DK SMITHSONIAN TIMELINES OF EVERYTHING

1958 1959 1971 1976

First computer game Computer language Floppy disk Cray supercomputer

Hundreds of people line While working for the US Navy, Engineers at tech The world’s fastest computer is built.
up to play in New York, math expert Grace Hopper company IBM invent the Its “C” shape reduces the time
when physicist William develops the first computer
Higinbotham serves up what is language, which becomes floppy disk, a small signals take to travel through the
said to be the first ever computer known as COBOL. This plastic envelope housing machine. It takes a year to assemble
game. Two players use buttons language is still in use today. a bendy mylar (plastic)
and dials to bat a blob of light disk that lets users share and costs about $9 million.
across a virtual court. data quickly. Billions of

disks a year are sold.

1994 1984 1982 1976

First smartphone Mac attack Rise of the PC Apple I and Apple II

IBM’s Simon Personal Apple launches its Macintosh, The Commodore 64 makes personal Steve Wozniak, Ron Wayne, and Steve
Communicator is the world’s the first successful computer computers popular. Thousands of Jobs create and sell one of the first desktop
first smartphone, created years software programs, such as
before there is a name for the controlled with a mouse. A computers, Apple I, as a kit for computer
device. A touchscreen allows drop-down menu makes it simple word processors, spreadsheets, and enthusiasts. Apple II is created a year later,
users to make calls, email, and games, are released for the machine, and appeals to a wider audience with its
to use. Microsoft releases a
manage schedules. mouse-friendly Windows which is one of the highest-selling keyboard, game controllers, and
operating system the next year. computers ever. the video game Breakout.

2010 2012 2016

First tablet Raspberry Pi AR/VR goes mainstream

Microsoft releases the first tablet computer. This tiny and inexpensive Smartphone users can add digital elements to a
The device features a touchscreen, and can computer introduces a view on their camera with augmented reality (AR)
technology, and can immerse themselves in artificial
access games, music, email, and the generation of kids to computer
internet, putting the power of a much larger programming through fun and digital environments with virtual reality (VR).

machine in the user’s hands. easy projects that young
coders upload and share

with each other online.

299

Sor Juana Inés Mary Wollstonecraft US campaign International Women’s Day
de la Cruz for suffrage
A Vindication of the Rights A day is created to promote women’s rights and
This Mexican nun is known of Woman by British writer The National American Woman support suffrage. It is initially only marked in a
as the first feminist writer of Suffrage Association (NAWSA) is few European countries, but will soon spread
the Americas. Her work La and philosopher Mary created to campaign for women’s across the world.
Respuesta (The Answer) is Wollstonecraft is published.
a letter written in response It sets out the reasons why suffrage in the US (see pages UK suffragists
women and men are equal 234–235). Two million people will
to a priest who has and deserve equal rights and The National Union of Women’s
attempted to silence her opportunities. Its arguments join, and it will play a key role in Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) forms
and other women, and deny passing the 19th Amendment, in the UK, under the leadership of
are still relevant today. which will guarantee women’s right
them education. Millicent Fawcett. The NUWSS
to vote in the US in 1920. supports a peaceful campaign for
women to get the vote. It believes

that a nonviolent approach will
show that women are respectable

and responsible enough to
participate in politics.

c.1399 1691 1792 1848 1860 1869 1897 1905 1911

Seneca Falls

The first-ever women’s rights
convention in the US meets at
Christine de Pisan Seneca Falls in New York. More
than 200 women, led by
French poet and author de Elizabeth Cady Stanton and
Pisan supports her family
through her writing. She Lucretia Mott, meet to discuss
rights for women.
writes some of the first
feminist works of literature,
which argue for equal rights Anna Filosofova

and treatment, and celebrate Russian women’s rights leader and
female heroines from history. social campaigner Anna Filosofova leads
a movement to provide women with work,
education, and low-cost housing. Her
work is revolutionary for its time.
Feminism

Feminism is the belief that women and men are equal, and UK suffragettes
should have equal rights and opportunities. However, historically,
men have been given more powerful roles than women. Many Emmeline Pankhurst rallies British
feminists protest and campaign to achieve equal rights and power. women, known as suffragettes, around
Early feminists focused on getting women the right to vote, but over the slogan “Deeds not Words,” which
time the movement has come to address the role of women in
many more areas, from politics and home life to music and sports. describes their tactic of demanding,
not asking, for the right to vote. They
march, stage hunger strikes, break
windows, and chain themselves to
railings outside important buildings.

300

Indian women’s Dora Shafik “We cannot Women’s March
movement all succeed
The feminist movement in Egypt when half of us In response to sexist language
India becomes independent finds its voice in Dora Shafik, a are held back.” and abuse of power, people
from British rule, and the writer and editor. In 1951, she take to the streets in
government writes a new storms the Egyptian parliament Malala Yousafzai, Washington D.C., and many
set of laws, with the places across the world. It is
involvement of women. with a group of women, in a speech to the UN, 2013
These support freedom and demanding the right to vote. a show of support for women’s
nondiscrimination for all, A week later, a bill is passed rights, and equality more
helping to inspire a women’s allowing women to vote and generally, across gender,
movement in India. become members of parliament.
race, religion, and more. It is
estimated that seven million
people take part worldwide.

International rights

The UN agrees on a list of
rights that women should
have across the world, in
a treaty called CEDAW. By
2017, 189 countries will sign
the treaty, making it one of the
most important agreements
on human rights in history.

1947 1949 1951 1963 1973 1979 1990s 2014 2017

The Feminine Mystique Riot Grrrls

American writer Betty Friedan This feminist musical
discovers that many women in movement begins in the

the US are unhappy being state of Washington.
housewives (married women who Frustrated with being
surrounded by all-male
work in the home, looking after bands, women begin to
their children and the household). form their own bands.
She writes The Feminine Mystique, They make music, create
magazines, and hold
a book that insists women meetings to express and
deserve to go to college and discuss their thoughts on
have successful careers, just as feminism and politics.

much as men. Malala Yousafzai

Simone de Beauvoir Billie Jean King Malala Yousafzai, a Pakistani
activist for girls’ education,
French philosopher Simone Tennis star Billie Jean King wins the Nobel Peace Prize.
de Beauvoir writes The founds the Women’s Tennis
Second Sex, a book that Association, which campaigns She is known for writing
to give female tennis players about the Taliban (see
discusses the treatment of equal pay to male players. It is pages 272–273) banning
women throughout history. a start in breaking a trend in girls from attending school,
It attempts to define what it sports where female athletes and surviving an attempt by
means to be female, inspiring the Taliban to kill her when
are paid less than men. she was 15 years old.
generations to follow. However, this inequality still
exists in many sports today.

301

The internet 1971

The internet began in the US more than 50 years ago, First email
when the government tried to think up a foolproof way for
computers to talk to each other. In its early years, the Ray Tomlinson invents
internet was a tool for scientists and the military to share the email program, which
information. Who knew that it would evolve to be used by sends messages from one
almost anyone for nearly everything? Now, about half the computer to another. He
world’s population has internet access, and an estimated
4 billion people use the internet. introduces the use of
the @ symbol in
email addresses.

1961 1962 Modem
ARPANET
Researchers at Bell
Computer scientist Labs produce the first
Leonard Kleinrock commercial modem. This is
figures out a way of enabling a device that converts digital
computers to talk to each other signals to electrical ones
by breaking information into
small blocks. This is known and back again, so
as ARPANET, and is a that computers can

predecessor of communicate via
the internet. telephone lines.

1998

2001 Rise of the 1996
Online search engine
Viral video
encyclopedia PhD students
Larry Page and Sergey Brin A 3D animation of
Jimmy Wales and Larry build the hugely successful a baby dancing goes
Sanger launch Wikipedia, an “viral” via forwarded email
online encyclopedia. More than Google search engine. chain messages. This is
20,000 entries fill its pages in Google makes access to probably the first ever viral
the first year, and it becomes information on the web video, and a precursor

the largest reference site faster and easier. to the meme.
on the internet.

2003 2004 2005
Music
on the go Rise of Video-sharing
social media
Apple launches its iTunes YouTube is created,
music store, sparking a trend for A student at Harvard and becomes one of the
downloading music. People can University, Mark Zuckerberg, fastest-growing sites on
the internet. The first video
now play their favorite music launches facebook.com. on the site is a 19-second
on their computer or portable It will go on to become the
clip about elephants.
music player. More than a world’s biggest social
million songs are sold in networking site.

the first week.

302

1973 1983

Hello, Domain
internet names

Computer networking The system for naming
becomes international, as websites with phrases such
University College London and
the Royal Radar Establishment as .com, .edu, or .org is
created. This makes it much
in Norway connect to
ARPANET. The term easier for people to know
“internet” isn’t used which website they
are visiting.
until 1974.

1989

“The internet is the first thing World Wide Web
that humanity built that humanity
The World Wide Web begins
doesn’t understand.” as a project at the European
Organization for Nuclear Research
Eric Schmidt, former head of Google, (CERN). It is led by British scientist Tim
Berners-Lee. The first web browser
in a speech at the Internet World Trade Show, 1999 and the world’s first website go live at
CERN in 1990. The World Wide Web
opens to the public 3 years later.

1995 1991
Online shopping
Fresh 2017
1995 sees the rise of what coffee
will become some of the world’s The Internet
largest online shops. Amazon.com, Researchers rig up a live of Things
a huge internet bookstore, launches. shot of a coffee machine
The online shopping site eBay, so they can see on their There are more devices
computer screens when a connected to the internet than
originally called Auction Web, fresh pot has been brewed. there are people in the world.
lists its first item for sale (a This is thought of as the Around 8.4 million devices are in use.
broken laser pointer). The “Internet of Things” describes
first webcam. all the physical objects in the
2007
Online 2011 world connected
voting to the internet.

Estonia is the world’s Internet 2017
first country to use internet politics
Face pay
voting in a governmental Social media sites such as
election. This makes it easier Twitter and Facebook enable Facial recognition
communication during a period technology allows users to
for many people to vote, of revolutionary protests and pay for goods with their faces
encouraging more demonstrations across the Middle in China. A scanner analyzes
people to participate East known as the Arab Spring. users’ faces and matches
in the election.
Protesters can quickly them to a database
organize demonstrations of photos.
and spread information

on the sites.

303

1901
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Youth cultureA

in

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1960s
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304

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1970s sthnoaontwpabSeninokoyafaaplnturtHeldedeerabicrnenctwaouchvgaiaalneeentdrui.nsicd“e,Irscnloaeivanulsna,eongrspdsltfgouhit”aruCspriennfaoaddisgnglfoSib,gefAmoy.iuu1rsuPns9rpsoitafroi5lcae.yp,Iln0tiuraels,sasri–ao1nn960s
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1990s
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305

AIBO and ASIMO Reproducing robot

Japanese company Sony launches Scientists in the US develop a robot
AIBO, a robotic dog that plays and that can make copies of itself. This
learns by interacting with people, its technology could be used to create
environment, and other AIBOs. The robots that repair themselves while
following year, another Japanese working in difficult or dangerous
company, Honda, will introduce ASIMO, environments, such as outer space.
a humanoid robot able to walk, climb

stairs, and change direction.

Opportunity and Robot car
Spirit rovers
Stanley, a self-driving modified
These robot geologists, Volkswagen car, beats 22
launched by NASA, land on
other robot cars in a 132-mile
Mars. They trek for miles (212-km) race in the US.
across the planet, searching The goal of the race is to
for information about its surface,
and clues to conditions that kickstart research into the
could have once supported development of a future fleet of

extraterrestrial life. even better robot cars.

1999–2000 2004

1966

1961

1939 2005
2005
Unimate 1900
“I visualize a time when we
The first mass-produced will be to robots what dogs
robotic arm for use in
are to humans.”
factories, Unimate 1900,
gets a job. US car company Claude Shannon, mathematician,
in an article in Omni Magazine, 1987
General Motors installs
Unimate on its assembly
line to do tasks such as
stacking hot pieces of metal
and welding car bodies.

Elektro and Sparko Shakey

A US company builds a metal Basic artificial intelligence allows this
person, Elektro, for the New mobile robot to see and move around
York World’s Fair. Standing in its environment. A 1970 magazine

7 ft (2.1 m) tall, it rolls on article calls it, perhaps over-
wheels, moves its fingers and ambitiously, “the first electronic
person,” but the robot named for his
arms, and has a 700-word wobbly walk becomes iconic.
vocabulary (prerecorded on
vinyl records). Its robot dog,

Sparko, begs, barks, and
wags its tail.

306

The story of robotics Robot backflip

For centuries, people have been fascinated by the idea Despite the difficulty of
of mechanical devices that can be programmed to developing a humanoid robot
perform in a particular way: robots. In the 20th century, capable of walking on two legs,
advances in technology launched a robot revolution. US robotics company Boston
Inventors, many of them inspired by works of science Dynamics releases a video of
fiction, created incredible, complex robots to help its Atlas robot doing a backflip,
people at work and play. signaling a new age of robot

JIBO movement. They hope that
Atlas’s strength and agility can
JIBO, pitched as the world’s
first social robot, goes on sale. be put to use in search and
rescue operations in the future.
Face and voice recognition
technology allows JIBO to
recognize up to 16 people.
The blue ring around its waist

lights up when it hears
someone talk to it.

2017
2016 2017

Citizen Sophia 2017

2012 Saudi Arabia grants
citizenship to Sophia, a
humanoid robot. She can
hold simple conversations
and has more than 60 different

facial expressions.

Baxter Drone delivery

This industrial robot can be The online store Amazon
programmed by a human moving its makes its first delivery (a
TV streaming device and a
arms to perform a task. Baxter bag of popcorn) by drone to
memorizes these motions so it is
able to repeat the task independently. a customer in the UK.
It can be programmed by anyone. The package is delivered
a mere 13 minutes after

the order is placed.

307

US presidents

Since the office was created in 1789, there George Washington John Adams Thomas Jefferson
have been 44 presidents of the United States.
To be eligible, a person has to be at least 35 Led an army against the British Helped draft the Declaration The main author of the
years old and born either in the US, or in the War of Independence, of Independence. Established Declaration of Independence,
overseas to US citizen parents. then became the first the naval department, so he is
president. He was which stated that the
unanimously elected. remembered as the colonies would no longer
“Father of the Navy.”
accept British rule.

1789–1797 1797–1801 1801–1809

John Tyler James K. Polk Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Franklin Pierce James Buchanan

Vice-president who took the Greatly expanded the territory Successful military general Tried to make a compromise Allowed new states to decide Like previous presidents, he
presidency on the death of of the US, adding three new who commanded US forces between the anti-slavery for themselves whether to tried to make peace between
William Henry Harrison, making states, and taking over land in allow slavery, which angered
him the first president to serve the west that would become in the war against Mexico states and the slave-owning states on the slavery issue,
without being elected to office. New Mexico and California. (1846–1848). Died of cholera states, but the peace many and edged the US ever but by the end of his term, civil
was short-lived. closer to civil war.
a year after taking office. war was looming.
1850–1853
1841–1845 1845–1849 1849–1850 1853–1857 1857–1861

Grover Cleveland Benjamin Harrison William McKinley Theodore Roosevelt William H. Taft Woodrow Wilson

The only president ever to Grandson of President Oversaw expansion of US The youngest person to A lawyer by profession, he set Took the US into World War I
serve two non-consecutive William Henry Harrison, territories, including Hawaii become president, at 42. Won up the postal savings bank in 1917. After the war, he
terms—he lost an election, during his term the country and Puerto Rico. Six months the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 and passed a law allowing
then was voted back in again expanded and six new states for negotiating peace between states to collect income tax. proposed the formation of
were admitted to the Union. into his second term, he the League of Nations to try
four years later. was assassinated. Russia and Japan.
to prevent future conflict.
1885–1889, 1893–1897 1889–1893 1897–1901 1901–1909 1909–1913
1913–1921

John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson Richard Nixon Gerald Ford Jimmy Carter Ronald Reagan

His work to reform civil rights Brought in the Civil Rights Ended the Vietnam War and Unexpectedly became vice- President during a difficult A former movie star, he
and promote racial equality Act, but faced opposition for improved relations with the president, then president, period for the US, both at helped end the Cold War. He
was cut short when he was sending more troops into the Soviet Union. His term ended home and abroad. After his
during an era of scandals. His term in office, he became a was shot by a would-be
shot dead in Texas. war in Vietnam. in disgrace after political honesty helped restore the assassin but recovered.
corruption was uncovered. respected statesman.
image of the presidency. 1981–1989
1977–1981
1961–1963 1963–1969 1969–1974 1974–1977

308

James Madison James Monroe John Quincy Andrew Jackson Martin Van Buren William Henry
Adams Harrison
Helped draw up the US Remembered for the Monroe Before he took office, he After financial panic and
Constitution, which explained Doctrine, which declared that Son of president John became a national hero for stock market crash led to The first president to die in
the US would resist attempts Adams. After his presidency, economic depression, Van office. He died of pneumonia
government powers and by other countries to establish leading the army that Buren became unpopular
guaranteed certain rights he became a campaigner defeated the British at the only a month after he
colonies in the Americas. against slavery. and was not reelected. became president.
for citizens. Battle of New Orleans.
1817–1825 1825–1829 1837–1841 1841
1809–1817 1829–1837

Abraham Lincoln Andrew Johnson Ulysses S. Grant Rutherford B. Hayes James A. Garfield Chester A. Arthur

Opposed to slavery, he led Put on trial by the Senate for A hero of the Civil War, After winning one of Shot dead after only 200 Brought in a law that meant
the country during four years violating the Tenure of Office he was an inexperienced the closest presidential days in office, before he could that civil servants were hired
of civil war. Days after the war politician whose presidency elections ever, he fought to purely for their ability rather
ended, he was shot dead by Act, he escaped being was overshadowed by end corruption in politics carry out his promise to
removed from office scandal and corruption. reform the civil service and than because of their
John Wilkes Booth. and public life. political connections.
by a single vote. 1869–1877 other public bodies.
1861–1865 1881–1885
1865–1869 1877–1881 1881

Warren G. Harding Calvin Coolidge Herbert Hoover Franklin D. Roosevelt Harry S. Truman Dwight D.
Eisenhower
An unpopular president who Honest, hard-working, and Shortly after his election, the Led the US through the Great Authorized the dropping of
was dogged by rumors of modest, he was fondly US entered an era of serious Depression and World War II. two nuclear bombs on Led the Allied armed forces
in World War II. During his
financial wrongdoing. He died nicknamed “Silent Cal.” Under economic depression. He funded a plan to revive Japan, which ended World two terms of office, the US
suddenly, before an his presidency, the US Hoover was blamed and did the US economy and help War II. He took the US to
economy boomed. war with Korea. economy thrived.
investigation could begin. not win a second term. people out of poverty.
1945–1953 1953–1961
1921–1923 1923–1929 1929–1933 1933–1945

George H. W. Bush Bill Clinton George W. Bush Barack Obama Donald Trump

An oil tycoon and former head Presided over a time of peace After the terrorist attacks of The first African-American Before entering politics,
of the CIA, he took the US and and prosperity, but his 9/11, he ordered the invasion president. His healthcare Trump was a wealthy
its allies into the first Gulf War of Afghanistan and declared reforms were disliked by businessman,
reputation was damaged by a and a famous television
with Iraq (1990–1991). scandal over a relationship the War on Terror. opponents, and led to personality.
with a White House intern. stalemate in government.
2017–
1989–1993 1993–2001 2001–2009 2009–2017

309

British rulers 757–1066 Offa 757–796
The king of Mercia
The history of England, and later Britain, Anglo-saxons (central England)
is tied together by a string of kings and expanded his kingdom
queens. Long ago, royals could start After the Romans left Britain in north and south and
wars, break from the Church, and the 5th century ce, the land was protected it by building
punish the country’s leaders. Today, attacked by invaders and split into a huge dyke along the
the Queen has little power but upholds warring kingdoms. The leader of Welsh border.
long and popular traditions. one, Egbert, became the first king
of England. Throughout the Saxon
period, powerful kings fended off
Viking raids, but England was
ruled by Viking monarchs for
more than 25 years.

757–796 Offa 959–975 Edgar Egbert 802–839
802–839 Egbert 975–978 Edward II “The Martyr” Originally King of
839–856 AEthelwulf 979–1013 AEthelred II “The Unready” Wessex, Egbert
856–860 AEthelbald 1014–1016 AEthelred II “The Unready” increased the power and
860–866 AEthelbert 1013–1014 Svein influence of his kingdom.
866–871 AEthelred I 1016 Edmund II “Ironside” His authority was
871–899 Alfred “The Great” 1016–1035 Canute recognized throughout
899–924 Edward “The Elder” 1035–1040 Harold I “Harefoot” most of England after he
925–940 Athelstan 1040–1042 Hardicanute defeated Mercia and
940–946 Edmund I 1042–1066 Edward III “The confessor” Northumbria.
946–955 EAdred 1066 Harold II
955–959 EAdwig

Elizabeth I 1558–1603 1485–1603 1461–1485 1399–1413 Henry IV
Strong-willed Elizabeth 1413–1422 Henry V
was a clever politician Tudors Yorkists 1422–1461 Henry VI
with loyal followers. 1470–1471 Henry VI
Under her reign The Tudors ruled with This branch of the House of
trade, exploration, an iron fist and were not Plantagenets had a strong claim to Henry VI 1422–1461
and prosperity always popular, but they and 1470–1471
increased. fostered national pride the throne. After Richard of York After losing his father’s
and parliament grew in was killed in the Battle of Wakefield gains in France, a failing
strength under them. The (1460), his son Edward became the mind cost Henry VI the
throne for a time.
manufacturing and first Yorkist king.
merchant classes rose in
status, and architecture, 1461–1470 Edward IV
1471–1483 Edward IV
literature, and theater 1483 Edward V
blossomed. Playwright 1483–1485 Richard III
Mary I 1553–1558
Nicknamed Bloody William Shakespeare Richard III
was a leading light. 1483–1485
Mary, Henry VIII’s The last English king
eldest daughter burned Henry VIII 1509–1547 1485–1509 Henry Vii Tudor to die on a battlefield,
Famous for his six wives 1509–1547 Henry ViiI Richard III may have
Protestants after she (he divorced two and 1547–1553 Edward VI had a role in the death
seized the throne, and beheaded two), Henry VIII of his two nephews,
made himself head of the the princes, in the
restored the Roman Church in England and Tower of London.
Catholic Church. bankrupted his country.

1553 Lady Jane Grey
1553–1558 Mary I
1558–1603 Elizabeth I

1603–1649 1649–1659 1660–1714 1714–1901
Hanoverians
Stuarts Commonwealth Stuarts
The Hanoverian dynasty saw
This dynasty was dominated by political battles For the first and only time in its history, After Charles II was restored to the many changes. Robert Walpole
between king and parliament, which ended with a civil England was a Commonwealth (or throne London suffered two disasters. became the first prime minister
war and a beheading. Although the Stuarts believed republic) without a king or queen. A plague killed more than 100,000 to German-speaking George I,
they had a god-given right to rule, they were tolerant Ruled by puritan Oliver Cromwell people and a great fire destroyed most and Britain developed into an
of Catholics, and made peace with Spain. They were and his parliament, the country of the city. James II tried to restore the industrial society. By the end of
patrons of the arts and left a legacy of beautiful art took Jamaica from the Spanish Catholic faith but fled when William of Queen Victoria’s reign, Britain’s
and architecture. and defeated the Dutch at sea. Orange was invited to restore rights in economic power was challenged
the Glorious Revolution. by Germany and the US.
James I 1603–1625 Charles I 1625–1649 1649–1653 Republic
Scotland and England This stubborn king 1653–1658 Oliver Cromwell 1660–1685 Charles II 1714–1727 George I
were united when this believed in his divine 1685–1688 James II 1727–1760 George II
Scottish king took right to rule. Defeated (Lord Protector) 1689–1694 William III of Orange and Mary 1760–1820 George III
the throne. by Oliver Cromwell in 1658–1659 Richard Cromwell 1820–1830 George IV
the Civil War, he was II (jointly) 1830–1837 William IV
310 tried and executed by (Lord Protector) 1694–1702 William III 1837–1901 Victoria
his parliament. 1702–1714 Anne
Oliver Cromwell George I 1714–1727
(Lord Protector) Charles II 1660–1685 This German-born
1653–1658 This “merry monarch”
After Charles I was king faced rebellion
executed, this leading had many interests and in Scotland then
general established his many mistresses. He
own council of 15 and a took a keen interest in scandal when a South
parliament of 400. He architecture and Sea trading company
was followed by his went bust and ruined
science, and introduced thousands of investors.
son Richard. yachting to England.

1066–1154

Normans

Originally Vikings who had settled in northwest
France, the Normans were hungry for new
land. William the Conqueror claimed the throne
after he defeated Harold II at the Battle of
Hastings. The Normans built castles and
brought with them a feudal system of lords,
who held land, and peasants, who worked it.

Alfred “The Great” 871– Canute 1016–1035 Harold II 1066 1066–1087 William “the Conqueror”
899 This Viking king treated Harold II was appointed by 1087–1100 William II
The only English king to be Danes and Saxons fairly and his brother-in-law Edward the 1100–1135 Henry I
known as “The Great,” Alfred the country prospered. Confessor but his reign was 1135–1154 Stephen
was almost overthrown by There is an old story that he short-lived. He died after being
Viking raiders but fought proved he was an ordinary shot in the eye in the Battle of William “the Conqueror” 1066–1087
back, captured London, man by trying and failing to Hastings, and William I took Called “the Conqueror” because
and expanded his original make the tide go back. the throne.
Wessex kingdom. he conquered England, William was
crowned king on Christmas Day 1066.
1399–1461
He built the Tower of London and
Lancastrians Henry III 1216–1272 ordered a survey of land and people
After provoking civil wars
These three kings reigned through with his barons, Henry III was called the Domesday Book.
almost continual warfare. French defeated by their leader de
1154 –1399
territory was recaptured and then lost, Montfort, who formed a Plantagenets
and in the War of the Roses, the royal parliament of lords, bishops,
houses of Lancaster and York fought Originating in Anjou in France, this dynasty took
over the throne for 30 years. knights, and freemen. its name from a yellow flower (Planta genista) an
ancestor wore in his hat. During much of their rule,

England was at war with France and Scotland,
and Wales and Ireland came under English rule.
The Plantagenets laid the foundation for law and
government by creating justices of the peace and

the first parliament. They put the royal seal on
a charter of rights called the Magna Carta.

John I 1199–1216
John lost most of
the territories in 1154–1189 Henry II
France and taxed 1189–1199 Richard I Richard I “The Lionheart”
Henry V 1413–1422 Henry IV 1399–1413 his country heavily. 1189–1199
Henry V reclaimed Returning from exile Edward I “Longshanks” “The Lionheart” This crusading king spent
lost territories in in France, Henry IV The Magna Carta 1199–1216 John I most of his reign fighting for
1272–1307 (great charter) was 1216–1272 Henry III Christianity in West Asia.
France when he reclaimed the throne This warrior king fought many drawn up to settle 1272–1307 Edward I Imprisoned by the Emperor
defeated the French from Richard II. His of Germany, he was returned
at the Battle of reign was marked by battles to unite England and the rights of people, “Longshanks” for a huge ransom and was
Scotland. A model parliament Church, and 1307–1327 Edward II eventually killed in France.
1327–1377 Edward III
1377–1399 Richard II

Agincourt. many rebellions. was formed during his reign. monarchy.

George III 1760–1820 1901–1910 1910–
The Americans won independence
and England fought France in Saxe-Coburg-Gotha Windsors
the Napoleonic Wars during
George’s reign. This dynasty of just one king is George V changed his surname to Windsor
named after Queen Victoria’s during the World War I because of the strong
husband Prince Albert, who was anti-German feelings of his people. After Edward
the son of the Duke of Saxe- VIII gave up the throne to marry a divorced
Coburg and Gotha. Edward woman in 1936, his younger brother George VI
became king at the age of 59 and was king through World War II. Queen Elizabeth II
reigned during the first years of the has reigned for more than 60 years.
20th century, when new inventions
like the first automobile were 1910–1936 George V
taking Britain into the modern age. 1936 Edward VIII
1936–1952 George VI
1952– Elizabeth II

William IV 1830–1837 Edward VII 1901–1910 George VI 1936–1952 Elizabeth II 1952–
Many more people got Edward was a social George VI was a good athlete The current queen remains head
the vote under William king who enjoyed sports, and soldier, but this shy man of the Commonwealth (former
IV, and slavery was Victoria 1837–1901 parties, and travel. He with a stammer had not colonies) and is popular around
abolished throughout This much-loved queen ruled helped restore relations the world. Prince William and
the British Empire. for 64 years. After her expected to be king. He Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge,
husband Prince Albert died, between France and managed to overcome his and their children lead a new
she went into mourning but England and built speech impediment and generation of royals.
was coaxed back to public life. a new royal estate became popular during
at Sandringham and after the war. 311
in Norfolk.

Glossary Cold War, the depression fossil

Terms defined elsewhere in blockade The period of hostility between In history, a period of drastic The remains or impression of
the glossary are in italics. the West and the communist decline in economic activity, a prehistoric plant or animal,
The isolation of an area (see communism) countries marked by widespread often preserved in rock.
abdication so as to prevent supplies dominated by the USSR. unemployment and hardship.
from entering or leaving. It lasted from shortly after glasnost
Formally handing over power World War II until 1989. dictator
or responsibility to another. Bronze Age, the The Russian word for
colonization A leader who rules a country “openness.” Used by Mikhail
abolition A period of ancient history alone, with no restrictions on Gorbachev to describe his
when people mostly used The act of sending settlers the extent of their power. policies in the Soviet Union
The act of doing away with bronze for making tools to establish a colony in another during the late 1980s.
something completely. and weapons. country, sometimes involving DNA
taking political control over the gravity
anti-Semitism caliph people already living there. Deoxyribonucleic acid, the
chemical that stores genetic The natural force that attracts
Prejudice and hostility toward The title of the religious colony information inside living cells one object to another and
Jewish people. and political leader of Islam (see cell). prevents things from floating
(in the Islamic world). An area under the political off into space.
apartheid control of another state; or domestication
capitalism the group of people who guerrilla warfare
In South Africa, a government have settled there. The taming of wild animals to
policy of racial segregation that An economic system based make them useful to humans. A type of warfare in which
lasted from 1948 to 1994. on the private ownership of communism small groups of fighters make
property and free competitive dynasty surprise attacks against a
aqueduct conditions for business. The political belief in a society larger force.
in which ownership of property A royal family ruling a country
A bridge or other structure ce and wealth is shared. for successive generations. guild
built to supply water. Common Era. The years
from 1 ce to the present day. Congress element An organization in 11th–14th-
armistice This abbreviation has largely century Europe formed by
replaced ad (Anno Domini, The law-making branch of the A substance in which all the skilled workers or merchants
An agreement that is reached which is Latin for “in the year US government. atoms (see atom) are the same, of the same craft or trade to
to end a conflict. of the Lord”). which can’t be broken down by protect its members and
conquistador another substance. control business.
assassination cell
One of the Spanish conquerors empire habitat
The murder of a key figure by The basic unit from which all of American Indian civilizations.
surprise attack, carried out for living organisms are made. A group of lands or peoples The area where an animal
political or religious reasons. constitution brought under the rule of naturally makes its home.
censorship one government or person.
asteroid A set of laws or rules that
Limiting access to ideas or determine the political Enlightenment, the heresy
An object in space, made from information that is seen as principles of a government.
a mixture of rock and metals, harmful to a country’s national The period of European Beliefs, held by a member or
that orbits (see orbit) the Sun. interest, particularly by Counter- history, in the 1700s, when members of a larger religious
government officials. Reformation, the radical thinkers tried to reach a group, that are considered to
atmosphere new understanding of society, be in conflict with that group’s
citizen The period of change in the government, and humanity, established beliefs.
The layer of air that surrounds Catholic Church after the and then to reform them.
Earth or another planet. A person who belongs to a city Protestant Reformation. This hominin
or a bigger community such as included internal reform and evolution
atom a state or country. opposition to Protestantism. A member of the biological
The gradual change of species group that includes humans
The smallest part of an element city-state coup over generations as they adapt and their extinct ancestors
that has the same chemical to the changing environment. and relatives.
makeup as the element. A self-governing, independent The sudden violent or illegal
state consisting of a city and seizure of power by a group. exile hurricane
bacteria its surrounding area.
Crusades, the Forced absence from a A violent tropical storm with
Microscopic, single-celled (see civil rights person’s home or country. winds that can reach more
cell) organisms (see organism), Eight military expeditions of the than 74 mph (119 kph).
some of which are responsible The rights of citizens (see 11th to 13th centuries, in which extinction
for serious diseases. citizen) to be socially and Christian knights tried to seize invertebrate
politically equal. back the city of Jerusalem from The disappearance on Earth of
barbarian the Muslims (see Muslim). the last living representative An animal without a backbone,
civil war of a species. such as an insect, spider,
The name given by the culture worm, or jellyfish.
Romans to tribes outside A war between opposing fascism
the Roman Empire. groups of people in the The customs, beliefs, and Iron Age, the
same country. behavior shared by a society. An ideology stressing
bce nationalism, which places the The historical period
Before Common Era. The classical daimyo strength of the state above characterized by the use
years before 1 ce (start of individual citizens’ welfare. of iron for making weapons
the Common Era). This Relating to the ancient Greek A Japanese lord. and tools.
abbreviation has largely or ancient Roman world. feudalism
replaced bc (Before Christ). democracy jihad
A political system under
A form of government which lords granted land to Arabic word meaning
based on rule by the people, people of lower rank in return “holy war” or “the struggle
usually through elected for loyalty, military assistance, within oneself against sin.”
representatives. and services.

312

martyr Neolithic pilgrim segregation suffragette

A person who is killed for The later Stone Age, during A religious follower who makes Separation, particularly of In the early 20th century, a
refusing to renounce his or which improved stone tools a journey to a holy place. one race from another within person who fought for women
her religious beliefs. and weapons were made and a racist social system. to have the right to vote.
the first farming began. prehistory
mass shogun sultan
nomad The time before the
The amount of matter in development of civilizations, One of the military leaders In some Islamic countries,
an object. A person who moves from one before the invention of writing. who ruled Japan in the name the traditional title given
place to another to find fresh of the emperor. to the ruler.
medieval period pastures and water for livestock. propaganda
siege superpower
Also known as the Middle orbit Information spread publicly to
Ages, the period in European put forward political views; To surround and blockade A powerful and influential
history that lasted from The path taken by an object— propaganda is sometimes a city or fortress with the country considered stronger
about the 5th to the late for example, a planet—that is used to cause deliberate intention of capturing it. than its allies.
15th century ce. circling around another. harm to a person or group.
slave treason
Mesoamerica organism Protestantism
A person who is held as The crime of betraying one’s
“Middle America,” the name Any living thing, including A form of Christianity, resulting the property of another. country, especially by trying to
for the region stretching from an animal, a plant, or a from the Reformation, in which overthrow its government.
central Mexico in the north, microscopic life-form such as allegiance is no longer offered socialism
to Guatemala in the south. a bacterium (see bacteria). to the Pope. treaty
The belief that the government
Mesopotamia paganism recession should have some control over An official, written agreement
the economy and be able to between warring parties to
The region of modern-day A term used for the religious A decline in a country’s spread wealth more evenly bring hostilities to an end.
Iraq lying between the Tigris beliefs of the ancient Greeks economic activity, but less among the people.
and Euphrates rivers, where and Romans and other early serious than a depression. tribute
many of the earliest European peoples before the Solar System, the
civilizations began. coming of Christianity. Reformation, the Money or goods paid by one
The Sun, together with its king to another, or by one state
missionary pandemic The reform movement of the orbiting (see orbit) planets, to another, as recognition of
16th century, in which many including Earth, and smaller the other’s superior status.
A religious person who seeks A sudden and widespread churches broke from the bodies such as asteroids.
to persuade others, often living outbreak of disease. Catholic Church headed by tsar
in foreign lands, to adopt his the Pope in Rome. sovereign
or her religion. patent The title of the male rulers of
Renaissance, the A ruler or head of state Russia from the 15th century
molecule The exclusive rights held by exerting supreme power. until 1917; a female ruler or the
an inventor or company to A period of European history, wife of a tsar was titled tsarina.
A group of atoms (see atom) make use of a specific beginning in the 14th century, species
linked by chemical bonds. process or invention. when far-reaching changes tsunami
occurred in the arts and A type of organism, such as
monarchy peasant intellectual life. a horse or leopard. The A powerful, fast-moving wave
members of a species can caused by an earthquake or
A type of government in A worker on the land, usually republic breed with each other, but volcanic eruption under
which a king or queen is an agricultural laborer. usually not with other species. the sea. Tsunamis cause
recognized as head of state, A country without a hereditary widespread destruction
even though he or she may perestroika monarch (see monarchy) or stalemate when they hit land.
have no real power. emperor. Modern republics are
Russian word meaning usually led by presidents. A situation where further Universe
morality “reconstruction.” Used by action by either side in a
Mikhail Gorbachev to describe revolt conflict appears impossible. All of space and everything
Beliefs based on the principles his plans for improving the it contains.
of what is right and wrong. economy of the Soviet Union An organized uprising stockade
in the late 1980s. intended to overthrow vaccination
Muslim whoever is in authority. A line of stout posts or logs
persecute set in the ground to form a Precautionary medical
A follower of Islam. revolution defense against attack. treatment, usually given by
To oppress or harass a person injection, that keeps people
nation or group because of their A sudden and fundamental stock exchange from contracting a disease.
origins or beliefs. change in society brought
An independent country, or about by an organized An organization that allows virus
one or more countries whose pharaoh group of protestors. trading in shares of companies
people share historical, and other financial assets. A tiny life-form that can invade
linguistic, or cultural (see The title of the ruler of ancient samurai body cells (see cell), where
culture) ties. Egypt, who was traditionally Stone Age, the they multiply, causing illness.
seen as both a king and a god. A Japanese warrior who owes
nationalism allegiance to a daimyo and The period of prehistory when West, the
philosophy follows a strict code of honor. humans and their ancestors
The belief that the interests made tools out of stone. Europe and North America
of one’s nation are more A set of ideas or beliefs. script or their ideals when seen in
important than the interests sub-Saharan Africa contrast to other civilizations.
of other countries. photosynthesis The written characters that
make up a writing system, The part of Africa to the south Zionism
Neanderthal The use of sunlight energy such as an alphabet. of the Sahara desert.
by living organisms (see The movement to create and
An extinct species of early organism) to create organic secular suffrage maintain a homeland for the
human closely related to molecules (see molecule) from Jewish people in Israel.
our own species. carbon dioxide and water. Nonreligious. The right to vote.

313

Index metalworking 24–5 baseball 50 Industrial Revolution 194–5
Mughal 167 Bastille, storming of the 178, monarchs 310–11
Page numbers in bold indicate main entries. painting 142–3 Romans 59, 84
pop art 279 198–9, 200 Vikings 102, 103
3-D printing 203 Algeria 269 Renaissance 55, 136–7 Batista, Fulgenico 289 World War I 248, 249
9/11 273 Almoravid Empire 93 sculpture 66–7 battles 154–5 World War II 258, 259, 260,
1920s 250, 293 alphabets 30–1 Art Deco 49 battleships 134
1930s 251, 293 Althing 102 Art Nouveau 49 Batu Khan 120, 121 261
1960s 278–9, 292 Alvares, Jorge 168 Artaxerxes I of Persia 60 Bay of Pigs 278, 289 Britain, Battle of 232, 259, 260
Amazon River 241 Artaxerxes II of Persia 61 beach volleyball 50 British Empire 220–1, 268–9
A Amazon.com 303 artificial intelligence 298 Beat generation 305 Bronze Age 24, 37, 252
Ambrones 96 Aryabhata 83 The Beatles 187, 279 Brown, Arthur 233
Abbasid Dynasty 88, 92, 93 American Civil War 155, 165, Asante people 224 Beethoven, Ludwig van 187 Brown, Linda 290
Abolitionist movement 164 Ashikaga Shogunate 110, 111 Beijing 168, 169 Brunel, Isambard Kingdom 209
Aboriginal people 196, 197 179, 222–3, 290 Ashoka the Great 82 Beijing Olympics 297 Brunelleschi, Fillipo 55, 137
abstract art 142 American Indians 146–7, 161, ASIMO 306 Belgium 258 bubonic plague 124–5
Abu Simbel (Egypt) 42 Askia the Great 119 Bell, Alexander Graham 226 buccaneers 176
Academy (Athens) 53 179, 215 assembly lines 238 Benedict, St. 85 Buddhism 42, 65, 76, 83, 90,
Academy Awards 250 American Revolution 178, 190– Assyria/Assyrians 34, 36, 37, Benguela railway 225
Achaemenid Empire 60–1 252 Benin Empire 118–19, 225 106–7
Acre 104, 105 3, 221 asteroids 184 Benz, Karl 239 Buhari, Muhammadu 281
Actium, Battle of 154 Americas astrolabes 29 Bergen-Belsen 262 bullet train 208, 296
Adams, John 191, 308 astronauts 294–5, 295 Beringia 114 Burj Khalifa (Dubai) 256
Adams, Samuel 191 Spanish America 146–7 astronomical clocks 70 Berlin 259, 289 Burke, Edmund 64
Adena culture 115 voyages of exploration 138– astronomy 83, 150, 152–3 Berlin blockade 282 Burma 107, 267
adventurers, modern 240–1 Atahualpa 147 Berlin Wall 57, 247, 255, 283 bushido 111
advertising 275 9 Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal 150 Bernard of Clairvaux 104 Byzantine Empire 26, 35, 73,
Adwa, Battle of 225 see also North America; Athens 27, 52, 53, 60, 61, 154, Berners-Lee, Tim 227
Afghan War 283 258 Bernini, Gian Lorenzo 67 84–5, 105, 136, 151
Afghanistan 273 South America Atlanta, Battle of 223 Beyoncé 187
Africa Amin, Idi 280 Atlantic, Battle of the 258, 260 bicycles 28–9, 51 C
Amundsen, Roald 241 atomic bombs 127, 246, 267 Big Bang 10, 12
colonialism 179, 220, 221, analytical philosophy 64 atomic clocks 71 Big Freeze 13 cable TV networks 210
224–5 Anan, Kofi 281 atomic theory 171 Bindusara 82 Cabot, John 139, 160
Anawrahta, King 107 atoms 12, 170, 171, 236, 237 Bingham, Hiram 253 Cabral, Pedro Álvares 139, 140,
independence 269 ancient monuments 42–3 Attila the Hun 85 biology 218–19
kingdoms 89, 118–19 ancient world 34–5 Augsburg, Peace of 145 birds 14 147
postcolonial 247, 280–1 Andes 206 Augustus, Emperor 35, 72, 154 Birmingham (Alabama) 291 Caesar, Julius 59, 72
voyages of discovery 138, Andrew, Kerry 187 Aurangzeb 166, 167 Bismarck, Otto von 224 Cahokia 115
Angkor Wat (Cambodia) 43, Auschwitz (Poland) 262–3 Black Death 89, 99, 124, 125 Calcutta 221
140–1 Austerlitz, Battle of 204 Black, Joseph 170 Calder, Alexander 67
African Americans 235, 290–1 107, 108–9 Australia 117, 221, 266 Blackbeard (Edward Teach) 177 calendars 70
Anglo-Saxons 84, 96–7, 99, Aboriginal 196 Bleriot, Louis 233 Calicut 140, 141
literature 47 colonization of 178, 197 the Blitz 258, 261 Calvin, John/Calvinism 144
Afrobeat 304 310–11 Australopithecines 20 Blitzkrieg 258 Cambodia 43, 106, 108
Age of exploration 130–1 Anglo-Zulu War 224 Austria 216, 217 Bloody Sunday 189 Cambrian explosion 15
Age of revolution 178–9 Angolan Civil War 280, 283 Austria-Hungary 248, 249 board games 38–9 Cambridge spies 283
Agent Orange 277 animals 14, 15, 22, 23 Averroism 64 Boer Wars 220, 224 Cambyses II of Persia 60
agriculture 22–3, 160 Ankara, Battle of 151 aviation 232–3 Bolivar, Simón 206–7 cameras 228–9
Ahmose, Pharaoh 41 Antarctica 241 Avicenna 202 Bolivia 207 Canaanite 31
AIBO 306 anti-war marches 277 Axum 119 Bollywood 173 Canada 139, 160, 179, 220
Ain Jalut, Battle of 121 Antietam, Battle of 155, 222 Ayachucho, Battle of 207 Bolsheviks 204 canals 91, 195, 212
Airbus 233 Anyang 253 Ayutthaya 107 Bonaparte, Napoleon see candle clocks 70
aircraft 232–3, 240 apartheid 57, 234, 280 Aztecs 48, 50, 70, 89, 95, 123, Cannae, Battle of 154
Apollo spacecraft 285, 286–7 148–9 Napoleon I Canova, Antonio 67
World War I 248 apps 211 Bonny, Anne 176 Cao Dai 77
World War II 258–9, 266–7 aquariums 80 B books 46–7, 75, 132 Cão, Diego 138
aircraft carriers 134 aqueducts 74 Booth, John Wilkes 223 Cape of Good Hope 138, 140,
Akbar the Great 166 Aquinas, Thomas 65 Babbage, Charles 247, 298 Boston Massacre 191
Akkadians 36 Arab Spring 273 Babur the Lion 130, 166 Boston Tea Party 161 176, 221
al-Idrisi 122 Arabic script 30 Babylon/Babylonians 34, 36, Botany Bay 197 capitalism 282
al-Jazari, Ismail 93 Arafat, Yasser 273 Botswana 269 capoeira 172
al-Khwarizmi 55 archaeology 252–3 37, 54, 60, 152 Botticelli, Sandro 137 Caravaggio 142
al-Qaeda 273 Archimedes 28, 236 Bach, Johann Sebastian 187 Bourgeois, Louise 67 caravel ships 139
al-Razi 170 architecture backstaffs 131, 139 bowling 50 carbon dioxide 170, 171
Alans 84, 96 Bacon, Francis 162 boxing 51 Caribbean 146, 207
Alaska 114 Greek 52 Baghdad 93 Boyd, Belle 222 Carnival 81
Alberti, Leon Battista 137 Roman 74, 75 Bahadur Shah II 167 Boyle, Robert 170 Carroll, Lewis 47
alchemy 170 skyscrapers 256–7 Baha’i 77 Brahmagupta 55 cars 238–9, 306
Alcock, John 233 Argentina 206 Bailong Elevator (China) 213 Brahmi script 30 Carter, Howard 253
Alexander II, Czar 189 Aristotle 64, 65, 218 Baird, John Logie 227 Brancusi, Constantin 67 Carter, Jimmy 272
Alexander III, Czar 189 armor 89, 126–7 Balkans 258 Brazil 139, 147, 206, 207, 241 Carthaginians 73, 154
Alexander III the Great of Armstrong, Neil 285, 294, 295 ball games 50, 95 Brezhnev, Leonid 205 cartography 122–3
Macedonia 34, 40, 53, 61, 62, ARPANET 302, 303 ballet 172, 173 Britain Cassini spacecraft 295
154 art Baroque style 142 castles 112–13
Aboriginal rock art 196 colonies 160, 179, 220–1, Castro, Fidel 289
cave paintings 20, 143, 218 268–9 catamarans 135
Islamic 93 Catherine the Great of Russia
Japanese 158, 159 Hundred Years’ War 100
jewelry 48–9 188

314

Catholic Church 98, 99 coins Cyrus the Younger 61 Dunkirk 259 Europe
cave art 20, 143, 218 Celtic 59 Czechoslovakian uprising 283 Dust Bowl 251 fashion 292, 293
cells 15, 219 Viking 102 Dutch Golden Age 142 medieval 88, 98–9
Celts 34, 48, 58–9 D Dynamic Tower 256
chain mail 89, Cold War 246, 247, 254, 278, Eustace, Alan 241
Challenger Deep 240 282–3, 284, 288–9 D-Day landings 259, 264–5 E evacuation 260
Champa kingdom 106 da Gama, Vasco 130, 139, 140– Evans, Arthur 253
Champollion, Jean-François Colombia 206–7 Earhart, Amelia 240 Everest, Mount 240
colonialism 1 Earth Every, Henry 177
31, 252 da Vinci, Leonardo 29, 51, 136, existentialism 64
Chancellorsville, Battle of 223 in Africa 224–5 life on 14–15 extinctions 116, 196
Chand Baori (India) 212 in Australia 197 142 rotation of 236 Eyck, Jan van 142
Chandragupta Maurya 34, 82 British Empire 220–1 Dachau 262 earthquakes 182–3, 184, 185
Chang’an 68, 90 in the Pacific 117 Daguerre, Louis 229 East India Company 220, 221 F
Channel Tunnel 209, 213 Colosseum (Rome) 74–5, 81 Dai Viet 107 Easter Island 43, 66, 116, 117
Chappe, Claude 211 Columbian exchange 147 daimyo 113 Eastern Bloc 282, 283 factories 26, 178, 194–5, 238,
Charlemagne, Emperor 88, 97, Columbus, Christopher 99, 130, Dalton, John 171 Eastern Orthodox Church 99 261
138, 146, 160 dance 172–3 Ebola virus 125, 281
98 combine harvesters 23 Danegeld 102 economic booms famine 185, 280
Charles IV of France 100 comets 295 Dante Alighieri 136 1920s 250 Fan Kuan 143
Charles V, Emperor 139 comic books 251 Danube River 96 Africa 281 farming 22–3
Charles V of France 198 Commonwealth of Nations 221 Daoism 65, 77, 90 postwar 296–7 fascism 251
the Charleston 172, 250 communism 204, 216, 276, 277, Darfur 281 economic crisis (1930s) 251 fashion 279, 292–3, 304–5
Chatham Islands 117 282–3 Darius I the Great of Persia 60, Ecuador 206–7 Fawcett, Colonel Percy 241
Chavín de Huántar 94 compasses 91 Edessa 104 feminism 181, 279, 300–1
chemical warfare 277 computing 247, 298–9 61 Edo Period 111, 158–9 Fenton, Roger 228
chemistry 170–1, 181 concentration camps 262–3 Darius II of Persia 61 Edward III of England 98, 100 Ferdinand I, Emperor 217
chess 38, 282 Concord, Battle of 191 Darius III of Persia 61, 62 Edward, the Black Prince 100 festivals 80, 81
Chicago 27, 257 Concorde 233 Darwin, Charles 219 Egypt fiberscopes 228
Chile 185, 206, 283 concrete 74, 75 Davis, John 131, 139 ancient 11, 28, 30, 34, 35, 40– Fibonacci sequence 55
China Confederate states 222–3 de Beauvoir, Simone 301 fieldwork 22
Confucius/Confucianism 65, de Gaulle, Charles 260, 269 1, 42, 43, 44–5, 48–9, 54, Fiji 117
ancient 25, 31, 35, 48, 66, 132, 68, 76 Debussy, Claude 186 66, 70, 132, 134, 143, 154, film 173, 250
177, 185 Congo Free State 225 Declaration of Independence 252, 253, 292 Filosofova, Anna 300
Constantine the Great, independence 269 Final Solution 261, 263
early imperial 68–9 Emperor 73 191, 200 Middle East conflicts 272 fingerprints 230, 231
economic boom 296, 297 Constantinople 73, 84, 103, Declaration of the Rights of World War II 259 fire, first use of 20
Golden Ages 88, 90–1 105, 136, 151 Eiffel Tower (Paris) 212 fireworks 80
late imperial 131, 168–9 constellations 152 Man 200, 234 Einstein, Albert 237 First Continental Congress 191
Mongols 120, 121 container ships 135 decolonization 221, 246, 260–1 Eisenhower, Dwight D. 289, First Continental Railroad 209,
postwar 296, 297 convicts 197 Defenestration of Prague 145 309
weapons and armor 126 Cook, Captain James 117, 197 Delaware River 190, 192–3 Elcano, Juan Sebastián de 139 214
Chinese opera 187 Cook Islands 116 Delhi 167 electricity 236, 237, 274–5 Fischer, Bobby 282
Ching Shih 177 Copernicus, Nicolaus 130, 137, democracy 52, 56–7, 234–5 electromagnetism 237 fish 15
cholera 125 152, 153, 162 Democratic Republic of Congo electronic voting 57, 303 flamenco 173
Cholula (Mexico) 42 copper 25 Elektro 306 flappers 250, 305
Christianity 77, 98, 102 Coral Sea, Battle of the 266 280 elements 170, 171 Fleming, Alexander 125, 203
the Crusades 104–5 Cornelius, Robert 229 Democritus 170, 236 Elizabeth I of England 49, 145, flight 232–3, 240
Christmas Truce (1914) 248 Cortés, Hernán 95, 147, 148 Deng Ziaoping 296 310 floods 185
Chrysler Building (New York) Cosplay 305 Descartes, René 64, 163, 180 Elizabeth II of Great Britain 311 flywheels 29
256 cotton 23, 160 Devonian Period 14 email 227, 302 folk tales 47
Church of England 145 Counter-Reformation 145 diamonds 49, 225 Emancipation Proclamation food 22–3
CIA 271 Crécy, Battle of 89, 100–1 Dias, Bartolomeu 138, 140 165 football 50
Cimbri 96 Cretaceous Period 17 dice 38 Empedocles 170 footprints 231
cinemas 80 cricket 51 Diderot, Denis 181 Empire State Building (New Forbidden City (Beijing) 168
circumnavigation 130, 139 crime detection 230–1 didgeridoos 196 York) 256 Ford, Henry 238
circus 80 Crimean War 150, 188, 210 Dien Bien Phu, Battle of 277 empiricism 64 Ford Model T 250
cities see towns and cities Cro-Magnons 21 diesel cars 238 Empiricus, Sextus 65 forensic science 230–1
city-states 53 crops 22, 23 Difference Engine 247, 298 encomienda system 147 fortifications 26, 112–13
Civil Rights Movement 57, 234, crossbows 126 digital age 247 Endeavour 197, 241 fossils 15, 162
247, 278, 279, 290–1 Crowfoot, Dorothy 171 digital cameras 229 Engels, Friedrich 216 four-stroke engines 239
Cixi, Dowager Empress 169 cruise liners 134 dinosaurs 10, 14, 16–17, 18–19, engineering 212–13 fractions 54
Clark, William 214 Crusades 88, 89, 98, 104–5 ENIAC 298 France 97, 145, 269
classification, botanical 180 Cruz, Sor Juana Inés de la 300 184 Enigma machine 270
Claudius, Emperor 72 CSI 231 Diocletian, Emperor 73 Enlightenment 180–1 French Revolution 49, 178,
clay tablets 132 Cuba 207 disease 124–5, 147, 197 entertainment 80–1 198–9, 200–1
Cleopatra, Queen 40 Cuban missile crisis 247, 278, Djoser, Pharaoh 41, 43 epics, ancient 47
climate change 18, 20 283, 288–9 DNA 219, 231 epidemics 124–5 Hundred Years’ War 100
Clinton, Hillary Rodham 235 Cuban Revolution 283 dogs 22 Equatorial Guinea 269 World War I 248, 249
clippers 134 Cubism 143 dolmens 42 Erasmus, Desiderius 64, 137 World War II 258, 259, 260,
clocks 29, 70–1, 91 Cugnot, Nicolas-Joseph 238 Domesday Book 99 Eretria 61
clones 219 Cultural Revolution 296 Dominoes 38–9 Eric the Red 102 261, 271
clothes 292–3 cuneiform writing 31, 37 Dong Son culture 106 espionage 222, 270–1, 283 Franciscan order 98
Clovis culture 114 Curie, Marie 237 Douglass, Frederick 165 Ethelred II of England 102 Frank, Anne 262
Cluedo 39 Custer, Colonel George 215 drama 46, 47 Ethiopia 119, 224, 225, 280 Frankfurt parliament 216, 217
CNN 210, 211 cycling 50, 51 Dreamtime 196 Euphrates River 36 Franklin, Benjamin 181, 237
Cochin 141 Cyrus II the Great of Persia 34, driverless cars 239, 306 Franks 97
cocoa 146 37, 60, 211 drones 127, 233, 307 Franz Ferdinand, Archduke
codes 270–1 drought 251
Dubai 213 248
Duncan, Isadora 172 Frederick II, Emperor 105

315

Frederick William I of Prussia googol 55 Henry the Navigator 138, 139 Incas 49, 50, 95, 147, 253 jeans 293
217 Gorbachev, Mikhail 205, 283 Hepworth, Barbara 67 India 30, 267 Jeddah Tower (Saudi Arabia)
Gothic horror 47 Heraclius, Emperor 85
Fredericksburg, Battle of 223 Goths 305 Herculaneum 35, 78 ancient empires 25, 34, 35, 256
French and Indian War 161 Gouges, Olympe de 181 Herodotus 53, 61 81, 82–3 Jefferson, Thomas 180, 214, 308
French Resistance 260, 261, Gran Colombia 206–7 Hertz, Heinrich 226 Jericho 26
Grand Canal (China) 168 Hezbollah 273 British rule 179, 220 Jerusalem 60, 104, 105
271 Grant, Ulysses S. 223, 309 Hidalgo, Miguel 206 hill forts 113 jet aircraft 232
French Revolution 49, 178, gravity 153, 163, 236, 237 hieroglyphics 30, 41, 132, 252 independence 268 jewelry 48–9, 58–9
Great Depression 246, 251 Higgs boson 237 Mughal Empire 131, 166–7 Jews 60, 76, 189, 261, 262–3,
198–9, 200–1 Great Dying 184 Hillary, Edmund 240 Partition 221
French Wars of Religion 145 Great Pyramid of Giza 34, 40, Hinduism 35, 76, 83, 106, 166, Vasco da Gama 139, 140–1 272–3
Frere, John 252 women’s movement 301 JIBO 307
frescoes 137, 143 43, 54 221 Indian Ocean 139, 140, 141, 176 Jin-China wars 91
Freud, Lucien 142 Great Reform Bill 235 hip-hop 304 Indus Valley 27, 31, 253 Joan of Arc 99
Fukishima nuclear plant Great Wall of China 169, 212 hippies 279, 304 Industrial Revolution 26, 29, John II of Portugal 138
Great Zimbabwe 89, 118 Hippocrates 202 194–5 John VI of Portugal 207
(Japan) 297 Greece 59, 258 Hiroshima 246, 261, 267 industrial robots 238 John of Bohemia 100
Funan 106 Greece, Ancient 27, 30, 34, 35, Hitler, Adolf 246, 251, 258, 259 infinity 55 Johnson, Andrew 223, 309
Hittites 36, 154 internal combustion engines Johnson, Lyndon B. 291, 308
G 51, 52–3, 55, 56, 60, 61, 64–5, HIV/AIDS 125, 281 239 Jolly Roger 176
66, 72, 122, 135, 152, 179, 218, Ho Chi Minh 277 International Space Station Jonathan, Goodluck 281
gagaku 186 234, 236, 252, 292 Ho Chi Minh Trail 277 213, 295 Jordan 272
Gagarin, Yuri 285, 295 weapons and armor 126 Holbein, Hans 137 International Women’s Day journalism 210–11, 229
galaxies 12 Greece, Battle of 258 Hollywood 250, 293 300 Judaism 76
Galilei, Galileo 162, 236 Greek-Persian Wars 53 Holocaust 261, 262–3, 272 internet 211, 227, 247, 283, July War 273
galleons 135 Green Revolution 23 Holy League 155, 157 302–3 junks 135
galleys 135 Greensbro (North Carolina) Home Insurance Building intifadas 273 Jupiter 153, 295
galliard 172 290 Inuit 88, 115 Jurassic Period 16–17
Gallipoli Campaign 248 Gregory VII, Pope 99 (Chicago) 257 Iran-Iraq War 273 Jurchen 91
gamelan 186 Grimm, Brothers 47 Homer 52 Iranian Revolution 272 Justinian the Great 85
games, tabletop 38–9 groma 75 hominins 10 Iraq 273 Jutes 84, 97
Gandhi, Mohandas 268 Gromyko, Andrei 289 Homo erectus 21 Ireland Jutland, Battle of 249
Gaozong, Emperor 91 Guagamela, Battle of 154 Homo floresiensis 21 Dublin 98, 103, 221 Kadesh, Battle of 154
Gaozu, Emperor 68, 69 Guatemala 146 Homo habilis 21 Easter Rising 221 Kamakura Shogunate 110
gas masks 260 guillotine 201 Homo heidelbergensis 20 Newgrange 43 kamikaze (divine wind) 110, 267
gases 170 Gulf of Tonkin 277 Homo sapiens 21 iron 24–5 Kant, Immanuel 64, 181
Gulf Wars 273 Hong Kong 296 Iron Age 25, 58–9, 252 Kapoor, Anish 67
poison gas 248 gunpowder 91, 126, 198 Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Iron Bridge (England) 212 Kasner, Edward 55
Gaul/Gauls 58, 59, 72, 97 Gupta Empire 81, 83 irrigation 22 Kassites 36
Gautama, Siddartha 65 Gutenberg, Johannes/ Bridge 213 ISIL/ISIS 273 Katanga 280
Gaza Strip 272, 273 Gutenberg Bible 99, 133, 136, Hong Xiuqang 169 Islam 77, 88, 91, 221 keeps 112
gears 28 211 Hongwu Emperor 168 early Islamic empires 92–3 Kennedy, John F. 278, 279, 285,
genetics 219 Hooke, Robert 163 Islamic philosophy 65
Geneva talks 276 HI Hoover Dam 213 Israel 246, 263, 272–3 289, 308
Genghis Khan 89, 120, 166 Hoovervilles 251 Issus, Battle of 62–3 Kenya 225, 269, 281
Genkō War 110 Habsburg Empire 216 Hopewell culture 115 Italy 97, 259 Kevlar 127
genocide 280 Hadrian, Emperor 72 Hopper, Grace 299 see also Romans KGB 271
German Confederation 216 Hallstatt culture 58 hot air balloons 232 iTunes 302 Khafre, Pharaoh 43, 44
German Southwest Africa 224 Hamas 273 household appliances 274–5 Iturbide, Agustín de 207 Khanem-Bornu Empire 118
Germanic peoples 35, 73, 84– Hammurabi of Babylon 36 Hubble, Edwin 153 Iwo Jima, Battle of 267 Khayyam, Omar 93
Han Dynasty 35, 68–9, 106 Hubble space telescope 294 Khmer Empire 88, 106, 108
5, 96–7 hand tennis 51 human rights 180, 301 JK Khomeini, Ayatollah 272
Germany Hannibal 154 human sacrifices 95 Khrushchev, Nikita 289
Hanoverians 310–11 humanism 64, 137 Jackson, Andrew 215, 309 Khufu, Pharaoh 40, 43
division of 259, 282, 283 Hanseatic League 98 humanoid robots 307 Jacobins 200, 201 Kidd, William 177
reunification of 283 Harajuku 305 humans, early 10, 20–1, 196 Jahangir 167 Kierkegaard, Søren 64
Roman 96 Harald Bluetooth of Denmark Humayun 166 Jainism 76 Kievan Rus 99
unification of 216 Hume, David 181 Jamaica 220 Kindertransport 262
World War I 248–9 102 Hundred Days 205 James, Jesse and Frank 214 King, Billie Jean 301
World War II 261, 262–3, 265, Harald Hardrada 102 Hundred Years’ War 98, 100–1, Jamestown, Virginia 131, 160, King, Martin Luther, Jr. 57, 278,
Harappa 253
266 Harold Godwinson 99 198 220 279, 291
Gettysburg, Battle of 155, 222 Harrier Jump Jet 232 Hungarian Revolution 283 Janssen, Zacharias 218 Kiribati 117
Gettysburg Address 223 Harrison, John 71 Hungary 217 Janszoon, Willem 197 knights 112, 113, 127
Ghana 119, 269 Harry Potter 47 Huns 96 Japan 121, 189, 293 Knossos (Crete) 253
ghettos, Jewish 262 Harvey, William 162 hurricanes 185 Kodak 228, 229
Giant Wild Goose Pagoda Hastings, Battle of 88, 99, 154 Hussein, Saddam 273 armor 127 Kongo, kingdom of 118
Hattin, Battle of 104 Hutus 280 castles 113 Korea 69, 91
(China) 90 Hawaiian Islands 116, 117 Huygens, Christiaan 71 Edo Period 111, 131, 158–9 Korean War 276, 283
Giotto 136, 143 Hays, Mary Ludwig 190 hybrid cars 239 postwar 296, 297 Kosovo, Battle of 151
glasnost 205, 283 helicopters 232 hydrogen airships 233 rise of the samurai 89, 110–11 Krakatoa 185
Globe Theatre (London) 81 Henlein, Peter 71 Hyksos 40 World War II 261, 266–7, 276 Kristallnacht 262
Go 38 Henry IV, Emperor 99 Ibn Battuta 93 Japanese scripts 31 Kristeva, Julia 64
Göbekli Tepe (Turkey) 42 Henry VII of England 139 Ibn Sina (Avicenna) 92 Java Sea, Battle of the 266 Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) 256,
Gokstad ship 252 Henry VIII of England 310 Ice Age 14, 15 Jayavarman II 88, 106
gold 24, 48, 49, 102 Henry, Patrick 191 Iceland 102 jazz 172, 186, 250, 293, 304, 296
idealism 64, 181 305 Kublai Khan 121
Australian gold rush 197 Impressionism 143 Kushan Empire 82, 83
Californian gold rush 214 Kuwait 273
Gold Coast 224
golden ratio 55
Google 302
Google Earth 123

316

L M Mesozoic Era 16 Napoleon III, Emperor (Louis O’Higgins, Bernardo 206
Messier, Charles 153 Napoleon) 217 O’Keefe, Georgia 142
La Navas de Tolosa, Battle of McCarthyism 283 metalworking 11, 24–5, 58 Olmecs 50, 94
98 Macedonia 60 Metternich, Klemens von 216 Napoleon Field Gun 222 Olympic Games 50, 51, 52, 297
Machiavelli, Niccolò 136 Mexico 146, 148, 206, 207 Napoleonic Wars 155, 178, opera 80
La Tène culture 34, 58 Machu Picchu 89, 253 Michelangelo 136, 137 Operation Overlord 259
Lafayette, James Armistead Madinka Empire 225 Micronesia 116 204–5 Operation Torch 258
Magellan, Ferdinand 139 microscopes 163, 218 Narmer 41 Opium Wars 169
191 Maglev 209 microwaves 275 NASA 284 Opportunity rover 306
Lagash 34, 37 Magna Carta 56 Middle East 221 Nasca lines 95 optics 236
Laika 284 mahjong 39 National Assembly 198, 200 Oregon Trail 214
Lamborghini 239 maize 114 conflicts 247, 272–3 NATO 282 Organization of African Unity
Lancastrians 311 Malacca, Sultanate of 107 Midway, Battle of 155, 267 natural disasters 182–5
land bridge 114 malaria 125 migration, human 21, 96, 268 natural selection 219 269, 280
Laozi 65 Malawi 269 Minamoto clan 89, 110 navigation 117, 139 Orient Express 208
Lapita people 116 Malbork Castle (Poland) 113 Ming Dynasty 131, 168, 169 Nazis 251, 261, 262–3, 265 Ortelius, Abraham 139
Launay, Marquis de 198 Malcolm X 291 mining 194–5 Neanderthals 20, 21 Orwell, George 282
Lavoisier, Antoine 171, 181 Mali Empire 118 Minoan civilization 52, 253 Nelson, Admiral Horatio 204 Oscars 250
law codes 36, 91 Malindi 140 Miranda, Francisco de 206 Nero, Emperor 72 Oslo Accords 273
Lebanon 273 Mallard 208 missionaries 147 Netherlands 258 Osman I, Sultan 151
Lee, Robert E. 223 Mamluks 127 Mississippian culture 115 New Amsterdam 161 Ostrogoths 85
Leeuwenhoek, Antonie van mammals 14 Moai 116, 117 New Deal 251 Otto, Nicklaus 239
Manchuria/Manchus 169, 189 moas 116 New England 161 Ottoman Empire 130, 150–1,
163, 218 Mandela, Nelson 57, 247, 280 mobile phones 211, 227, 229 New Granada 206–7
Legalism 68, 69 “Manifest destiny” 214 Mock, Geraldine “Jerrie” 240 New Holland 197 155, 157, 188, 221, 249, 293
Leif Ericsson 102, 160 Manuel I of Portugal 139, 140 modems 302 New York City 223 Ötzi the Iceman 253
Lemaître, Georges 237 Mao Zedong 246, 296 Mods and Rockers 305 New Zealand 116, 117, 179, 220 outlaws 214
L’Enfant, Pierre 191 Maoris 89, 116, 117 Mohammad Reza Shah 272 Newfoundland 102, 139 oxygen 170, 171
Lenin, Vladimir 204 Mappa Mundi 122 Mohenjo-Daro 253 news 210–11
Leo III, Pope 97, 98 maps 122–3, 139 Molly Pitcher 190 newspapers 210, 211 PQ
Leopold I of Belgium 119 Maratha Empire 113 Mombasa 140 Newton, Isaac 131, 153, 163,
Leopold II of Belgium 225 Marathon, Battle of 51, 60 monasticism 85 Pacal, King 253
Lepanto, Battle of 155, 156–7 March to the Sea 223 Mondrian, Piet 142 180, 237 pachisi 38
Lesotho 269 Marconi, Guglielmo 226, 227 Monet, Claude 143 Ngo Dinh Diem 277 Pacific Ocean, settling and
Lewis, Merewether 214 Mariana Trench 240 money, paper 91 Nicaraguan Revolution 283
Lexington, Battle of 191 Marie Antoinette, Queen of Mongols/Mongolia 89, 93, Nicholas II, Czar 189, 204 colonization 89, 116–17
Li Bai 90 Niépce, Joseph Nicéphor 229 Pacific War 266–7
Li Zicheng 169 France 49, 200 120–1, 127, 166, 169 Nigeria 119, 281 Pagan kingdom 107
Liberia 56, 119, 224 marine chronometers 71 Monk’s Mound (US) 43 Nightingale, Florence 202 Paine, Thomas 191
Libya 258, 259 Mariner spacecraft 294 Monopoly 39 Nile River 40 painting 142–3
lie detectors 230 Mark Antony 154 Montesquieu, Charles de 181 Nimrud 252 Palestine 272–3
life Mars 294 Montezuma II 147 Ninevah 252 Panama 206–7
Marsh Test 230 Montgolfier, Joseph and ninja 111 Panama Canal 212
on Earth 10, 14–15 Marx, Karl 216 Nintendo 297 Pankhurst, Emeline 235, 300
origins of 10, 13 Mary I of England 176, 310 Etienne 232 Nkrumah, Kwame 269 Pantheon (Rome) 75, 212
lifeboats 135 mass extinctions 14, 15, 16, 18, the Moon 284–7, 294, 295 Nobunaga, Oda 111 Papacy 98, 99
Lincoln, Abraham 164, 222, Moore, Henry 67 Norgay, Tenzing 240 paper 69, 132
223, 309 184 Morgan, Henry 176 Normans 99, 154, 311 Paralympics 51
Lindbergh, Charles 240 Mathai, Wangari 281 Morocco 269 Norte Chico 94 parchment 132
Lindisfarne 103 mathematics 54–5, 83 Morse, Samuel/Morse Code North Africa 258, 259 Paris 26, 198, 216, 259
Linnaeus, Carl 180, 218 matter 12 North America Paris, Treaty of 191
Lippershay, Hans 153 Mau Mau 225, 269 210, 226 Parks, Rosa 247, 290
Lisbon Earthquake, Great 178, Mauritius 269 motors, electric 29 colonial 131, 160–1 parliaments 56, 57, 102
182–3, 184 Maurya Empire 82, 83 motte-and-bailey castles 112 early North America 114–15 Parthenon (Athens) 53
literature 46–7 Maxwell, James Clerk 228, 237 Mozambique 140 Vikings 102 particles 236, 237
Little Bighorn, Battle of 215 Mayans 30, 81, 95, 152, 253 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus see also Canada; United Passchendaele, Battle of 249
Little Rock (Arkansas) 290 Mayflower 161 Pasteur, Louis 202
Liu Bang 68 mechanical clocks 29, 70, 91 187 States Pauling, Linus 171
livestock 22, 23 Medes 37, 60 Mugabe, Robert 247, 281 North Korea 247, 276 Pax Mongolica 121
Locard, Edmond 231 Medici, Lorenzo de’ 137 Mughal Empire 131, 142, 166–7 North Pole 241 Peacock Throne 167
Locke, John 64, 180 medicine 92, 162, 163, 202–3, Muhammad, the Prophet 65, North Vietnam 277 Pearl Harbor 246, 266
Lombards 97 Northern Renaissance 137 pearls 49
London 27, 216 228 88, 92, 93 Northwest Passage 241 Peary, Robert E. 241
Underground 123, 209, 212 medieval Europe 88, 98–9, 292 Mungo Man 196 novels 46, 47 Peasants’ War 144
longboats 135 Medieval world 88–9 Murujuga 196 Novgorod 102 Pedro I of Brazil 207
longbows 100, 127 megafauna 196 museums 80 nuclear power 297 Peloponnesian Wars 53
longships, Viking 102–3 Meiji Restoration 159 music 80, 81, 179, 186–7, 304–5 nuclear weapons 282, 288–9 pendulum clocks 71
Louis IX of France 105 Melanesia 116 Mussolini, Benito 259 numbers 54–5 penicillin 125, 203
Louis XIV of France 81, 173 Mendel, Gregor 219 Mycenae/Mycenaean Nuremberg Trials 263 Peninsular War 205
Louis XVI of France 198, 200 Mendeleev, Dmitri 171 Nyad, Diana 240 Pennsylvania Colony 161
Louisiana Purchase 178, 214 Menkaure, Pharaoh 43 civilization 52, 252 penny papers 210
Lovelace, Ada 298 Mentuhotep II, Pharaoh 40 O pens 133
Luther, Martin/Lutheranism Mercator, Gerardus 123 N Pentagon Papers 277
130, 144, 145 Mercedes-Benz 238 Obama, Barack 309 Pequot War 215
Luxembourg 258 Meru, Mount 107 Nadir Shah 167 oceans perestroika 205, 283
Mesopotamia 11, 26, 27, 34, Nagasaki 246, 261, 267 periodic table 171
Nagashino, Battle of 111 mapping 123 Persepolis 61
36–7, 43, 54, 70, 122 Nam-Viet 106 mass extinction 14
nanoscale technology 203 origin of life 15
Napoleon I, Emperor 178, 179, Odoacer 73, 85

188, 201, 204–5, 216

317

Persian Empire 34, 35, 60–1, printing 91, 99, 132, 133, 211 rock art 196 Schism, East-West 99 snakes and ladders 39
73, 85, 154 privateers 176 rock concerts 81 Schliemann, Heinrich 252 soccer 50, 51, 281
programming languages 299 rock and roll 186 Schrödinger’s Cat 237 social media 302, 303
personal computers 299 Prohibition 250 Rocket 179, 209 Schumann, Clara 187 Socrates 65
perspective 137 propaganda 261 Rocky Mountains 214 science fiction 46 Solar System 13, 294
Peru 25, 43, 147, 207 propellers 29 Rococo 293 Scientific Revolution 131, 162– Somme, Battle of the 155, 249
Peter the Great of Russia 188 Proto-Sinaitic 31 Rodin, Auguste 67 Song Dynasty 88, 90–1, 121, 143
Petrie, Flinders 253 Ptolemaic Dynasty 40 Roggeveen, Jacob 117 3 Songhai Empire 118, 119
Petronas Towers (Kuala Ptolemy, Claudius 122, 152 role-playing games 39 Scott, Robert F. 241 Sørensen, S.P.L. 171
Pueblo culture 115 romances, medieval 46 Scrabble 39 South Africa 220, 221, 234, 247,
Lumpur) 256, 296 Pueblo Revolt 215 Romans 30, 34, 35, 48, 59, 65, Scramble for Africa 224, 225
pH scale 171 Puerto Rico 207 sculpture 66–7, 83 280, 281
Philae lander 295 punk 304 66, 143, 154, 212, 252, 253, scythes 23 South America
Philip VI of France 98, 100 Puyi, Emperor 169 292 Scythians 48
philosophy 64–5, 180–1 pyramids 40–1, 42, 43, 44, 54, destruction of Pompeii 78–9 seat belts 238 empires 88, 94–5
Phoenicians 31 forts 112 Second Continental Congress independence 179, 206–7
photography 228–9 94, 253 Roman Empire 72–3 Spanish 146–7
photojournalism 229 Pyrrhus of Epirus 154 Roman Republic 73 190, 191 South Korea 276
physics 180, 236–7 Pythagoras 55 technology 74–5 Sekigahara, Battle of 111 South Pole 241
pi 54 Qi Jiguang 169 transformation of Roman selective breeding 23 South Sudan 281
Picasso, Pablo 143 Qin Dynasty 35, 68–9 selfies 229 South Vietnam 277
Piccard, Jacques 240 Qin Er Shi, Emperor 68 Empire 84–5 Selim the Grim, Sultan 150 Southeast Asia, kingdoms of
pigeon post 211 Qin Shi Huangdi, Emperor 35, weapons and armor 126 Seljuk Empire 93 106–7
piracy 176–7 Romanticism 143 Selma to Montgomery march Soviet Union 246, 254–5
Pisan, Christine de 300 68, 69, 259 Rome 27, 35, 217 Cold War 282–3, 288–9
Pizzaro, Francisco 95, 147 Qing Dynasty 131, 168, 169 sack of 73, 84, 97 291 collapse of 283
plagues 89, 124–5 Qinghai-Tibet Railway 209 Romulus Augustus, Emperor semaphore 211 space race 284–5
plainsong 186 Quakers 165 73, 85, 97 Seneca Falls 300 World War II 258, 259, 261
planets 10, 153 quill pens 133 Romulus and Remus 73 senet 38 see also Russia
Plantagenets 311 Quit India Movement 268 Röntgen, Wilhelm 229, 237 Seoul 276 space
plants 180 Roosevelt, Franklin D. 251, 258, Serbia 248 communications 227
plate armor 127 R 309 serfdom 189 exploration 294–5, 306
Plato 53, 65 Rosetta Stone 31, 252 Serra, Junipero 214 the Moon 294–7
playing cards 39 race riots 291 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 180 settlements 11, 26–7, 41, 116 Space Race 283
plays 46, 47 Rackham, “Calico” Jack 177 Royal Game of Ur 38 Seven Years’ War 161, 178, 221 and time 237
Pliny the Younger 78, 79 radio 81, 210 runes 30 sewer systems 27 Spain
PLO (Palestine Liberation Rushmore, Mount 67 sewing machines 194, 274 American settlements 214,
broadcasts 227 Russia Shackleton, Ernest 241
Organization) 273 radio waves 226 Imperial 188–9 Shafik, Dora 301 215
plows 22, 23 ragas 186 Napoleon invades 205 Shah Jahan 131, 166, 167 Arab conquest 92, 98
Pluto 153 railroads see trains World War I 248, 249 Shakespeare, William 46, 81 South American territories
Pocahontas 215 rainforests, prehistoric 14 see also Soviet Union SHAKEY 306
poetry 46 Ramathibopdi I 107 Russian Revolution 189, 204 Shang Dynasty 253 179, 206–7
Poland 258, 260 Ramesses II the Great, Rutherford, Ernest 171 Shanghai Tower (China) 256 Spanish Civil War 251
Polaroid cameras 229 Rwanda 280, 281 Sharon, Ariel 273 Spanish conquistadors 95,
political philosophy 64 Pharaoh 40, 42, 154 Shepard, Alan 285
political power 181 Raphael 136 S Sherlock Holmes 46 146–7, 148–9
Polynesians 89, 116, 117 Raspberry Pi 299 Sherman, General William 155, Spanish flu 125
Pompeii 35, 62–3, 78–9, 184, rationalism 64 sagas, Scandinavian 46 Sparko 306
rationing 260 Saigon 277 223 Sparta 27, 53
252 Reagan, Ronald 282, 308 sailing ships 134, 135 Shiloh, Battle of 223 Spartacus 72
Pont du Gard (France) 212 reason 64, 180 St. Augustine (Florida) 160 Shinkansen 208, 296 Spassky, Boris 282
Pony Express 214 Redi, Francesco 218 St. Petersburg 188 Shinto 77 Sphinx, Great 43, 44–5
pop music 187, 279 Reformation 130, 144–5 saints 66 ships 134–5 spies 222, 270–1, 283
poppies 249 refrigerators 275 Saladin 104 Shivaji 113, 166 Spirit rover 306
Port Royal (Jamaica) 176 refugees 276 Salamis, Battle of 154 Shunga Empire 82 sports 50–1
portolans 122 Reign of Terror 198 salsa 173 Shunzi Emperor 169 Spotsylvania, Battle of 223
Portugal religion 76–7 Salt March 268 Si Inthrathit 107 Spring Offensive (1918) 249
Samoa 116, 117 Sicily 216 Sputnik 1 284, 294
in Africa 118, 269 Reformation 144–5 samurai 89, 110–11, 127 siege weapons 126 Srivijaya Empire 106
in South America 147, 206–7 Rembrandt van Rijn 142 San Francisco earthquake 185 Sikhism 77 Stafford, Ed 241
in Southeast Asia 107 Removal Act 215 San Martín, José de 206, 207 Silk Road 69, 72, 121 stagecoaches 214
voyages of exploration 138– Renaissance 67, 136–7, 142, Sanchi Stupa (India) 42 silver 102, 146 Stalin, Joseph 204–5, 246
Sand Creek massacre 215 Sima Qian 69 Stalingrad, Battle of 155, 258
41, 168 187, 292 sapeurs 305 Sinan 150 Stamp Act 161
Post-Impressionism 143 reptiles, prehistoric 14, 16–17 Saratoga, Battle of 190 Singapore 221, 266, 296 standing stones 42
post-structuralism 64 revolutions of 1848 216–17 Sargon of Akkad 36 Sioux Uprising 215 star forts 113
postal services 211 Rhine River 84, 96 Sassanian Empire 85 Sitting Bull 215 “Star Wars” 282
postcolonial writing 47 Rhodes, Cecil John 225 Satavahana Dynasty 83 Six-Day War 272 stars 10, 12, 152–3
Potsdam Conference 259 rice 22, 91, 160 satellites 210, 227, 284, 294 Skepticism 65 Stars and Stripes 190
potters’ wheels 28 Richard I the Lionheart of satraps 35, 61 skyscrapers 27, 256–7, 296 steam engines 75, 178, 208–9,
pottery Saturn 295 slavery 72, 131, 146, 147, 160, 224
England 104, 311 Saxe-Coburg-Gotha Dynasty 238
Greek 35, 52, 53 roads, Roman 74, 75 US 164–5, 179, 290 steam power 194–5
Ming ceramics 168, 169 Roaring Twenties 250, 251 311 Slavic scripts 31 steam ships 134
poverty 251, 297 Roberts, Bartholomew (Black Scanning Electron Microscope smallpox 124, 125 steel 25
power stations 195 smart technology 274 stem cells 203
Powhatan Confederacy 215 Bart) 177 (SEM) 230 smartphones 211, 229, 247, 299 Stephenson, George 179, 194
prehistory 10–11 Roberts, Joseph Jenkins 56 Smith, Adam 180 Stephenson, Robert 209
press, freedom of the 211 Robespierre, Maximilien 200, Smith, Captain Edward 243 Stockton and Darlington
Pride events 81
Priestley, Joseph 170 201 Railway 209
robots 238, 306–7

318

Stoicism 65 Tet Offensive 155, 277 Tulip Period 150 Viking spacecraft 294 World Trade Center (New York)
Stolen Children 197 Teutonic Knights 113 Tunisia 269 Vikings 98, 102–3, 127, 135, 273
Stone Age 24, 252 Teutons 96 Ture, Samori 225
Stonehenge (England) 43, 152 TGV (Train a Grande Vitesse) Turing, Alan 298 160, 252 World War I 127, 155, 189, 221,
Stonewall Riots 278 Turne, Ted 210 Vinland 102, 160 246, 248–9, 258
stories 46–7 208 Tutankhamun, Pharaoh 41, 49, Visigoths 84, 97
Stowe, Harriet Beecher 164 Thailand 107 Vladimir the Great 99 World War II 155, 204, 232, 246,
stratigraphy 252 Thales of Miletus 65 253 volcanic eruptions 184, 185 249, 251, 258–67, 268, 293
stream of consciousness 47 theater 80, 81 Tutsi 280 volcanic springs 15 D-Day landings 264–5
street lights 26 Tuvalu 117 Voltaire 180 in Europe 258–9
Stuarts 310 Greek 53 Twain, Mark 46 the vote 234–5 Holocaust 262–3
student protests 278 Kabuki 158 Twin Towers (New York) 256 Voyager spacecraft 295 Pacific War 266–7
submarines 190, 223, 240, 249, Thebes 27 the twist 173 voyages of exploration 117, war at home 260–1
theme parks 81 typewriters 133 weapons 127
258 Themistocles 154 130–1, 138–41
Sucre, Antonio de 207 Theodoric the Great 85 UV World Wide Web 227, 303
Sudan 281 Theodosius I the Great 84 W World’s Fair 80
Suebi 84, 96 Thera 184 U-boats 249, 258 Wounded Knee 215
suffrage 216, 234–5, 300 Thirty Years’ War 131, 145 Uganda 280 Waitangi, Treaty of 117 Wright Brothers 179, 233, 240
suffragettes 235, 300 Thomas, Lowell 210 Ulugh Beg 152 Waldseemüller, Martin 123 writing 11, 30–1, 41
Sukhothai 107 Thomsen, Christian 252 Uluru 196 Walkman 297
Suleiman the Magnificent, Thrace 60 Umayyad Dynasty 92 Wall Street Crash 246, 250, 251 technology of 132–3
Three Gorges Dam (China) Umm Kulthum 186 Wallis, John 55 Wu, Emperor 106
Sultan 150 296 Umma 34, 37 Walsingham, Francis 271 Wu, Empress 90
Sumerians 36, 37, 54, 70, 126, Tiananmen Square (Beijing) underfloor heating 75 waltzes 173 Wudi, Emperor 69
297 Underground Railroad 164 Wandervogel movement 304 Wuzong, Emperor 90
252, 253 Tibet 169 Union states 222–3 war photography 228
Summer of Love 279 tic-tac-toe 38 United Nations 259, 272, 276, War Poets 46 XYZ
sumo wrestling 159 ticker tape 210 War on Terror 247, 273
the Sun Tigris River 36 281 warhorses 127 X-rays 203, 229, 237
time, measuring 70–1 United States Warring Kingdoms 69 Xerxes I of Persia 60
death of 13 Timur the Great 166 Warsaw Pact 283 Xiang Yu 68
Earth’s orbit 137, 162 tires, pneumatic 29, 239 American Civil War 179, washing machines 275 Xuanzong, Emperor 90, 91
worship of 41 Tiryns 252 222–3 Washington, D.C. 191 yachts 135
Sun Yat-sen 169 R.M.S. Titanic 179, 242–3 Washington, George 190, 191, Year of Africa 225, 247, 269
sundials 70 Toba supervolcano (Sumatra) American frontier 179, 214– Yeltsin, Boris 205
supersonic aircraft 233 184 15 192–3, 308 Ying Zheng 68
surfers 305 tobacco 160 water clocks 70, 91 Yom Kippur War 272
surgery 203 Tobruk siege 258 American Revolution 178, water wheels 28 Yongle, Emperor 168
surveillance 271 Tokugawa Ieyasu 111, 158 190–3, 221 Waterloo, Battle of 155, 179, York (England) 102
Suryavarman II 107 Tollund Man 253 Yorkists 310
Susa 60 Tonga 116 British colonies 220 205 Yorktown, Battle of 191
Sutton Hoo 96–7 tools, Stone Age 20 Civil Rights Movement 290– Watt, James 178 Young Turks 150
Sweyn Forkbeard 102 Topklapı Palace (Istanbul) 151 weapons 126–7 Yousafzai, Malala 301
swimming, endurance 240 torcs 48, 58–9 1 youth culture 292, 304–5
swords 126 tornados 185 Cold War 282–3, 288–9 Chinese 91 YouTube 302
Sydney 197 Torricelli, Evangelista 163 Constitution 56, 234 of mass destruction 273 Yuan Dynasty 89
Syria 272, 273 Tour de France 50 Korean War 276 Mongols 120 Yugoslavia 258
town criers 211 presidents 308–9 nuclear 267, 278 Zacuto, Abraham 139
T towns and cities 11, 26–7, 59, slavery 164–5, 179 samurai 111 Zambia 269
194 space race 284–7 World War II 261 Zapotecs 94
table tennis 50 tractors 23 Vietnam War 276 weights and measures 68 Zeno of Citium 65
Tahiti 116, 117 trade 26, 27, 140–1, 146 World War I 249 Wellington, Duke of 155 Zeppelins 127
Taiping Rebellion 169 Trafalgar, Battle of 204 World War II 258, 259 Wen, Emperor 69 zero 55
Taizong, Emperor 91 traffic lights 238 Universe 10, 12–13, 153, 236, 237 West, Benjamin 143 Zhang Qian 69
Taizu, Emperor 90 Trail of Tears 179, 215 universities 92 West Bank 272, 273 Zhaozong, Emperor 90
Taj Mahal (India) 131, 167 trains 71, 179, 194, 208–9 Ur 37, 253 Western Front 248, 249 Zheng He 168
Taliban 273 Trans-Siberian Railway 208, Urban II, Pope 89, 104 Western Roman Empire 96–7, Zhu Wen 90
tallies 54 213 Urnfield culture 58 98 ziggurats 36, 43
Tambora, Mount 184 transplant surgery 203 Uruk 37, 252 wheels 11, 28–9 Zimbabwe 247, 281
Tang Dynasty 88, 90–1, 107 transportation 28, 194–5 US Constitution 91, 211 Whittle, Frank 233 Zionism 272, 273
tango 172 maps 123 Utrecht, Treaty of 177 Wi-Fi 274 zoos 80
tanks 29 treasure, Viking 102 V-2 rockets 127 Wikipedia 302 Zoroastrianism 65, 76
Tannenberg, Battle of 248 trench warfare 249 vaccinations 202 William the Conqueror 88, 99, Zulu kingdom 119
tap dance 173 Trent, Council of 145 vacuum cleaners 274, 275 154, 311 Zwingli, Ulrich 144
Tasman, Abel 117, 197 Trevithick, Richard 208 van Gogh, Vincent 143 Windsor, House of 311
Taylor, Elizabeth 48, 49 triangle theory 55 Vandals 84, 96 Wittgenstein, Ludwig 64
telecommunications 226–7 Triassic Period 16 Vauban forts 113 Wollstonecraft, Mary 181, 300
telegrams 226 Tribune Tower (Chicago) 257 Venezuela 179, 206 women
telegraph 210, 226 Triple Alliance 248 Verdun, Battle of 249 feminism 300–1
telephones 226 Triple Entente 248 Versailles, Treaty of 249, 258 rights of 181
telescopes 162, 294 Troy 252 vertebrates 14, 15 suffrage 235, 300
television 210, 227, 250 Truman, Harry S. 276, 277, 309 Vesalius, Andreas 162, 218 World War II 261
Tenochtitlán 123, 147, 148–9 Truth, Sojourner 164 Vespasian, Emperor 72 Women’s March 301
Teotihuacan 94 tsunami (2004) 185, 247, 297 Vespucci, Amerigo 123, 139 Woodstock 278
Terracotta Army 66, 69, 253 Tudors 310 Vesuvius, Mount 35, 78, 184 word patterns 231
terrorism 247 tughras 151 Vicksburg, Battle of 223 World Chess Championship
Tesla, Nikola 226 Vienna 216, 217 282
Vietnam 69, 91, 106, 107, 121 World Cup 51, 281
Vietnam War 127, 155, 247, 277,
279, 283

319

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Forman / Universal Images Group (tr). 44-45 Getty Images: Pictures from History (t). 110-111 Dorling © Look and Learn (tl); Library of Congress, Washington Images: Stefano Bianchetti / Corbis (tr); Photo 12 / Photographs. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library
Images: Print Collector. 48 akg-images: (tc). Alamy Kindersley: Dave King / Durham University Oriental D.C. (bl). Getty Images: Historical (fbr). 160-161 UIG (clb); Araldo de Luca / Corbis (br). 227 123RF.com: and Museum, Boston (tr). NASA: (tc). Martin Trolle
Stock Photo: The Print Collector (b). Bridgeman Museum (sword). 111 akg-images: Pictures From History Dreamstime.com: Ovydyborets (background paper). beaucroft (bl); klotz (tc). Dreamstime.com: Grzym (crb). Mikkelsen: (cr). 286 Getty Images: Ralph Morse / The
Images: Granger (cb). Getty Images: DEA / A. DAGLI (cl); Science Source (cr). Alamy Stock Photo: ART 161 akg-images: (cr). Bridgeman Images: Granger Getty Images: Bettmann (tl); Science & Society Picture LIFE Picture Collection (l, r). 287 Getty Images: Ralph
ORTI (tr); Werner Forman (cl); Print Collector (cla). Collection 2 (c); ART Collection (t). 114 Alamy Stock (tl, tc, tr); Private Collection / © Look and Learn (bl). Library (clb); Bloomberg (br). 228 Alamy Stock Photo: Morse / The LIFE Picture Collection (r, l). 288-289 Getty
48-49 Getty Images. 49 Alamy Stock Photo: Giulio Photo: Phil Degginger (br). 115 Alamy Stock Photo: age 162 Alamy Stock Photo: Paul Fearn (tl); Science History Ton Snoei (t). Bridgeman Images: Private Collection / Images: Bettmann (cl). 290 Getty Images: Bettmann
Ercolani (tl); Granger Historical Collection (tr). Bonhams fotostock (br); National Geographic Creative (tr, clb); Ivan Images (tr); INTERFOTO (ca). Wellcome Images Avant-Demain (tr). Getty Images: George Rose (br); (cl, cr, tr). 290-291 Getty Images: AFP. 291 Bridgeman
Auctioneers, London: (crb). Courtesy of Butter Lane Kuzmin (bl). Bridgeman Images: Dirk Bakker (tl); Thomas http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/: (br). Science & Society Picture Library (tc, bl). Images: Granger (cr); Underwood Archives / UIG (cl).
Antiques, Manchester: (cra). Getty Images: azndc (br); Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, OK, USA / Dirk Bakker (c); 163 Alamy Stock Photo: The Granger Collection (tl); iStockphoto.com: selvanegra (bc). Library of Getty Images: Agence France Presse (cl/far).
Print Collector (tc); Leemage (cr); Ron Galella (bl). De Agostini Picture Library / G. Cappelli (crb). 116-117 Lebrecht Music and Arts Photo Library (bl); Science Congress, Washington, D.C.: (tl). 228-229 292 Alamy Stock Photo: The National Trust Photolibrary
50 123RF.com: artforeveryone (tc/Bowling pins); Dorling Kindersley: Dreamstime: Rui Matos / Rolmat History Images (cb). Dorling Kindersley: Whipple iStockphoto.com: Rouzes (pegs and photo (tr/Queen Elizabeth); Trinity Mirror / Mirrorpix (br).
Khoon Lay Gan (tl, cl, tr, cr/Footballer, cr/Table tennis, br); (background). 117 Alamy Stock Photo: Portrait Museum of History of Science, Cambridge (tr). Getty background). 229 Alamy Stock Photo: Granger Bridgeman Images: Castello della Manta, Saluzzo, Italy
macrovector (tc); vectorstudio (c); tackgalichstudio (cr); Essentials (tc); Peter Righteous (l). Getty Images: Images: Universal History Archive (cr). 164 Bridgeman Historical Picture Archive (tl); World History Archive (tc/Middle ages); Victoria & Albert Museum, London, UK
Kittisak Taramas (bl); yupiramos (bc). iStockphoto.com: Heritage Images (cr); Hulton Archive (br). 118 Alamy Images: Pictures from History (br). 165 Bridgeman (tc, cl). Bridgeman Images: PVDE (cr). Getty Images: (tr). Getty Images: DEA / S. VANNINI / De Agostini (tl);
browndogstudios (c/Figure). 51 123RF.com: Khoon Lay Stock Photo: Robert Hoetink (tl/ring, bl/ring, bc/ring); Images: Pictures from History (bl). 166 Alamy Stock Science & Society Picture Library (bl). iStockphoto.com: Tim Graham (bl/Diana); DEA / A. DAGLI ORTI (tl/Greek);
Gan (c, tr, tr/Goalkeeper, clb, crb); Kittisak Taramas (cl); Peter Horree (tl). Bridgeman Images: Pictures from Photo: Dinodia Photos (tl, tc, tr); IndiaPicture (bl). kosamtu (br). Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.: In Pictures Ltd. / Corbis (tc); Mark Kauffman / The LIFE
Claudia Mora (cr); tackgalichstudio (bl, br); macrovector History (bl). The Trustees of the British Museum: (tr). 167 Alamy Stock Photo: Granger Historical Collection (tr, c). 230 Alamy Stock Photo: FOR ALAN (tl); Picture Collection (br/mini dresses); Michael Putland (bc).
(bc). iStockphoto.com: browndogstudios (tl, tc). Getty Images: Werner Forman / Universal Images Group (tl); Alexander Helin (tc); V&A Images (cr); Niday Picture Marmaduke St. John (tr); Pictorial Press Ltd (cr). 293 Alamy Stock Photo: Heritage Image Partnership
54-55 Alamy Stock Photo: Dmytro Synelnychenko (bc). 118-119 The Trustees of the British Museum: (c). Library (br). 168 Bridgeman Images: National Palace 231 Alamy Stock Photo: By Ian Miles-Flashpoint Ltd (tr); MARKA (bc/left). Bridgeman Images: National
(background). Dorling Kindersley: Dreamstime.com: 119 Alamy Stock Photo: Robert Hoetink (b/ring, tl/ring, Museum, Taipei, Taiwan (tl); Pictures from History (tc, b). Pictures (bl). Getty Images: Science & Society Picture Trust Photographic Library / John Hammond
Daboost (exercise book). 56-57 123RF.com: Volodimir tr/ring). Bridgeman Images: British Library, London, UK / Dreamstime.com: Songquan Deng / Rabbit75 (tr). Library (tr); Stegerphoto (br). 232 Alamy Stock Photo: (tl/Baroque Europe); Photo © Historic Royal Palaces /
Kalina (background). 56 Alamy Stock Photo: IanDagnall © British Library Board. All Rights Reserved (tc). Getty 168-169 Dreamstime.com: Designprintck (background ). David Osborn (br); Science History Images (cr). Robin Forster (tr/Mantua dress). Getty Images: DEA /
Computing (bc/left); Mark Rasmussen (bc/right); Paul Images: Photo taken by Alan (b); Werner Forman / 169 Alamy Stock Photo: ART Collection (bl); Dreamstime.com: Steve Mann / The_guitar_mann (bc); A. DAGLI ORTI (tl, cra); Galerie Bilderwelt (bl).
Fearn (br). Bridgeman Images: Pictures from History (bl). Universal Images Group (tl). 120 Alamy Stock Photo: imageBROKER (tr); Everett Collection Historical (cb). Gary Scott (cl). Getty Images: Bettmann (c). 233 Getty iStockphoto.com: BernardAllum (tc/Kimono).
57 Alamy Stock Photo: Pictorial Press Ltd (bl); Pulsar IanDagnall Computing (tl). 121 Alamy Stock Photo: Dorling Kindersley: Andy Crawford / British Museum Images: Ross Land (tr); Science & Society Picture Library 300 Alamy Stock Photo: Paul Fearn (cb); Granger
Imagens (br). Getty Images: Gerard Malie / AFP (bc/left). Granger Historical Collection (c); Science History Images (br). Getty Images: DEA PICTURE LIBRARY (tl); (tl); © Museum of Flight / CORBIS (c). iStockphoto.com: Historical Picture Archive (cl); Lebrecht Music and Arts
58 akg-images: INTERFOTO (tl). Alamy Stock Photo: (tc). Getty Images: Werner Forman (tr). 124 Alamy Universal History Archive (cra). 170-171 123RF.com: Igor aapsky (br). 236-237 123RF.com: Igor Zakharevich Photo Library (c/Wollstonecraft); Trinity Mirror / Mirrorpix
Mark Dunn (bl). Getty Images: DEA / A. DAGLI ORTI Stock Photo: Chronicle (br); Granger Historical Zakharevich (background). 175 akg-images: Science (background). 238 Alamy Stock Photo: Granger Historical (br/Pankhurst); Len Collection (br). Carrie Chapman
(clb). 58-59 akg-images: Erich Lessing (c). 59 Alamy Collection (tr); Science History Images (bl, c). Getty Source (br). 177 Alamy Stock Photo: Granger Historical Picture Archive (br). Daimler AG: Mercedes-Benz Classic Catt Papers, Bryn Mawr College Library Special
Stock Photo: Paul Fearn (t). Dreamstime.com: Andrei Images: Science Photo Library (tl). 124-125 123RF.com: Picture Archive (tl); Prisma by Dukas Presseagentur (bl). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / R. Florio (cr). Collections: (ca). Getty Images: Topical Press Agency /
Nekrassov - [email protected] (cr). Getty Images: Irina Brinza. 126 Bridgeman Images: De Agostini Picture GmbH (fcr). Dorling Kindersley: Simon Clay / National Getty Images: Rykoff Collection (c). Utah State Historical Hulton Archive (crb). The National Library of Norway:
VCG Wilson / Corbis (bl). 61 Getty Images: Dario Mitidieri Library (br); Prismatic Pictures (tl). Dorling Kindersley: Motor Museum, Beaulieu (b). Getty Images: Photo Josse Society: (cl). Volvo Car Group: (bc). 239 Alamy Stock (cr). 301 Alamy Stock Photo: Keystone Pictures USA
(bc/right). 62-63 Bridgeman Images: Museo Dave King / Warwick Castle, Warwick (bc). 127 Alamy / Leemage (bl). 178 Alamy Stock Photo: Chronicle Photo: Heritage Image Partnership Ltd (cl). Dorling (ca); World History Archive (cl); Splash News (br). Getty
Archeologico Nazionale, Naples. 68 Alamy Stock Stock Photo: Volodymyr Horbovyy (tr). Bridgeman (bc/right); Niday Picture Library (br). Bridgeman Images: Kindersley: Simon Clay / National Motor Museum, Images: Sam Morris (tr); Popperfoto (cb); RDA (clb).
Photo: Granger Historical Picture Archive (c); Lordprice Images: Cleveland Museum of Art, OH, USA / Gift of 00596841 (bl). 179 Alamy Stock Photo: Granger Beaulieu (cr); James Mann / National Motor Museum 302-303 Vecteezy.com: (Icons). 306 Getty Images:
Collection (tr). Bridgeman Images: Pictures from History Mr. and Mrs. John L. Severance (bl); Granger (cr). Dorling Historical Picture Archive (bl). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Beaulieu (c). Getty Images: Kim Kulish / Corbis (br); Ralph Crane / The LIFE Picture Collection (cl); Science
/ Woodbury & Page (cl); Pictures from History (cr). Dorling Kindersley: Richard Leeney / Maidstone Museum and Ombler / National Railway Museum, York / Science Science & Society Picture Library (tr). Toyota UK: (cb). & Society Picture Library (l); Yamaguchi Haruyoshi (t).
Kindersley: Gary Ombler / University of Pennsylvania Bentliff Art Gallery (tl). Getty Images: DEA / A. DAGLI ORTI Museum Group (t). Library of Congress, Washington, 240 Alamy Stock Photo: Everett Collection Historical Professor Hod Lipson: Jonathan Blutinger
Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology (tl). 68-69 (bc). 129 Alamy Stock Photo: ART Collection (tc); Niday D.C.: (bc/left, bc/right). 182-183 Bridgeman Images: (bl); Pictorial Press Ltd (ca). TopFoto.co.uk: (cb). (photographer), Victor Zykov (designer) (crb). 307 Alamy
Getty Images: Cindy Ord (b). 69 akg-images: (cr). Picture Library (bc); Heritage Image Partnership Ltd (c); Granger (b). iStockphoto.com: tomograf (background). 241 Alamy Stock Photo: GL Archive (cl). Getty Images: Stock Photo: Anton Gvozdikov (tc). Courtesy of Boston
184 Alamy Stock Photo: Enrico Della Pietra (tc). Getty Library of Congress / Corbis / VCG (tl); NY Daily News Dynamics: (r). Getty Images: NurPhoto (cr).
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NASA: (br); GSFC / METI / ERSDAC / JAROS, and U.S. / and Volker Kern: (br). 242-243 Getty Images: All other images © Dorling Kindersley
Japan ASTER Science Team (c). 185 Alamy Stock Bettmann. iStockphoto.com: tomograf (background). For further information see: www.dkimages.com
Photo: Science History Images (bc). 245 Alamy Stock Photo: David Parker (backdrop);

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