to Olyset Plus® and Olyset Duo®. High mortality rates after exposure were
observed (89-100%) in all tested species. Chi-square tests revealed a strong association
between mortality and mosquito species when exposed to Olyset Duo®.

B. Diagnostics & Reemerging Diseases

1) Rodent and Vector-Borne Diseases Surveillance in Thailand and Bhutan Focusing on
Leptospirosis, Scrub typhus, Rickettsial Disease, and Bartonellosis

During dry and wet seasons (December 2016 through September 2017), surveillance was
conducted in five provinces (South; Phangnga, Ranong; North East: Ubon Ratchathai;
North: Nan; West: Tak). Six hundred and seventy-three rodents and 598 ectoparasite
pools were collected. Scrub typhus was found in 20 out 673 rodents (3.0%) captured
in Phangnga province. High prevalence of leptospirosis was found in Tak (40/176,
22.7%) followed by Ranong and Phangnga provinces, with 20.3% and 2.6% prevalence
rate, respectively. None of rodent captured in this study was positive for rickettsiosis.
For bartonellosis, high prevalence has been observed in almost all provinces (27.7-
53.1%) except Ubon Ratchathani (11.1%). Thirty-nine pools of chiggers were positive
for O. tsutsugamushi (39/412, 9.5%). Eight ticks pools were positive for Rickettsia
spp. (8/79, 10.1%). Overall prevalence rate of Bartonella spp. in ectoparasite pools
was 16.1%; however, the majority of Bartonella-positive ectoparasite was in fleas
pools (67/598, 11.2%).

Surveillance activity was conducted in Gedu, Chukha, the southern part of Bhutan, in
May 2017. Twenty-three rodents were captured during this trip. The majority of rodents
collected was Rattus andamanensis (52.2%), followed by Rattus tanezumi (21.7%),
and unidentified species. Seventy-four ectoparasite pools were collected from rodents
(64 chiggers pools, 2 fleas pools, 4 ticks pools, and 4 lice pools). Two hundred and
ninety-nine pools were collected from domestic animals (dogs, cattle) and stray dogs.
Tick was the main ectoparasite collected accounting for 80.4% (300/373 pools).
Haemaphysalis tick was the predominant species found from stray dogs. Two pathogens,
Leptospira spp. and Bartonella spp., were detected in R. andamanensis accounting for
13.0% and 26.1% prevalence, respectively. In ectoparasites, higher prevalence of
Borrelia spp. (44/373, 11.8%) was found in ticks pools (43 pools) and 1 fleas pool from
domestic animals and stray dogs. One chiggers pool was positive for O. tsutsugamushi
(1/64, 1.6%), 7 ticks pools and 1 fleas pool were positive for Rickettsia spp. (8/373,
2.1%), and 11 pools of ectoparasites were positive for Bartonella spp.

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2) Pathogen Discovery on Retrospective Samples Using Next-Generation Sequencing
Technology

There were 36 pools of samples in this report. One pool of 10 healthy individual
(male=10, female=10), 7 pools of 137 undifferentiated febrile illness (UFI) patient
samples from Bo Kluea Hospital, Nan province, Thailand, 22 pools of 247 rodent
samples collected from Nan province, Thailand, and 6 pools of 10 rodent samples
from Chukha, Bhutan. A total of 33 bacterial genera were detected within analyzed
samples (UFI patients, rodents). The most diverse bacterial genera were found in rodent
samples from Bhutan, while relatively the same bacterial diversity was observed in
UFI patients and rodents from Nan province, Thailand. Several well-known pathogens
for which rodents are reservoirs were also detected in this study such as Bartonella,
Anaplasma, Ehrlichia/Neoehrlichia, Leptospira. Bartonella was found in UFI patients
and rodents tested. In order to further identify species of each pathogen, DNA sequence
of species-specific gene is needed for each sample. Since metagenomics data can only
provide an accurate taxonomic classification at a genus level. In addition, in order to
determine an accurate prevalence of each pathogen, individual sample in each positive
pool will be tested for each pathogen.

3) Tick-Borne Pathogen (Borrelia spp.) Characterization in the Republic of Korea

A total of 2,949 tick pools were collected from South Korea. Three genera were
found (Haemaphysalis spp., Ixodes spp., and Amblyomma spp.). Haemaphysalis
longicornis is the predominant species accounting for 78.3% of total tick collected,
followed by H. flava (15.4%). Overall, the prevalence of Borrelia spp. was 4.4% of
total collected (129/2949 ticks pools). High prevalence was detected in Ixodes
nipponensis (36/163, 22.1%) followed by Haemaphysalis flava (19/453, 4.2%), and
Haemaphysalis longicornis (74/2322, 3.2%). Eighteen Ixodes nipponensis pools
(18/36 positive pools) was further characterized to be the species in the group of B.
burgdorferi sensu lato complex. A hundred and eleventy-one (111/129) were in the
relapsing fever group.

C. Malariology

1) Screening of Antimalarial Compounds in Non-Human Primates for Blood and Liver
Stage Activities

This product was done through an agreement with Novartis, Singapore. The Entomology
Department worked closely with Veterinary Medicine to infect non-human primates
with Plasmodium cynomolgi malaria parasites and feed mosquitoes on infected animals.
This enabled AFRIMS to supply and ship total 2,400 clipped wing P. cynomolgi
infected mosquitoes by World Courrier (Thailand) to Novartis for development of an
in vitro anti-hypnozoite assay. More than 700 million P. cynomolgi sporozoites were
isolated from infected mosquitoes and successfully infected into the hepatocytes in vitro.
Around 5 antimalarial compounds were screened.

2) Induction of Protective Immunity Against Primary Infection and Relapse in a
Relapsing P. cynomolgi Rhesus Model by Infection-Treatment-Vaccination (IVT)

Incollaboration with Dr. Sathit Pichayangkul (Department of Immunology and
Medicine) and Dr. Rawiwan Im-Erbsin (Department of Veterinary Medicine), we have
tried to develop a tool to elucidate potential immune responses against both the liver-
stage schizont and dormant hypnozoite in a relapsing P. cynomolgi rhesus model will
help to design vaccines that can prevent P. vivax relapse. In this study, we have tested
and identified a lower challenge dose that induces primary infection and relapse timing
similar to 106 sporozoite dose. More than 200 million P. cynomolgi sporozoites were
harvested from the infected mosquitoes. Different doses of sporozoites i.e., 103-106

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were injected into the monkeys and then relapsing patterns were observed. The well-
established sporozoite inoculation dose will be applied for the antimalarial drug testing
and vaccine study.

3) Translational Research to Develop New Drugs and Vaccines Effective Against
P. falciparum and P. vivax

Collaborative work was done with the University of South Florida to improve use of
cryopreserved sporozoites for drug and vaccine assays, to identify and validate
individual targets of life cycle stages critical for infection and transmission using
immunologic and genomic approaches, and to understand the mechanisms leading to
P. vivax and/or P. cynomolgi liver stage dormancy. Successfully produced P. cynomolgi
infected mosquitoes with more than 100,000 sporozoites/mosquitoes that resulted in
the production of more than 20 million P. cynomolgi sporozoites for sporozoites
cryopreservation, target identification for antimalarial therapeutics against Plasmodium
pre-erythrocytic stage, and understanding the hypnozoites and discovery of anti-relapse
drugs.

D. Scrub Typhus Model

1) Maintenance of Scrub typhus Infected Leptotrombidium mite colonies

During FY2017, total of 16,729 mites were producted to maintenance the colonies
and support MIDRP and NIH funded research studies. The detail of mite production
per species is shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Total number of chigger produced by the Department of Entomology,
AFRIMS

Mite species Production Period 2017

Leptotrombidium chiangraiensis Oct 16 to Mar 17 Apr to Sep 17 Total
Leptotrombidium deliense 7,845
Leptotrombidium imphalum 5,700 2,145 4,300
Grand Total 4,584
3,180 1,120 16,729

3,024 1,560

11,904 4,825

The prevalence of Orientia tsutsugamushi infection in the Leptotrombidium mite
colonies was evaluated by determining horizontally transmission of O. tsutsugamushi
from chigger to laboratory mice. According to the data for the past 10 years from
2007 to 2017, the USAMD-AFRIMS mite colonies had been proven to be competently
infected with O. tsutsugamushi at various infection rates according to the species of
mite and infected line. The overall infection prevalence continues to be sustained and
remains relatively high. To illustrate the sustained maintenance of O. tsutsugamushi
of the chigger colonies, we chose Leptotrombidium chiangraiensis line 2 (LC-2) as the
study mite species from the colony. This mite line is infected with O. tsutsugamushi
genotype Karp-related with nucleotide identity 92% to 93% compared to the Karp
prototypes. Transmissibility of chigger mite to cause rickettsemic infection in laboratory
mice was estimated from the mortality that occurred in mice after they were fed upon
by a single or a pool of chiggers. The mortality rate in mice ranged from 33% to
100% with median mortality of 100% ± 32.1%. Correlation between the virulent of
O. tsutsugamushi and efficiency of vertical transmission from the infected mothers to
progenies was found in our study.

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2) Surveillance for Rickettsial Diseases in US and Multinational Military Training
Exercise Dubbed 'Cobra Gold' Sites in Thailand

Surveillances for rodent hosts and ectoparasites in the Cobra Gold training exercise
areas were conducted to determine the potential risk for typhus fever and rickettsial
diseases. The surveillance studies were conducted between December 2016 and
October 2017 in five provinces including Rayong, Chanthaburi, Buriram, Khon Kaen,
and Chaiyaphum. Total of 244 rodents representing 11 species were captured by using
baited live traps. Of these, 190 of the rodents were found to be infested with ectoparasites,
accounting for 77.9%. Total of 94.7% (180/190) of the rodent population were infested
with trombiculid chiggers with approximately 7,920 chiggers were recovered from the
rodent hosts. Rattus tanezumi was the predominant rodent species found in the exercise
areas (57% (139/244)), followed by Rattus exulans (29.5% (72/244)). Of 127 rodents
tested for serological status to ricekttsial diseases, 12.6% were serologically positive
for scrub typhus, 1.6% spotted fever group rickettsioses and murine typhus. Annual
rodent infestation rate was high in Buriram province. Rodents in the genus Rattus as the
primary reservoir of the pathogens of typhus fever and spotted group fever rickettsial
infection since all the chiggers that tested positive for O. tsutsugamushi by qPCR were
recovered from Rattus tanezumi rodents.

E. Leptospirosis Epidemiology

1) Genetic Relatedness of Pathogenic Leptospira Isolates from Thailand

For surveillance of epidemic leptospirosis in humans and animals, genetic background
and relatedness of the Leptospira carriage in carrier hosts in hyper-endemic areas helps
track Leptospira movement in host populations.

A total of eight isolates from rodent’s kidney (n=5), human (n=2), and environment
(n=1) were scheduled for genome resequencing using an Ion Torrent next-generation
sequencing on a 316v2 chip. Five reference genomes (publicly available) and two
genomes (unpublished data, one complete genome and one resequenced genome)
from a human isolate (L13 of ST 34 clone) associated with an outbreak in Northeast
Thailand in 2000 were taken for phylogenetic analysis. All genomes were mapped to the
complete L13 genome and a phylogenetic tree was reconstructed using the Randomized
Axelerated Maximum Likelihood (RAxML) program. The phylogenetic tree produced
illustrated that two of four L. interrogans isolates (from Rattus rodents trapped in
Ranong province, Southern Thailand) were very similar to each other. In addition,
these four isolates from rodents were closely related to the L. interrogans genome
reference originating from a human infection in Zhejiang, China in 1954. One human
isolate from Ranong was more closely related to the four Rattus isolates than the isolate
from a greater bandicoot rat (Bandicota indica), which originated from the same
province. This suggests that Rattus may be a primary carrier for human infections in
that region. The tree also demonstrates that L. interrogans isolates originating from
South Thailand are distantly related to the ST 34 clone, which was associated with an
outbreak in Northeast Thailand 17 years ago. One probable new species of Leptospira,
which was isolated from an environmental water sample in Nan province, Northern
Thailand, were mapped to L. interrogans isolates at 33%. It is classified as a pathogenic
Leptospira based on rrs gene analysis. This highlights the possibility of adaptive
pathogenic Leptospira species living freely in environment.

2) The Molecular Epidemiology of Leptospirosis in Primary Hosts, Domestic Animals
and Environment Samples in the Endemic Areas in Thailand

The Department of Disease Control (DDC) has reported 3,474 leptospirosis cases
with 62 deaths in Thailand from January to December 2017. From previous studies,

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leptospirosis incidence is likely to be associated with rainy season and the accompanying
flooding. Half of the leptospirosis cases are agriculturists exposed to Leptospira
contaminated environments (e.g. rice or palm fields) without protection. Many kinds
of wild and domestic mammals can harbor the bacteria that cause leptospirosis. The
most common sources of infection are contact with infected animal urine and/or
contaminated soil or water. Sampling of rodents was conducted in Sisaket in Northeastern
Thailand and Nakhon Si Thammarat in Southern Thailand from May through October
2017 (rainy season) to better characterize leptospirosis epidemiology with respect to
hosts and environmental differences. Environmental water samples were collected, as
well as urine samples from domestic animals; around the areas where leptospirosis
patients were possibly exposed to Leptospira contaminated environments.

A total of 271 rodents were collected from Sisaket (N=97) and Nakhon Si Thammarat
(N=174) provinces. There were 21 positive samples (21/271, 7.8%) that were identified
using lipL32-qRTPCR. There were 10 species of rodents collected: Bandicota indica,
Mus cervicolor, Mus caroli, Rattus exulans, Rattus norvegicus, Rattus tanezumi, Rattus
mackenziei, Menetes berdmorei, Sundamys muelleri, and Tupaia glis. R. tanezumi was
the most abundant species (139/217, 51.3%) from both provinces while B. indica was
primarily found in Nakhon Si Thammarat. R. tanezumi had the highest leptospirosis
infection rate of any species (13/139, 9.3%). The rodent infection rate from SiSaKet
province was 3.09% (3/97) while the infection rate rodents collected in Nakhon Si
Thammarat was 10.34% (18/174).

A total of 80 environmental water samples were collected from Sisaket (N=30) and
Nakhon Si Thammarat (N=50). None of environmental water samples from Sisaket
showed positive Leptospira culture. The two isolates (2/50, 4.0%) of environmental
water culture samples collected from Nakhon Si Thammarat were positive observed
of Leptospira under a dark-field microscope. Leptospira species identification will be
accomplished by continued analysis using rrs gene.

By cooperating with the local livestock officers in Sisaket province and RTA, eighty-
seven of urine samples were tested for excreting pathogenic Leptospira in urine of
carrier animals (cats,6), dogs, 23), buffalos, 4), and cows, 24). Three of eighty-seven
(3.4 %) domestic animal urine samples were positive for Leptospira DNA. All of the
positive Leptospira samples were obtained from three domestic dogs (13.0 %) in
Kanthrom, Sisaket.

F. Insectary

1) In 2017, the Entomology Department colonized and added the following species to
the Insectary:
a. Anopheles species from Korea; Anopheles pullus and An. belenrae.
b. Sandfly colony; Phlebotomus papatasi

2) We produced mosquito colonies for supporting malaria and dengue fever projects
including support to the Virology Department. The total number of mosquitoes were:

Mosquito Species Total Females in 2017
An. dirus 455,800
25,700
An. cracens 47,700
An. minimus 37,000
An. sawdwongporni 47,500
An. dirus (free mate) 24,000
An. belenrae 54,000
An. pulius
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Mosquito Species Total Females in 2017
Ae. aegypti (for maintaining colony and
1,564,000
supporting experiment)
Ae. aegypti (larvae for feeding Tx.Larvae) 6,930,000
49,000
Tx. splendens (both males and females)

Resource Management and Budget:

TABLE 1: Department of Entomology 3-Year Budget

Fiscal Year Department Income Project Costs FSN Salary CA Salary

FY15 1,506,716 643,364 458,714 404,640

FY16 1,710,274 746,922 558,056 405,296

FY16 2,258,360 1,153,323 684,616 420,421

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DEPARTMENT OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND DISEASE SURVEILLANCE
(EDS)

Mission:

AFRIMS serves as a training site for U.S. military and civilian medical students, residents and
infectious disease fellows pursuing careers in tropical medicine and research. EDS arranges for
the approximately one dozen students who will come to AFRIMS each year to conduct AFHSB-
GEIS sponsored training on tropical infectious diseases.

Organization and Personnel:

Training and Education:

Coordinated 4 AFRIMS research and/or international tropical medicine clinical rotations across
various departments at AFRIMS. Integrated students at exercises such as Cobra Gold.

Research and Development:

The following studies are funded by GEIS:
A. “Estimation of the Burden of Disease of Influenza and Other Respiratory Pathogens
Among Mongolian Armed Forces” (WRAIR#2025) has been concluded in FY16. The
closeout report has been submitted in June 2016. The research objectives of the study
have been accomplished. The burden of disease due to influenza and other identifiable
etiologies of influenza-like illness (ILI) in Mongolia Armed Forces (MAF) have been
estimated, and the risk factors for ILI in MAF personnel have been assessed. Data analysis
has been conducted after the completion of the recruitment/data collection phase. There is
substantial burden of disease due to respiratory pathogens, especially influenza, and this
has resulted in a change in MAF policy. ILI surveillance is now a formal activity as part
of the MAF “Health Monitoring Policy”. This collaboration with MAF is continuing as a
new non-human subject study.

B. “Thailand RTA STI Retrospective Study” (WRAIR#2012) Pre-existing sera samples
collected as a part of the ongoing HIV-1 surveillance activity, from recruits entering the
RTA in 2012, 2013, and 1995 are being used in this current study.

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