DK THE ECOLOGY BOOK

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INDEX 349

parrotfish 63–64 population dynamics cont. S
Pasteur, Louis 70, 100, 102, 103, 103 urbanization 282–283, 297
pasteurization 103 Verhulst equation 164–165, 184 Saint-Hilaire, Etienne Geoffroy 20
peacocks 28, 29 salamanders 63, 283, 283, 291
peak oil 263–264 population viability analysis (PVA) 312–315 salmon 184
Pearl, Raymond 164–165 prairie dogs 62, 62, 63 salt-tolerant vegetation 169
pedosphere 215 Pratchett, Terry 120 saltmarshes 142, 210
Peltier, Autumn 339 predators and prey 42, 56 saolas 97
penguins 72–73, 73 sawflies 278
penicillin 102 apex predators 65, 76, 109, 133 scala naturae 82, 83
Peregrine Falcons 229 food chains 109 Schimper, Andreas 160, 168, 169
periphyton 113 nonconsumptive effects (NCEs) 76–77 Schmidt-Nielsen, Knut 72, 73, 73
permafrost 225 predator–prey equations 44–49, 225 Schumacher, Ernst 295, 328
pesticides 229, 242–247 trophic cascades 62, 130, 140–143 scientific revolution 296
phenology 276 prickly pears 263 Sclater, Philip 160, 162, 200
phenotypes 30, 33, 89 primary consumers 112, 133, 138, 139, 277, sclerophyll 169
photosynthesis 66, 72, 74, 133, 136, 189, 221, 279 sea anemones 59, 59
primate development 120 sea levels, rising 203, 225, 241, 318
222, 228, 240, 249, 259, 269, 303, 305 prokaryotes 90 sea otters 64–65, 143
photovoltaic cells 302 protists 91 sea snails 182
phytogeography 200 ptarmigans 315 sea urchins 64, 143
phytoplankton 74, 94, 105, 112–113, 142, 222, Pulliam, Robert 66, 67 seals 109, 235
Sears, Paul 134
269, 269, 281 QR seasonal cycle 276–279
phytotrons 156, 157 second-order predation hypothesis 143
Pianka, Eric 66 queen conches 182 secondary consumers 138, 139, 277
pioneer plants 160, 171 seeds
Pitton de Tournefort, Joseph 86 rabbits 48, 109, 132, 142, 225, 270–271
plant communities 160–161, 167 raccoons 111 dispersal 58, 64
rainforests 54, 55, 97, 153, 209, 209, 228, 238, diversity 326–327
climax communities 172–173, 174 sessile species 77
open community theory 174–175 256–257, 258, 259, 264 sewage treatment 228, 233, 291
plant distribution 168–169 rainwater catchment and storage 291 sexual selection 28
plant ecology 167 ranaviruses 280 Shachak, Moshe 189
plant physiology 169 rats 111 Shaffer, Mark 313, 314
plant succession 135, 160, 167 Raven, Peter 56, 59 sharks 133
plants, invasive 272–273, 282 Ray, John 80, 82, 83, 86, 88 Shaw, Robert 337
plastic pollution 232, 235, 269, 284–285 recycling 291, 330–331 Shelford, Victor 138, 206, 207, 208
plate tectonics 212–213 Red List of the International Union for Shiva, Vandana 326, 327, 327
Playfair, John 23 sickle cell disease 37, 37
poaching 95 Conservation of Nature (IUCN) 93, 95, 312 Siemens, Werner von 302
polar bears 72, 109, 109 Red Queen evolutionary theory 49 Sierra Club 298, 307, 308
politics, Green 308, 309 Redfield Ratio 74 silver maple 209
pollination 56, 57, 58, 59, 230–235, 250, 279, Reed, Lowell 164 Simpson, George Gaylord 212, 213
329 reforestation 259 Slagsvold, Tore 114, 115
pollution 93–94, 105, 225, 228, 229, 280 Renaissance 296 Slobodkin, Lawrence 130, 140, 141, 143
acid rain 93, 222, 229, 234, 248–249 renewable energy 300–305 Smith, Frederick 141
air 93, 95, 232, 233–234, 233, 248 resource partitioning 53 Smith, John Maynard 29, 48, 131, 154–155
effects on health 232, 234 rhinos 201, 223 Smith, Robert Angus 248
intangible pollutants 235 ribosomes 90–91 smog 233
light 235, 252–253 rice 36 snakes 93
noise 235 Richmond, William Blake 335 Snow, John 69–70, 69
oil spills 234–235 Rio Earth Summit 295 snowshoe hares 110, 110
pesticides 229, 242–247 RNA 36 soil acidification 93
plastic 232, 235, 269, 284–285, 284, 285 solar power 294, 302–303, 305
thermal 235 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 75 Sonora Desert 173, 312
water 93, 94, 228, 233, 234–235, 269, 289, 330 Robins 114 sparrows 253
population dynamics 46–49, 108, 110 rockpools 193 speciation 30, 88–89
chaotic change 184 Romanticism 298, 299 species distribution 162–163
ecological drift 192 Roosevelt, Theodore 264, 335 species-area effect 147
human population growth 27, 46, 47, 94, 164, Root, Richard 152, 161, 176–177
237 Rowland, Frank 229, 260, 261
metapopulations 161, 186–187 “runaway greenhouse” effect 224, 225
overpopulation 229, 250–251
population control 250, 251
predator–prey equations 44–49, 190, 225

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350 INDEX

Spencer, Herbert 172 trophic-dynamic theory 138–139 wasps 49, 58
spontaneous generation 102 trout 111, 211 waste disposal 330–331
spring creep 274–279 truffles 104 water
squirrels 53, 53, 278 turtles 182, 229, 239, 253, 253, 285
starfish 62, 63, 130, 141, 141 Tyndall, John 202, 203 economic water scarcity 290–291
starlings 66, 67, 111, 189 typological species concepts 89 hydroelectric power 294, 302, 304–305
Steller’s sea cows 143, 143 physical water scarcity 290
steppes 207 U pollution 93, 94, 228, 233, 234–235, 269, 289, 330
Sterner, Robert 43, 74 recycling 291
sticklebacks 117 Udvardy, Miklos 200, 209 saline 265, 288
stinkhorn fungi 58 UNESCO 310, 311 tidal power 302, 305
stochasticity 192, 313, 314 uniformitarianism 18, 23 water crisis 286–291
stromatolites 205 urbanization 282–283, 297 water stress 290
Suess, Eduard 134, 197, 204 Urqhuart, Fred and Norah 180, 181, 181, 182 water supplies 265, 288, 289–290
sugar maple 209 UV radiation 260, 261 Watson, Andrew 216
Sugihari, George 184 Watson, James 19, 32, 34–35, 35
survival of the fittest 28, 37, 53 V weasels 109
Suzuki, David 337 Wecker, Stanley C. 337
swallows 199 vaccines 84, 102–103 Wegener, Alfred 163, 196, 212–213
Swammerdam, Jan 85 Van Valen, Leigh 46, 49 Werner, Abraham 23
symbiotic relationships 56 vegetation Werner, Earl 43, 76–77
systems ecology 211 wetlands 239, 289, 291
biomes 208–209 whales 87, 133, 235, 239, 285
T climax communities 172–173 whelks 62, 63
feedback loops 224 White, Gilbert 294, 297, 298
tadpoles 76–77, 109 formations 173, 206–207 White, Lynn 306
taiga 201 open community theory 174–175 Whitehouse, Michael 189
Tang, Chao 184 plant distribution 168–169 Whittaker, Robert 86, 90, 91, 161, 174, 175, 209
Tansley, Arthur 130, 134, 135, 135, 136, 138, 153, plant succession 135, 160, 167 Wickett, Michael E. 281
zones 168–169 Wiesenfeld, Kurt 184
167, 172, 174, 176, 190, 208, 210, 214 see also deforestation; plant communities wildlife corridors 239
tapirs 163 Verhulst, Pierre-François 164, 184 wildlife crossings 191, 191
tarns 136 Verhulst equation 164–165, 184 Wilkins, John 85
taxonomy 37, 80–81, 86–87 Vernadsky, Vladimir 136, 138, 153, 160, 167, 197, Wilkins, Maurice 35
Teale, Edwin Way 246 204–205, 205, 214 Williams, Carrington 185
telomeres 123 viral shunt 69 Williams, George C. 38
Ten Percent Law 113 viruses 68, 69, 70, 102, 103, 280 Wilmut, Ian 34
tench 113 volcanic activity 149, 149, 163, 222, 223 Wilson, E.O. 81, 92, 93, 94, 94, 131, 146, 147, 148,
territorial behavior 155 Volterra, Vito 46, 46, 47, 48, 52, 225 149, 223, 312
Theophrastus 42 wind power 303–304, 323
thermal pollution 235 W Wingfield, Eileen Wani 336
thermoregulation 126–127 Woese, Carl 81, 90–91
Thoreau, Henry David 171, 244, 298 Waddington, Conrad 188 wolves 49, 64, 65, 110, 140
ticks 58, 112 Wagler, Ron 223 “wood-wide web” 105
tidal power 302, 305 Wahlenburg, Göran 198 woodpeckers 111, 189
tigers 49, 133, 201 Wallace, Arthur Russel 18, 27–8, 29, 42, 59, 146, World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) 236
Tinbergen, Niko 39, 101, 116, 117, 123 Wright, Judith 336
toads 280 160, 162, 163, 166, 196–197, 200–201, 201
tool use, animal 120, 121, 122 Wallace Line 163, 201 XYZ
topsoil erosion 264–265 Walter, Heinrich 206
tortoises 27, 191, 200 warblers 52, 53, 199 X-ray crystallography 19
Traill, Catherine Parr 334 warfare 124–125
transition engineering 265 “warm-blooded” 126 yellow bush lupines 142, 143
transmutation 18, 21, 28 Warming, Johannes 160, 166, 167 Yorke, James A. 338
tree diversity 55 yuccas 57
Triassic Period 220, 223
trilobites 223 zoogeography 162, 163, 200, 200, 201
trophic cascades 62, 130, 140–143
trophic levels 130, 139, 141
trophic pyramid 113

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QUOTE ATTRIBUTIONS

THE STORY ECOSYSTEMS THE HUMAN FACTOR
OF EVOLUTION
132 Richard Bradley 230 Barry Commoner
20 Jean-Baptiste Lamarck 134 Tyler Miller and Scott Spoolman 236 John Muir
22 Georges Cuvier 152 Stephen Hubbell 240 Ralph Keeling
23 James Hutton 153 Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) 242 Rachel Carson
24 Charles Darwin 248 Gene Likens
32 Haruki Murakami Network 250 Garrett Hardin
34 Francis Crick 156 Michel Loreau 252 Tim Hunter
254 Chico Mendes
ECOLOGICAL ORGANISMS 260 Carl Sagan
PROCESSES IN A CHANGING 262 Gro Harlem Brundtland
ENVIRONMENT 266 Magraret Atwood
270 Thomas Austin
44 Vito Volterra 162 Alexander Von Humboldt 274 Jonathan Banks
50 Joseph Grinnell 164 Pierre François Verhulst 280 Stephen Price
52 Georgy Gause 166 Stephen Alfred Forbes 281 Elizabeth Kolbert
54 Joseph Connell 167 David Attenborough 286 Maude Barlow
56 Daniel Janzen 170 Henry David Thoreau
60 Kevin D. Lafferty and Thomas Suchanek 172 Frederic E. Clements ENVIRONMENTALISM
66 Eric Charnov, H.R. Pulliam, and Graham Pyke 174 Henry Allan Gleason AND CONSERVATION
76 Liana Zanette 176 R.B. Root
178 Brent Mitchell 296 Francis Bacon
ORDERING THE 184 Lev R. Ginzburg 297 Gilbert White
NATURAL WORLD 185 James Brown 298 Henry David Thoreau
186 Richard Levins 299 George Perkins Marsh
82 Aristotle 188 John Odling-Smee, Kevin Laland, and Marcus 300 Werner von Siemens
84 Robert Hooke 306 Aldo Leopold
86 Carl Linnaeus Feldman 310 UNESCO
88 Ernst Mayr 312 Mark L Shaffer
90 George Fox and Carl Woese THE LIVING EARTH 316 Barack Obama
92 E.O. Wilson 324 William Nordhaus
96 Norman Myers 198 Louis Agassiz 326 Vandana Shiva
202 James Hansen 328 Gretchen Daily
THE VARIETY OF LIFE 204 Vladimir Vernadsky 330 Paul Connett
210 Eugene Odum
102 Louis Pasteur 212 Seth Shostak
104 A.B. Frank 214 James Lovelock
106 Charles Elton 218 Walter Alvarez and Frank Asaro
116 Konrad Lorenz 224 James Hansen
118 Louis Leakey

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352

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Dorling Kindersley would like to thank Professor Fred Terry Whittaker Wildlife (br). 127 Alamy Stock Photo: (bc). 239 Alamy Stock Photo: ImageBroker (crb); Huang
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