d)vn) g&fi t[mj ai g&fi d)v (kÓin) bhirn) bij&a[ aiv[l C[. a[m minvmi> hti[ an[ a[ f±t C mi(hnimi> bn)n[ t]yir Yyi[ hti[.
aiv[ C[ k[ a[ smy[ pi[T&<g)si[ oiri (kÓini an[ aºy AYipRyni a[m kh[viy C[ k[ ai[pr[Sn (vjy drImyin Birt)y s](nki[n[
d) vni d(ryi (kniriai[ (vP[ aipN[ GN) cci< aigL kr) (nmi<NY[< ah)>Y) p¸Yr l[vimi> aiÄyi hti an[ a[n[ kirN[ ai ah)>Y) GNi pi[T&<g)s s](nki[ mL) aiÄyi hti. ai g&fiai[ni[
c*±Âi C)y[. ai s&>dr d(ryi (kniriai[, (kÓi[, cc< an[
g&fiai[n&> (nmi<N Yy&> ht&>. a[ upri>t am&k Bi]gi[(lk kirNi[sr upyi[g pi[T&<g)s s](nki[ oiri C&piyn[ h&mli[ krvi miT[ pN Yyi[
s>g\hily (sviy Ô[vi liyk an[ aikP<k AYL tr)k[ p(\sÜ
pN ain&> (nmi<N Yyi hi[vin&> mniy C[. hti[.
pim[l a[k AYL C[ j[n[ 'nyDi n) g&fi" tr)k[ ai[LKvimi> aiv[ C[.
ai g&fiai[mi> bn[l k&drt) bKi[ln[ kirN[ ah)> stt q>D) hvi
ai g&fiai[ p\vis)ai[n[ pi[tin) trf aikP[< C[. ai g&fi a(t s&>dr ai g&fiai[mi> Ug) gy[li vD ni ziDn) vDviEai[n[ kirN[
vh[t) rh[ C[. ai g&fiai[ si>kDi rAtiY) a[k b)Ô siY[ Ô[Diy[l)
t[mj aikP<k C[. ah) GN) (hºd) t[mj g&jrit) (fÃmi[n&> S*(T>g sÔ<y[l k&drt) ØÆy K*b aikP<k lig[ C[. GNi li[ki[ Kis ah)>
C[. ah)> p\vis)ai[ni[ stt Fsiri[ rh[ C[. a[m pN mniy C[ k[
pN YE c*±Â&> C[. (kÓin) a>dr bniviy[l nini[ (kÓi[ k[ j[ ah)<ni p¸Yri[ Y) bºyi[ fi[Ti[ s[Sn krvi t[mj fi[Ti[ aiÃbm bnivvi pN aiv[ C[.
86 d)v g&fi 87
g*gl AYi(nk mig<d(S<kiai[ oiri hi[Tl sm)xi
l[Kki[ ~) k[. s). s[q) an[ ~)mt) s&n)ti s[q) an&k|m[ l[vl 7 an[ 4 n) g*gln) AYi(nk mig<dS<k C[. vir>vir m&sifr)
krti> hi[viY) t[ai[ Birt an[ (vVni tmim K*Niai[a[ m&likit l)F) C[. C[Ói> aQir vP<Y) t[ai[ (v(vF p\kirni
hi[Tlmi> m&likit lE rHi C[ an[ rh[ C[ an[ Grmi> rh)n[ an[ t[mni ri[kiN pC) sm)xiai[ kyi< pC) lK) rHi C[.
t[mn) sm)xiai[ t[mni s>ti[P an[ an&Bv miT[ (nOpx an[ viAt(vk hi[vin&> minvimi> aiv[ C[. t[ai[ dmNni hi[T[l
pr t[mn) sm)xiai[ rj* krvimi >K&S) an&Bv[ C[.
aziri[ r)si[T`s<
aziri[ r)si[T`s< an[ Api a[ d)vni ãdymi> a[k v]Bv) Api (rsi[T< C[.
m&²yRv[ airim l[niri p\vis)ai[n[ aikP<t) ai 4 ATir (mlkt
gi>F)pri tLivY) mi#i 200 m)Tr C[ an[ nieDi g&fiai[, avr ai[f
l[D) ai[f r[m[(Dz cc<, g>g[Sr mhid[v m>(dr, jl>Fr b)c an[ d)v
Ày&(zym j[vi hiƒTApi[Tni AYLi[ 3 (kli[m)Trn) a>dr C[. d)v a[rpi[T<
ah)‚Y) 5 (kli[m)Tr d*r C[ ¶yir[ d[lviDi r[Ãv[ AT[Sn aiSr[ 10 (km)
d*r C[. (rsi[T< pr (fÃm Sh[r m&>beni ÔN)ti bi[l)v&D s[(l(b\T)ai[
ajy d[vgn, (bpiSi bs& an[ ã(tk ri[Snni[ smiv[S Yiy C[.
(rsi[T<mi> tmim AYLi[a[ (rsi[T< Api upcir, sl*n, (fTn[s s[ºTr, b[
Av)(m>g p*l an[ mft vie-fie s&(vFi p\din kr[ C[. smkil)n ki[(hn*r hi[T[l, d)v
sr>Ôm an[ p\)(mym ricrc)l&> dSi<vti, (rsi[T< prni bFi $m an[
hi[T[l ki[(hn*r 3 ATir hi[T[l C[, j[ d)v mi> p\²yit nigi[ai b)c pr
Ay&T`s v]Bv) ki[c C[. p*lni ØÆyi[ Frivt) aTir) Frivt), dr[k a[r aiv[l) C[. a[k s>p*N<pN[ a[r k>(DSn kiƒºfrºs hi[l an[ a[s) $Às.
k>(DSn $mmi> (Dzienr f(n<cr, a[ls)D) T)v), (mn) bir, ci / ki[f)
hi[T[l Äyvsiy an[ airim l[niri m&likit)ai[n) j$(ryitn[ K*b
m[kr, el[±T^i[(nk slimt, 24 klikn) $m s[vi an[ mft vie-fiE
sir) r)t[ an&k*L C[. Ryi> 'bg)ci" nimni[ piT„ li[nni[ pN smiv[S
aƒ±s[s Sim[l C[. (vSiL biY$mmi> snk[n biYTb an[ (v(SÖ Yiy C[, j[ p\s>g ujvvi 600 j[Tli li[ki[n[ smiv) Sk[ C[. hi[T[lmi>
Ti[yl[Tr)z C[.
'f&T l*z" nimni AYL[ g(tS)l (DAki[Y[k C[ j[ p\BivSiL) ¹v(n an[
hi[T[l svlti[: hi[T[l airim an[ s&Kikir) s&(vFiai[n) s&(vFi aip[ p\kiS asr oiri vg„kZt Yy[l C[. gi>F)pri tLiv, g>g[SVr mhid[v
C[, j[mi> b[ IAv(m>g p*l, Api s[ºTr, sl*n an[ awtn (fTn[s s[ºTr m>(dr an[ Gi[Gli b)c j[vi li[k(p\y p\visn AYLi[a[ hi[T[lY)
Sim[l C[. ah)‚ aipvimi> aiv[l) aºy s&(vFiai[mi> 24-klik f|ºT sh[liEY) phi[>c) Skiy C[. d)v a[rpi[T<Y) 6.9 (k.m)., d)v fi[T<Y)
D[Ak, li[ºD^) s(v<s, pi(k†g an[ mft vie-fiE ni[ smiv[S Yiy C[. 4.0 (k.m)., bh&-ri>FNkLi r[ATi[r[ºT, bir, p[AT^) Si[p, IAv(m>g p*l,
(DAki[Y[k, ki[ºfrºs hi[l. t[mi> ±li(sk (Dl±s, ri[yl (Dl±s, ri[yl a[I±z±Â&(Tv an[ Ay&T $Às tr)k[ vg„kZt krvimi> aiv[li (vSiL an[
Die(n>g: hi[Tl r[ATi[rºT km birmi> a[k s&>dr vitivrN C[, an[ S[Àp[eºs an[ aºy tij&> p)Ni> siY[ l)p-Am[(k>g Birt)y an[ ai>trriÖ^)y
s&Si[(Bt $m C[. $mmi> f)T krvimi> aiv[l svlti[mi> s[T[lieT T[(l(vzn, a[r kºD)Snr, T[(lfi[n an[ eºTrn[T Sim[l C[. r)yi[-bir an[
ving)ai[mi> s[vi aip[ C[.
r[ATi[rºT a[ hi[T[lmi> ATie(lS r[ATi[rºT C[ j[ mi[>mi> piN) C&T[ t[v) p)vin) ving)ai[ an[ (vd[S) p)Niai[n&> p)rs[ C[. hi[T[lni[ (ryi[ bir t[ AYin
¥ $m 4.3/5 ¥ AvµCti 4.3/5 C[ ¶yi> mh[mini[ ki[kT[l an[ viEnn) sir) ps>dg)mi> Ô[DiE Sk[ C[. ai AYL[, 'k|)m p[l[s' tr)k[ ai[LKit) p[AT^) d&kin pN C[. hi[T[ln) a[k
(v(SÖ s&(vFi sieT pr C[. s[q) d>pt) n)c[ p\miN[ t[mn) r[(T>g p\din kr[ C[.
¥ s[vi 4/5 ¥ s>ciln 4/5
¥ $m 4.5 /5 ¥ AvµCti 4. 5 /5 ¥ ATif 4/5
¥ r[ATi[ri> 4/5 ¥ bir 4.5 / 5
¥ s[vi 4/5 ¥ s>ciln 4/5 ¥ k&l r[(T>g 4.5 / 5
¥ ATif 4/5 ¥ a[k>dr[ r[(T>g 4.5 / 5
¥ r[ATi[ri> 4/5 ¥ bir 4.5 / 5
88 d)v hi[T[l sm)xi 89
g*gl AYi(nk mig<d(S<kiai[ oiri hi[Tl sm)xi
l[Kki[ ~) k[. s). s[q) an[ ~)mt) s&n)ti s[q) an&k|m[ l[vl 7 an[ 4 n) g*gln) AYi(nk mig<dS<k C[. vir>vir m&sifr)
krti> hi[viY) t[ai[ Birt an[ (vVni tmim K*Niai[a[ m&likit l)F) C[. C[Ói> aQir vP<Y) t[ai[ (v(vF p\kirni
hi[Tlmi> m&likit lE rHi C[ an[ rh[ C[ an[ Grmi> rh)n[ an[ t[mni ri[kiN pC) sm)xiai[ kyi< pC) lK) rHi C[.
t[mn) sm)xiai[ t[mni s>ti[P an[ an&Bv miT[ (nOpx an[ viAt(vk hi[vin&> minvimi> aiv[ C[. t[ai[ dmNni hi[T[l
pr t[mn) sm)xiai[ rj* krvimi >K&S) an&Bv[ C[.
aziri[ r)si[T`s<
aziri[ r)si[T`s< an[ Api a[ d)vni ãdymi> a[k v]Bv) Api (rsi[T< C[.
m&²yRv[ airim l[niri p\vis)ai[n[ aikP<t) ai 4 ATir (mlkt
gi>F)pri tLivY) mi#i 200 m)Tr C[ an[ nieDi g&fiai[, avr ai[f
l[D) ai[f r[m[(Dz cc<, g>g[Sr mhid[v m>(dr, jl>Fr b)c an[ d)v
Ày&(zym j[vi hiƒTApi[Tni AYLi[ 3 (kli[m)Trn) a>dr C[. d)v a[rpi[T<
ah)‚Y) 5 (kli[m)Tr d*r C[ ¶yir[ d[lviDi r[Ãv[ AT[Sn aiSr[ 10 (km)
d*r C[. (rsi[T< pr (fÃm Sh[r m&>beni ÔN)ti bi[l)v&D s[(l(b\T)ai[
ajy d[vgn, (bpiSi bs& an[ ã(tk ri[Snni[ smiv[S Yiy C[.
(rsi[T<mi> tmim AYLi[a[ (rsi[T< Api upcir, sl*n, (fTn[s s[ºTr, b[
Av)(m>g p*l an[ mft vie-fie s&(vFi p\din kr[ C[. smkil)n ki[(hn*r hi[T[l, d)v
sr>Ôm an[ p\)(mym ricrc)l&> dSi<vti, (rsi[T< prni bFi $m an[
hi[T[l ki[(hn*r 3 ATir hi[T[l C[, j[ d)v mi> p\²yit nigi[ai b)c pr
Ay&T`s v]Bv) ki[c C[. p*lni ØÆyi[ Frivt) aTir) Frivt), dr[k a[r aiv[l) C[. a[k s>p*N<pN[ a[r k>(DSn kiƒºfrºs hi[l an[ a[s) $Às.
k>(DSn $mmi> (Dzienr f(n<cr, a[ls)D) T)v), (mn) bir, ci / ki[f)
hi[T[l Äyvsiy an[ airim l[niri m&likit)ai[n) j$(ryitn[ K*b
m[kr, el[±T^i[(nk slimt, 24 klikn) $m s[vi an[ mft vie-fiE
sir) r)t[ an&k*L C[. Ryi> 'bg)ci" nimni[ piT„ li[nni[ pN smiv[S
aƒ±s[s Sim[l C[. (vSiL biY$mmi> snk[n biYTb an[ (v(SÖ Yiy C[, j[ p\s>g ujvvi 600 j[Tli li[ki[n[ smiv) Sk[ C[. hi[T[lmi>
Ti[yl[Tr)z C[.
'f&T l*z" nimni AYL[ g(tS)l (DAki[Y[k C[ j[ p\BivSiL) ¹v(n an[
hi[T[l svlti[: hi[T[l airim an[ s&Kikir) s&(vFiai[n) s&(vFi aip[ p\kiS asr oiri vg„kZt Yy[l C[. gi>F)pri tLiv, g>g[SVr mhid[v
C[, j[mi> b[ IAv(m>g p*l, Api s[ºTr, sl*n an[ awtn (fTn[s s[ºTr m>(dr an[ Gi[Gli b)c j[vi li[k(p\y p\visn AYLi[a[ hi[T[lY)
Sim[l C[. ah)‚ aipvimi> aiv[l) aºy s&(vFiai[mi> 24-klik f|ºT sh[liEY) phi[>c) Skiy C[. d)v a[rpi[T<Y) 6.9 (k.m)., d)v fi[T<Y)
D[Ak, li[ºD^) s(v<s, pi(k†g an[ mft vie-fiE ni[ smiv[S Yiy C[. 4.0 (k.m)., bh&-ri>FNkLi r[ATi[r[ºT, bir, p[AT^) Si[p, IAv(m>g p*l,
(DAki[Y[k, ki[ºfrºs hi[l. t[mi> ±li(sk (Dl±s, ri[yl (Dl±s, ri[yl a[I±z±Â&(Tv an[ Ay&T $Às tr)k[ vg„kZt krvimi> aiv[li (vSiL an[
Die(n>g: hi[Tl r[ATi[rºT km birmi> a[k s&>dr vitivrN C[, an[ S[Àp[eºs an[ aºy tij&> p)Ni> siY[ l)p-Am[(k>g Birt)y an[ ai>trriÖ^)y
s&Si[(Bt $m C[. $mmi> f)T krvimi> aiv[l svlti[mi> s[T[lieT T[(l(vzn, a[r kºD)Snr, T[(lfi[n an[ eºTrn[T Sim[l C[. r)yi[-bir an[
ving)ai[mi> s[vi aip[ C[.
r[ATi[rºT a[ hi[T[lmi> ATie(lS r[ATi[rºT C[ j[ mi[>mi> piN) C&T[ t[v) p)vin) ving)ai[ an[ (vd[S) p)Niai[n&> p)rs[ C[. hi[T[lni[ (ryi[ bir t[ AYin
¥ $m 4.3/5 ¥ AvµCti 4.3/5 C[ ¶yi> mh[mini[ ki[kT[l an[ viEnn) sir) ps>dg)mi> Ô[DiE Sk[ C[. ai AYL[, 'k|)m p[l[s' tr)k[ ai[LKit) p[AT^) d&kin pN C[. hi[T[ln) a[k
(v(SÖ s&(vFi sieT pr C[. s[q) d>pt) n)c[ p\miN[ t[mn) r[(T>g p\din kr[ C[.
¥ s[vi 4/5 ¥ s>ciln 4/5
¥ $m 4.5 /5 ¥ AvµCti 4. 5 /5 ¥ ATif 4/5
¥ r[ATi[ri> 4/5 ¥ bir 4.5 / 5
¥ s[vi 4/5 ¥ s>ciln 4/5 ¥ k&l r[(T>g 4.5 / 5
¥ ATif 4/5 ¥ a[k>dr[ r[(T>g 4.5 / 5
¥ r[ATi[ri> 4/5 ¥ bir 4.5 / 5
88 d)v hi[T[l sm)xi 89
viAki[ D) gimin&> Birtmi> aigmn
ai mhin ni(vk[ bF&> ky&†
viAki[ D) gimin&>
20 m[ 1498 ni ri[j
ki(l(kT b>dr[ aigmn
90 p pi[T<&g)z an[ gi[vi viAki[ D) gimi 91
viAki[ D) gimin&> Birtmi> aigmn
ai mhin ni(vk[ bF&> ky&†
viAki[ D) gimin&>
20 m[ 1498 ni ri[j
ki(l(kT b>dr[ aigmn
90 p pi[T<&g)z an[ gi[vi viAki[ D) gimi 91
pi[T&<g)z)ai[ n&> Birtmi> aigmn k[v) r)t[? aiv[ C[. p(ám) GiT r[ºj pr aiv[li t[ni AYLn[ kirN[ t[
s&>dr vnAp(t an[ p\iN)sZIÖ Friv[ C[, j[n[ biyi[Diyv(s<T)
gi[ ai k[ gi[vi a[ Birtn&> (vAtirn) ØIÖa[ si]Y) hi[TApi[T tr)k[ vg„kZt krvimi> aiÄyi[ C[.
nin&> ri¶y an[ vAt)n) ØIÖa[ ct&Y< k|mikn&>
ri¶y C[. Birtni p(ám d(ryi (knir[ aiv[l& ai ri¶y e(this bi]Ü
ki[>kN (vAtir tr)k[ ÔN)t&> C[, u_irmi> t[ mhiriÖ^ ri¶yn)
gi[vini[ ÔN)ti[ e(this #i)J sd) b)s)E{BCE}n&>
an[ p*v< an[ d(xN[ kNi<Tk ri¶yn) s)mimi aiv[l&> C[,
(n$pN kr[ C[, ¶yir[ t[N[ mi]y<n sim\i¶yni a[k Big tr)k[
arb) sm&W t[ni p(ám d(ryi(knirin&> sj<n kr[ C[. pNJ
aikir l)Fi[ hti[, an[ bi]Ü Sisk mgFni aSi[kia[
a[ ri¶yn) rijFin) C[, ¶yir[ viAki[ d gimi si]Y) mi[T&>
Sisn ky&† ht&>. bi]Ü siF&ai[a[ gi[vimi> bi]Ü Fm<ni[ piyi[
Sh[r C[. mirgi[ain n&> a](thi(sk Sh[r hj& pN
ni²yi[ hti[. sd) b)s)e {BCE} an[ CÎ) sd) s)en)
pi[T&<g)zni si>AkZ(tk p\Bivn&> p\dS<n kr[ C[, j[ai[ a[k
m¹ymi> gi[vimi> krvirni c&T&n&> Sisn ht&>, j[ ki[Ãhip&rni
v[pir) tr)k[ 16m) sd)ni p\ir>Bmi> ai Sh[rmi> p\v[Æyi
stvihni {b)Ô[ diyki[ b)s)e {BCE}Y) b)Ô[ diyki[
hti an[ Ryir bid trt j t[n[ Jt) l)F& ht&>. pi[T&<g)zni
s)e}, p(ám) x#ipis {aiSr[ 150 s)e}, p(ám
(vd[S) p\d[Sn&> ¶yi> s&F) 1961mi> t[n[ Birt siY[
mhiriÖ^ni a(Bri, yidvni Bi[j, g&jritni kb)li an[
Ô[Dvimi> n aiÄy& Ryi> s&F) aiSr[ 450 vPi[< s&F)
aIAtRvmi> rH&> ht&> pi[tini d(ryi(kniri, upisnini AYL klic&r)ni tibini ki[>kN mi]y<ni tibi tr)k[ ht&>. bidmi>
an[ v](Vk s>AkZ(t AYipRy tr)k[ ÔN)ti gi[vin) m&likit[ bidim)ni cil&±Âisn[ Sisn aipvimi> aiÄy&> ht&>, j[mN[
dr vP[< mi[T) s>²yimi> ai>trriÖ^)y an[ AYi(nk p\vis)ai[ 578Y) 753 s&F) Sisn ky&† ht&> an[ bidmi> milK[Dni
pi[T&<g)z Sisn h[qL dmN, d)v, gi[vi, didri - ngr hv[l) {1510 Y) 1961}
Birtmi> y&ri[(pyn vsiht 1498-1739
d)v
dmn
gi[vi
kil)kT
92 p pi[T<&g)z an[ gi[vi pi[T<&g)z Sisn 93
pi[T&<g)z)ai[ n&> Birtmi> aigmn k[v) r)t[? aiv[ C[. p(ám) GiT r[ºj pr aiv[li t[ni AYLn[ kirN[ t[
s&>dr vnAp(t an[ p\iN)sZIÖ Friv[ C[, j[n[ biyi[Diyv(s<T)
gi[ ai k[ gi[vi a[ Birtn&> (vAtirn) ØIÖa[ si]Y) hi[TApi[T tr)k[ vg„kZt krvimi> aiÄyi[ C[.
nin&> ri¶y an[ vAt)n) ØIÖa[ ct&Y< k|mikn&>
ri¶y C[. Birtni p(ám d(ryi (knir[ aiv[l& ai ri¶y e(this bi]Ü
ki[>kN (vAtir tr)k[ ÔN)t&> C[, u_irmi> t[ mhiriÖ^ ri¶yn)
gi[vini[ ÔN)ti[ e(this #i)J sd) b)s)E{BCE}n&>
an[ p*v< an[ d(xN[ kNi<Tk ri¶yn) s)mimi aiv[l&> C[,
(n$pN kr[ C[, ¶yir[ t[N[ mi]y<n sim\i¶yni a[k Big tr)k[
arb) sm&W t[ni p(ám d(ryi(knirin&> sj<n kr[ C[. pNJ
aikir l)Fi[ hti[, an[ bi]Ü Sisk mgFni aSi[kia[
a[ ri¶yn) rijFin) C[, ¶yir[ viAki[ d gimi si]Y) mi[T&>
Sisn ky&† ht&>. bi]Ü siF&ai[a[ gi[vimi> bi]Ü Fm<ni[ piyi[
Sh[r C[. mirgi[ain n&> a](thi(sk Sh[r hj& pN
ni²yi[ hti[. sd) b)s)e {BCE} an[ CÎ) sd) s)en)
pi[T&<g)zni si>AkZ(tk p\Bivn&> p\dS<n kr[ C[, j[ai[ a[k
m¹ymi> gi[vimi> krvirni c&T&n&> Sisn ht&>, j[ ki[Ãhip&rni
v[pir) tr)k[ 16m) sd)ni p\ir>Bmi> ai Sh[rmi> p\v[Æyi
stvihni {b)Ô[ diyki[ b)s)e {BCE}Y) b)Ô[ diyki[
hti an[ Ryir bid trt j t[n[ Jt) l)F& ht&>. pi[T&<g)zni
s)e}, p(ám) x#ipis {aiSr[ 150 s)e}, p(ám
(vd[S) p\d[Sn&> ¶yi> s&F) 1961mi> t[n[ Birt siY[
mhiriÖ^ni a(Bri, yidvni Bi[j, g&jritni kb)li an[
Ô[Dvimi> n aiÄy& Ryi> s&F) aiSr[ 450 vPi[< s&F)
aIAtRvmi> rH&> ht&> pi[tini d(ryi(kniri, upisnini AYL klic&r)ni tibini ki[>kN mi]y<ni tibi tr)k[ ht&>. bidmi>
an[ v](Vk s>AkZ(t AYipRy tr)k[ ÔN)ti gi[vin) m&likit[ bidim)ni cil&±Âisn[ Sisn aipvimi> aiÄy&> ht&>, j[mN[
dr vP[< mi[T) s>²yimi> ai>trriÖ^)y an[ AYi(nk p\vis)ai[ 578Y) 753 s&F) Sisn ky&† ht&> an[ bidmi> milK[Dni
pi[T&<g)z Sisn h[qL dmN, d)v, gi[vi, didri - ngr hv[l) {1510 Y) 1961}
Birtmi> y&ri[(pyn vsiht 1498-1739
d)v
dmn
gi[vi
kil)kT
92 p pi[T<&g)z an[ gi[vi pi[T<&g)z Sisn 93
riÖ^k*Tisa[ 753Y) 963 s&F) Sisn ky&† ht&>. Ô[k[ piTg<& )zia[ [Ryi >rij kr) rhl[ i b)Ôpr& ni riÔn [AYi(nk riÖ ^ {3,827 f*T} U>cie pr C[. gi[vi 101 k)m) {63
765Y) 1015 s&F) ki[>kNni d(xN) (slhiria[ cil&±Âi (tmiyin) mddY) hriÄyi hti, j [ vÃ[ hi giv[ i {aYvi jn* i mieÃs} li>bi[ d(ryie pÍi[ Friv[ C[.
an[ riÖ^k*Tini tibi tr)k[ gi[vimi> Sisn ky&† ht&>. giv[ i} mi >kiym) (nvisn) pA\ Yi(pttimi >p(rNÀy >&ht.>&
gi[vin) m&²y nd)ai[ miºDi[v), z&air), t[r[Ki[l, cipi[ri
1312 mi> gi[vi (dÃh) sÃtntni vh)vT h[qL aiÄy& ht&>. B*gi[L an[ aibi[hvi nd) an[ sil C[. nd) z&air)ni m&K pr aiv[li
aim Cti>, ai p\d[S pr sim\i¶yn) pkD nrm ht) an[ mi[m&<giai[ b>dr d(xN a[(Syimi> aiv[li an[k ~[×
gi[vi 3,702 k)m). {1,430 ci[rs miel} ni[ (vAtir
1370 s&d)mi> t[mn[ (vjyngri sim\i¶yni h(rhri n) k&drt) b>dri[mi>n&> a[k C[. k&l Bi]gi[(lk (vAtirmi>Y) 69
Friv[ C[. t[ 14Ÿ.53"54"" a[n an[ 15Ÿ.40"00"" a[n
SrN[ Ye jvi miT[ dbiN krvimi> aiÄy&> ht&>. Tkimi> pi[tini vh[N Frivt) z&air) an[ miºDi[v) gi[vin)
axi>S an[ 73Ÿ.40"33"" e an[ 74Ÿ.20"13"" e
(vjyngrin&> ai p\d[S pr 1469 s&F) Sisn rH&> ht&>, Jvnr[Ki C[. gi[vi 40 krti vF& nd)m&Ki[, aiq sm&W)
r[Ki>S vµc[ aiv[l& C[[. gi[vini[ mi[Ti Bigni[ (vAtir
Ryir[ t[n[ g&lbg<nibihmin) sÃtnt oiri (nmN&>k an[ aiSr[ 90 j[Tli nd) Frivti Tip&ai[ Friv[ C[.
d(ryie p\d[S C[, j[ ki[>kN tr)k[ aiL[Kie C[ an[ p(ám)
aipvimi> aiv) ht). t[ rijv>S pD) Bi>³yi bid ai p\d[S gi[vin) nd)ai[ni k&l niÄy jLmig<n) l>bie 253 k)m)
GiT pv<t)y miLi s&F) s)Fi cQiNviLi[ uµcp\d[S Friv[
b)Ôp&rni ai(dl Sih)ni hiYmi> ciÃyi[ gyi[ hti[, j[N[ C[ {157 miel}. gi[vi ki[DiÀbi rijv>Sni Sisn
C[, j[ t[n[ D[Ên pv<tmiLiY) alg piD[ C[. si]Y) U>ci[
tn[ [ shiyk rijFin) tr)k [ pA\ Yi(pt kr) ht), j [ Shr[ dr(myinmi> b>Fiy[l) 300 krti> vF& p\ic)n Ti>k)ai[ an[
pi[eºT si[ºsi[gi[r C[, j[ d(ryin) spiT)Y) 1,167 m)Tr
piT[ g<& )zni kiLmi > vÃ[ hi giv[ i tr)k [ ÔN)t & ht.>& 1510mi > 100Y) vF& ai]PF k[ºWi[ Friv[ C[.
94 p pi[T<&g)z an[ gi[vi pi[T<&g)z Sisn 95
riÖ^k*Tisa[ 753Y) 963 s&F) Sisn ky&† ht&>. Ô[k[ piTg<& )zia[ [Ryi >rij kr) rhl[ i b)Ôpr& ni riÔn [AYi(nk riÖ ^ {3,827 f*T} U>cie pr C[. gi[vi 101 k)m) {63
765Y) 1015 s&F) ki[>kNni d(xN) (slhiria[ cil&±Âi (tmiyin) mddY) hriÄyi hti, j [ vÃ[ hi giv[ i {aYvi jn* i mieÃs} li>bi[ d(ryie pÍi[ Friv[ C[.
an[ riÖ^k*Tini tibi tr)k[ gi[vimi> Sisn ky&† ht&>. giv[ i} mi >kiym) (nvisn) pA\ Yi(pttimi >p(rNÀy >&ht.>&
gi[vin) m&²y nd)ai[ miºDi[v), z&air), t[r[Ki[l, cipi[ri
1312 mi> gi[vi (dÃh) sÃtntni vh)vT h[qL aiÄy& ht&>. B*gi[L an[ aibi[hvi nd) an[ sil C[. nd) z&air)ni m&K pr aiv[li
aim Cti>, ai p\d[S pr sim\i¶yn) pkD nrm ht) an[ mi[m&<giai[ b>dr d(xN a[(Syimi> aiv[li an[k ~[×
gi[vi 3,702 k)m). {1,430 ci[rs miel} ni[ (vAtir
1370 s&d)mi> t[mn[ (vjyngri sim\i¶yni h(rhri n) k&drt) b>dri[mi>n&> a[k C[. k&l Bi]gi[(lk (vAtirmi>Y) 69
Friv[ C[. t[ 14Ÿ.53"54"" a[n an[ 15Ÿ.40"00"" a[n
SrN[ Ye jvi miT[ dbiN krvimi> aiÄy&> ht&>. Tkimi> pi[tini vh[N Frivt) z&air) an[ miºDi[v) gi[vin)
axi>S an[ 73Ÿ.40"33"" e an[ 74Ÿ.20"13"" e
(vjyngrin&> ai p\d[S pr 1469 s&F) Sisn rH&> ht&>, Jvnr[Ki C[. gi[vi 40 krti vF& nd)m&Ki[, aiq sm&W)
r[Ki>S vµc[ aiv[l& C[[. gi[vini[ mi[Ti Bigni[ (vAtir
Ryir[ t[n[ g&lbg<nibihmin) sÃtnt oiri (nmN&>k an[ aiSr[ 90 j[Tli nd) Frivti Tip&ai[ Friv[ C[.
d(ryie p\d[S C[, j[ ki[>kN tr)k[ aiL[Kie C[ an[ p(ám)
aipvimi> aiv) ht). t[ rijv>S pD) Bi>³yi bid ai p\d[S gi[vin) nd)ai[ni k&l niÄy jLmig<n) l>bie 253 k)m)
GiT pv<t)y miLi s&F) s)Fi cQiNviLi[ uµcp\d[S Friv[
b)Ôp&rni ai(dl Sih)ni hiYmi> ciÃyi[ gyi[ hti[, j[N[ C[ {157 miel}. gi[vi ki[DiÀbi rijv>Sni Sisn
C[, j[ t[n[ D[Ên pv<tmiLiY) alg piD[ C[. si]Y) U>ci[
tn[ [ shiyk rijFin) tr)k [ pA\ Yi(pt kr) ht), j [ Shr[ dr(myinmi> b>Fiy[l) 300 krti> vF& p\ic)n Ti>k)ai[ an[
pi[eºT si[ºsi[gi[r C[, j[ d(ryin) spiT)Y) 1,167 m)Tr
piT[ g<& )zni kiLmi > vÃ[ hi giv[ i tr)k [ ÔN)t & ht.>& 1510mi > 100Y) vF& ai]PF k[ºWi[ Friv[ C[.
94 p pi[T<&g)z an[ gi[vi pi[T<&g)z Sisn 95
z*ai nd) nd)ni (knir[ f|[D j[ ki[Am[ ki[ATi oiri mL) aiv[
pi[T&<g)z[ si]p\Ym st) p\Yi pr p\(tb>F liwi[
C[. p*v<-pi[T&<g)z (K\At) Fm< prni a[±zi(mnr {bi[Àb[} j[
ai¼yi. biL (vFviai[n[ p(t siY[ biLvini (kAsi b>F kriÄyi.
ki[Ãv[l[ {biD<z} pr Yi[ms k|i[sn) bi[lti hti, j[ li[ki[
a[ni an&gim) bidSihi[ jhi>g)r j nh)‚, ai]r>gz[b pN st)
pi[T&<g)zi[ oiri t[mni (vniSY) Dr)n[ j*ni (dvsi[mi> p\Yin[ ri[kvi p\yRnS)l rHi, pN (h>d& Fm<mi> dKl nh)‚ krvi
C&pivS[. ki[E kin*n) p\(tb>F liwi[ nh)‚. simiºy miºyti li[D< (v(lym
b[IºTk[ 1829 mi> st) p\Yi pr p\(tb>F liwin) C[, pN a[ ph[li>
gi[vimi> mi[TiBigni cci[< pi[T&<g)z Sisnni smy
gi[vini pi[T&<g)z Sisk aiÃfiºsi[-d-aiÃb&kk[< ti[ C[k E.s.
dr(myin bnivvimi> aiÄyi hti, an[ t[mi>ni GNi j*ni 1515 mi> st) p\Yi pr p\(tb>F liwi[ hti[. Ô[k[, ai pi[T&<g)z
gi[vi, j[ vÃD< h[(rT[j sieT C[. gi[ain cc< t[mni rsp\d riÔni p\(t(n(F (h>d& sim\i¶y (vjyngrni rijv) kZONd[v riyi
aik„T[±cr miT[ ÔN)ti C[, j[ b[ k[ t[Y) vF& S]l)ai[ siY[ s&m[LByi< s>b>F an[ lÆkr) s>(F Frivti hi[vi Cti>
(vjyngr sim\i¶ymi> st) p\Yin&> si]Y) GZNiApd (c#i Ô[vi
an[ p\Bivn&> (m~N C[. aij[ gi[vi aic<(bÆyini[ gi[vi
mLt&> ht&>. Ô[k[, smg\ Birtmi> st) p\Yi BN) li[ki[ gi]rvBivY)
Big C[.
(nhiLti hti, pN a[ni amlmi> a[k$pti nhi[t).
gi[vimi> p*v<-pi[T&<g)zmi> (K\At)tin) S±Âti j*n&> gi[aini Kit[ a i[ºsi[ d) f a[Ãb&ky&\ky oiri a[k
a[ c.ai[.ai[. j[vi k[Tlik (voini[ni jNiÄyi an&sir, mkinn) d)vilmi> m[(T^k k|*s(f±s Ô[vi mL[ C[. ai rAtin)
gi[vimi> (K\At) Fm< p*v<-pi[T&<g)z m*L Friv[ C[. piCLn&> nim '@ai D) k|&(c(f±si[" @ k|&s(f(f±s nimkrN
bid nim aipvimi> aiÄi[s&>C[ {v} ht&>. vP< 1391 mi>
mAk|[nhiz an[ Ô[s ki[Am[ ki[ATi ai m*L kdic k[rLni s[>T
(hºd& riÔ oiri gi[vi v[Ãhini 'p[gi[Di" n[ aipvimi>
Yi[ms (K\At)ai[ aYvi nirs\n)s j[vi j C[. (K\At) Fm<,
aiv[li m[Ti(lk ¼l[T pr B[T {D*kiai[} ni dAtiv[j, j[
ai smy[, s[ºT Yi[ms an[ / aYvi s>t bYi[<li[m[y oiri
(T^(nT) an[ (dÄy avtirn) vit kr[ C[, an[ bidmi> vP<
p\si(rt hi[vin&> mniy C[, j[ an&k|m[ milibir an[ ki[>kN
1532 mi> ai[ÃD gi[vi Sh[rni adiltmi> uRpidn ky&†
d(ryi(knirimi> upd[S kr[ C[.
ht&>. .eb)a[n bT&tin) j&bin) vP< 1342, t[mN[
p&rivi ag&(Sn) {nd) z&r)} nd)ni (knir[ (K\At) smiFini[ Si[F)
nv[Àbr 1510 mi> T)sviD)n) Jtni Yi[Di (dvsi[ bid, kiQÂi hti .pihlv) (Slil[K siY[ s>t Yi[ms k|i[s, j[
96 p pi[T<&g)z an[ gi[vi cc<s 97
z*ai nd) nd)ni (knir[ f|[D j[ ki[Am[ ki[ATi oiri mL) aiv[
pi[T&<g)z[ si]p\Ym st) p\Yi pr p\(tb>F liwi[
C[. p*v<-pi[T&<g)z (K\At) Fm< prni a[±zi(mnr {bi[Àb[} j[
ai¼yi. biL (vFviai[n[ p(t siY[ biLvini (kAsi b>F kriÄyi.
ki[Ãv[l[ {biD<z} pr Yi[ms k|i[sn) bi[lti hti, j[ li[ki[
a[ni an&gim) bidSihi[ jhi>g)r j nh)‚, ai]r>gz[b pN st)
pi[T&<g)zi[ oiri t[mni (vniSY) Dr)n[ j*ni (dvsi[mi> p\Yin[ ri[kvi p\yRnS)l rHi, pN (h>d& Fm<mi> dKl nh)‚ krvi
C&pivS[. ki[E kin*n) p\(tb>F liwi[ nh)‚. simiºy miºyti li[D< (v(lym
b[IºTk[ 1829 mi> st) p\Yi pr p\(tb>F liwin) C[, pN a[ ph[li>
gi[vimi> mi[TiBigni cci[< pi[T&<g)z Sisnni smy
gi[vini pi[T&<g)z Sisk aiÃfiºsi[-d-aiÃb&kk[< ti[ C[k E.s.
dr(myin bnivvimi> aiÄyi hti, an[ t[mi>ni GNi j*ni 1515 mi> st) p\Yi pr p\(tb>F liwi[ hti[. Ô[k[, ai pi[T&<g)z
gi[vi, j[ vÃD< h[(rT[j sieT C[. gi[ain cc< t[mni rsp\d riÔni p\(t(n(F (h>d& sim\i¶y (vjyngrni rijv) kZONd[v riyi
aik„T[±cr miT[ ÔN)ti C[, j[ b[ k[ t[Y) vF& S]l)ai[ siY[ s&m[LByi< s>b>F an[ lÆkr) s>(F Frivti hi[vi Cti>
(vjyngr sim\i¶ymi> st) p\Yin&> si]Y) GZNiApd (c#i Ô[vi
an[ p\Bivn&> (m~N C[. aij[ gi[vi aic<(bÆyini[ gi[vi
mLt&> ht&>. Ô[k[, smg\ Birtmi> st) p\Yi BN) li[ki[ gi]rvBivY)
Big C[.
(nhiLti hti, pN a[ni amlmi> a[k$pti nhi[t).
gi[vimi> p*v<-pi[T&<g)zmi> (K\At)tin) S±Âti j*n&> gi[aini Kit[ a i[ºsi[ d) f a[Ãb&ky&\ky oiri a[k
a[ c.ai[.ai[. j[vi k[Tlik (voini[ni jNiÄyi an&sir, mkinn) d)vilmi> m[(T^k k|*s(f±s Ô[vi mL[ C[. ai rAtin)
gi[vimi> (K\At) Fm< p*v<-pi[T&<g)z m*L Friv[ C[. piCLn&> nim '@ai D) k|&(c(f±si[" @ k|&s(f(f±s nimkrN
bid nim aipvimi> aiÄi[s&>C[ {v} ht&>. vP< 1391 mi>
mAk|[nhiz an[ Ô[s ki[Am[ ki[ATi ai m*L kdic k[rLni s[>T
(hºd& riÔ oiri gi[vi v[Ãhini 'p[gi[Di" n[ aipvimi>
Yi[ms (K\At)ai[ aYvi nirs\n)s j[vi j C[. (K\At) Fm<,
aiv[li m[Ti(lk ¼l[T pr B[T {D*kiai[} ni dAtiv[j, j[
ai smy[, s[ºT Yi[ms an[ / aYvi s>t bYi[<li[m[y oiri
(T^(nT) an[ (dÄy avtirn) vit kr[ C[, an[ bidmi> vP<
p\si(rt hi[vin&> mniy C[, j[ an&k|m[ milibir an[ ki[>kN
1532 mi> ai[ÃD gi[vi Sh[rni adiltmi> uRpidn ky&†
d(ryi(knirimi> upd[S kr[ C[.
ht&>. .eb)a[n bT&tin) j&bin) vP< 1342, t[mN[
p&rivi ag&(Sn) {nd) z&r)} nd)ni (knir[ (K\At) smiFini[ Si[F)
nv[Àbr 1510 mi> T)sviD)n) Jtni Yi[Di (dvsi[ bid, kiQÂi hti .pihlv) (Slil[K siY[ s>t Yi[ms k|i[s, j[
96 p pi[T<&g)z an[ gi[vi cc<s 97
98 p pi[T<&g)z an[ gi[vi cc<s 99
98 p pi[T<&g)z an[ gi[vi cc<s 99
pi[T&<g)z clN-(sÊi an[ p[pr mn) a[v&> ÔNvi mÇy&> C[ k[ gi[vi, d)v an[ dmNmi> pi[T&<g)zni[
gi[ vi, dm an[ d)va[ 19 m) sd)ni m¹y s&F) N ph[li[ (sÊi[ 1686 mi> aIAtRvmi> aiÄyi[ hti[ pr>t& t[v&>
pN uÓ[K krvimi> aiÄy&> C[ k[ 14 m) sd)mi> pi[T&<glmi>
pi[tini (sÊiai[ Ôr) kyi<. Dimiai[a[ ti>b& 3,
(sÊi aIAtRvmi> hti. gi[via[ #iN T>kSiLin) si]Y) vF&
15, 30 an[ 60 (r(ys (sÊi 1854 s&F) Ôr) kr)
v](v¹ysBr (sÊiai[ rj* kr). T)n biATDi[< upri>t, 3, 4
¶yir[ T>kSiL b>F Yyi[. T)a[ l)D an[ T)n 5 an[ 10
1/2, 6, 7 1/2, 9, 10, 12 an[ 15 (r(ys, 1/2 an[ 1
bÔk&sn[ T)n 20 bÔk&s, ki[pr 30 an[ 60 (r(ys an[
ti>g, ci>d)ni (sÊi miT[ 1/2 an[ (sÊin) ki[pr
ci>d)ni 150 an[ 300 (rys an[ 1 $(pyin) siY[
(sÊiai[ hti. 1 tanga, 1/2 an[ 1 pardau, an[
mL)n[ rj* kyi<. 185 9 mi> w& T>kSni[ b>F rHi[ hti[.
100 p pi[T<&g)z an[ gi[vi pi[T&<g)z (sÊi[ 101
pi[T&<g)z clN-(sÊi an[ p[pr mn) a[v&> ÔNvi mÇy&> C[ k[ gi[vi, d)v an[ dmNmi> pi[T&<g)zni[
gi[ vi, dm an[ d)va[ 19 m) sd)ni m¹y s&F) N ph[li[ (sÊi[ 1686 mi> aIAtRvmi> aiÄyi[ hti[ pr>t& t[v&>
pN uÓ[K krvimi> aiÄy&> C[ k[ 14 m) sd)mi> pi[T&<glmi>
pi[tini (sÊiai[ Ôr) kyi<. Dimiai[a[ ti>b& 3,
(sÊi aIAtRvmi> hti. gi[via[ #iN T>kSiLin) si]Y) vF&
15, 30 an[ 60 (r(ys (sÊi 1854 s&F) Ôr) kr)
v](v¹ysBr (sÊiai[ rj* kr). T)n biATDi[< upri>t, 3, 4
¶yir[ T>kSiL b>F Yyi[. T)a[ l)D an[ T)n 5 an[ 10
1/2, 6, 7 1/2, 9, 10, 12 an[ 15 (r(ys, 1/2 an[ 1
bÔk&sn[ T)n 20 bÔk&s, ki[pr 30 an[ 60 (r(ys an[
ti>g, ci>d)ni (sÊi miT[ 1/2 an[ (sÊin) ki[pr
ci>d)ni 150 an[ 300 (rys an[ 1 $(pyin) siY[
(sÊiai[ hti. 1 tanga, 1/2 an[ 1 pardau, an[
mL)n[ rj* kyi<. 185 9 mi> w& T>kSni[ b>F rHi[ hti[.
100 p pi[T<&g)z an[ gi[vi pi[T&<g)z (sÊi[ 101
1 $(pyi, an[ si[ni 1, 2, 4, 8 an[ 12 xerafins. gvn<m[ºT {gvni[< Jl<l} oiri bhir piDvimi> aiv[li p\Fint_v {AYipRy an[ (v(c#i p\iN)sZIÖ} apnivvimi> aiv) ht).
1869 mi> (b\(TS oiri gi[vi T>kSn[ b>F krvimi> aiÄy&> ni[>Fi[ oiri ai an&srvimi> aiÄy&> ht&>. 1906 mi>, bƒnki[ piCLY) ni[>Fi[ a[fi[ºsi[ D) aÃb&kk[<n) pi[T^[T ht).
ht&>. C[Ói AYi(nk T>kSiLni b>F Yyi bid, 1871 mi> ni(sai[nl aÃT^im(rni[a[ kigL
gi[vimi> p\c(lt niNik)y ÄyvAYimi> r)s, i>gi an[ @p)yini[ smiv[S T
pi[T&<gln) (sÊin) aiyit krvimi> aiv) ht). ai nv) Dc an[ e>I³lS aigmn t[m Cti>, t[mN[ 1 9 61 s&F) Yiy C[, j[mi> a[k $(pyimi> 16 Ti>gini[ smiv[S Yiy C[. 1 9 5 9 mi>,
(sÊi $(pyin) p[Ti(vBigi[mi> s&Firi siY[ YE ht).
gi[vi, dmN an[ d)vni p\d[Si[n[ ÔLv) ri²yi hti. D[(n(sn[Snl y&(nT @p)yi Y) a[Ak&Di[smi> bdlvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[, j[mi>
ki[pr (sÊi 3, 5, 10 an[ 15 (r(ys, 1/2 an[ 1
p[prn) clNni p\Ym eºDi[-pi[T&<g)z m&Ñiai[ 1883 n) a[k a[Ak&Di[ 100 Tki aƒvi[s Friv[ C[. 30, 60, 100, 300, 600
Ti>gini s>p\diyi[mi> rj* krvimi> aiÄyi hti. 1881 mi>,
aispis '@p)yi' nimni ni[Ti[n[ p(rB\mNmi> m*kvimi> an[ 1000 ni s>p\diyi[ siY[ nvi ni[>Fi[ rj* krvimi> aiÄyi hti. ai
ki[pr 1/8 Ti>gi> an[ ci>d)ni 1/8, 1/4, 1/2 an[ 1
aiÄyi hti. ai ni[>Fi[ pi[T&<glni riÔni (c#in[ smi(vÖ 1961 s&F) p(rB\mNmi> rh) ht). ¶yir[ gi[vin[ Birt)y s>Gmi>
$(pyin) (sÊi rj* krvimi> aiv) ht). 1 9 01 mi> kyi< hti. ai 5,10, 20, 50, 100 an[ 500 ni Ô[Dvimi> aiÄy&> ht&>, Ryir[ ai ni[>Fi[ Birt)y clN oiri bdlvimi>
ki>sin) j³yia[ ki[prn[ bdl)n[, ¶yir[ 1 9 34 mi> kp\i[-
s>p\diyi[mi> Ôr) krvimi> aiÄyi hti. 1906 mi>, 'bƒ>ki[ aiÄyi hti.
(nkl 2 an[ 4 i>gini[ p\ir>B Yyi[ hti[, an&k|m[ 1/2 T
ni(sai[nl aÃT^im(rni[' n[ pi[T&<g)z (vAtiri[ miT[
an[ 1 $(pyin) siY[ 1 947 an[ 1 9 52 mi> an&k|m[. clN (v(nmy dri[
Birtmi> kigLni niNi>ni m&Ñ[ jvibdir) si[>pvimi> aiv)
p[pr mn) ht). b[>k oiri Ôr) kriy[l) p\ir>(Bk ni[T`s b[>kn) s)l 1 T[ºgi {60 r)s} vP<: 1934. vjn: 3.92 g\im Fit&: b\i[ºz Äyis:
kr). 1 9 17 mi> 4 T[ºgs, 8 Tiºgis an[ vn $p)yi an[ 22.00 m)m). a[j: sidi[ s>r[KN: m[Dl T>kSiL: N / A aiƒ³l[s (lj[ºD:
pi[T&<g)z Birt miT[ (vS[P $p[ rj* kriy[l p\Ym kigLn)
21/2 $pini nvi s>p\diyn) S$ait krvimi> aiv) ht). Ti[c pr '(rpI¾lki pi[T&<g)z" k[ºWmi> (vBi(jt Qil t(Ly[ tir)K
rkm 1882 mi> j&nTi di f[z[ºD p&I¾lki oiri 10 an[ 20
mi[TiBigni m&Ñiai[ vi(N¶y an[ d(ryiE jhiÔ[ni (vpr)t d>tkYi: ESTADO D)a[ Birt k[ºWmi> a[k Qilmi> pi>c Qil t(Ly[
$(pyini s>p\diyi[mi> aipvimi> aiv) ht). 1883 mi> 5,
vgiDvimi> aivti hti j[mn[ GN) vsiht) m&Ñiai[ miT[ '1 tanga" (m>T[j: 100,000 (mºD[D ys<: a[k vP<ni[ p\kir m[.
10, 20, 50, 100 an[ 500 $(pyi miT[ jnrl
simiºy C[. k[Tl)k ni[>Fi[ pr Birt)y p\(tk an[
102 p pi[T<&g)z an[ gi[vi p[pr mn) 103
1 $(pyi, an[ si[ni 1, 2, 4, 8 an[ 12 xerafins. gvn<m[ºT {gvni[< Jl<l} oiri bhir piDvimi> aiv[li p\Fint_v {AYipRy an[ (v(c#i p\iN)sZIÖ} apnivvimi> aiv) ht).
1869 mi> (b\(TS oiri gi[vi T>kSn[ b>F krvimi> aiÄy&> ni[>Fi[ oiri ai an&srvimi> aiÄy&> ht&>. 1906 mi>, bƒnki[ piCLY) ni[>Fi[ a[fi[ºsi[ D) aÃb&kk[<n) pi[T^[T ht).
ht&>. C[Ói AYi(nk T>kSiLni b>F Yyi bid, 1871 mi> ni(sai[nl aÃT^im(rni[a[ kigL
gi[vimi> p\c(lt niNik)y ÄyvAYimi> r)s, i>gi an[ @p)yini[ smiv[S T
pi[T&<gln) (sÊin) aiyit krvimi> aiv) ht). ai nv) Dc an[ e>I³lS aigmn t[m Cti>, t[mN[ 1 9 61 s&F) Yiy C[, j[mi> a[k $(pyimi> 16 Ti>gini[ smiv[S Yiy C[. 1 9 5 9 mi>,
(sÊi $(pyin) p[Ti(vBigi[mi> s&Firi siY[ YE ht).
gi[vi, dmN an[ d)vni p\d[Si[n[ ÔLv) ri²yi hti. D[(n(sn[Snl y&(nT @p)yi Y) a[Ak&Di[smi> bdlvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[, j[mi>
ki[pr (sÊi 3, 5, 10 an[ 15 (r(ys, 1/2 an[ 1
p[prn) clNni p\Ym eºDi[-pi[T&<g)z m&Ñiai[ 1883 n) a[k a[Ak&Di[ 100 Tki aƒvi[s Friv[ C[. 30, 60, 100, 300, 600
Ti>gini s>p\diyi[mi> rj* krvimi> aiÄyi hti. 1881 mi>,
aispis '@p)yi' nimni ni[Ti[n[ p(rB\mNmi> m*kvimi> an[ 1000 ni s>p\diyi[ siY[ nvi ni[>Fi[ rj* krvimi> aiÄyi hti. ai
ki[pr 1/8 Ti>gi> an[ ci>d)ni 1/8, 1/4, 1/2 an[ 1
aiÄyi hti. ai ni[>Fi[ pi[T&<glni riÔni (c#in[ smi(vÖ 1961 s&F) p(rB\mNmi> rh) ht). ¶yir[ gi[vin[ Birt)y s>Gmi>
$(pyin) (sÊi rj* krvimi> aiv) ht). 1 9 01 mi> kyi< hti. ai 5,10, 20, 50, 100 an[ 500 ni Ô[Dvimi> aiÄy&> ht&>, Ryir[ ai ni[>Fi[ Birt)y clN oiri bdlvimi>
ki>sin) j³yia[ ki[prn[ bdl)n[, ¶yir[ 1 9 34 mi> kp\i[-
s>p\diyi[mi> Ôr) krvimi> aiÄyi hti. 1906 mi>, 'bƒ>ki[ aiÄyi hti.
(nkl 2 an[ 4 i>gini[ p\ir>B Yyi[ hti[, an&k|m[ 1/2 T
ni(sai[nl aÃT^im(rni[' n[ pi[T&<g)z (vAtiri[ miT[
an[ 1 $(pyin) siY[ 1 947 an[ 1 9 52 mi> an&k|m[. clN (v(nmy dri[
Birtmi> kigLni niNi>ni m&Ñ[ jvibdir) si[>pvimi> aiv)
p[pr mn) ht). b[>k oiri Ôr) kriy[l) p\ir>(Bk ni[T`s b[>kn) s)l 1 T[ºgi {60 r)s} vP<: 1934. vjn: 3.92 g\im Fit&: b\i[ºz Äyis:
kr). 1 9 17 mi> 4 T[ºgs, 8 Tiºgis an[ vn $p)yi an[ 22.00 m)m). a[j: sidi[ s>r[KN: m[Dl T>kSiL: N / A aiƒ³l[s (lj[ºD:
pi[T&<g)z Birt miT[ (vS[P $p[ rj* kriy[l p\Ym kigLn)
21/2 $pini nvi s>p\diyn) S$ait krvimi> aiv) ht). Ti[c pr '(rpI¾lki pi[T&<g)z" k[ºWmi> (vBi(jt Qil t(Ly[ tir)K
rkm 1882 mi> j&nTi di f[z[ºD p&I¾lki oiri 10 an[ 20
mi[TiBigni m&Ñiai[ vi(N¶y an[ d(ryiE jhiÔ[ni (vpr)t d>tkYi: ESTADO D)a[ Birt k[ºWmi> a[k Qilmi> pi>c Qil t(Ly[
$(pyini s>p\diyi[mi> aipvimi> aiv) ht). 1883 mi> 5,
vgiDvimi> aivti hti j[mn[ GN) vsiht) m&Ñiai[ miT[ '1 tanga" (m>T[j: 100,000 (mºD[D ys<: a[k vP<ni[ p\kir m[.
10, 20, 50, 100 an[ 500 $(pyi miT[ jnrl
simiºy C[. k[Tl)k ni[>Fi[ pr Birt)y p\(tk an[
102 p pi[T<&g)z an[ gi[vi p[pr mn) 103
gi[vi, d)v an[ dmNmi> pi[T&<g)z hi[vini m&²y apvidmi> m¹ymY) hiln) AT[À¼sn[ UB)
Tpil AT[À¼s kr)n[ uRp\[rk kr)n[ an[ dr[k bij&a[ a[k nv&> m*Ãy vF& pDt&>
m&±Â&> ht&>. 1925 mi>, viAki[ D) gimin) mZRy&n) 400 m)
pi[ T&<g)z Birtn) p\Ym Tpil vP<gi>qn) yidg)r) ni[>Fie ht) an[ (Ds[Àbr 1931 mi>
(T(kT 1 ai[±Ti[br 1871 ni gi[vi Kit[ s[>T f|iºs)s z[vh[rh[ÃDn) p\dS<nn[ p\i[Rsihn
ri[j Ôr) krvimi> aiv) ht). ai aipvimi> aiÄy&> ht&>. 1946 an[ 1948 mi> AT[À¼sn)
છે લી ટ સ
ki[li[n)mi> AYi(nk upyi[g miT[ Ôr) krvimi> aiv) ht). AYipnia[ ki[li[n) siY[ s>b>(Ft ni[>Fpi#i a](thi(sk
(b\T)S EIºDyin) AT[À¼s (vd[S) m[el miT[ j$r) ht). ai>kDiai[n&> (n(m_i ky&†.
ai p\Ym AT[À¼sn) rcnimi> k[ºWmi> a[k s>p\diyni[ smiv[S pi[T&<g)z Birtn) p\Ym AT[Àp p\dS<n, 1952 mi>, AT[Àpn)
Yti[ hti[, j[mi> a>Dikir b[ºD C[, j[ (Slil[K "s(v<ki[ Ô[D) siY[ ujvN) krvimi> aiv) ht); a[k p\Ym eÆy*n)
pi[ATl" an[ "eIºdri pi[T<" Friv[ C[. ai mZRy& GN)vir rcnin&> p&n:uRpidn kr[ C[, aºy (c#iN s[ºT f|iIºss
p&nriv(t<t hti an[ an[k p\kirni kigL pr m&(Wt hti, z[(vyr 1956 mi> a[k (n(át ~[N) Birtmi> pi[T&<g)z
p(rNim[ aRy>t j(Tl p(rIAY(t k[ j[ sGn a¿yis vsihti[n) 450 m) vP<gi>qn) yidmi> smivvimi> aiv)
krvimi> aiÄyi[ C[; lgBg 55 p\kiri[ 1871 an[ 1877 ht), an[ j*ni (kÓiai[ni (c#ii[ an[ nkSiai[ni[ smiv[S
n) vµc[ d[Kiy C[, j[mi>Y) k[Tlik K*b j d&l<B C[. 1886 Yiy C[, ¶yir[ 1959 ~[N)mi> (v(vF (sÊiai[ dSi<vvimi>
Y) (ny(mt AT[Àp m&Ñiai[n) p[Tn<n) nJkmi> aºy aiÄyi hti.
vsihti[n) p[Tn<n[ an&sr)n[, 1912 mi> srcij<n) ~[N)
104 p pi[T<&g)z an[ gi[vi AT]>ps 105
gi[vi, d)v an[ dmNmi> pi[T&<g)z hi[vini m&²y apvidmi> m¹ymY) hiln) AT[À¼sn[ UB)
Tpil AT[À¼s kr)n[ uRp\[rk kr)n[ an[ dr[k bij&a[ a[k nv&> m*Ãy vF& pDt&>
m&±Â&> ht&>. 1925 mi>, viAki[ D) gimin) mZRy&n) 400 m)
pi[ T&<g)z Birtn) p\Ym Tpil vP<gi>qn) yidg)r) ni[>Fie ht) an[ (Ds[Àbr 1931 mi>
(T(kT 1 ai[±Ti[br 1871 ni gi[vi Kit[ s[>T f|iºs)s z[vh[rh[ÃDn) p\dS<nn[ p\i[Rsihn
ri[j Ôr) krvimi> aiv) ht). ai aipvimi> aiÄy&> ht&>. 1946 an[ 1948 mi> AT[À¼sn)
છે લી ટ સ
ki[li[n)mi> AYi(nk upyi[g miT[ Ôr) krvimi> aiv) ht). AYipnia[ ki[li[n) siY[ s>b>(Ft ni[>Fpi#i a](thi(sk
(b\T)S EIºDyin) AT[À¼s (vd[S) m[el miT[ j$r) ht). ai>kDiai[n&> (n(m_i ky&†.
ai p\Ym AT[À¼sn) rcnimi> k[ºWmi> a[k s>p\diyni[ smiv[S pi[T&<g)z Birtn) p\Ym AT[Àp p\dS<n, 1952 mi>, AT[Àpn)
Yti[ hti[, j[mi> a>Dikir b[ºD C[, j[ (Slil[K "s(v<ki[ Ô[D) siY[ ujvN) krvimi> aiv) ht); a[k p\Ym eÆy*n)
pi[ATl" an[ "eIºdri pi[T<" Friv[ C[. ai mZRy& GN)vir rcnin&> p&n:uRpidn kr[ C[, aºy (c#iN s[ºT f|iIºss
p&nriv(t<t hti an[ an[k p\kirni kigL pr m&(Wt hti, z[(vyr 1956 mi> a[k (n(át ~[N) Birtmi> pi[T&<g)z
p(rNim[ aRy>t j(Tl p(rIAY(t k[ j[ sGn a¿yis vsihti[n) 450 m) vP<gi>qn) yidmi> smivvimi> aiv)
krvimi> aiÄyi[ C[; lgBg 55 p\kiri[ 1871 an[ 1877 ht), an[ j*ni (kÓiai[ni (c#ii[ an[ nkSiai[ni[ smiv[S
n) vµc[ d[Kiy C[, j[mi>Y) k[Tlik K*b j d&l<B C[. 1886 Yiy C[, ¶yir[ 1959 ~[N)mi> (v(vF (sÊiai[ dSi<vvimi>
Y) (ny(mt AT[Àp m&Ñiai[n) p[Tn<n) nJkmi> aºy aiÄyi hti.
vsihti[n) p[Tn<n[ an&sr)n[, 1912 mi> srcij<n) ~[N)
104 p pi[T<&g)z an[ gi[vi AT]>ps 105
106 p pi[T<&g)z an[ gi[vi pi[T<&g)z Di>s 107
106 p pi[T<&g)z an[ gi[vi pi[T<&g)z Di>s 107
pi[T&<(gzi[n&> Birtmi> aigmn k[v) r)t[? ri[j SrNig(t Av)kir) an[ a[Ãb&ky&\ky& gi[vin[ pi[tini pi[tin& p\B&Rv bniv) Sk[. p*v<ni d[Si[Y) aivti[ tmim p\yisi[ S@ kr) d)Fi hti. aim a[mN[ gi[vin)
tibi h[qL l)F&. adiJt 6000 Y) 9000 j[Tli mil smin ah)n) bÔrmi> K&Ói[ m&kvimi> aivti[ an[ aispisni (vAtiri[ Jt) l)Fi. a[mN[ p[n[<m, b)ki[l)m,
vi Aki[ D) gimi pi[tin) j&vin)mi> pi[T&<gl ni] s[ni mi> m&IAlm s](nki[ a[ smy[ y&Ü mi> aYvi Ryi>Y) Bigt) vKt[ ah)‚Y) a[ni[ v[pir Yti[ hti[. 1542 mi>, s[ºT. f|iºs)s s_iir), pi[>Di, s>g&a[m, ±Â&p[n an[ kniki[ni k¾j[ kyi<.
Ô[Diyi, a[mN[ k&n[h p*v<k n[v)g[snn&> ki]SÃy S)²yi
mi[tn[ B[TÂi. aiÃb&kk[< (hºd&ai[n&> smY<n m[LÄy&>. z[(vyr[ Sh[rni AYipRyn) BÄytini[ uÓ[K kyi[< C[. t[ siv>tviD) Bi[>sl[ an[ si]d[kir riÔmi> a[mn) vsihti[
an[ GNi y&Üi[ mi pi[T&<gl ni] s[nin[ t[ai[ upyi[g) Yyi.
aiÃb&kk[< Y)miÁyin[ AYi(nk (h>d& t[mj m&Al)mi[ni 1575 an[ 1625 n) m¹ymi> t[n) smZ(Ün) U>ciEa[ bn).
viAki[ D) gimi 1497 mi l)Abi[n Y) n)kÇyi an[ a[k vP< p\(t(n(F gN) a[n) vDi vh)vTkti< {s>cilk} tr)k[ phi[>c) ht). a[k pi[T&<g)s kh[vt C[ k[ j[N[ gi[vi Ô[y&> C[ 1683 mi> (SviJni p&#i s>BiJ a[ aiK&> gi[vi k[ j[mi>
pC) 1498n) 20 m[ ni ri[j kil)kT b>dr[ utyi< an[ (nmN&k kr). a[N[ l)Abi[n Ô[vin) j$r nY). Birt an[ smg\ a[(Syi pi[T&<(gzi[ k¾ÔviLi p\d[Sni[ pN smiv[S Yiy C[ a[ Jtvi
airbi[ni v[pir prni a[kh Y& eÔrni[ B>g kyi[<. AYi(nk ¸ mi p\Ym vKt 1556 mi> s[ºT pi[l ki[l[j mi> (p\ºT)‚g p\[s
a[Ãb&ky&\ky& an[ a[ni pC)ni rijkti<ai[a[ j[ (nymi[ an[ miT[ p\yRni[ hiY Fyi<. a[mni[ a[ h&mli[ s>p*N< pN[ sfL
srdir Y)miÁyini k[hviY) 1510 mi pi[t&<g)s a[D(mrl rj& krvimi> aiÄy&>. a[j smygiLi dr(myin gi[vi m[D)kl
b>FirN a[ smy[ ai #i)s gimi[ miT[ bnivvimi> aiÄyi Ynir hti[ Ryir[ Gli[a[ mriqiai[ni k¾Ô viLi p\d[Si[ pr m&
afi[ºsi[ D[ aiÃb&kk[< gi[vi pr cQiE kr). a[ smyni ki[l[jn) pN AYipni krvimi> aiv) k[ j[ a[(Syin) ph[l)
hti a[ lgBg aC&ti C[ an[ mi[T[Bigni (nymi[ lig& C[ cQiE kr). 1739 mi> mriqiai[ oiri s>p*N< biD[<z Jtvi
b)Ôp&rni m&IAlm riÔ EAmiEl aid)l Sih sim[ hiyi< y&ri[(pyn m[D)kl ki[l[j ht).
(sviy k[ st) p\Yi. ai p\Yi, (nymi[ an[ b>FirNn&> miT[ h&mli[ kyi[< pr>t& a[ (vjy pN nvi viEs ri[yni
bid a[Ãb&ky&\ky < fr) a[mni siY)diri[a[ 10 D)s[Àbrni
rJATr 1526 mi> bhir piDvimi> aiÄy&> ht&>. ai a[k aºti[(nai[d[ a[ºWiD[ a[ ph[li y&ri[(pyn ¶y&>EAT p\)AT aiK) nv) s]ºy T&kD) siY[ aiv) jti asfL rHi[.
a(t m&Ãyvin a](thi(sk hti k[ j[mN[ (hmily ai[L>g)
dAtiv[j gNiy C[. gi[vin[ (tb[T phi[µyi. pi[T&<g l Sisnni
l)Abi[n j[vi[j nig(rk si[n[r)kiL dr(myin ah)
(vS[Pi(Fkir aipvimi> aiÄyi[ a[(Syin&> si]Y) mi[T&> k[YiD^l
C[. 1563 mi> gvn<r oiri bi>Fvimi> aiÄy&> an[ a[ cc<
rj*ait krvimi> aiv) k[ a[mN[ pi[T&<gl bFi cc< krti mi[T&> ht&>.
s>sd)y b[qk fiLvvimi> aiv[
mriqin) lDiE
pr>t& riÔa[ a[n[ m>j&r) n aip).
aig\i Y) Bi³yi pC) (SviJa[
pi[T&<(gzi[ oiri gi[vin[ pi[tin&>
a[mni m& li[ siY[ s>(Fmi> G
mYk bnivvimi> aiÄy&> k[ j[Y)
Ki[y[li p\d[Si[ piCi m[Lvvini
t[ai[ mr)-msilini v[pir pr
108 p pi[T<&g)z an[ gi[vi p pi[T<&g)z aigmn 109
pi[T&<(gzi[n&> Birtmi> aigmn k[v) r)t[? ri[j SrNig(t Av)kir) an[ a[Ãb&ky&\ky& gi[vin[ pi[tini pi[tin& p\B&Rv bniv) Sk[. p*v<ni d[Si[Y) aivti[ tmim p\yisi[ S@ kr) d)Fi hti. aim a[mN[ gi[vin)
tibi h[qL l)F&. adiJt 6000 Y) 9000 j[Tli mil smin ah)n) bÔrmi> K&Ói[ m&kvimi> aivti[ an[ aispisni (vAtiri[ Jt) l)Fi. a[mN[ p[n[<m, b)ki[l)m,
vi Aki[ D) gimi pi[tin) j&vin)mi> pi[T&<gl ni] s[ni mi> m&IAlm s](nki[ a[ smy[ y&Ü mi> aYvi Ryi>Y) Bigt) vKt[ ah)‚Y) a[ni[ v[pir Yti[ hti[. 1542 mi>, s[ºT. f|iºs)s s_iir), pi[>Di, s>g&a[m, ±Â&p[n an[ kniki[ni k¾j[ kyi<.
Ô[Diyi, a[mN[ k&n[h p*v<k n[v)g[snn&> ki]SÃy S)²yi
mi[tn[ B[TÂi. aiÃb&kk[< (hºd&ai[n&> smY<n m[LÄy&>. z[(vyr[ Sh[rni AYipRyn) BÄytini[ uÓ[K kyi[< C[. t[ siv>tviD) Bi[>sl[ an[ si]d[kir riÔmi> a[mn) vsihti[
an[ GNi y&Üi[ mi pi[T&<gl ni] s[nin[ t[ai[ upyi[g) Yyi.
aiÃb&kk[< Y)miÁyin[ AYi(nk (h>d& t[mj m&Al)mi[ni 1575 an[ 1625 n) m¹ymi> t[n) smZ(Ün) U>ciEa[ bn).
viAki[ D) gimi 1497 mi l)Abi[n Y) n)kÇyi an[ a[k vP< p\(t(n(F gN) a[n) vDi vh)vTkti< {s>cilk} tr)k[ phi[>c) ht). a[k pi[T&<g)s kh[vt C[ k[ j[N[ gi[vi Ô[y&> C[ 1683 mi> (SviJni p&#i s>BiJ a[ aiK&> gi[vi k[ j[mi>
pC) 1498n) 20 m[ ni ri[j kil)kT b>dr[ utyi< an[ (nmN&k kr). a[N[ l)Abi[n Ô[vin) j$r nY). Birt an[ smg\ a[(Syi pi[T&<(gzi[ k¾ÔviLi p\d[Sni[ pN smiv[S Yiy C[ a[ Jtvi
airbi[ni v[pir prni a[kh Y& eÔrni[ B>g kyi[<. AYi(nk ¸ mi p\Ym vKt 1556 mi> s[ºT pi[l ki[l[j mi> (p\ºT)‚g p\[s
a[Ãb&ky&\ky& an[ a[ni pC)ni rijkti<ai[a[ j[ (nymi[ an[ miT[ p\yRni[ hiY Fyi<. a[mni[ a[ h&mli[ s>p*N< pN[ sfL
srdir Y)miÁyini k[hviY) 1510 mi pi[t&<g)s a[D(mrl rj& krvimi> aiÄy&>. a[j smygiLi dr(myin gi[vi m[D)kl
b>FirN a[ smy[ ai #i)s gimi[ miT[ bnivvimi> aiÄyi Ynir hti[ Ryir[ Gli[a[ mriqiai[ni k¾Ô viLi p\d[Si[ pr m&
afi[ºsi[ D[ aiÃb&kk[< gi[vi pr cQiE kr). a[ smyni ki[l[jn) pN AYipni krvimi> aiv) k[ j[ a[(Syin) ph[l)
hti a[ lgBg aC&ti C[ an[ mi[T[Bigni (nymi[ lig& C[ cQiE kr). 1739 mi> mriqiai[ oiri s>p*N< biD[<z Jtvi
b)Ôp&rni m&IAlm riÔ EAmiEl aid)l Sih sim[ hiyi< y&ri[(pyn m[D)kl ki[l[j ht).
(sviy k[ st) p\Yi. ai p\Yi, (nymi[ an[ b>FirNn&> miT[ h&mli[ kyi[< pr>t& a[ (vjy pN nvi viEs ri[yni
bid a[Ãb&ky&\ky < fr) a[mni siY)diri[a[ 10 D)s[Àbrni
rJATr 1526 mi> bhir piDvimi> aiÄy&> ht&>. ai a[k aºti[(nai[d[ a[ºWiD[ a[ ph[li y&ri[(pyn ¶y&>EAT p\)AT aiK) nv) s]ºy T&kD) siY[ aiv) jti asfL rHi[.
a(t m&Ãyvin a](thi(sk hti k[ j[mN[ (hmily ai[L>g)
dAtiv[j gNiy C[. gi[vin[ (tb[T phi[µyi. pi[T&<g l Sisnni
l)Abi[n j[vi[j nig(rk si[n[r)kiL dr(myin ah)
(vS[Pi(Fkir aipvimi> aiÄyi[ a[(Syin&> si]Y) mi[T&> k[YiD^l
C[. 1563 mi> gvn<r oiri bi>Fvimi> aiÄy&> an[ a[ cc<
rj*ait krvimi> aiv) k[ a[mN[ pi[T&<gl bFi cc< krti mi[T&> ht&>.
s>sd)y b[qk fiLvvimi> aiv[
mriqin) lDiE
pr>t& riÔa[ a[n[ m>j&r) n aip).
aig\i Y) Bi³yi pC) (SviJa[
pi[T&<(gzi[ oiri gi[vin[ pi[tin&>
a[mni m& li[ siY[ s>(Fmi> G
mYk bnivvimi> aiÄy&> k[ j[Y)
Ki[y[li p\d[Si[ piCi m[Lvvini
t[ai[ mr)-msilini v[pir pr
108 p pi[T<&g)z an[ gi[vi p pi[T<&g)z aigmn 109
110 p pi[T<&g)z an[ gi[vi gi[vi ki(n<vl 111
110 p pi[T<&g)z an[ gi[vi gi[vi ki(n<vl 111
p(rvhn hviemYkmi> n)c[ jNiv[l) (vmin) k>pn)ai[ oiri s[vi kdÀb T^iºspi[T< ki[pi[<r[Sn oiri krvimi> aiv[ C[, j[ mi[Ti Birtni p(ám (knir[ Yen[ n)kL[ C[ an[ u_irmi> gi[vin[
aipvimi> aiv[ C[ – a[r eIºDyi, eIºDyn a[rlieºs, migi[< {j[m k[ p>Jm-mirgiai[ mig<}an[ k[Tlik ri¶yni m&>be siY[ an[ d(xNmi> m[>gli[r siY[ Ô[D[ C[. a[n[c-4a[
gi[ vin&> a[k mi#i hviemYk, Dibi[l)m hviemYk, a[ (k>g(fSr a[rlieºs, gi[ a[r, Apiesj[T, j[T a[rv[z k[Tlik (nj<n Bigi[ni[ smiv[S Yiy C[. mi[Ti Sh[ri[ j[m k[ ri¶ymi>Y) psir Yiy C[ j[ p*v<mi> rijFin) p>Jmn[
lÆkr) an[ nig(rki[ a[m b>n[ miT[n&> C[, j[ aºy
upri>t y&nieT[D (k>gDm, r(Syi, jm<n)ni f`lieT k[ j[n&> p>Jm an[ mirgiai[mi> Sh[rn) vµc[ bs cil[ C[. Ô[k[, b[lgim siY[ an[ gi[vin[ D[Ênmi> aiv[li Sh[ri[ siY[
Birt)y AYLi[a[ jti Birt)y an[ ai>trriÖ^)y
s>ciln Yi[ms k*k, ki[ºDi[r, mi[nik< a[rlieºs vg[r[ oiri gi[vimi> Ôh[r p(rvhn ai[C& (vk(st C[ an[ Ryi>ni Ô[D[ C[. a[na[c-17a[, a[na[c-17n[ ki[T<l)mni
(vmini[n[ s[vi p*r) piD[ C[. hviemYk mi[Ti as>²y ciT<D<
krvimi> aiv[ C[, t[ni[ smiv[S Yiy C[. (nvis)ai[ mi[T[ Big[ t[mni pi[tini vihnÄyvhir, mi[m&<giai[ b>dr siY[ Ô[D[ C[ an[ nvi[ a[na[c-17b) j[
f`lieTi[n&> pN s>ciln kr[ C[. gi[vimi> m¹y p*v<Y) d&be,
SirÔh an[ k&v]tY) ai>trriÖ^)y f`lieTi[ aiv[ C[ an[ gi[vini Ôh[r p(rvhnmi> King) r)t[ clivvimi> simiºy r)t[ (o-ck|) vihn pr (nB<r C[. gi[vi pis[ cir mig„y C[ an[ mi[m&<giai[ b>drn[ aºy AYL v[rni,
ciT<r f`lieT p\visn t& y&nieT[D (k>gDm, jm<n) an[ ä aivt) bsi[ni[ smiv[S Yiy C[, j[ mi[Ti Sh[ri[n[ g\im)N a>drY) psir Yti b[ riÖ^)y Fi[r)mig< C[. a[na[c-17 viyi Dibi[l)m hviemYkn[ a[na[c-17 siY[ Ô[D[ C[.
r(SyiY) ai>trriÖ^)y f`lieTi[ aiv[ C[. Dibi[l)m (vAtiri[ siY[ Ô[D[ C[. srkir oiri cilt) bsi[n) ÔLvN)
112 p pi[T<&g)z an[ gi[vi p(rvhn 113
p(rvhn hviemYkmi> n)c[ jNiv[l) (vmin) k>pn)ai[ oiri s[vi kdÀb T^iºspi[T< ki[pi[<r[Sn oiri krvimi> aiv[ C[, j[ mi[Ti Birtni p(ám (knir[ Yen[ n)kL[ C[ an[ u_irmi> gi[vin[
aipvimi> aiv[ C[ – a[r eIºDyi, eIºDyn a[rlieºs, migi[< {j[m k[ p>Jm-mirgiai[ mig<}an[ k[Tlik ri¶yni m&>be siY[ an[ d(xNmi> m[>gli[r siY[ Ô[D[ C[. a[n[c-4a[
gi[ vin&> a[k mi#i hviemYk, Dibi[l)m hviemYk, a[ (k>g(fSr a[rlieºs, gi[ a[r, Apiesj[T, j[T a[rv[z k[Tlik (nj<n Bigi[ni[ smiv[S Yiy C[. mi[Ti Sh[ri[ j[m k[ ri¶ymi>Y) psir Yiy C[ j[ p*v<mi> rijFin) p>Jmn[
lÆkr) an[ nig(rki[ a[m b>n[ miT[n&> C[, j[ aºy
upri>t y&nieT[D (k>gDm, r(Syi, jm<n)ni f`lieT k[ j[n&> p>Jm an[ mirgiai[mi> Sh[rn) vµc[ bs cil[ C[. Ô[k[, b[lgim siY[ an[ gi[vin[ D[Ênmi> aiv[li Sh[ri[ siY[
Birt)y AYLi[a[ jti Birt)y an[ ai>trriÖ^)y
s>ciln Yi[ms k*k, ki[ºDi[r, mi[nik< a[rlieºs vg[r[ oiri gi[vimi> Ôh[r p(rvhn ai[C& (vk(st C[ an[ Ryi>ni Ô[D[ C[. a[na[c-17a[, a[na[c-17n[ ki[T<l)mni
(vmini[n[ s[vi p*r) piD[ C[. hviemYk mi[Ti as>²y ciT<D<
krvimi> aiv[ C[, t[ni[ smiv[S Yiy C[. (nvis)ai[ mi[T[ Big[ t[mni pi[tini vihnÄyvhir, mi[m&<giai[ b>dr siY[ Ô[D[ C[ an[ nvi[ a[na[c-17b) j[
f`lieTi[n&> pN s>ciln kr[ C[. gi[vimi> m¹y p*v<Y) d&be,
SirÔh an[ k&v]tY) ai>trriÖ^)y f`lieTi[ aiv[ C[ an[ gi[vini Ôh[r p(rvhnmi> King) r)t[ clivvimi> simiºy r)t[ (o-ck|) vihn pr (nB<r C[. gi[vi pis[ cir mig„y C[ an[ mi[m&<giai[ b>drn[ aºy AYL v[rni,
ciT<r f`lieT p\visn t& y&nieT[D (k>gDm, jm<n) an[ ä aivt) bsi[ni[ smiv[S Yiy C[, j[ mi[Ti Sh[ri[n[ g\im)N a>drY) psir Yti b[ riÖ^)y Fi[r)mig< C[. a[na[c-17 viyi Dibi[l)m hviemYkn[ a[na[c-17 siY[ Ô[D[ C[.
r(SyiY) ai>trriÖ^)y f`lieTi[ aiv[ C[. Dibi[l)m (vAtiri[ siY[ Ô[D[ C[. srkir oiri cilt) bsi[n) ÔLvN)
112 p pi[T<&g)z an[ gi[vi p(rvhn 113
T[±s) C[, j[n&> s>ciln D^ievri[ oiri krvimi> aiv[ C[, ht), t[ d(ryi(kniri smi>tr di[D[ C[ an[ mi[Ti Bigni
j[mn[ AYi(nk Fi[rN[ 'pieli[T`s" kh[vimi> aiv[ C[. ai Sh[ri[n[ p(ám d(ryi(kniri siY[ Ô[D[ C[.
vihni[n&> p(rvhn a[kmi#i svirn) piCL b[st) ÄyI±t
mi[m&<giai[ b>dr viAki[ Sh[rn) nJk C[ an[ ai[r,
{p)l)yn rieDr oiri t[ai[ simiºy r)t[ t[ai[ j[ nÊ) kr[
p[T^i[(lym, ki[lsi[ an[ ai>trriÖ^)y kºT[enrn&> s>ciln
t[ BiD[ krvimi> aiv[ C[. gi[vimi> (rvr k|i[s)‚gn) f`l[T
kr[ C[. mi[Ti Bign) (nkismi> d(ryi(knirini p\d[Si[n)
bi[TÀD f[r) bi[T`s oiri krvimi> aiv[ C[, j[n&> s>ciln (rvr
piCLni m&Ãkni K(nÔ[ an[ ai[rni[ smiv[S Yiy C[.
n[(vg[Sn (vBig oiri krvimi> aiv[ C[. gi[vimi> b[ r[l p>Jm, k[ j[ miºDi[v)ni (knir[ aiv[l&> C[, t[ pN mi[T&> b>dr
lieni[ C[ j[mi>n) a[k d(xN p(ám r[lv[ an[ aºy ki[>kN
Friv[ C[, j[ni[ upyi[g 1980 s&F) gi[vi an[ m&>be
r[lv[ oiri clivvimi> aiv[ C[. j[ lien d(xN p(ám
vµc[n) yi(#ik AT)mri[n&> s>ciln krvi miT[ Yti[ hti[. ai
r[lv[ oiri clivvimi> aiv[ C[ t[ viAki[ d gimi, gi[vini
upri>t m&>be an[ pNJn[ Ô[Dt) sQviL) hi[D)n) s[vi
b>dr Sh[rn[ mirgiai[ viyi h&bl) an[ kNi<Tk siY[
pN 1990ni diykimi> Yi[Di smy miT[ dmN)yi (Sp)‚g
Ô[Dti vsiht y&g oir bi>Fvimi> aiv) ht). ki[>kN r[lv[
oiri clivvvimi> aivt) ht).
lien k[ j[ 1990ni diyki dr(myin bi>Fvimi> aiv)
gi[vi pis[ k&l 224 (k.m) {139 miEl} riÖ^)y BiDini Av$pni vihnÄyvhirmi> m)Tr (vnin) T[±s)ai[
Fi[r)mig<, 232 (k.m) {144 miEl} ri¶y Fi[r)mig< an[ an[ Sh[r) (vAtiri[mi> ai[Ti[ (rxiai[ni[ smiv[S Yiy C[.
815 k)m)ni[ (jÓi Fi[r)mig< C[. gi[vimi> vihnÄyvhirn&> (v(SÖ Av$p mi[Trsiykl
114 p pi[T<&g)z an[ gi[vi p(rvhn 115
T[±s) C[, j[n&> s>ciln D^ievri[ oiri krvimi> aiv[ C[, ht), t[ d(ryi(kniri smi>tr di[D[ C[ an[ mi[Ti Bigni
j[mn[ AYi(nk Fi[rN[ 'pieli[T`s" kh[vimi> aiv[ C[. ai Sh[ri[n[ p(ám d(ryi(kniri siY[ Ô[D[ C[.
vihni[n&> p(rvhn a[kmi#i svirn) piCL b[st) ÄyI±t
mi[m&<giai[ b>dr viAki[ Sh[rn) nJk C[ an[ ai[r,
{p)l)yn rieDr oiri t[ai[ simiºy r)t[ t[ai[ j[ nÊ) kr[
p[T^i[(lym, ki[lsi[ an[ ai>trriÖ^)y kºT[enrn&> s>ciln
t[ BiD[ krvimi> aiv[ C[. gi[vimi> (rvr k|i[s)‚gn) f`l[T
kr[ C[. mi[Ti Bign) (nkismi> d(ryi(knirini p\d[Si[n)
bi[TÀD f[r) bi[T`s oiri krvimi> aiv[ C[, j[n&> s>ciln (rvr
piCLni m&Ãkni K(nÔ[ an[ ai[rni[ smiv[S Yiy C[.
n[(vg[Sn (vBig oiri krvimi> aiv[ C[. gi[vimi> b[ r[l p>Jm, k[ j[ miºDi[v)ni (knir[ aiv[l&> C[, t[ pN mi[T&> b>dr
lieni[ C[ j[mi>n) a[k d(xN p(ám r[lv[ an[ aºy ki[>kN
Friv[ C[, j[ni[ upyi[g 1980 s&F) gi[vi an[ m&>be
r[lv[ oiri clivvimi> aiv[ C[. j[ lien d(xN p(ám
vµc[n) yi(#ik AT)mri[n&> s>ciln krvi miT[ Yti[ hti[. ai
r[lv[ oiri clivvimi> aiv[ C[ t[ viAki[ d gimi, gi[vini
upri>t m&>be an[ pNJn[ Ô[Dt) sQviL) hi[D)n) s[vi
b>dr Sh[rn[ mirgiai[ viyi h&bl) an[ kNi<Tk siY[
pN 1990ni diykimi> Yi[Di smy miT[ dmN)yi (Sp)‚g
Ô[Dti vsiht y&g oir bi>Fvimi> aiv) ht). ki[>kN r[lv[
oiri clivvvimi> aivt) ht).
lien k[ j[ 1990ni diyki dr(myin bi>Fvimi> aiv)
gi[vi pis[ k&l 224 (k.m) {139 miEl} riÖ^)y BiDini Av$pni vihnÄyvhirmi> m)Tr (vnin) T[±s)ai[
Fi[r)mig<, 232 (k.m) {144 miEl} ri¶y Fi[r)mig< an[ an[ Sh[r) (vAtiri[mi> ai[Ti[ (rxiai[ni[ smiv[S Yiy C[.
815 k)m)ni[ (jÓi Fi[r)mig< C[. gi[vimi> vihnÄyvhirn&> (v(SÖ Av$p mi[Trsiykl
114 p pi[T<&g)z an[ gi[vi p(rvhn 115
gi[vini (kÓiai[ t)riki[l fi[T<: ai a[k AYi(nk riÔni[ (kÓi[ hti[ j[ 1764 mi> B*Big kibi[ d[ rimi IAYt C[, j[n&> nim rimiyNni m&²y niyk C[ an[ z&vir) nd)ni (kniri pr IAYt C[. rici[l (hl j[
pi[T&<g)zi[a[ pi[tin[ hAtk kr) l)Fi[ hti[. ai (kÓini[ upyi[g rim prY) l[vimi> aiv[l C[. ki[bi d[ rimi prY) ki[lvi b)cn) m&IAlm bhmn) rijv>S oiri AYpiy[l Eli Sh[r {j&n&> gi[vi}
a ³viDi fi[T<: sit (kli[m)Tr li>bi kil>g&T b)cni C[viD[, Avt>#iti s[nin)ai[ oiri 1961 ni gi[vini m&I±t s>g\im u_ir)y l>biE an[ kiniki[ni b)cni[ cmkti r[tkNi[ viLi Y) G[riy[l C[. b)Ôp&rni s<in pis[Y) 15 m) sd)mi> (h>d&
r[Es migi[sn) p(ám[ a[k li>bi[ b[T pYriy[l C[. fi[T<
dr(myin krvimi> aivti[ hti[. ai (kÓimi> a[k c[pl C[ k[ j[ d(ryi (knirini[ adB&t n ri[ miN) Skiy C[. pi[T&<g)zi[ni Ô (vjyngr rijv>S[ le l)F[l an[ 1520 mi> m&Al)mi[n)
a³viDi smtl pYriL B*Big pr IAYt C[ an[ hilni
m&²yRv[ b>F rh[ C[. hv[ ai (kÓin[ hv[ h[r)T[j hi[Tlmi> aigmnn) sd)ai[ ph[li s>rxNn) j$(ryit miT[ bniviy[l sim[ lÆkr) shiyni bdlimi> pi[T&<g)zi[n[ aip) d)F[l.
smymi> si]Y) sir) r)t[ scviy[l an[ si]Y) mi[Ti[ pi[T&<g) z
tbd)l krvimi> aiv[l C[. s[ºT a[ºYi[n) cc< ah) m¹ymi> an[ 1763mi> AYin)y (h>d& riÔ pis[Y) pDiv) l[vimi> aiv[l
(kÓi[ C[. ai (kÓin&> biFkim 1612 mi mi>Di[v) nd)ni m&K cipi[ri fi[T<: mip&si Y) 10 (kli[m)Trni a>tr[ aiv[l cpi[ri
Ti[c pr IAYt C[. ah) Y) k[r)m b)c Ô[E Skiy C[. t)riki[l . Ryirbid t&rtj pi[T&<g)zi[ oir pi[tini gQn) rcni krvimi>
pr krvimi> aiÄy&> ht&> j[Y) Dc an[ mriqiai[ni h&mliY) k[ ¶yi> vgiti[r bij&a[Y) ai T[kr) upr GN)j sh[li Y) e
nd)n[ sim[ pr jvi miT[ dr 30 (mn)Tni smyi>tr[ cilt) aiv) j[ aRyir[ K>Dhr bn) gy[l C[.
bciv kr) Skiy. (kÓmi> aiv[l cir miLn) d)vidi>D)n&> phi[>c) Skiy C[. pi[T&<g)zi[ oiri 1617 mi> ph[li>ni m&IAlm
f[r) s[vi mi> 20 (mn)Tni[ smy lig[ C[.
(nmi<N 1864 mi> krvimi> aiÄy&> ht&> k[ j[ smg\ a[(Syimi> ai rici[l (kÓi[: mDgiv Y) 7 k)li[m)Tr u_irp*v<mi> pYriL T[kr) AYipRyni AYL[ bniviy[l C[. j[n&> nim 'Sih n&> Sh[r" a[Tl[k[
p\kirn) si]Y) j*n) d)vidi>D) C[. kibi[ d[ rimi fi[T<: ki[lvi aKitni d(xN C[D[ aiv[l li>bi pr aiv[l C[. j[ m&IAlm (kÓin) s&ki gy[l KiEY) G[riy[l e Sihp&r, srhd pr njr riKvi miT[ bniv[ ht&>.
116 p pi[T<&g)z an[ gi[vi p(rvhn 117
gi[vini (kÓiai[ t)riki[l fi[T<: ai a[k AYi(nk riÔni[ (kÓi[ hti[ j[ 1764 mi> B*Big kibi[ d[ rimi IAYt C[, j[n&> nim rimiyNni m&²y niyk C[ an[ z&vir) nd)ni (kniri pr IAYt C[. rici[l (hl j[
pi[T&<g)zi[a[ pi[tin[ hAtk kr) l)Fi[ hti[. ai (kÓini[ upyi[g rim prY) l[vimi> aiv[l C[. ki[bi d[ rimi prY) ki[lvi b)cn) m&IAlm bhmn) rijv>S oiri AYpiy[l Eli Sh[r {j&n&> gi[vi}
a ³viDi fi[T<: sit (kli[m)Tr li>bi kil>g&T b)cni C[viD[, Avt>#iti s[nin)ai[ oiri 1961 ni gi[vini m&I±t s>g\im u_ir)y l>biE an[ kiniki[ni b)cni[ cmkti r[tkNi[ viLi Y) G[riy[l C[. b)Ôp&rni s<in pis[Y) 15 m) sd)mi> (h>d&
r[Es migi[sn) p(ám[ a[k li>bi[ b[T pYriy[l C[. fi[T<
dr(myin krvimi> aivti[ hti[. ai (kÓimi> a[k c[pl C[ k[ j[ d(ryi (knirini[ adB&t n ri[ miN) Skiy C[. pi[T&<g)zi[ni Ô (vjyngr rijv>S[ le l)F[l an[ 1520 mi> m&Al)mi[n)
a³viDi smtl pYriL B*Big pr IAYt C[ an[ hilni
m&²yRv[ b>F rh[ C[. hv[ ai (kÓin[ hv[ h[r)T[j hi[Tlmi> aigmnn) sd)ai[ ph[li s>rxNn) j$(ryit miT[ bniviy[l sim[ lÆkr) shiyni bdlimi> pi[T&<g)zi[n[ aip) d)F[l.
smymi> si]Y) sir) r)t[ scviy[l an[ si]Y) mi[Ti[ pi[T&<g) z
tbd)l krvimi> aiv[l C[. s[ºT a[ºYi[n) cc< ah) m¹ymi> an[ 1763mi> AYin)y (h>d& riÔ pis[Y) pDiv) l[vimi> aiv[l
(kÓi[ C[. ai (kÓin&> biFkim 1612 mi mi>Di[v) nd)ni m&K cipi[ri fi[T<: mip&si Y) 10 (kli[m)Trni a>tr[ aiv[l cpi[ri
Ti[c pr IAYt C[. ah) Y) k[r)m b)c Ô[E Skiy C[. t)riki[l . Ryirbid t&rtj pi[T&<g)zi[ oir pi[tini gQn) rcni krvimi>
pr krvimi> aiÄy&> ht&> j[Y) Dc an[ mriqiai[ni h&mliY) k[ ¶yi> vgiti[r bij&a[Y) ai T[kr) upr GN)j sh[li Y) e
nd)n[ sim[ pr jvi miT[ dr 30 (mn)Tni smyi>tr[ cilt) aiv) j[ aRyir[ K>Dhr bn) gy[l C[.
bciv kr) Skiy. (kÓmi> aiv[l cir miLn) d)vidi>D)n&> phi[>c) Skiy C[. pi[T&<g)zi[ oiri 1617 mi> ph[li>ni m&IAlm
f[r) s[vi mi> 20 (mn)Tni[ smy lig[ C[.
(nmi<N 1864 mi> krvimi> aiÄy&> ht&> k[ j[ smg\ a[(Syimi> ai rici[l (kÓi[: mDgiv Y) 7 k)li[m)Tr u_irp*v<mi> pYriL T[kr) AYipRyni AYL[ bniviy[l C[. j[n&> nim 'Sih n&> Sh[r" a[Tl[k[
p\kirn) si]Y) j*n) d)vidi>D) C[. kibi[ d[ rimi fi[T<: ki[lvi aKitni d(xN C[D[ aiv[l li>bi pr aiv[l C[. j[ m&IAlm (kÓin) s&ki gy[l KiEY) G[riy[l e Sihp&r, srhd pr njr riKvi miT[ bniv[ ht&>.
116 p pi[T<&g)z an[ gi[vi p(rvhn 117
gi[ vini sm&W tT: gi[vin) s&>drti a[ni d(ryi (knirin[ ziD t[mj cipi[ri (kÓi[ ah)n&> aikP<N vFir[ C[. kil>g&T b)c, u_ir gi[vi : bigi b)cn[ aD)n[ aiv[l ai b)c k[ ki[lvi b)c mDgivn) u_ir[ 6 k)li[m)Tr[ IAYt C[.
kirN[ C[, j[N[ gi[vin[ (vV mi> li[k(p\y p\visnn&> k[ºW ¶yi> tmn[ vi[Tr Api[T`s<, mik[<T`s, siri r[ATi[rºT, si@> Bi[jn
a>j&ni b)c : (vd[S) p\vis)ai[ mi> a(t p\c(lt ai b)c k[ j[ agi[>Di b)c, d(xN gi[vi : d(xN gi[vini[ a[k s&>dr b)c C[. ai
bniÄy&> C[. gi[vini k[Tlik p\(sÜ d(ryi (kniriai[ {b)c}: t[mj r[hvin) u_im sgvDi[ viLi[ ai b)c sh[liN)ai[ni[
ah)n) niET piT„ai[ t[mj ah)n) (v(vF p(ám) ving)ai[, b)c a[ni Si>t vitivrN, Av)m)‚g, vi[(k>g, Avi(dÖ Bi[jn
ps>d)di b)c C[. bh& g)cti Frivti[ Cti> a[k rmN)y b)c C[.
m)rimir b)c: ai b)c GNi[j p\(sÜ t[mj B)DBiD viLi[ b)c d(ryiE ving)ai[, t[mj Si>t (kniri[ li[ki[n[ ah) aikP[< C[. an[ hLvisn) pLi[ miNvi miT[ ÔN)t&> C[. agi[>Di b)c
kil>g&T b)c a[n) niET liEf an[ p¾s miT[ K&b p\c(lt C[
C[. ah) pNJm t[mj aispisni gimi[ mi> rh[ti AYi(nki[ ah) aiv[l r[ATi[rºT srs s>g)t, ving)ai[ t[mj q>D) b)yr mDgivY) 37 (kli[m)Tr d&r aiv[l C[.
j[mi> T)Ti[s t[mj a[n) liEnmi> aiv[l b)Ô p¾s C[ j[
vir>vir aivti hi[E C[, t[mj p\vis)ai[n&> pN ai a[k aikP<N bn) rh[ C[. a>j&ni b)c pNJmn) u_ir[ 21
sh[liN)ai[n[ aikP[< C[. ai b)c pNJm Y) 16 (kli[m)Tr airÀbi[l b)c, u_ir gi[vi : b>n[ bij& KDki[ Y) G[riy[li[ 16
mngmti[ b)c C[. ah) AYi(nk v[pir)ai[ oiri lgivvimi> (kli[m)Tr t[mj biGi Y) 7 (kli[m)Trni a>tr[ aiv[l C[.
an[ bigi b)cY) 2 (kli[m)Trni a>tr[ IAYt C[. (kli[m)Tr li>bi[ ai a[k rmN)y b)c C[, ¶yi> a[k tiÔ piN)n&>
aivt) d&kini[ t[mj r[ATi[r>T aiv[l C[. ai b)c pr phi[cv&>
bigi b)c, u_ir gi[vi : bigi b)c aipNi Birt)y tLiv C[ t[mj nJk a[k bÔr pN aiv[l C[. airÀbi[l
K*b sh[l&> C[. pNJm Y) d(xN-p*v< mi> 3 (kli[m)Trni a>tr[ Di[ni pi]li b)c {pNJm Y) nJk} : ai b)c si]Y) siri
s[hlin)ai[n[ aikP<ti[ a(t rmN)y an[ mnBivn b)c C[. b)cn) gNtr) gi[vini ~[× b)c mi> krvimi> aiv[ C[. ai a[k
ai b)c IAYt C[. b)cmini[ a[k C[ j[Y) Ryi> vF& B)D rh[ C[. ah) vi[Tr Api[T`s<,
ah) dr[k vg<ni sh[liN)ai[ miT[ pi[tpi[tin) ps>dg) mL) rh[ pr>prigt miC)miri[n&> gim Frivti[ b)c C[ an[ a[n) (v(S×
b>dr, pYriL (kniri[ an[ b)j& GN&bF&> C[. Di[ni pi]li b)c
vgiti[r b)c : ai b)c pNJmn) u_ir[ 21 (kli[m)Trni a>tr[ C[. v](v¹y sBr Avi(dÖ Äy>jni[, kN<(p\y s>g)t, Fmil mAt) bhi[m[n)yn Cip ai>trriÖ^)y p\vis)ai[ t[mj b)Ô
pNJmY) f±t 6 (kli[m)Trni d(xN p(ám[ aiv[l C[.
aiv[l C[ a[k a(t rmN)y t[mj Si>t b)c C[. gi[vini b)c mi> Y) sBr vitivrN, r[hvin) u_im sgvDi[ ai b)cn[ p\vis)ai[n[ aikP[< C[. ah) Y) u_ir trf Yi[D&> j cilti tmn[
ai a[k ~[× b)c C[. ah) aiv[li KDki[ t[mj nrm sf[d r[t) sh[liN)ai[ miT[ aikP<Nn&> k[ºW bniv[ C[. bigi b)c ki[lvi b)c : d(xN gi[vini[ a[k u_im b)c, k[ j[ a[n) rmN)y m)qi piN)n&> tLiv p[l)m b)c pr mLS[ {k[ j[ kilci tr)k[ pN
ah)n) Si[Bi mi> a(BvZ(Ü kr[ C[. ah) aiv) ÄyI±t Si>(t an[ pNJmY) 19 (kli[m)Tr u_ir mi> aiv[l C[. si>j, u_im s) f*D an[ aikP<k niET liEf miT[ p\²yit C[. ÔN)t&> C[}. ai tLivmi> grm piN)ni zriai[mi>Y) piN) phi[c[
hLvisni[ an&Bv kr[ C[. ah) d&r s&F) pYriy[l niL)y[rni nJk aiv[l avr l[D) ai[f ms„ cc< a[ pN aikP<Nn&> k[ºW C[. C[ an[ a[nmi> sÃfr viL) miT) hi[E C[.
118 p pi[T<&g)z an[ gi[vi p(rvhn 119
gi[ vini sm&W tT: gi[vin) s&>drti a[ni d(ryi (knirin[ ziD t[mj cipi[ri (kÓi[ ah)n&> aikP<N vFir[ C[. kil>g&T b)c, u_ir gi[vi : bigi b)cn[ aD)n[ aiv[l ai b)c k[ ki[lvi b)c mDgivn) u_ir[ 6 k)li[m)Tr[ IAYt C[.
kirN[ C[, j[N[ gi[vin[ (vV mi> li[k(p\y p\visnn&> k[ºW ¶yi> tmn[ vi[Tr Api[T`s<, mik[<T`s, siri r[ATi[rºT, si@> Bi[jn
a>j&ni b)c : (vd[S) p\vis)ai[ mi> a(t p\c(lt ai b)c k[ j[ agi[>Di b)c, d(xN gi[vi : d(xN gi[vini[ a[k s&>dr b)c C[. ai
bniÄy&> C[. gi[vini k[Tlik p\(sÜ d(ryi (kniriai[ {b)c}: t[mj r[hvin) u_im sgvDi[ viLi[ ai b)c sh[liN)ai[ni[
ah)n) niET piT„ai[ t[mj ah)n) (v(vF p(ám) ving)ai[, b)c a[ni Si>t vitivrN, Av)m)‚g, vi[(k>g, Avi(dÖ Bi[jn
ps>d)di b)c C[. bh& g)cti Frivti[ Cti> a[k rmN)y b)c C[.
m)rimir b)c: ai b)c GNi[j p\(sÜ t[mj B)DBiD viLi[ b)c d(ryiE ving)ai[, t[mj Si>t (kniri[ li[ki[n[ ah) aikP[< C[. an[ hLvisn) pLi[ miNvi miT[ ÔN)t&> C[. agi[>Di b)c
kil>g&T b)c a[n) niET liEf an[ p¾s miT[ K&b p\c(lt C[
C[. ah) pNJm t[mj aispisni gimi[ mi> rh[ti AYi(nki[ ah) aiv[l r[ATi[rºT srs s>g)t, ving)ai[ t[mj q>D) b)yr mDgivY) 37 (kli[m)Tr d&r aiv[l C[.
j[mi> T)Ti[s t[mj a[n) liEnmi> aiv[l b)Ô p¾s C[ j[
vir>vir aivti hi[E C[, t[mj p\vis)ai[n&> pN ai a[k aikP<N bn) rh[ C[. a>j&ni b)c pNJmn) u_ir[ 21
sh[liN)ai[n[ aikP[< C[. ai b)c pNJm Y) 16 (kli[m)Tr airÀbi[l b)c, u_ir gi[vi : b>n[ bij& KDki[ Y) G[riy[li[ 16
mngmti[ b)c C[. ah) AYi(nk v[pir)ai[ oiri lgivvimi> (kli[m)Tr t[mj biGi Y) 7 (kli[m)Trni a>tr[ aiv[l C[.
an[ bigi b)cY) 2 (kli[m)Trni a>tr[ IAYt C[. (kli[m)Tr li>bi[ ai a[k rmN)y b)c C[, ¶yi> a[k tiÔ piN)n&>
aivt) d&kini[ t[mj r[ATi[r>T aiv[l C[. ai b)c pr phi[cv&>
bigi b)c, u_ir gi[vi : bigi b)c aipNi Birt)y tLiv C[ t[mj nJk a[k bÔr pN aiv[l C[. airÀbi[l
K*b sh[l&> C[. pNJm Y) d(xN-p*v< mi> 3 (kli[m)Trni a>tr[ Di[ni pi]li b)c {pNJm Y) nJk} : ai b)c si]Y) siri
s[hlin)ai[n[ aikP<ti[ a(t rmN)y an[ mnBivn b)c C[. b)cn) gNtr) gi[vini ~[× b)c mi> krvimi> aiv[ C[. ai a[k
ai b)c IAYt C[. b)cmini[ a[k C[ j[Y) Ryi> vF& B)D rh[ C[. ah) vi[Tr Api[T`s<,
ah) dr[k vg<ni sh[liN)ai[ miT[ pi[tpi[tin) ps>dg) mL) rh[ pr>prigt miC)miri[n&> gim Frivti[ b)c C[ an[ a[n) (v(S×
b>dr, pYriL (kniri[ an[ b)j& GN&bF&> C[. Di[ni pi]li b)c
vgiti[r b)c : ai b)c pNJmn) u_ir[ 21 (kli[m)Trni a>tr[ C[. v](v¹y sBr Avi(dÖ Äy>jni[, kN<(p\y s>g)t, Fmil mAt) bhi[m[n)yn Cip ai>trriÖ^)y p\vis)ai[ t[mj b)Ô
pNJmY) f±t 6 (kli[m)Trni d(xN p(ám[ aiv[l C[.
aiv[l C[ a[k a(t rmN)y t[mj Si>t b)c C[. gi[vini b)c mi> Y) sBr vitivrN, r[hvin) u_im sgvDi[ ai b)cn[ p\vis)ai[n[ aikP[< C[. ah) Y) u_ir trf Yi[D&> j cilti tmn[
ai a[k ~[× b)c C[. ah) aiv[li KDki[ t[mj nrm sf[d r[t) sh[liN)ai[ miT[ aikP<Nn&> k[ºW bniv[ C[. bigi b)c ki[lvi b)c : d(xN gi[vini[ a[k u_im b)c, k[ j[ a[n) rmN)y m)qi piN)n&> tLiv p[l)m b)c pr mLS[ {k[ j[ kilci tr)k[ pN
ah)n) Si[Bi mi> a(BvZ(Ü kr[ C[. ah) aiv) ÄyI±t Si>(t an[ pNJmY) 19 (kli[m)Tr u_ir mi> aiv[l C[. si>j, u_im s) f*D an[ aikP<k niET liEf miT[ p\²yit C[. ÔN)t&> C[}. ai tLivmi> grm piN)ni zriai[mi>Y) piN) phi[c[
hLvisni[ an&Bv kr[ C[. ah) d&r s&F) pYriy[l niL)y[rni nJk aiv[l avr l[D) ai[f ms„ cc< a[ pN aikP<Nn&> k[ºW C[. C[ an[ a[nmi> sÃfr viL) miT) hi[E C[.
118 p pi[T<&g)z an[ gi[vi p(rvhn 119
¶yir[ pi[T&<g)zi[a[ Birtni[ e(this bdl) ni²yi[
pr>t& pi[T&<g)z ÔNti hti k[ ki[l>bsn&> Smn gr)b ht&> an[ t[n) an&sir, t[ smy[ ai cmkti[ GTiDi[ Yyi[, viAki[a[ riÔn[ B[T {lil
mi(ht) ai[C) ht) an[ t[ ±Âir[y Birt s&F) phi[>c) SkS[ Ti[p), b\isv[r, Yi[Dik (kli[ Ki>D an[ mF} B[T aip), t[ mh[mini[n)
j& liE 8, 1497, S(nvir, t[ (dvs[ pi[T&<glni ri[yl DznY) vF& d[Si[ stt vFti jti rHi hti an[ bhir aivvi miT[ nh)‚.hk)ktmi>, ki[l>bs hJ pN (vcir[ C[ k[ t[ Birt phi[>µyi[ C[. t[ sh[j v>Sv[li[mi>Y) bhir aiÄyi[, riÔa[ btivvini[ enkir kyi[<.
¶yi[(tai[a[ kiLJp*v<k ps>d ky&† ht&>. t[ai[ hJ pN t[mni hiY an[ pg hliv) rHi C[. akAmit[ nvi K>Dn) Si[F kr[ C[. t[n&> p(rNim a[ ht&> k[ AYi(nk s_iiviLiai[a[ ~)m>t d[Sni Sih)
rijFin) (lAbnn) S[r)ai[ ujvN) vitivrN Friv[ C[. li[ki[ ai an&minY) d(xN a[(Syini e(thismi> pN vFiri[ Yyi[ C[ k[ alb_i, pi[T&<g)zi[ t[mn) Si[F an[ B*tkiLni d(ryie p\vis)n) j³yia[ viAki[ di gimin[ fieTr tr)k[ smjvin&> S$ ky&†.
z*>pDpÍ)mi> d(ryiE srhd pr jti rHi C[ ¶yi> cir nvi nkir viAki[ di gimini mig< (vni, aij[ aipN[ j[ Jvn Jv) rHi C)a[
kimg)r)ai[Y) ÔNti hti k[ Ô[ a[TliIºTk sm&W trf d(xN trf d(ryiE riÔa[ viAki[ di gimin) ap)l rd kr) an[ (bzn[s
jhiÔ[ li>bi p\vis S$ krvi t]yir C[. t[ S±Â nY). t[ a](thi(sk p\vis miT[ aiBir d(xN a[(Syi, pN
m&sifr) kr[ C[, ti[ pC) ai(f|kini Ô[Kmi[ h[qL, (h>d mhisigr (h>d c[Àbr AYipvi an[ pi[T&<g)zni v[pir)ai[n) xmi miT[. ai vit
Sh[rni Ti[cni pidr)ai[ pN t[jAv) vi>driai[n[ aiS)vi<d aipvi a[(Syi, p\Ym vKt mkiE, bTikin), Tim[Ti>, lil mrci> an[ tmik& mhisigr s&F) phi[>µy&> ht&> an[ bik)ni y&ri[pn[ a[(Syini ah)‚ phi[>c) gE C[ k[ AYi(nk li[ki[a[ ai h&mli (vS[ bi[l)n[ GNi
aiÄyi C[ an[ B)D giy C[ an[ B)D t[mn) viN)mi>Y) avij m[Lv[ j[vi pikY) p(r(ct YE gyi hti, j[n) vgr aij[ Jvnn) kÃpni v[pirmi>Y) d*r krvi Ô[Ea[. kr) Sk[ C[. pi[T&<g)zi[n[ miyi< gyi.
C[. kr) Skit) nY).
rAti pr p\c(lt acink m&Æk[l)ai[ pC), viAki[ di gimia[ viAki[ di gimini[ g&Asi[ ±Âi>y nY) ai(T<lr)ni d(ryiE riÔ pis[Y)
sm\iT ri[m m[ºy&al ai z&>b[Smi> ÄyI±tgt rs l[ C[. viAki[ di pi[T&<g)zi[a[ d(xN a[(Syn s>AkZ(tn[ k[v) r)t[ p\Bi(vt kyi[<? t[ni y&ri[pni e(thismi> p\Ym vKt ai(f|kini d(xN si(hln[ ApS< t[ni jvibmi> ki[E j jvib mÇyi[ n hti[. t[ai[a[ ki(lkT pr bi[Àb
gimini n[tZRv h[qL cir jhiÔ[ li>bi a>trn) m&sifr) miT[ udihrNn[ p\iß krvi miT[, ¶yir[ tm[ Di[lY) piN) Fi[ti hi[ an[ t[n[ krvimi> sfLti m[Lv). Ô[k[ (hºd&Atin hJ hÔri[ miel d*r ht&> FDiki kr) an[ GNi> emirti[ an[ Sih) mh[li[ni[ niS kyi[< an[
aivÆyk nvi siFni[ an[ jm)n an[ aikiSni nkSiY) sÌ C[. t[ sib&Y) Fi[En[ T&vilY) s*kDi[ an[ tmir) vr>Dimi> f)t mipviY) an[ sici mig<n) ai[LK kr) rHi[ hti[, t[ a>Firimi> si[y Si[Fvin) smºdr riÔn[ d[Sni a>drni Bigi[mi> Big) jvi dbiN ky&†.
j smy[, t[ smygiLini aiF&(nk b>d*ki[ pN t[mni pr jmiÄyi> C[. milvihk pis[Y) a(tSy $m bnivi[, an[ pC) hriJni Gr, j[m ht&>.
ai[rDimi> kbiT, T[bl an[ si[fi pr Ôai[ Ô[ tm[ p[c<mi> ci Kr)d) t[ni AYin[ rijoir) (nOfLti, pr>t& ki(lkTni #iN m(hni
aiSr[ 170 ni]kidLni Klis)ai[a[ K)lviL&> c[m) ph[y&† C[. K&S)Y), t[mN[ k[ºyini (knir[ aiv[li m(lºd) Sh[rni a[k g&jrit) dr(myin, ah)‚ m>DLi[ni (k>mt) msili a[Tli smZÜ an[ sAti C[
an[ pC) p) p)ti hi[, ti[ tm[ ai vi±Âmi> pi[T&<g)zni 15 S¾di[ni[
t[mni hiYmi> m)Nb_i)ai[ sLgiv) rHi C[ an[ s]ºy T&kD) j[vi m&IAlm uwi[gp(tn[ Si[F) kiQÂ&>, j[ (h>d mhisigrn) j[m t[n) k[ t[ai[a[ jhiÔ[ Byi<.
upyi[g kyi[< C[.
jhiÔ[ pr F)m) k*c kr) rHi C[. hY[L)n) tlviri[Y) p(r(ct hti[.
Birtmi> asiFirN rs- di gimi smg\ (K\At) (vV miT[ msili
ai li[ki[ t[ f`li[rn) zlk Ô[vi an[ ni(vk mi[klvi aiÄyi C[.t[mn) ai sÔni pi>c sd)ai[ pC) pN, airbi[ni g&Asimi> g&jrit) viAki[ di gimin&> vLtr K*b j m&Æk[l ht&>. k|*ni aDFi li[ki[ b)mir)
ai>Ki[mi> d&:K an[ s&Kni[ Si[k an[ ai>s& C[. t[ai[ ÔN[ C[ k[ GNi pi[T&<glni[ Birt phi[>cvini[ ai p\Ym p\yis n hti[. p(ám uwi[gp(tn) Ô(tni[ smiv[S Yiy C[, j[mN[ (h>d mhisigrn[ an[ vhiNni ti[finni Bi[g bºyi hti. 10 j&lie, 1499 ni
li[ki[ j[ ai p\vismi> li>bi vPi[<Y) cil[ C[, aYvi kdic bFi piCi y&ri[pni[ ai nini[ d[S GNi d[Si[mi>Y) ai(f|kini p(ám ki>q[ frti[ '(f>gr' pr kbj[ kr) l)F&> C[ an[ ah)‚ AYpiy[li hÔri[ Äyvsi(yk
fr) SkS[ nh)‚. hti[ an[ t[ dr(myin s[>kDi[ ni]kiai[a[ pN b(ldin ai¼y&> ht&>. AYipni[ Ki[wi C[. ri[j, (lAbn Ci[DÂini bribr b[ vP< pC), ¶yir[ pi[T&<g)z kifli[
28 hÔr (kli[m)Trn) m&sifr) pC) (lAbn {viAki[ di gimia[
t[ni krti> vF&, t[ a[ pN an&Bv[ C[ k[ Ô[ sfr sfL YE Ôy, ti[ aiKr[, y&ri[(pyn pi[T&<g)zi[a[ (h>d&Atinmi> a[Tli[ rs Si miT[ kyi[< 20 m[, 1498 ni 12,000 miel py<Tn an[ k|* s¿yi[ni Dzn t[n) p&#i)n) (bmir)n[ kirN[ Tip& pr b>F kr) d)F)} Avigt C[. t[
y&ri[pmi> a[k nini[ d[S (vVni e(thismi> a[k nv&> pZ× piC&> hti[ k[ t[ai[ t[ni s>siFni[n[ dfnivvi t]yir hti? g&miÄyi pC), viAki[ di gimi C[Ó[ Birtmi> ki(lkTni si(hl a[k alg bibt C[ k[ 170 s¿yi[mi>Y) f±t 54 li[ki[ Jv>t piCi
m[Lvvimi> sfL bºy&> hi[t. Yi[Di vPi[< ph[li, 1453 mi>, ai[Amin) s&Ãtin m[hm&d b)Ôa[ phi[>µyi. frvi sxm hti.
e(thisn) nv) y&I±t ki[ºAT[IºTni[pl {aijni eAt>b&l} kbj[ kyi< pC) y&ri[pn) AYipni Birtmi>Y) y&ri[pni d&:Kn) t[ smyn[ Si[FviY), k[ ki(lkTmi> Sih mNvl b)Ôa[ Kitr) aip) k[ tmim y&ri[pn[ trt j t[n)
kr). mi[TiBigni[ B*tkiL hv[ v[pir k>pn)ai[, aYvi e(jß oiri,
ai an&B*(t sic) si(bt YE. ds m(hni an[ bir (dvs pC), (nvis smy[, viAki[ di gimia[ (hºd&ai[n[ B\imk (K\At) (rvi[Ãvr sfLtin) smicir mL). mhiriN) esib[li an[ Ap[nni Sih
S±Â C[ k[ (hºd&ai[ an[ a[(Syini aºy Bigi[mi>, Kis kr)n[
¶yir[ ai kifli[ (h>d&Atinni si(hl pr utyi<, t[ miT[ aiBir tr)k[ minti hti. pi[T&<g)z ni]kidLni m>(dri[mi> jti, (hºd& f(D<niºDn[ lK)n[ Fi(m<k kiD< rmvin&> mhRv smÔy&> - "Bgvinni[
msili pr Bir[ kr l[vimi> aiv[ C[.
minvimi> aiv[ C[ k[ y&ri[pni d(ryiE t(Lyi b>F YE gyi C[, p*v< d[v)ai[n) m*(t<ai[n[ (K\At) d[v)ai[n) pRn)ai[ an[ d[v) tr)k[ v[pir, j[ ai p\d[Sni m&IAlmi[n[ sir) bniv[ C[, hv[ aipNi
an[ p(ám ni]kidLni mig[< nh)‚, pN a[kb)Ô siY[ aYDiEn[ b)J bij&, v[(ns an[ Jn)via[ a[(Syi siY[ a[(Syi-p[(s(fk minvimi> aivt) ht) an[ t[mn) sim[ aigL vFt) ht). sÃtntni> jhiÔ[ siY[ rh[S[ an[ ai msiliai[ bFi (K\At)
(vVn) (v@Ü (dSiai[mi> AYiy) Yyi C[. . v[pir pr a[ki(Fkir kyi[< hti[, j[ y&ri[p an[ aºy y&ri[(pyn d[Si[mi> smidir) riÔni drbirmi> di gimi (vVmi> upl¾F YS[. (vt(rt krvimi> aivS[. "
Kis kr)n[ Ap[n an[ pi[T&<glmi> a[k mi[T) smAyi ht). ai j kirN
a[TliIºTk mhisigr an[ (h>d mhisigr Ô[Dien[ jLmig< bºyi[ ki(lkTni 'smºdir) riÔ' a[ t[mni mh[lmi> viAki[ di gimin&> pr>t& p\â a[ hti[ k[, a[k nini[ d[S hÔr miel d*r a[k mi[Ti piy[
C[ k[ viAki[ di gimini p\AYinni pi>c vP< ph[li>, Ap[en[ (h>d&Atin
an[ (vVni[ e(this a[k nv) vlN bdÃyi[. Avigt ky&†. vrsid) vrsidmi>, viAki[ di gimin[ b>drY) p[riAy&T (bzn[s n[Tvk< k[v) r)t[ ti[D) Sk[ t[v) ap[xi riK) Sk[?
phi[>c)n[ (k|ATi[fr ki[l>bs oiri (hºd&Atin phi[>cvini[ a(Byin
b)J bij&, y&ri[(pyn d[Sn[ a[(Syi an[ ai(f|kimi> AYiy) Yvin) p[riS*Tmi> drbirmi> livvimi> aiÄyi hti. pr>t& t[ smyn) pr>pri
mi[kÃyi[ hti[.
pN a[k ph[l ht), j[ni kirN[ sd)ai[Y) d&Ö p(rIAY(tai[mi>
120 p pi[T<&g)z an[ gi[vi pi[T&<g)z e(this 121
¶yir[ pi[T&<g)zi[a[ Birtni[ e(this bdl) ni²yi[
pr>t& pi[T&<g)z ÔNti hti k[ ki[l>bsn&> Smn gr)b ht&> an[ t[n) an&sir, t[ smy[ ai cmkti[ GTiDi[ Yyi[, viAki[a[ riÔn[ B[T {lil
mi(ht) ai[C) ht) an[ t[ ±Âir[y Birt s&F) phi[>c) SkS[ Ti[p), b\isv[r, Yi[Dik (kli[ Ki>D an[ mF} B[T aip), t[ mh[mini[n)
j& liE 8, 1497, S(nvir, t[ (dvs[ pi[T&<glni ri[yl DznY) vF& d[Si[ stt vFti jti rHi hti an[ bhir aivvi miT[ nh)‚.hk)ktmi>, ki[l>bs hJ pN (vcir[ C[ k[ t[ Birt phi[>µyi[ C[. t[ sh[j v>Sv[li[mi>Y) bhir aiÄyi[, riÔa[ btivvini[ enkir kyi[<.
¶yi[(tai[a[ kiLJp*v<k ps>d ky&† ht&>. t[ai[ hJ pN t[mni hiY an[ pg hliv) rHi C[. akAmit[ nvi K>Dn) Si[F kr[ C[. t[n&> p(rNim a[ ht&> k[ AYi(nk s_iiviLiai[a[ ~)m>t d[Sni Sih)
rijFin) (lAbnn) S[r)ai[ ujvN) vitivrN Friv[ C[. li[ki[ ai an&minY) d(xN a[(Syini e(thismi> pN vFiri[ Yyi[ C[ k[ alb_i, pi[T&<g)zi[ t[mn) Si[F an[ B*tkiLni d(ryie p\vis)n) j³yia[ viAki[ di gimin[ fieTr tr)k[ smjvin&> S$ ky&†.
z*>pDpÍ)mi> d(ryiE srhd pr jti rHi C[ ¶yi> cir nvi nkir viAki[ di gimini mig< (vni, aij[ aipN[ j[ Jvn Jv) rHi C)a[
kimg)r)ai[Y) ÔNti hti k[ Ô[ a[TliIºTk sm&W trf d(xN trf d(ryiE riÔa[ viAki[ di gimin) ap)l rd kr) an[ (bzn[s
jhiÔ[ li>bi p\vis S$ krvi t]yir C[. t[ S±Â nY). t[ a](thi(sk p\vis miT[ aiBir d(xN a[(Syi, pN
m&sifr) kr[ C[, ti[ pC) ai(f|kini Ô[Kmi[ h[qL, (h>d mhisigr (h>d c[Àbr AYipvi an[ pi[T&<g)zni v[pir)ai[n) xmi miT[. ai vit
Sh[rni Ti[cni pidr)ai[ pN t[jAv) vi>driai[n[ aiS)vi<d aipvi a[(Syi, p\Ym vKt mkiE, bTikin), Tim[Ti>, lil mrci> an[ tmik& mhisigr s&F) phi[>µy&> ht&> an[ bik)ni y&ri[pn[ a[(Syini ah)‚ phi[>c) gE C[ k[ AYi(nk li[ki[a[ ai h&mli (vS[ bi[l)n[ GNi
aiÄyi C[ an[ B)D giy C[ an[ B)D t[mn) viN)mi>Y) avij m[Lv[ j[vi pikY) p(r(ct YE gyi hti, j[n) vgr aij[ Jvnn) kÃpni v[pirmi>Y) d*r krvi Ô[Ea[. kr) Sk[ C[. pi[T&<g)zi[n[ miyi< gyi.
C[. kr) Skit) nY).
rAti pr p\c(lt acink m&Æk[l)ai[ pC), viAki[ di gimia[ viAki[ di gimini[ g&Asi[ ±Âi>y nY) ai(T<lr)ni d(ryiE riÔ pis[Y)
sm\iT ri[m m[ºy&al ai z&>b[Smi> ÄyI±tgt rs l[ C[. viAki[ di pi[T&<g)zi[a[ d(xN a[(Syn s>AkZ(tn[ k[v) r)t[ p\Bi(vt kyi[<? t[ni y&ri[pni e(thismi> p\Ym vKt ai(f|kini d(xN si(hln[ ApS< t[ni jvibmi> ki[E j jvib mÇyi[ n hti[. t[ai[a[ ki(lkT pr bi[Àb
gimini n[tZRv h[qL cir jhiÔ[ li>bi a>trn) m&sifr) miT[ udihrNn[ p\iß krvi miT[, ¶yir[ tm[ Di[lY) piN) Fi[ti hi[ an[ t[n[ krvimi> sfLti m[Lv). Ô[k[ (hºd&Atin hJ hÔri[ miel d*r ht&> FDiki kr) an[ GNi> emirti[ an[ Sih) mh[li[ni[ niS kyi[< an[
aivÆyk nvi siFni[ an[ jm)n an[ aikiSni nkSiY) sÌ C[. t[ sib&Y) Fi[En[ T&vilY) s*kDi[ an[ tmir) vr>Dimi> f)t mipviY) an[ sici mig<n) ai[LK kr) rHi[ hti[, t[ a>Firimi> si[y Si[Fvin) smºdr riÔn[ d[Sni a>drni Bigi[mi> Big) jvi dbiN ky&†.
j smy[, t[ smygiLini aiF&(nk b>d*ki[ pN t[mni pr jmiÄyi> C[. milvihk pis[Y) a(tSy $m bnivi[, an[ pC) hriJni Gr, j[m ht&>.
ai[rDimi> kbiT, T[bl an[ si[fi pr Ôai[ Ô[ tm[ p[c<mi> ci Kr)d) t[ni AYin[ rijoir) (nOfLti, pr>t& ki(lkTni #iN m(hni
aiSr[ 170 ni]kidLni Klis)ai[a[ K)lviL&> c[m) ph[y&† C[. K&S)Y), t[mN[ k[ºyini (knir[ aiv[li m(lºd) Sh[rni a[k g&jrit) dr(myin, ah)‚ m>DLi[ni (k>mt) msili a[Tli smZÜ an[ sAti C[
an[ pC) p) p)ti hi[, ti[ tm[ ai vi±Âmi> pi[T&<g)zni 15 S¾di[ni[
t[mni hiYmi> m)Nb_i)ai[ sLgiv) rHi C[ an[ s]ºy T&kD) j[vi m&IAlm uwi[gp(tn[ Si[F) kiQÂ&>, j[ (h>d mhisigrn) j[m t[n) k[ t[ai[a[ jhiÔ[ Byi<.
upyi[g kyi[< C[.
jhiÔ[ pr F)m) k*c kr) rHi C[. hY[L)n) tlviri[Y) p(r(ct hti[.
Birtmi> asiFirN rs- di gimi smg\ (K\At) (vV miT[ msili
ai li[ki[ t[ f`li[rn) zlk Ô[vi an[ ni(vk mi[klvi aiÄyi C[.t[mn) ai sÔni pi>c sd)ai[ pC) pN, airbi[ni g&Asimi> g&jrit) viAki[ di gimin&> vLtr K*b j m&Æk[l ht&>. k|*ni aDFi li[ki[ b)mir)
ai>Ki[mi> d&:K an[ s&Kni[ Si[k an[ ai>s& C[. t[ai[ ÔN[ C[ k[ GNi pi[T&<glni[ Birt phi[>cvini[ ai p\Ym p\yis n hti[. p(ám uwi[gp(tn) Ô(tni[ smiv[S Yiy C[, j[mN[ (h>d mhisigrn[ an[ vhiNni ti[finni Bi[g bºyi hti. 10 j&lie, 1499 ni
li[ki[ j[ ai p\vismi> li>bi vPi[<Y) cil[ C[, aYvi kdic bFi piCi y&ri[pni[ ai nini[ d[S GNi d[Si[mi>Y) ai(f|kini p(ám ki>q[ frti[ '(f>gr' pr kbj[ kr) l)F&> C[ an[ ah)‚ AYpiy[li hÔri[ Äyvsi(yk
fr) SkS[ nh)‚. hti[ an[ t[ dr(myin s[>kDi[ ni]kiai[a[ pN b(ldin ai¼y&> ht&>. AYipni[ Ki[wi C[. ri[j, (lAbn Ci[DÂini bribr b[ vP< pC), ¶yir[ pi[T&<g)z kifli[
28 hÔr (kli[m)Trn) m&sifr) pC) (lAbn {viAki[ di gimia[
t[ni krti> vF&, t[ a[ pN an&Bv[ C[ k[ Ô[ sfr sfL YE Ôy, ti[ aiKr[, y&ri[(pyn pi[T&<g)zi[a[ (h>d&Atinmi> a[Tli[ rs Si miT[ kyi[< 20 m[, 1498 ni 12,000 miel py<Tn an[ k|* s¿yi[ni Dzn t[n) p&#i)n) (bmir)n[ kirN[ Tip& pr b>F kr) d)F)} Avigt C[. t[
y&ri[pmi> a[k nini[ d[S (vVni e(thismi> a[k nv&> pZ× piC&> hti[ k[ t[ai[ t[ni s>siFni[n[ dfnivvi t]yir hti? g&miÄyi pC), viAki[ di gimi C[Ó[ Birtmi> ki(lkTni si(hl a[k alg bibt C[ k[ 170 s¿yi[mi>Y) f±t 54 li[ki[ Jv>t piCi
m[Lvvimi> sfL bºy&> hi[t. Yi[Di vPi[< ph[li, 1453 mi>, ai[Amin) s&Ãtin m[hm&d b)Ôa[ phi[>µyi. frvi sxm hti.
e(thisn) nv) y&I±t ki[ºAT[IºTni[pl {aijni eAt>b&l} kbj[ kyi< pC) y&ri[pn) AYipni Birtmi>Y) y&ri[pni d&:Kn) t[ smyn[ Si[FviY), k[ ki(lkTmi> Sih mNvl b)Ôa[ Kitr) aip) k[ tmim y&ri[pn[ trt j t[n)
kr). mi[TiBigni[ B*tkiL hv[ v[pir k>pn)ai[, aYvi e(jß oiri,
ai an&B*(t sic) si(bt YE. ds m(hni an[ bir (dvs pC), (nvis smy[, viAki[ di gimia[ (hºd&ai[n[ B\imk (K\At) (rvi[Ãvr sfLtin) smicir mL). mhiriN) esib[li an[ Ap[nni Sih
S±Â C[ k[ (hºd&ai[ an[ a[(Syini aºy Bigi[mi>, Kis kr)n[
¶yir[ ai kifli[ (h>d&Atinni si(hl pr utyi<, t[ miT[ aiBir tr)k[ minti hti. pi[T&<g)z ni]kidLni m>(dri[mi> jti, (hºd& f(D<niºDn[ lK)n[ Fi(m<k kiD< rmvin&> mhRv smÔy&> - "Bgvinni[
msili pr Bir[ kr l[vimi> aiv[ C[.
minvimi> aiv[ C[ k[ y&ri[pni d(ryiE t(Lyi b>F YE gyi C[, p*v< d[v)ai[n) m*(t<ai[n[ (K\At) d[v)ai[n) pRn)ai[ an[ d[v) tr)k[ v[pir, j[ ai p\d[Sni m&IAlmi[n[ sir) bniv[ C[, hv[ aipNi
an[ p(ám ni]kidLni mig[< nh)‚, pN a[kb)Ô siY[ aYDiEn[ b)J bij&, v[(ns an[ Jn)via[ a[(Syi siY[ a[(Syi-p[(s(fk minvimi> aivt) ht) an[ t[mn) sim[ aigL vFt) ht). sÃtntni> jhiÔ[ siY[ rh[S[ an[ ai msiliai[ bFi (K\At)
(vVn) (v@Ü (dSiai[mi> AYiy) Yyi C[. . v[pir pr a[ki(Fkir kyi[< hti[, j[ y&ri[p an[ aºy y&ri[(pyn d[Si[mi> smidir) riÔni drbirmi> di gimi (vVmi> upl¾F YS[. (vt(rt krvimi> aivS[. "
Kis kr)n[ Ap[n an[ pi[T&<glmi> a[k mi[T) smAyi ht). ai j kirN
a[TliIºTk mhisigr an[ (h>d mhisigr Ô[Dien[ jLmig< bºyi[ ki(lkTni 'smºdir) riÔ' a[ t[mni mh[lmi> viAki[ di gimin&> pr>t& p\â a[ hti[ k[, a[k nini[ d[S hÔr miel d*r a[k mi[Ti piy[
C[ k[ viAki[ di gimini p\AYinni pi>c vP< ph[li>, Ap[en[ (h>d&Atin
an[ (vVni[ e(this a[k nv) vlN bdÃyi[. Avigt ky&†. vrsid) vrsidmi>, viAki[ di gimin[ b>drY) p[riAy&T (bzn[s n[Tvk< k[v) r)t[ ti[D) Sk[ t[v) ap[xi riK) Sk[?
phi[>c)n[ (k|ATi[fr ki[l>bs oiri (hºd&Atin phi[>cvini[ a(Byin
b)J bij&, y&ri[(pyn d[Sn[ a[(Syi an[ ai(f|kimi> AYiy) Yvin) p[riS*Tmi> drbirmi> livvimi> aiÄyi hti. pr>t& t[ smyn) pr>pri
mi[kÃyi[ hti[.
pN a[k ph[l ht), j[ni kirN[ sd)ai[Y) d&Ö p(rIAY(tai[mi>
120 p pi[T<&g)z an[ gi[vi pi[T&<g)z e(this 121
j*ni v[pir) migi[< gn hi[D) v[pir ai smg\ (h>d mhisigr pr pi[T&<gln) a[ki(Fkirn) S$ait ht). pi[T&<g)z BiPi GN) sd)ai[Y) (h>d mhisigr pi[T<n) simiºy BiPi
ki(lkTmi> t[mni ri[kiN dr(myin viAki[a[ ai[Cimi> ai[Ci p>drsi[ ai B(vOyviN)ai[ sic) si(bt YE C[. ¶yir[ 1502 mi> v[(nsni> AYi(nk riÔai[a[ dr[k s>B(vt lDie krvini[ p\yis kyi[<, pr>t& rh) C[. Dcni aigmn ph[li>, f|[ºc an[ (b\T)S, Birt)yi[n[
m&IAlmi[n) gNtr) kr) ht). pr>t& t[mN[ a[k rsp\d ni[>F pN jhiÔ[ a[l[±zi>(D^yini b>dr pr phi[>µyi Ryir[ t[ Si[Fiy&> k[ t[mi> ki[E dr[k a[ºki uºTrmi> t[ai[ hir) gyi. j[n&> p(rNim aiÄy&> k[ di[Q Birt)yi[n[ pi[T&<g)zi[ p\Ym S)Kvti hti.
bniv) - ai jhiÔ[ vir>vir (n(m<t an[ mi[T[ Big[ (n(m<t hti. msili nY), j[ t[n) (k>mtn) pN (k>mt) C[. sd)ai[mi>, pi[T&<g)z[ kÒ&r, ki[(cn, gi[vi, mWis an[ ki(lkT upri>t a[f|-p\[(rt akbrni y&gn) a[k p[eIºT>g
(h>d mhisigrmi> v[pir prApr shkirni (sÜi>ti[ pr AYipni aigl) vKt[ viAki[ d gimi Birt aiv) gE, Ryi> k>Ek b)j&> ht&>. aºy GNi d(ryie (vAtiri[mi> d(ryi(knirini (ny>#iNni[ kbÔ[ t[ Bgvin ±liEv, j[N[ (srij&Ñi[lin[ hriÄyi[ hti[, mi#i pi[T&<g)z
krvimi> aiv) ht) an[ aivkn[ a[v) r)t[ nÊ) krvimi> aiv) ht) t[ai[a[ p*v< ai(f|kini Sh[ri[ (vni lÈyi>ki[ an[ a(n(át bi[Àb l)Fi[ an[ Ryi> t[mni viesri[y an[ gvn<rn) (nmN*k kr). BiPimi> AYi(nk (h>d&ai[ siY[ vit kr) ht) pi[T&<g)z BiPin)
k[ b>n[ pxi[n[ fiydi[ Yyi[. FDikin[ lÈyi>k bniÄyi>, an[ p]si vs*l kyi<. Ci[Dti ph[li, t[mN[ aºy y&ri[(pyn d[Si[ ai rmti[n[ K*b rs siY[ Ô[ti hti an[ ai AYi(nk BiPiai[ pr t[n) asr ht). d(xN a[(Syini 50 Y) vF&
pi[T&<gl t[ (sÜi>ti[ pr kim krvi mi>gti n hti t[ni[ uÑ[S bL oiri m&IAlm v[pir)ai[n[ pN Äyvsiy nh)‚ krvin&> vcn ai¼y&> ht&>. kiy< piCLY) n[Frl[ºD`s, f|iºs an[ EAT E>(Dyi k>pn) tr)k[ BiPiai[mi> pi[T&<g)z S¾di[ Si miT[ mL[ C[ t[ ai j C[.
pi[tin) a[ki(Fkirn[ bLjbr)bÜ bnivvi an[ aºy pxi[n[ t[mn) b>d*k bi[T (D¼li[mini bdl[ a[k b>d*k bi[Tni Äyvsiyn&> si@> a>g\[Jmi> p&nriv(t<t krvimi> aiÄy&> ht&> an[ pi[T&<g)zn[ f±t am[ (hºd) an[ ud&<mi> vpriti pi[T&<g)z S¾di[ upr uÓ[K kyi[< C[.
Srti[ pr dbiN krvin) ht). udihrN m[Lvv&> m&Æk[l C[. t[mn) rmtmi> j hriÄy&> ht&>, mi#i (h>d&Atin nh)‚ pr>t& smg\ (h>d ai j[vi k[Tlik aºy S¾di[mi>, k), pidr)ai[, cc<, a>g\[J, p)pi,
mhisigrmi>. l[vimi> d(xN a[(Syini Avit>#y s&F) f±t gi[vini
trt j ai piT[ g<& l o)pkÃp bhir aiÄyi.[ viAki [di gimi phiµ>[ yini C (hºd&Atinn) m&sifr) dr(myin, j[ vhiN t[ni mig[< aiÄy&> ht&> t[ pisin, v[rhius, eA#i), kij, prY, B¸Y&>, pgir, aiÃfiºsi[
m(hnin) ad> r, ¶yir [ pD[ i^ [ aiÃvirz[ kb[ i\ ni nt[ RZ v hq[ Ln >& b)j >& piCi[ fyi[< an[ D*b) gyi[. t[ smy dr(myin, hiJai[a[ 'm)r)' p\d[Si[ an[ dmN an[ d)v pi[T&<g)zi[ siY[ rHi hti. bFi pC), {simiºy}, pp]yi, miT…g, tmik&, b>bi, miAT.
piT[ g<& )z kifli Birt trf dir[ ) gy >& Ryir [ tm[ i > 13 jhiÔ [ hti an [ nimn) a[k jhijn&> nim l)F&> ht&>, j[mi> cirsi[ m&sifri[ svir hti (Ds[Àbr 1 9 61 mi>, Birt[ s](nki[ mi[kÃyi an[ pi[T&<g)zi[ni m&gli n[ sm&Wmi> rs n hti[
kbÔmi>Y) p\d[Si[n[ Ci[Div) d)Fi.
tn[ ) ty] ir) vp[ irni a(ByinY) yÜ& ni py\ Rni [krti >vF &ht). j[ai[ mÊimi>Y) klk_ii jti hti.
v[pir n[Tvk< 1526 mi>, ¶yir[ bibra[ (h>d&Atinmi> m&gl sÃtntn) AYipni
dr[k S±Â liB viAki [ di gimia [ ms& ifrin[ [ biF> ) d)F) an [ jhijn [ aigmi > giq[ Äyi.[ kr), Ryir[ Ryi> s&F) pi[T&<gl[ tmim d(ryie (vAtiri[ p*N< kyi<
pr>t& aDFi sd)ai[ p*v[<, grm msili, aid&, a[lc), pi[T&<g)z
pi[T&<g)z sm\iTY) kbrlmi> aipvimi> aiv[l) l[(Kt slih, t[mn) six)ain[ i jNiÄyi mj& b, b(ng† visNni at> ,[ m(hliai [ tm[ ni hti.Ô[k[ m&Gli[ m¹y a[(Syini s*ki (vAtiri[mi>Y) aiÄyi hti an[
(h>d&ai[ni li>bi an[ kipD, milyini tj, (sÃk an[ cienini
mhRviki>xi ApÖ C[- hiYi [ uBi kr)n [ rhm[ n) migN) kr) rh) ht), an [ viAki [ d gimia [ sm&Wni m&Kn[ Ô[ti nhi[ti. t[Y), t[ai[ smiFinn) bibti[n[ mhRv
btk y&ri[pn[ lE aiÄyi hti an[ Ryi>Y) y&ri[(pyn di$, Un, si[n&>
''sm&Wmi> mÊini m&IAlmi[n[ tm[ j[ pN kr) Ski[ t[ kri[, bFi> tn[ i tmiSi jit[ i rhvi.[ milbirni shb)ai [ pr, aij [ pN, 'm)r)" an[ aºy uRpidni[ a[(Syi Sh[rni (v(vF Bigi[mi> v[ciN S$ ky&†. aipti nY). pi[T&<g)zi[a[ m&Gli[ siY[ rijoir) s>b>Fi[ AYi(pt kyi<
s>B(vt p\yRni[ kri[ an[ t[ni[ kbÔ[ li[ an[ t[ni pr liv[l vAt&ai[ jhijn) Bg> iNmi > vic> vimi > aiv [ C.[ viAki [ di gimini [ ApÖ ht[ & t[ mi#i a[Tl&> j nh)‚, pr>t& a[(Syi an[ ai(f|kini j&di j&di Bigi[ an[ akbr, jhi>g)r an[ Sihjhi>n[ (v(vF B[Ti[ mi[kl).
an[ milsimin an[ tmiri liB miT[ m&IAlmi[ni[ upyi[g kri[, smg \pd\ S[ mi >piT[ g<& lmi >gBriT fl[ ivvini [hti.[ Kis kr)n[ y&ri[p)yn p[eIºT>ga[ m&Gli[ pr p\Biv piDÂi[ hti[ an[
vµc[n) v[pir p\vZ(_iai[Y) t[mn[ Kitr) YE, an[ aºy tmim
t[mniY) lDSi[ an[ tm[ j[Tl&> kr) Ski[ t[Tl&> lDSi[. t[mn[ n&ksin viAki[ t[mni (mSnmi> s>p*N<pN[ sfL hti. ai viti<ai[ d(ryie t[n) asr pN mi[gl smyn) kli pr d[KiE ht).
v[pir)ai[ pis[Y) (vSiL aivk vs*l krvin&> S$ ky&†.
krvini[ p\yis kri[. "" migi[< pr (h>d mhisigrni d*rni (vAtiri[mi> m&sifr) kr) ht). d(xN a[(Syimi> pi[T&<g)zi[n&> b)j&> din aip)n[ ai ah[vil aF*r)
ai smy dr(myin am[(rkn K>Dn) Si[F YE ht) an[ Ap[en
ai slihni p\kiSmi>, sSA#i kifli[ ki(lkT phi[>µyi[ an[ mil Birtni d(ryie Sh[ri[mi> ~[× pi[T&<g)z b>d*ki[ an[ pi[T&<g)zi[ni upri>t, pi[T&<gl an[ aºy y&ri[(pyn d[Si[a[ nv) vsihti[n) rh[S[. am[ biƒl)v&Dni s&vN< s>g)tni cihki[ C)a[. ai s>g)tni
l*>T)n[ m&sifri[ an[ ni(vk s(htni jhiÔ[n[ aig liv)n[ m&IAlm aik|mk vlNni[ ki[E jvib nY). viAki[n[ Äyvsiymi> civ)ai[ AYipni S$ kr) ht). p\cirmi>, gi[viY) aivti pi[T&<g)z m*L s>g)tkiri[ni[ mi[Ti[ (hAsi[
v[pir)ai[ni v[pir)ai[ pr h&mli[ kyi[<. si[>¼yi (sviy t[mn) pis[ ki[E rAti[ nY). C[, j[mN[ (h>d&Atin) s>g)t (d³dS<ki[n[ s>g)t ÄyvAYi an[
pi[T&<g)z[ smin nv) d&(nyimi>Y) mkiE, bTikin), tmik&, aninis,
ai (vS[ (c>ti n hi[vi Cti>, kbrl[ Sh[rni li[ki[n[ Gr Ci[D)n[ ai a(n(át aik|mN p(ám vsiht)ai[n) AYipnin&> a[k kij& an[ lil mrci>n) rj*ait kr) an[ t[ Birtni aºy Bigi[ ai[k[<AT^ini[ upyi[g S)KÄyi[ hti[.
b[s)n[ ki(lkTmi> b[svi miT[ frj pD) ht). ai kirN C[ k[ ¶yir[ Äyvhi@ udihrN ht&>. ai AYi(nk riÔai[ miT[ a(vVsn)y ht&> k[ an[ a[(Syini aºy Bigi[mi> rj* kr). aij[ GNi li[ki[ lil mrc&> aij[ pN, Ô[ tm[ S>kr jy (kSn, a[s.D). bm<n, s). rim c>dr,
t[ai[ ki[c)n an[ kÒ&r b>dri[ pr utyi< Ryir[ smicir Ryi> riÔai[ ki[E pN ki[En[ d(ryimi> m&sifr) krviY) k[v) r)t[ ri[k) Sk[? (hºd&Atin) Kivini mhRvni Bign[ ÔN[ C[, pr>t& pi[T&<g)zi[ ph[li>, ai[.p). n]yir, lÈm)ki>t ¼yir[l lil j[vi s>g)tkiri[n) (fÃmi[ j&ai[
s&F) phi[>µyi[ hti[, t[Y) t[N[ pi[T&<g)zi[n[ t[mn) Srti[ pr Äyipir) pier[T`s ah)‚ni li[ki[ t[n) siY[ p(r(ct nhi[ti. Ci[, ti[ pC) 'Ày&(zk a[r[ºjm[ºT" ni S)P<k h[qL tmn[ gi[ºj[l[z,
Qb AYipvin) m>j*r) aip). a[(Syimi> viAki[ di gimin) ai pÜ(tai[ v[pir krti> j³yia[ S[r kr[l S¾d fni<ºDi[, D)"s&zi, D)s[vi j[vi GNi pi[T&<g)z nimi[ d[KiS[. psir
¶yir[ ni(Ly[rni msiliY) Br[l&> visN pi[T&<gl s&F) phi[>c[ C[, d(ryiE l*>T minvimi> aivt) ht), pr>t& t[ y&ri[pmi> ri[(j>di bibt riuºDn) viti< vN<v[ C[.
pr>t& pi[T&<g)zi[ siY[ni s>b>Fi[ f±t s]ºy an[ Äyvsiymi> j nhi[ti,
Ryir[ v[(nsmi> ujviy[li (lAbnmi> ujvN) krti> vF& vFir[. ht). pi[T&<glni[ upyi[g aºy y&ri[p)yn d[Si[, Äyvsiymi> lÆkr) si]jºy: b)b)s) ºy*z m[ks< cci<mi> li[ki[ siY[ vitc)tni aiFir[
pr>t& Birtn) s>AkZ(t an[ s>AkZ(t pN t[mni (vni rh) Skt) nY).
e(thiskir lK[ C[, 'v[(ns miT[ ai a[k Krib smicir C[ an[ SI±tni[ upyi[g an[ kbÔ[ an[ lÆkr) SI±tmi> nv) tkn)kni sißi(hk ev[ºT`s.
v[(nsni uwi[gp(tai[ hmNi> m&Æk[l)mi> C[." upyi[g oiri krvimi> aivt) mi[T) ApFi< oiri krvimi> aivti[ hti[.
122 p pi[T<&g)z an[ gi[vi pi[T&<g)z e(this 123
j*ni v[pir) migi[< gn hi[D) v[pir ai smg\ (h>d mhisigr pr pi[T&<gln) a[ki(Fkirn) S$ait ht). pi[T&<g)z BiPi GN) sd)ai[Y) (h>d mhisigr pi[T<n) simiºy BiPi
ki(lkTmi> t[mni ri[kiN dr(myin viAki[a[ ai[Cimi> ai[Ci p>drsi[ ai B(vOyviN)ai[ sic) si(bt YE C[. ¶yir[ 1502 mi> v[(nsni> AYi(nk riÔai[a[ dr[k s>B(vt lDie krvini[ p\yis kyi[<, pr>t& rh) C[. Dcni aigmn ph[li>, f|[ºc an[ (b\T)S, Birt)yi[n[
m&IAlmi[n) gNtr) kr) ht). pr>t& t[mN[ a[k rsp\d ni[>F pN jhiÔ[ a[l[±zi>(D^yini b>dr pr phi[>µyi Ryir[ t[ Si[Fiy&> k[ t[mi> ki[E dr[k a[ºki uºTrmi> t[ai[ hir) gyi. j[n&> p(rNim aiÄy&> k[ di[Q Birt)yi[n[ pi[T&<g)zi[ p\Ym S)Kvti hti.
bniv) - ai jhiÔ[ vir>vir (n(m<t an[ mi[T[ Big[ (n(m<t hti. msili nY), j[ t[n) (k>mtn) pN (k>mt) C[. sd)ai[mi>, pi[T&<g)z[ kÒ&r, ki[(cn, gi[vi, mWis an[ ki(lkT upri>t a[f|-p\[(rt akbrni y&gn) a[k p[eIºT>g
(h>d mhisigrmi> v[pir prApr shkirni (sÜi>ti[ pr AYipni aigl) vKt[ viAki[ d gimi Birt aiv) gE, Ryi> k>Ek b)j&> ht&>. aºy GNi d(ryie (vAtiri[mi> d(ryi(knirini (ny>#iNni[ kbÔ[ t[ Bgvin ±liEv, j[N[ (srij&Ñi[lin[ hriÄyi[ hti[, mi#i pi[T&<g)z
krvimi> aiv) ht) an[ aivkn[ a[v) r)t[ nÊ) krvimi> aiv) ht) t[ai[a[ p*v< ai(f|kini Sh[ri[ (vni lÈyi>ki[ an[ a(n(át bi[Àb l)Fi[ an[ Ryi> t[mni viesri[y an[ gvn<rn) (nmN*k kr). BiPimi> AYi(nk (h>d&ai[ siY[ vit kr) ht) pi[T&<g)z BiPin)
k[ b>n[ pxi[n[ fiydi[ Yyi[. FDikin[ lÈyi>k bniÄyi>, an[ p]si vs*l kyi<. Ci[Dti ph[li, t[mN[ aºy y&ri[(pyn d[Si[ ai rmti[n[ K*b rs siY[ Ô[ti hti an[ ai AYi(nk BiPiai[ pr t[n) asr ht). d(xN a[(Syini 50 Y) vF&
pi[T&<gl t[ (sÜi>ti[ pr kim krvi mi>gti n hti t[ni[ uÑ[S bL oiri m&IAlm v[pir)ai[n[ pN Äyvsiy nh)‚ krvin&> vcn ai¼y&> ht&>. kiy< piCLY) n[Frl[ºD`s, f|iºs an[ EAT E>(Dyi k>pn) tr)k[ BiPiai[mi> pi[T&<g)z S¾di[ Si miT[ mL[ C[ t[ ai j C[.
pi[tin) a[ki(Fkirn[ bLjbr)bÜ bnivvi an[ aºy pxi[n[ t[mn) b>d*k bi[T (D¼li[mini bdl[ a[k b>d*k bi[Tni Äyvsiyn&> si@> a>g\[Jmi> p&nriv(t<t krvimi> aiÄy&> ht&> an[ pi[T&<g)zn[ f±t am[ (hºd) an[ ud&<mi> vpriti pi[T&<g)z S¾di[ upr uÓ[K kyi[< C[.
Srti[ pr dbiN krvin) ht). udihrN m[Lvv&> m&Æk[l C[. t[mn) rmtmi> j hriÄy&> ht&>, mi#i (h>d&Atin nh)‚ pr>t& smg\ (h>d ai j[vi k[Tlik aºy S¾di[mi>, k), pidr)ai[, cc<, a>g\[J, p)pi,
mhisigrmi>. l[vimi> d(xN a[(Syini Avit>#y s&F) f±t gi[vini
trt j ai piT[ g<& l o)pkÃp bhir aiÄyi.[ viAki [di gimi phiµ>[ yini C (hºd&Atinn) m&sifr) dr(myin, j[ vhiN t[ni mig[< aiÄy&> ht&> t[ pisin, v[rhius, eA#i), kij, prY, B¸Y&>, pgir, aiÃfiºsi[
m(hnin) ad> r, ¶yir [ pD[ i^ [ aiÃvirz[ kb[ i\ ni nt[ RZ v hq[ Ln >& b)j >& piCi[ fyi[< an[ D*b) gyi[. t[ smy dr(myin, hiJai[a[ 'm)r)' p\d[Si[ an[ dmN an[ d)v pi[T&<g)zi[ siY[ rHi hti. bFi pC), {simiºy}, pp]yi, miT…g, tmik&, b>bi, miAT.
piT[ g<& )z kifli Birt trf dir[ ) gy >& Ryir [ tm[ i > 13 jhiÔ [ hti an [ nimn) a[k jhijn&> nim l)F&> ht&>, j[mi> cirsi[ m&sifri[ svir hti (Ds[Àbr 1 9 61 mi>, Birt[ s](nki[ mi[kÃyi an[ pi[T&<g)zi[ni m&gli n[ sm&Wmi> rs n hti[
kbÔmi>Y) p\d[Si[n[ Ci[Div) d)Fi.
tn[ ) ty] ir) vp[ irni a(ByinY) yÜ& ni py\ Rni [krti >vF &ht). j[ai[ mÊimi>Y) klk_ii jti hti.
v[pir n[Tvk< 1526 mi>, ¶yir[ bibra[ (h>d&Atinmi> m&gl sÃtntn) AYipni
dr[k S±Â liB viAki [ di gimia [ ms& ifrin[ [ biF> ) d)F) an [ jhijn [ aigmi > giq[ Äyi.[ kr), Ryir[ Ryi> s&F) pi[T&<gl[ tmim d(ryie (vAtiri[ p*N< kyi<
pr>t& aDFi sd)ai[ p*v[<, grm msili, aid&, a[lc), pi[T&<g)z
pi[T&<g)z sm\iTY) kbrlmi> aipvimi> aiv[l) l[(Kt slih, t[mn) six)ain[ i jNiÄyi mj& b, b(ng† visNni at> ,[ m(hliai [ tm[ ni hti.Ô[k[ m&Gli[ m¹y a[(Syini s*ki (vAtiri[mi>Y) aiÄyi hti an[
(h>d&ai[ni li>bi an[ kipD, milyini tj, (sÃk an[ cienini
mhRviki>xi ApÖ C[- hiYi [ uBi kr)n [ rhm[ n) migN) kr) rh) ht), an [ viAki [ d gimia [ sm&Wni m&Kn[ Ô[ti nhi[ti. t[Y), t[ai[ smiFinn) bibti[n[ mhRv
btk y&ri[pn[ lE aiÄyi hti an[ Ryi>Y) y&ri[(pyn di$, Un, si[n&>
''sm&Wmi> mÊini m&IAlmi[n[ tm[ j[ pN kr) Ski[ t[ kri[, bFi> tn[ i tmiSi jit[ i rhvi.[ milbirni shb)ai [ pr, aij [ pN, 'm)r)" an[ aºy uRpidni[ a[(Syi Sh[rni (v(vF Bigi[mi> v[ciN S$ ky&†. aipti nY). pi[T&<g)zi[a[ m&Gli[ siY[ rijoir) s>b>Fi[ AYi(pt kyi<
s>B(vt p\yRni[ kri[ an[ t[ni[ kbÔ[ li[ an[ t[ni pr liv[l vAt&ai[ jhijn) Bg> iNmi > vic> vimi > aiv [ C.[ viAki [ di gimini [ ApÖ ht[ & t[ mi#i a[Tl&> j nh)‚, pr>t& a[(Syi an[ ai(f|kini j&di j&di Bigi[ an[ akbr, jhi>g)r an[ Sihjhi>n[ (v(vF B[Ti[ mi[kl).
an[ milsimin an[ tmiri liB miT[ m&IAlmi[ni[ upyi[g kri[, smg \pd\ S[ mi >piT[ g<& lmi >gBriT fl[ ivvini [hti.[ Kis kr)n[ y&ri[p)yn p[eIºT>ga[ m&Gli[ pr p\Biv piDÂi[ hti[ an[
vµc[n) v[pir p\vZ(_iai[Y) t[mn[ Kitr) YE, an[ aºy tmim
t[mniY) lDSi[ an[ tm[ j[Tl&> kr) Ski[ t[Tl&> lDSi[. t[mn[ n&ksin viAki[ t[mni (mSnmi> s>p*N<pN[ sfL hti. ai viti<ai[ d(ryie t[n) asr pN mi[gl smyn) kli pr d[KiE ht).
v[pir)ai[ pis[Y) (vSiL aivk vs*l krvin&> S$ ky&†.
krvini[ p\yis kri[. "" migi[< pr (h>d mhisigrni d*rni (vAtiri[mi> m&sifr) kr) ht). d(xN a[(Syimi> pi[T&<g)zi[n&> b)j&> din aip)n[ ai ah[vil aF*r)
ai smy dr(myin am[(rkn K>Dn) Si[F YE ht) an[ Ap[en
ai slihni p\kiSmi>, sSA#i kifli[ ki(lkT phi[>µyi[ an[ mil Birtni d(ryie Sh[ri[mi> ~[× pi[T&<g)z b>d*ki[ an[ pi[T&<g)zi[ni upri>t, pi[T&<gl an[ aºy y&ri[(pyn d[Si[a[ nv) vsihti[n) rh[S[. am[ biƒl)v&Dni s&vN< s>g)tni cihki[ C)a[. ai s>g)tni
l*>T)n[ m&sifri[ an[ ni(vk s(htni jhiÔ[n[ aig liv)n[ m&IAlm aik|mk vlNni[ ki[E jvib nY). viAki[n[ Äyvsiymi> civ)ai[ AYipni S$ kr) ht). p\cirmi>, gi[viY) aivti pi[T&<g)z m*L s>g)tkiri[ni[ mi[Ti[ (hAsi[
v[pir)ai[ni v[pir)ai[ pr h&mli[ kyi[<. si[>¼yi (sviy t[mn) pis[ ki[E rAti[ nY). C[, j[mN[ (h>d&Atin) s>g)t (d³dS<ki[n[ s>g)t ÄyvAYi an[
pi[T&<g)z[ smin nv) d&(nyimi>Y) mkiE, bTikin), tmik&, aninis,
ai (vS[ (c>ti n hi[vi Cti>, kbrl[ Sh[rni li[ki[n[ Gr Ci[D)n[ ai a(n(át aik|mN p(ám vsiht)ai[n) AYipnin&> a[k kij& an[ lil mrci>n) rj*ait kr) an[ t[ Birtni aºy Bigi[ ai[k[<AT^ini[ upyi[g S)KÄyi[ hti[.
b[s)n[ ki(lkTmi> b[svi miT[ frj pD) ht). ai kirN C[ k[ ¶yir[ Äyvhi@ udihrN ht&>. ai AYi(nk riÔai[ miT[ a(vVsn)y ht&> k[ an[ a[(Syini aºy Bigi[mi> rj* kr). aij[ GNi li[ki[ lil mrc&> aij[ pN, Ô[ tm[ S>kr jy (kSn, a[s.D). bm<n, s). rim c>dr,
t[ai[ ki[c)n an[ kÒ&r b>dri[ pr utyi< Ryir[ smicir Ryi> riÔai[ ki[E pN ki[En[ d(ryimi> m&sifr) krviY) k[v) r)t[ ri[k) Sk[? (hºd&Atin) Kivini mhRvni Bign[ ÔN[ C[, pr>t& pi[T&<g)zi[ ph[li>, ai[.p). n]yir, lÈm)ki>t ¼yir[l lil j[vi s>g)tkiri[n) (fÃmi[ j&ai[
s&F) phi[>µyi[ hti[, t[Y) t[N[ pi[T&<g)zi[n[ t[mn) Srti[ pr Äyipir) pier[T`s ah)‚ni li[ki[ t[n) siY[ p(r(ct nhi[ti. Ci[, ti[ pC) 'Ày&(zk a[r[ºjm[ºT" ni S)P<k h[qL tmn[ gi[ºj[l[z,
Qb AYipvin) m>j*r) aip). a[(Syimi> viAki[ di gimin) ai pÜ(tai[ v[pir krti> j³yia[ S[r kr[l S¾d fni<ºDi[, D)"s&zi, D)s[vi j[vi GNi pi[T&<g)z nimi[ d[KiS[. psir
¶yir[ ni(Ly[rni msiliY) Br[l&> visN pi[T&<gl s&F) phi[>c[ C[, d(ryiE l*>T minvimi> aivt) ht), pr>t& t[ y&ri[pmi> ri[(j>di bibt riuºDn) viti< vN<v[ C[.
pr>t& pi[T&<g)zi[ siY[ni s>b>Fi[ f±t s]ºy an[ Äyvsiymi> j nhi[ti,
Ryir[ v[(nsmi> ujviy[li (lAbnmi> ujvN) krti> vF& vFir[. ht). pi[T&<glni[ upyi[g aºy y&ri[p)yn d[Si[, Äyvsiymi> lÆkr) si]jºy: b)b)s) ºy*z m[ks< cci<mi> li[ki[ siY[ vitc)tni aiFir[
pr>t& Birtn) s>AkZ(t an[ s>AkZ(t pN t[mni (vni rh) Skt) nY).
e(thiskir lK[ C[, 'v[(ns miT[ ai a[k Krib smicir C[ an[ SI±tni[ upyi[g an[ kbÔ[ an[ lÆkr) SI±tmi> nv) tkn)kni sißi(hk ev[ºT`s.
v[(nsni uwi[gp(tai[ hmNi> m&Æk[l)mi> C[." upyi[g oiri krvimi> aivt) mi[T) ApFi< oiri krvimi> aivti[ hti[.
122 p pi[T<&g)z an[ gi[vi pi[T&<g)z e(this 123
gi[vi, dmN an[ d)vni[ m&I±t s>g\im
E. s. 1910 mi> pi[T&<g)z riÔSih)n) nib&da[ vsihti[n[ (vri[F kyi[< j[ f±t s>AYinvid) n)(tai[n[ shmt) aipti m[ 1930mi> a[±Ti[ ki[li[n)yl {s>AYinvid) kiydi[} psir s>d[Siai[ mÇyi hti. 12m) ai[±Ti[br 1938 mi> ki[ºhi[ t[mj
Av-(nN<yn) Avt>#iti aipvimi> aivS[ a[v) aiSi uB) hti a[vij aKbiri[ an[ sim(yki[ p\ki(St Yti rHi. krvimi> aiÄyi[, j[n[ kirN[ pi[T&<g)z vsihtmi> rijk)y r[l) k[ gi[vi ki[>g\[s k(mT)ni aºy s¿yi[ siY[ Ryirni eIºDyn n[Snl
kr[l. pr>t&, jyir[ piT&<g)z s>AYinvid) Sisn yYivt rH&> m)T)‚g krvi pr p\(tb>F m&kvimi> aiÄyi[. ai kiydini aimln[ ki[>g\[sni p\m&K ~) s&BiPc>W bi[s siY[ m&likit akir) an[
upri[±t kiydini[ anidr krvi m[ºz[s b\[gºzia[ mDgiv mi>
Ryir[ a[k ÄyvIAYt an[ sm(p<t s>AYinvid (vri[F) cLvL kirN[ pi[T&<g)z Si(st Birtmi> s>AYinvid) srkirni (vri[Fmi> a[mn) slih Y) 21, dlil AT^)T, bi[Àb[ mi> gi[vi ki[>g\[s
a[k Ôh[r r[l)n&> pN aiyi[jn ky&† ht&>,, an[ pC) Yi[Di smy
uBriE aiv). l&es d) m[n[ºz[s birg>kia[ 'ai[ h[riÃDi[" uqti ri[Pn[ dib) d[vimi> sfLti mL). k(mT)n) SiKi S@ krvimi> aiv) ht). gi[vi ki[>g\[sn[ eIºDyn
miT[ gi[vini rh)Si[n[ pi[T&<glni nig(rki[n[ mLti a(Fkiri[
nimn&> p\Ym pi[t&<g)s BiPin&> aKbir gi[vimi> S@ ky&† j[ n[Snl ki[>g\[s siY[ s>l³n kriE an[ a[ni p\Ym p\m&K tr)k[
aipvimi> aiÄyi. gi[vini pi[T&<g)z k[Yi[(lk cc< oiri pi[T&<g)zi[ oiri eIºDyn n[Snl ki[>g\[sn[ dbiN krvimi> aiÄy&> k[
pi[T&<g)z Sisnn) s>AYinvid) n)(tai[n&> aili[ck ht&>. E. s. k&ºhi[n) ps>dg) krvimi> aiv). 1946 ni j*n m(hnimi>
s>AYinvid) n)(tai[n&> smY<n kriy&> an[ a[mni n[Snl ki[>g\[s {gi[vi}n) miºyti rd krvimi> aiv[; t[mCti>
1917 mi>, 'kiTi< ai[g[<n)ki" kiydi[ psir krvimi> aiÄyi[ k[ j[N[ Birt)y riÖ^vid) n[ti Diƒ. rimmni[hr li[(hyi a[ gi[vini
an&yiy)ai[n[ Avt>#iti s>g\imni[ (vri[F krvi p\i[Rsi(ht 1938 mi> gi[vini nig(rki[ oiri bi[Àb[ Sh[r mi> p\i[(vznl
bFi nig(rk hÊi[ C)nv) l)Fi. vFti jti as>ti[Pni riÖ^vid) n[ti an[ a[mni (m#i Diƒ. j&l)yiai[ m[ºz[sn)
kriyi. pi[t&<g)z k[Yi[(lk cc<ni vDiai[n[ a[mni aik<Diy[s miT[ gi[vi ki[>g\[sn&> gqn krvimi> aiÄy&>. #i)Atiai[ d[ b\)g[ºzi k&ºhi[
p\(tBivmi> pi[t&<g)s srkir[ gi[vimi> a[v) n)(tai[ j[v)k[ m&likit l)F), Diƒ. j&l)yiai[ m[ºz[s k[ j[mN[ bi[Àb[ mi> gi[mi>tk
60 s_iivir p#i aipvimi> aiÄyi hti k[ j[mi> a[mN[ kh[vimi> k[ j[ai[ gi[vini rh[vis) an[ p[r)s Y) el[I±T^k a[ºJn)yrn)
aKbiri[ pr (ny>#iN, apnivvin) S$ait kr) j[niY) p\Ô m>DLn) AYipni kr) ht) an[ a[mN[ 'gi[mi>tk" nimni
aiÄy&> k[ a[mN[ a[mni m>DLi[ {an&yiy)ai[} n[ a[mni upd[S pdv) p\iß krnir, j[mN[ o)sm) sd)mi> gi[vimi> pi[t&<g)s
nig(rk hÊi[ s)(mt YE gyi. så (ny>#iNn) n)(tai[ sißi(hkn&> s>pidn pN ky&† ht&>. k&ºhi[ an[ b)Ô n[tiai[ pN
mi> jNivvin&> k[ a[mN[ gi[vi (sviyni Birtmi> rh[ti li[ki[ Sisnni[ p\(tkir krvin&> b)D&> hiY Fy&†, a[mN[ 1928 mi> gi[vi
an&sir ki[EpN Cpiy[l simg\) j[mi> aim>#iN p(#iki a[mn) siY[ hti. srkirni[ (vri[F krvi rimmni[hr li[(hyia[
siY[ s>b>F n riKvi[. ki[>g\[s k(mT)n) AYipni kr) ht). k&ºhi[ oiri a[k p&IAtki 'fi[r
sh)tni tmim si(hRyn[ p\iY(mk ckisN) miT[ (ny>#ik gi>F)n) a(h>sin) n)(tn&> smY<n ky&† ht&>. 18m) j&n
hºD^[D Eyr ai[f fi[r[n @l" an[ p[Àfl[T 'D)n[SnliEz[Sn
s(m(tn[ mi[klvin&> frJyit bniviy&>. pi[t&<g)z gvn<rn[ s_ii 1920-1940 : 1928n) silmi> #i)Atiai[ d[ b\)g[ºzi 1946ni ri[j pi[t&<g)s srkir oiri rimmni[hr li[(hyi, k&ºhi[
ai[f gi[vi" bhir pDÂi hti j[ni[ Eridi[ gi[vini li[ki[n[
aipvimi> aiv) ht) k[ a[ai[ vi>Fijnk m&(Wt si(hRyn&> m&WN k&ºhi[a[ gi[vi n[Snl ki[>g\[sn) AYipni kr). eIºDyn n[Snl t[mj aºy n[tiai[ j[vi k[ p&rPi[_im kiki[Dkr an[ lÈm)ki>t
pi[T&<g)z Sisn oiri krvimi> aivti j&lmi[ p\Ry[ ÔgZt krvini[
an[ p\kiSn b>F kriv) Sk[ an[ j[ aKbiri[ ai n)(t siY[ ki[>g\[sni klk_ii s#imi> gi[vi n[Snl ki[>g\[sn[ miºyti B[Àb\[ oiri nig(rk Avit>#yn) nib&d)ni (vri[F p\dS<nmi>
hti[. gi[vi n[Snl ki[>g\[sn[ Birt Avt>#iti s>g\imni
s>mt ni Yiy t[mni pr Bir[ d>D fTkir) Sk[. gi[vini aipvimi> aiv) an[ ai[l eIºDyi n[Snl ki[>g\[smi> p\(t(n(F (vx[p piDvimi> aiÄyi[ an[ nv[Àbrni smygiLi drÀyin
ag\N)ai[ j[vik[ Diƒ. rij[ºW p\sid, jvihrlil n[h@,
rh[vis)ai[a[ aKbir) Avt>#iti C)nv) l[vin) n)(tni[ mi[klvin) s_ii mL). t&Tk t&Tk sim&(hk p\dS<ni[ Yti rHi.
s&BiPc>W bi[s an[ b)Ô GNi mhin&Bivi[ trfY) a[ktini
124 ppi[T<&g)z an[ gi[vi m&I±t s>g\im 125
gi[vi, dmN an[ d)vni[ m&I±t s>g\im
E. s. 1910 mi> pi[T&<g)z riÔSih)n) nib&da[ vsihti[n[ (vri[F kyi[< j[ f±t s>AYinvid) n)(tai[n[ shmt) aipti m[ 1930mi> a[±Ti[ ki[li[n)yl {s>AYinvid) kiydi[} psir s>d[Siai[ mÇyi hti. 12m) ai[±Ti[br 1938 mi> ki[ºhi[ t[mj
Av-(nN<yn) Avt>#iti aipvimi> aivS[ a[v) aiSi uB) hti a[vij aKbiri[ an[ sim(yki[ p\ki(St Yti rHi. krvimi> aiÄyi[, j[n[ kirN[ pi[T&<g)z vsihtmi> rijk)y r[l) k[ gi[vi ki[>g\[s k(mT)ni aºy s¿yi[ siY[ Ryirni eIºDyn n[Snl
kr[l. pr>t&, jyir[ piT&<g)z s>AYinvid) Sisn yYivt rH&> m)T)‚g krvi pr p\(tb>F m&kvimi> aiÄyi[. ai kiydini aimln[ ki[>g\[sni p\m&K ~) s&BiPc>W bi[s siY[ m&likit akir) an[
upri[±t kiydini[ anidr krvi m[ºz[s b\[gºzia[ mDgiv mi>
Ryir[ a[k ÄyvIAYt an[ sm(p<t s>AYinvid (vri[F) cLvL kirN[ pi[T&<g)z Si(st Birtmi> s>AYinvid) srkirni (vri[Fmi> a[mn) slih Y) 21, dlil AT^)T, bi[Àb[ mi> gi[vi ki[>g\[s
a[k Ôh[r r[l)n&> pN aiyi[jn ky&† ht&>,, an[ pC) Yi[Di smy
uBriE aiv). l&es d) m[n[ºz[s birg>kia[ 'ai[ h[riÃDi[" uqti ri[Pn[ dib) d[vimi> sfLti mL). k(mT)n) SiKi S@ krvimi> aiv) ht). gi[vi ki[>g\[sn[ eIºDyn
miT[ gi[vini rh)Si[n[ pi[T&<glni nig(rki[n[ mLti a(Fkiri[
nimn&> p\Ym pi[t&<g)s BiPin&> aKbir gi[vimi> S@ ky&† j[ n[Snl ki[>g\[s siY[ s>l³n kriE an[ a[ni p\Ym p\m&K tr)k[
aipvimi> aiÄyi. gi[vini pi[T&<g)z k[Yi[(lk cc< oiri pi[T&<g)zi[ oiri eIºDyn n[Snl ki[>g\[sn[ dbiN krvimi> aiÄy&> k[
pi[T&<g)z Sisnn) s>AYinvid) n)(tai[n&> aili[ck ht&>. E. s. k&ºhi[n) ps>dg) krvimi> aiv). 1946 ni j*n m(hnimi>
s>AYinvid) n)(tai[n&> smY<n kriy&> an[ a[mni n[Snl ki[>g\[s {gi[vi}n) miºyti rd krvimi> aiv[; t[mCti>
1917 mi>, 'kiTi< ai[g[<n)ki" kiydi[ psir krvimi> aiÄyi[ k[ j[N[ Birt)y riÖ^vid) n[ti Diƒ. rimmni[hr li[(hyi a[ gi[vini
an&yiy)ai[n[ Avt>#iti s>g\imni[ (vri[F krvi p\i[Rsi(ht 1938 mi> gi[vini nig(rki[ oiri bi[Àb[ Sh[r mi> p\i[(vznl
bFi nig(rk hÊi[ C)nv) l)Fi. vFti jti as>ti[Pni riÖ^vid) n[ti an[ a[mni (m#i Diƒ. j&l)yiai[ m[ºz[sn)
kriyi. pi[t&<g)z k[Yi[(lk cc<ni vDiai[n[ a[mni aik<Diy[s miT[ gi[vi ki[>g\[sn&> gqn krvimi> aiÄy&>. #i)Atiai[ d[ b\)g[ºzi k&ºhi[
p\(tBivmi> pi[t&<g)s srkir[ gi[vimi> a[v) n)(tai[ j[v)k[ m&likit l)F), Diƒ. j&l)yiai[ m[ºz[s k[ j[mN[ bi[Àb[ mi> gi[mi>tk
60 s_iivir p#i aipvimi> aiÄyi hti k[ j[mi> a[mN[ kh[vimi> k[ j[ai[ gi[vini rh[vis) an[ p[r)s Y) el[I±T^k a[ºJn)yrn)
aKbiri[ pr (ny>#iN, apnivvin) S$ait kr) j[niY) p\Ô m>DLn) AYipni kr) ht) an[ a[mN[ 'gi[mi>tk" nimni
aiÄy&> k[ a[mN[ a[mni m>DLi[ {an&yiy)ai[} n[ a[mni upd[S pdv) p\iß krnir, j[mN[ o)sm) sd)mi> gi[vimi> pi[t&<g)s
nig(rk hÊi[ s)(mt YE gyi. så (ny>#iNn) n)(tai[ sißi(hkn&> s>pidn pN ky&† ht&>. k&ºhi[ an[ b)Ô n[tiai[ pN
mi> jNivvin&> k[ a[mN[ gi[vi (sviyni Birtmi> rh[ti li[ki[ Sisnni[ p\(tkir krvin&> b)D&> hiY Fy&†, a[mN[ 1928 mi> gi[vi
an&sir ki[EpN Cpiy[l simg\) j[mi> aim>#iN p(#iki a[mn) siY[ hti. srkirni[ (vri[F krvi rimmni[hr li[(hyia[
siY[ s>b>F n riKvi[. ki[>g\[s k(mT)n) AYipni kr) ht). k&ºhi[ oiri a[k p&IAtki 'fi[r
sh)tni tmim si(hRyn[ p\iY(mk ckisN) miT[ (ny>#ik gi>F)n) a(h>sin) n)(tn&> smY<n ky&† ht&>. 18m) j&n
hºD^[D Eyr ai[f fi[r[n @l" an[ p[Àfl[T 'D)n[SnliEz[Sn
s(m(tn[ mi[klvin&> frJyit bniviy&>. pi[t&<g)z gvn<rn[ s_ii 1920-1940 : 1928n) silmi> #i)Atiai[ d[ b\)g[ºzi 1946ni ri[j pi[t&<g)s srkir oiri rimmni[hr li[(hyi, k&ºhi[
ai[f gi[vi" bhir pDÂi hti j[ni[ Eridi[ gi[vini li[ki[n[
aipvimi> aiv) ht) k[ a[ai[ vi>Fijnk m&(Wt si(hRyn&> m&WN k&ºhi[a[ gi[vi n[Snl ki[>g\[sn) AYipni kr). eIºDyn n[Snl t[mj aºy n[tiai[ j[vi k[ p&rPi[_im kiki[Dkr an[ lÈm)ki>t
pi[T&<g)z Sisn oiri krvimi> aivti j&lmi[ p\Ry[ ÔgZt krvini[
an[ p\kiSn b>F kriv) Sk[ an[ j[ aKbiri[ ai n)(t siY[ ki[>g\[sni klk_ii s#imi> gi[vi n[Snl ki[>g\[sn[ miºyti B[Àb\[ oiri nig(rk Avit>#yn) nib&d)ni (vri[F p\dS<nmi>
hti[. gi[vi n[Snl ki[>g\[sn[ Birt Avt>#iti s>g\imni
s>mt ni Yiy t[mni pr Bir[ d>D fTkir) Sk[. gi[vini aipvimi> aiv) an[ ai[l eIºDyi n[Snl ki[>g\[smi> p\(t(n(F (vx[p piDvimi> aiÄyi[ an[ nv[Àbrni smygiLi drÀyin
ag\N)ai[ j[vik[ Diƒ. rij[ºW p\sid, jvihrlil n[h@,
rh[vis)ai[a[ aKbir) Avt>#iti C)nv) l[vin) n)(tni[ mi[klvin) s_ii mL). t&Tk t&Tk sim&(hk p\dS<ni[ Yti rHi.
s&BiPc>W bi[s an[ b)Ô GNi mhin&Bivi[ trfY) a[ktini
124 ppi[T<&g)z an[ gi[vi m&I±t s>g\im 125
Birt)y Yl s[ni, ni] s[ni an[ viy& s[ni krvimi> aiv[l hmli pC) pi[T&<g)z ni] s[nin) a[kmi#i ht). pi[>Di k¾j[ kyi< pC) s]ºy pNJ trf aigL v¹y&>. oiri SrNig(tn) ai]pci(rkti p*r) krvimi> aiv).
jhij afi[ºsi[ d[ aiÃb&k|&k<n[ a[mni oiri utirvimi> SrNig(tni ai(Fki(rk dAtiv[Ô[ viAki[ D) gimin)
Birt)y sSA#i dLn) #iN[y pi>Ki[a[ ai[pr[Sn (vjymi> p*v< trfY) aºmi[DY) s]ºyn) b[ T&kD)ai[a[ gi[vimi> p\v[S
aiv) upri[±t b>n[ jhiÔ[ upri>t ni] s[ni oiri (vmin S[r)mi> pi[t&<g)s gvn<r jnrl sli[ a[ (sÃvin) giD)n)
Big l)Fi[ hti[. Birt)y viy&s[nini (vmini[a[ svir[ kyi[<. a[mi>Y) a[k T&kD) mi[l[m trf pi[>Di phi[cvini
vihk jhij aiE.a[n.a[s. (vk|i>t k[ j[ s) hi[k (vmini[ h[DliETmi> si>j[ 7:30 klik[ sh) krvimi> aiÄyi an[ a[
6:30 klik[ biÀbi[l)m IAYt r[(Dyi[ AT[Sn an[ aiSyY) Fbi†Di[ri an[ Kiºd[pr Ye aigL vF) jyir[
siY[ pN t]nit ht&>. dAtiv[Ô[ (b\g[D)yr k[. a[s. (FÓi[nn[ hAti>t(rt krvimi>
diÀbi[l)m Kit[ni a[rpi[T< pr gi[Libir) S@ kr). ai b)J T&kD) s&rli Ye mi[l[m an[ Kiºd[pr trf aigL aiÄyi. m[jr jnrl kiºd[Yn) (ny&I±t gi[vini (ml[T^)
hviE hmlin&> n]tZRv viy& s[nini a[r viEs miS<l p)ºTi[ Birt)y Yl s[nini[ hmli[ vF). d(xN trfY) krvimi> aiv[l h&mlini[ uÑ[Æy gvn<r tr)k[ krvimi> aiv). ti[ ai r)t[ f±t 40 klikni
di[ ri[zir)ai[ hi[kr hºTr (vmini[ siY[ kr) rHi hti. pi[T&<g)zi[ oiri krvimi> aivti h&mliai[n[ TiLvini[ hti[.
Birt)y Yl s[ni oiri svir[ 5 vig[ u_ir (dSiY) j[Tli gNtr)ni smymi> Birt)y s[nia[ hiY Fr[l
ai h&mli[ svir[ 6 vi³y[ S@ krvimi> aiÄyi[.
mDgiv b>drn) bhirn) bij& Birt)y ni] s[nia[ pi[tini h&mlin) S$ait krvimi> aiv). Birt)y s](nki[a[ ai[pr[Sn (vjy sfL n)vDÂ&> an[ gi[vi prni> 4
y&Ü jhiÔ[ li>gyi< hti. Birt)y ni] s[nini y&Ü jhiÔ[ mnti trfY) gi[vimi> p\v[S kyi[<. a[ai[ p)l)giv trf p*v< trf) mi[rci a[ pi[>Di pr kbÔ[ m[LÄyi bid bi[r)m Stki[Y) vF& smyni (vd[S) vy<Avni[ a>t aiÄyi[.
aiE.a[n.a[s. b[tvi an[ aiE.a[n.a[s. (byis oiri aigL v¹yi an[ Ryirbid bniAtir)m trf aigL Ye mDgiv trf aigL vF). mDgivn) gl)ai[mi>
v¹yi. si>j[ 6 vi³y[ bniAtir)m phi[cti a[mN[ Ô[y&> k[ Birt)y s](nki[n&> Ryini nig(rki[ oiri Avigt an[
pi[T&<g)zi[ oiri p&ln[ uDiD) d[vimi> aiÄyi[ hti[. a[ kirN[ a(Bvidn kriy&>. Ryi>n&> vitirN uÃlis sBr
s](nki[a[ Ryij ri#i) ri[kiN ky&†. b)J s](nk T&kD)a[ svir[ (klkir)ai[ an[ d[SBI±t viLi s&#ii[Y) g&>J rH&> ht&>.
di[Dimig< trfY) p\v[S kyi[< an[ svir[ 6:30 vi³y[ Ryirbid s](nki[ v[rni an[ dibi[l)m Ye viAki[ d) gimi
a[si[nir, t)v)m, mip&si an[ pC) b[(tm trf k&c kr). an[ mimi†giv trf aigL v¹yi. a[mN[ 4:30 klik[
s](nki[ miT[ aigL vFv&> m&Æk[l ht&> kirNk[ pi[T&<g)zi[ oiri si>j[ mimi†giv k¾j[ ky&†.
p&ln[ uDiD) d[vimi> aiÄyi[ hti[. s](nki[ b[(tm si>j[ 5
pi[T&<g)zi[n) SrNig(t
vi³y[ phi[µyi k[ j[ pNJ k[ j[ gi[vin) rijFin) ht) an[
a[ b[(tmY) 600 yiD< d&r ht&>. 18 D)s[Àbr sij[ 6 vig[ 19 m) D)s[Àb[r ni (dvs[ Birt)y s[ni svir[ 7:30
b[(tm mi> Yti[ gi[L)bir si>BL)n[ s[k|[Tr)y[T bhir IAYt vi³y[ pºJm {pNJ} phi[>c) j[ aigl[ (dvs[ b[(tm
pi[T&<g)z ¹vj utir) l[vimi> aiÄyi[ an[ SrNig(t phi[>c) ht). j[ s](nki[ rijFin) trf vF) rHi hti a[
Av)kir) sf[d ¹vj cQivvimi> aiÄyi[. li[ki[a[ tr)n[ nd) ai[L>g) svir[ 8:30 Y) 10:00
vi³yini smygiLi mi> rijFin) pºJm phi[>c) gyi an[
u_ir p*v< trfY) gi[vimi> p\v[S[li s][(nki[ svir[ 4 vi³y[
m[jr jnrl kiºd[Y oiri Birt)y riÖ^ ¹vj frkiviyi[.
s>K[l)m, usgiv an[ pC) pi[>Di trf aigL v¹yi.
pi[>Din) p(rIAY(t a(t ai>FiF&>F) an[ m*>zvN By&† ht&>. 1961, 19 m) D)s[Àbrni ri[j si>j[ 6:00 vi³y[
pi[T&<g)zi[ oiri Ryi>Y) pliyn ky&†. g&n[gir t[mj bdmis) gi[vimi> clivvimi> aiv[l tmim ai[pr[Sni[n[ (vrim
p\kZ(tni Ti[Liai[a[ d&kini[ an[ mkini[mi> l&T S@ kr) aipvimi> aiÄyi[. pi[T&<g)z gvn<r jnrl sli[ a[ (sÃvi
126 p pi[T<&g)z an[ gi[vi m&I±t s>g\im 127
Birt)y Yl s[ni, ni] s[ni an[ viy& s[ni krvimi> aiv[l hmli pC) pi[T&<g)z ni] s[nin) a[kmi#i ht). pi[>Di k¾j[ kyi< pC) s]ºy pNJ trf aigL v¹y&>. oiri SrNig(tn) ai]pci(rkti p*r) krvimi> aiv).
jhij afi[ºsi[ d[ aiÃb&k|&k<n[ a[mni oiri utirvimi> SrNig(tni ai(Fki(rk dAtiv[Ô[ viAki[ D) gimin)
Birt)y sSA#i dLn) #iN[y pi>Ki[a[ ai[pr[Sn (vjymi> p*v< trfY) aºmi[DY) s]ºyn) b[ T&kD)ai[a[ gi[vimi> p\v[S
aiv) upri[±t b>n[ jhiÔ[ upri>t ni] s[ni oiri (vmin S[r)mi> pi[t&<g)s gvn<r jnrl sli[ a[ (sÃvin) giD)n)
Big l)Fi[ hti[. Birt)y viy&s[nini (vmini[a[ svir[ kyi[<. a[mi>Y) a[k T&kD) mi[l[m trf pi[>Di phi[cvini
vihk jhij aiE.a[n.a[s. (vk|i>t k[ j[ s) hi[k (vmini[ h[DliETmi> si>j[ 7:30 klik[ sh) krvimi> aiÄyi an[ a[
6:30 klik[ biÀbi[l)m IAYt r[(Dyi[ AT[Sn an[ aiSyY) Fbi†Di[ri an[ Kiºd[pr Ye aigL vF) jyir[
siY[ pN t]nit ht&>. dAtiv[Ô[ (b\g[D)yr k[. a[s. (FÓi[nn[ hAti>t(rt krvimi>
diÀbi[l)m Kit[ni a[rpi[T< pr gi[Libir) S@ kr). ai b)J T&kD) s&rli Ye mi[l[m an[ Kiºd[pr trf aigL aiÄyi. m[jr jnrl kiºd[Yn) (ny&I±t gi[vini (ml[T^)
hviE hmlin&> n]tZRv viy& s[nini a[r viEs miS<l p)ºTi[ Birt)y Yl s[nini[ hmli[ vF). d(xN trfY) krvimi> aiv[l h&mlini[ uÑ[Æy gvn<r tr)k[ krvimi> aiv). ti[ ai r)t[ f±t 40 klikni
di[ ri[zir)ai[ hi[kr hºTr (vmini[ siY[ kr) rHi hti. pi[T&<g)zi[ oiri krvimi> aivti h&mliai[n[ TiLvini[ hti[.
Birt)y Yl s[ni oiri svir[ 5 vig[ u_ir (dSiY) j[Tli gNtr)ni smymi> Birt)y s[nia[ hiY Fr[l
ai h&mli[ svir[ 6 vi³y[ S@ krvimi> aiÄyi[.
mDgiv b>drn) bhirn) bij& Birt)y ni] s[nia[ pi[tini h&mlin) S$ait krvimi> aiv). Birt)y s](nki[a[ ai[pr[Sn (vjy sfL n)vDÂ&> an[ gi[vi prni> 4
y&Ü jhiÔ[ li>gyi< hti. Birt)y ni] s[nini y&Ü jhiÔ[ mnti trfY) gi[vimi> p\v[S kyi[<. a[ai[ p)l)giv trf p*v< trf) mi[rci a[ pi[>Di pr kbÔ[ m[LÄyi bid bi[r)m Stki[Y) vF& smyni (vd[S) vy<Avni[ a>t aiÄyi[.
aiE.a[n.a[s. b[tvi an[ aiE.a[n.a[s. (byis oiri aigL v¹yi an[ Ryirbid bniAtir)m trf aigL Ye mDgiv trf aigL vF). mDgivn) gl)ai[mi>
v¹yi. si>j[ 6 vi³y[ bniAtir)m phi[cti a[mN[ Ô[y&> k[ Birt)y s](nki[n&> Ryini nig(rki[ oiri Avigt an[
pi[T&<g)zi[ oiri p&ln[ uDiD) d[vimi> aiÄyi[ hti[. a[ kirN[ a(Bvidn kriy&>. Ryi>n&> vitirN uÃlis sBr
s](nki[a[ Ryij ri#i) ri[kiN ky&†. b)J s](nk T&kD)a[ svir[ (klkir)ai[ an[ d[SBI±t viLi s&#ii[Y) g&>J rH&> ht&>.
di[Dimig< trfY) p\v[S kyi[< an[ svir[ 6:30 vi³y[ Ryirbid s](nki[ v[rni an[ dibi[l)m Ye viAki[ d) gimi
a[si[nir, t)v)m, mip&si an[ pC) b[(tm trf k&c kr). an[ mimi†giv trf aigL v¹yi. a[mN[ 4:30 klik[
s](nki[ miT[ aigL vFv&> m&Æk[l ht&> kirNk[ pi[T&<g)zi[ oiri si>j[ mimi†giv k¾j[ ky&†.
p&ln[ uDiD) d[vimi> aiÄyi[ hti[. s](nki[ b[(tm si>j[ 5
pi[T&<g)zi[n) SrNig(t
vi³y[ phi[µyi k[ j[ pNJ k[ j[ gi[vin) rijFin) ht) an[
a[ b[(tmY) 600 yiD< d&r ht&>. 18 D)s[Àbr sij[ 6 vig[ 19 m) D)s[Àb[r ni (dvs[ Birt)y s[ni svir[ 7:30
b[(tm mi> Yti[ gi[L)bir si>BL)n[ s[k|[Tr)y[T bhir IAYt vi³y[ pºJm {pNJ} phi[>c) j[ aigl[ (dvs[ b[(tm
pi[T&<g)z ¹vj utir) l[vimi> aiÄyi[ an[ SrNig(t phi[>c) ht). j[ s](nki[ rijFin) trf vF) rHi hti a[
Av)kir) sf[d ¹vj cQivvimi> aiÄyi[. li[ki[a[ tr)n[ nd) ai[L>g) svir[ 8:30 Y) 10:00
vi³yini smygiLi mi> rijFin) pºJm phi[>c) gyi an[
u_ir p*v< trfY) gi[vimi> p\v[S[li s][(nki[ svir[ 4 vi³y[
m[jr jnrl kiºd[Y oiri Birt)y riÖ^ ¹vj frkiviyi[.
s>K[l)m, usgiv an[ pC) pi[>Di trf aigL v¹yi.
pi[>Din) p(rIAY(t a(t ai>FiF&>F) an[ m*>zvN By&† ht&>. 1961, 19 m) D)s[Àbrni ri[j si>j[ 6:00 vi³y[
pi[T&<g)zi[ oiri Ryi>Y) pliyn ky&†. g&n[gir t[mj bdmis) gi[vimi> clivvimi> aiv[l tmim ai[pr[Sni[n[ (vrim
p\kZ(tni Ti[Liai[a[ d&kini[ an[ mkini[mi> l&T S@ kr) aipvimi> aiÄyi[. pi[T&<g)z gvn<r jnrl sli[ a[ (sÃvi
126 p pi[T<&g)z an[ gi[vi m&I±t s>g\im 127
didri an[ ngr hv[l)
di dri an[ ngr hv[l) Birtn) p(ám[ aiv[l a[k s>G hv[l)mi> IAYt C[ an[ a[n&> s>ciln g&jrit ri¶y srkir oiri smtl an[ fLW‰p jm)n C[. p(ám) tTY) 64 k).m).ni a>tr[ p\kiri[ C[. ah)n) smZÜ j]v)±v](v¹y viL&> vitivrN (v(vF
p\d[S C[. ngr hv[l) g&jrit an[ mhriÖ^n) vµc[ aiv[l krvimi> aiv[ C[. didri an[ ngr hv[l) p\d[S aiSr[ 491 vg< GTmi>Y) aivt) dmNg>gi nd) didri an[ ngr hv[l) mi>Y) p\kirni px)ai[ t[mj p\iN)ai[n&> miT[ a[k u_im (nviAYin uB&>
p\d[S C[, jyir[ didri u_Rir p(ámmi> 1 k).m). ni[ Big C[ j[ (kli[m)Tr mi> pYriy[l C[. j[ b[ bij&Y) g&jrit u_ir[ an[ psir Ye dmNni (knir[ phi[c) arb) sm&W mi> smie Ôy C[. kr[ C[. s[lvisni D&>griai[ t[mj (vSiL j>gln) jm)n
g&jritY) G[riy[li[ C[. ain&> m&²y Sh[r {rijFin)} s[lvis C[. mhirÖ^ d(xN jm)nY) Ô[Diy[l C[. ai p\d[S g&jritni a[n) #iN upnd)ai[ vrni, p)pr) an[ sikirTi[ºD ai p\d[Smi> vºyJvn p\Ry[ uRsih dSi<vti ÄyI±tai[ miT[ a[k uRkZÖ j³yi
didri an[ ngr hv[l) dmNg>gi nd)ni (knir[ aiv[l p\d[S vlsiD JÓi siY[ p(ám, u_ir an[ p*v< (dSi Y) Ô[Diy[l C[ dmNg>gi nd)n[ mL[ C[. ah)ni[ 43% j[Tli[ p\d[S j>glY) p*r) pD[ C[.
C[. dmNg>gi nd) ngr hv[l) mi> Ye vh[ C[ an[ didrini jyir[ d(xN an[ d(xNi p*v< Big mhiriÖ^ni YiN[ JÓi siY[ Cviy[li[ C[. Birt)y vºy sv[< m&jm ah)ni[ s>r(xt vºy p\d[S
vitivrN: didri an[ ngr hv[l)n) aibi[hvin) (vS[P
d(xN C[D[ phi[> c[ C[. didri a[ s[lvisni gimi[ nd)ni u_ir Ô[Diy[l C[. {YiN[ JÓini (vBijn pC) hv[ a[ pilGr JÓi ah)n) k&l jm)nni[ 2.45% Big aivr) l[ C[, ah) b[
liÈi(Nkti Friv[ C[. d(ryi (kniri[ nJk hi[vi Cti>, ah)>
ki>q[ vs[li C[. ai p\d[Sn) p*v[< p(ám) GiT aiv[l C[ an[ GTn) siY[ Ô[Diyl C[} p\kirni j>gli[ aiv[li C[ a[ C[ uONk(Tb>F)y B[jviL) C&T)CviE vAt) ah)ni vitivrNn[ u_ir Birt)y
tL[T)ni[ Big p\d[Sni p*v„ Bign[ aivr)l[ C[. p\d[Sni[ jm)n) pinKr j>gli[ an[ uONk(Tb>F)y S&Ok pinKr j>gl.
p\d[Sni[ d(xN) (vAtir Kis kr)n[ u_irp(ám an[ p*v< trfni[ aibi[hvin[ mLt) bniv[ C[. ah)>ni[ uniLi[ grm hi[E C[ an[
Big Ô[ti ah)n) p(ám[ arb) sm&W aiv[l C[ an[ Ryi>
D&>griL p\d[S C[, ¶yi> t[ sHiW) pv<tmiLi {p(ám) GiT}Y) ai j>gli[n) p&²y p[diS C[ K[r an[ T)Àbr. sig, siºWi, K[r smy jti a[n) hvi B[jviL) Yt) Ôy C[ an[ m[ m(hnimi>
phi[cvi g&jrit ri¶yni[ am&k Big ai[L>g)n[ jv&> pD[ C[.
G[riy[li[ C[. p\d[Sni[ m¹y Big ki>pviL) jm)n Friv[ C[ an[ a[ an[ s)sm ai p\d[Smi ugti (v(vF p\kirni ziD / likDini ah)n&> tipmin 39 D)g\) s&F) phi[c) Ôy C[. ah)< ci[mis&> j**n
g&jrit ri¶yni[ a[k ninkD>& gim nim[ miGvl k[ j[ ngr
128 didri- ngr hv[l) p(rcy 129
didri an[ ngr hv[l)
di dri an[ ngr hv[l) Birtn) p(ám[ aiv[l a[k s>G hv[l)mi> IAYt C[ an[ a[n&> s>ciln g&jrit ri¶y srkir oiri smtl an[ fLW‰p jm)n C[. p(ám) tTY) 64 k).m).ni a>tr[ p\kiri[ C[. ah)n) smZÜ j]v)±v](v¹y viL&> vitivrN (v(vF
p\d[S C[. ngr hv[l) g&jrit an[ mhriÖ^n) vµc[ aiv[l krvimi> aiv[ C[. didri an[ ngr hv[l) p\d[S aiSr[ 491 vg< GTmi>Y) aivt) dmNg>gi nd) didri an[ ngr hv[l) mi>Y) p\kirni px)ai[ t[mj p\iN)ai[n&> miT[ a[k u_im (nviAYin uB&>
p\d[S C[, jyir[ didri u_Rir p(ámmi> 1 k).m). ni[ Big C[ j[ (kli[m)Tr mi> pYriy[l C[. j[ b[ bij&Y) g&jrit u_ir[ an[ psir Ye dmNni (knir[ phi[c) arb) sm&W mi> smie Ôy C[. kr[ C[. s[lvisni D&>griai[ t[mj (vSiL j>gln) jm)n
g&jritY) G[riy[li[ C[. ain&> m&²y Sh[r {rijFin)} s[lvis C[. mhirÖ^ d(xN jm)nY) Ô[Diy[l C[. ai p\d[S g&jritni a[n) #iN upnd)ai[ vrni, p)pr) an[ sikirTi[ºD ai p\d[Smi> vºyJvn p\Ry[ uRsih dSi<vti ÄyI±tai[ miT[ a[k uRkZÖ j³yi
didri an[ ngr hv[l) dmNg>gi nd)ni (knir[ aiv[l p\d[S vlsiD JÓi siY[ p(ám, u_ir an[ p*v< (dSi Y) Ô[Diy[l C[ dmNg>gi nd)n[ mL[ C[. ah)ni[ 43% j[Tli[ p\d[S j>glY) p*r) pD[ C[.
C[. dmNg>gi nd) ngr hv[l) mi> Ye vh[ C[ an[ didrini jyir[ d(xN an[ d(xNi p*v< Big mhiriÖ^ni YiN[ JÓi siY[ Cviy[li[ C[. Birt)y vºy sv[< m&jm ah)ni[ s>r(xt vºy p\d[S
vitivrN: didri an[ ngr hv[l)n) aibi[hvin) (vS[P
d(xN C[D[ phi[> c[ C[. didri a[ s[lvisni gimi[ nd)ni u_ir Ô[Diy[l C[. {YiN[ JÓini (vBijn pC) hv[ a[ pilGr JÓi ah)n) k&l jm)nni[ 2.45% Big aivr) l[ C[, ah) b[
liÈi(Nkti Friv[ C[. d(ryi (kniri[ nJk hi[vi Cti>, ah)>
ki>q[ vs[li C[. ai p\d[Sn) p*v[< p(ám) GiT aiv[l C[ an[ GTn) siY[ Ô[Diyl C[} p\kirni j>gli[ aiv[li C[ a[ C[ uONk(Tb>F)y B[jviL) C&T)CviE vAt) ah)ni vitivrNn[ u_ir Birt)y
tL[T)ni[ Big p\d[Sni p*v„ Bign[ aivr)l[ C[. p\d[Sni[ jm)n) pinKr j>gli[ an[ uONk(Tb>F)y S&Ok pinKr j>gl.
p\d[Sni[ d(xN) (vAtir Kis kr)n[ u_irp(ám an[ p*v< trfni[ aibi[hvin[ mLt) bniv[ C[. ah)>ni[ uniLi[ grm hi[E C[ an[
Big Ô[ti ah)n) p(ám[ arb) sm&W aiv[l C[ an[ Ryi>
D&>griL p\d[S C[, ¶yi> t[ sHiW) pv<tmiLi {p(ám) GiT}Y) ai j>gli[n) p&²y p[diS C[ K[r an[ T)Àbr. sig, siºWi, K[r smy jti a[n) hvi B[jviL) Yt) Ôy C[ an[ m[ m(hnimi>
phi[cvi g&jrit ri¶yni[ am&k Big ai[L>g)n[ jv&> pD[ C[.
G[riy[li[ C[. p\d[Sni[ m¹y Big ki>pviL) jm)n Friv[ C[ an[ a[ an[ s)sm ai p\d[Smi ugti (v(vF p\kirni ziD / likDini ah)n&> tipmin 39 D)g\) s&F) phi[c) Ôy C[. ah)< ci[mis&> j**n
g&jrit ri¶yni[ a[k ninkD>& gim nim[ miGvl k[ j[ ngr
128 didri- ngr hv[l) p(rcy 129
m(hnimi> S@ Yiy C[ an[ s¼T[Àbr m(hni s&F) cil[ C[. d(xN
p*v< Y) vh[ti[ pvn ah) vrsid liv[ C[. ai p\d[Sn[ ah)ni
c[rip&>J tr)k[ ai[LKvimi> aiv[ C[. ah)ni[ vi(P<k a>diJt
vrsid 200-250 s[.m). s&F)ni[ C[. ah)ni[ (SyiLi[
smS)ti[ON an[ aF<-uONkT)b>Fn)y rh[ C[, an[ tipmin 14
– 30 s[ºT)g\[D j[Tl&> rh[ C[.
E(this : pi[T&<g)zi[ ph[lini[ y&g ah)ni[ E(this ki[hl)
aik|mNkr)ai[ n) rijp*t rÔai[ sim[n) hir siY[ S@ Yyi[
hti[. 18m) sd)ni m¹ymi> mriqiai[ oiri ai p\d[S p&n:p\iß
krvimi> aiÄyi[. 1779n) sil mi> mriqiai[ a[ pi[T&<g)zi[ siY[
mL) a[v) rcni kr) j[ m&jb pi[T&<g)zi[n[ didri ngr hv[l)ni
79 gimi[Y) mh[s*l uGrivvin) m>j&r) aipvimi> aiv). a[
p\miN[n) pN viT s>BiLvimi> aiv[ C[ k[ mriqiai[ oiri a[mn)
liprvih)n[ kirN[ pi[T&<g)zi[n&> j>g) jhij D*b) gy&> ht&> an[
a[ni vLtr $p[ ai p\d[S pi[T&<g)zi[n[ B[T $p[ ai¼yi[ hti[.
pi[T&<g)zi[ ah) h±t a[mni oiri n)mvimi> aiv[li ÄyI±tai[
pis[Y) m[h`s&l uGrivvi an[ ah)ni j>gli[mi> (Skir krvi
aivti hti. pi[T&<g)zi[n&> Sisn ah) 2 ai[±Ti[br 1954 s&F)
rH&>. ai p\d[Sn[ Birt gNri¶y mi> 1961 mi> Ô[Dvimi> aiÄy&>.
E(this : pi[T&<g)z y&g 10 j&n 1783 ni ri[j pi[T&<g)zi[a[
ngr hv[l) pr kbÔ[ kyi[<, an[ ai kbÔ[ a[mN[ mriqiai[ siY[
17 D)s[Àbr 1779 a[ kr[l s>F) k[ j[ mriqiai[ oiri
pi[T&<g)zi[n[ Yy[l a[mni j>g) jhijni n&ksinni vLtr tr)k[
krvimi> aiv) ht). pC) 1785 mi> pi[T&<g)zi[a[ didri Kr)d)
l)F&>. pi[T&<g)z Sisn dr(myin didri an[ ngr hv[l)n[
D)A#i)Ti[ d[ dmiai[ {dmN JÓi} ni a[k Big k[ j[ a[Atidi[ d[
eIºDyi {Birtn&> pi[T&<g)z ri¶y} $p[ gNvimi> aivti[ hti[.
ai b>n[ p\d[Si[ mL) a[k ki[ºs[Ãhi[ {ngrpi(lki} nim[ 'ngr
hv[l)" k[ j[n&> m&²y mYk didri 1885 s&F) rH&> an[, a[ pC)
a[n&> m&²y mYk s[lvis bnivvimi> aiÄy&>. ah)ni ai>t(rk
Äyvhiri[ an[ kimkij ah)ni c*>Tiy[li ngrpi(lkini sdAyi[
s>BiLti hti, jyir[ vF& mhRvni an[ uµc kxini kimi[
dmNni gvn<r k[ j[ ah)ni[ pN pdBir s>BiLti hti a[mni
oiri krvimi> aivti[ hti[ ngr hv[l)ni[ (vAtir alg alg
prgNi>ai[mi> vh[ciy[li[ hti[ a[ prgNi> hti, (slvisi,
nri[l), didri, ±v[lil&>n)m, ri>di, kDi[l), kni[a[l, kici[<ºD[ an[
s)ºdi[n)m. pi[T&<g)z Sisn 1954 s&F) rH&>, ¶yi> s&F)
Birtn) trf[N krniriai[a[ didri an[ ngr hv[l) pr kbÔ[
n kr) l)Fi[.
130 didri- ngr hv[l) p(rcy 131
m(hnimi> S@ Yiy C[ an[ s¼T[Àbr m(hni s&F) cil[ C[. d(xN
p*v< Y) vh[ti[ pvn ah) vrsid liv[ C[. ai p\d[Sn[ ah)ni
c[rip&>J tr)k[ ai[LKvimi> aiv[ C[. ah)ni[ vi(P<k a>diJt
vrsid 200-250 s[.m). s&F)ni[ C[. ah)ni[ (SyiLi[
smS)ti[ON an[ aF<-uONkT)b>Fn)y rh[ C[, an[ tipmin 14
– 30 s[ºT)g\[D j[Tl&> rh[ C[.
E(this : pi[T&<g)zi[ ph[lini[ y&g ah)ni[ E(this ki[hl)
aik|mNkr)ai[ n) rijp*t rÔai[ sim[n) hir siY[ S@ Yyi[
hti[. 18m) sd)ni m¹ymi> mriqiai[ oiri ai p\d[S p&n:p\iß
krvimi> aiÄyi[. 1779n) sil mi> mriqiai[ a[ pi[T&<g)zi[ siY[
mL) a[v) rcni kr) j[ m&jb pi[T&<g)zi[n[ didri ngr hv[l)ni
79 gimi[Y) mh[s*l uGrivvin) m>j&r) aipvimi> aiv). a[
p\miN[n) pN viT s>BiLvimi> aiv[ C[ k[ mriqiai[ oiri a[mn)
liprvih)n[ kirN[ pi[T&<g)zi[n&> j>g) jhij D*b) gy&> ht&> an[
a[ni vLtr $p[ ai p\d[S pi[T&<g)zi[n[ B[T $p[ ai¼yi[ hti[.
pi[T&<g)zi[ ah) h±t a[mni oiri n)mvimi> aiv[li ÄyI±tai[
pis[Y) m[h`s&l uGrivvi an[ ah)ni j>gli[mi> (Skir krvi
aivti hti. pi[T&<g)zi[n&> Sisn ah) 2 ai[±Ti[br 1954 s&F)
rH&>. ai p\d[Sn[ Birt gNri¶y mi> 1961 mi> Ô[Dvimi> aiÄy&>.
E(this : pi[T&<g)z y&g 10 j&n 1783 ni ri[j pi[T&<g)zi[a[
ngr hv[l) pr kbÔ[ kyi[<, an[ ai kbÔ[ a[mN[ mriqiai[ siY[
17 D)s[Àbr 1779 a[ kr[l s>F) k[ j[ mriqiai[ oiri
pi[T&<g)zi[n[ Yy[l a[mni j>g) jhijni n&ksinni vLtr tr)k[
krvimi> aiv) ht). pC) 1785 mi> pi[T&<g)zi[a[ didri Kr)d)
l)F&>. pi[T&<g)z Sisn dr(myin didri an[ ngr hv[l)n[
D)A#i)Ti[ d[ dmiai[ {dmN JÓi} ni a[k Big k[ j[ a[Atidi[ d[
eIºDyi {Birtn&> pi[T&<g)z ri¶y} $p[ gNvimi> aivti[ hti[.
ai b>n[ p\d[Si[ mL) a[k ki[ºs[Ãhi[ {ngrpi(lki} nim[ 'ngr
hv[l)" k[ j[n&> m&²y mYk didri 1885 s&F) rH&> an[, a[ pC)
a[n&> m&²y mYk s[lvis bnivvimi> aiÄy&>. ah)ni ai>t(rk
Äyvhiri[ an[ kimkij ah)ni c*>Tiy[li ngrpi(lkini sdAyi[
s>BiLti hti, jyir[ vF& mhRvni an[ uµc kxini kimi[
dmNni gvn<r k[ j[ ah)ni[ pN pdBir s>BiLti hti a[mni
oiri krvimi> aivti[ hti[ ngr hv[l)ni[ (vAtir alg alg
prgNi>ai[mi> vh[ciy[li[ hti[ a[ prgNi> hti, (slvisi,
nri[l), didri, ±v[lil&>n)m, ri>di, kDi[l), kni[a[l, kici[<ºD[ an[
s)ºdi[n)m. pi[T&<g)z Sisn 1954 s&F) rH&>, ¶yi> s&F)
Birtn) trf[N krniriai[a[ didri an[ ngr hv[l) pr kbÔ[
n kr) l)Fi[.
130 didri- ngr hv[l) p(rcy 131
when Dadra and Nagar Haveli were occupied by supporters of the EDUCATION
Indian Union.
The Dadra & Nagar Haveli region is blessed with heavenly natural
End of Portuguese Regime: After India attained Independence in
BNtr p\d[Sni k[ d[Sni siri GDtr miT[ sir) SiLiai[ a[ p\iY(mk
beauty. The Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli has emerged as
1947, the residents of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, with the help of j$(ryit C[. didri an[ ngr hv[l)n&> (SxN (vBig a[
a popular tourist hub but managed to maintain its serene beauty.
di volunteers of organizations like the United Front of Goans (UFG), However with the progress of time, Dadra and Nagar Haveli has
dri an[ ngr hv[l)n[ Avg„y k&drt) si]>dy< ni[ aiS)vi<d
vitY) p*r) r)t[ shmt C[ an[ a[ miT[j ai p\d[Smi> Ak*li[n&>
the National Movement Liberation Organization (NMLO), and
p\iß C[. ngr hv[l)n[ a[k aigvi p\visn AYL tr)k[
(vAtrN krt) rh) C[. p\iY(mk t[mj mi¹y(mk SiLiai[
the Azad Gomantak Dal, subtracted the territories of Dadra and witnessed a rise in population due to various reasons. It was once
inhabited by backward tribes. With the inflow and influences of
miºyti p\iß C[. Ô[k[ smy psir Ytin) siY[, didri ngr
Nagar Haveli from Portuguese India in 1954.
upri>t ah) sir) mi¹y(mk, uµctr mi¹y(mk SiLiai[,
tourists, people from neighboring areas and due to the government
hv[l)n) vAt)mi> GNi kirNi[sr vAt) vFiri[ Ô[vi mÇyi[. ai efforts, they have started coming in the mainstream of modern
INTEGRATION INTO INDIA
(nvis) SiLiai[ upri>t sir) ki[l[Ô[ aiv[l C[. SiLiai[
(vAtir a[k smy[ pCit ai(dvis)ai[ni[ rh[Ni>k (vAtir hti[. society. This has also led to the startling improvement in Dadra and
Although it enjoyed de facto independence, Dadra and Nagar Haveli
upri>t ah) a[s. a[s. air. ki[l[j, j[ p&ni y&(nvs„T) siY[
were still recognized internationally (e.g. by the International Court of
p\vis)ai[ni aigmn, pDi[s) prd[Si[ mi>Y) aivti li[ki[ an[ Nagar Haveli Education scenario. While discussing about Dadra &
Nagar Haveli Education, one must mention the various academic and
Justice) as Portuguese possessions. The residents of the former colony s>l³n C[ j[mi> ki[ms<, siyºs, ki[Àp&Tr t[mj fim<s) j[vi
srkirni p\yRni[Y) a[ li[ki[ aiF&(nk smijn) m&²y Firi siY[
(vPyi[n&> (SxN aipvimi> aiv[ C[. ai]wi[(gk til)m k[ºW,
requested the government of India for administrative help. K.G. training institutes around the region. Apart from top standard
Ô[Dti gyi. a[n[ kirN[ didri ngr hv[l)ni (SxNmi> schools, colleges and other academic institutions, there are
Badlani, an officer of the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) was sent
pi[l)T[kn)k ki[l[j j[v) sir) ki[l[Ô[ pN aiv[l C[.
aiáy<jnk s&Firi[ Ô[vi mÇyi[. jyir[ didri ngr hv[l)n) computer-training institutes, industrial training institutes, polytechnic
as the administrator. From 1954 to 1961, the territory was
administered by a body called the Varishta Panchayat of Free Dadra
p\visn x[#i: p\visn x[#i ah)n) m&²y p\iY(mkti C[, ah)n&>
(SxNn) vit Yt) hi[E Ryir[ hilmi> ah) aiv[l (v(vF institutes and other technical training institutes. Government and
and Nagar Haveli. In 1961 when Indian forces took over Goa, Daman, private run hostels provide accommodations to local and outstation
S]x(Nk s>AYiai[ (vP[ vit krv) rh[. uµc ki[T)n) Ak*li[, ki[l[Ô[ vitivrN an[ j>gli[ a[ni[ mhRvni[ Big C[. ah)ni p\visn
students. Some of the famous schools of the Union Territory of Dadra
and Diu, Badlani was, for one day, designated the Prime Minister of
& Nagar Haveli are: Father Angelo English High School, Jawahar C[,
an[ b)J S]x(Nk s>AYiai[ upri>t ah) siri ki[Àp&Tr AYLi[mi> j[ AYLi[n[ p\vis)ai[ ag\)mti aip[ C[ a[
Dadra and Nagar Haveli, so that, as Head of State, he could sign an
(bºWib)n IAYt skti[<D nd)ni (knir[ aiv[l #i>bk[Vr m>(dr,
T^[n)‚gn) s>AYiai[, ai]wi[(gk p\(SxNn) s>AYiai[, Navodaya Vidyalayas, Lions English School, It is a known fact that the
agreement with the Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, and
formally merge Dadra and Nagar Haveli with the Republic of India. On basic education starts in the schools. The school education builds the
s[lvis an[ Kinv[l mi> nd)ni (knir[ aiv[l bg)ciai[.
pi[l)T[kn)k ki[l[j an[ b)J an[k T[kn)kl T^[n)‚gn) s>AYiai[
31 December 1974 a treaty was signed between India and Portugal moral foundation of a person. To improve the standard of an area,
aiv[l C[. srkir) an[ Kin hi[AT[l ah) BNti AYi(nk g) Kinv[lmi> bnivvimi> aiv[l p\visn s>k&l 'vn (vhir" a(t
good schools are the primary requirements. The Dadra & Nagar Haveli
on recognition of India's sovereignty over Goa, Daman, Diu, Dadra
Education Department is aware of the fact and they have stressed on
t[mj bhirgimY) aivti (vwiY„ai[n[ rh[vin) sgvD p*r) s&>dr C[. vng>gi an[ vn (vhir t[mj bil uwin dmNg>gi
and Nagar Haveli.
pD[ C[. didri ngr hv[l)n) k[Tl)k (vg[r[, a[ m& in) vit C[ ÑÑ nd)ni (knir[ aiv[l a(t rmN)y t[mj aiÃhidk (pk(nk
k[ biLki[n[ m*LB*t Xin SiLiai[ p*@> piD[ C[. smijni, AYLi[ C[. ah) D)yr pik< t[mj ai(dvis) s>g\hily pN
aiv[l C[. d&Fn) an[ l&hir)mi> vi[Tr Api[T`s<n) pN ÄyvAYi ai]wi[(gk vsihti[
C[. ah) cilt&> yi#i) (nvis n)cli ai(Y<k vg<ni li[ki[ miT[
ah) ai]wi[(gkrNn[ p\i[Rsihn aipvi miT[ ah)n) srkir[
s>ci(lt C[. ah) aivvini[ an&k smy ai[±Ti[br Y) mic< *l
s>G p\d[Smi> didri an[ ngr hv[l) ai]wi[(gk vsihti[n&>
s&F)ni[ C[. ai(dvis) s>g\hily s[lvismi> IAYt p\vis)
(nmi<N ky&†. ah)n) ai]wi[(gk vsihti[n[ b[ Bigmi>
shyti k[ºW nJk aiv[l C[. ai s>g\hilyni[ uÑ[Æy
vh[cvimi> aiÄyi C[. a[k Big k[ j[ s[lvismi> IAYt C[ a[n[
ai(dvis) s>AkZ(tn[ sicvini[ an[ li[ki[n[ ainiY) avgt
s[lvis eºDAT^)yl a[AT[T tr)k[ ai[LKvimi> aiv[ C[ jyir[
krivvini[ C[. ah) ai(dvis)ai[ oiri viprvimi> aivti
b)Ô[ Big j[ aiml) an[ KDi[l)ni gimDiai[ mi> C[. ah)ni
K[t)ni siFni[, miCl) pkDvini siFni[, (Skirni ai[Ôri[
lG& uwi[gi[ ah)ni j>gli[ mi>Y) mLti pdiYi[<ni[ upyi[g kr[
t[mj (v(vF p\kirni mi[hrai[ p\d(S<t krvimi> aiÄyi C[.
C[ di.t. ah)n) kiYi[ bnivti uwi[gi[ j>gli[mi> mLti K[r ni
F>Fi[ ri[jgir an[ ngr hv[l)n) aY<ÄyvAYi vZxni[ upyi[g kr[ C[. ah)ni uwi[gi[ mi[T[ Big[ rsiyNi[,
D)Tj†ºT pivDr, (sÃk n&> kipD, el[I±T^k smin, cÆmin) f|[m,
ngr hv[l)n) aY<ÄyvAYi t[mj F>Fi[ K[t) t[mj ah) IAYt
G(DyiL t[mj TiEÃs (vg[r[n&> uRpidn kr[ C[.
(v(vF uwi[gi[ pr aiFi(rt C[. ai p\d[Sni[ mi[TiBigni[
(vAtir j>gli[Y) Cviy[li[ hi[viY) ah)ni GNi li[ki[ j>gl didri ngr hv[l)ni li[ki[ a[mn) s¿yti an[ th[viri[
pr pN ai(~t C[. ah)ni mi[TiBigni ai(dvis)ai[ K[t) ah)ni li[ki[, s>AkZ(t an[ th[viri[ a[k r>gir>g WÆy uB& kr[ C[
pr aiFir rhti hi[E C[, ah) j&vir, s)sm, bijr), 2001n) vAt) gNtr) m&jb ah)n) vAt) 300451n) C[.
t[l)(byi>, Bit, rig), Gu>, kqi[L, S[rD) an[ j&vir j[vi piki[ j[mi> 23% j[Tl) vAt) Sh[ri[mi> vs[ C[ jyir[ 62% j[Tl)
l[vimi> aiv[ C[. ah) SikBiJn) K[t) pN krvimi> aiv[ C[. vAt) alg alg ai(dÔt)mi> vh[ciy[l) C[. ai
132 didri- ngr hv[l) Fi(m<k AYli>[ 133
when Dadra and Nagar Haveli were occupied by supporters of the EDUCATION
Indian Union.
The Dadra & Nagar Haveli region is blessed with heavenly natural
End of Portuguese Regime: After India attained Independence in
BNtr p\d[Sni k[ d[Sni siri GDtr miT[ sir) SiLiai[ a[ p\iY(mk
beauty. The Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli has emerged as
1947, the residents of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, with the help of j$(ryit C[. didri an[ ngr hv[l)n&> (SxN (vBig a[
a popular tourist hub but managed to maintain its serene beauty.
di volunteers of organizations like the United Front of Goans (UFG), However with the progress of time, Dadra and Nagar Haveli has
dri an[ ngr hv[l)n[ Avg„y k&drt) si]>dy< ni[ aiS)vi<d
vitY) p*r) r)t[ shmt C[ an[ a[ miT[j ai p\d[Smi> Ak*li[n&>
the National Movement Liberation Organization (NMLO), and
p\iß C[. ngr hv[l)n[ a[k aigvi p\visn AYL tr)k[
(vAtrN krt) rh) C[. p\iY(mk t[mj mi¹y(mk SiLiai[
the Azad Gomantak Dal, subtracted the territories of Dadra and witnessed a rise in population due to various reasons. It was once
inhabited by backward tribes. With the inflow and influences of
miºyti p\iß C[. Ô[k[ smy psir Ytin) siY[, didri ngr
Nagar Haveli from Portuguese India in 1954.
upri>t ah) sir) mi¹y(mk, uµctr mi¹y(mk SiLiai[,
tourists, people from neighboring areas and due to the government
hv[l)n) vAt)mi> GNi kirNi[sr vAt) vFiri[ Ô[vi mÇyi[. ai efforts, they have started coming in the mainstream of modern
INTEGRATION INTO INDIA
(nvis) SiLiai[ upri>t sir) ki[l[Ô[ aiv[l C[. SiLiai[
(vAtir a[k smy[ pCit ai(dvis)ai[ni[ rh[Ni>k (vAtir hti[. society. This has also led to the startling improvement in Dadra and
Although it enjoyed de facto independence, Dadra and Nagar Haveli
upri>t ah) a[s. a[s. air. ki[l[j, j[ p&ni y&(nvs„T) siY[
were still recognized internationally (e.g. by the International Court of
p\vis)ai[ni aigmn, pDi[s) prd[Si[ mi>Y) aivti li[ki[ an[ Nagar Haveli Education scenario. While discussing about Dadra &
Nagar Haveli Education, one must mention the various academic and
Justice) as Portuguese possessions. The residents of the former colony s>l³n C[ j[mi> ki[ms<, siyºs, ki[Àp&Tr t[mj fim<s) j[vi
srkirni p\yRni[Y) a[ li[ki[ aiF&(nk smijn) m&²y Firi siY[
(vPyi[n&> (SxN aipvimi> aiv[ C[. ai]wi[(gk til)m k[ºW,
requested the government of India for administrative help. K.G. training institutes around the region. Apart from top standard
Ô[Dti gyi. a[n[ kirN[ didri ngr hv[l)ni (SxNmi> schools, colleges and other academic institutions, there are
Badlani, an officer of the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) was sent
pi[l)T[kn)k ki[l[j j[v) sir) ki[l[Ô[ pN aiv[l C[.
aiáy<jnk s&Firi[ Ô[vi mÇyi[. jyir[ didri ngr hv[l)n) computer-training institutes, industrial training institutes, polytechnic
as the administrator. From 1954 to 1961, the territory was
administered by a body called the Varishta Panchayat of Free Dadra
p\visn x[#i: p\visn x[#i ah)n) m&²y p\iY(mkti C[, ah)n&>
(SxNn) vit Yt) hi[E Ryir[ hilmi> ah) aiv[l (v(vF institutes and other technical training institutes. Government and
and Nagar Haveli. In 1961 when Indian forces took over Goa, Daman, private run hostels provide accommodations to local and outstation
S]x(Nk s>AYiai[ (vP[ vit krv) rh[. uµc ki[T)n) Ak*li[, ki[l[Ô[ vitivrN an[ j>gli[ a[ni[ mhRvni[ Big C[. ah)ni p\visn
students. Some of the famous schools of the Union Territory of Dadra
and Diu, Badlani was, for one day, designated the Prime Minister of
& Nagar Haveli are: Father Angelo English High School, Jawahar C[,
an[ b)J S]x(Nk s>AYiai[ upri>t ah) siri ki[Àp&Tr AYLi[mi> j[ AYLi[n[ p\vis)ai[ ag\)mti aip[ C[ a[
Dadra and Nagar Haveli, so that, as Head of State, he could sign an
(bºWib)n IAYt skti[<D nd)ni (knir[ aiv[l #i>bk[Vr m>(dr,
T^[n)‚gn) s>AYiai[, ai]wi[(gk p\(SxNn) s>AYiai[, Navodaya Vidyalayas, Lions English School, It is a known fact that the
agreement with the Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, and
formally merge Dadra and Nagar Haveli with the Republic of India. On basic education starts in the schools. The school education builds the
s[lvis an[ Kinv[l mi> nd)ni (knir[ aiv[l bg)ciai[.
pi[l)T[kn)k ki[l[j an[ b)J an[k T[kn)kl T^[n)‚gn) s>AYiai[
31 December 1974 a treaty was signed between India and Portugal moral foundation of a person. To improve the standard of an area,
aiv[l C[. srkir) an[ Kin hi[AT[l ah) BNti AYi(nk g) Kinv[lmi> bnivvimi> aiv[l p\visn s>k&l 'vn (vhir" a(t
good schools are the primary requirements. The Dadra & Nagar Haveli
on recognition of India's sovereignty over Goa, Daman, Diu, Dadra
Education Department is aware of the fact and they have stressed on
t[mj bhirgimY) aivti (vwiY„ai[n[ rh[vin) sgvD p*r) s&>dr C[. vng>gi an[ vn (vhir t[mj bil uwin dmNg>gi
and Nagar Haveli.
pD[ C[. didri ngr hv[l)n) k[Tl)k (vg[r[, a[ m& in) vit C[ ÑÑ nd)ni (knir[ aiv[l a(t rmN)y t[mj aiÃhidk (pk(nk
k[ biLki[n[ m*LB*t Xin SiLiai[ p*@> piD[ C[. smijni, AYLi[ C[. ah) D)yr pik< t[mj ai(dvis) s>g\hily pN
aiv[l C[. d&Fn) an[ l&hir)mi> vi[Tr Api[T`s<n) pN ÄyvAYi ai]wi[(gk vsihti[
C[. ah) cilt&> yi#i) (nvis n)cli ai(Y<k vg<ni li[ki[ miT[
ah) ai]wi[(gkrNn[ p\i[Rsihn aipvi miT[ ah)n) srkir[
s>ci(lt C[. ah) aivvini[ an&k smy ai[±Ti[br Y) mic< *l
s>G p\d[Smi> didri an[ ngr hv[l) ai]wi[(gk vsihti[n&>
s&F)ni[ C[. ai(dvis) s>g\hily s[lvismi> IAYt p\vis)
(nmi<N ky&†. ah)n) ai]wi[(gk vsihti[n[ b[ Bigmi>
shyti k[ºW nJk aiv[l C[. ai s>g\hilyni[ uÑ[Æy
vh[cvimi> aiÄyi C[. a[k Big k[ j[ s[lvismi> IAYt C[ a[n[
ai(dvis) s>AkZ(tn[ sicvini[ an[ li[ki[n[ ainiY) avgt
s[lvis eºDAT^)yl a[AT[T tr)k[ ai[LKvimi> aiv[ C[ jyir[
krivvini[ C[. ah) ai(dvis)ai[ oiri viprvimi> aivti
b)Ô[ Big j[ aiml) an[ KDi[l)ni gimDiai[ mi> C[. ah)ni
K[t)ni siFni[, miCl) pkDvini siFni[, (Skirni ai[Ôri[
lG& uwi[gi[ ah)ni j>gli[ mi>Y) mLti pdiYi[<ni[ upyi[g kr[
t[mj (v(vF p\kirni mi[hrai[ p\d(S<t krvimi> aiÄyi C[.
C[ di.t. ah)n) kiYi[ bnivti uwi[gi[ j>gli[mi> mLti K[r ni
F>Fi[ ri[jgir an[ ngr hv[l)n) aY<ÄyvAYi vZxni[ upyi[g kr[ C[. ah)ni uwi[gi[ mi[T[ Big[ rsiyNi[,
D)Tj†ºT pivDr, (sÃk n&> kipD, el[I±T^k smin, cÆmin) f|[m,
ngr hv[l)n) aY<ÄyvAYi t[mj F>Fi[ K[t) t[mj ah) IAYt
G(DyiL t[mj TiEÃs (vg[r[n&> uRpidn kr[ C[.
(v(vF uwi[gi[ pr aiFi(rt C[. ai p\d[Sni[ mi[TiBigni[
(vAtir j>gli[Y) Cviy[li[ hi[viY) ah)ni GNi li[ki[ j>gl didri ngr hv[l)ni li[ki[ a[mn) s¿yti an[ th[viri[
pr pN ai(~t C[. ah)ni mi[TiBigni ai(dvis)ai[ K[t) ah)ni li[ki[, s>AkZ(t an[ th[viri[ a[k r>gir>g WÆy uB& kr[ C[
pr aiFir rhti hi[E C[, ah) j&vir, s)sm, bijr), 2001n) vAt) gNtr) m&jb ah)n) vAt) 300451n) C[.
t[l)(byi>, Bit, rig), Gu>, kqi[L, S[rD) an[ j&vir j[vi piki[ j[mi> 23% j[Tl) vAt) Sh[ri[mi> vs[ C[ jyir[ 62% j[Tl)
l[vimi> aiv[ C[. ah) SikBiJn) K[t) pN krvimi> aiv[ C[. vAt) alg alg ai(dÔt)mi> vh[ciy[l) C[. ai
132 didri- ngr hv[l) Fi(m<k AYli>[ 133
ai(dÔt)ai[ mi> m&²y C[ ki[kni, virl), ki[L), Fi[(Dyi, kiYi[D), rh[ti ai(dvis)ai[ni Jvnn&> a(BÒ a>g C[. ah)ni Avim) niriyN m>(dr p\(tmi K*b p\(tkiRmk C[. m>(drn) a>drn&> Si>(tp*N< vitivrN
niyki an[ d&bLi. ai ai(dÔ(tai[ ai p\d[Sni alg alg li[knZRy ah)n) ai(dÔ(tai[n) s>AkZ(tn[ p\d(S<t kr[ C[. a[ m&²y p(rbL C[ k[ Si miT[ GNi p\vis)ai[ Si>(t an[
Big mi> vh>[ciy[l) C[ an[ a[mn) s¿yti an[ r)(tr)viÔ[ ah)ni m&²y li[knZRyi[ C[ ai m&jb C[: u pr didri an[ ngr hv[l)ni p\(sÜ Avim) niriyN ai¹yiIRmktin) Si[Fmi> Big l[ C[. Bgvinn) m*(t< K*b s&>dr
m>(drn[ p\(t(b>(bt kr[ C[. didri an[ ngr hv[l)n)
a[mni oiri vh[>ciy[l) p\d[Si[ p\miN[ j&d) pD[ C[. ah)ni r)t[ sm\iTn) j[m ph[r[ C[, j[mi> vidL) S[vi<N) ki[T an[ BÄy
BviDi nZRy, trpi nZRy, bi[hiDi nZRy, t&r nZRy, YiL) nZRy, rijFin) (sÃvisimi> m&likit l[vi miT[ m*Ãyvin AYL[
p\is>(gk g)ti[ t[mj nZRy a[mni Jvnn&> a(BÒ a>g bn) pÍiai[ C[, j[mi> AT[jn) zv[rit C[. nigri an[ Gitis j[vi
Qi[l nZRy an[ G[r]yi nZRy. Avim)niriyN m>(drn&> p\(sÜ m>(dr C[. didri an[ ngr
gy&> C[. alg alg p\s>gi[ j[vik[ l³n, kipN) k[ pC) mZRy& (v(vF siFni[n) mddY) ah)‚ K*b j sir) ai(T<n&> aiyi[jn
hv[l)n) nJkmi> ai Sindir m>(dr C[. ai m>(dr Kis kr)n[
dr[k siY[ g)t an[ nZRy s>kLiy[l C[. didri an[ ngr hv[l)n) hAtkli: b)Ô ai(dvis) p\B&Rv krvimi> aiÄy&> C[. sm)xiai[: "(sÃvisimi> ai a[k s&>dr m>(dr
g&jritni B±ti[mi> mhin aikP<N C[ kirN k[ ai m>(dr gi>F)
Frivti p\d[Si[n) j[m didri an[ ngr hv[l) pN adB&t kli C[. m>(drmi> (SÃpi[ aÝ &t C[ upri>t, bg)cimi> j a[k m>(dr
didri ngr hv[l) mi> ai(dÔ(tai[n) BiPi: ah)n) j&d) j&d) ngrni axrFim m>(drn) p\(tkZ(t C[. ai Avg< (sÃvisi
an[ smZÜ hAtkli Friv[ C[. didri an[ ngr hv[l) a[n) a[k pN C[. " "K*b s&>dr ÔLvN), k[ºWmi> IAYt Yy[l m>(dr t[
ai(dÔt)ai[n) j&d) j&d) bi[l) C[. aimi> si]Y) vF& bi[lit) B)lD ri[D pr dmN g>gi nd)ni ki>q[ aiv[l&> C[. ai m>(dr
alg S]l)n) hAtkli Friv[ C[. didri an[ ngr hv[l)ni mhin an&Bv hti[, mnn) Si>(t an[ a(BÄy±t krv&> m&Æk[l
an[ vprit) BiPi C[ B)l) an[ B)li[D). ai (sviy ah) Bgvin Avi(mniriyNn[ sm(p<t C[ an[ t[mi> a[k (v(SÖ
kir)gr t[mni aÝ&t vNiT an[ ki[trN)ni kim miT[ p\²yit C[. m&²y m>(dr aispis (vksiv) s&(vFiai[ p\li[Bk hti. " "t[
mriq), g&jrit) an[ (hºd) pN bi[liy C[. p\kiS g&lib) r>gni airsn) KDki[Y) bn[l) a[k g*>cvNBr)
C[. cimDi pr krvimi> aivt&> vNiT, sidD) g&>YN t[mj Ti[pl) m[> Ô[y&> C[ t[ Si>(tp*N< m>(dri[mi>n&> a[k C[. l)li s&>drti oiri
ki[trN)y m¹yAY m>(dr C[, j[mi> ki[E miLKik)y AT)l aYvi
didri ngr hv[l)ni li[knZRy: li[knZRy didri ngr hv[l) mi> vNiT ah)n) p\(sÜ hAtkli C[. G[riy[li. m>(drn) aispis Si>t an[ Si>(tp*N< vitivrN.
(sm[ºTni[ upyi[g Yti[ nY). Bgvi n Avi niriyN n) (m
ãdy pr phi[>cvi miT[ vPi[<Y) cilt) airt) {p\iY<ni} cil[ C[.
134 didri- ngr hv[l) Fi(m<k AYli>[ 135
ai(dÔt)ai[ mi> m&²y C[ ki[kni, virl), ki[L), Fi[(Dyi, kiYi[D), rh[ti ai(dvis)ai[ni Jvnn&> a(BÒ a>g C[. ah)ni Avim) niriyN m>(dr p\(tmi K*b p\(tkiRmk C[. m>(drn) a>drn&> Si>(tp*N< vitivrN
niyki an[ d&bLi. ai ai(dÔ(tai[ ai p\d[Sni alg alg li[knZRy ah)n) ai(dÔ(tai[n) s>AkZ(tn[ p\d(S<t kr[ C[. a[ m&²y p(rbL C[ k[ Si miT[ GNi p\vis)ai[ Si>(t an[
Big mi> vh>[ciy[l) C[ an[ a[mn) s¿yti an[ r)(tr)viÔ[ ah)ni m&²y li[knZRyi[ C[ ai m&jb C[: u pr didri an[ ngr hv[l)ni p\(sÜ Avim) niriyN ai¹yiIRmktin) Si[Fmi> Big l[ C[. Bgvinn) m*(t< K*b s&>dr
m>(drn[ p\(t(b>(bt kr[ C[. didri an[ ngr hv[l)n)
a[mni oiri vh[>ciy[l) p\d[Si[ p\miN[ j&d) pD[ C[. ah)ni r)t[ sm\iTn) j[m ph[r[ C[, j[mi> vidL) S[vi<N) ki[T an[ BÄy
BviDi nZRy, trpi nZRy, bi[hiDi nZRy, t&r nZRy, YiL) nZRy, rijFin) (sÃvisimi> m&likit l[vi miT[ m*Ãyvin AYL[
p\is>(gk g)ti[ t[mj nZRy a[mni Jvnn&> a(BÒ a>g bn) pÍiai[ C[, j[mi> AT[jn) zv[rit C[. nigri an[ Gitis j[vi
Qi[l nZRy an[ G[r]yi nZRy. Avim)niriyN m>(drn&> p\(sÜ m>(dr C[. didri an[ ngr
gy&> C[. alg alg p\s>gi[ j[vik[ l³n, kipN) k[ pC) mZRy& (v(vF siFni[n) mddY) ah)‚ K*b j sir) ai(T<n&> aiyi[jn
hv[l)n) nJkmi> ai Sindir m>(dr C[. ai m>(dr Kis kr)n[
dr[k siY[ g)t an[ nZRy s>kLiy[l C[. didri an[ ngr hv[l)n) hAtkli: b)Ô ai(dvis) p\B&Rv krvimi> aiÄy&> C[. sm)xiai[: "(sÃvisimi> ai a[k s&>dr m>(dr
g&jritni B±ti[mi> mhin aikP<N C[ kirN k[ ai m>(dr gi>F)
Frivti p\d[Si[n) j[m didri an[ ngr hv[l) pN adB&t kli C[. m>(drmi> (SÃpi[ aÝ &t C[ upri>t, bg)cimi> j a[k m>(dr
didri ngr hv[l) mi> ai(dÔ(tai[n) BiPi: ah)n) j&d) j&d) ngrni axrFim m>(drn) p\(tkZ(t C[. ai Avg< (sÃvisi
an[ smZÜ hAtkli Friv[ C[. didri an[ ngr hv[l) a[n) a[k pN C[. " "K*b s&>dr ÔLvN), k[ºWmi> IAYt Yy[l m>(dr t[
ai(dÔt)ai[n) j&d) j&d) bi[l) C[. aimi> si]Y) vF& bi[lit) B)lD ri[D pr dmN g>gi nd)ni ki>q[ aiv[l&> C[. ai m>(dr
alg S]l)n) hAtkli Friv[ C[. didri an[ ngr hv[l)ni mhin an&Bv hti[, mnn) Si>(t an[ a(BÄy±t krv&> m&Æk[l
an[ vprit) BiPi C[ B)l) an[ B)li[D). ai (sviy ah) Bgvin Avi(mniriyNn[ sm(p<t C[ an[ t[mi> a[k (v(SÖ
kir)gr t[mni aÝ&t vNiT an[ ki[trN)ni kim miT[ p\²yit C[. m&²y m>(dr aispis (vksiv) s&(vFiai[ p\li[Bk hti. " "t[
mriq), g&jrit) an[ (hºd) pN bi[liy C[. p\kiS g&lib) r>gni airsn) KDki[Y) bn[l) a[k g*>cvNBr)
C[. cimDi pr krvimi> aivt&> vNiT, sidD) g&>YN t[mj Ti[pl) m[> Ô[y&> C[ t[ Si>(tp*N< m>(dri[mi>n&> a[k C[. l)li s&>drti oiri
ki[trN)y m¹yAY m>(dr C[, j[mi> ki[E miLKik)y AT)l aYvi
didri ngr hv[l)ni li[knZRy: li[knZRy didri ngr hv[l) mi> vNiT ah)n) p\(sÜ hAtkli C[. G[riy[li. m>(drn) aispis Si>t an[ Si>(tp*N< vitivrN.
(sm[ºTni[ upyi[g Yti[ nY). Bgvi n Avi niriyN n) (m
ãdy pr phi[>cvi miT[ vPi[<Y) cilt) airt) {p\iY<ni} cil[ C[.
134 didri- ngr hv[l) Fi(m<k AYli>[ 135
biLpNn) yidi[n[ tiJ kr)a[, (j>dg) n[ mAt) Br[l) Ci[. ah) kriy[l mD f[AT)vl n&> aiyi[jn K&b si@> rH&> ht&>.
bniv)a[. j[m vrsidni smy[ piN)ni Kibi[(cyi t[mj ah) t[mj aispisni AYi(nki[ upri>t m&>bE t[mj p&ni Y)
kidv k)cDni KiDimi> k&dki mirvi an[ B)n) miT) an[ kidv aiv[l y&viai[ a[ ai f[AT)vln) K&b mzi min) ht). ah)
mi> lpsv&> a[v&> lig[ ÔN[ biLpN piC& aiv) gy&> hi[E. aiKi[ (dvs Yi±Âi bid f[AT)vlni aiyi[jki[ oiri t>b&n)
n[TY) t]yir kriy[l d)vil pr cQv&>, j[m biLpN pN ÄyvAYi pN krvimi> aiv) ht). ¶yi> a[k t>b& mi> aiSr[ 7-8
bg)ciai[ mi> rKiy[l rmtni siFni[ pr cQti. p&ni an[ li[ki[ rh) Sk[ an[ k&drtni si(n¹yn) mzi le Sk[. ai vP[<
ki[Dil mi> kr[l sfL aiyi[jn bid 'mD rS" n&> aiyi[jn pN ain&> aiyi[jn kdic s[lvis mi> krvimi> aivS[. ah)
(slvisi k[ j[n[ p\ikZ(tk rijFin) minvimi> aiv[ C[ Ryi> aiv) ai f[AT)vln) mzi minvin&> c*kti> n(h. a[mi>
krvimi> aiÄy&> C[. (dvsBr alg alg Ôtn) p\vZ(_iai[ j[v) k[ kidvni
KiDiai[ alg alg r)t[ psir krvi, vjn upiD) a[mi>
ah) upr jNiÄyi p\miN[ kidv k)cLni KiDiai[ t]yir
k*dv&>, d)vil cQv), r[pl)‚g, b>J jÀp (vg[r[ n) mzi miNv).
krvimi> aiv[ C[ an[ a[n[ alg alg r)t[ psir krvi, a[mi>
lpsv&> a[ (sviy pN b)j&> GN&> bF&> Yiy C[ ai mD f[AT)vl ci[Ês C[ k[ ai bFi miT[ a[k (dvs pyi<ß n Yiy. ti[ Ryi>
mi>. ah) aiv) tmiri[ aiKi[ (dvs K&b ain>d p*v<k t[mj aigL jNiÄyi p\miN[ ri[kiNn) ÄyvAYi miT[ t>b&ai[
uÃhis Y) psir Yiy C[ t[mj grm)ai[ mi> ah) vi[Tr Api[T`s< riKvimi> aiv[ C[ an[ Ryi> niAti an[ Bi[jnn) pN ÄyvAYi
ni[ ain>d pN le Skiy C[. ai f[AT)vl mi> aiv) biLpN n) hi[E C[. k&drt ni si(n¹ymi> ri#i) ri[kiN, (v(BÒ p\kir ni
mAt)ai[ tiJ Yiy C[ an[ fr) a[kvir biLk bnvini[ mi[ki[ Äy>jni[ siY[ Kivin) ÄyvAYi j[mi> v[j t[mj ni[n-v[j b>n[
mL[ C[. p\kirn) ÄyvAYi hi[E C[. a[ upri>t ah)ni vºy Jvnn)
t[mj nJk dmN mi> aiv[l sm&W (knirin) mzi pN tm[
d&Fn) l[k ni Si>t (kniri pr tm[ dr[k p\kirn) mzi miN) Ski[
mi ) Ski[ Ci[.N
136 didri- ngr hv[l) mÐ f]AT)vl 137
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