200 The French Revolution
France experienced troubled times during the 18th century,July 14, “Liberty, equality,
as the divide between the rich rulers and poor peasants grew1789 fraternity!”
wider and wider. King Louis XVI was the target of national anger,
with riots and marches on the streets. This eventually led to aJune 17,Slogan of the French Revolution
bloody revolution that saw the country move from more than1789
1,000 years of royal rule to the formation of a new republic. National Assembly
Storming of the Bastille After King Louis XVI refuses
to give the common people
A mob of angry French rioters attacks power, a group establishes
the Bastille prison, a medieval fortress itself as the National
Assembly. Its members are
in Paris. They release the prisoners angry with the wealthy ruling
and take the prison’s ammunition. classes for letting the rest
This event marks the start of the of the population struggle
French Revolution. and starve. They start holding
regular meetings to plot the
king’s downfall.
Bread riots October 5, Equal rights
1789
High grain prices cause The Declaration of the Rights
small-scale bread riots August 26, of Man is written, which states
in France. About 7,000 1789 that all men are equal under
armed female protesters law. This landmark document
march on the Palace of June 20, becomes an important legacy of
Versailles, calling for bread 1791 the French Revolution.
to feed their hungry October New radicals
families. King Louis XVI 1789
gives in to their demands. The most radical leaders
of the French Revolution
King’s capture form the Jacobin Club, led
by Maximilien Robespierre.
The National Assembly Inspired by the US Declaration
abolishes the ruling of Independence in 1776,
this ambitious politician is
classes. Under cover of determined to topple the king
darkness, King Louis and create a new republic.
XVI and his wife Marie
Antoinette try to
escape, but they are
seized and imprisoned.
Reign of Terror September January 21, Republic replacement
22, 1792 1793
The Jacobins take over The government abolishes the
the government, as the July 28, monarchy and charges the former
former king is executed at 1794 king with treason. History is made
as France becomes a republic, with
the guillotine. Marie November 10, a new republican calendar and
Antoinette will be executed 1799 standard system of measurements.
nine months later. Many Date with death
thousands of enemies of
the Revolution are also killed. As the public become sick
of Robespierre’s brutality,
Emperor Napoleon his rivals arrest him. He tries
to shoot himself but only
Military leader Napoleon manages to shatter his lower
Bonaparte takes charge of jaw, and is later executed at the
France and becomes First guillotine. His death weakens
the power of the Revolution.
Consul. The French
Revolution is over. In
1804, Napoleon crowns
himself emperor of
France and starts to
wage war across Europe.
The guillotine
Introduced in 1792, the guillotine was
used to behead about 17,000 people
during the French Revolution. This
death machine was named after Doctor
Joseph-Ignace Guillotin, who wanted
executions to be as quick and painless as
possible. Public executions by guillotine
became a gruesome form of popular
entertainment, drawing huge crowds
of spectators.
201
Medicine “First,
do no harm.”
Medicine began almost 10,000 years ago, when our
prehistoric ancestors practiced crude forms of Hippocrates, c.400 bce
surgery. Later, the ancient Egyptians used honey in
the belief that it could heal wounds, and created Lady with
artificial body parts from pieces of wood. Today, the lamp
technological developments and our advanced Florence
understanding of the body have redefined medicine Nightingale was
and could save the lives of millions of people. known as the “lady
with the lamp.”
Avicenna Hearing heartbeats Bloodletting Nursing pioneer
Persian scholar The first stethoscope is a At this time, it is wrongly British nurse Florence
Ibn Sina, better basic wooden tube created thought that having too Nightingale sees soldiers
known as dying from disease rather
Avicenna, by French doctor René much blood causes than injuries in the military
publishes The Laënnec to listen to illnesses, so doctors use hospitals of the Crimean
Canon of Medicine. bloodsucking leeches to War. She reforms hospital
This textbook is heartbeats and breathing. remove blood from patients. care, improving survival
adopted by many Two earpieces are later Hospitals in London use rates. Nursing becomes a
medical schools and added to the original design. 7 million leeches a year.
remains one of the most new profession.
important works in the 1833
history of medicine.
1025 1816 1854
400 bce 1796 1818 1849 1859
Father of medicine First vaccination Blood transfusion First female doctor Germ theory
Hippocrates is the most English doctor Edward When British doctor James Many medical schools turn Instead of bad air being the
celebrated physician of Jenner intentionally infects a Blundell transfers blood Elizabeth Blackwell cause of infections, French
ancient Greece. He is the from a donor to a patient
young boy with the mild (1821–1910) down on the microbiologist Louis
first to suggest that disease cowpox to make him using a syringe, it is the first basis of her gender, but she Pasteur shows that bacteria
diseases aren’t caused immune to the killer disease successful blood eventually graduates from
by the supernatural, and smallpox. This is the world’s Geneva Medical College as and other microscopic
stresses the importance first vaccination, bringing an transfusion. Unfortunately, germs cause disease. He
many of the earliest the first woman with a soon develops vaccinations
of a healthy diet and end to smallpox in 1979. medical degree. against the deadly diseases
regular exercise. transfusions caused the
death of patients. anthrax and rabies.
202
Surgery 1860s First antiseptic 1890s Sterilization 2014 3D-printed skull
Surgeon Joseph Lister cleans Infection rates drop when surgeons Dutch doctors replace half
A series of groundbreaking wounds with carbolic acid, start boiling their instruments to of a patient’s skull with a
moments in the history of stopping infections. remove bacteria from them. 3D-printed plastic version.
surgery has resulted in 1846 Ether
operations becoming much Dentist William Morton finds the 1967 First heart transplant
safer and more comfortable chemical ether can make a Surgeon Christiaan Barnard puts
for patients. patient lose consciousness. the heart of a traffic accident
casualty into another patient.
Penicillin Body scanner First IVF baby Stem cell advances Cell division
Stem cells
Scottish scientist Alexander The first full body The first baby is born Scientific research reveals have the
Fleming is studying bacteria scanner is designed by following in vitro that stem cells can be potential to
fertilization (IVF). grow into any
in petri dishes when he American professor altered to become different type of cell.
spots mold growing there. Raymond Damadian. England’s Louise Brown types of cells. This
The magnetic resonance is the world’s first “test-
This mold had killed the imager (MRI) scanner tube baby,” born from an breakthrough provides the
surrounding bacteria, and creates a picture of the potential to transplant stem
this first antibiotic, known as body’s internal workings embryo created in a
penicillin, is mass produced using the principles of laboratory dish. cells to treat a range of
magnetism, allowing it to blood and bone diseases.
by the late 1940s. help identify diseases
and trouble spots.
1928 1977 1978 1999
1895 1965 1981 2015
Growing kidneys
Medical X-rays Battery-powered Nanoscale technology
defibrillators Scientists grow a
German physicist Wilhelm The Scanning Tunneling functioning kidney in a
Röntgen discovers energy In the 19th century, scientists Microscope (STM) is invented by laboratory and transplant it
waves he calls X-rays that found that an electric shock German scientists Gerd Binnig into a living organism. Tests
pass through skin but not can start a stopped heart, show the replacement
bone. X-rays are still used to leading to the invention of the and Heinrich Rohrer. This kidney works successfully
locate broken bones and defibrillator—a device that invention allows scientists to work in rats and pigs, but further
spot problem areas inside at the nanoscale, moving even the research is needed for
passes an electric current humans to receive artificial
the body. through the heart. In tiniest atoms.
1965, British doctor kidney transplants.
Frank Pantridge
designs a 203
defibrillator
small enough
to fit inside
ambulances.
The Napoleonic Wars
Having become Commander of the French Battle of Austerlitz Feeding armies
army in 1796, ambitious officer Napoleon
Bonaparte led his nation into the French One of Napoleon’s greatest victories In 1795, Napoleon offers
Revolutionary Wars and sought to take occurs on December 2nd at Austerlitz (in a financial reward for
control of Europe. Britain and France signed the modern-day Czech Republic), where
the Peace of Amiens treaty to end the conflict. 68,000 French troops beat the combined budding inventors to find
When France failed to keep the agreement, a way to preserve food
Britain declared war in 1803, marking the start forces of nearly 90,000 Austrian and for his army. A French
of the bloody Napoleonic Wars. Russian troops. confectioner claims the
prize in 1809 for his
design for sealed bottles.
A year later, British
merchant Peter Durand
patents the tin can.
Emperor Battle of Trafalgar 1810
of France
At this naval battle off the 1806
As the French Republic southwest coast of Spain
comes to an end (see 1805
page 201), Napoleon on October 21st, the
announces himself the French and Spanish navies
new emperor at the
Notre Dame Cathedral are beaten by the British
in Paris. This historic navy, led by Admiral
moment sees Horatio Nelson, who dies
Napoleon become the while fighting. With the
first Frenchman to take French navy greatly
the title of emperor for weakened, France can’t
invade Britain.
900 years.
1805 European Empire
1804 Much of Europe is now
controlled by Napoleon and
the French army. After 1,000
years, the Holy Roman
Empire (see page 98) finally
ends as France conquers
Italy and parts of Germany.
War horses
Huge numbers
of horses were
used in the
Napoleonic Wars.
204
End of Peninsular War 1821 Napoleon’s life
1814 sees the end of a six-year Bitter end Like the wars he waged, Napoleon’s
war, in which the French fought personal life was turbulent and testing.
the Spanish, Portuguese, and Failed invasions and He divorced his first wife and spent two
British for control of the Iberian battles result in long periods in exile. His ambitions drove
Peninsula. French defeat at him to military success, but ultimately
the Battle of Vitoria in 1813 Napoleon being sent ended in failure.
eventually leads to into exile for a second
the end of the war. 1796 1769
time. He spends six Rising through Napoleon
1815 years imprisoned on the ranks, he Bonaparte is born
the remote island of St. soon becomes on August 15th in
1815 Helena before his death. Commander of Ajaccio, on the
the French army. island of Corsica
1814 off France.
1804
1812 Declaring 1796
himself emperor Napoleon marries
Hundred Days of France, he
introduces the socialite
The Hundred Days sees Napoleonic Joséphine de
Napoleon and a small army Code to give Beauharnais.
head for Paris to overthrow new rights to
the poor. 1805
King Louis XVIII, who 1810 Napoleon is
had been restored After ending his defeated at the
to the throne in 1814. marriage to Battle of Trafalgar,
Joséphine, he but achieves one
Invasion Battle of marries Marie- of his greatest
of Russia Waterloo Louise, daughter victories at
of the Austrian
Napoleon launches a The Napoleonic Wars emperor. Austerlitz.
disastrous invasion finally end at the Battle 1815 1811
of Russia, so other At the Battle of
countries declare war of Waterloo, near Waterloo near Napoleon’s son is
on the now weakened Brussels. Napoleon’s Brussels, born on March
France. Napoleon will Napoleon is
be sent into exile in 1814, army is beaten by defeated in the 20th and named
only to escape and return the British and Prussian last military Napoleon II.
to France seeking control battle of the 1821
of Europe again. armies. King Louis Napoleonic Following six
XVIII returns to the Wars.
years in exile,
French throne. Napoleon dies
on May 5th.
“Death is nothing, but to live defeated
and inglorious is to die daily.”
Napoleon Bonaparte,
letter to General Lauriston, 1804
French cavalry Battle square
French soldiers, in blue British soldiers stand in
and white uniforms, a tight square formation
charge against the for defense.
British troops.
205
South American
independence
In 1800, almost all of South America was ruled by Spain and Portugal.
However, when those two nations were invaded by the French emperor
Napoleon I in the early 1800s, their rule in South America was weakened.
Demands for independence increased, and by 1825, most formerly
Spanish countries in South America had become independent
nations, and Brazil was no longer part of Portugal.
MA MHeMiexdxeaiixSclcgiapcaoinnaoM,nilp1ne(ew8r)arx.i1ehdeiH1ci,sscveabtah,nuoiMscritiselnoetitgvhrdnxuoueeetlielepcntwldueuinatenbresdyfd.oernce
1810FreVeicdMtooaSOrimpyp’HúaantiffgrtidoesgheheeirnssrBscCuC,ealaehhntc.tiCitnllBio,eeldhbueeofeienrrlefponctaraemoynrnm’dsdooefefisrInrsttithsrheuler.Army ofodrefaaitgnsyhirdoeiAenAnpbrRdg,aeiegitvenrlhprstenoedeodrAtuniUfPenepdBrncalapoegilo,tatnfUeeeleriAtvder.(nunirmatPgghd)treou,aoiendantvteytniiihn,nrancceian-eiernscHchgoooolwoelagsseBpoevisonvFeteltehírrovs,areatn,hnhalrmeicednfVaioesdirendrencnmgBetpoe.roiuVnasdzlbí)ueewvrlieeiancMnhplraViscuienreohabznronlecieuncdvizta(oeiuzalaeeulfanlnotaidsor.rmnSiasiomrefieóssn
the Andes 1816
206
José de San Martín leads an
army of 3,500 Argentinians on a
25-day journey over the Andes
mountains into Chile. They win
the Battle of Chacabuco against
Spanish forces and will go
on to take Chile’s
capital, Santiago.
1817
1818
1811
aisnrVdfeierBnsnaotemplzívCrueGeaeodsrrlliabaAoGdsn,emenSeraacaidnizbnmdonteedi.amasóCGcE,(nfeoopPrcrsoBnlrauoaemtinoatmrsnsaoldeíVvbmlonaCeoiartarnf)-,,.odcNeIrtazleouyowsemslaestbotihae
1819–1821
1825 BaAtsntetdolceeanociAnmooidsytdufia-avecicknAehueS-vcycsluaiochactrmthogrocee,emrh,ugrySBiagSepfconohnpalhdreíainvn,Prnoaiwasetirslhhis’rsnhuelpseaoAraarivnsdmeoderyner aesat.rn.Hdehis 1822 18agd2Aichaenfo1iitcmneMdm–ilMssarAs1eemtroaeg8extevplahuhsifec2nxesaceiortdtr3rtSisídnohnecbpi-wrrneddafoaoodcnewnenfuoeeiItnsgmtpndhuhheieencer,tnbMmsa1wedi8draepeam2exernr3,eyircco,,1peoah8ru..na2bHds0liec–.1822CaJomsPéepdrfauerebirSegeyassnsMnitsehMatfateahoraftncerírrncoatwíepmPwnaaicrtiieymCltnaoihbvlorhn,ydeaLputirltrdieianeoamewuntacsiaeonsfo.osnd,mAt,lrheoSsBpeafalovPennilteníovergrauttrhhf’s.erom
CSruectahrSeetoilliaoubastentshreSaASoptppmerafaeasrennBanUiratsiiseopcmhhapArloee.teimurdIvprtoteuPBbipoarbeeoopiclcrsilsciuavotl,eaiimbannay.evdA1se8lilsS26o.uth 1824
KhbisanainodgcdnkhbJePotoeproewhueedPnlneneBrovdoV,lierbverIttrieouona,ndcgcfgrzoePeuaiimcnllofe.llrHrBaioBtnruermgeragalszeeaPziBamllio,,lv.rgwrpPaetoeuhzseergiodlhos’surirsoe. ,se
1836
207 AaoOSdmfSropnemtpfehalpmylCriaietinatcaunthchfaibsinieonanabtnitCaonyaticltialrSnnfyseorodepiatrrbanuancbPbtklneaeuceehinseaaoaeShdrnnvstooddheoieusnarheRnltsmnaahdisdnicsteosodstds.ost.
Trains Wagonways Early locomotive
Trains have come a long way since early Basic railroads called English inventor Richard Trevithick
horse-drawn wagons. The first railroads wagonways are used for the develops the first steam locomotive. It
were short links between neighboring first time in European mines carries 70 people and nine tons of coal
towns. Over time, they extended their to transport heavy rock and along a railroad track at 5 mph (8 kph).
reach across nations and continents. coal. Carts are pulled along
Whether going deep underground or 1804
overhead on monorails, rail is now one of wooden rails by horses.
the world’s top modes of transportation.
c.1550
Steam demon Epic railroad The Orient Express
The speediest steam train ever, the Completed in 1904, Russia’s The most famous passenger train
Mallard, reaches a record-breaking Trans-Siberian Railway becomes in history makes its first direct
126 mph (203 kph) in England. It will the world’s longest rail system. The journey from Paris in France to
route from Moscow to Vladivostok Istanbul in Turkey. It becomes a
travel nearly 1.5 million miles (2.4 stretches 5,772 miles (9,289 km). byword for luxury travel.
million km) before retiring in 1963.
1904 1889
1938
Bullet train Fastest on wheels
Japan’s Shinkansen train service, At a time when most trains are powered
nicknamed the bullet train, opens by diesel engines, France’s Train à
Grande Vitesse (TGV) service uses
to provide a high-speed link electric motors to reach the world’s
between Tokyo and Osaka. The highest speeds for wheeled trains.
332 mile (535 km) trip takes less
than four hours thanks to a top Regularly topping 200 mph (320 kph),
the TGV is both speedy and silent.
speed of 124 mph (200 kph).
1964 1981
208
First passenger trains Stephenson’s Rocket
The world’s first public railroad opens English engineer Robert
in England. The Stockton and Stephenson designs the Rocket,
Darlington Railway carries the most advanced steam engine
of its day. Able to reach 30 mph
passengers in horse-drawn carriages
at first, but these are replaced with (48 kph), it is the first vehicle
steam locomotives in 1833. faster than a horse.
Intercity link
The first intercity railroad opens, connecting
Liverpool and Manchester in England. English
politician William Huskisson becomes the first
person to be killed by a passenger train when
he is run over by Stephenson’s Rocket at the
opening event.
1825 1829 1830
Going underground Fast track
The world’s first underground The renowned English engineer Isambard
rail system opens in London, Kingdom Brunel masterminds the first high-
with wooden carriages pulled speed railroad—the Great Western—linking
by steam engines. It will eventually London with the west of England and Wales.
grow into a 253-mile (408-km) Trains reach speeds of 60 mph (96 kph) on
network under the city. the network, slashing journey times.
Transcontinental
The First Transcontinental Railroad
opens in the US, linking the east and
west coasts via a 1,777-mile (2,860-
km) track. A ceremonial 18-karat
gold spike is hammered into the
track to mark its completion.
1869 1863 1835–1838
The Channel Tunnel Sky high Magnetic magic
The Channel Tunnel opens, connecting the The world’s highest railroad opens. The Qinghai– Maglev (magnetic levitation) trains in Japan
UK and France via three underwater tunnels Tibet Railway runs from Tibet to China and achieve a record speed of 375 mph (603 kph)
reaches a height of 16,640 ft (5,072 m).
bored out of chalk under the English during testing. Instead of rolling on wheels,
Channel. Two tunnels are for trains, while the Passengers are provided with an oxygen supply maglev trains float in the air, held off the tracks
to help them breathe in the thin mountain air.
third is for maintenance and emergencies. by powerful electromagnets.
1994 2006 2015
209
1854 1830s 1830s
phot(o tgWirmlolaeiTbpadhieheam,edrCoaHsriscoNgtumwoheeamteraeofwdinntrtsRhsetWfuedasrfrwfrisiaoroesrlslnttrt)-mhleiahetpnnafoiehnd.rrtdseteirfncrtohnofelinctt Penny papers reuwSMpsloahreoTenmiscrsegshpueedlaeantelirctltosatMgotlenenadrgortsnntearmetcsse(repeisolstesesfhia.gnedeHnvriolapndeeetpancsgswhgtteasriewltinnlcth2dldhiars2eeetmdieg6staern)e.ns,csalwheesrlsegehawsaroigactvtesehpoeshr,
Newspapers experience a boom
in the US, as copies sell in the
thousands. The most popular
are the so-called penny papers,
which are affordable daily
newspapers aimed at the
general public.
“Extra! Extra!
Read all about it!”
Newspaper seller’s slogan
1920 Ticker tape
News radio
From 1870, machines printed
A radio station in Detroit, Michigan financial news on long, narrow strips
broadcasts what is considered to be of paper called ticker tape, named
after the distinctive ticking sound
the first radio news show. This made by the print. These machines
triggers more radio stations around fell out of use when televisions and
the world as another global platform computers were invented.
for sharing news develops.
ThbtTehrpoeefirarUelsdesbtSceyvn.anWaesittstneiiotodirhonniLnwtonthgeiwedelneeeepvvleecolnisTorsiwgyinihothboionsvtrmmleboyeyaasntgdsseoicuwlnriaffystsfs.seitnrswinpigitrh,itsa Project SCORE AcmswNTaFaeuboeetierrlrsterinlwlctdlseaitnat’oeserbtnrel.lflekaicnibFsrvtue(souhaiwCnswtseubic2Niorssnoh4ynNleCnee-res)enhaska,steobTwtrwmthuslwheVorealiaorNctnfketriheerT.klsewries,tvvdhsiitasehioen CTtuhohlsealeeuu3cdrmfFnno0saircmb0iise$lrhytu5pwwseosnuasonteDtsnlreiwionidnsprhssseptnohaoapanuletnpetiercnUarwttheohmSersceraa.pihitnTcreaauhchproteeogeefsme.rsse
1939 1980
The US launches Project
SCORE, the first
communications satellite. By the
1960s, communications satellites
will be able to transmit TV
broadcasts from major events,
such as John F. Kennedy’s
funeral, around the world.
1958 1976
210
1792 1791 17th century 1440s
fihdnoFitenrirosvegmeadneililcdlofiiwtfnhpaeaeosrirrSnyermotdvnhecfesstehonmptaimshltonloteamaodsrmtipCptulceiaontalthapotninceuwhosabrdoesttreeroir.oeesmC“nsswhsoyp.iavsetTheptlelhdp”mies rUFetwTShgpriheuoetChearpeotorFrtannuehdinerstsesttowbseitgt.esmeAuoTistnovmhioegrtioeshnrscnnefih(semdsaftntrmerehheseeneeeoeoptndrr.epaitogpdigtmnhorebitoetoyt1hno9fses1s) TSthathrepFeaptfsinilherarbesearsoxtcgrDuttnaear2ueln-glllt0fewoc,oedFsyhrvwmrpeaepaaarabnusrpEtrcbsopenue,liraenrs,aoidihwesnppswtsp1ehhep6sr.eeipa0Inrenfpat5stier1pe..s6dFert,1ori8nsr, pamtGpytprphuihneetGeltenpiennterrbsgimwnPecctsraaihgnrnanegidtniabnpeapetvvrreeeiiuansrnssp,estageiosd.ndTrtpdrhJthaoemoritseehsme.mpasaornanesvnksaaeedbssle
sdmsyeusavctsTeielcthlmaaoeectsp,iProPspsonoelosaasrrscsspDaihinotalaoigassnrntihhlueagousslmtsgrihempseeeeerrpev-rrvraooimcoinurevcpdtCeeite-roys.erri.tdcuhHaeseirrsry Pigeon post Town crier
The first news broadcasts are from
town criers. These people ring bells
and call out “Hear ye” to share the
news. This role becomes essential,
because most people at the
time can’t read.
11th century
Pigeons, which were first
domesticated by the ancient
Egyptians, are used to carry
messages home from Baghdad in
modern-day Iraq. This helps speed
up long-distance communications.
540 bce 11th century ce
opmmipnvojoCoeiicevordTureeoninserhtmancnsooeibnoanzseorellma,eniniessacltslmmeibtnnnciaodlooe.aonjSnfnlngboyltehptesoehoudalw,naceirumcrecosiinpnine,mtwagilti.nozegaeietareashlnndsieas, tm aanmsynowacesbpohwtiWprvleCneessereNaei.arhswmTaNpangehspniboeitlordsiswecoermac2ganavto4atelviaimon-enaahnineniezroylsasasauy,tbtgnitkrimlohodlennoeneoeuvb.ftwwiaioaralnssrt e Spreading the news
2000s
As empires expanded and civilizations spread,
2011 people tried all kinds of methods of spreading
news, from messengers on horseback to town criers.
The invention of the printing press made printing
much cheaper and gave people national news in
daily newspapers before both television and radio
brought the news directly into their homes. Thanks
to today’s technology, such as communications
satellites, cable TV, and the internet, global news is
now accessible 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
211
Engineering Chand Baori
Building large and complex structures such as bridges, In the arid region of Rajasthan, India,
tunnels, and skyscrapers would be impossible without builders construct the world’s
engineers. An engineer uses scientific knowledge and largest stepwell. Its 3,500 stone
mathematical calculations to ensure that buildings can steps are arranged in a regular
support their own immense weight, keeping them stable geometric pattern and descend
and safe. As history demonstrates, well-engineered 100 ft (30 m) into the ground,
buildings can stay standing for centuries.
providing access to a dependable
supply of water and cooler air.
WesnouTgoabhidw(dn3efeaceossa4ynawtlsryUoammrAticprcononsayisnmaeldaqyrltFiGinlphsrousrodardLrgaeraanet1fsTi’yse6ranrdo9etocltdheic0mg3untifo,mte1errienclyetr8pffy8rh.Rgtsiotassiol,ds0eel(0toi)6p4forlhc.iauomtP00noN9enoae3arfn00tgînalomgmnuwlohdu3eensafelpn)aseeesrdlenittltasRsntrodabeeno1gysodnlgurgdLlfbssrssmiraiaoltoneuyedtenraeuenonmdcstnGesnhdugther.EeednoiIeaantmdnaPnsrgrmso1.tp,ad,n0iuitrt0erd.0yuncweeaehrnitlcyghohei1pnT7isSeem0henece0orsvaiwlesnstineetrgonnpiErnmlaRinddrarIogi’iasvvrrnletvaiofde.iernr.unspldC,atai,tolBcwlrycntashorsfs,reinitoedd-rsiamee1rigsocr7ihetthneso8sdpobopria1sfrefadinedcbwn1e-egus8sdc2hTseiiorl.ig85dcahtmnrhiwFemna9RpirwgnsnRceiolldesliiaocfnmirlaoooptlcacmelnrmranoeurhesya4ttrlrmwetaettna1niievh,cErniasneybtedees1gheideciutn1ah2tiEfsoadaoniojb4altof.fPrCitne0nhfofpseti1fontneshehe.ua8aetahorltTerhiealtl,wnrnm0nstcTTdGahu1dasdncufoo3,otecto9Gro’iwuosptlro8wpeehtus0esulrpwidMmxrtrttmtt(ei0nneohbmrohtah8’pesoreiiteenyssrnvqety,oeeai8nttnwattnesgueruaPsrrdcor5dnn.feaaetlPEatDeanreIl0satesttrtnaiWecyccrsry4fortskCtirtftehhhnbbft,heaiilm5fsymehteaaebieulfo0,ctis)shsrtoanealwi0itaa.leccfnaniryTonen-lmokc,ctfsrsrhdraornieoastei5oessrcnibtn.nnn,umtep5Irnusdarttcecmho0etiniwlrlttsrseudowa0eupdutardtsfio.rcliidhmlneewcTewlntiegaisnhioaieoinltlelgetl1,nohnlo0,so.nEd,0guaate0ryts0,ht. 9th century
bFuraliilOndnkcicPnpeebgraameaotntnnhjowesadearc.enetAPtmedh,tainhevtinnaaartUavehsnmoSqteC2lauvasA02anieprtC08deslnea,as0mentnanhtxd0tihaellit0lc3reil1od,e3aw8aenemnxyosa8tdeceohtrlhaka1Piynpesvr–sadpsaroc1osiitfnfii9.fffonigieccn1eua4aolrtrtfhly
on the first day of operation
and 9.5 million passengers
in the first year.
212
International
Space Station
Bailong
The first module of the Elevator
International Space
Station—the largest crewed
object ever launched into The world’s tallest
space—is put into orbit outdoor elevator opens
around Earth. Sixteen in Wulingyuan, China.
nations cooperate to build it. It ascends a 1,070 ft
(326 m) cliff, giving
Channel Tunnel breathtaking views
over the sandstone pillars
The Channel Tunnel, the world’s longest and gorges of the
continuous undersea railroad tunnel, Wuling Mountains.
opens between England and France. At
its lowest point, the triple tunnel is
250 ft (75 m) beneath
the seafloor.
1994 1998
1931–1936 2002
HcOovoCnelcoTHoarrlhro7ovegewortmeeaevdhsdrieialistlcyorimDroehuDeRnastscaaiaervtermsomkdeernetvartoososotinnefiomrbisA,ltfluhLotwriheairlzdeiektohetUnhwMaSa.a’nestaesdirx., lafnarbodniunmdiisclTtmtlcouhhrofdeeefreaPteshsteateethalmhdcafe,loonpJwaour1os,rAom7.tvr0Aoeilrdd0rfitori’snDaibufghleunai—abscdrgpcai1aehaia,24fsfccrrl0t0oelouia0mnsfs0rTotattlserihv1cafair2eilcr–lonnleo8KaiH2nadsfodshgoli0.ondsioenasslfgrtaslng0eeantntdLdlunKeo7ssdgndcwooemsedo—nantdaenghbiirsg-nsasrZiislteedahtangsusdetohtu—faCnsti-hnhceMieronealana,eacn.bcInaetaducrisbti2Btsdl3her0tr4i-ghedsm1eegeta7eiaislye—rletasidfnt(ihc5dbei5raoiwdlkfigmHsoleroa)lsdnnlo,’dgsansng.
librjamohruaiielrevMlnsoes,eonTa(mys9gnrcta,ed2aRaors8kbmwutne9lsreussatsk-osiift-lmaioriVclSoeub)lraadrauiodbdwwibolidlvaemeian1soteyrehs8st.ki,h,rTtsa9obcoeh.ooukn1ewtmn,–5ttonRrhs1,era7,e9lacdi7nt’21issiln6wg ay
The US frontier
Huge numbers of Americans and Europeans
pushed westward in North America looking
for opportunity, adventure, and land. They
were explorers, trappers, traders, and ordinary
people. The frontier ideas of individualism
and self-reliance are still influential today.
1739 Rocky Mountains 1803 Lewis and Clark
Two French fur traders, Pierre Meriwether Lewis and William
and Paul Mallet, make an epic
journey into the American interior. Clark lead an expedition
They are the first Europeans to across America’s rivers and
see the Rocky Mountains. waterways. Their task is to map
1769 Spanish settlements the Louisiana Territory. They will
Junipero Serra, a Spanish priest later be joined by Sacagawea, an
and monk, establishes a string of American Indian woman who will
settlements along the Californian act as an interpreter and guide.
coast, starting at San Diego.
1803 Louisiana Purchase 1848 Gold Rush
President Jefferson buys After the discovery of gold in a
the Louisiana Territory for
15 million dollars from France, stream behind a lumber mill,
doubling the size of the US. fortune seekers from across the
globe head to California. Some
1830s Oregon Trail 80,000 will make the trek in the
The very first wagon trains of
settlers make their way along first year of the Gold Rush.
what will be known as the Oregon
Trail, an overland route across the
Rocky Mountains to the west.
1845 Manifest destiny
“Manifest destiny,” an influential
concept that claims that
Americans are the “chosen ones”
and it is their right to take over
the entire continent, is first used.
1866 Outlaws 1858 Transportation Frontier towns
Jesse and Frank James start The first nonstop stagecoach from
their criminal career with a As more and more people moved westward, frontier
bank robbery. The history of St. Louis arrives in Los Angeles. towns such as Tonopah, Nevada (above) spring up all over
the “Wild West” will be full The journey takes 20 days. In 1860, the west. Land is cheap, but settlers have to work hard, often
of deadly outlaws and their with very little help from the government. Criminal gangs and
run-ins with the law. the Pony Express mail service American Indians loot trains, farms, and towns, and getting
completes its first delivery from basic supplies is always difficult.
St. Louis to Sacramento in 11 days.
1869 Transcontinental railroad
The first cross-country railroad is
completed at Promontory Summit,
Utah. It joins Sacramento,
California to Council Bluffs, Iowa
(itself connected to the
east-coast train lines).
214
The Battle of Little Bighorn Frontier wars
Sitting Bull has a vision of soldiers falling into Almost from the start, relations between
the native camps “like grasshoppers from the sky,” European settlers in the US and American
which inspires Lakota Sioux, Arapaho, and Cheyenne Indian tribes were difficult. Both cultural
warriors. In 1876, they inflict a major defeat on the US differences and the settlers’ insatiable demand
army, led by Colonel George Custer, by the Little for food and land caused conflict. The settlers
Bighorn River, Montana. eventually seized the land, but only after a
series of bloody wars and massacres.
1610 Pocahontas 1622 Powhatan Confederacy
Pocahontas, a Powhatan The Powhatan American Indians,
tribeswoman, helps bring peace
between her people and the frustrated by English demands
English settlers. She marries an for food and land, launch
Englishman in 1614 and travels
to London, England in 1616. a surprise attack, killing almost
1680 Pueblo Revolt 350 settlers. Warfare will
Spanish authorities in New continue for a decade.
Mexico try to stamp out the 1636 Pequot War
Pueblo people’s religion.
The Pueblos rebel, and Settlers kill 500 members of the
successfully plunder Pequot tribe in Connecticut,
the Spanish settlements.
1831 Trail of Tears in retaliation for Pequot attacks.
American Indians suffer from The tribe is practically wiped out.
exposure, starvation, and disease
as they are forced into their new 1830 Removal Act
territories. Their long walk will President Andrew Jackson orders
be known as the “Trail of Tears.” native tribes to move to unsettled
1862 Sioux Uprising land west of the Mississippi River.
Broken treaties, hunger, and
stress cause the Sioux people to A few tribes go peacefully to the
rebel against settlers. They will be specially designated “Indian
defeated, and 38 of them hanged.
territory” across the Mississippi,
but many resist.
1864 Sand Creek Massacre
Tensions between settlers and
American Indians in Colorado’s
plains rise as people pour into
the area in search of gold. The
situation explodes when the US
army and settlers massacre
hundreds of tribespeople in
Sand Creek, Colorado.
1869 Sitting Bull 1890 Wounded Knee
The bravery of Sitting Bull leads The massacre of Sioux people in
him to become the leader of the
Lakota Sioux people. Other native South Dakota marks the end of
peoples, such as the Arapaho the long war between tribes and
and Cheyenne, soon follow him.
settlers. More than 150 Sioux
men, women, and children are
killed, with many more injured.
215
BEFORE The 1848
Revolutions
After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, the Congress
of Vienna creates the German Confederation and
brings harsh rule back to Europe. The conservative
monarchies of Austria, Russia, and Prussia form the
Holy Alliance, making more liberal rule less likely.
January 1848 In 1848, a wave of revolutions spread across the cities of
Europe. Demands varied. In France, protestors called for
January 12 economic reform and the right to vote. In Prussia and
Germany, they wanted a democratic constitution (set of
Uprising in Sicily laws) and German unification. In parts of the Austrian
Habsburg Empire, they demanded independence. Their
Independent state governments promised reforms, but very little changed.
FtoshahlewlonipKhwisneiindntngogeKdpbaioneonmgnmudFobpeefrtnirNhsdtBeiansinoptigsaamlleintanebsdn.aSsdTo”iic,nfh(e“iScilKsayei,cirsnwn1itlg8aiyhn1tBiage5con,hhwSdmihmiilNcblaei”satl)ihnap.bednleeninesnioncoMbkurnldaneayeistmre1ss8deeh4tw“i9sRui,tpeh April 1848
April 10
February 1848 March 1848 RALLY IN
LONDON
Puoplirtoicaar l GERMAN AND
AUSTRIAN RIOTS Votes for all men
February 21 March 13–22 Britain’s working-class Chartist
Communist Manifesto Prince Metternich resigns movement organizes a mass
meeting in London to demand
EGnwaetpgnhrouTemgrrbolhkrsaluyei,innsgitptCghhbhceeoecyaoEdmilraKlpulisgmsnlareosofruLo.lptvnAooMreeinassrp,andtirrctrmMoeoxoevtnnpeaaeo.cnninsWeluoittdfssteauriF.isosgrtrapttnaieoegrinoendeisfasirsntditchhe oCfRphriiaenoaMrpdtnlsiirecaleaipemnsnlesl,Veoncinoirdeatnoen.p,fSnnittAotcaaruelerfoseoeatfsrtrncAiifgdaeiugnaiPshs.ntHrtgriidnniuraagcannneghb-traMareuertdlyeeaetidkddttsseesItrooymanmwuliayctnbn.hinod, ls that all men (but not women)
should be given the right to vote.
Fearing revolution, the
government calls in the army,
but the protest is peaceful.
May 1848
February 22–23 March 18–19 May 18
REVOLUTION IN PARIS CALLS FOR GERMAN UNITY
PFARRALNIKAFMUERNTT
dopeonrAocvttnhtlehaegerersetechtsrrtbrtoohorrevwewineedSgrtKs,setik.hnctSielhgoloiennbLlgddapoineu5eFnoi2rrsseip.nPnTflgeihcrheohioeliffspRrpPhipeoooaeptltreitausisricnbsinoadlituclot. ocGrfrPigegeraahronmttteiienzacasagnottnoininnoarsasntBttiioiitoenounfrnttlasiihanoleel,anputsG,hanbsereiuetaryktmtm.eipnAbarGgfolntyeeotCearrfmsnPottwdnrsauofnpcesrdosdsotaniemaaytrtiaasniestgusoeiore)fsenc.seaat(sranlelntefeoowtr aHtrhtneFoeoGdpocfrmeplirleroresaesmwateksttaienenimntgfpaaCoelttachioivrnoneensnlFfsMisefrbootadairtfeneruGtckrhtrahfieeoautrrinrosemlttvn.fraaoToemtnrhleufGueestonieieooritrrfftnmifamtcsohsaa,rketniioysn.
Revolution BELGIUM Berlin PRUSSIA December 1848
in Europe POLAND
A NEW ERA
The 1848 Revolutions brokAeToLuAt NTIC Paris BEGINS
across a wide area of EuropOe,CEAN
from Berlin in northern Germany FRANCE Vienna December 2
to Palermo in Sicily. This map Emperor resigns
shows the location of the Budapest
revolutions that are mentioned Although never a target of the
on this timeline. AUSTRIAN protestors, the weak Austrian
EMPIRE
Milan emperor Ferdinand I is
persuaded to resign in favor of
SPAIN PAPAL his 18-year-old nephew Franz
STATES Joseph I, who will reign for the
KEY Mediterranean Sea OTTOMAN
Boundary of the Rome EMPIRE next 68 years.
German Confederation
KINGDOM GREECE December 10
OF THE TWO FRENCH PRESIDENT
SICILIES In the first national election
Palermo ever held in France, Prince
Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte,
June 1848 October 1848 November 1848 nephew of Napoleon I, is
June 23–26 October 6–31 November 15 elected president of the
Republic. He promises to
MORINEPTARROIUSBLE OCTOBER ROME UPRISING restore order and prosperity
REVOLUTION
oDpfIfsotnrNahweboryFetatrtoJserhuutSraisetuupoknaetpenuinclcnnrrasneosioestlMe,nowWtitmnadpahDgkkorepRtce.nraolTnkoehotystehpyowthhweoesutenodhbapgupua.elrrioTpscsmopsvrhvttctiyehhrrsoilderoaeiipunnesestusJgmtewiwatsu.nssenenoinantdgrerhetksaeof Minister assassinated to the country.
Street battles in
Vienna gpssmatoahrsvreTionstaeehsrainrsttesno-sdtlsemfPidvairFInoteeeoeadapdmnflbeteytetRarm.hrufdTnolueoea.hdmlPerecPiiysnrdsraaoag1wnpRbtt8eisaiRyoc4lolslmet9lfStcehope.eitaeraruamdsalbPtrefftloetoiiosclepflfor(ttoethhrahf)meeeis
Anger at the Austrian
gorveefornrmmsenint’sHautntgemarpytlseatodcsrtuosh
thsttehreeeematrpbmearytotlhreatsosinrfeleVteaiektnhenenacc, ioftoynr.tcArionftlg,er
the leaders of the uprising
are executed.
AFTER
In April 1849, the Frankfurt
parliament offers Frederick
William I of Prussia the imperial
crown of Germany. He refuses,
saying he would not accept “a
crown from the gutter.” His
decision dashes all hope of
liberal reform in Germany.
217
c.39,000 bce Biology
Cave paintings Our interest in the natural world began more than 40,000
years ago, when prehistoric people first depicted animals on
Evidence of prehistoric humans’ interest cave walls. Over time, zoology, the study of animals, and
in animals is seen in paintings on the botany, the study of plants, combined to form a new science
known as biology. More recently, the focus of biology has
walls at the Cave of El Castillo (Cave of shifted to studying ourselves, with geneticists looking inside
the Castle) in Spain. These artworks are the human body to uncover the secrets of life.
the first sophisticated representation of
wildlife found anywhere in the world.
Covered meat Uncovered meat
1674Work of artCircle of lifeMagnifying
1543 This bison is microscope
among the Cave Italian biologist Francesco Redi (1626–1697)
of El Castillo’s many disproves the idea of “spontaneous Dutch textile merchant Antonie
animal paintings, van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723)
alongside ibex, generation”—that living things, such as flies
mammoths, and fleas, appear from dust or rotting meat. He makes a breakthrough in
and goats. realizes that flies lay their eggs on uncovered microbiology when he further
develops the microscope by
c.330 bce meat, which later hatch into maggots. improving its magnification.
This allows him to see tiny
organisms in water.
1668
Classifying nature 1735
The ancient Greek philosopher First microscope Latin names
Aristotle (384–322 bce) travels
across Greece and Turkey to Dutch eyewear-maker Zacharias Swedish botanist Carl
Janssen (1580–1638) invents the Linnaeus (1707–1778)
study wildlife. He organizes devises taxonomy, a way of
plants and animals into first compound microscope. grouping together related
categories and names The invention helps scientists plant and animal species. In
different species. This across all areas of biology study his book Systema Naturae,
their subjects in much greater detail. he uses Latin names for
classification of nature is the
start of zoology and botany. genus (subfamily)
and species.
1595
Human dissection Pumping blood Two names 1838
By studying the human Canis lupus (gray wolf) and
Flemish scientist Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564) heart, Vesalius learned Canis familiaris (domestic dog)
dissects (cuts up) human bodies and creates how blood flows around are examples of the two-name
detailed drawings of the blood and nervous the body. Latin system still used today.
systems. The publication of his De Humani
Corporis Fabrica revolutionizes the field of
anatomy, the study of the human body.
218
Mobile genetics 1953
1948 American scientist Barbara
McClintock (1902–1992) studies
corn and discovers jumping
genes (transposons)—genes
that can change position in the
DNA of cells. By studying these
jumping genes, she finds that
genes can be switched on or off,
changing the characteristics of
the corn.
DNA discovery “One general law leading to The secret of life
the advancement of all organic
Using pus-covered bandages from a nearby The work of scientists Franklin, Crick, and
surgical clinic, Swiss chemist Friedrich beings—namely, multiply, Watson combines to create the first DNA
vary, let the strongest live
Miescher (1844–1895) is the first to identify model. Called “the secret of life,” their
what he calls “nuclein” inside human white and the weakest die.” model reveals the chemical information
blood cells. Nuclein carries a person’s Charles Darwin existing inside all living creatures.
genetic information. Today, it is better
known as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). On the Origin of Species, 1859 Double helix
DNA is made up of
two twisted strands.
1869 Genetics
Austrian monk Gregor Mendel (1822–
1884) grows pea plants in his monastery
garden and discovers that the plants
pass on characteristics like color and
size in a simple pattern to their young.
This leads to the discovery of genes.
1866
1996
Darwin’s finches Sharing DNA
Finches have evolved To create Dolly, DNA from
different-shaped beaks one sheep was placed into
to suit the food available another sheep’s egg cell.
where they live.
Dolly the Sheep
Natural selection
History is made when scientists
English naturalist Charles Darwin (1809– successfully clone an animal for
1882) publishes On the Origin of Species,
the first time by duplicating a
his theory of “natural selection.” After version of its DNA. The newborn
studying wildlife in South America, he
lamb, named Dolly, is an exact
realizes animals with the best copy of another sheep.
characteristics for the environment survive
and pass these traits on to their young.
1859 2003
Cell theory Command center Human Genome Project
The nucleus controls the
German botanist Matthias cell and contains all of its The Human Genome Project is
Schleiden (1804–1881) discovers genetic information . completed, showcasing the sequence of
that all plants are made of cells. human DNA. A huge team of international
scientists had mapped and identified the
A year later, German zoologist role of more than 20,000 genes that make
Theodor Schwann (1810–1882)
up human DNA.
realizes all animals are also
made of cells. 219
Trade beginnings American colony Sugar and slaves
A group of London merchants After an earlier settlement in Britain captures the Caribbean
establish the East India Company modern-day North Carolina fails to island of Jamaica from the Spanish.
to profit from the valuable trade in thrive, the British occupy the land of As exports of sugar from the island
silk and spices with India and the
the native Powhatan people to increase rapidly, British traders
East Indies (modern-day establish Jamestown (in modern- begin forcibly transporting slaves
Southeast Asia). day Virginia) as their first permanent from Africa to work on the sugar
plantations there (see page 164).
colony in North America.
1600
The British Empire 1607 1655
The origins of the British Empire were in trade New Zealand
with the East, but its ambition soon spread to
other areas of the world. Over time, its mission Britain takes control of
expanded beyond commerce to total political New Zealand with the signing
control, eventually making it the largest empire
in history. But the empire went into decline after of the Treaty of Waitangi. It
World War I, when it became clear that people guarantees the native Maori
were no longer willing to accept British rule. people possession of their
lands in return for giving up
their rights of sovereignty.
1857–1858 1840
Direct rule in India South African War
After suppressing a revolt by sepoys in The Boers, settlers of Dutch
the armies of the East India Company, descent, fight a bitter war against
Britain rules India directly. Queen Britain for control of lands in
Victoria becomes Empress of India in Transvaal. Their defeat will lead
to the creation of the Union of
1870, although she never visits.
South Africa in 1910.
The birth of Canada African expansion
Three British provinces in North The empire grows as it takes
America—New Brunswick, Nova huge expanses of territory in
Scotia, and Canada (modern-day Africa from native peoples,
Ontario and Quebec)—unite to form including Egypt and Sudan in
a single country, the Dominion of the north, Gambia and Ghana
Canada, within the British Empire. in the west, and most of mineral-
rich southern Africa.
1867 1880–1900 1899–1902
Power in India War in the colonies American
independence
The East India Company builds Fort The Seven Years’ War in Europe
William in Calcutta (modern-day turns global as fighting spreads The 13 colonies in North
to overseas colonies. At the end America revolt against British
Kolkata). From there, it uses its private
army of Indian soldiers, called “sepoys,” of the war, Britain gains New rule. They declare their
France (modern-day Canada) independence on July 4,
to take control of much of India. and other French territories. leading to the creation of the
United States of America.
1702 1756–1763 1776
Singapore Foothold in Africa Colony in Australia
British colonialist Sir Stamford The British seize the Cape of Good Twenty years after Captain Cook
Raffles founds a trading port on the Hope on the southern tip of Africa, claimed Australia for Britain, a fleet
which has been a Dutch colony since arrives at Port Jackson (modern-day
island of Singapore in Southeast 1652. They will lose it again, but win it Sydney). Prisoner labor is used to
Asia, on the main trade route back in 1806, when it then becomes establish a colony there. By the mid-
between India and China. It the first British presence in Africa. 1800s, there are nearly 400,000
becomes a British colony in 1824. settlers in Australia.
1819 1795 1788
Irish uprising World War I Partition of India
settlements
After hundreds of years of British rule India wins independence as two new countries:
in Ireland, nationalists rebel in Dublin In the peace treaties the mainly Hindu India, and Pakistan, which
on Easter in 1916. The “Easter Rising” concluding World War I, is mainly Muslim. The Partition of India, as it is
Britain gains control over known, forces millions of people to migrate,
is quickly put down, but the fight former German colonies in leading to riots and thousands of deaths.
against British rule continues. The Irish Africa and in the Middle
Free State, forerunner of the Republic East following the division
of the Ottoman Empire.
of Ireland, will be founded in 1922.
1947 AFTER
1916 1919–1920 Nearly all Britain’s colonies and
possessions became independent
states between 1957 and 1980. Many
joined the Commonwealth of Nations,
a voluntary association of states with
previous ties to the empire. Others
operated as individual republics.
221
The American
Civil War
Belle Boyd
Years of conflict over slavery and the rights of
individual states eventually led to the American Confederate spy Belle
Civil War. From 1861 to 1865, the country was Boyd—one of several
torn apart. More than 625,000 American female spies in the
soldiers died in the Civil War. This was more Civil War—passes on
than the combined total of American soldiers information that helps
that had died in all other wars to date. Confederate general
Stonewall Jackson’s
Confederate states First Battle of army recapture Front
Bull Run Royal, Virginia.
To protect their economy based
on slave labor (see pages The Union is defeated in Gettysburg
this Virginian battle (also
164–165), seven southern known as the Battle of This Pennsylvania
states leave the United Manassas). Washington battle is a turning point,
States to create their
D. C. is fortified for finally ending
own Confederate protection. In August Confederate hopes
government, with 1862, the Confederates of invading the Union
Jefferson Davis as will win the Second Battle
states. It is the
president. The of Bull Run. bloodiest multiday
Confederates see conflict in the history
themselves as a of the Civil War.
separate nation. A month
Sep1t8e6m2ber J18u6ly3
later, Abraham Lincoln
will become US president. J1u8l6y1 M18a6y2
Feb1r8u6a1ry A1p8r6il1
The war begins Antietam
Lincoln refuses The bloodiest single day of
to hand over all the war sees some 23,000
military property in soldiers dead, wounded, or
Confederate states to missing. After a Union victory,
their new government.
Confederate forces Lincoln introduces the
attack Fort Sumter Emancipation Proclamation,
in South Carolina, an order to free every slave in
and the Civil War
begins. Four more the Confederate states.
states leave the United
States (known as the
Union during the Civil War).
Napoleon Field Gun
Named after the French emperor
Napoleon III, this type of cannon was
widely used in the Civil War. It could hit a
target up to 5,250 ft (1,600 m) away and fire a
cannonball at 1,440 ft (439 m) per second.
Gettysburg Address Surrender meeting
President Lincoln delivers After an attempt to break through
his most famous speech Union lines fails, Confederate
at the dedication of the
Soldiers’ National commander Robert E. Lee meets
Cemetery in Gettysburg. Union general Ulysses S. Grant at
He declares that the
Civil War is a struggle for Appomattox Court House
freedom and equality. to sign a document of surrender.
Conscription and Escape
protests
More than 100 captive Union
There are riots in officers escape from a
New York City because Confederate prison after
the Union started weeks of digging a tunnel.
conscription in March, Around half are recaptured,
and people feel the but the others make their
system for drafting men way back north.
into fighting favors the
rich. The first African-
American regiment of
soldiers sees combat.
Nov18em63ber Fe1b8r6u4ary November April May
1864 1865 1865
1J8u6ly3
Submarine warfare March to Lincoln War is over
the Sea assassinated
Confederate submarine CSS The rest of the
Hunley torpedoes and sinks Union general At a play in Washington, Confederate armies
the Union warship USS William Sherman and D. C., President Lincoln
Housatonic. The Hunley is the is shot by John Wilkes give up the fight.
his troops march Booth, an actor hoping Both sides agree
first combat submarine to sink from the captured on surrender terms
an enemy warship, but it doesn’t city of Atlanta to the to avenge the as new president
survive the attack and also sinks. port of Savannah, Confederates. Lincoln Andrew Johnson
bringing devastation dies the next morning. declares the official
end of the Civil War.
to Confederate
states.
Key battles
From the first shots to the final surrender, the American Civil War divided
the country. No side seemed to have a clear advantage at the outset. The
Union had more soldiers and money, but the Confederates had cunning
and strategic generals.
March 1862 December 1862 April – May 1863 May 1864
Monitor vs. Virginia Fredericksburg Chancellorsville Spotsylvania
This clash between two ironclad This is a low point for the The outnumbered Confederate Neither side claims victory
ships has plenty of flying Union as the Confederate army achieves a strategic win. in this brutal Virginia fight.
cannonballs, but no victor. army defeats them.
April 1862 May – July 1863 July 1864
Shiloh Vicksburg Atlanta
The battle blazes for two days in General Sherman and his troops
Tennessee before a Union victory. The Union army is victorious as it seize control of this Georgia city.
surrounds this Mississippi town.
223
Belgium Colonialism
France in Africa
Germany
Italy In 1870, although the slave trade
(see pages 164–165) had ravaged
224 Africa for centuries, European powers
controlled just 10 percent of the
Portugal continent. The next 30 years saw
Spain European nations compete for
United Kingdom control of Africa. By 1900, they had
Independent seized 90 percent of African land
from local communities. It would take
more than half a century for these
countries to gain their independence.
Scramble for Africa
This map shows the domination of European powers in
Africa by the end of the 19th century. France and Britain
colonized the largest areas of land across the continent.
Only Liberia and Ethiopia held onto their independence.
tiuhnBWndTeTcprdiroosOirhahteefenanerrsAeaciasnneBsefnvrtnBiernagshiictttae-eaaoirasdlantFtnphaetedwriryforerorapaurneSvimroltWeioocSwnoi,ulratcritiayeathtmeshhstcoraepaAotdsun,hnsmsibfieedtrfaoairecinottnsahidmo.sn.
GerCmhaBaniscnSmeolaiGluonrtcerhavkrOnmWaeddttassretosytanspiaeVkortrcbteeeaAtonlglcinecfslioriohmhoincnaeueya,rssngtfahwotes.eraIbnatctyreotahrsdlioeenenigzisihntogsles. 1880–1902 rmeaatpebreAkrolrwliteionutAtaodgtuhr1rtAnebtryn,h5iylouBgtie0nhrmta0lsheosot,bentuoZBle-deguBurrZhtioolerthuiaffdutheimiUtsenrbhlhnlaueyeugvnAAnaZwiwldrafiyunrmairil,saceruy.ar, . (mothdeeorGfntTo-hdhledbeaiuryWCBtlaGoSrlaoniAaetrhTsdissAsfcaehrthatonioecstgnashaAfaad)eeo.wisinnArzTamisennthntegmitttrehlhdoodeep-WsAeFeBtaosirfrraips.etintlseaatheont, fdWest
1879
1884 1884–1885 1874
SEucmrbotreoupaetdetcmenT’isaosxohtclmpbioAtsulhnooslfsmereiisusztictacaBAtfaprhhtefkoinoeorarsiwlrnclsfietnuaehbAagt’CrseyudoffourveslEderalntruainsloafucreranafoatrtaAdrpeoibeoefnfldrneiacmniiscarenveaamsitsj,,oeoowrdnuh.drocse. s
1960TraTnhBeseBtpalgeKkoiniaaengrtntlraAuttoahCneinccrngolgaokaanglosurcglgtaaaoomoihr.lpwetoMohpiuacpenaetyoenrLAenniyfnosfrsrronbttiatrhcemioutealwocs. tpteroadritnsspbtKreSevrioanaaBtlngldtiuonrozdsiagtnelo,sibesaEttcmlhheteunaioavssroroeluv.otftApsilrABrndeaesegfeinaarecsnaisdnrcoisaunssaslnorsncoouednesofnfirt,ilanrvoifteonltihoicrismcneseramlyu,ultemdheinagsks. 189aAnet5dofvrHeisrceteneEoastSnau.mibdsnIaanutpdmlhlyt1iyihrh8oTmteceih9rsuasioi8FnTaepru,rturltetoeslmusrhnaere’eygcsenxoohFudihftllrsseiditenrmeh.oniaWetufcnhrMehdmeifslsai1evtedp8soi.e8nrhxyk8paalaonedditxiinlacogmlcuJnasoBoialnvrphtideutneisrrmoRaihDgpilhnhbrleioeetuas.dssinomteionusAereobfcsrsueisntcyamsadsb,altinmhsehCienceil
thelaYteeEariurrnbocoedfsopceuTAueopfhbnaYriei-tmnsrenciSedcyaeasa.eeosrhknanaantrcrorcosaefohlifenw.reenATAovsffaher1imirssi7cacna 1897
1896
225
1908 AddtetebhftfyeeEheaAeaStttfBhscroiraIciaftotaaamtllnpeyEb,fouiolmearfroacfAnopredkresvwiAnadiagfncur,intrcEthianaotethg.irofioiyrnpstia
1952
KAeMgrnaoauyugMpaaioann1fus3pu,t,ar0Bbpor0rurtiraie0ttniinssKdsrgtheeeeiebncpnrseyaoeg,anlnnsctdfuaarineoplrlaeenlr.ildcsAlkyeiinblgligeonadui1n,t9s63.
1885–1908
sinefoKtCsriicnevuegnoBpdtrLrytrateh,oulaeoAhnptCfadaororilpcvldnaeargIls.IemoLot gorFfouBcriibelmae.bellsgeSeairut,ramete
Telecommunications
Communication has come a long way since ancient times,
when messages were sent by smoke signals, beacons,
and carrier pigeons. With the invention of the telegraph,
telephone, radio, and the internet, people could send
messages and converse across countries, and even
continents, for the first time. The television transported
scenes into the homes of millions, shaping the way
people spend their free time today.
Electrical messaging Continental cables Tesla’s transmission
The invention of an electrical telegraph by British A new era of cross-continent Serbian-American engineer Nikola Tesla is the
inventors William Fothergill Cooke and Charles communication dawns when the very first first person to produce and transmit radio
Wheatstone makes long-distance messages possible. telegraph cable is laid across the Atlantic waves. He is also the brains behind many
Electric signals are sent along wires attached to Ocean. By 1902, cables have been placed
needle pointers, which can be made to point to inventions, including the electric motors that
specific letters and numbers on a plate to form a under the Pacific Ocean too, allowing power modern machines.
message. The messages sent by telegraphs are telegrams to be sent all around the globe.
895
known as telegrams.
1837 1876
2
1844
88
1
179 1858 18 1 8 9 7
Telegraph system Morse code Radio waves
French inventor Claude Chappe American inventor Samuel German scientist Heinrich
devises a system of movable Morse creates a code to Hertz is the first person to
interpret the electric signals discover radio waves. He
wooden arms, the position of which being sent along telegraph recognizes the potential
indicates letters or numbers. These wires. It uses different lengths of these electromagnetic
of signal to create patterns of waves to transfer information.
arms are placed on tall masts so dots and dashes, which
they can be seen from far away, represent different letters Marconi’s message
allowing messages to be passed
from town to town. He calls this new and numbers. Italian inventor Guglielmo
system a telegraph, which means Marconi sets up his own company
Telephone call to investigate radio waves. He devises
“to write at a distance.” a wireless telegraph, which uses radio
226 Scottish inventor Alexander waves to send Morse code through
Graham Bell experiments with
the air without any wires.
sending sounds through
telegraph wires. These can be
heard at the other end, in an
early version of a telephone call.
The first call is from Bell to his
assistant Thomas Watson,
when he says: “Mr. Watson—
come here—I want to see you.”
“In the new era,
thought itself will be
transmitted by radio.”
Guglielmo Marconi, New York Times, 1931
Voice for radio Color vision Early email World Wide Web
Canadian-American inventor The first color television is unveiled in Electronic messaging across British scientist Tim Berners-
Reginald Fessenden is the 1928, but it is not until the 1950s that computers, called email, begins Lee creates the World Wide
first human voice to be broadcast color televisions become affordable. when US computer programmer Web—a way of connecting
via radio. This sparks the People begin to enjoy programs in their Ray Tomlinson sends the first internet resources across
construction of radio transmitters own homes. ever email—a test message to the world. This information-
to create an exciting new form of himself. Email will become one
entertainment that many people sharing system of linked
can enjoy, gathered around their of the world’s most popular webpages can be accessed
radios in their own homes. forms of communication.
from any computer.
First mobile phone
The first mobile telephone is launched,
but it is too large and expensive for
people to use. The first mobile phone
call is made on a phone that weighs a
massive 2.4 lbs (1.1 kg) and takes
10 hours to charge.
1970s 1971 1989
1
Early 1950s
1906
1962
s
1925 984 2000
Space communications
Mechanical television Heavyweight phone Digital TV
The first communications satellite is
British inventor John Logie Telstar 1, sent into orbit by the US. The DynaTAC becomes the Analog television
Baird creates the world’s first This satellite receives radio signals world’s first commercial technology, which
mechanical television, which from Earth and bounces them back manipulates electrical
uses rotating discs to generate a mobile phone. Nicknamed signals to create sound
video signal. He constructs this to receivers on the ground, resulting “The Brick,” this device goes and color, is replaced by
from random objects including in the transmission of television and plasma screens and
knitting needles, cookie tins, and on the market for a jaw- digital technology, which
telephone communications. dropping $4,000 (equivalent provides high-definition
a tea chest. It is unveiled images and a huge
in London in 1926. to around $9,000 today), choice of channels. The
which few can afford. The first digital television
battery lasts only half an hour. broadcasts take place in
the early 2000s.
227
Photography
Imagine a world without photos—no selfies, no breaking news
shots, and no way of recording the most important events in our
lives. When photography began in the early 1800s, it changed
the way people saw and understood the world around them.
Less than 200 years later, technological advances have seen
cameras shrink from large, bulky boxes into tiny digital devices
that we carry around in our smartphones.
1855 1888
1861
BCwrttraihihtmkiaislWeteehsgavpaetnihhsnrWioeetitpnrfaoaigrrghts. erHttoahphepetiuchmobgteaueagrtrktpRereleusaosfbgoip3elefic5lhdcr0iosFynnietomefnflraittceohgtsneet.s thMrStooeacCuxxcogpwrtoheoteiaslsrloelhtuepdrrper,aohsgpcjyreohoescfielcootasnirstt,taptaohrJhnrtgaeoadmetnrobasergluiesbprepabChpafoilrhleyntae.rtkres r“oBKaltrlocho-MfPcedwileahmmanskoissaectloais”absgusbmle-nroppae,cxpprhrhoacoheoda.pysTumtubwicotleeaseergcrdealvop,aregmaoasosnyyepteee-istmsa-hoadroe-synoun, llaslasaestare,lre, .
1950s 1980s
1964
conptShthrtriTLesohoRatelhNooc(1igekhsv9roein5tafrnhg0piterFlhshesm.ees-SlrtihearsLonsScRuwssanLmcmnrpeaReraafmelbrreacckeox’eesrv)adtaescmdsee,a,unatmltritleklieionenerdgwrgaass. inTdsthaiofdelkeceteixtnrontaivbhIrnnieselnesnsssbmtgiteiodiooliedatdenstshyhetsol.haiegTfcerthetdhahhgyt-ibsetuefeolretppfo.-isbhibmrMe,eoeoctaatthreohsdcde.gceheydorlpoaeeplfpnvaethischcleewientsas, s tKhIstaopmitdssraaoaetuchkcrttttaeePoii“nnmsfpmtgiosrroesasooiirtntdnaffiootcu,ctrfawachtanlaehlaaydnsiknncsesigihntdewhsignlmoensggaocaeenhfttkwi”nltiemocmheIsnaeroaeatsmchgatttioaeeesomrir.neraeraos.ctfitc
228
1826
1838
1839
TFNphrThueieéosnhpeoitcnxocnehgp,efciolfintilagmaisvrphkue)stetrnut-esatstro(kietpnlhreinggeJhsshtoiosothtsielmivdestveeopaerosckhrgtahoinNslerfgthuimaocoraépvpiucppivvrahhsiiiclen.ostwg.ur re First photo of a human CpchoAaoPrmnmtmooeeegulrirrursaiatcst.rpasTtahainot,kisptuteathsiskploilnetfthhogotehrgoa1efr5dtiareoaspmxtghgpisuenoererusalrRtfur-epeoprseobo.h,terhytyrreptaeit
Louis Daguerre photographs this
street scene using his invention, the
daguerrotype. The only person to
appear is a man having his shoes
cleaned, as he stays still for
the seven minutes it takes
to capture the exposure.
1895
1920s
1947
Ghpteaamernkmnuedesas,tcnwraalephntF,ehiXcbyi(h-utrsrrtasisacahyvtirsoeiemtXwlWstas-htgorirtlhohepaeuapoyltgemfXhdh-)Ribrssaöykwynibsnitfogecane’asnennd. mLTbUiafehewSkgees,hignmticaPcsoaarh,lthdmgartesaeooenzvtriteineaanoccsagehlljesmunsodsoooouuefclrocepir“agphhnplihocaioanotasrojttullToaijasosibdetmuimlcsverenase. aaIansnynl.citssdehm,s”e AwcLfahtianmeynr6seadh0hPriamiesnso,vtiemwlhlelciorhuanoesnitcrnestPhod-wtyoshdiea.ldeeaiaBtvrPryfcoe-oooil1adrol9ladsapm5roshdp6iaapie,dcvmuhtr9eguooa5hrstreostoeine,glEtdsrrhtad.aaapwsnnkhtinss
1991
2000
TfighrSsosettteegfoinipserrDvshteoteteiniincnmgngsotaeSiamrtgdlaiedamesb, sosl1ye6ofcarAtncsyham.ieaeeDmalelenidrgrcseiiecigtteaarairdtoflnaatncefleosiarccnrmiatdgfmiwelaimnrteaeaa.rses,ar tKdafTriogkgoherliometesabafalcaiacrnelsnadpltedmhmpbeJeoronairstbaopitSessiamlsensaeetep.ronle“lhSffop-roiepneoenlo,llfeeisaitreasistcsrswaea”eivlbitdtleseheirconabyodnoSumleniiolnrteeus-eitn.ah The dark room
Before images were stored as electronic
data on digital cameras, photographic film
was used to record images (known as
exposures). The film was developed into a
photograph with the use of chemicals in a
dark room, lit only by a shaded bulb. The
resulting prints were then hung up to dry.
229
DTevhtehealoisptpMhtoeeeiwdssa1toab9ridnsnytsehfu1Jhti8rsceaso4eecmTtfd0ntueseMtbsdusaseayurrMydrtrski.ieenaiiTlnlngrLehsFiarcethsrhf,,aateiennrgstcrteeia. l PBdaeulttooleUoraymhtnehdlieaenanrdenh,shKiuuwmiugsaismnthraprhcovaelleeuLcotnochsparrbtevtenhsiilagsreoduitnbafosmer’atlttdsooieafseoroaginnasdusr.temocTenbruasdpheipntdellaeotseeots,nonxaamgftcmictseflhuireeaiedmsnierienbgslocoedne.
1901
1J8e3sFeB6oroircufehunldtslhasiefetenifrcdeftmairarcolbaeyl.h,muDznhnelecleumweasertiihsisaslnsfyi,atgbcarfaPbshteiananlatiredlwmgseubitenvleuouogerlsldlnevheteorirswtfhireed.
Frcernep1cah8htoae8ptnsoodM8wtglhifricreduaoeep“mgmmlhysastushnhgohetsfAaoosharliptieoddsshdteue”o,—ns.anMptlislafeouyecswgcBtesirsnlehietmgrorctaittitnlsihilgooaechnnlsapto-.nuofbbnleic
polygre1Farca8croopr9ormhdass8stn,ahacdAserheubm1asl9uoneps3ogrreLei0edeccdmsiastpe,’.i.sanrlPTieeibdnpohsrd,oleeseyhelusagitictgretreeeheahmcicptlsnytoahotgtacccsr,otsohshiwo,rnwienonestceerrsrokaesvt,fo,earrnsdial.
Crime detectionCbruimt sinodaeltsovBoheloaTlhtowovoBToadpuehbyaesebmofnitbyfroertsimsrneeehaauAffgronarecbeiodruelemoetknorsrtrosdu,eetpedmArrahdyrirnitcsnegiftrneirhecsnoheenofgtfditnisensmui1ciginnvcrn8paiogechgri.9ontinenlhet2oedtr.vsieasgrepgiyssnraotiteiniogpntqahs,cubttiasoilcptotrcirmscoihmadhette,anehav.tedneamdontv.rdDaFenNtrreostAcmfimoharnnenmie,aqewluydesstish, e 1930
Insect detective MCrtiihmceEerdloelaecsbCvteiorcmaolmromoanapitgbcpMomserrraoiiisideccemsngroscoptdefobsolceUpecefrsoenniatmipeiapnvSefeeriiictonrls(afsSdccrnioruEteenycmnM.dieneTi)sbgheal3eevtDiddeetnacile. 1965
Alexander Mearns’s research
allows him to estimate the
time of a victim’s death by
studying the life cycle of
maggots found on the corpse.
1936
230
FreupnchthhihseLsiamcwotiteo“ticechnrFxl.eatdFHicFsi’tmrrrshtiniaitsden“afElaeneiggwBnrc’cvdfcssei“geuehoremttorsehrrir.lcpinr”etyonkageprreHptancieiiAirmSbnnnsmudimiolrsnmethafeionieLcoarcfetnsreotefolitertbiaraapIcrcerrtolcnyciovobmluhconeavticnonstnasg,uersh”lkeiredgi.cnlcscaoeadTaHaitastshrttiFvohlifegenootloeoeeyerhsatslunaymrssdetrmtrortieiehasoennhiftdarensseotrfaceriifenoal(haFpvgcfintBeoeehel.rIaia”)pcsnterdin1tit9ms,1e10.9F7o5oTJDhtDeepedffNvawrreteUeteioaxAlynKosorbsstltpt.udnah,pFhedtpse’uedshoedraeprsmifiloaatodspiliBHbainayrFttasestsgetwyfgbatoslntaacccaaiataltgehrttolstrhhonmuebhshiieaeoihmtmeremnaceneiarneeoaedcol,siutzimeeey-presnwshsinearctstcirnosvadoonieivhrheiemcscoslsndedfdieiiashicc.eccsuptdurishnpeTtivhntienfnrceogaicuntehiAedncknoatnecirbseshntunlantistetitm,l.mvegiainouhesassccelrawietnaDhtnieDshemsVrdeanNrkeNtsssilerucsvsAnoeAtdi,tyfclvhbovoypeteeereu1iraomadonf9rfli,dfsruhits1lhseat0ie.inrfgirhs1at9iTr8. h4eTIhfDnsiderIvetsaNewrbttisaeeetopAtCobsipcmrogalcoiaCdSlasdiisrlmclt’olSlsiieiioaImneoodIefwv:inntiwesesDCresasitcooabssrNhtobritfrysmwnaeeAirftgoyafiaaeDeorpoadltetlvisroNeirtteSaodlioedvnlmdetAcinnrcaiigwenssaiasebpninmilkofitdarcothDeteonoehsaslesNlfeenosihllUosAyewthiUotooSseo,Krlnk.b.vellTpdeuienswhtacgesaleys.aedssc2.scea,0INaoncn1aa0netso9ofghbtivw0neefm9aeueWrdaUni5ssurnqssStepoolsuu,.an2efTstrTidattpecDdbraeAwnihadensokddncgepdiamoKlmnoty11aiara39nhbnn6ecmia9tye’gtDeswhazmm5rtgivyaosareb.ftmioineoDamcdttaraiusetcnsnceesoinkssbmgtehmeihtiedleswnliessesceroaeitttsbntotycddiotiepltvelocefeoraetnswbpgssvsoeaeiscemrvetstnueneb.tddKhs1bi9eiaymtd7oct8zhaywenasyk.i’s 1996
millions of faces.
2007
2017
231
Aircraft and aviation Up, up, and away!
In the 15th century, Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci French brothers Joseph and Etienne
sketched designs for flying machines, which he based on Montgolfier send a sheep, a chicken,
his studies of birds. For the next four centuries, inventors and a duck soaring in a hot air balloon.
continued to set their sights on the skies, but it was not The Montgolfiers’ balloon will later be
until the Wright Brothers’ historic flight at the dawn of
the 20th century that true aviation history began. used for the first human flight.
Battle of Britain Modern helicopter 1783
During World War II, members of the The first practical helicopter is invented Jet power
British Royal Air Force (RAF), flying by Russian-American Igor Sikorsky, and
in Supermarine Spitfires, fight in the The world’s first fully functioning
skies with the German Luftwaffe in takes to the skies. Like modern jet-powered aircraft, the Heinkel He 178,
helicopters, the design features a main takes off for the first time. The design,
close-range aerial combats that rotor on top and a tail rotor for balance.
become known as “dogfights.” by German Hans von Ohain, reaches
speeds of 400 mph (644 kph).
1940 1939
1939
Commercial jet Twin-rotor choppers Jump Jet
After three years of testing, the world’s American aircraft innovator Frank The Harrier Jump Jet takes flight,
first commercial jet airliner takes off. Piasecki invents twin-rotor helicopters, becoming the world’s first vertical
De Havilland DH106 Comet can carry including the famous Chinook design. takeoff plane. This style of takeoff
more people around the world more suits fast exits from battle zones.
quickly than any other aircraft. These are used to carry soldiers into
conflict and take part in rescue missions. 1966
1949
1960s
232
Hydrogen airship Wright flight Crossing the Channel
The world’s first powered airship is built Orville Wright completes the world’s French inventor Louis Blériot becomes
by Frenchman Jules Henri Gifford. The first powered, heavier-than-air flight. the first person to cross the English
hydrogen-filled, steam-powered design It lasts for 12 seconds and he covers
Channel by air. It takes him 37 minutes
completes a controlled journey of a distance of 120 ft (36.5 m). in his Blériot XI.
16.8 miles (27 km).
1903 1909
1852
Around the world Atlantic crossing
Jet engine
Four Douglas World Cruisers, specially The first nonstop flight across the
British engineer Frank Whittle designed aircraft operated by the US Atlantic Ocean is completed by British
designs plans for the jet engine.
Army Air Service, become the first aviators John Alcock and Arthur
He patents the design and planes to circumnavigate the Earth. The Brown, who cross 1,890 miles
makes this first working
version seven years later. around-the-world trip covers 27,500 (3,040 km) in less than 16 hours.
miles (44,250 km) in about six months.
1930 1919
1924
Supersonic flight
Aboard the Airbus Pilotless drones
British-French turbojet-powered
supersonic passenger jet airliner The world’s biggest and heaviest With no pilot on board, flying
Concorde takes off for the first time. passenger aircraft, the Airbus A380, machines known as drones
Traveling at up to twice the speed of takes to the skies for the first time. are controlled by a handheld remote
sound, it remains in service until 2003. Powered by four Rolls-Royce engines, control. Today, there is widespread
it has room for up to 853 passengers. use of drones for military purposes,
1969 surveillance, and recreation.
2005 21st century
233
Getting the vote 1789 1789
The ancient Greeks first held elections The Rights of Man
2,500 years ago. In the 17th century, the idea The Declaration of the Rights of
Man, written by France’s National
of representative government emerged—that
Constituent Assembly, states
the public should vote for, and be represented that all men, not just those with
money and property, can vote
by, elected officials. Having the right to vote is and participate in lawmaking.
known as “suffrage,” but who should be given
this right? In many countries, the “electorate”
(those with the right to vote) has expanded “All men…”
over time, as people have fought for their
voices to be heard. The US Constitution, which sets out
America’s laws, comes into effect. The
decision about who can and can’t vote is left
to the states. Most states only give the right
to vote to white males who own property.
New democracies 1989 1965
When the Soviet Union
collapses, a new wave of
democracy sweeps across
Europe. With more people
going to the polls, teams of
international observers
begin to monitor elections
to keep them fair.
1994 Civil rights progress
The hard-earned 1965 Voting Rights Act is a result of the
US Civil Rights Movement campaigning for change. It outlaws
discrimination against African-American voters, such as turning
people away on election day, or making voters pass literacy tests.
2008
Freedom Day Young voters
South Africa holds its first election with universal Austria becomes the first country in the
suffrage, meaning all people regardless of their race European Union to open the vote to 16-year-olds.
now have the right to vote. Previously, South Africa’s A handful of countries allow 16-year-olds to vote,
system of racial separation, known as “apartheid,”
but in most states, voters are 18 or over.
meant that black people could not vote.
234
1832 1870 1893
Compulsory voting
Belgium starts the world’s
first compulsory voting
system, but only men can
vote. Those over the age of
18 must pay a fine if they
don’t vote, and if they fail to
four times in a row, they lose
the right. Women’s votes will
become compulsory in 1949.
Great Reform Bill The 15th Amendment 1893
After widespread rioting in Britain Although slavery was abolished in the US in 1865,
about unfair elections, parliament tries African-Americans in the southern states still
to make voting fairer. This Bill expands
the number of property-owning men can’t vote. The 15th Amendment makes it illegal to
deny the vote based on skin color, but African-
allowed to vote and standardizes American voters still face discrimination.
voting practices across the country.
1903–1918
1920
The 19th Amendment Campaigning for change Female pioneers
After decades of struggle and protest, US women Emmeline Pankhurst founds the Women’s Social and After a long equal rights campaign,
get the vote. Campaigners like Elizabeth Cady Political Union in England. Its motto, “Deeds, not New Zealand becomes the first country
Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Alice Paul have words,” is a call to action for suffragettes, who use
worked for years to improve opportunities for shock tactics to win support. In 1918, women over to give women the vote. Australia
women in education and employment, follows in 1902, then women gain the
as well as for the right to vote. 30 get the right to vote; in 1928, women of all ages do. right to vote in Scandinavia, Canada,
2015 and parts of Europe.
Progress for women “Voting is the most
precious right of every
More than 200 years after women in New citizen, and we have a
Zealand won the right to vote, women in
Saudi Arabia are allowed to vote in local moral obligation to
ensure the integrity of
elections for the first time. our voting process.”
Hillary Rodham Clinton
235
c. 600 bce Physics
Static electricity For more than 2,500 years, scientists have studied
the behavior of matter, forces, and energy in an
The ancient Greeks discover static attempt to understand how the Universe functions.
electricity, meaning electricity that does As theories were proposed over the centuries, the
not move. Thales of Miletus (624–546 bce) principles of physics were established. We know
realizes that rubbing amber (fossilized more today about the Universe than the ancient
tree resin) with fur attracts lightweight physicists did, but there is still much more to discover.
objects, including hair, straw, and grass.
Sun 1514
The Sun produces rays of light,
which travel through space
and hit objects on Earth.
Original optics Light Earthly rotation
Light from the Sun
Arab physicist Alhazen ibn bounces off the flower At a time when Earth was thought to
al-Haytham (965–1040) and is reflected into be at the center of the Universe, Polish
the eye.
disproves the idea that the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus
human eye can see (1473–1543) uses mathematical
models to show that the Universe is
because it creates its own heliocentric, meaning the Sun is at the
light. Instead, he realizes center and the planets rotate around it.
that sunlight bounces off an
object and is reflected into
the eye, allowing us to see it.
c. 400 bce EUREKA!
c. 1000
1604
Tiny particles
Galileo’s theory
Greek philosopher
Democritus (460–370 bce) Galileo (1564–1642) experiments with
gravity and motion. He drops
theorizes that the
Universe is made up of tiny cannonballs of different sizes from
moving particles, although great heights and shows that they all
hit the ground at the same time. He
he can’t prove this. He also theorizes about inertia—the idea
calls these particles that objects will keep going or stay still
atoms, but his ideas have
little to do with what we unless a force is acting on them.
know as atoms today.
c. 250 bce Eureka!
Greek mathematician Archimedes (287–
212 bce) has a “Eureka!” (“I’ve found it!”)
moment while in the bathtub. Water spills Falling objects
out as he climbs in, leading him to Objects made from the
same material are
formulate the principle of buoyancy, pulled down by gravity
which explains why objects float in water. at the same rate.
236
Electromagnetism Gravitational waves 2015
Scottish scientist James Clerk Maxwell First predicted by Einstein,
(1831–1879) realizes that electricity and gravitational waves are detected
magnetism are not separate phenomena,
but a single force, and that light is a type of in space. These tiny ripples
electromagnetic radiation. His work leads reveal information about the
to the discovery of radio waves, which are Universe, including black holes
used in many types of technology. and the Big Bang.
1861
Electric experiment 1905X-ray invention The “God particle”
1895
During a thunderstorm, German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen The particle that gives all matter its mass is
American politician and (1845–1923) produces the first X-ray discovered by scientists. The Higgs boson,
experimenter Benjamin after discovering electromagnetic
Franklin (1706–1790) flies a kite nicknamed the “God particle,” advances
attached to a metal key. When a radiation can penetrate solid unified field theory, which aims to explain
lightning strike causes sparks objects. X-rays revolutionize
to fly from the key, it proves that medical science, allowing doctors particles and forces.
lightning is a type of electricity. to see inside living bodies.
2012
1752
1898
New elements Schrödinger’s Cat
Polonium was named
As part of a theoretical experiment, Austrian physicist
after Poland, where Erwin Schrödinger (1887–1961) imagines a cat inside a
Marie Curie was born. box with radioactive material. As the cat can’t be seen,
it could be alive or dead, or both. Similarly, scientists
Po84 can’t know what a particle is doing until they observe it.
Polonium Radioactive elements 1935
(209)
Pierre and Marie Curie discover the
Ra88 radioactive elements polonium and
Radium radium. Radioactive elements are very
(226) unstable, as their atoms can split apart
all by themselves. When an atom splits,
it gives off radioactivity, either as tiny
chunks of particle or waves of energy.
Newton’s gravity Latin origins Space and time Expanding Universe
Radium is the Latin
English physicist Isaac Newton word for “ray.” German scientist Albert Einstein Belgian physics professor Georges
(1643–1727) publishes his landmark Famous equation (1879–1955) proposes that gravity Lemaître (1894–1966) proposes his
Einstein realized that you can exists because heavy objects bend theory that the Universe is expanding and
work Principia Mathematica, in calculate the energy an object space and time. Imagine placing later suggests that the Universe began
which he explores motion and produces if you multiply its Earth onto a sheet of stretchy rubber, with an explosion, the so-called Big Bang.
explains how the force of gravity mass by the speed of light. making it dip in the middle. When the
holds the Universe together. Moon rolls past, it gets stuck circling
Earth and can’t climb out of the dip.
1927
1687
237
Cars Steam machine
Wheels first got vehicles moving in about 3500 bce, French engineer Nicolas-Joseph
allowing horse-drawn carts to carry heavy loads. But Cugnot builds the first automobile, a
it took more than 5,000 years for the first horseless
carriages to hit the road. The real breakthrough was three-wheeled cart powered by
the invention of the internal combustion engine, which steam from a wood burner at the
allowed cars to run on gas. Mass production followed, front. It can reach speeds of 2 mph
forever changing the way we travel. (3 kph) and has to be refilled with
wood every 15 minutes.
Traffic lights 1769
The first electric traffic Tin Lizzie
lights are installed in
Cleveland, Ohio, with American businessman Henry Ford
starts the Ford Motor Company. He
red and green indicating sells 1,700 cars in the first year. Five
stop and go. years later, the Model-T, nicknamed
Tin Lizzie, is produced at Ford’s factory
in Detroit and becomes the world’s
first affordable car.
Assembly line
Ford introduces a moving assembly
line to his factories, using a conveyor
belt to haul parts past teams of
workers. A Model T can now be
assembled in 90 minutes. By 1927,
15 million will have been sold.
1914 1913 1903
First diesel car
The German car manufacturer
Mercedes-Benz brings the first diesel
passenger car to the market. The
260-D model is displayed at an
automobile show in Berlin and soon
has a year-long waiting list of buyers.
Seatbelt safety Robot workers
The modern seatbelt is introduced by The first industrial robot is
Swedish manufacturer Volvo. In the used in car construction.
interest of safety, Volvo makes the Unimate is a robotic arm that
welds parts and stacks metal
patent open so that all car on the production line at US
manufacturers can use it. car giant General Motors.
1936 1959 1961
238
Combustion engine Explosive Four-step cycle
design
Swiss inventor Francois Isaac de Rivaz German engineer Nikolaus Otto
devises an engine that uses an explosion English engineer invents the four-stroke engine, an
Samuel Brown internal combustion engine that
of hydrogen inside a cylinder to push patents an internal cycles through four steps: sucking
a piston out. He uses the engine to drive a combustion engine in fuel; compressing it; burning it;
carriage a short distance. It is the world’s fueled by hydrogen.
He mounts the engine and expelling it.
first automobile driven by an internal on a cart and drives it
combustion engine. up a hill in Greenwich,
London, in front of a
watching crowd.
1807 1823 1876
Speed demon Inflatable tires First road trip
The first speeding ticket is Scottish inventor John Boyd German engineer Karl Benz
given in England to Walter Dunlop invents pneumatic masterminds the Motorwagen, the
Arnold for driving at 8 mph (inflatable) rubber tires for his
(13 kph)—more than four times 10-year-old son’s tricycle. first commercial gas-powered
the speed limit of 2 mph (3 kph). automobile. In 1888, his wife, Bertha,
Inflatable tires are later
adapted for automobiles and takes it on the world’s first long-
distance automobile journey, acting
become a huge success.
as both driver and mechanic.
1896 1888 1885
Sporty numbers
Driverless cars
Italian car manufacturer Lamborghini
is established by Ferruccio Nevada becomes the first US state
to allow driverless cars to be tested
Lamborghini. Luxury sports cars on public roads. Driverless cars use
become popular on both sides of the a computer assisted by a GPS unit,
Atlantic, but only a small number of laser sensors, cameras, and other
people can afford them. devices to find their way without
human intervention.
1963
Hybrid cars
The Toyota Prius—one of the earliest and most
successful hybrid cars—goes on sale. It is
powered by both a gas engine and an electric
motor, improving efficiency and reducing toxic
emissions. Within the next decade, more than one
million hybrid cars will be sold.
1997 2011
239
Great adventures Lift off
The 20th century saw a burst of daring feats American Orville Wright flies the first
and great adventures, as pioneering explorers powered plane, which he designed with his
pushed against the limits of human capabilities. brother Wilbur Wright. The fabric-covered
Although scientific and technological advances aircraft looks like a box kite with propellers.
helped to make these endeavors possible, their It flies for just 12 seconds, 20 ft (6 m) above
ultimate success was due to the inspiring courage
and resilience of extraordinary men and women. a beach in North Carolina.
Everest conquered 1903
Pioneering flight
Edmund Hillary from New Zealand
and Tenzing Norgay from Nepal American Charles Lindbergh flies solo
across the Atlantic Ocean nonstop in
successfully climb Mount Everest, the
world’s highest mountain, for the first his plane the Spirit of St. Louis.
time. It is a dangerous and grueling Traveling for almost 34 hours, from
mission to reach the top of the world. New York to Paris, his achievement
makes him famous around the world.
Mysterious disappearance
1927
Amelia Earhart takes off from Oakland Historic swim
Airport, California, on the first leg of her
journey to become the first woman to At the age of 64, endurance
circumnavigate the globe. En route, she swimmer Diana Nyad becomes the
goes missing, and the mystery surrounding
her disappearance becomes legend. first person to swim the 60 mile
(96.5 km) distance from the
1953 1937
Deep down The Flying Housewife Bahamas to Florida, encountering
crocodiles, jellyfish, and sharks
Jacques Piccard from Switzerland and Don American Geraldine “Jerrie” Mock, along the way.
Walsh from the US, in their submarine Trieste, are famous for her pearls and hairstyle,
the first humans to reach Challenger Deep, the becomes the first woman to fly solo
oceans’ deepest-known point. Their 6.8-mile (11- around the world. The flight takes
km) descent into the Mariana Trench in the 29 days with 21 stopovers.
western Pacific Ocean takes almost five hours.
They spend just 20 minutes on the ocean floor.
1960 1964 1979
240
Finding the way Claiming the North Pole
Sailing in a small fishing boat, famous American Robert E. Peary and his
Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen team claim to be the first people
to reach the North Pole. Later,
and his crew find a way through the experts argue that Peary missed
Northwest Passage, the waterway that
the pole by about 30 miles
links the Arctic and Pacific Oceans. (48 km), but it remains an
incredible story of courage.
1903–1906 1908–1909
Race to the South Pole
Into the jungle Endurance
Five years after navigating the Northwest
British geographer Colonel Percy British explorer Ernest Shackleton, in his ship Passage, Roald Amundsen sets off on a race
Fawcett disappears in Brazil while looking Endurance, aims to cross Antarctica via the against Britain’s Robert F. Scott to reach the
South Pole. Disaster strikes when Endurance
for a lost city that he calls “Z.” The gets stuck in ice. The crew survives thanks to South Pole. Amundsen gets there first and
unsolved mystery of his disappearance Shackleton’s extraordinary leadership skills. Scott dies on the harrowing journey home.
makes international headlines.
1925 1914–1917 1911
The highest jump
Walking the Amazon
American Alan Eustace travels
British explorer Ed Stafford walks to the edge of space in a
the length of the Amazon River,
6,000 miles (9,656 km) in total from balloon. He detaches himself
its source to the ocean. The journey from the balloon and plummets
takes him two and a half years. to earth, opening his parachute
2010 shortly before landing.
His descent to Earth is faster
than the speed of sound and
takes 15 minutes.
2014
241
THE VOYAGE OF
R.M.S. TITANIC
The “unsinkable” sinks
On April 10, 1912, the colossal steamship
R.M.S. Titanic set sail on its maiden
voyage from Southampton, England.
With around 2,200 passengers and
crew on board, the world’s biggest
ship cut through the waters of the
Atlantic Ocean, heading for New
York City. The journey was
expected to take seven days,
but the Titanic, which had been
proclaimed “unsinkable,” was
unknowingly sailing toward
a catastrophic finale.
Harboring bad omens Icy warnings Titanic steers sharply to avoid collision.
Traveling at 23 mph (40 kph), the Titanic
At the beginning of April 1912, before The Titanic makes good time across the strikes the iceberg, which tears through the
R.M.S. Titanic’s scheduled departure for Atlantic Ocean. On April 12, the crew starboard (right) side of its hull, destroying
its first ever voyage, the crew reports a fire receives the first ice warning from R.M.S. five watertight compartments.
in a coal bunker below deck. Unable to put Empress of Britain. More warnings then
out the blaze, and after the Titanic is judged come through in the evening from the Women and children first
seaworthy, the crew is ordered to control French ship, S.S. la Touraine. Two days later,
the flames until the ship reaches New on April 14, more iceberg warnings are Just before midnight on April 14, Captain
York. On April 10, as the Titanic leaves received. At 11:00 a.m., Captain Smith Smith and the ship’s designer, Thomas
Southampton, suction created by the cancels the first scheduled lifeboat drill. At Andrews, investigate the damage. Andrews
power of the propellers causes the mooring 2:00 p.m., he tells the managing director of predicts the unimaginable—the Titanic will
chains of the docked S.S. City of New York White Star Line, the owner of the Titanic, sink in a couple of hours. At midnight,
to break. It drifts into a collision course with Joseph Bruce Ismay, who is on board for Titanic’s first distress call is missed by the
the Titanic. The quick thinking of Captain the celebratory maiden voyage, about the S.S. Californian, which is only 5 miles (8 km)
Smith and the use of several tugboats help ice warnings. away. At 12:20 a.m. on April 15, Captain
prevent a disastrous departure. Smith orders use of the lifeboats. The
A moonless night Titanic is fitted with 20 lifeboats, which
altogether only have room for around 1,200
On the evening of April 14, the temperature people, so the crew prioritizes evacuating
drops close to freezing. More warnings women and children. Five minutes later,
come in, but Captain Smith is dining with R.M.S. Carpathia responds to the distress
the passengers, so doesn’t receive the call, but it is 67 miles (107 km) away. In the
news until later. At 11:00 p.m., a final chaos of the evacuation, the lifeboats
warning comes in from the S.S. Californian, launch with only 705 on board. At
informing the Titanic crew it has decided to 2:20 a.m., the “unsinkable” Titanic sinks
stop sailing for the evening due to the ice. below the icy waters, with more than 1,500
The message is ignored by the operator, passengers and crew following it to a
who is busy transmitting passenger watery grave.
messages to shore. At 11:40 p.m., on a
moonless, calm night, the lookout fails to Rescue and relief
spot an iceberg until it is only 1,000 yds
(900 m) away. First Officer William Murdoch At 4:10 a.m., the Carpathia arrives and at
orders the engines into reverse and the around 8:00 a.m., with all 705 survivors
on board, it sets sail for New York, arriving
“There is no danger three days later on April 18. Survivors
that Titanic will sink. disembark amid crowds of eagerly awaiting
The boat is unsinkable.” family, friends, and photographers who
followed the story that shook the world.
Phillip Franklin,
Lessons learned
White Star Line vice-president
After several months of news reports,
theories, and an official inquiry, the disaster
is deemed an accident. The high speed that
the colossal steamship was traveling at is
judged as “standard practice,” removing
blame from Captain Smith and his crew.
After the inquiry, it is recommended that
on future voyages, the number of places on
board lifeboats should match the number
of passengers on board.
243
THE
MODERN
WORLD
After 1914
The Modern World
In the first half of the 20th century, tensions between international
powers exploded into two world wars. European nations were
weakened by the cost and destruction of these conflicts, and lost
control of their overseas empires. In the late 20th century, new
rivalries sparked new conflicts. At the same time, technology leapt
forward. Humans ventured into space, while the invention of
computers led to a digital age that continues in the 21st century.
1924 1933 1936–1939 1945 1948
Joseph Stalin becomes leader Adolf Hitler comes to Spain descends into civil war The US drops atomic bombs on The United Nations creates
of the ruling Communist Party power in Germany. between the government and the Japanese cities of Hiroshima the nation of Israel in Palestine
in the Soviet Union. nationalists led by General Franco. and Nagasaki, ending World War II. as a homeland for the Jews.
1914–1918 1929 1939 1941 1948 1949
War between the powers The crash of the US stock World War II breaks The Japanese attack on The Soviet Union blocks Mao Zedong proclaims
of Europe spreads to market on Wall Street leads Pearl Harbor brings the transportation links to West the communist People’s
become World War I. to the Great Depression. out when Hitler US into World War II. Berlin, starting the Cold War. Republic of China.
invades Poland.
World War I The Soviet Union World War II Decolonization
Beginning in Europe, World War I A communist revolution in When Adolf Hitler of Germany After World War II, many
(see pages 248–249) quickly Russia transformed the country invaded Poland, World War II colonies in Africa and Asia
spread to colonies around the into the Soviet Union (see pages (see pages 258–267) engulfed
world. The war cost the lives of 254–255). Under Joseph Stalin, the globe. Fifty million people successfully fought for
20 million people. its people faced great hardships. independence from Europe
died as a result of the war.
246 (see pages 268–269).
The Difference Engine
As early as the 19th century, English
mathematician and inventor Charles
Babbage had designed a machine to
perform complicated mathematical
computations. But it wasn’t until the late
20th century that the age of computers
really got underway. Babbage was never
able to construct a finished machine—
the one shown here was made in the
1980s from his original designs for
the Difference Engine #2.
1950 1964 1989 1994 2001
North Korea invades The US formally enters English engineer Tim Nelson Mandela is elected Terrorist attacks on sites in
South Korea, starting the Vietnam War on Berners-Lee creates the first black president of the US lead to the start of
the Korean War. the side of the South. the World Wide Web. South Africa. the “War on Terror.”
1955 1962 1989 2004 2017
African-American Rosa Parks refuses to The Cold War threatens to get hot when The fall of the Berlin Wall A tsunami (tidal President Robert
give up her seat on a bus for a white man, the Soviet Union and the US clash over marks the start of the collapse wave) devastates Mugabe of Zimbabwe
igniting the US Civil Rights Movement. Soviet missiles installed in Cuba. of the Soviet Union. Southeast Asia. is forced to resign.
The Middle East The Cold War Civil Rights The digital age
The interference of the West in The US and the Soviet Union More than a century after The development of computers,
the affairs of the Middle East were on different sides of a the end of slavery in the US, the internet, and smartphones
(see pages 272–273) led to “Cold War” (see pages 282–283) African-Americans sought legal (see pages 298–299) has led to
decades of conflict in the region. that was played out in other equality through the Civil Rights a digital age where information
It remains unresolved to this day. nations around the world. Movement (see pages 290–291).
is readily available.
247
World War I
At the turn of the 20th century in Europe, nations competed
for land and power, with each country forming both military
alliances and hostile rivalries. The stage was set for war.
Between 1914 and 1918, Russia, France, and Britain fought
against Austria-Hungary and Germany, with both sides
using devastating new weaponry and tactics. World War I
became one of the bloodiest conflicts in history.
BEFORE War erupts Western Front War in the skies Gallipoli Campaign
In 1882, Germany, Austria-Hungary blames The German advance World War I is the first major British, French, Australian,
Italy, and Austria- Serbia for the Archduke’s across western Europe is war during which aircraft and New Zealand troops
Hungary sign a Triple assassination and declares halted by Allied troops. Both are used. From early 1915, mount a huge attack on
Alliance. Germany’s war. Russia sends troops to sides dig trenches, which planes are used for
rising power alarms form the Western Front, a the Gallipoli Peninsula
Britain and Russia. In defend Serbia, leading reconnaissance and taking hoping to capture Turkey,
1907, Britain joins a Germany to declare war on line that eventually photographs. They are later but the plan is a failure. Two
Triple Entente with stretches from the Swiss hundred thousand Allied
Russia and France. Russia. Country after border to the North Sea, deployed to drop bombs
country rushes to defend and fight against one troops are killed
their allies and declare war 400 miles (645 km). another in the skies. or wounded.
on their rivals. April 25, 1915–
January 9, 1916
September January 1915 April 22,
1914 1915
1 August
1914
June 28, August 26– December 25,
1914 30, 1914 1914
Assassination Battle of The Christmas Poison gas
Tannenberg Truce
The heir to the Austro- The German army unleashes
Hungarian throne, Archduke On the Eastern Front By the end of 1914, both sides a new weapon—poisonous
(Central and Eastern on the Western Front have chlorine gas. The first attack
Franz Ferdinand, is Europe), the Russian army reached a stalemate. A takes place near the Belgian
assassinated on a visit to invades Germany, but they city of Ypres. Five thousand
Sarajevo, Bosnia. The killer, suffer a crushing defeat. spontaneous truce is called at
The Russian commander Christmas. Soldiers enter "No soldiers die as gas seeps
Gavrilo Princip, is a commits suicide and the into the trenches, and
nationalist who believes army never really recovers. Man’s Land" between the 10,000 are injured.
that Bosnia should be part trenches to play soccer, sing
carols, and swap simple gifts.
of Serbia, not
Austria-Hungary.
248
The words you are searching are inside this book. To get more targeted content, please make full-text search by clicking here.
DK SMITHSONIAN TIMELINES OF EVERYTHING
Discover the best professional documents and content resources in AnyFlip Document Base.
Search