DK SMITHSONIAN TIMELINES OF EVERYTHING

Algiers Belgrade
Black Sea
Constantinople
Ankara

Mediterranean Sea
Cairo

Red Sea TShwSuefaMfelVuuegirvxlsiirlemelteae,eenisalangnanittncd.nmeanwH.lgsutHiirhtneudafiesteai1ciinnun5gcfeagilg2egtmnetab9shphanpne.taolsTiessornteeemhofdteiratgsayeoslpil.nnneiieystjgosayks
1520–1566
THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AT ITS Selim the Grim
GREATEST EXTENT, 1683
Ruthless Selim has all his
MSsuaolesnimtocmefhaaCnireshmfSatCerauSiaorrsrlpkcecnteiehilsaieihmmsitntcaeiaSepntMcnisetantioMn.riacneSsonconqtip,nlstuutlsaqheed,neuhaei’sneinstEdhinedthirene. male relatives killed to make

sure he becomes sultan.
After conquering Iraq, Syria,

and Egypt, Selim is
acknowledged as caliph
(leader of Islam) in 1517.

1512–1520

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1577

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1853–1856
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1922
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150

How to read a tughra Beyze (“Egg”) Tugh (“Flagpole”)
Some think these symbolize Each vertical line
A tughra is read from signifies independence.
right to left because it the two seas controlled by
is in the Arabic language. the Ottomans (the Black Sea Zülfe (“Fringe”)
The words of the sultan’s Three S shapes indicate the
title, shown here by and the Mediterranean). Ottoman winds, which blow
different colors, have been from east to west.
combined with the shapes Key Sere (“Stand”)
that make a tughra, each Mahmud The base represents Hançer (“Arms”)
of which reflects a feature Khan the Ottoman throne. These lines are a sign
of the Ottoman Empire. son of of power and strength.
Abdülhamid
victorious forever
decorative feature

Tughra The Ottoman Empire

This decorative design is called The Ottoman Empire began in the late 13th century when Osman,
a tughra. It was used by the a Muslim warrior, founded a small state in Anatolia (modern-day
sultan as a seal or signature Turkey). The powerful empire that later emerged lasted for
on important documents.
This one belonged to 600 years. At its height, it stretched from Eastern Europe and the
Sultan Mahmud II. Black Sea to Arabia and North Africa. The rulers of the Ottoman

Empire were known as sultans.

TocMopnekPshCatamrloucapencocdıstmeitPoItaiIpnhnonaleehrotldixisnfaseutoonhcrlrfptseueaeblewntnTuh.soileIclitdhvpaieiikssnpsagaietpaasmlıanlw,rpdghiraeeelsr. eoca(1“t,HhC0ESeoIo0msudaln0tylrpatmsaC-aWintyrlaonebeooinss.MuaftqHndlrHi)ne-uoesoaaohemtnlgtmp.duF”dialar)eeBaneniSdny(slnnttzolIdtoIoaihpocsnwnehofttoihicnaneapqelulleeedrs Forced service Oriegminspioref the
1459
The Ottomans begin a AEOtnmMhsaemoputfonisartleelnhiiam,iegI.thiHhRssebteotaohemrtereaeiangsrinntuguellEneBarnomrrylroyrzptefahaimarnwtettsaea.inmiscnetksasll
system in which Christian

boys from conquered
territories are forced to
convert to the Islamic
religion and to work for the
sultan as clerks, soldiers,

or bodyguards.

1453 1402 1389 1299–1326

c.1400

SpTcTurAhooiilsBmtefslaloAaiOaunanpnnretBsgtktkrreotoaa.eulsLmylrpldeaeeewtaerzgatonnhTihendeEfiecndmnIamdAsatugtauthhprenkltateidhe.raskeeCesnifaatheBeinltinrmaamhaatttarostatlselt Battle of Kosovo

Osman’s grandson, Sultan
Murad I, leads an army
against Prince Lazar of

Serbia at the “Field of the
Blackbirds” (in modern-day

Kosovo). Both leaders are
killed, but the Ottomans win
the battle, giving them control

of southeastern Europe.

151

Astronomy c.1420 1543
Islamic Sun at the center
People have always looked up astronomy
at the night sky and wondered Nicolaus Copernicus, a
about the nature of the Universe. Central Asian ruler and Polish astronomer, disputes
Early astronomers found patterns astronomer Ulugh Beg previous theories by
in the stars and tried to follow builds an observatory in suggesting that the Sun,
and predict their movements. rather than Earth, is the
Nowadays, very powerful Samarkand. It is the center of the Universe. He is
telescopes allow scientists to largest and best of its not entirely correct, but his
study the Sun, Moon, planets, and kind in the Islamic world, work provides ideas for
other galaxies, helping us to know future scientists to build on.
more about our own planet and and several famous
leading to theories about the astronomers visit it. 240 bce
beginning of the Universe. Broom stars
c.150 ce
Center of the Chinese astronomers
record the comets
Universe they see. They refer to
them as “broom stars”
Claudius Ptolemy of or “long-tailed pheasant
Greece writes in the stars” because of their
Almagest that Earth sits appearance.

at the center of the c.330 bce
Universe. People believe Curved Earth

this to be true for the Ancient Greek philosophers start to
next 1,400 years. think that Earth may be a sphere
instead of flat. This is because the
Constellations c.400 bce stars seen in southern lands are
Mayan calendar different from those seen in the north.
A constellation is a
group of stars that form The Mayans are skilled 700 bce
a pattern or outline of a astronomers who can measure Early patterns
recognizable shape. vast periods of time. They create
This one is Eridanus, The Babylonians use mathematics to
known as the “Celestial a calender that marks the predict and record the times and
River.” It is the sixth- beginning of time as 3114 bce, patterns of the eclipses of the Sun and
largest of the 88 according to their calculations. Moon and the positions of planets.
constellations.
1600 bce c.2500 bce
Star disk Stonehenge

The Bronze Age Nebra Sky A circle of giant standing stones is built in
Disk, found in Germany, is the England. Many think it was used to mark
oldest-known representation the rising and setting points of the Sun
of the Universe, showing the at the summer and winter solstices.
Sun, Moon, and several stars.

Hawaii observatory
The observatory on top
of the Mauna Kea
volcano in Hawaii is the
largest in the world.

152

“Astronomy compels the soul to
look upward and leads us from
1608 this world to another.”
Distant stars
Plato, The Republic, c.380 bce
Hans Lippershey of the Netherlands
is the first to try to register a telescope 2006
design. This invention reveals that Properties of
stars are much farther away from Earth a planet
than the planets in the Solar System.

1610 The International
Jupiter’s moons Astronomical Union
agrees to a new definition
of a planet. This
downgrades Pluto from a
planet to a dwarf planet.

Italian Galileo Galilei discovers moons 1992
orbiting Jupiter, which proves part of Exoplanets
Copernicus’s earlier theory that not all
objects in the sky orbit Earth. This offends
the Catholic Church, because it goes against
some statements in the Bible.

1687 The first exoplanets (planets
Gravity outside the Solar System) are
discovered. Today, more than
Isaac Newton, an English 3,700 have been documented.
scientist, uses his understanding Six have the right temperature
of the laws of motion and gravity for water to exist, which means
to claim that the Moon is kept in that they could support life.
orbit around Earth by gravity.

1774 1990
Messier Catalog Hubble telescope

A French scientist, Charles The Hubble Space Telescope is launched,
Messier, catalogs deep- the first time a telescope has been sent into
sky objects, including space. It looks deep into space to take
comets, nebulae, and star stunning photographs of the objects within
clusters. They are known as our galaxy and the Universe.
“Messier objects,” and today
the Messier Catalog 1929
contains 110 of them. Expanding Universe
1912
Variable stars American Edwin Hubble, using the Hooker
Telescope, finds that the Milky Way is not
American Henrietta Leavitt notices that certain the only galaxy in the Universe. He shows
stars, known as “Cepheid variables,” change in that all galaxies are moving apart, which
brightness in a predictable way. Her discovery means that the Universe is expanding.

enables astronomers to calculate the distances
between Earth and faraway galaxies.

Life of a star Protostar Red giant Supernova
Huge clouds The high temperature A very large red giant explodes. Its
Stars can live for millions of dust and gas causes the star to expand.
of years, with smaller stars bond to make a iron core becomes a black hole
living the longest. The largest new star. or a neutron star.
ones use up their fuel more White dwarf
quickly and die sooner by The outer gas layers
exploding, when they are are shed, leaving a
called “supernovas.” These dense core.
explosions spread material
around the Universe that can Main sequence star Black dwarf
form new stars. A dense core is formed. A white dwarf has no
source of energy, so it
Its temperature rises Planetary nebula cools and fades away.
to 180° million Fahrenheit A red giant from a smaller star
creates a glowing shell of gas.
(100° million Celsius).

Big battles

Even before the earliest civilizations began, families and tribes went to
war with each other. As cities and states appeared, rose, and fell over
many thousands of years, decisive battles fought on land, at sea, and
in the air changed the course of history again and again.

Salamis

Invading Greece, the Persian navy is
defeated by the Athenians, led by
Themistocles, in a naval battle off

Salamis. The following year, an alliance
of Greek cities defeats the Persian
army at Plataea.

b1c2e74 Gaugamela

S4e8p0tebcmeber After invading the Persian Empire,
Macedonian Alexander the Great wins a decisive
victory over Darius III of Persia. The Persian army
greatly outnumbers the Macedonians, but
Alexander’s men are better trained and led.
Kadesh 28b0ce–279 Alexander goes on to conquer the
whole Persian Empire.

This great chariot battle Actium
is fought between the
Egyptian army of Pharaoh 3O3c1tobcbeer 260 The Roman politician Octavian defeats his enemies,
Rameses II and the Cleopatra of Egypt and Mark Antony, in a naval battle
Hittites, led by Mutawalli II. bce off Greece. The victory allows Octavian, now renamed
Rameses claims victory in Augustus, to take sole control of the Roman Empire
inscriptions on Egyptian
temples, which provide the and become emperor of Rome.

earliest detailed account of Changping 2A16ugbucest Se3p1tebmceber 2,
a battle. The real outcome
of the battle is unknown.

The Chinese state of Qin Oc1t0o6b6er 14,
defeats the state of Zhao at
Changping. After 450,000 Zhao
soldiers surrender, Bai Qi, the
Qin general, massacres all but
240 of them, whose lives are
spared so they can pass on
the news. The Qin state goes
on to unify China.

Pyrrhic victories Cannae Hastings

King Pyrrhus of Epirus invades Italy and The Carthaginian Duke William of Normandy defeats and kills
wins two victories over the Romans, at general Hannibal Harold, the Anglo-Saxon king, at Hastings.
Heraclea and Asculum. Pyrrhus loses so Mounted Norman knights fight the charging
many men that his victory is as bad as invades Italy by Anglo-Saxons, who fight on foot, standing in a
a defeat. People use the phrase “Pyrrhic crossing the Alps shield wall. French-speaking Normans take
with an army, including
victory” to mean a hollow triumph. control of England.
his war elephants.
At Cannae, he uses

envelopment to destroy an
army of 80,000 Roman soldiers.

154

“I’ve seen thousands of men Battle diagrams
lying on the ground, their
Battle diagrams have been used
dead faces looking up at the throughout history to help plan
skies. I tell you, war is hell!” battles. These diagrams show a
tactic called envelopment, which
US General William Tecumsah Sherman, involves attacking the enemy from
speech at the Michigan Military Academy, behind, the sides, or both.

Waterloo June 19, 1879

The troops of British Duke of Wellington
and Prussian Marshal Blucher defeat
Napoleon Bonaparte in a major battle
that brings the Napoleonic Wars to an

end. Wellington fights a defensive battle,
holding off repeated French attacks until

Blucher arrives with reinforcements.

Stalingrad

The German army fights a
major battle to seize the
Gettysburg Russian city of Stalingrad.
In November, when the
This three-day battle, the Germans have almost
largest ever fought in captured the city, 1J9a6n8uary
the Russians mount
America, sees the Union The Somme a counteroffensive. The
army of George Meade, trapped Germans surrender.
94,000 strong, defeat the During World War I, the British and
French launch a major attack, but fail
Confederate army of to break through the German lines at 94423–
Robert E. Lee, numbering the Somme. More than

72,000 men. three million men take part, and
one million are killed.
Oc1t5o7b1er 7, JFuelbyr1u7a, r1y9 2, 1
J1u8n1e518, Ju18ly613–3, Jun1e9442–7, The Tet Offensive

NovemJbuelyr 1– 1916 Viet Cong and North
18, Vietnamese forces launch a
massive offensive against
the cities of South Vietnam.
US and South Vietnamese
Lepanto Midway troops win a decisive
victory. But in the US, the
The Holy League, an The US defeats Japan in a scale of the attack shakes
alliance of Catholic great World War II ocean public support for the war.
Mediterranean states,
wins a great victory battle in the Pacific,
over the Ottoman fought mostly by planes
navy (see pages 150– launched from aircraft
151), in the waters off carriers. Japan loses all
Greece. This is the last four of its carriers, while
major naval battle to be the Americans lose
fought entirely with just one. The Japanese
rowing vessels (galleys). navy never recovers.

155

The Battle of Lepanto

This painting shows the Battle of
Lepanto, between the Ottoman
Turks and the Holy League of Spain,
Venice, Genoa, and the Pope. The battle
took place on October 7, 1571, and was
the last battle to be fought entirely from
rowing vessels called galleys. The Holy
League damaged or captured about
200 of the Ottoman ships, losing only
12-17 of their own.



iptotEThhKwiodyeesksroofbtihy(Ieranoeoeao.)mstl,ayJeomeHdaoatfamdSesqopifhaedhuuEaenrrekeofaisnlnre.rdtmg)e-ntuaaoulgdToeemvbrnola1nipes(kcycsise6uremhaniagiloe0irpant’wsi3saawtryayaltwhokaeacumrbodeioulndemkreinkepsalt.caadahemnbydyesatu.,aaaakrIoltinlt.dneecfIart,KeneontTrracacehrlormeOe,btykkmaJaiuunbaninnokipndci.awcert1nsneeh6aastsee0eas3terEdo Japan

After a long period of war (see pages 110–111),
in 1603, Japan was finally unified under the
leadership of Tokugawa Ieyasu. A golden age
of peace, prosperity, and production followed,
known as the Edo period, which saw new forms
of Japanese art flourish. During this time, Japan
cut contact with the rest of the world, and
it would remain isolated from the West
for most of the next three centuries.

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158

TrW1a8cdho5ecennlo4tifattuthcerSnetdethrw,boiateUaihgtstSnheuyifnsooaTirantgofJshitrnatkeeeutaprreoaglaelApnytanaodmewetyntsteah,hienrweeigcpiirtaouhnrpttstroadRTsehh1b.eoe8awMsgcl6hatukeoso“n8etMtiothrnTjaReiaaltokiWehignjketisehdu(isibfttmtoseuogEheotmlhrapdenlnrtayedwhoaoeptoeeinwndaeoppriaMrennsereomu,gr,renraJil,oeeisanj”di )pdit.esatnhndes.The Great Peace

The Edo period marked an era
of stability in Japan that became
known as the Great Peace. The
major cities of Edo, Kyoto, and
Osaka catered for the wealthy, who
could spend their money on new
entertainments and luxury goods.

City streets during the Edo period
became bustling shopping lanes.

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159

BEFORE Colonial America

In 1492, Italian explorer Christopher As soon as Europeans became aware of the existence of
Columbus reached the Americas, the Americas, many were eager to visit what they called the
a land mass unknown to Europeans “New World.” Lots of people imagined a land of untold riches,
at the time. After his return, many
more people made the journey to this
“New World,” eventually establishing

permanent settlements there.

others saw an opportunity for a new life away from religious

persecution. The lands were already home to communities

1497 of native peoples who suffered displacement and
destruction at the hands of European colonists.
engllaanndd claims
in
the neW
World

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StruggleS on deSpite
SpaniSh territory rgEaeJtiEoDnhRnomftrnnehgahotoaehgirlrnarmaeie.elnnisnTWeswsioAeEosdh-hytrhakonmebtetbeeilmgotmioeearat,elmhrfaVebrdryinriannnycsiitee,srrnddt,agtttniaeapuhosi1estpnrnre0.byevlbnpiIeda0.neftaeseait.rcrcl1madVfbseyh5krrtoeooieii9artnlrnrgmdnon0neir,cn,eeina AJiTonpoasofhn(ltfmtuasnheabttseenheeythsolleetaseselaaEuasvtpttrsttvonehibeoaooe2wgseegbnpu0llnaciaaesstushA,rolbcs.htaetTemcfoht1vcrobrh6oreeienoc,re4wwaosftlaEoi–renruonrha1nnscedgr6idtgickolehi5reslahniist)lcsnao..theotvmeises
HARDSHIP AND
claimed across 1534 D I F F I C U LT Y
the Atlantic
FrenCh This Virginia town is the
Spanish explorer Juan first permanent English
Ponce de León reaches join Surge For settlement in North
land and claims it for Spain. land aCquiSition America. The colony faces
He names it La Florida, frequent food shortages,
Spanish for “the place with JnttPChowpoFsBienhreawtrtoearehacrlteaysrmnhCemqetnecectuaeoopdndhhenSartleteefas-Aastohds.itMdFnCmereLafar,ForaaryGeeb,norrwnnrgQuautmietcicorinlselufdedhaictrnaéongheeaefgnbfceei.xrvMdeseoIsoepHnectnSRefnltuo1eCxwtatti6dvxrluoiemeic0hesptamcyroao4rulls.o,ll.tynae,ei,rniinlesmdtse especially during the winter
many flowers.” This later of 1609–1610. Known as
becomes the Spanish “The Starving Time,” this
colony of Florida. famine nearly wipes out
the colony.

Virginia plants the

seed for a

good harveSt

The Virginia colonists
plant cotton seeds for
the first time. Cotton,
tobacco, rice, and indigo
(a plant used to make blue
dye) become the major
crops in the southern
English colonies.

160

1626 1675 1732 1754

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colony in the losses reported
1620 WAR rages on
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1773
Noretapxreasteionntawtioitnh!out

F(ATtldsbtehaamheuoaaxxeemaveveebeearidprpnsdyidsc)acga3tBtiga(unhrwa4tnerpetrei2osihstgRwsiBaiscB1cgpeyih9rhtheoevih0teisornnsiwsss–bhttlhuhot1e,ietsp9cothnriwinseo1ooweh)gilfnah.toathtnethneraodbaoiaxsuvosettisreld.y

The Mayflower

Setting off from Plymouth,
England in 1620, the
Mayflower carried
passengers over to the New
World. Upon arrival, they
established a settlement
and named it Plymouth after
the English town that they
had sailed from.

161

The Scientific Revolution

During the 16th and 17th centuries, Europe was the scene of
rapid and revolutionary scientific progress. Established ideas
were rejected and religious thinking was challenged. Pioneering
thinkers introduced new methods of experimentation and
observation, and made major scientific breakthroughs,
many of which have stood the test of time.

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1628

1610 1620

1515551–8 1593

1543

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162

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1687

1666 1676

1665

1662 EHnmphmoUgliioasclHikinnsrfceoitehndssrodcs,coeabicaunonsilnrseglpsdeinstctertctohvhioainosfeenetrlpMsidkmfReieinucpooasnrubsoed“betcgceslreirttsriasmlhla,p.”ephsliea. NLEmeainwnaowgmfnttlliouiogsaosenhnhesbnodosnjbpcew.eeyhfecHfrytiddtamnih’sssetebeiilcosmsaoyUicnwshoitrntstiivssibsiIuovesshilennamapnerdgaweslepecheesnrfodstowuwtifatsaounnrrkdedsO.AffbtreoPwsrmUarsheinnneiacciriventhivepirvenehriiivagsseneeeiM,abrgeNiynlsxaeetgtpahhfwhoplieraentrplaimogcdnlenevsatbofwtttiyaihghtcrglaaeylaiitrnttt,eahkigtnsvheeierte.yp, s

1637 1643

DeFrtsehDpHncineecisagsohtcoswprpalttcoehhrehrtiaeskelaoschyslislnco’etaoaesutnrppkprlggdehiteureeeqefeadoprsusrrtRetsetrgisechuvsrtinatiaieoeohténnusntt.seisldyts. TaKwhpinhepttghiorcoeRChsvohheoeraaaienseyrrrlcesetslaeho.eaasSeulwlnsrcIRSIhdaoioeogeodefnyreiseEatcssitcflniaisinScugebcoEslsliatiescsuoynnihrtcedohteitieepsydtti,erise. s

“If I have seen further than
others, it is by standing upon

the shoulders of giants.”

Isaac Newton, 1643–1727

163

BEFORE Cheap labor Slave ships

From around 1510, the Spanish and Twenty African prisoners arrive in The city of Boston plays a major
Portuguese began shipping African Jamestown in Virginia. Slaves are a part in the slave trade. The first

slaves to the Americas. Santo cheaper source of labor than American slave-carrier ship,
Domingo (in modern-day Dominican contracted servants, who can Desire, is built here. In 1638, the
Republic) became the first slave port eventually earn their freedom. first slaves are brought to Boston
from the West Indies, along with
in the New World. By the 1560s,
Britain and Holland had joined cotton and tobacco.

the slave trade.

1619 1636

Freedom in Canada Underground Railroad

The Canadian Attorney General A Quaker family helps start the
(chief lawyer) says that all former Underground Railroad, a network of
slaves living in Canada are free safe houses and people who assist
runaway slaves. Its “Grand Central
and will be protected by law. Station” is established in Indiana. As
Settlers are also not allowed to
bring slaves into the country. many as 2,000 slaves cross to
freedom there.

CANADA US

1819 1804
Uncle Tom’s Cabin and the
End of trade Sojourner Truth
Abolitionist movement
The US passes a law that takes Born into slavery, Sojourner Truth
the country out of the slave becomes a leading Abolitionist and The novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet
trade. It sends ships to Africa spokesperson for women’s rights. Beecher Stowe sells many thousands
to help rescue slaves from She gives a famous speech in Ohio
that highlights the need for rights for of copies and changes people’s
traders and return them to their opinion of slavery. Her book helps the
homelands. Slave ownership is black women as well as men.
Abolitionists’ cause, but tensions
still legal in most of the between the north and south escalate.
southern US states.
1852
1819 1850
“Whenever I hear
Slavery in the US anyone arguing for
slavery, I feel a strong
Slavery was a part of life in the United States from its impulse to see it tried
colonial beginnings, and slave owners used forced labor on him personally. ”
to build the young nation and its booming economy. By
the 19th century, Abolitionists were campaigning to free Abraham Lincoln,
all slaves, in the face of opposition from many American 16th president of the United States, 1861–1865
states. This resulted in civil war, with the north fighting to
end slavery against the south, who wished to retain it.

164

A life of slavery Quaker protest Plantations of rice

In Virginia, the General Assembly In Pennsylvania, Quakers protest against slavery. The Rice is introduced in South Carolina. It
passes a law stating that any child born Quakers are Christians, who believe in treating others takes a lot of work to grow, so European
to an enslaved mother will also become fairly. Later, the Quaker Church prevents members from
profiting from the slave trade and from owning slaves. settlers need slave labor to tend the
a slave for life. Most slave-holding crops and help them make it profitable.
colonies or states go on to enact similar By around 1710, there are more enslaved
Africans in the state than Europeans.
laws that discriminate by race.
1694
1662 1688 Freedom Florida

The life of a slave Runaway slaves get their freedom
in the Spanish territory of Florida.
The first slave narrative, a story
written by an ex-slave about the They must give their loyalty to
experience of slavery, is written Spain and join the Catholic Church.
in New York. Many more slave
narratives follow, one of the most Many settle in St. Augustine, the
oldest European city in the US.
famous of which is written by
Frederick Douglass in 1845.

1772 1731

Civil War Emancipation Proclamation Slavery abolished

The debate over whether or All slaves in the south are declared free The Emancipation Proclamation frees
not new states should use on January 1 in President Abraham slaves but does not end slavery itself.
slaves splits the country in
two. Northern victory in this Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation. The 13th Amendment to the US
4-year conflict ends slavery, This marks a turning point for the war, Constitution brings a permanent end
but more than 600,000 people as Lincoln knows that ending slavery is to slavery in all of the United States,
lose their lives (see page 222). the only way to keep the union of US
including new territories.
states together.

1861 1863 1865

Slave triangle NORTH Raw materials EUROPE
AMERICA
About 6 million Africans were taken to the
Americas in a triangle of trade. Ships from AT L A N T I C Manufactured goods AFRICA AFTER
Britain carried manufactured goods such as OCEAN
cloth, ironware, and guns to West Africa. Four million slaves were freed, but the
These were exchanged for men, women, and West Ind challenges for African Americans
children. The sea crossing to the West Indies remained. Lincoln had announced
was brutal, and many slaves did not survive. ies plans to help the South rebuild, but
Those who did were sold at auctions, and the
profits were used to buy sugar, cotton, rum, SOUTH Enslaved Africans his assassination meant that his plans
and tobacco to take back to Britain. AMERICA were never realized. Southern states
went on to introduce laws to limit the

civil rights of African Americans.

165

The Mughal Empire

The Mughals were rulers of an Islamic empire in what

is now modern-day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. 1590
gmrsatMahhhemAgBneuiomsrkidgcnweltoeabofohutaanaoitormalrttthygrshulPlk,aouhcetraoetvraeaornaroBeg,siusBdnrnaefiorhaassatgbfio.lnbstaaupTuf,utrrorhtedrahhe’edseleatynrdys,.
The empire lasted for more than 300 years and

saw the construction of some of South Asia’s 1560s–1590s

finest monuments. The Mughals were originally

from Central Asia and claimed to be

descended from the Mongol

leaders Genghis Khan

and Timur the Great. 530–1556

1

15 26 Beambpu(miorra’esHfofhtsbdeuio1yser5nmr1rr5nee5H5-ig4agdu1aa0n3myanin-ayiudnayinnIyerinedsgauaxnsnsrci-lpu)eolo.oceHnlisdncnteeredsPosedsoeldihnomereisfssAoidDasksbeotbyloahnhri.iins AkebrnxeatoHlderiArgienstnihvtdokdreoiueunabrusnngrptaegtraMtotigrhnnhleueicdevtsreehenaclisnmsnmeecfMpnpr,etoGobiurrmsaauegrimltthieItineonhaotnadneolncpsitgaRmooa.ahuwuHtjircpsceaehougrpitsubeoecrysfaotl.apnles.
1674
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1660 s–1670s

8165 ASutrlarsaniiwncggsztdinebergbasuf,noHtianrlnroietntcniornydeodrgspsdudahtmuhaotyuecinusnmhmecsdHisiiegpncriehenlg,eetdd.tsntaHsuhdaxeoeslneefucdssbosijneswtocaotrSsdrfsehhH.riwisvfiearnaosjsidtm,seaatpuraMMHnorttrawiIanengoehnredrdafraorvaruiati.ratrhdaTiotkH,avhusirhisniwyahawnegcltoadlalrMy.rarfuIordtetrawirhiinxosirinseatnretettehMohndteadotuhsgehals.
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166

Mughal architecture Kabul

The Mughals build many beautiful Delhi
palaces, mosques, tombs, and forts. Agra
These delicate red sandstone cusped
1605–1627 arches provide cool shade and calming Bombay BBaeyn o f l
rMee(tivJ“hgueewpaengAmntoho,ShhnkwabmrpaeaablnJudeellmoati,tE-mrhrairroshsember’sheoirbtseodpehianeazhfwuielneercdJinrned.iroraeifnd”eeggmhst)ga,a.rtaiNTeolkhsrnshweuoigsesrnsir symmetry around doorways and along Arabian Sea g a

open-sided pavilions. Madras

1620s THE MUGHAL EMPIRE AT ITS
GREATEST EXTENT, 1707

1632

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1707
635

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9
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167

Ming founder Yongle Emperor “Why are the Western nations small and
yet strong? Why are we large and yet
Following the collapse of the Mongol Yuan The Ming Dynasty is at the
Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, a peasant turned height of its power under the weak?… We must search for the means
warlord, seizes power. He declares himself Yongle Emperor. He repairs to become their equal.”
Hongwu Emperor of the new Ming (Shining)
Dynasty. His capital is Nanjing. He executes China’s Grand Canal and Feng Guifen, Chinese reformer, 1861
thousands of officials who are accused of restores the system of Civil
Service exams, which the The Forbidden City
plotting against him. Mongols had discontinued.
The Yongle Emperor moves the capital from
Nanjing to Beijing in the north, where he oversees

the building of the Purple Forbidden City. The
Beijing dialect of Mandarin is adopted as
the official state language at this time.

1368 1402–1424 Yongle Encyclopedia

Ming and The emperor commissions the
Yongle Encyclopedia. Compiled
by 2,169 scholars, it consists of
22,937 manuscript rolls, covering

agriculture, art, astronomy,
geology, history, literature,
medicine, religion, science,
and many other subjects.

1513

Qing China 140 –1420 Portuguese
3–1408 1406 explorer

Following the fall of Mongol rule (see pages 120– 1405–1433 Jorge Alvares, the Portuguese
121) in the 1360s, a new Chinese dynasty, the Ming, explorer, reaches Guangzhou,
took over. Under the Ming (1368–1644), China becoming the first European
became a superpower, and there was a global to sail to China. A new era of
demand for Chinese porcelain and tea. During the
Qing Dynasty that followed (1644–1912), the trade with the West begins.
population increased from 160 to 450 million, but Christian missionaries begin
China was still technologically undeveloped and
couldn’t compete with Western powers. to arrive in the 1550s.

Zheng He’s voyages

Admiral Zheng He leads
seven voyages of
exploration to the Indian
Ocean, East Africa, and the
Red Sea. Their aim is to
display the power of the
Ming Dynasty. He returns
with many exotic gifts,
including an African giraffe.

168

Ming tombs Last emperor

The Wanli Emperor is buried Military revolts lead to the
in a great tomb outside proclamation of a Republic
Beijing, which holds of China under President
Sun Yat-sen. On February 12,
thousands of items of silk, 1912, the last Qing emperor, a
porcelain, and jewelry. The six-year-old named Puyi,
tomb will be excavated in abdicates, ending more than

1956—the only one of 2,000 years of Chinese
thirteen Ming royal tombs to imperial history.

be excavated to this day.

Dowager Empress Cixi

First Opium War Dowager Empress Cixi controls the
Chinese government. She is
The Daoguang Emperor’s ban on the British
opium trade leads to war with Britain. China traditional and resists attempts to
suffers a humiliating defeat and is forced to modernize China with Western-style

sign a treaty giving Hong Kong to Britain. industrial production of ships,
After losing a Second Opium War, in 1856– railroads, and firearms.

1860, China will have to legalize opium. c.1861–1908 1899–1901 1911–1912

Imperial conquests

China conquers the Dzungar
Khanate, the last remaining state
from the former Mongol Empire. With 1850–1864 Boxer Rebellion

the seizure of Tibet, Mongolia, and In northern China, peasant
present-day Xinjiang (Turkestan), the rebels, called Boxers, rise up
against foreigners and
Qing Empire is at its height.

1839–1842 Christians. When the empress
sides with the rebels, eight
foreign nations intervene. After
another humiliating defeat,
China gives further concessions
to foreign powers.
1645 1755–175 7
1620 Taiping The Ming Great Wall
1644 Rebellion
The Great Wall of China that

In southern China, Hong people see today was mostly

Xiuqang, a Christian built between 1570 and 1583.

Fall of the Ming convert, leads a rebellion The rebuilding was overseen
against Qing rule. He by the Ming general Qi
An army of peasant Jiguang, who wanted to
rebels led by Li declares himself king of the keep out the Mongols.
Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. It
Zicheng, a former Ming
official, captures Beijing takes 14 years to crush the
and overthrows the last rebellion, and 20 to 30 million people

Ming emperor. die during the fighting.

Li Zicheng declares
himself emperor of the
Shun Dynasty. Ming ceramics

Qing Dynasty The Ming Dynasty is famous for milky

Claiming to avenge the dead blue and white porcelain, which they
emperor, Manchu invaders from produced on an industrial scale. The
the north overthrow Li Zicheng imperial kilns at Jingdezhen made
and establish a new dynasty, enough porcelain to supply not just
the Qing. The new Shunzhi the whole country, but the rest of the
Emperor orders Chinese men world. In the West, porcelain became
to adopt the Manchu hairstyle, so identified with the country that we
shaving their heads and wearing still call it china.
a pigtail. In China, the Manchus
are resented as foreigners.

169

450 Four elements Chemistry

bce Greek philosopher Empedocles Chemistry is the study of the matter that makes up
(495–430 bce) claims everything is
made up of differing amounts of four our world. The foundations for this branch of science
elements: earth, water, air, and fire. were laid in ancient Greece, as philosophers began
This theory is believed right up until to explore the properties and reactions of different

the 17th century.

substances. Following the discovery of atoms,
today’s chemists are able to study
substances in incredible detail.
1778

Gas and fizz

English chemist Joseph Priestley
(1733–1804) presents his discovery of
oxygen, carbon monoxide, and nitrous
oxide. He invents the first carbonated

fizzy water after seeing a reaction
between gases at a local brewery.
Amazing atoms 400 bce
1772
Greek philosopher Democritus (460–
370 bce) states that everything is
made up of tiny moving particles

known as atoms, meaning “indivisible”
in Greek. This marks the start of the

atomic theory of the Universe.

Clay pieces Fixed air
Democritus thought that
a piece of clay split into Scottish chemist Joseph Black (1728–1799)
smaller and smaller shows that a gas called “fixed air” is
pieces would eventually exhaled by people. Made of one part
become so tiny it
couldn’t be divided. carbon and two parts oxygen, it becomes
known as carbon dioxide.

“Chemistry begins in the stars. 1754

Atom The stars are the source of the
chemical elements, which are
the building blocks of matter
900 and the core of our subject.” Boyle’s Law

Peter Atkins, English chemist, 1940– Irish chemist Sir Robert Boyle (1627–
1691) studies the behavior of gases

under pressure. At constant
temperatures, he discovers that
increasing the pressure on a gas
squeezes it and decreases its volume.

Early alchemy 1662

Arab scientist Al-Razi (854– Low pressure High pressure
925) completes experiments on
and carefully observes metals,

classifying them into groups.
He studies alchemy, an early
form of chemistry that explores
what substances are made of
and how they can be altered.

170

Elements list 2016 New elements
Atomic bond
Known as “the father of The periodic table receives an
modern chemistry,” French American scientist Linus update with the inclusion of
chemist Antoine Lavoisier Pauling (1901–1994) four new elements, officially
(1743–1794) studies and names completing the seventh row.
oxygen. He compiles the first explains how the number Nihonium, Moscovium,
list of chemical elements (pure of electrons in an atom’s Tennessine, and Oganesson
substances that cannot be outer shell affects the way are among the heaviest
broken down into anything it bonds with other atoms. elements ever found.
else), in what becomes the first
Crystal structures
true chemistry textbook.
British chemist Dorothy Crowfoot
Teamwork New designs 1945 Hodgkin (1910–1994) uses X-ray Nh84 Mc115
Marie-Anne Lavoisier Lavoisier made his 1803 beams to study the arrangement of Nihonium
was also a chemist. own equipment to atoms inside different solids. She Moscovium
She contributed to her study chemicals in Po117
husband’s work. closed environments. works out the structure of Tennessine Og118
1869 medications and proteins, helping to
1954 Oganesson
Atomic theory Carbon improve healthcare.
atom
As scientists continue to
experiment with gases, English

chemist John Dalton (1766–
1844) advances atomic theory
by proposing that each element,

or pure substance, has a
different type of atom.

Carbon dioxide
A compound is a mixture of at least
two different elements. Carbon dioxide

is formed by carbon and oxygen.

Atomic model
An atom has a nucleus
full of protons at its
center, which is orbited
by electrons.

First periodic table Mendeleev’s table Splitting the atom
Each element is
Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev positioned according New Zealander Ernest
(1834–1907) creates the first to the size of its atoms. Rutherford (1871–1937) works
version of the periodic table of out the structure of the atom and
pH scale splits it apart. Inside the atom’s
elements. It is so accurate that he The pH scale ranges from nucleus, he proves the existence
leaves gaps in the right places for of protons—subatomic particles
0, very acidic (red), to 14,
elements still to be discovered. very alkaline (purple). with a positive charge.

1909 Acid test 1917 171

The pH scale to measure acidity is invented
by Danish chemist S.P.L. Sørensen (1868–
1939). pH stands for “power of hydrogen”
because acidic or alkaline levels depend
on hydrogen ions—particles produced by

atoms that are electrically charged.

Indian dance The story of dance

According to Hindu myth, The urge to dance is as old as human life. People Secret dance
dance is a gift from Lord danced to honor their gods, to celebrate important
Brahma, the creator god. He moments, or simply for the sheer joy of it. Many Forbidden from following their
inspires scholar Bharat Muni styles of dance have emerged over the centuries, own customs and traditions,
to write the Natyashastra. evolving from, and combining, traditional dance African slaves living in Brazil
This ancient book describes steps. Some forms of dance, such as ballet, take develop a dance they call the
the elements of Indian many years of training. capoeira. Combining martial
arts with music and dance
classical dance.
allows them to secretly
c.200 bce practice combat moves.

The tango The galliard c.1600
Classical ballet
Ballroom dancers around Popular at royal courts
the world are thrilled by the throughout Europe is a lively Swan Lake is first performed at the
tango, a close-contact dance dance with kicks, leaps, and Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow, Russia. It is
originally from Argentina and hops, called the galliard. Queen choreographed by Marius Petipa and
Uruguay. Like many dance Elizabeth I of England is said features typical elements of classical
styles, it blends African and to dance six galliards every ballet, such as turnout of the leg from the
morning in order to keep fit. hip, high leg lifts, and dancing en pointe.
European influences.
1500s ce 1895

Modern dance 1923
The Charleston
American Isadora Duncan, a
pioneer of modern dance, creates After featuring in the musical theater show
Runnin’ Wild, the Charleston—a quick,
a sensation by performing
barefoot and wearing a simple energetic dance with swinging arm and leg
tunic. Her free, flowing dance movements—becomes an instant success
movements are supposedly
based on classical Greek dance. with the fun-seekers of the 1920s.

1913 1900

Ballet outrage African highlife

A new ballet, The Rite of A popular new style of dance
Spring, causes a near and music, known as “highlife,”
riot at its first performance emerges in the dance halls of
in Paris. It stars Russian
dancer Vaslav Nijinsky and West Africa. Influenced by
has music by Igor Stravinsky. American jazz music,
The audience is outraged by
the daring choreography and it combines Western dance
steps with local rhythms.
shocking sounds.

1913

c.1920

172

Court ballet Social dances

King Louis XIV of France, who In European high society, men and
is himself a ballet dancer, women dance side by side at balls,

establishes the Royal Academy seldom touching. They perform
of Dance in Paris to train dances such as the minuet, which
dancers. At this time, male has intricate steps. Such dances
dancers are the leads
in ballet performances. are often based on traditional
country dances.

1700s c.1775

1661 The waltz Flamenco

Ballerina The craze for the waltz, The first written accounts
originally from Vienna, of flamenco, the traditional
Marie Taglioni dances the ballet Austria, spreads rapidly dance of Andalusia in southern
La Sylphide “en pointe” (on the through the ballrooms of Spain, date from this time.
tip of the toes), and shortens Europe. It causes great These routines involve hand-
the length of her skirt to show scandal because couples clapping, singing, and guitar
off her footwork. Over time, this dance face to face, with music, too. The origins of
the man’s arm around the flamenco may be much earlier.
skirt style becomes even
shorter, and is known as a tutu. woman’s waist. Salsa

c.1840 1832 c.1800 Originating in the Caribbean
and brought to New York
Tap dance Do the twist City by immigrants from
Puerto Rico and Cuba,
In the US, metal is attached The twist becomes the first salsa evolves as a modern
to the toe and heel of the worldwide teenage dance craze freestyle dance that mixes
shoes to create a tapping after singer Chubby Checker’s African, French, and
sound. Tap dance fuses two Spanish dance steps
rock and roll song The Twist and music.
traditions: an African- reaches the top of the charts.
American dance called juba, Dancers swivel their hips as if
drying their backs with a towel.
and the Irish jig.

1970s

1933 1960 c.1972
Bollywood
Dance in film Breakdance
Lively dance routines on a large
American dancer Fred scale feature in Bollywood films On the streets of New York City, young African
Astaire partners with Ginger Americans and Latin Americans create a style
Rogers in Flying Down to Rio, from Mumbai, India. They called breakdancing. They improvise complex
the first of 10 musical films combine the classical dance routines to hip-hop music. Fancy footwork is
traditions of India with the disco
they make together. They combined with daring leaps and headspins.
bring Hollywood glamour to dance styles of the West. 173

the world of dance. c.2000

The Golden “If you had fought like
Age of Piracy a man, you needn’t

have died like a dog.”

Anne Bonny, last words to “Calico” Jack

according to A General History of the Pyrates, 1724

During the 16th century, the ports and the seas The Pirate Round
between Europe, Africa, and the Americas teemed
with ships, many of them loaded up with valuable The Indian Ocean is
treasures. The rise in seafaring trade led to an relatively pirate-free until
increase in piracy. Ships and towns were raided for
bountiful booty, and cutthroats, swashbucklers, and Thomas Tew decides
criminals sailed the seas in a Golden Age of Piracy. to sail around the Cape
of Good Hope in Africa to
BEFORE Safe haven End of privateering plunder in a route that
became known as the
Piracy wasn’t always a crime. In 1557, Pirates are invited to make Some greedy privateers get Pirate Round. His success
England’s Queen Mary gave sailors Port Royal in Jamaica their out of hand, breaking the leads many other pirates
known as privateers permission to rules set down by their
attack and raid enemy ships. They home base, giving their governments. The Dutch to follow in his path.
shared their proceeds with the crown. protection to the town. officially suspend any
Explorers often pilfered treasures to Soon it is packed with privateering in 1673, and
bring home. By the early 15th century, pirates, and described as the English in 1680. The
the vast amount of valuables carried the richest and wickedest French follow in 1697.

across the oceans attracted city in the world.
seafaring criminals.

c. 1620 1657

1670 1673 c.1693

sicnrlkMHaaa1iSprmle6olgstm7rpueigar1rsai,sanetgbHpndscerhiialfenteoweynganrrideimtidnnhrsstgityodhahmtaciieshMtabkseWlsnleekosyaPenefdrasaleecegtnepeoerasaitrsnrm..nahdnHtia-pee 1690

HawcfoTiibopstoonihmui.rTrrwdTactbheutchofyeesgBoaeoshaFfrndrwue,wbroeeoeaoacemonfntrrfruicdcbpnsttlhhhedgla“taboeecwctnnuuhFisokescieeernsollceacmt.gektanonl—encrdmehooeenfr” Jolly Roger

The black flag with a
grinning skull is hoisted over
a French pirate ship while it

is being chased by an
English navy vessel. Raising

the Jolly Roger becomes
the terrifying signal that a
pirate attack is underway.

1720 1724
1718 1713

1701 1722

16Os9HuanEccge5evocaeoneliglrfnesbyrotscsheiytllndftedecauitniaoeEsalnwgdpmarnIvonspinsdreraeoadaplsstdtmieirdiaeo’tlsavhyansenermer,asphirHnlsoiawprmgeuaslifinebtttraaeharcjneyiemhsdhcshiuits.lilnpoHifoot,fe,nrabtnuuntPer.KivWiadtdfeaaieslbtrltrIreinteiacuhadasralmissna,susehanpBrpdaKesOoirnchpbitwtcigesriioadporeeeesaidvnaldrd,etoyefa.neuaiaKnl,noelWdlbidoffdLferutnlidgiouldetilgnionxiaintwsdultasmddhtriostocreyihninawebTigtdannhheceaea1k7frnmo0idnre1a,shllRitsoiver. A General History
noefpwwuctotrirniikmtngo,ateitcshnawoqedEluusaAtnnahTovmgtbeehlglebaeioDisTsvlnrfeuseitdcrpsrtses,aeciorFaarshaviarits.lcaeyboBetynrrrbuy.itsctnoeteeogotbr,wusryPfitteaooUenrrntyetuSnrgedpaalc,inh, t of the Pyrates
a Rackham’s
fearless females This fascinating history book
wwfgonosTDihtuavwrehcinessaaoeIetdsnkcnryaefssdhhkacre,iatsbmsmrknhne,etntooldwffeotiouovoha.2wsreAifde0dsnpsmeBBhsliaoraaelruaasnliltsnatdsgwiBeksohi,ceelhitEeabtosthkcsndrb.rakhawibaboibvidlymauleaeersladdalyrrdd packed with daring deeds and
Scourge of the seas “Calico,” a colorful cast of flamboyant
Jack Rackham’s crew, pirates creates a sensation on

includes Anne Bonny and its publication. One of the
Mary Read, female pirates authors, Daniel Defoe, went
who eventually lead the bad on to write Robinson Crusoe.
bunch in one battle. Rackham
is captured and hanged in Bartholomew
Roberts
1720. The women are
imprisoned, their final Welsh pirate “Black Bart”
fate unknown to this day. Roberts dies in a battle at sea.
Legend says he was the most
Pirates of East Asia
successful of any pirate,
Where there is treasure, there are pirates. capturing more than 470
Ruthless raiders also brought terror to
the seas of China, plundering ships and vessels in his lifetime.
attacking coastal towns. One of the Historians call him the
most legendary pirates was Ching Shih last of the great pirates
(1775–1844). The widow of a pirate king,
she commanded a vast pirate army, of the Golden Age.
laying down a brutal code of conduct
worthy of any pirate commander. She
even took on China’s own navy.

175

THE AGE OF
REVOLUTION

1750–1914



The Age of Revolution

Between 1750 and 1850, the world was transformed. The US War
of Independence was the first in a series of political revolutions in
which old governments were overthrown and new nations formed.
During the Industrial Revolution, people left the countryside and
flooded into towns and cities to work in factories. The steam
engine and electricity transformed people’s everyday lives,
and offered new modes of transportation such as trains and cars.

1756–1763 1775–1783 1788 1804
The Seven Years’ War between Thirteen colonies in North America A fleet of ships carrying convicts Napoleon Bonaparte declares
Britain and France in Europe spreads break away from British rule in the and their guards lands in Australia himself Emperor of France,
to colonies in North America. US War of Independence. to start a British colony. leading to the Napoleonic Wars.

1755 1769 1789 1803
A devastating earthquake James Watt’s invention of a more Peasants march on the Bastille The US doubles its territory when
destroys almost two-thirds of the efficient steam engine paves the it acquires land from France in
city of Lisbon, capital of Portugal. way for the Industrial Revolution. prison in Paris, kickstarting the Louisiana Purchase.
the French Revolution.

The United States Factory work Australia The French Revolution

Thirteen colonies in North With the development of Britain sends convicted criminals The French people rose up
America rebelled against British factories and new technology to Australia (see pages 196–197) against their monarchy. The
rule, leading to a revolutionary to establish colonies there. The French Revolution (see pages
war and the founding of the US that powered the Industrial first colonists land near the site 200–201) led to a period known
Revolution (see pages 194–195),
(see pages 190–191). working lives were transformed. of modern-day Sydney. as the “Reign of Terror.”

178

Stephenson’s Rocket

George Stephenson’s steam
locomotive Rocket won the Rainhill
Trials, a competition held in 1829
by the Liverpool and Manchester
Railway company in England to
find the best locomotive design.

1815 1831 1861–1865 1884–1885 1903
Napoleon is defeated at Many American Indians die in a The issue of slavery causes a A meeting between Europe’s most The Wright Brothers’ historic
the Battle of Waterloo. forced march to new territories civil war in the US between the powerful nations marks the start of manned flight begins the
known as the Trail of Tears. northern and southern states. major colonization in Africa. history of aviation.

1811 1858 1867 1893 1912
A revolution in Venezuela is the first of a Britain takes direct Three provinces in North America New Zealand becomes the The RMS Titanic sinks
series of uprisings that will see the end control over its unite to form the Dominion of first country in the world to with great loss of life on
of Spanish rule in South America. territories in India. Canada within the British Empire. give women the right to vote. its first and only voyage.

Latin America US expansion The US Civil War Colonial Africa

The people of Central and South As the US gained more territory, Southern states attempted to Competing for access to the
America fought for independence pioneering settlers moved into break away from the US over the continent’s resources, a number
from Spain (see pages 206–207) issue of slavery. A devastating civil
in a series of conflicts that saw the the new lands. This led to war followed (see pages 222–223), of European nations took
conflict with American Indian control of most of Africa
end of Spanish colonial rule. peoples (see pages 214–215). ending in victory for the North. (see pages 224–225).

179

The Enlightenment

In the 17th and 18th centuries, European thinkers
began to question traditional religious and political
teachings, believing that individuals should draw
their own conclusions about society and nature.
They conducted scientific experiments and wrote
many books and essays, and their ideas directly
inspired the American and French Revolutions.

Age of Reason Laws of physics Basic rights Science of plants

French philosopher René English mathematician In Two Treatises of Swedish scientist Carl
Descartes publishes Isaac Newton’s Principia Government, English Linnaeus devises a system
Mathematica describes his philosopher John Locke of plant classification that is
Discourse on the Method, in ideas on the laws of motion argues that people possess still in use today. It means
which he argues that reason and gravity. Newton’s work certain basic rights such as that scientists in different
(conscious thought) is the the right to life, the right
source of all knowledge. His transforms people’s to own property, and the countries can be certain
understanding of the right to rebel against an that they are describing
starting point is to doubt unjust government.
everything, even his physical universe. the same plants.
own existence. 1690
1687 1735
1637

Man of letters Will of the people Founding father Wealth of Nations

French writer and In The Social Contract, Thomas Jefferson drafts Adam Smith publishes The
philosopher Voltaire French philosopher the Declaration of Wealth of Nations, the first
(whose real name was Independence. His modern book on money
François-Marie Arouet) Jean-Jacques Rousseau matters. Smith is a leading
completes his best-known challenges traditional views ideas concerning liberty,
work, Candide—a story that government, and the rights figure of the Scottish
criticizes some of the of society by arguing that Enlightenment in Edinburgh
philosophical and political laws are strong only when of individuals are deeply at a time when the city is a
they are supported by the influenced by Locke,
ideas of his day. center of scientific and
will of the people who Montesquieu, and other philosophical debate.
1759 must live under them. Enlightenment thinkers.
1776
180 1762 1776

“Dare to use your own
intelligence! This is
the battle cry of the
Enlightenment.”

Immanuel Kant, An Answer to the Question:

“What is Enlightenment?,” 1784

Human nature Useful knowledge Separation Encyclopedia
of powers
According to Scottish Future president Benjamin In France, Denis Diderot
philosopher David Hume Franklin founds the In his Spirit of the Laws, compiles the Encyclopedia,
Charles de Montesquieu
in A Treatise of Human American Philosophical of France argues that the a mammoth work
Nature, all knowledge Society in Philadelphia with attempting to catalog
the aim of “promoting useful duties of government all knowledge. It is 17 books
comes from the knowledge” and spreading should be split into different in total and contains
experiences of our thousands of articles by
senses, instincts, and Enlightenment ideas in branches to keep a small
feelings, not from reason. North America. group of people from the leading French
thinkers of the day.
1739 1743 gaining too much power.
1751–1765
1748

Idealism Chemistry The female citizen The Rights
of Woman
In The Critique of Pure French nobleman and Playwright and feminist
Reason, German thinker scientist Antoine Lavoisier’s activist Olympe de Gouges In A Vindication of the Rights
of Woman, English feminist
Immanuel Kant asks Elements of Chemistry publishes a pamphlet writer Mary Wollstonecraft
challenging questions lays the foundations for during the French calls for educational reform,
about how we think and the modern study of the
how we know things. subject. However, in 1794 Revolution declaring that arguing that if girls were
He believes that nobody women are equal to men allowed the same education
he is executed by and have the same rights
can say for certain guillotine during the as boys, it would benefit
what reality is. French Revolution. of citizenship. She is all of society.
executed two years later.
1781 1789 1792
1791

181

THE GREAT LISBON
EARTHQUAKE

The disaster that shakes Europe

On the morning of November 1, 1755, Unsuspecting citizens
the people of Lisbon gathered in the city’s
many churches, chapels, and cathedrals On November 1, 1755, the Roman
to celebrate All Saints’ Day. Meanwhile, Catholic population flock to the churches
deep below the waves of the Atlantic and cathedrals of Lisbon. They are in
Ocean, an earth-shattering force was a celebratory mood as they mark
about to unleash a series of events that All Saints’ Day in the capital of the kingdom
would leave the city devastated. of Portugal. After midnight mass, King
Joseph I of Portugal leaves Lisbon with his
“First we heard a rumble, like the noise family to celebrate outside the city. At
of a carriage, it became louder… until it 9:30 a.m., the morning mass is underway
and thousands of people gather in the
was as loud as the loudest noise of a religious area of Lisbon. Across the city,
gun, immediately after that we felt the solemn offerings are presented and
ceremonial candles are lit to honor the
first tremble.” saints of the Roman Catholic Church.

Christian Staqueler, The world shakes

in an account of the Great Lisbon Earthquake of 1755 At 9:40 a.m., the first of three earthquakes
shakes the city. Buildings crumble as
thousands of churchgoers panic in the
mayhem. Over the course of the morning,
two more earthquakes hit the city. The
second, more powerful shock lasts for
three and a half minutes, followed less than
10 minutes later by a third. Shaking is felt
as far away as North Africa, more than
400 miles (600 km) from Lisbon. The
center is built on soft soil, so the quake

instantly destroys the foundations of the Stillness returns God” to punish the sinful. However,
city. Large cracks up to 13 ft (4 m) wide tear as Lisbon starts to rebuild, people
across the streets and the religious heart On November 6, a stillness falls over struggle to understand why so many
of Lisbon collapses, killing thousands of the city, the fires burn out, and the churchgoing people had suffered,
celebrating churchgoers. People flee survivors of the disaster return to count and they can’t explain what their citizens
through the shuddering streets, heading their dead. Around 60,000 citizens of had done to deserve such dramatic
toward the seemingly safe harbor to seek Lisbon are estimated to have lost their punishment. Some scholars across
refuge on departing boats. lives in the catastrophe. The earthquake Europe start to question the cause of
was so strong, it was felt throughout the devastation and discuss earthquakes
Waves of destruction Europe and North Africa. The quake as “natural disasters,” which leads to
was also destructive in Morocco, where the beginnings of the scientific study
The people of Lisbon gather at the harbor approximately 10,000 people were killed. of earthquakes, known as seismology.
and witness a curious marine event. The The church proclaims the disaster “an act of
sea withdraws away from the city, revealing
sunken shipwrecks scattered across the
exposed seabed. Intrigued, more people
gather to watch the strange phenomenon.
At around 10:30 a.m., a 16–32 ft (5–10 m)
ocean wave called a tsunami suddenly
rushes toward the crumbling city. A
series of devastating waves arrive with
tremendous impact, flooding the harbor
and city streets, and drowning the crowd.
Overcrowded boats traveling out to sea
and up the Tagus River capsize as the
ocean surge swells the river, killing even
more people.

Fires rage

As Lisbon crumbles and floods, the
religious candles in churches and homes
tumble with the falling debris. Fires start
to break out across the city. Broken
buildings block the network of narrow
streets and prevent the survivors
from putting out the growing
flames. Soon the fires spread
and build into a searing inferno
that rages out of control for five
days (from November 2–6).
More than two-thirds of the city
of Lisbon is destroyed.

The Great Dying Toba supervolcano Entombed in ash Lisbon earthquake

The worst mass extinction in The Toba supervolcano Mount Vesuvius in Italy erupts, A catastrophic earthquake
Earth’s history—the Great Dying— erupts in Sumatra, blasting burying the town of Pompeii in ash hits the city of Lisbon in
and killing thousands. Centuries
occurs just before the Age of 672 cubic miles (2,800 Portugal, triggering tsunamis
Dinosaurs. Around 95 percent of cubic km) of rock into the later, the site is rediscovered. and fires that cause further
the planet’s species vanishes over sky and cooling Earth’s Hollows in the ash are filled with devastation. The city is almost
a period of about 80,000 years. climate for up to 10 years. It completely demolished and
plaster, revealing the dead. 60,000 people are killed.
The cause is a mystery. is the largest explosive
volcanic eruption in the last
252 millio
rs ago 25 million years.

66 million years ago 74,000 bce

c. 1640 bce 7

ce
9
n yea

1775 1815

1556

Dinosaur extinction Greek tragedy Record earthquake Year without summer

An asteroid at least 6 miles (10 km) Much of the Greek island of The deadliest earthquake on Mount Tambora in Indonesia
wide hits the Yucatán Peninsula in Thera (modern-day Santorini) is record hits northern China, erupts, expelling vast dust clouds
Central America, blasting rock into destroyed by a massive volcanic killing about 850,000 people.
the sky and blocking sunlight for eruption. The city of Akrotiri is The death toll is very high that lower global temperatures
years. Nearly all large animals are by 5.4°F (3°C). Crops fail to grow,
buried under ash, and the because the traditional
wiped out, including all types of eruption triggers tsunamis and dwellings in the area are causing mass starvation. The
dinosaur except birds. artificial caves excavated following year, Europe and North
earthquakes that devastate
surrounding islands. from loose, dusty soil. America experience a “year
without summer”, with heavy
snow in June, July, and August.

“It takes an earthquake
to remind us that we
walk on the crust of an
unfinished planet.”

American journalist Charles Kuralt

184

Storm surge Natural disasters

A massive hurricane hits the The forces of nature that shape our planet can be spectacular
village of Coringa on the coast in their destructive power. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions,
of India. It causes a disastrous tsunamis, and hurricanes have occurred throughout history,
storm surge, raising sea levels and their unpredictable fury reminds us that we are small and
by 40 ft (12 m) and submerging vulnerable. But history also shows that these natural phenomena
the land with seawater. Around only rarely clash with human populations on a disastrous scale.

300,000 people are killed. Loudest eruption

Two-thirds of the island of Krakatoa in
Indonesia is obliterated by a volcanic
eruption that can be heard more than
3,000 miles (4,800 km) away, making

it the loudest eruption in recorded
history. More than 35,000 people die.

18 93 1883
1906
1876 China floods
Famine in China
Heavy rain causes three major
A prolonged drought in rivers to flood 70,000 square
northern China leads to miles (182,000 square km) of land
three years of failed crops in China—an area about the size
and widespread famine. of Florida. Between 1 million and
At least 10 million people
4 million people die.
die of starvation—
about 10 percent of the San Francisco 1931
earthquake
local population. 1925 1960 2004
More than 80 percent of the
city of San Francisco is

destroyed by an earthquake
that kills 3,000 people and
renders most of the city’s

population homeless.

Chile earthquake Asian tsunami

The most powerful An earthquake on the
earthquake on record seabed off the coast of
Sumatra sends a series of
hits Chile. It lasts tsunamis across the Indian
10 minutes, kills several Ocean, causing devastation
thousand people, and in Indonesia, Malaysia,
leaves 2 million homeless. Thailand, Sri Lanka, and
Tsunamis caused by the India. More than 280,000
quake hit Hawaii, Japan,
people are killed.
and the Philippines.

Tristate tornado

The deadliest tornado in
US history carves a 151-mile
(243-km) path of destruction

through the states of
Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana,

killing 695 people and
destroying 15,000 homes.

185

The story of music Japanese court music

Music around the world is as varied as the people who Officials from Japan travel to China to
populate it. European music developed during the learn about its culture. The Japanese
Middle Ages, but other traditions can be traced to much blend Chinese court music with Korean
earlier dates. All forms of music are used to express and other Asian styles to create their
emotion, to mark religious ceremonies or important own classical orchestral music, gagaku.
events, and, above all, as a source of pleasure.

230 c.500

ce

c.800 600

bce

Indian ragas Gamelan Religious music

The Indian classical music An Indonesian gamelan orchestra consists of The rise of Christianity
form, the raga, is first metallophones (tuned metal bars) hit with mallets, spreads music throughout
Europe. Plainsong (a single
referred to in the Upanishads hand-played drums, gongs, and xylophones. unaccompanied melody
(ancient texts of Hinduism). Gamelan music is played in traditional ceremonies with free rhythm) is sung in
church services. Music is
Ragas are particular patterns and on formal occasions. learned by ear and is largely
of notes, associated with performed from memory.

certain moods and times of day.

1894 1920s – 1950s
1930s
1934

Modern music Jazz Age Umm Kulthum Rock and Roll

Frenchman Claude America’s new music, jazz, Egyptian Umm Guitar-based popular
Debussy composes becomes more popular. It Kulthum sings in the music, known as “Rock
Prélude à l’après-midi d’un is a blend of African and and Roll,” emerges in
faune, which is considered to be the start European styles, and first broadcast on
of modern Western music. His works use features improvisation, Radio Cairo. Her the US. It makes big
new kinds of harmony, and create moods where performers each expressive vocal style stars of performers
and atmospheres, like the art movement play the music in their makes her one of the such as Bill Haley & His
known as Impressionism (see page 142). own unscripted way. most popular artists of Comets, Elvis Presley,
the Arab world. and Chuck Berry.
186

Johann Sebastian Bach Ludwig van Beethoven

German composer Bach is considered one German composer Beethoven
of the greatest of the Baroque era. Music of writes his Ninth Symphony, which
this period is dramatic and powerful. Bach
revolutionizes this type of
is the master of “counterpoint,” where orchestral piece by including the
different melodies are weaved together. human voice. Despite being totally

Chinese opera deaf, he conducts its first Clara Schumann
performance. He has to be turned
Emperor Xuanzong founds Influential German Clara Schumann
the first opera school in China, around to see the enthusiastic is one of the most respected pianists
applause from the audience.
called the Pear Garden. of the Romantic era. She has a 60-
Today, opera performers year career at a time when women
(which include singers,
musicians, dancers, and rarely perform in public. Works of
acrobats) are still known as this period are longer, richer in
“Children of the Pear Garden.” sound, and full of emotion.

c.1400– 1762
1600
1824 1819–
730 1896
1685–
1750 Wolfgang The stave
Amadeus Mozart
The Renaissance The stave is a set of five
Gifted Austrian pianist Mozart horizontal lines that Western
Music in the West begins a concert tour of Europe at composers use to write their
becomes more complex, the age of six. He becomes one of music. Notes are placed
with two or more melodies the leading composers of the either on the lines or in the
sung or played at the same Classical period, in which music spaces in between.
has a new simplicity. His many The position determines
time (“polyphony”). works include the operas Don how high or low the note
Developments in Giovanni, The Marriage of Figaro, is (“pitch”).
instrument-making, and and The Magic Flute.
the availability of printed
music, allow more
people to play music.

2016

2018

1963

“Beatlemania” Beyoncé Multitalented
musician
British pop group The Beatles Pop singer Beyoncé’s popularity
attract huge crowds wherever makes her the highest-paid black British composer Kerry
they go, and 73 million musician in history. Her album Andrew specializes in works
people watch them on Lemonade encompasses a for the voice, experimenting
The Ed Sullivan Show. range of musical styles, with the different sounds that
Fans often scream such as reggae, hip hop, it can make. She also sings
and faint at their and funk. She and the in a folk group and plays in a
concerts. album win many awards. jazz-influenced band.

187

Imperial Russia

Under the Romanov family, Russia gained a
vast empire, stretching from Alaska in the west
to Poland in the east. But compared to natio n sAOftefdrfNeAiWraacaelrcetnpeeptohexudvesor,nabrorteaalfnsneeyrslvsrttiedronmo.ialntaeeTrngulnytndireihdttcfidiIoosrefoe’vcsoaWomfycnazformwsirasamadcuful,nlorreetdst,seDmshirrmNnhtdrsewatosgeeeih,acgnidcnelntchoeahodbo1srreandcyel8aatmshrrts2f.ohysTIleb5—.lehnedeeRrtWweruderasarveCrisOnetfaioedaartgraRt,liTysoatamueumifttnsrtdhroesksaeeimmetinn1aawBy18’ptEs.thnre8hTtmim5ieatenha5Wkpi3Cgelidinni6trret–dae,aeoimFcres,ryslrisfiesa.eneeanaiisnznctegoef,
in western Europe, Russia was stuck in the
past—its economy was based on peasant
farmers, and there was little industry.
Although some czars tried to
modernize Russia, failure
to reform led to revolutionary
movements that eventually
toppled the dynasty.
fcniotPeTcyueihawtnnehpSesid1rattceiIe7.s’atalds0ty4Po3bd,of0o,fif1yee0sRtag7SPtu0tpo1.eehsrt0virsio2Peienrrnscealt1tnhabae7hiarmn2eubsmied5rt,benGtatturdg.hrnhetegBea,st.y1177966P2raol–esfaRLonuiartdsnwihCsmwfaidizueFenanSaasCorrdghltsrnliiut1eelePToiarh1,m8euceznwret1seii8eotBlkeza5nsna0.reeehCtelgsiIpy5gI,atIaenR,ara–CltharuNuuthaaseisestsGhsF,pssyrpshrliowlemesitoaetfaenenGeury,rolicovlreisseihanan’rdadsnsmitlde.ieeNfoemiIrssaetInanta.aphdaosoilnwoteffilnedcecrgR.eeoo.frunuResoiFlNnusUaicitetas.nriagspydiWneiohaealsnrrtteisdhd,oAsrlennsi’aensngxwwi1atan8nciN1hdni2atenorpgIt,ohleeon

PPmgmeeRieomtttieunvletihasertreorsnIiaorindriandbtsayntugentshohccfechpeeoeeeee.smdmdnpBoHGeudWeaiesrlrcmetiinioascennrtgt.c,izcaeaaorrSHntrm,nteneeaaaap.ksinoendwsger
1 1678225–

The Imperial Crown

From Catherine the Great (1762) until
Nicholas II (1896), every czar wore the

Imperial Crown, decorated with 4,936
diamonds, at their coronation.

188

189

“It is better to begin to abolish World War I
serfdom from above than to mR(CkpsAuezibuaAnusanefrgsssfr.tgetdiANaoarironissfaiEhcsmGhdaua,he)eResrno.oafrdIullemtaopdsaEissemsaotta-isinfsawm3s.yttbB.ihi5e’ndsPleydavemframio1a-ua9iwdrrlstelmm1eeisao6dlsiryeyna., ,r
wait until it begins to abolish IUnndodfueiFnrsdiSntuwaersnroitgacrreikeaflipoi,ilnWizRzrrgoeeuaiWitjcdgsettel,tscnatieRc,ihtosaaiMlrsnneesue,nwivogsMiradfsjneoirrtnraesiasdbiaswatnavripthtepseamngeneahw.ienlcfndirncWmoeeltadeliidhpynnteoaidhssthmteruxtrt,atpbeesiireJpinfnJA’y,loisornaafcaoalsatarlipnuac(toiRpadihdatpsfcoes)auiunaro.alirms.eelntTsnsuaio,iilhnndaifaer,stefiwtunsoetga. lring1891930– 3poBeeuSpalSlet1rtcoro.oc9aePt1otlhgfdei0eu9oeesidtlen4et0swar.ysrosnN–5sofodfSobiricnkrrumehueprdogrouanissl,rpar’ecsJdlomsioaasanaIalumtIv1ransrayei9cekilnsulhneo0gitswati,n.5bisrnuyt
M19aC1ytmrhe7wzceaaaorhrcrcrRskaaNkahieonneppiuvcfgdriintostRhaatdg.loohullA,relejmtRysaomfi,ottseiaeadenonOnIn1rreIntvtdb9otamhicshnBrovbeo1teteogor7dfroalawalrNustwu3riabktcrrhlioi0eocelsiotaeieOtrshzo.0vhintkuotoercoeiepekpsulstdadsosrrpnttbsi,sbsaraiiysiInice,nnrkIneotrdageytimRnzhls(maedelmeatvpeehtTTuoeomrishnlrshwubeifkhstaeeeinBtoomrroptonsBdiwbo.)llusy.ylonirhCtaiinelaczrsgevsaaihrlktahpsneea, avrtyik, s
itself from below.”
Czar Alexander II,
March 30, 1856

th1e9sw1trieRa4tr,touhtees2p.se,soeifRrBmctaiWuslelaentesilelnssocwEietJ.onuead’rtmeeJsgeppineJadrwo1ienwegis8nrsfzwl8fooelsa1arretdmbatgeseb,neaygd-iwtscnhhcitkeacolehebde 1914–
1918

tprhe“eosIrRnIsRIeiuueravsstr1seFoshlssei8soitiflnufilir8astii1octocRncrsoaltawcltufiinmasiyeunaossnnrrdcginatgsot”oseihruiiAonsslfteas,itiiriuergnersxAcoelasml.e,ateliefapneTxootwodrdihan.sheenmeorobdIsdy.In’ers
11889814–
1881

Birth
of the US

The American Revolution (1775–1783)
came from growing tensions between
the residents of the 13 colonies (see
pages 160–161) and their British rulers.

The colonists were unhappy about
British taxes and felt that the
government didn’t respect
their rights.

Crossing the Delaware Saratoga Molly Pitcher

On Christmas night, George Washington A turning point in the Revolutionary War, There is a legend that a woman called
leads boats across the icy Delaware River the second of two Battles of Saratoga Molly Pitcher brings water to the American
sees British forces surrender. France wounded on the battlefield at Monmouth,
to launch a surprise attack on German enters the war, and will recognize US
troops fighting for Britain. Their victory independence with an alliance in 1778. New Jersey. Mary Ludwig Hays may be
gives the Continental Army new hope. the real woman behind this legend.

September December June October April June
1776 1776 1777 1777 1778 1778

Submarine attack! Stars and Stripes Dollar sign

In the one-person submarine Turtle, Sergeant The Second Continental Congress The dollar sign $ begins to appear, possibly as
Ezra Lee tries to attach a bomb to the hull of adopts the Stars and Stripes flag. an abbreviation for pesos used in trade with
British admiral Richard Howe’s ship in New Its 13 stripes and 13 stars represent the Spain. In 1792, the US will start producing
York Harbor. Lee can’t drill through the ship’s the first dollar coins.
thick hull, and the bomb explodes harmlessly. 13 colonies.

190

Founding Fathers General Washington Independence

Representatives of the colonies, including The Second Continental Congress names On July 4, the Second Continental
George Washington, John and Samuel George Washington as Commander of the Congress votes to adopt the Declaration
Continental Army, which will become the of Independence, which announces that
Adams, and Patrick Henry, meet as the First foundation of the US army. The first major
Continental Congress to set out their battle of the war takes place at Bunker Hill. the 13 American colonies now see
complaints about British rule. themselves as independent from Britain.

March September April June January July
1770 1774 1775 1775 1776 1776

Boston Massacre Lexington and Concord “Common Sense”

In Boston, a mob of unruly American colonists The first conflicts of the Revolutionary Patriot Thomas Paine writes this
attacks British soldiers, who then shoot and War take place in the towns of Lexington anonymously published essay in Philadelphia,
kill several people. This inflames anti-British and Concord. British troops try to capture and arguing in favor of American independence.
destroy the colonists’ supply of weapons, but
feeling, giving the patriots (who oppose the colonists have been warned of the attack. Every rebel against British rule gets a copy.
British rule) a boost of support.

Yorktown American Constitution New capital

After a stalemate in the north, the Representatives of the 13 American Washington commissions French
battlefront moves south. British forces states meet to approve an official architect L’Enfant to design a grand city
surrender at Yorktown in Virginia, trapped to become the capital of the new nation.
by French warships off the coast and Constitution. Called “the supreme law of
overpowered by the Continental Army. the land,” the Constitution establishes The city is named Washington in the
the government of the United States. president’s honor.

July October September May January July
1781 1781 1783 1787 1789 1790

James Armistead Treaty of Paris First US president
Lafayette
This treaty formally ends the Revolutionary US representatives vote unanimously to
Born a slave, African-American War and sets the boundaries of the United elect George Washington as the first US
Armistead works as a spy for the president. In April 1789, he will take his oath
Continental Army. He will help them States. Britain agrees to recognize US in New York City, the capital at the time.
to secure a victory at Yorktown. independence, and British troops leave

for home.

191

Crossing the Delaware River

On December 25, 1776, George
Washington led his troops across the icy

Delaware River to deliver a surprise
attack on Trenton, New Jersey, captured
in this iconic painting. Washington hoped
that a quick victory would boost morale

within his army following a series of
defeats during the Revolutionary War.
Despite the dangerous conditions, they
crossed successfully and marched into
Trenton the following morning, achieving
an important victory over the troops

fighting for Britain.



Seed sower Steam engine

Jethro Tull’s mechanical seed Scottish engineer James Watt patents
drill permits large-scale planting a steam engine that is more efficient
in neat rows. This innovation is than existing machines. As well as

part of the wider Agricultural draining water from mines,
Revolution, in which new farming Watt’s engine can be used in iron,

methods and technology are cotton, and paper mills.
used to increase crop
1769
productivity across Europe.

Spinning jenny

James Hargreaves, a British carpenter and
weaver, invents the spinning jenny. The
machine spins more than one ball of yarn
or thread at a time, making it easier and
faster to make cloth.

1701 1764

Child labor Trains Mining

Britain’s first Factory Act British engineer George Stephenson wins A series of innovations allows
improves conditions for children the speed contest on the new Liverpool to coal to be mined on a bigger
Manchester railroad with his steam engine scale than ever before, providing
working in factories. Now,
children cannot work until they Rocket. In this year, the first 51 miles more fuel for industrial
are nine, and the number of hours (82 km) of railroad track in the world machines and
older children can work is limited. transportation.
Children who are 9 to 13 go to is laid down in Britain.

school for 2 hours each day. 1829 1815

1833

The Industrial Revolution

One of the most important periods of change in human history was the

Industrial Revolution. This was an exciting time of machines and

manufacturing that transformed the way people lived and worked.

It brought developments in technology that revolutionized

farming, factories, and travel. These changes began in Britain

in the 1760s and rapidly swept across the globe.

Town life

1846 The results of the British census
show that, for the first time, more
people are living and working in

towns than in the countryside.

Sewing machines

American inventor Elias Howe
patents the modern sewing
machine. Now, clothes can be

made in large factories, meaning
that people no longer have to
make clothes by hand.

194 1851

Factory towns Canal mania

British industrialist Richard Arkwright Originally built to transport coal from mines
builds a village to house workers for to Manchester, England, the Bridgewater
his cotton spinning mill in Cromford, Canal is extended to connect to Liverpool.
The success of this long-distance canal
England. It eventually includes a
school, market, and church. kicks off a period of construction
known as “canal mania.”
1771
1776
Power loom

British inventor Edmund Cartwright builds
the first power loom, a weaving machine that

is driven by water instead of workers. It is
later powered by the new steam engines.

Worker riots

Textile laborers attack
factories and destroy the
machines they fear will

replace them.

1811–1816 1785

Safety lamp Mines Act
1815: The Geordie lamp and the Davy lamp 1842: Britain’s Mines Act bans
are created. A piece of gauze covers the women and young children
lamp’s flame, preventing explosions. from working underground.

Dynamite
1867: Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel
invents dynamite, which provides a
safer way to blast holes in mountains or
the ground rather than simply lighting
black powder. Dynamite is important in
clearing paths to build things such as
roads and railroad tracks.

1875 Night shift Power stations

Worker health American inventor Thomas Edison creates a light bulb The first central electrical power station
that lasts longer than other designs. Edison’s light is completed in Deptford, England, due
Britain’s Public Health Act requires
the government to ensure bulbs allow factories to continue operating after dark. to increasing demand for power in
industrialized central London.
that housing and sewer systems
are clean and safe.

1879 1889

Aboriginal
Australia

Australian Aboriginal people have one of
the oldest continuous cultures on Earth. They
were relatively undisturbed by outsiders until
Europeans landed in the 17th century.

c.63,000 bce First humans 50,000 bce Dreamtime
The first inhabitants of Australia The new settlers are hunter-
arrive by boat across the sea gatherers that live in groups with
from Southeast Asia. They take shared culture, beliefs, and art.
advantage of the sea levels Their core belief is that the land
being much lower at this time.
dates back to creation in
an ancient period called

the “Dreamtime.”

45,000 bce Megafauna 45,000 bce Rock engraving
More than 85 percent of Aboriginal engravings are found
Australian megafauna (huge on rocks in Murujuga, featuring
mammals) have been wiped ancient pictures and symbols of
out in Australia by this time. animals, figures, and ceremonies.
It is likely that humans prey
on them, but a change in 38,000 bce Didgeridoo
climate about 70,000 years The didgeridoo is invented in the
ago may also have contributed.
These creatures included Northern Territory of Australia.
tortoises as big as a small car It is believed to be the world’s
and carnivorous kangaroos. oldest musical instrument. It is
41,000 bce Mungo Man
The oldest human remains ever played by blowing into one end
discovered in Australia were of of a long tube to produce deep,
an ancient hunter from the
southeast coast who is given resonant sounds.
the name “Mungo Man.” Mungo
Man’s body was carefully laid Aboriginal rock art
out, the earliest example of
Aboriginal burial traditions. Aboriginal artists have painted images from their
lives and mythology on rock for tens of thousands
8000 bce Uluru of years. Red pigments are made from iron-rich clays,
Aboriginal people start to live and are brushed or blown from the mouth to color
around Uluru, a great rock in the the rock surface.
Australian desert. The rock dates
back 600 million years, and it is
revered as a sacred site by
Aboriginal people.

196

Settling in Australia The colonization
of Australia
Life for both jailers (on the left) and convicts (on the right)
was tough in Australia, especially in the early years of The first Europeans turned Australia into a jail—
the colony. At the end of a convict’s sentence (which a place for British convicts to serve time. In the
was usually seven years long), they were given a Certificate process, Aboriginal inhabitants of the land were
of Freedom. This meant they were allowed to leave to mistreated, a legacy that is still felt today.
return to Britain, or stay on the colony and start life anew.
Many decided to stay, and as the colony grew, it offered
them a better standard of living than they could have
hoped for back in Britain.

1606 First Europeans
Dutch explorer Willem Janszoon

becomes the first European to
set foot on Australia. Another
Dutchman, Abel Tasman, sails
around it in 1642, but mistakes

it for another place. Tasman calls
the continent “New Holland.”

1768 Cook’s orders
On the orders of the British
government, James Cook
sets sail on his ship Endeavour
to explore the area.

1787 First Fleet 1770 Records and maps
Britain decides to send its While the Endeavour is anchored
convicts to Australia, and the First in Botany Bay, Australia, botanist
Fleet of 11 ships sets off for the
new continent. It lands a year Joseph Banks records new
later, near modern-day Sydney. species of plant and animal life.
1789 Deadly diseases Cook maps eastern Australia for
European diseases decimate
Aboriginal people, who have no the first time, and claims the
immunity to them. Within the first land for Britain.
century of settlers arriving, 90
percent of the Aboriginal 1788 First contact
population will be wiped out by Conflict erupts between Europeans
disease and conflict. and Aboriginal people almost from
1851 Gold rush the start. The Aboriginal people will
Life is looking up for the colonists
when coal miners discover gold. be forced into hard labor in 1810.
The population grows and From 1822 onward, renewed
becomes more prosperous.
1976 Land rights violence will end in hundreds of
The government introduces laws Aboriginal casualties.
that recognize the Aboriginal 1824 Australia
system of land ownership,
meaning some land is handed The name New Holland is
back to them. officially replaced with
“Australia.” The country

achieves independence from
Britain on January 1, 1901.

1905–1968 Stolen children
Children of Aboriginal descent
are forcibly removed from their
families by the government and

Church and given to white
families. The policy causes
untold suffering to Aboriginal
people. The government will

issue an apology in 2008.

197

THE STORMING
OF THE BASTILLE

A revolution begins

During a summer of unrest in 1789, thousands of angry
French people crowded around a fortified prison called
the Bastille in eastern Paris. The Bastille’s governor held
firm in his towering stronghold, but the tense standoff
turned into a violent battle that would kick-start the
French Revolution and end the King’s reign.

A symbol of terror In the early morning of July 14, a mob of including defecting French troops. A battle
commoners loots the Hôtel des Invalides, begins as the mob storms the building,
In 1370, during the bloody conflict known searching for weapons. Unchallenged, the bolstered by several cannons. The Marquis
as the Hundred Years’ War, the French mob leaves with thousands of rifles but de Launay, sensing defeat, threatens to
king Charles V reinforces Paris’s walled very little gunpowder, rendering the light his stock of gunpowder and blow up
defenses and builds the imposing Bastille weapons useless. A soldier tells the mob the Bastille and most of Paris, but the
to guard the capital’s eastern approach. about the 250 barrels of gunpowder revolutionaries call his bluff. At 5:00 p.m., as
Over the next 400 years, the towering delivered to the Bastille, so the mob the Bastille’s garrison switches sides, the
fortress becomes a prison for high-ranking marches 2.5 miles (4 km) east to the prison. fortress is lost and the governor surrenders.
captives and develops a reputation for The Bastille—for years a symbol of tyranny
torture and terror. A firm standoff and terror—is liberated by the victorious
masses. The few prisoners that were
Summer of rebellion In the late morning, the mob surrounds imprisoned are released as the mob loots
the Bastille and demands gunpowder the armory and gunpowder stores.
In the summer of 1789, France is in and weapons. The prison’s governor,
turmoil as taxes rise and food is in short the Marquis de Launay, stands firm inside Not a rebellion… a revolution
supply. French commoners—people the heavily defended stronghold. The
who are not members of the aristocracy— 120 elderly soldiers of the Bastille’s The Marquis de Launay is transported to the
demand political change. In angry garrison position themselves around Hôtel de Ville to stand trial, but en route he is
opposition to the nearly bankrupt King the ramparts and prepare to man the captured by the furious crowd and is beaten
Louis XVI, they form a revolutionary 18 cannons. Delegates from the swelling and killed. King Louis XVI doesn’t hear of the
organization that they call the National crowd of commoners surrounding the uprising until later in the day. In August 1789,
Assembly and demand changes to the Bastille are turned away by the marquis as the National Assembly abolishes feudalism—
French constitution. the angry governor refuses to listen to the a social system that gives the aristocracy
mob’s demands. By early afternoon, with control over commoners. On September 3,
The search for gunpowder frustration and impatience spreading 1791, King Louis XVI is forced to agree to a
through the crowd, a small group of raiders constitutional monarchy, limiting his powers,
On July 11, 1789, Louis XVI dismisses the gain entry into the prison’s courtyard. but this lasts only a year. In September
finance minister Jacques Necker, who is 1792, France is proclaimed a republic, its
seen as sympathetic to the revolutionaries. The governor surrenders power held by the people instead of the
French troops move into strategic positions monarchy. The transition to a republic does
around Paris as the monarchy tries to Fearful of losing his grip on the fortress, not go smoothly, and France descends into a
reinforce its grip on power. On July 12, the the marquis orders his men to fire on the dark period of further uprisings and violence
Bastille receives delivery of 250 barrels of invading force. The gunfire angers the known as the Reign of Terror.
gunpowder. Meanwhile, around Paris, crowd, and more people join the assault,
rioters raid armories and weapon stores.