151 |Shri Darpan 4. What is Lord Jagannath favourite sweet? 5. Who is the mother of Lord Jagannath? 6. How many times Lord Jagannath eat in a day? 7. Who constructed Lord Jagannath temple? 8. Who carved lord Jagannath idol? 9. What material was used for carving these Idols? 10. What is peculiar about these idols? 11. Where is the Jagannath temple located? Answers: 1. Non-Hindus cannot enter Jagannath temple. 2. Jagannath, Subhadra & balabhadra are the idols in Jagannath temple. 3. The winds are extremely strong in puri. 4. Poda Pitha is Jagannath favourite sweet. 5. Karama is the mother of lord Jagannath 6. Jagannath eats six times in a day. 7. It was built by AnantaVarman of the chodaganga dynasty. 8. King indradyumna carved lord Jagannath idol. 9. Lord Jagannath idols were carved with wood. 10. The deity in the temple is without hands but still can watch over the world and bless his devotees. 11. It is located in the eastern coast of Odisha. -Shanmukha. G, VA Lingaraja Temple Facts! • It was built in the 11th Century • It was built by Somvanshi King Yayati • Non Hindus are not allowed • This Temple is in Bhubaneswer • This is the largest Temple in Bhubaneswar - Priyanshi, VA
152 |Shri Darpan Temples A temple is a building reserved for spiritual rituals and activities such as prayer and sacrifice. Religions which erect temples include Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism. Temples were built for religious patronage. Muslims built mosques, Christians built Churches and Hindus built temples for their worship. They were also other structures for worship. Cross Word Quiz on Temples Down 1_____is a building reserved for Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism Ext. 4 ___is a temple of Christians Across 2_____ is the religion of lord shiva. 3_______ religion who go to temple. - Akshat Jain, VA The Golden Temple When we think about The Golden Temple, we get lot of questions in our mind like where is it located? Who build it and why? When was it build and History around it? Location: The Golden Temple (also known as the Harmandir Sahib, 'abode of God', or the Darbār Sahib, 'exalted court’ is a gurdwara located in the city of Amritsar, Punjab, India. Who build and when: The man-made pool on the site of the temple was completed by the fourth Sikh Guru, Guru Ram Das, in 1577. In 1604, Guru Arjan placed a copy of the Adi Granth in Harmandir Sahib. The Gurdwara was repeatedly rebuilt by the Sikhs after it became a target of persecution and was destroyed several times by the Mughal and invading Afghan armies. Maharaja Ranjit Singh, after founding the Sikh Empire, rebuilt it in marble and copper in 1809, and overlaid the sanctum with gold leaf in 1830. This has led to the name the Golden Temple. It is the preeminent spiritual site of Sikhism. It is one of the holiest sites in Sikhism, alongside the Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur in Kartarpur, and Gurdwara Janam Asthan in Nankana Sahib. - Drisana, VA
153 |Shri Darpan Significance: The Golden Temple is an open house of worship for all people, from all walks of life and faiths. It has a square plan with four entrances, and a circumambulation path around the pool. The four entrances to the gurudwara symbolizes the Sikh belief in equality and the Sikh view that all people are welcome into their holy place. The complex is a collection of buildings around the sanctum and the pool. One of these is Akal Takht, the chief center of religious authority of Sikhism. Langar – a free Sikh community–run kitchen that offers a vegetarian meal to all visitors without discrimination. Over 150,000 people visit the holy shrine every day for worship. The Gurdwara complex has been nominated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and its application is pending on the tentative list of UNESCO. History: The Golden Temple, Amritsar, c.1840 According to the Sikh historical records, the land that became Amritsar and houses the Harimandir Sahib was chosen by Guru Amar Das, the third Guru of the Sikh tradition. It was then called Guru Da Chakk, after he had asked his disciple Ram Das to find land to start a new town with a man-made pool as its central point. After Guru Ram Das succeeded Guru Amar Das in 1574, and in the face of hostile opposition from the sons of Guru Amar Das, Guru Ram Das founded the town that came to be known as "Ramdaspur". Ramdaspur town expanded during the time of Guru Arjan financed by donations and constructed by voluntary work. The town grew to become the city of Amritsar, and the area grew into the temple complex. Guru Arjan installed the scripture of Sikhism inside the new gurdwara in 1604. Continuing the efforts of Guru Ram Das, Guru Arjan established Amritsar as a primary Sikh pilgrimage destination. He wrote a voluminous amount of Sikh scripture including the popular Sukhmani Sahib. - Shlok Mittal, VA Balaji Temple One of the most mysterious temples in India, Balaji temple is also famed for being probably the only place in India where exorcisms by priests are still carried out. Facts about Balaji Temple: 1. The temple is dedicated to Lord Venkateshwara. 2. the Lord himself transformed into a stone; the idol is considered to be extremely powerful. 3. A strong belief on a legend about the actual existence of Swamy is found in the region.
154 |Shri Darpan 4. There was a king of unknown name who killed 12 people for a crime they committed and hanged them on the gates of this temple. The temple got closed for 12 years and Swamy made an appearance 5. The two imprints on his chest represent the places reserved for Lakshmi and Padmavathi on his body. 6. He is often referred to as the richest god, Srinivasa or Balaji. 7. The name Balaji refers to Shri Hanuman. 8. Tirupati was developed by Pallava Kings from 6th century onwards. 9. Tirupati temple's assets include over 10 tons of gold, cash worth ₹15,938cr. 10.Lord Balaji is believed to be an avatar of the Hindu god, Shri Vishnu. - Sree Anvitha, VA Mi Ciudad - Aayush Agarwal, VB All About Mecca Masjid Mecca Masjid, located in Hyderabad, is a beautiful Islam mosque whose construction began in 1614 by Sultan Muhammad Qutub Shah and was finished under the rule of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in 1693. It lies next to the Charminar, facing the Charminar in a southwest direction. The people of that period, and their culture affected the mosque in such a way that it has two huge octagonal columns, which are created from a single piece of granite, which are topped by an arched gallery and crowned by a dome. The Mecca Masjid can fit up to more than 10,000 worshipers at any time! This Masjid took around 8,000 workers to construct it. Mecca Masjid was put on UNESCO’s “Tentative List” to become a World Heritage Site, with others, in 2014. Each year, around 2.5 million pilgrims and tourists visit this place, showing us that Mecca Masjid is not just a monument, but a place to respect, honour, and protect. - Akshara Reddy P, VB
155 |Shri Darpan Facts about Mecca Masjid The Mecca Masjid is one of the many beautiful mosques in India. It is also written as Makkah Masjid and is located in Hyderabad, India. It is made of granite and is now one of the many monuments in India. The construction of this marvel took place under the reign of Sultan Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah in 1614 CE. The construction was completed in the year 1694 by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. Facts about Mecca Masjid! - Mecca Masjid is one of the biggest masjids in India! - Sultan Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah was the fifth ruler of Qutub Shahi Dynasty. - Mecca Masjid is one of the oldest mosques in the city. - The architectural style of this mosque is Islamic architecture. - Bricks of clay were brought from Mecca to make the central arch of the masjid. Hence it was named Mecca Masjid. - Anagha Pothukuchi, VB A Poem On Mosque A place of worship Where Muslims bow down before Their maker with utter devotion irrespective of race, cast and colour mosque is the symbol of their unity, the unity distinguishes them from others. Mosque is the citadel of Islam, It is the symbol of its glory, Mosque removes the distance Between God and Muslims. - Avyukt Saxena, VB St. Paul’s Cathedral Church is a holy place which is what should by Christians. They considered church as the holiest place and they pray for their wellbeing. The holiest place of Christians of Church is located in Jerusalem. In the top of the church people were able to find the small structure of Jesus. Saint Paul’s Cathedral, Cathedral of the Church of England in London. The present building is a domed church of great openness designed in a restrained style that combines elements of Neoclassical, Gothic, and Baroque architecture. It was designed by Christopher Wren and constructed (1675–1710) of Portland stone. The building replaced Old St. Paul’s, destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666. The interior is characterized by ironwork and woodcarving by master crafts workers. The majestic
156 |Shri Darpan dome, set on a colonnaded drum, rises 365 ft (111 m). The superbly detailed cathedral that Wren built bears only a slight resemblance to the Classical-Gothic design that had been accepted; why this is so remains a mystery. - Aayush Agarwal, VB A Poetic Tribute to Churches So many places where people worship the god, this is a place where they worship Christ the Lord. The sound of church bells ringing is so pure, It brings joy to our hearts, that's for sure! The church is a place which feels like it is enchanted, Go there and it feels like a wish will be granted. People go there at any time of the day, To worship the Lord in their own way! Every church’s architecture is so unique, To design these fantastic buildings, I am sure all those architects used special technique. - Dhriti Pavan, VB
157 |Shri Darpan Boot Verbs - Anagha Pothukuchi, VB - Dhriti Pavan Pochu, VB Las Estaciones Del Año - Ananya Vennela Gunda, VB
158 |Shri Darpan Arstistic Expressions of II H Aadhya Jetti Siddharth Nandyal Shristi Bhowmick Muhammad Shoaib Dijoo Mishikhaa Agarwaal Vanteru Nikshith Reddy Aahan Roy Venkata Deeptanshu Kasturi Virat Kothakota Siddhi Gayatri Adiraju Shreshta Ch Monaali Chowdary Gaddam Reeyansh Bisht Aariketh Nair Shaurya Moola
159 |Shri Darpan Siona Mehta Anushreya Purang Urishi Chowdhuri Sreenika Santhosh Raja Mayukha Vakkalanka Aarvi Singh Chauhan Goushik Nallabelly Nerica Reddy Basani Srisamhitha Vanam Paridhi Malyala Sthira Chaudhury Eva Jain Akshara Gande
160 |Shri Darpan Las Profesiones - Manasvi Sharma, VB Christianity Jesus of Nazareth started Christianity. It is a major religion stemming from the life, teachings, and death of Jesus of Nazareth (the Christ, or the Anointed One of God) in the 1st century. Some Christians believe that Peter founded the church at the behest of Jesus himself. Others would see the first church as the Jerusalem Church, created by the disciples after Jesus' death and led by James until his death in 63 A.D. Churches were evolved over the last two thousand years of the Christian religion, partly by innovation and partly by borrowing other architectural styles. - Eshaan Waghela, VB St. Francis Church, Kerala St. Francis Church is one of India's oldest and largest churches developed in 1503. The Portuguese built this European church to demonstrate the historic and cultural implication by recalling silent witnesses of Indians against European dominance. During that era, this church also served as a cremation destination for the Vasco De Gama (a Portuguese explorer) who left this world in 1524. After 40 years, his remains were shifted to Lisbon. A well-furnished magnificent monument, the site is travelled by millions of devotees everywhere with the hope of getting their wishes fulfilled. It was a simple church, but later it was revamped by the Britishers. - Anika Nayak, VB
161 |Shri Darpan Spanish Mosque It can accommodate 3000 worshipers at once. The Spanish Mosque is very well known and is considered as a landmark mosque. The Spanish Mosque, also known as Masjid Iqbal Ud Daula or Jam-E-Masjid Aiwan-E-Begumpet, is a mosque within the Paigah Palace, Begumpet, Hyderabad, India. The construction of the mosque was started by the fifth Paigah Amir H.E, Nawab Mohammed Fazaluddin Khan, Iqbal Ud Daula, Sir Viqar-ul-Umra in 1900 (due to his sudden demise in 1902) and completed by his heir and elder son H.E Nawab Sultan Ul Mulk Bahadur, VI. After Amir of Paigah’s return from Spain, he was very much inspired by the Cathedral–Mosque of Córdoba. The exterior and interior of the Spanish Mosque are mostly similar to the Cathedral–Mosque of Córdoba in Spain and Jama Masjid Gulbarga, Karnataka, India. It shows state-of-the-art interiors and architecture. The mosque is also known by the local Muslim community as Masjid Iqbal Ud-Daula, Masjid Aiwan-e-Begumpet. The Mosque is maintained by the Trustee of the mosque and a part of the Paigah family, Mr. Faiz Khan. - Manasvi Sharma, VB Interesting Facts About Mosques The mosque serves a variety of roles in the lives of Muslims. Its most important role is as a house of prayer. Muslims often visit the mosque to participate in prayer with large groups. Mosques also provide religious education, local charity, and a meeting place for Muslims to have religious discussions. Minarets are towers that are often built as part of a mosque. They are used for calling Muslims to prayer. Interesting facts about Mosque: The tallest minaret in the world is the minaret at the Hassan II Mosque in Casablanca, Morocco. It is 689 feet tall. Cleanliness is important to Muslims when they worship. There is usually an area in the mosque where visitors wash and remove their shoes before entering the prayer room. The capacity of the Al Haram Mosque is said to be increased to up to 4,000,000 people during the Hajj. The word ‘mosque’ in the English translation means ‘place for prostration’. - Ayansh Sharma, VB
162 |Shri Darpan Interesting Facts About Masjid It is a place of prayer for Muslims. Mosques are the heart of the Islamic life. They serve for prayers, for events during Islam's holiest month Ramadan, as centers for education and information, places for social welfare, and for dispute settlement. Facts about Masjids: The Jama Masjid is the largest Masjid in India. It was built between 1650 and 1656 at the highest point of Shahjahanabad. When we talk about mosques, India has more than 300,000 active mosques, more than the number in most Islamic nations. The first Masjid built in India is the Cheraman Juma Masjid. Five Most Beautiful Masjids in India: Hazratbal Masjid, Srinagar Jama Masjid, Srinagar Jama Masjid, Delhi Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad Taj-ul Masjid, Bhopal - Gauri Ananya, VB The Most Beautiful Church in India St. Lawrence Shrine Basilica or Attur Basilica is a Roman Catolic church in karkala, India. It was built in 1759 and is purported to be the site of many miracles. It is by characterized its Attur Jatre or Attur Festival. Attur Church is situated on the outskirts of Karkala in the Karnataka state of India. It is situated 58 km from Manglore. Placed amidst placid greenery, the Attur-Karkala parish has a rich history. The church oversees a school and an orphanage It has been part of the town’s fabric for more than 260 years and this long history has included lots of twists and turns as the church evolved from a small parish into a minor basilica. The first church was erected in the area in 1759 but St. Lawrence Shrine as it stands today was constructed in 1900. Also known as Attur Church, attending a Novena mass or prayer service here is a bucketlist experience for those of the faith. Whether or not you’re religious, you can’t help but be impressed by the church’s majestic Gothic facade. The church is also stunning because of its setting, sitting amid rich greenery. Crowds are busiest at the church during Attur Fest, which is held over a five-day period in January each year; it features lots of light-hearted festivities. - Rohan Billakanti, VB
163 |Shri Darpan Jama Masjid It was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan between 1650 and 1656, and inaugurated by its first Imam, Syed Abdul Ghafoor Shah Bukhari. It is one of the important historical monuments of India built during the rule of Mughals in India. The mosque consists of three large gates, four towers and 3 minarets. The use of white marble along with red stone to build the structure. The mosque was designed by architect Ustad Khalil, and constructed by approximately 5000 workers. The workforce was diverse, consisting of Indians, Arabs, Persians, Turks, and Europeans. It was built between 1650 to 1656. - Tanishka Venna, VB Las Profesiones -Sahana Sejal Jayanthi, VB Safdarjung Tomb Safdarjung's Tomb, located in Delhi, India, is a sandstone mausoleum that was constructed in 1754 in honor of Nawab Safdarjung, a former prime minister of the Mughal Empire. The tomb was built at the request of Safdarjung's son, who was granted permission by the Mughal Emperor to construct it. The design of the tomb was created by an Abyssinian architect and features a Char Bagh plan, which places the mausoleum at the center of a garden divided into four quadrants, as well as a nine-fold floor plan, a five-part facade, and a large podium with a hidden stairway. Safdarjung was a wealthy and influential ruler of Awadh before serving as the prime minister under Mohammed Shah Ahmed Shah's reign. - Aalap Kanungo, VC
164 |Shri Darpan Discovering the Wonders of Churches A church is a place where Christian people go to worship or to do other religious activities. A common architecture for churches is the shape of a cross. Other common shapes for churches include a circle, to represent eternity, or an octagon or similar star shape, to represent the church's bringing light to the world. - Sanaya Saoji, VB Mosques in India The English word ‘mosque’ denotes a Muslim house of worship. During prayer, Muslims kneel and touch their foreheads to the ground as a sign of submission to the will of God. Mosques are the heart of the Islamic life. They serve for prayers, for events during Islam's holiest month Ramadan, as centers for education and information, places for social welfare, and also for dispute settlement. The imam is the religious leader of the mosque and the person who leads the prayers. Interesting Facts about Mosques: The tallest minaret in the world is the minaret at the Hassan II, Mosque in Casablanca, Morocco. It is 689 feet tall. Cleanliness is important to Muslims when they worship. There is usually an area in the mosque where visitors wash and remove their shoes before entering the prayer room. - Tanvi Nadendla, VB A Poetic Ode to the Mosque Aloft the air stirring the sky, Oh, so tall and looking ever so mighty Are the minarets that you and I see? The big dome set neatly atop, so finely polished That the eye can see nothing more except for the Remarkably breathtaking beauty, it exudes. So fascinating are those inscriptions that align the walls And the intricacy of the motifs ever so breath taking. Here come people who worship the revered Prophet Mohammad, Men, Women and children flock in to worship. Oh, ever so wonderful is this sacred place, A Mosque! A wonderful place indeed. - Uthaiah K.C, VB
165 |Shri Darpan Los Famosos Hispanos - Tanvi Nadendla, VB The Tomb of Aurangzeb The tomb of the last influential Mughal emperor, is located in the Aurangabad district, Maharashtra. Aurangzeb is buried in an unmarked grave in complex of the shrine of sheik Zainuddin who was his spiritual leader. The tomb is remarkably simple keeping with the wishes of Aurangzeb. The shrine is to home the first Nizam of Hyderabad, Asif Jah I and his son Nasir Jung. Inspired by his sister, grave soil was placed on his tomb and herbs grow on it. - Aarya Krishnan, VC Qutub Shahi Tombs The Qutub Shahi tombs are the tombs for the Qutub Shahi dynasty. They are located in Ibraham Nagar which is close to the Golconda fort, Hyderabad, India. The first tomb being the tomb of Sultan Quli Qutb-Ul-Mulk, the second tomb is the tomb of Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah [1550-1580], the next was Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah [1580-1612], the ruler after that being Sultan Muhammad Qutb Shah [1612-1626] and the next tomb is for Abdullah Qutb Shah [1626-1672]. Another tomb is for Hayat Bakshi Begum [dead 1667] who was the younger sister of Muhhmad Quli Qutb Shah. - - Abhinav Vinjamuri, VC Exploring the Majestic Humayun’s Tomb Located in Delhi, India, Humayun's tomb is a magnificent mausoleum built in memory of Mughal Emperor Humayun, which took eight years to complete and was finished in
166 |Shri Darpan 1558. The idea to construct the tomb came from Humayun's wife, who wanted to create a lasting monument to honor her husband. Persian architects were brought in to design and build the tomb, resu lting in a stunning example of Mughal architecture. Inside the complex, there are over a hundred smaller tombs, making it significant historical and cultural site in IndiaIt used Charbagh garden style which was new to The first garden tomb in India, this magnificent structure is situated in a geometrical garden divided into four squares by walkways and water channels. The use of red sandstone and marble in its construction lends it an impressive appearance. As I stood before the intricate sandstone jaalis, I was struck by the beauty of the gardens. The tomb was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1993, highlighting its historical and cultural significance. Interestingly, my grandmother, who works at the Archeological Survey of India (ASI), informed me that the Taj Mahal was reportedly inspired by thistomb. She further mentioned that her office isresponsible forits upkeep and preservation. - Abha Pandey, VC Water Wells Water wells have been around for centuries, with the earliest wells dating back to 1850 BCE and many of them located in China. In West Virginia, the Ruffner Brothers from Durham, North Carolina constructed the first well to access water and salt at Great Buffalo Lick. Despite their importance as a source of water, many people mistakenly believe that well water is not safe to drink. However, this is not true, and it is our responsibility to regularly test our wells to ensure that the water is safe for consumption. Wells are typically covered with materials such as wood, stones, or concrete, and they contain a significant amount of underground water. - Akshara Jyothi, VC Bapu Ghat Baoli Stepwell The Baoli, a historic stepwell, existed even before the construction of Bapu Ghat in 1948, which was one of the places where Mahatma Gandhi's ashes were immersed. Hyderabad was one of the 11 places in India where the ashes of Mahatma Gandhi
167 |Shri Darpan were immersed. The ashes were brought to the city on February 12, 1948, and a small memorial was built there, which was later expanded. As for the structure of the Baoli itself, it was constructed using stone masonry and covered with a 2-inch-thick layer of lime plaster. Over the years, loose lime plaster, paint, and other elements were added to it, but these were eventually removed. It's worth noting that "Bapu" was the title given to Mahatma Gandhi by Subhash Chandra Bose on July 6, 1944. -Akshithaa M, VC The Taj Mahal The Taj Mahal gets its name from the Persian words for "Crown Palace" and is situated on the banks of the Yamuna River in Agra. This magnificent structure was commissioned by Emperor Shah Jahan in 1653 as a memorial to his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal. The chief architect responsible for the Taj Mahal's design was Ustad Isha Khan, a talented artist from Turkey. It took a staggering 22 years and over 20,000 skilled artisans to complete the construction of the Taj Mahal, which cost an estimated 200 million rupees. Standing at a height of five feet taller than the Qutub Minar, the Taj Mahal is a marvel of architectural and engineering prowess. Its stunning white marble facade appears to change color depending on the time of day and amount of light. The surrounding gardens, trees, and serene lakes only add to the beauty and majesty of this iconic monument. - Anjaney K Sinhaa, VC About Tombs A tomb is a house or vault for the dead people. The most tombs in ancient times were built by the Egyptians for their Kings, the Pharaohs. Usually, a tomb is under a tombstone, which tells the name of the person who died. The first tomb was built around 1231 AD by Illtutmish over the mortal remains of his eldest son. It is considered as the start of tomb building in India, this is situated in the south west part of New Delhi. - Apoorva Jyothi, VC Tombs Tombs in India were generally dedicated to the Muslim rulers who ruled India. A tomb is a house, chamber for the dead, a large grave that is above the ground and has a sculpture or other decoration on it. They are built to protect the dead and provide the deceased with dwelling equipped with necessities for the afterlife. Tombs were introduced by the Mughal Empire.
168 |Shri Darpan The Humayun Tomb The Humayun’s tomb was built in 1560’s with the patronage of Humayun’s son, the great Emperor Akbar. It was defined and constructed by Mirak Mirza Ghiyath, Sayyed Muhammad. This tomb is located in Mathura road, Delhi, India. - Deetya Reddy Ippala, VC The Humayun Tomb Humayun's Tomb is a historical building in East Delhi, built in 1558. It was designed by Mirak Mirza Ghiyas and his son Sayyid Muhammad. The tomb is known for its unique Mughal architecture, which inspired other grand mausoleums built later. The towering dome and the gateway, called pishtaa, are notable features of Mughal architecture, and were first seen in Humayun's Tomb. - Mishika Arora, VC Chand Baori Stepwell The Chand Baori Stepwell is a stepwell in the village of Abhaneri, Rajasthan. It was built between 800 – 900 CE by King Chanda (from where the stepwell gets its name) of the Nikhumb Dynasty. It is the deepest stepwell in the world. It was built to provide irrigation to crops, as well as to conserve water. It has 3,500 steps and thirteen stories. The Harshat Mata Temple is situated next to the stepwell. The temple was partly destroyed by the Islamic ruler Mahmud Ghaznavi. The well’s bottom is about 6 Fo cooler than the top. It is 20m deep. -Mitul Singh, VC Akbar’s Tomb Mughal Emperor Akbar ruled Agra from the 15th – 16th century and formed a vast empire. He was very famous and his tomb is a major tourist spot not only in India but all around the world. Since he ruled Agra, his tomb was located near Agra in a town called Sikandra on Mathura road. Akbar started building his tomb in the early 16th century but passed away before it was finished. His son, Jahangir completed the tomb and buried him. Once the tomb was finished, Akbar buried his favorite spouse, Mariamuz-Zamani and made a huge garden around the tomb. Her Tomb is located around a kilometer away from Akbar’s. - Om Prasad Kodali, VC
169 |Shri Darpan A Well in a Home In my friend’s house there is a well. The well was an idea by her great grandfather. The well is basic well and is very deep. It is covered by a metal net and a very clean stone. This well was a big source of water for them. Going to the architecture, it’s round and is made out of stone so it doesn’t leak. What maintenance is needed for a well? Wells should be checked and tested per annum for mechanical problems, cleanliness, and the presence of certain impurity, such as coliform bacteria, nitrites, and any other toxin of local concern, ex: arsenic. - Sara Jain, VC Qutub Shahi Tombs Qutub Shahi tombs were built in 1543 A.D by Various kings of the Qutub shahi dynasty. Near the tomb of Sultan Quli is that of his son, Jamsheed, the second in line of Qutub Shahi sultans.Built-in 1550 A.D. This is the only Qutub Shahi tomb which has not been fashioned from shining black basalt. The galleries of the smaller tombs are of a single storey while the larger ones are two-storied. In the centre of each tomb is a sarcophagus which overlies the actual burial vault in a crypt below. - Siddharth Kr Goel, VC Ghiyas-Ud-Din Tughlaq’s Tomb The tomb was constructed in 1325 built in red sandstone and white marble. The tomb’s sloping walls develop a style that was used in all following Tughlaq architecture. This tomb has the graves of Ghiyas-Ud-Din’s wife and his son Muhammad Bin-Tughaq. Ghiyas tomb exhibits peculiar Hindu influences in form of a kalasa, a pinnacle, on top of the white marble dome and a redundant stone lintel installed just below the arch. The kalasa adorns tops of most shikharas of ancient and modern Hindu temples in India. - Sparsh Mehra, V C
170 |Shri Darpan Tombs in India - Cross Word Puzzle 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Across: 1) One of the Seven Wonders of World. 3) Akbar's tomb location. 5) The Itimad-Ud-Daulah Tomb is built on the banks of ______ river. 7) Tomb of greatest musician of India located at Gwalior. 10) Famous tombs located at Hyderabad. Down: 2) First garden tomb in India. 4) Tomb of Tipu Sultan. 6) Bibi-ka-Maqbara Tomb is also known as ___________ 8) The tomb “Third Tajmahal” belongs to… 9) Tomb with the biggest single chamber spaces in India. Answers: Across - 1-Taj Mahal, 3-Agra, 5-Yamuna, 7-Tansen, 10-Qutb Shahi Down – 2-Humayun, 4-Gumbaz, 6-Dakhani Taj, 8-Sher Shah Suri, 9-Gol Gumbaz - Samvedya Banothu, VC
171 |Shri Darpan The Beauty of Tombs A tomb is a burial prison where the humans bury people. The first tomb structure which the Indians developed was the mastaba, composed of earthen bricks made from soil along the Nile. The Indians believed that life did not stop after the death of someone or something. Tombs are mostly built near churchyards or churches. They can be of any size and shape. They are mostly found in Egypt and are very big in size. The tombs are in the shapes of triangles, squares and rectangles. Scientists who wanted to collect information about the tombs saw many boxes of dead people which were placed in front or at the side of the tombs. - Supraja Dushi, VC Bibi Ka Maqbara Bibi Ka Maqbara, meaning ‘Tomb of the Lady,’ was made by Aurangzeb in Aurangabad, Maharashtra. It holds striking resemblance to the Taj Mahal, because Taj Mahal was the tomb of Aurangzeb's mother, Mumtaz Mahal. This tomb was created for Aurangzeb's wife, Dilras Banu Begum. This tomb was the second largest tomb ever created by Aurangzeb. This tomb is also called Dakkhani Taj (Taj of the Deccan). Bibi Ka Maqbara was built during 1668 – 1669 CE. The mausoleum was created by AtaUllah. What’s more, Ata-Ullah was the son of the principle designer of the Taj Mahal! Connections everywhere! - Tanish Inamdar, VC Tombs: Mastaba and Shi-Huangdi The first tomb structure which the Egyptians developed was the Mastaba, composed of earthen bricks made from the soil, along the Nile. It provided better protection from scavenging animals and grave robbers. As the remains were not in contact with the dry desert sand, natural mummification could not take place. Only high officials and royalty were buried in these Mastabas until the Old Period or First Intermediate Period. Mastaba's above-ground structure is rectangular with inward-sloping sides and had a flat roof. The exterior building materials were initially bricks made of the sun-dried mud readily available from the river Nile. Mastabas were often about four times as long as they were wide, and many rose to at least 30 feet in height. They were oriented north–south, which the Egyptians believed was essential for access to the afterlife. Inside the mastaba, the burial chambers were cut deep into the bedrock and lined with wood. The tomb of Shi Huangdi in China contained over 8,000 terra cotta warriors, their weapons, chariots, and horses so that the emperor would have a standing army at his command in the afterlife. This tomb, which rises to a height of 141 feet (43 meters) was first discovered in 1974 CE in the city of Xi'an and has yet to be excavated because of the fear of the various traps Shi Huangdi is said to have devised to protect the vast
172 |Shri Darpan treasure he was buried with. Over 700,000 workers were conscripted to build the tomb which was supposed to symbolize the world over which Shi Huangdi reigned and would continue to rule in the afterlife. Other tombs in China, not nearly so grand in size or scope, also reflect the belief that the deceased would continue to exist in some form in another realm and could continue to exert influence on the living, for good or ill, depending on how their remains had been respected and how their memory continued to be honoured - Vaanya Bahl, VC All About Gol Gumbaz The Gol Gumbaz is a mausoleum (Tomb) which is situated in the modern district of Vijayapura in Karnataka which was later called Bijapur. This is built in the DeccanIndo Islamic architecture, this colossal structure is made of dark grey basalt, it reaches up to 51 meters in height while the giant tomb has a radius of 22 meters which means it has a diameter of 44 meters. Domed octagonal towers are divided into seven floors each and topped by a bulbous dome, like the four corners of the cube. The Gol Gumbaz was built by the statesmen for the remembrance of Mohammed Adil Shah who ruled the Bijapur from (1627-1656). - Vedansh Mudunuru, VC Rani Ki Vav Rani ki VAV, also called the queen's step well, is situated on the banks of the Sarasvati River in Gujarat. This architectural wonder was erected by Queen Udayamati in the 11th century to commemorate her husband, King Bhimdev I. It is a symbol of both love and intrigue, and is located 28 meters or eight stories underground, fashioned in the shape of an inverted temple. The descent to the bottom is facilitated by a series of steps, which lead to several levels containing ornately carved pillars and over 1000 sculptures of a religious nature. Rani ki VAV is one of the most impressive and extensive examples of step well architecture found in Gujarat. -Vedanshi M, VC Mughal Tomb Architectures Mughal Emperors had to have a tomb after their death as it was the most memorable way to remember the Mughal king at the time. The First Mughal Emperor, Babur (1483-1530) had one built before his death, in 1528. The Taj Mahal also houses the tomb of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, as well as his wife, Mumtaz Mahal. And not just kings got a tomb after they died, but also high-ranking Persian officials, and emperor’s wives, their children, or their foster-brothers. Now we now know that Mughals loved to build tombs! - Vijul Singh, VC
173 |Shri Darpan My Visit to Fatehpur Sikri I had visited a very famous ancient monument named Fathepur Sikri that was built by Mughal Emperor Badshah Akbar in Sikri Village, it is 40 km away from Agra in Uttar Pradesh. Fathepur Sikri is made from Red Sandstone. This was made by Baadshah Akbar after taking permission from his Guru Hussain Salim Chisthi, whose Mazaar is still there which is made of white marble. With the blessing of Salim Chisthi, Akbar and his wife Jodhabai were blessed with a son whose name was Jehangir, who later on made Taj Mahal which has become one of the seven wonders of the world. Akbar lived in Fatehpur Sikri with his 3 wives for 14 years before he moved to other places. Akbar made Buland Darwaza that was considered highest entrance of the world. On the Buland Darwaza there is inscription of Holy Quraan and few Bible quotes. Akbar founded Din- e- elaahi Religion. My visit was memorable and it’s a must place to visit. My pic of visit to Fathepur Sikri: - Verronica Mohan, VC Step Wells: An Architectural Marvel Step wells are wells with a long corridor of steps that descend to the water level. There are at least about 2000 step wells in India. The stepwells were constructed in the southwestern region of Gujarat around 600 AD, they spread north to Rajasthan and subsequently to the north and west India. They are initially used as an art form by Hindus, the construction of these step wells hit its peak during Muslim rule from the 11th to 16th century. The first ever step well was built by Raja Chanda in India. The step wells have indo-Islamic architecture which represents a fusion of Islamic floral patterns with Hindu gods and symbolism. The walls are adorned with carvings of elephants, mythological scenes, women performing everyday chores, and dancers. - Yashita Patel, VC
174 |Shri Darpan The Tomb of Safdar Jang This tomb was built in 1754 in Mughal Empire style. It is in Delhi near the Sajdarjung Airport. This tomb was built in the memory of Mirza Muqim Abul Mansur Khan, popularly known as Safdarjung. He was a rich and powerful ruler. He ruled Awadh, also called as Oudh. It took a year to create this tomb (1753-1754). Red and buff stones were used to make this monument. The height of this monument is 92 feet or 28 metres. - Aadvik Dekate, VD Jaisalmer Fort Jaisalmer Fort, also known as Sonar Quila (Golden Fort) is in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan. It is a UNICEF World Heritage Site. Jaisalmer Fort, the second oldest fort in Rajasthan, is among the world’s largest fortifications. The fort was constructed in the Classic style by local craftsmen. It has four gateways though which visitors to the fort must pass. The fort was built by Rawal Jaisal, a Bhati Rajput, in 1156 CE. The story says that it superseded an earlier construction at Lodhruva, with which Jaisal was unsatisfied and thus, a new capital was established when he founded the city of Jaisalmer. - Aahana Mothay, VD A Cinquain Poem on Forts Fort Strong, Tough Capturing, Attacking, Defending Citadel, Bastion, Fortress, Redoubt Evacuating, Seizing, Bombarding Gigantic, Powerful Castle! - Ankan Patwa, VD Interesting Facts About Tombs A tomb is a house or a chamber for the dead. The original purpose for a tomb was to protect the afterlife. The tombs are divided into 3 types as given below. Pyramids: Pyramids are a type of built on a triangular base with sloping sides. The pyramids were first built in Egypt and are one of the oldest tombs. They were built for religious purposes. Mastabas: One of the first ever-built tombs, Mastaba is a type of ancient Egyptian tomb in the form of a rectangular structure with sloping sides. Rock-cut chambers: A rock cut chamber is a chamber which is cut out of rocks. It is mostly underground or built on a plain with the help of human hands. - Aarav Tiwari, VD
175 |Shri Darpan Quiz on Forts & Tombs Questions on Tombs Q1 Who created the Tomb of Adham Khan? Q2. Taj Mahal was built by whom & for whom? Q3. Hazira Maqbara is dedicated to whom? Questions on Forts Q1. Where is Red Fort located? Q2. Which famous warrior use to live in Jhansi Fort? Q3. Which famous fort is Hyderabad is home to? Answers for Tombs 1. Akbar 2. It was built by Shah Jahan for Mumtaz. 3. Muhammad Khan Answers for Forts 1. Delhi 2. Rani Jhansi Bai 3. Golkonda Fort - Arjun Rao, VD Facts on the Taj Mahal Taj Mahal is a mausoleum in Agra, India. This is one of the seven wonders of the world. The Taj Mahal was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan (1628 – 1658) for his 3rd wife, Mumtaj, who died while giving birth to her 14th child, Gauhara Begum. The Taj Mahal is also symbol of love for this reason. It is primarily built with sandstone and marble, although there are other materials such as black slate, sweet limestone, reed glue and red clay. Overall, it attracts many tourists and is an important historical monument in our lives. - - Dhruv Vinayak, VD Word Search: Find the Famous Indian Forts RED FORT CHITTOR GWALIOR AMBER GOLCONDA JAISALMER AGRA KANGRA JHANSI JUNAGARH
176 |Shri Darpan J A I S A L M E R Z O G W A L I O R V X F X U H S O X R I J A R Y N A M B E R U P K A N G R A D W N I H G U K L H F P A J Y R M J C T O L G S V A B N W U R C A R Z I C H I T T O R G O L C O N D A Y H - Darsh Nandan Seri, VD ANSWERS J A I S A L M E R Z O G W A L I O R V X F X U H S O X R I J A R Y N A M B E R U P K A N G R A D W N I H G U K L H F P A J Y R M J C T O L G S V A B N W U R C A R Z I C H I T T O R G O L C O N D A Y H Fun Facts About Indian Forts India is considered as a land of forts. There are more than 1000 forts in India. Some of the famous ones that one should visit are Red Fort in Delhi, Agra Fort in Agra, Amber Fort in Jaipur, etc. Each fort in India has an essence of a glorious past that will take you back to the time when it was built. These well-preserved attractions of India are evoking many interesting tales which will leave you mesmerized. To explain this more, let us take an example of Kumbhalgarh fort which was ruled by Rana Kumbha and his
177 |Shri Darpan descendants and has faced many problems during construction but later was resolved by performing human sacrifice. These serve as great reminders of the bygone eras, mystical kingdoms & their rulers. Most of the forts were built to act as a defence mechanism during wars in order to keep the enemies away. Here are some fun facts about forts Qila Mubarak in Bathinda, built between 90-110 CE by Raja Dab of the Kushana dynasty, it is the oldest surviving fort of India. Shri Mohangarh Fort, is in Jaisalmer and is the youngest or the last built fort completed in 1944. Chittorgarh Fort is one of the largest forts in India among other magnificent forts in the country. The Madan Mahal Fort, it is the smallest fort in India The Red Fort was white in colour when it was built by Shah Jahan. Originally made with lime stones, in 1648, the white stone eventually started chirping off so The British Government then had the entire monument painted red, thus changing its original colour forever - Divyanshi Das, VD Quiz on Taj Mahal Q1 Who built Taj Mahal? a) Aurangzeb b) Shah Jahan c) Muhammad Q2 What is the cost of Taj Mahal? a) $4 million b) $10 million c) $1 billion Q3 When was Taj Mahal completed? a)1689 b)1647 c)1653
178 |Shri Darpan Q4 How many artisans were employed? a) 20,000 b) 50,000 c)1,00,000 Q5 How many visitors does Taj Mahal attract in a year? a) 8 million b)6 million c)1 billion Answers 1) B 2) c 3) c d) a e) b - Hasit Srivastava, VD Lal Qila - The Iconic Fort When the whole world is sleeping India celebrated its 1st independence day at Red Fort by hoisting its Tiranga Flag. Red Fort, the iconic monument is the Symbol of Freedom. Every year we celebrate our Independence day and Republic day by hoisting Tiranga flag at Red fort. Red Fort is also known as LAL QILA as the fort is made up of Red Sand Stone. It was main residence of Mughal Emperors. It was built by Shah Jahan and the architect was Ustad Ahmed Lahori who also designed Taj Mahal. - Hrishikesh Reddy K, VD An Article about Egyptian Tombs The Egyptians made many tombs for their kings, called as pharaohs. They built tombs made of dried bricks buried inside the earth. There was a large room for ceremonies honoring the spirit of the dead and another small room, where the statue of the dead person would be placed so that the spirit of their loved ones could see and enjoy the celebrations. The royal pyramids had paintings depicting the life of their kings and were filled with treasure, gold and all the things that the king needs to take with him into the afterlife. - Nirvaan Reddy Koduri, VD Forts: Pride of Our Nation A fort is a building designed to protect a region and defend it from attack. Due to these forts it became easy to defend the kingdom from enemies. Forts gained importance during the period of Shivaji Maharaj. It was due to the forts; he was able to protect Marathas from Mughal forces. In modern times, forts are mainly tourists’ spots. Some forts are changed to museums, which explains the past of the fort.
179 |Shri Darpan Usually there are three kinds of forts – Hill forts, Land forts and Sea forts. India has a vast and rich cultural history and many forts adorn this beautiful country. There are approximately 1000 or more forts in India. Forts are beautiful and pride of our nation. We should preserve the forts to pass on the understanding of the past to future generations. - Saanvi Katarey, VD Forts and Tombs I have visited many forts and tombs. Out of them, one of the most fascinating were Fatehpur Sikri and Taj Mahal. Let me tell you about them. Fatehpur Sikri is 454 years old and was a short-lived capital of the Mughal empire from 1571 to 1585. It was made by the 16th century Mughal emperor, Akbar the great. Taj Mahal was a tomb made by Shah Jahan for his wife Mumtaz Mahal. It is perfectly symmetrical. It is made of white marble. Earlier before the British came to India it was covered by diamonds and gold but when the Britishers came to India, they looted it. Places of Interest in Fatehpur Sikri 1. Lotus Throne 2. Panch Mahal 3. Jodha Bai's Palace 4. Birbal Bhavan 5. Khwabgah - Shaarav Kumar, VD Chandragiri Fort Chandragiri Fort is a historical fort built in the 11th century by the Yadav rulers. It is located in Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh. It came under the rule of Vijayanagara empire in 1367. It came into prominence during 1560s during the reign of Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya. It is famous for being a historical fort built in the 11th century as well as the Raja and Rani Palaces were found within it. It is an interesting place to visit for heritage enthusiasts. It is dedicated to Lord Shiva and it is located at an altitude of 2551 meters above sea level. - Sukrit Awasthi, VD
180 |Shri Darpan My Visit to Red Fort Red fort was built in 1526 by Shah Jahan. He also built Taj Mahal which is a tomb. I remember that in 2019 I went to Red Fort. Infact I roamed the whole Delhi. When I went to the Red Fort, they gave me a small phone like thing with head phones and it guided us like a tour guide. It was really hot, my dad and I walked a lot. They took us all over the Red Fort, it was amazing and we loved it. It was a good experience. - Sri Atharv Bhattlapenumarthy, VD Gol Gumbaz A tomb is a house, chamber or vault for the dead. The original purpose of a tomb was to protect the dead and provide the deceased with a dwelling equipped with necessities for the afterlife. Tombs probably arose from the prehistoric practice of burying the deceased in their own homes. There are three main types of tombs namely pyramids, mastabas and rock-cut chambers. Another popular type of tomb is mausoleum. One of the mausoleum tombs is GOL GUMBAZ. Gol Gumbaz, also written Gol Gumbad, is a mausoleum located in Bijapur, a city in Karnataka, India. It has the remains of Mohammad Adil Shah, seventh sultan of the Adil Shahi dynasty. The name is based on Gol Gumbad derived from Gola Gummata meaning circular dome. It started in 1626 and was completed in 1656. - Tummala Santosh Parthiv Kumar, VD Golkonda Fort and Qutub Shahi Tomb Golconda was the principal capital of the Qutub Shahi kings. The inner fort contains ruins of palaces, mosques and a hill top pavilion, which rises about 130 meters high and gives a bird's eye view of other buildings. Golconda Fort is a historic fortress and ruined city located in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. It was originally called Mankal. The fort was originally built by Kakatiya ruler Pratāparudra in the 11th century out of mud walls. - Venkata Chethan Reddy, VD
181 |Shri Darpan Humayun’s Tomb: A Must Visit Humayun Tomb is the tomb of the Mughal Emperor Humayun. It is in Delhi, India. The tomb is commissioned by Humayun’s first wife Empress Bega Begum in 1558. It was designed by Mirak Miza Gahiyas and his son Sayyid Muhammad. It was the first garden tomb in the Indian Subcontinent. It is in Nizamudin East, Delhi, India close to Dina -Panah Citadel, also known as Purana Qila (Old Fort) that Humayun found in 1538. The tomb was declared as UNESCO world heritage site in 1993 and since then it has undergone extensive restoration work, which is complete. From the main entrance in the West including one that even predates the main tomb itself from twenty years. - Vidhi Mundhara, VD The Mughal Empire: Rise and Fall {1505-1799} Babur had a great fortune in India by capturing the Delhi Sultanate. After capturing the city of kings, he established the Mughal Empire. Humayun, his son was incompetent and superstitious. He was defeated by the king of the Sur Empire, Sher Shah Suri twice after which he lost the throne and died. After him came Akbar, he was a very eager and a kind emperor compared to the Mughal latter. Jahangir and Shah Jahan were both lazy and not as active as the other kings. Aurangzeb would be a death blow by making his army to lose against a Persian King. - Vihaan Sandeep, VD Golconda Fort Golconda is a 500 years old fort located in the city of Hyderabad. The city of Hyderabad was in fact built 400 years back. Due to shortage of water in the Golconda fort, Sultan Quli fortified the mud fort built my Kakatiyas in the 13th century. The Qutb Shahis built a seven kilometer wall around the fort to build a city. The complex was put by UNESCO on its ‘tentative list’ to become a World Heritage Site in 2014. Golconda was famous for diamond trading due to the vicinity to Kollur mines. Inside the fort there used to have a vault where the famous Koh-I-Noor was kept, and hope it is once again stored along with other diamonds. - Vikramaditya Nadupalli, VD
182 |Shri Darpan Inspiring Future through our Green Roof Green roof or living roof is a building that is partially covered with vegetation and a growing medium, planted over a waterproofing membrane. Green roofs reduce building energy use by cooling roofs and providing shading, thermal mass and insulation. Biodiversity and Habitat: Green roofs provide new urban habitat for plants and animals, like birds and insects, thereby increasing biodiversity. Green roofs can protect from ultraviolet radiation, double roof life and regulate building temperature efficiently. Green roofs are internationally placed into the following ‘types’: Intensive – parks and gardens including Urban Agriculture Semi-intensive – garden green roofs Extensive – natural low maintenance green roofs Blue-green roofs – that combing green roof and blue roof technologies to maximise water storage Bio solar green roofs – where solar energy and green roofs are combined to provide renewable energy and deliver biodiversity. Live examples around us: I)CII Godrej Green Business Centre, Hyderabad - 1st LEED Platinum Certificate, it utilises multiple ways of saving energy like Air cooling towers, Terrace gardens on 55% roofs and solar panels saving 25% of energy plus 96% of construction waste was recycled. II) In my own apartment at Aditya Sunshine at Kondapur, solar panels were installed at a cost of 80L and it gives a saving of 1.5L on monthly electricity bills. Also, the buildings have efficient rainwater harvesting with 4lakh tonnes of storage. III) 42% of the total market in London, UK have been made into green roofs. - Aaditya Mehrotra, VE Recycling Waste Recycling is critical practice to make our planet cleaner and free of waste. The 3 R’s of sustainability and waste management are reuse, reduce and recycle. Recycling refers to taking the raw materials or scraps or waste materials and turn them into a new usable object. Humans produce millions of tons of waste every day. But a lot of waste is recyclable waste.Paper waste can be recycled by cleaning any dirt and turning it into pulp and then making new paper out of it. Similarly, plastics, metals, glasses are broken down into smaller pieces, melted and molded into new objects. These can reduce the price of making new ones all over again. This saves energy in producing them. One last thing to remember sending waste materials to recycling centers is not only the way to recycle, you can even do it by sitting at your home by using your recyclable waste as materials for crafts and projects. - Anshika Khandelwal, VE
183 |Shri Darpan Compost: Important for Green Buildings Compost or manure is the essential requirement for the plants to grow naturally and healthily. It acts as natural fertilizers. We all know that fertilizers are harmful to agriculture because of the chemical presence in it. Some farmers use fertilizers to kill all the insects which start to eat all the crop that had grown. Some fertilizers are used for the plants to grow faster. Fertilizers are too harmful as they start to affect the health of humans. So, farmers use manure or compost! How do we make compost? We need to save all the bio degradable wastes like vegetable peels etc. in a container. After 15 days we need to take a wide box and cover it with soil and lay all the vegetable waste on the soil and cover it with soil on top and let the waste degrade. After few days if we mix, we won't find the vegetable waste instead we will find earthworms and the soil we laid. These earthworms are called farmer's best friends. The work they will do is eating, and will excrete the waste out of their body. The excreta of earthworms is helpful for the plants. The soil with the earthworm’s waste is called vermicompost. All the farmers use this soil and add this into the normal soil making it much fertile and natural. - Aaradhya Ganji, VE Green Building Materials Green building materials are the materials which are more environmentally friendly compared to normal materials. 1.Bricks: The production of this material requires a lot of energy and contributes to 2.7% of the global CO2 emissions. We can replace these with recycled plastic bricks. 2.Tiles: We can use tiles made from carbon captured form industrial polluting sources. 3.Concrete: We can use eco-friendly Green Concrete which is made up of waste materials from industries. This requires less energy compared to normal concrete and produces less CO2 . 4.Wood: Recycled wood reduces cutting down trees and minimizes deforestation which can help in reducing global warming. - Avi Varma Jampana, VE Green Building Summer weather makes use more water at home and heat waves often lead to poor air quality. Green buildings not only decrease water wastes but may also contribute to enrich water reserves, preserve natural resources, and enhance air quality and water quality also. - Bhuvan Sree Praneeth, VE
184 |Shri Darpan Quiz on Environment Q1. The mantra that is the heart and soul of green living is Reduce, Reuse and ________. 1.recycle 2. repair 3. refrain Q2. Sustainability means________. 1. building green 2. planting trees 3. conducting any human activity such that the resources are not permanently depleted affecting the lives of future generation Q3. Sustainable buildings will help reduce________. 1. 12% of potable water consumption 2. the 3 billion tons of raw material used each year in construction 3. both Q4. When does Sustainable Planning take place? 1. During the design phase of the building’s development 2. During the construction phase of the building’s development 3. After construction of the building Q5. Green building practices include________. 1. only energy efficiency. 2. only recycled materials 3. both Answers: Ans1. (1) Ans2. (3) Ans3. (Both) Ans 4: (2) Ans 5: Both - Gayatri Moksha, VE Word Search on Green Buildings Green buildings are buildings that reuse most of the material to prevent pollution. Let’s see on how much you know about them. WORD SEARCH: 1. green 2. solar 3. recycle 4. garden 5. compost - Ishaan Yadav, VE g a q E y R e i c s a r a S t w r x f o r x e N s L t h z l d d a E c E y h g a e z u Y n w u r j r n v c K l Q f k e w f e o p s Q l w e r c o m p O s t h u
185 |Shri Darpan Planting Saplings We should plant saplings because we need food, air and breeze. We also need save plants and saplings and protect this atmosphere. Plants and trees are very important to us in the daily life for fruits, oxygen etc. Plants and trees have uncountable advantages and help us in many ways and to earn the nature’s trust we should conserve it by placing gardens everywhere. These days, people are cutting trees for money and every year more than 15 Billion trees are getting cut down. If we continue this all the trees will get slaughtered, we have to do something about it like make posters that do not cut trees or make posters on how trees help us in our daily life. We are living our life comfortably but think about nature. We need trees for their uncountable benefits so please stop the careless cutting of trees and plant more and more trees and take good care of them for our next generations. - Mahant Palla, VE Solar Panels Solar panels are harvesters of sunlight. You might know they are being used nowadays, you might even use it. If you don’t use them then start using them, and now. You might not even know that you use them almost in your daily lives, there are solar powered, solar powered electricity etc. There are many uses of solar panels. Some uses are providing electricity, heating water, heating homes, solar ventilation fans, lighting homes etc. The benefits of using solar panels is that solar energy is green, easy to maintain, non-dependent source of energy, safer than others to us and animals, renewable source of energy and reduce electricity bills. -Saarthak Gautam, VE F Z L P O Q I G Z C C B J R Z M B F P R I T N E I I F O A R Y G H A S B X S B G A X H Q L X S F N B J I I C H E A P E X I R F A I F Z O A A L V I E A D F G O Y G N T A U H S U F Q I A X Y C J N Q E X F R J M H N E K Q O N M V O G T V C S H W J I Y V Y R B M W N Z R B V A U H Z F J Z I X Find these words 1. VINES 2. HERBS 3. CHEAP 4. INSECTLESS 5. Try it out!! (And one special Word. If you find that, you are a Genius!!)
186 |Shri Darpan Test Your Knowledge on Green Buildings Green buildings and vertical gardens are made in most villas, high-tech offices, function halls, etc. They first grow into a tall plant. Then, they cut the plant into a tall cubicle as a vertical garden! Now, let us do small puzzles to find more keywords about vertical gardens! - Riya Sree B, VE Pollution Free Carbon Tile Industry My industry is a pollution free carbon tile industry. Our aim is to offset the world’s carbon emissions through normal building element. The toxins present in the polluted air are the most dangerous. The construction industry is the largest consumer of raw materials. We observed that there were methods to capture pollution. But, what do we do with the captured pollution? So, we asked ourselves what if we infused this carbon in a building material to innovate scalable solutions. Idea started from the capturing of air pollution and the concept of recycling carbon emissions. Our Carbon Tile is equivalent to cleaning 30,000 liters of air. That is 1 day of Clean Air for a person. V G R E E N W A L L S R T G A R D E N I R S U C C U L E N T S A E V I L L A N Across 2. A type of Vertical Garden __ __ __ ___ __ __ __ __ __ __ 3. A bit bigger version of a meadow __ __ __ __ __ __ 4. Looks like long grapes/ a type of plant used in vertical gardening __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 5. A big house/ smaller than a bungalow __ __ __ __ __ Down 1. A long straight line __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 3. It’s a popular colour in Nature __ __ __ __ __ Answer Key 1 2 4 3 1 2 4 3 5
187 |Shri Darpan Every Carbon Tile is handcrafted. The process begins with Cutting, Shaping, Joining, Filling and lastly, Forming the tile. The captured pollution is initially processed to remove harmful heavy metal impurities, and fused with a mixture of cement and natural materials like marble derivatives to craft Carbon Tiles. Our design thinking is to communicate Climate Change issues. We created an exciting new range of flooring patterns. Our tiles are applicable from a living space to a lobby area of an office We are on a path to address Climate Change issues through craft and design. Our tag line is “To achieve it – We build products by up cycling air pollution.” -M. Sahasra Harshini, VE Vertical Gardens: A Greener Future Vertical gardens are made by installing greenery and flora along the elevation of buildings. This way the residents get Greenery around and breathe natural air. The main point is that they are natural, and there is no waste creation or energy consumption in creating them. They are extremely useful as they are gelling into our emerging habitat which is getting vertical to accommodate more people. Instead of having more greenery, we people are destroying nature by cutting trees and usage of plastic. We are also polluting nature with factories, smoke vehicles and burning plastic. Vertical gardens are helping in offsetting some of the impact. To save vertical gardens and greenery, we should plant more trees and make more vertical gardens. We should use resilient and easy to maintain plants. Involve children in maintaining the gardens, so they develop bond with the plants and care for them naturally. Use less smoke emitting vehicles. - Samarth Nagpal, VE Green Buildings: Future of Sustainable Architecture Green buildings are buildings whose construction and features can maintain or improve the quality of life of the environment in which it is located. Some of the advantages include reduced energy consumption and CO2 emissions, reduced costs, improved productivity and quality of living. Green architecture can help to decrease the use of natural resources and fuels. It can also help to increase water, material efficiency, as well as improve maintenance of the structures from environmental elements. Green architecture can help to improve air quality within, and outside, the structures. Some material that can be used for calling a building a green building are Earthen Materials Wood Bamboo Insulated Concrete Forms
188 |Shri Darpan Cordwood Straw Bale -Sovi Singhvi, VE Vertical Gardens: Redefining Urban Landscapes Do you love gardening, but have space constraints? Then vertical gardening is the solution. Grown on vertical spaces like walls of a building, dividers of a room, pillars of flyovers, anywhere where you can find vertical space. Some benefits of these gardens: These gardens are a great source of oxygen, which can be grown around polluted/traffic areas. Used for decorating interiors of home and on exteriors of a building. Are great source of meal produce. We can plant a variety of plants in small spaces. A great visual appeal which acts as a stress reliever. - Sreejith Sai Bachu, VE Quiz on Green Buildings Green buildings are buildings that reuse most of the materials to prevent pollution. Let’s see on how much you know about them. 1. Green buildings are buildings that try to ________ pollution. 2. ______________ gardens are commonly found on green buildings. 3. These buildings can lower our exposure to _____________________. 4. They can be _____________ effective and utilize less ____________. 5. These buildings can also attract many __________ and ___________. Answers: 1) reduce /prevent 2) Vertical 3) toxins 4) cost, energy 5)insects, life - Suhas Sonti, VE Wet and Dry Waste Segregation of waste ensures pure, quality material. Sorting on the other hand will end up producing impure materials with less quality. Waste segregation means keeping wet and dry wastes separately so that dry can be recycled and wet waste can be composted. When mixed dry and wet waste breaks down in landfill, it creates nasty greenhouse gases which is not good for environment. When waste pickers put their hands into the waste to clean it up, it results in cuts that further lead to infections, resulting in worsening of a waste picker’s health. It becomes our responsibility to help these waste pickers by carefully segregating the waste that is generated in our homes. Waste segregation is included in law because it is much easier to recycle.
189 |Shri Darpan It is also important to segregate for public health. In particular, hazardous wastes can cause long term health problems, so it is very important that they are disposed of correctly and safely and not mixed in with the normal waste coming out of your home or office. - Vaibhavi Santosh Iyengar, VE Benefits of Green Buildings Vertical garden is a vertical panel on which plants are grown. We all know how important it is to conserve our plants. The people who placed these vertical plants on walls, buildings and stairs are doing the same and we want you to do the same. You may think, it is because we are running out space for plants due to buildings and we can’t plant our plants. So that is the reason vertical gardens were invented. In hugely crowded places like malls, stadiums and communities they have a lot of plants for us, but when they run out of space, they have to use vertical plants. Most of these have exterior vertical gardens. We can use interior vertical gardens in our houses, gardens, backyards, balconies etc. -Vedansh Kumar Kalvakuntala, VE The Diversity of Architechture What are the Various Types of Architectures? Architecture is the art and technique of designing and building, as distinguished from the skills associated with construction. It is both the process and the product of sketching, conceiving, planning, designing, and constructing buildings or other structures. There are many types of architecture some of them being new and popular and others being old and rarely seen. The Seven different types of architecture 1. Residential architecture 2. Commercial architecture 3. Landscape architecture 4. Interior design architecture 5. Urban design architecture 6. Green design architecture 7. Industrial architecture There are many more types of architectures, but these are the most common types of architecture. Architecture is an art and is much more than designing or building a home. -Aadhyasree Mukka, VF
190 |Shri Darpan Temple Architecture One of the examples of Ancient Indian Architecture is Hindu temple architecture. The basic structure of a temple can be mainly categorized into 5 parts The Garbha Griha: It is the inner sanctum where the primary Murti/Idol or the image of a deity is kept in a simple bare cell. The Shikhara or Vimana: On the exterior, the garbhagriha is crowned by a towerlike shikhara, also called the vimana in the south. Parikrama: The shrine building often includes a circular passage for parikrama (to revolve around the deity). Mandapa : A mandapa is a congregation hall. Antarala: It is a porch between garbha griha and mandapa. There may be other mandapas or other buildings, connected or detached, in large temples, together with other small temples in the compound. When we visit any temple, we see different images engraved on temple walls, exquisite embroideries done on the interior as well as exterior portions, colors used in the building, flowers adorning the main deity. Hindu temple architecture is basically amalgamation of arts, the ideals of dharma, values and the way of life cherished under Hinduism. – Aarav singh, VF All About Architecture It is an art and technique of designing and building, as the skills associated with construction. It is both the process and the product of sketching, conceiving, planning, designing, and constructing buildings or other structures. History of Architecture: The exact origin of architecture started during Neolithic period, around 10000 BC, or simply when people stopped living in caves and started handling the way they want their houses to look and feel like. Architectural history is the study of building through the ages. It comprises of architecture and architectural styles ranging from pre-ancient civilisations to contemporary architecture. Types of Architects: Commercial Architect Residential Architect Sustainable / Green Design Architect Industrial Architect Conservation Architect Landscape Architect Urban Designer
191 |Shri Darpan Interior Architect Surprising facts about Architecture: LEGO used to make special bricks for Architects Architecture was once an Olympic sport Architect Zaha Hadid was known for never designing a building containing a right angle. - Alpana, VF New Architecture Taj Mahal Look at Taj Mahal, one of the seven wonders of the world Looking at it we get lost in our own world So fascinating to the eye The view is to die Everywhere you look, you see marble As it is such a great sight to the eye After 22 long years of challenging work and passion We made this dream work come true - Anika Kasat, VF Features of Chola Architecture The period of the majestic Cholas (c. 850 CE - 1250 CE) in South India was an age of continuous improvement and refinement of Chola architecture. The Chola kings built a number of temples throughout their kingdom, at times the entire state of Tamil Nadu and also adjoining parts of modern Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The magnificent Siva temple of Thanjavur rising to a height of 212 feet, architects and artisans innovated the expertise to scale up and build, particularly with heavy stone and to accomplish the high towering vimana. The Big Temple with no shadow even at noon. The Kumba of the temple is carved out of a single rock and weighs around 80 tons and managed to hoist it up without heavy cranes and modern equipment. It shows the engineering mastermind of king Raja Raja Cholan. It is hard to imagine but it is not the imagination but the unavoidable truth. - K. Vishwavinayak, V F A Fun Quiz on Architecture 1. What is the height of the Shanghai Tower and when was it completely officially? 2. How many floors are there in World Trade Centre? 3. What was the cost incurred to build Tokyo Sky tree in Indian National Rupee? 4. Where is Merdeka 118 located? 5. What is the Statue of Equality made of? -Kushagra Dwivedi, VF
192 |Shri Darpan Answers 1. 632m,2015 2. 104 3. 40,66,01,00,000 4. Kuala Lumpur 5. Five Metal Alloy (Gold, Silver, Copper, Brass and Zinc) The Museum of Future The Museum of the Future's facade is made out of stainless steel and consists of 1,024 pieces manufactured by a specialised robot assisted process; covering a total surface area of 17,600 square meters. Museum of the Future was designed by Killa Design architects and engineered by Buro Happold engineering consultancy. - Manvi Harkut, VF Quiz on Burj Khalifa 1) Where is the Burj Khalifa located? A) Tokyo, Japan B) Dubai, United Arab Emirates C) Singapore, Singapore 2) What was Burj Khalifa before it was inaugurated? A) Dubai Khalifa B) Burj Tower c) Burj Dubai 3) How tall is the Burj Khalifa? A) 2,722 ft B) 2,711 ft C) 1,722 ft 4) What was the company that supervised the architecture of the Burj Khalifa project? A) Otis Elevator Company B) Emaar Properties C) NORR Group Consultants International Limited 5) When did the construction of Burj Khalifa begun? A) 2000 B) 2004 C) 2001 - Nevin Joseph, VF Answers: 1.Dubai, United Arab Emirates 2. Burj Dubai 3. 2,722 ft 4. NORR Group Consultants International Limited 5. 2004
193 |Shri Darpan A First of Its Kind Solar Powered School The Rajkumari Ratnavati Girls’ School in Rajasthan was conceptualised by CITTA founder Michael Daube, and designed by US-based architect Diana Kellogg. Can you imagine children studying in the middle of the Thar desert, where day temperatures peak close to 50 degrees Celsius and harsh winds cause sand to blow through the day? An architectural marvel, located just a six-minute drive away from Jaisalmer’s famous Sam Dunes, has taken shape in Kanoi village, to educate girls and empower them. The Rajkumari Ratnavati Girls’ School is made of yellow sandstone, and has no air conditioners. Here, students can study and even play in the protected courtyard without caring about the extreme weather. The school has oval-shaped structure that blends in the desert landscape. The building also comes with elements of sustainability. The school portion, known as the Gyaan Centre, will accommodate 400 girls from kindergarten to Class X. - Niharica G, VF
194 |Shri Darpan New Architecture -Keya Lakshmi, VF 1. Cape Cod Cape Cod architecture is one of the world's most popular and easily recognisable styles of California architecture. It is admired for Its simple, timeless clean-lines rectangular silhouette, steep roof, and central door, a Cape Cod cottage is the kind of house a child would draw If you asked them to draw a picture of a house. It was introduced in the 17th century. 2. Craftsman Craftsman is an California domestic architectural style, inspired by Arts and Crafts movement, which included interior design, landscape design, applied arts and decorative arts. The common features of the Craftsman style include lowpitched gable (triangular) roofs, overhanging eaves with exposed rafters and beams, heavy, tapered columns, patterned window panes and a covered front porch.
195 |Shri Darpan Ancient vs Modern Architecture Modern Ancient Steel, concrete, glass, wood are the most prominent materials in modern building. In India, the material of temples were different from religion to religion, and varied from mud, bricks, plaster or stone. Modern machines such as cranes are used in modern architecture. Ancient architecture was done by hand. Did you know: o We cannot replicate the great Pyramid of Giza today. o The base of the Pyramid of Giza is about 5,70,000 SQUARE FEET. o Architecture was once an Olympic sport. - Rhea Racharla, VF Tickle Your Brain: Quiz on Architecture 1. Who is the first Indian to receive the prestigious Pritzker Architecture Prize? 2. In which year Gateway of India’s foundation stone was set? 3. Who was the Architect of Taj Mahal? 4. Which is the heaviest building in the world? 5. Which is the tallest building in the world? 6. Who is the English Architect who designed New Delhi? 7. Who started stone architecture in India? 8. The main block of the Supreme Court building of India was designed by which architect? - Saanvi Agrawal, VF Answers 1. Balkrishna Joshi 2. 1911 3. Ustad Ahmad Lahauri 4. The Palace of the Parliament 5. Bhurj Khalifa 6. Sir Edwin Lutyens 7. King Ashoka - The Great 8. Ganesh Bhikaji Deolalikar
196 |Shri Darpan Burj Khalifa The Burj Khalifa also know as Burj Dubai, is a skyscraper located in Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE). It is known for being the world’s tallest building with the total height of 2,722 ft. The construction of Burj Khalifa started in 2004 and ended in 2009, it was inaugurated in 2010. The architecture features a triple-lobed footprint, an abstraction of the Hymenocallis flower. The modular, Yshaped structure, with setbacks along each of its three wings, provides an inherently stable configuration for the structure and provides good floor plates for residential. Twenty-six helical levels decrease the cross-section of the tower incrementally as it spirals skyward. It is made of reinforced steel, concrete, glass, silicone, aluminium. Because of the extremely elevated temperatures in Dubai during the day, which can be as high as 48°C (118 °F), concrete was poured only at night when it is cooler and more humid. In addition, ice was added to the concrete during mixing to cool it further. The reason behind these procedures is that concrete dries more evenly when cool and is thus less likely to form cracks. -Shravyashankar Raman, VF Architecture of Sikkim Being one of the many tourists who visited the vast state of Sikkim in September last year, I have noticed that the architecture here is breathtakingly beautiful and colourful. My mind was blown at the number of tourists who visited this place just for the view of the gorgeous monasteries and statues. Here we go with my research on this. HOW DIFFERENT IS THE ARCHITECTURE? PAST SIKKIM PRESENT SIKKIM Houses- wooden structure with bamboo ceiling Houses made of cement, rocks and wood Was a closed state till 1990 One of the most famous tourist Atta One monastery named dubdi Over 200 monasteries with iconic architecture Weak houses with tringle shaped bamboo roofs Houses are built with a square plan, flat roof and projecting eaves that resemble a geometrical figure - Sreshtha Gajavelli, VF
197 |Shri Darpan Neoclassical and Neotraditional Architecture Neoclassical architecture: It is characterized by grandeur of scale, simplicity of geometric forms, Greek—especially Doric (see order)—or Roman detail, dramatic use of columns, and a preference for blank walls. It was invented in the mid18th Century Neo-traditional Architecture: Quite simply it means “new traditional.” In terms of architecture, it refers to buildings that borrow design elements from the past. Since 1960s, most new homes constructed in the United States have been Nontraditional in their design. - Srianshika Maguluri, VF A Quiz on New Architecture 1. When was architecture invented? a.1956 b.10,000 BC c.20,000 BC 2. In which country was the architecture first started? a. India b. Italy c. China d. Argetina - Tanay Venkat .C, VF Answers: 1. 10,000 BC 2. Italy Let’s Explore Modern Bridges Modern Bridges Earlier bridges were only used to let people walk over water without boats or let people see from a high distance above the ground. The first modern bridge was made in 1748. The most popular type of Modern Bridge is currently the Beam bridge. The Beam bridges are the most popular bridges in the world. They are seen everywhere you probably go on one every day. Beam bridge takes most vehicles from one place to another. The arc bridges are very beautiful. They mostly carry loads which put force on the foundation. Arch foundations must therefore prevent both vertical settling and horizontal sliding. A suspension bridge carries vertical loads through curved cables in tension. These loads are transferred both to the towers which carry them by vertical compression to the ground, and to the anchorages which has to resist the inward force and sometimes cable Stretch.
198 |Shri Darpan The Truss bridges is basically a Beam bridge because it carries vertical load by bending because it carries vertical load. Truss bridges are popular because they use a relatively small amount of material to carry relatively large loads. - Aaryan Bajpai, VG A Marvellous Bypass - Aashritha V, VG Pushing the Limits: Modern Bridges A standard bridge is used to carry load from one point to another. The structure spans horizontally between supports. Example: The prototypical bridge is quite simple two supports holding up a beam. Modern bridges are almost exclusively built with steel reinforced concrete, and restressed concrete. It is built using modern technology. Examples: Howrah Bridge is a long-balanced cantilever bridge over the Hooghly River. It is 705 m long it connects Howrah to Kolkata. Bandra Worli Sea link bridge is an 8-lane wide bridge that links Bandra in the Western Suburbs of Mumbai, which is also called as Rajiv Gandhi Sea Link. - Aditya Sridhar, VG Fascinating Facts about Bridges A bridge is a structure built to cross over a physical obstacle (such as a body of water, valley, road, or rail) without blocking the way underneath. It is constructed for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle, which is usually something that is otherwise difficult or impossible to cross. There are many different designs of bridges, each serving a particular purpose and applicable to different situations. Modern designers have written about elegance or aesthetics since the early 19th century, beginning with the Scottish engineer Thomas Telford. Bridges ultimately Bridge Modern, Small Walking, Driving, Running Bypass, Connection, Route, Roadway Cycling, Enjoying, Jogging Long, Architectural Road
199 |Shri Darpan belong to the general public, which is the final judge of this issue, but in general there are three positions taken by professionals. The first principle holds that the structure of a bridge is the region of the engineer and that beauty is fully achieved only by the addition of architecture. The second idea, arguing from the standpoint of pure engineering, insists that bridges making the most efficient possible use of materials are by definition beautiful. The third case holds that architecture is not needed but that engineers must think about how to make the structure beautiful. This last principle recognizes the fact that engineers have many possible choices of roughly equal efficiency and economy and can therefore express their own ideas without adding significantly to materials or cost -Alisha Kumari, VG Modern Bridges Longest bridge in the World: The Danyang-Kunshan Grand Bridge is officially the longest bridge in the world. It stretches out for 102.4 miles (164.8 kilometres) and forms part of one of China’s most important railway connections. Longest bridge in India: The 9.15 km-long Dhola Sadiya Bridge, often referred to as the Bhupen Hazarika Setu, is the longest railway bridge in India. The bridge, which connects Assam and Arunachal Pradesh in the northeast, is over the Lohit River. The longest and dangerous bridge in the world: The Hussaini Bridge is often regarded as the most dangerous bridge in the world to walk across. It is in the Gilgit-Baltistan area of Pakistan, hanging at a height of 2,600 m (100 ft) and is 194 m (635 ft) long. - Ananya Sahu, VG The Magical Bridge I am a strong base people walk on I am made of concrete which people walk on Even cars go on me travelling with all That from the back of the car things fall I am from the side the sun creates the tide that colors come out of me so bright The waves under me are so tight That it comes 3 feet near me to fight People come to me to see the sun rise That the sun looks beautiful but is flies Back to the place where it had risen I am a magical bridge more beautiful than heaven - Anshita Lal, VG
200 |Shri Darpan Poem on Modern Bridges Bridges are made all through the world and they are pearled and curved They show their vibrant beauty And they’re quite a cutie They are made in every continent Connecting structures to monument They are of varied types based on time Each of it has its own story rhyme They are classified based on material too They also fall by heavy loo They also have so many colours too Like red, green, purple and blue. There are so many types like the arch, truss, cable and the suspension And to build the bridges the builders have so much tension They’re so pretty And there are so many working committee. -Inesh Suneja, VG Diamante Poem on Bridge Bridge Magnificent, Huge Building, Joining, Forming River, Road, Separator, Splitter Disconnecting, Parting, Severing Arguable, Divisible Divide - Lavanya Roy, VG