Grade 10 Optional Environmental Science Nepali Medium

(Convention on Biological Diversity) !((@ sf] ;b:o /fi6« ePsf sf/0f g]kfn lg/Gt/ hl} js

ljljwtf ;/+ If0f ug{ nflu k/s] f] 5 / kmn:j¿k pNn]vgLo ;kmntfx¿ klg xfl;n ePsf 5g\ .

gk] fnsf] ;+ljwfgcGtu{t :yfgLo, kb| ]z / ;ª\3Lo ;+:yfx¿ h}ljs ljljwtfsf ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfgdf nflu

kl//xs] f 5g\ . /fli6«o jg gLlt, /fli6«o lgs~' h / jGohGt' cf/If, ;Ld;f/, sfa{g Jofkf/ (carbon

trade) ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/cGtut{ kb{5g\ eg] /fli6«o jg Joj:yfkg kb| ]z ;/sf/sf lg0f{oflwsf/leq
kb{5 . To;} u/L hnfwf/ / jGohGt' ;/+ If0f :yfgLo lgsfosf] pQ/bfloTjdf kb{5g\ . t;y{ jg,

jGohGt' / h}ljs ljljwtf tLg txsf] ;/sf/sf ;dsfnLg d'2fsf ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 .

tflnsfM #=@ g]kfnsf hl} js ljljwtfcGtu{t d'Vo gLlt / sfg'gL kf| jwfgx¿

gLlt / sfgg' L kf| jwfgx¿ ;/+ If0fsf lgsfox¿
g]kfnsf] ;l+ jwfg -;g\ @)!%_ /fli6o« ofh] gf cfofu]

/fli6«o lgs'~h / jGohGt' ;+/If0f P]g -;g\ !(&#_ jg tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno

e;" +/If0f tyf hnfwf/ Joj:yfkg P]g -;g\ !(*@_ el" d;'wf/ dGqfno

jg Pg] -;g\ !((#_ /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt'
jftfj/0f ;/If0f P]g -;g\ !((^_ ;/+ If0f ljefu

;ª\s6fkGg jGohGt' tyf jg:kltsf] cGt/fl{ i6o« Jofkf/nfO{ jg ljefu

lgodg tyf lgoGq0f ug]{ Pg] -;g\ @)!&_ jg:klt ljefu

/fli6«o lgs'~h / jGohGt' ;+/If0f lgodfjnL -;g\ !(&$_ e" tyf hnfwf/ ;+/If0f ljefu

jGohGt' cf/If0f lgodfjnL -;g\ !(&*_ jftfj/0f ljefu

jg lgodfjnL -;g\ !((%_ gk] fnL ;g] f, g]kfn kx| /L / ;z:q
dWojtL{ If]q lgodfjnL -;g\ !((^_ k|x/L

jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgodfjnL -;g\ !((&_ k|fsl[ ts lj1fg ;+ux| fno

;+/If0f Ifq] Joj:yfkg lgodfjnL -;g\ @))!_ k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txsf ;DalGwt

/fli6o« hl}js ljljwtf /0fgLlt tyf sfoo{ fh] gf -;g\ @)!$—@)@)_ lgsfox¿

Pu|f]km/:] 6«L gLlt -;g\ @))$_

u}/sf7 jg pTkfbgx¿ / h8La6' L ljsf; gLlt -;g\ @))$_
hnjfo' kl/jt{g gLlt -;g\ @)!!_

/fli6o« l;d;f/ gLlt -;g\ @)!#_

REDD+ /0fgLlt -;g\ @)!*_
sl[ if ljsf; /0fgLlt -;g\ @)!&_

46 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

-v_ s[lif jg k|0ffnL (Agro-forestry)

sl[ if jg k0| ffnL h}ljs ljljwtfsf] cleGGf cªu\ xf] . s[lifafnL -cn}rF L, cb'jf, cd/L;f,] lrof cflb_
;uF ;Fu} ?v la?jf x'sf{pg] k0| ffnLnfO{ sl[ if jg elgG5 . sl[ if jgsf] dfWodaf6 sg' } klg sl[ if afnL
nufOg] Ifq] df kfl/l:yltsLo / cflys{ ¿kdf pQd xg' ] / sl[ ifsf] pTkfbsTjdf kl| ts"n c;/ gkg]{ u/L
clwstd kmfObf lng ;lsG5 . o; k|0ffnLaf6 vfBfGgsf nflu afnL, j:te' fpnfO{ 8fn]3f;F tyf kfi] f0f
/ OGwgsf nflu bfp/f Ps;} fy kf| Kt ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf /xG5 eg] df6fsf] pj/{ fzlSt sfod /fvL
eI" fo lgoGq0f / jftfj/0fsf] ;/+ If0fdf ;d]t ;xofu] ku' s] f] xG' 5 . s[lif jg k|0ffnL tyf ;DalGwt
1fg ;/+ If0f ug{ s[ifsx¿sf] 7n' f] el" dsf /x]sf] xG' 5 .

-u_ ;+/lIft If]qx¿ (Protected areas)

;+/lIft If]qsf] cjwf/0ff g]kfndf ;g\ !(&) df ;?' ePsf] lyof] . gk] fnsf] klxnf] / k'/fgf] ;+/lIft
If]q lrtjg /fli6o« lgs~' h ;g\ !(&# df :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . /fli6o« lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f
ljefusf] cfFs8fcg';f/ g]kfndf !@ /fli6«o lgs'~h, Ps jGohGt' cf/If, Ps l;sf/ cf/If, 5 ;+/If0f
If]q / !# dWojtL{ If]qx¿ 5g\ -lrq #=!, tflnsf #=#, tflnsf #=$, tflnsf #=%, tflnsf #=^_ .
dWojtL{ Ifq] x¿ ;a} /fli6o« lgs'~hx¿ / jGohGt' cf/Ifdf cjl:yt 5g\ . oL ;a} If]qx¿df ljleGg
lsl;dsf jGohGt' / jg:kltsf kh| fltx¿sf] ;/+ If0f x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .

lrq #=!M g]kfnsf ;+/lIft Ifq] x¿

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 47

tflnsfM #=# /fli6«o lgs'~hx¿ (National parks)

l;=g= /fli6o« :yfkgf If]qkmn -ju{ d'Vo jg:kltx¿ dV' o hLjhGtx' ¿
;fn, vo/
lgs~' h ls= ld=_ Kff6] af3, hª\unL xfQL,
;fn, l;;f,} vo/ uF}8f, sf7] efn'
!= lrtjg @)#) ;fn (%@=^#
;fn, vo/ hª\unL xfQL, kf6a] f3,
/fli6«o -;g\ !(&#_ lrt'jf, h/fof], aFbn]
;Nnf, u/' f;F
lgs'~h Kff6] af3, Ps l;Fu] u8F} f,
;Nnf, u'/f;F lrt'jf, h/fof,] hª\unL
@= z'SnfkmfF6 @)#! ;fn #)% ;Nnf, u'/f;F , xfQL
w'kL lrt'jf, xfa,]| s:t"/L,
/fli6o« -;g\ !(&^_ ;fn, l;;f,} lxdfnL efn', yf/, afFb/
rf/sf];] emf8L
lgs'~h ;Nnf, u'/f;F , 3f]/n, xfa,|] s:t/" L,
w'kL lxdfnL efn', yf/
#= alb{of @)#@ ;fn (^* 3f/] n, xfa]|, s:t"/L,
lxdfnL efn', yf/, lxpF
/fli6«o -;g\ !(&^_ lrtj' f
hªu\ nL xfQL, kf6]af3,
lgs~' h lrt'jf, h/fof,] aFbn] ,
uf/} LufO{
$= nfª6\ fª @)#@ ;fn !,&!)  lxpF lrt'jf, lr?, gfp/

/fli6«o -;g\ !(&^_

lgs'~h

%= /f/f /fli6o« @)#@ ;fn !)^

lgs~' h -;g\ !(&^_

^= ;u/dfyf @)#@ ;fn !,!$*

/fli6o« -;g\ !(&^_

lgs'~h

&= k;f{ /fli6o« @)$) ^@&=#(

lgs~' h ;fn -;g\
!(*$_

*= z–] kmfS] ;G' 8f] @)$) #,%%%

/fli6o« ;fn -;g\

lgs~' h !(*$_

(= vKt8 @)$@ @@% ;Nnf, u'/fF; /t'jf, s:t/" L, 3f/] n,
/fli6«o ;fn -;g\ lrt'jf, afFb/
lgs'~h !(*$_
@)$( ;fn !,%)) u/' fF;, ef]hkq, s:t/" L, lxdfnL efn',
!)= dsfn' -;g\ !((!_ bj] bf/ yf/, lxpF lrt'jf
j?0f
/fli6o«

lgs~' h

48 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

!!= lzjk/' L @)%* !%( ;Nnf, u'/f;F , lrt'jf, efn,' /t'jf, afbF /
gfuh{g' ;fn -;g\ %%) wk' L
/fli6«o @))@_
lgs'~h ;fn, l;;f} Kff6] af3, hª\unL xfQL

!@= afsF ] /fli6«o @)^&
lgs'~h ;fn -;g\
@)!)_

-;f| ]tM https://www.dnpwc.gov.np_

tflnsfM #=$ jGohGt' cf/If (Wildlife reserve)

l;=g= l;sf/ cf/If :yfkgf If]qkmn -ju{ d'Vo jg:kltx¿ d'Vo hLjhGt'x¿

ls= ld=_

!= sf];L 6Kk' @)#@ !,&% ;fn, l;;f} cgf{, /t'jf

jGohGt' cf/If ;fn -;g\

!(&^_

-;f| ]tM https://www.dnpwc.gov.np_

tflnsfM #=% l;sf/ cf/If (Hunting reserve)

l;=g= l;sf/ cf/If :yfkgf Ifq] kmn -ju{ d'Vo jg:kltx¿ dV' o hLjhGt'x¿

ls= ld=_ u/' f;F , ;Nnf gfp/, emf/n, yf/,
!= 9f]/kf6g @)$$ ;fn !,#@% lxdfnL efn'

l;sf/ cf/If -;g\ !(*&_

-;f| t] M https://www.dnpwc.gov.np_

tflnsfM #=^ ;+/If0f If]qx¿ (Conservation areas)

l;=g= ;/+ If0f If]q :yfkgf Ifq] kmn -ju{ d'Vo jg:kltx¿ dV' o hLjhGt'x¿
ls= ld=_
!= cGgk0" f{ @)$( ;fn &,^@( afeF m, u'/f;F , lxpF lrtj' f, s:t/" L du[ ,
;/+ If0f If]q -;g\ !((@_ uf]a|] ;Nnf gfp/, lr?
@)%$ ;fn @,)#% afFem, u'/f;F , lxpF lrt'jf, s:t/" L du[ ,
@= s~rghªu\ f -;g\ !((&_ ufa] |] ;Nnf xfa,]| WjfF;] lrt'jf
;/+ If0f Ifq]

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 49

#= dgf:n' @)%% ;fn !,^^# afFem, u/' fF;, lxpF lrt'jf, s:t/" L d[u,
;/+ If0f If]q -;g\ !((*_ uf]a]| ;Nnf gfp/

$= si[ 0f;f/ @)^% ;fn !^=(% b'af], sfF; si[ 0f;f/, /t'jf
;/+ If0f If]q -;g\ @))(_
;Nnf, plQ;, lxpF lrtj' f, s:t"/L du[ ,
%= uf/} Lzª\s/ @)^^ ;fn @,!&( tfln;kq, u'/fF; ;fns, xfa,|] WjfF;] lrt'jf
;/+ If0f Ifq] -;g\ @)!)_

^= ckL gDkf @)^& ;fn !,()# afeF m, u/' fF;, lxpF lrt'jf, s:t"/L du[ ,
;+/If0f If]q -;g\ @)!)_ ufa] |] ;Nnf gfp/, WjfF;] lrt'jf,
lxdfnL sfnf] efn,' yf/

-;f| t] M https://www.dnpwc.gov.np_

-3_ s}b ;+/If0f / kh| gg (Captive conservation and breeding)

bn' {e / nf]k x'g nfus] f kh| fltx¿sf] ;/+ If0f ug{ lrl8of 3/, xfQL ;+/If0f tyf k|hgg s]Gb,| lu4
;+/If0f tyf kh| gg sG] b,| 3l8ofn ;/+ If0f tyf k|hgg sG] b| h:tf sG] b|x¿ :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . lrtjg
/fli6o« lgs'~hdf 3l8ofn ;+/If0f / kh| gg s]Gb| ;g\ !(&*, xfQL kh| gg s]Gb| ;g\ !(*^ / lu4
;+/If0f / k|hgg s]Gb| ;g\ @))* df :yfkgf ePsf xg' \ .

-ª_ jg:klt pBfg / hLj aurF} f (Botanical garden and zoological garden)

jg:klt pBfg / hLj auF}rf k/:yfgLo (ex-situ) ;+/If0fsf pbfx/0fx¿ x'g\ . o:tf aur}F fx¿ ;/+ If0f
/ dgf/] ~hgsf nflu dxŒjk"0f{ 7fpFsf ¿kdf lrlgG5g\ . g]kfndf jg:klt aurF} fx¿ jg:klt ljefusf]
kxndf ;?' ePsf x'g\ . uf]bfj/L nlntk/' df /x]sf] jg:klt au}Frf 1fg a6'Ng / dgf]/~hgsf nflu
lgs} g} nfs] lko| 5 . To;} u/L sG] b|Lo lrl8of 3/ tTsfnLg kw| fgdGqL h'4zdz]/sf] zf;gsfndf
!(#@ df :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . gk] fn ;/sf/n] /fli6o« hLj aurF}+ f eStk/' df :yfkgf ug{ kxn u/s] f] 5 .

-r_ ;fdb' flos jg sfoj{ |md (Community forestry program)

;fd'bflos jg sfo{j|md jg ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;xeflutfd"ns sfo{jm| d xf] . o; sfoj{ m| dåf/f
;db' fosf dflg;x¿nfO{ kf| s[lts ;|ft] x¿sf] ;+/If0f / jg ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkgdf ;n+ Ug ul/Psf]
5 . gk] fndf ;fdb' flos jgsf] cjwf/0f ;g\ !(&) b]lv ckgfOPsf] xf] . o; sfo{j|mdsf] d'Vo p2]Zo
egs] f] jg ;|ft] x¿sf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg / ;xL pkof]u ug{' xf] . jg tyf e;" +/If0f ljefusf] -;g\ @)!(_
cfFs8fcg';f/ xfn;Dd s'n !*,!#,$&* x]S6/sf] /fli6«o jg ;db' fonfO{ x:tfGt/0f ul/Psf] 5 /
;fd'bflos jg Joj:yfkgsf nflu !(,#^! ;fdb' flos jg pkefS] tf ;d"xx¿ u7g ePsf 5g\ . o:tf

50 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

lj|mofsnfkx¿sf] dfWodåf/f jgsf ;|ft] ;fwgsf] pkof]u tyf o;af6 kf| Kt xg' ] ;l' jwf ;db' fodf
;dfg ¿kdf afFl8Psf] 5 .

-5_ /8] Kn; (REED +) / o;sf] sfofG{ jog

ljZjsf] s'n xl/t u[x Uof;F sf] )=)@% k|ltzt dfq g]kfnn] pT;hg{ u/] tfklg jfod' 08ndf
xl/t u[x UofF;sf] lg/Gt/ j[l4 eO/xs] fn] o;sf] k|efjaf6 g]kfn c5'tf] 5}g . xl/t u[x UofF;x¿
sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 (CO2), ldyg] (CH4), gfO6«; cS;fO8 (N2O), sfn] f/] fk] m\nf]/f] sfa{g (CFCs)
cflb xg' \ . xl/t u[x Uof;F x¿ hnjfo' kljjtg{ sf] dV' o sf/0f xg' \ . logLx¿sf] pT;h{g dfgjåf/f
ul/g] kf| s[lts ;|ft] x¿sf] cTolws bf]xg, kb| i" f0f / jftfj/0f ljgfzaf6 ePsf 5g\ .

jgaf6 x'g] o; lsl;dsf pT;hg{ x¿nfO{ Gog" Ls/0f ug{] clek|fon] gk] fndf /]8 Kn; (REDD+:

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing

Countries cyf{t\ ljsf;f]Gdv' bz] x¿df jgljgfz / jg IfoLs/0faf6 x'g] pT;h{g s6f}tL) sf]
cjwf/0ff leq\ofPsf] xf] . jgsf dfWodaf6 sfag{ pT;hg{ (carbon emission) sd ug,{ sfa{g
zfi] f0f (carbon sequestration) j[l4 ug{,] sfa{g ;l~rt a9fpg] (carbon stock enhancement)
/ jgsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg ug{] ;dli6ut ¿k g} /]8 Kn; xf] . /8] Kn; sfo{jm| dcGtu{t kfFr
lj|mofsnfkx¿ lgDglnlvt 5g\ M

• jgljgfzsf dfWodaf6 x'g] pT;hg{ Gog" Ls/0f

• jg IfoLs/0f dfWodaf6 xg' ] pT;hg{ Gog" Ls/0f

• jg sfa{g ;l~rtL ;/+ If0f

• jgsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg

• sfag{ ;l~rtL clejl[ 4

-h_ jGohGt' ck/fw lgoGq0f k|of;x¿ (Efforts for controlling wildlife crime)

jGohGt' ;/+ If0f ug{sf nflu gk] fn ;/sf/n] ljleGg lgsfox¿ :yfkgf u/]sf] 5 . /fli6o« af3 ;/+ If0f
;ldlt, /fli6o« jGohGt' ck/fw lgoGq0f ;dGjo+ ;ldlt, jGohGt' ck/fw lgoGq0f Ao'/f] / jGohGt'
ck/fw lgoGq0f PsfO h:tf ;:+ yfx¿ s]GbL| o txb]lv :yfgLo tx;Dd jGohGt' ;+/If0f / ;'/Iffdf
nflu/x]sf 5g\ .

-em_ hnfwf/ Joj:yfkg (Watershed management)

k|fs[lts ;f| t] x¿sf] ;/+ If0f / pkof]lutfsf nflu hnfwf/ Ps PsLst[ Joj:yfkg PsfO xf] h;df el" d,
jg, kfgL / dflg;x¿ cGt/lge/{ xG' 5g\ . kfgL / df6f] hnfwf/ Joj:yfkgsf] dV' o 36sx¿ xg' \ .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 51

kfgL / df6fs] f ;|ft] x¿sf] ;+/If0f hnfwf/ ;f| ]tdf lge{/ ;d'bfosf] hLljsfk] fhg{ pTyfgdf / h}ljs
ljljwtf ;/+ If0fdf ;dyg{ ul/Psf] xG' 5 . jg tyf e";/+ If0f ljefun] (Department of Forests and
Soil Conservation) hnfwf/ Joj:yfkgsf sfoj|mdx¿sf] of]hgf agfpg], sfoG{ jog ug{] / lgu/fgL
ug]{ sfo{x¿ ul//x]sf] 5 . o:tf sfox{ ¿cGtu{t cjjm| ldt (degraded) el" dsf] k'g:yf{kgf, jI[ f/f]k0f,
kfgLsf d"nx¿sf ;+/If0f / ;/+ If0f kf]v/L lgdf{0f k5{g\ . o:tf sfo{j|mdx¿n] e"ld Joj:yfkg / hl} js
ljljwtfdf k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ¿kdf ofu] bfg k'¥ofO/x]sf 5g\ . To:t} l5d]sL /fi6x« ¿ ef/t / rLg;Fu
hnfwf/ Joj:yfkgsf ;fy} hl} js ljljwtf ;/+ If0fsf nflu cGt/b]lzo ;dGjo (transboundary
cooperation) ul/Fb} cfPsf] 5 .
-`_ cg;' Gwfg / cgu' dg (Research and monitoring)
cg';Gwfg / lgu/fgL h}ljs ljljwtf ;/+ If0fsf dxŒjk0" f{ k|ljm| of x'g\ . gk] fn ;/sf/n] ljleGg
jGohGt'sf] -h:tM} af3, u}8F f, lrtj' f_ hgu0fgf, jf;:yfg, vfB l:ylt cflbsf] cg';Gwfgsf ub{}
cfPsf] 5 . o; lsl;dsf jGohGt'df cfO8L cgu' dg (ID monitoring) -lrq #=@_ tyf lgu/fgL
(surveillance) klg ug]{ ul/G5 . To:t} jGojGt' ;j]I{ f0fsf nflu u:tL klg x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .

lrq #=@M lxpF lrtj' f lgu/fgL ug{ 3fF6Ldf /flvPsf] /]l8of] sfn] f/ (radio collar)

#=!) gk] fnsf /y} fg] k|hftL / dxŒj (Endemic species of Nepal and their importance)

/}yfg] k|hftL eGgfn] sg' } Pp6f ;Lldt ef}uf]lns Ifq] df dfq kfOg] jg:klt jf hgfj/nfO{ a'lemG5 .
s'g} klg kh| flt Ps 6fk', /fi6,« b]z jf sg' } lglZrt Ifq] sf lglDt /}yfg] xg' ;S5 . g]kfndf xfn;Dd
@*$ kmn" km'Ng] jg:klt, !^) jGohGt' / !$ l3l;|g] jGohGt' sf /}yfg] k|hfltx¿ ;"rLs[t ul/Psf]
5 . gk] fnsf s]xL /}yfg] jg:klt / hgfj/x¿ tflnsf #=& df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

52 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

tflnsfM #=& g]kfnsf sx] L /y} fg] jg:klt / hgfj/x¿

hLjx¿ :tgwf/L k|hflt
/}yfg] jg:kltx¿ tfln; kq (Abies spectabilis)
lhDa' (Allium hypsistum)
/y} fg] hgfj/ dflnªu\ ] lgufnf] (Himalayacalamus asper)
gk] fnL vt] d';f (Apodemus gurkha)

kG5L sfF8] Eofs/' (Spiny babbler)
Dff5f g]kfnL sflnh (Lophura leucomelanos leucomelanos)
;/L;[k c;nf (Schizothorax nepalensis)
/f/f c;nf (Schizothorax raraensis)
cupkfgL hªu\ nL 5k] f/f] (Japalura dasi)
lemof; sfnf] 5]kf/f] (Sitana fusca)
z'SnfkmfF6 5k] f/f] (Sitana schleichi)
g]kfnL 6ª' u] leQL (Cryrtodactylus nepalensis)
dxfef/t efg]dª' u\ |f] (Asymblepharus mahabharatus)
e'OF{ efgd] ª' uf| ] (Asymblepharus nepalensis)

s'g} klg kof{j/0fdf /}yfg] hLjhGt' / jg:kltsf] ;/+ rgf cleGg /xs] f] x'G5 . /y} fg] k|hfltx¿df

kg]{ la?jf, jGohGt', r/fr'?ª\uL, peor/ / ls/fkm6o\ fªu\ |fx¿n] kofj{ /0fdf Ps lsl;dsf] ;Gt'lnt

kf| s[lts hLjg rj|m lgdf0{ f u/s] f x'G5g\ . o:tf kh| fltx¿ nfk] ePdf kofo{ j/0fLo lge/{ tfdf
c;Gt'ng eO{ 7n' f] ke| fj kfb5{ . /y} fg] kh| fltx¿ k|foh;f] ;Lldt efu} fl] ns jftfj/0fdf kfOg] xg' fn]

5f6] f] ;dodf bn' {e / nfk] G' dv' sf] kª\lStdf cfpg ;S5g\ . o;}n] o:tf kh| fltx¿nfO{ hf]ufpg' eg]sf]

kof{j/0f / hLjx¿sf] Pscsf;{ Fusf] lge{/tf hfu] fpg' xf] . kof{j/0f ;+/lIft x'g' egs] f] h}ljs ljljwtf
;/+ lIft xg' ' xf] . /}yfg] jg:klt / hgfj/x¿ g]kfnsf ljzi] ftf xg' \ . To;n} ] o:tf jg:klt / hgfj/x¿

;+/lIft xg' ' egs] f] h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;/+ If0f u/L ;du| bz] sf] ljsf;df 6]jf k¥' ofpg' xf] .

lrq #=# M g]kfnsf /}yfg] sf8F ] Eofs/' / /f/f c;nf 53

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

#=!! :j:yfgLo tyf k/:yfgLo ;/+ If0f (In-situ and ex-situ conservation)

-s_ :j:yfgLo ;/+ If0f (In-situ conservation)M

hg' k|fsl[ ts jftfj/0fdf hLj tyf jg:kltx¿ 5g\ ToxL jftfj/0fnfO{ ;/+ If0f u/]/ cgfjZos
rfknfO{ arfP/ jGohGt,' jg:klt tyf kof{j/0fsf] ;/+ If0f ug{ ;lsG5 . s'g} kof{oj/0f / kf| sl[ ts
jf;:yfgsf] ;+/If0f / To; k|fs[lts ;/] fk] m/] f]df k|hfltsf] cg/' If0f / ;/+ If0fnfO{ :j:yfgLo ;/+ If0f
elgG5 . ;/n jfSodf kl/eflift ubf{ of] Ps ;+/If0f kl| jlw xf] h;df lglZrt If]qdf ePsf] hl} js
ljljwtfsf] klxrfg u/L ToxL If]qdf Joj:yfkg / lgu/fgL ul/G5 -lrq #=$_ . /fli6o« lgs'~hx¿,
;/+ lIft If]qx¿ tyf ljleGg ;fdb' flos jgx¿ :j:yfgLo ;+/If0fsf] cjwf/0ff xg' \ .
;/+ lIft Ifq] x¿nfO{ h}ljs ljljwtf dxf;lGwsf] wf/f * (Article 8) n] :j:yfgLo ;/+ If0fsf] :tDesf
¿kdf JofVof u/]sf] 5 . ;+/If0f If]qdf nlIft kh| flt / ltgsf jf;:yfgnfO{ Joj:yfkg u/L kf| s[lts
tyf cwk{ f| s[lts kofo{ j/0fsf] ¿kdf ;/+ If0f ul/G5 . jt{dfg ;dodf dflg;x¿df a9\b} uPsf]
;hutfsf sf/0f :j:yfgLo ;+/If0fnfO{ ;/+ If0f Ifq] df dfq ;Lldt g/fVg] wf/0ffx¿ klg cl3 cfO/xs] f]
5 . ;+/If0f Ifq] leq kg{] :j:yfgLo ;/+ If0fsf kxnx¿df lgDglnlvt pkfox¿ kb5{ g\ M

• jf;:yfg k'g:yf{kgf
• hl} js ;|ft] x¿sf] lbuf] pkof]u / Joj:yfkg
• nf]kfG] d'v / vt/fdf /x]sf hªu\ nL kh| fltx¿sf] ;/+ If0f sfo{j|mdx¿
• sl[ if hl} js ljljwtf ;/+ If0f k/Dk/fut afnLdf sl] Gbt|
• cfjm| ds k/b]zL k|hfltx¿, /fu] x¿ / cltzf]if0f (over exploitation) ljm| ofsnfkx¿sf]

lgoGq0f ug{
• k/Dk/fut 1fg / cEof;x¿

;/' lIft /fVg]
• sfgg' L kf| jwfg / 7fpF

;'xfpbF f] Joj:yfkgsf
9fFrfx¿ sfof{Gjog u/L hLj
tyf pgLx¿sf] jf;:yfgnfO{
;/' Iff k|bfg ug]{

lrq #=$ M lrtjg /fli6o« lgs~' hdf /xs] f Psl;ª] u8}F fx¿

54 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

-v_ k/:yfgLo ;+/If0f (Ex-situ conservation)

jf;:yfgsf] ljgfz, jg kmF8fgL, hg;ªV\ of jl[ 4 / ul/aL, hªu\ nL k|hfltx¿sf] u/} sfg'gL Joffkf/ /
hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f g]kfndf hl} js ljljwtfdf c;/ kl//x]sf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf jg:klt
pBfg, hLj aurF} f, lrl8of 3/, lap aª} \s / sl[ qd kl/jz] Lo (in-vitro) e08f/gåf/f h}ljs
ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f ug{ ;lsG5 . h}ljs ljljwtfnfO{ k|fs[lts jf;:yfgeGbf aflx/ ;/+ If0f ug{]
kl| jlwnfO{ k/:yfgLo ;/+ If0f elgG5 -lrq #=%_ . s'g} hl} js ljljwtf ;ª\s6fkGg cj:yfdf 5 eg]
To:tf hLjx¿nfO pgLx¿sf] jf;:yfgeGbf aflx/ pko'St x'g] vfnsf] jftfj/0f tof/ u/L ;'/lIft
tj/n] /fVg] ul/G5 . o; kl| jlwåf/f cfg'jl+ zs ;f| t] x¿, hª\unL / v]tLhGo k|hfltx¿sf] ;/+ If0f
ul/G5 . k/:yfgLo ;/+ If0f :j:yfgLo ;/+ If0fsf] kl/k"/s xf] . hl} js ljljwtfsf] dxf;lGwsf] wf/f (
n] :j:yfgLo ;+/If0fsf] ;dy{g ug{ k/:yfgLo ;/+ If0fsf pkfox¿nfO{ ckgfpg k|fT] ;fxg u/]sf] 5 .

jg:klt pBfg jf au}Frf jg:kltsf k|hfltx¿nfO{ lgolGqt cj:yfdf ;+/If0f ug{] k|ljlw xf] . o;

k|ljlwdf ;Dk"0f{ k|hfltx¿sf] klxrfg u/L ltgLx¿sf] n]jn u/L /flvPsf x'G5g\ . o; lsl;dsf]

auFr} fdf ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ k|jz] v'nf xG' 5 . aurF} fdf

;+/If0f ul/Psf] k|hfltx¿ lzIff, cg;' Gwfg /

dgf]/~hgsf nflu dxŒjk"0f{ dflgG5g\ . jg:klt

pBfgnfO{ jg:kltsf] hLljt ;ª\u|xfno, ;/+ If0f sG] b,|

lzIff s]Gb| / cg';Gwfg sG] b|sf gfdn] lrlgG5 .

jg:klt pBfg kf| oM 7fpxF ¿df ljZjljBfno jf cGo

j}1flgs cg;' Gwfg ;:+ yfn] ;~rfng ug{] ub5{ g .

gk] fndf clxn];Dd !@ cf]6f jg:klt pBfgx¿ :yfkgf

ePsf 5g\ . tL aur} fx¿ xfn ( cf6] f lhNnfx¿df lrq #=%M s]GbL| o lrl8of 3/ sf7df8f}Fdf /flvPsf
Psl;ªu\ ] u}8F fx¿
sn' &$%=(@ x]S6/ If]qkmndf kml} nPsf 5g\ .

lS|mofsnfk !

;fdb' flos jg ;eI{] f0f
cfjZos ;fdu|L M sfkL, kg] , af6f]sf] nDafO gfKgsf nflu dh] l/ª 6]k jf gfk ePsf] 8f/] L
ljlwM
!= cfkmg\ f] 3/ tyf l5ds] jl/kl/ /x]sf] ;fd'bflos jgdf hfgx' f];\ .
@= jgleq /xs] f] uf/] 6] f] af6f] ko| fu] u/L ;f] af6fs] f] jl/kl/ /x]sf] hLjhGt' tyf jg:kltsf] ;r" L

tof/ agfpgx' f];\ .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 55

#= af6fdf sDtLdf %)) ld6/ nDafO;Dd lx8F g\ x' f];\ .
$= cfkm"n] glrgs] f hLjhGt' tyf jg:klt lrGgsf nflu lzIfssf] ;xofu] lngx' f;] \ . hLjhGtx' ¿

gb]lvPdf lzIfssf] ;xofu] df ;"rL tof/ agfpgx' f;] \ .
%=lzIfssf] cg'dltdf ;Dej ePdf e]l6Psf hLjx¿sf] kmf6] f] lvRg'xf];\ / sIffdf k|:t't ug'x{ f];\ .
^= tof/ kfl/Psf] ;"rL sIffdf k|:t't ug{x' f;] \ .

lS|m|ofsnfk @

hLjhGt' tyf jg:kltsf] ;+/If0fsf k|of;x¿

cfjZos ;fdu|L M rf6{ k]k/ ! cf6] f

ljlw M tkfO{sF f] 3/ tyf l5ds] df kfOg] hLjhGt' tyf jg:kltsf] ;/+ If0fsf nflu ul/Psf of]hgf
tyf sfoj{ m| dx¿ s] s] 5g < rf6{ kk] /df tnsf] tflnsfcg';f/ tof/ u/L 5nkmn ug{x' f;] \ .

hLjhGt' / jg:kltsf] gfd ;/+ If0fsf nflu ul/Psf of]hgf ;/+ If0fsf nflu ;n+ Ug

!= tyf sfo{jm| dx¿ ;:+ yf
@=
#=

#=!@ hl} js ljljwtf ;+/If0f;DaGwL k/Dk/fut 1fg tyf l;k (Indigeneous knowledge

to biodiversity conservation)

k/Dk/fut 1fgn] kf| rLg ;dob]lv :yfgLo ;db' fodf ePsf 1fg, l;k tyf cEof;x¿nfO{ a'emfpF5 .
;+;f/sf x/]s If]qdf /xs] f cflbjf;L hghflt tyf :yfgLo dflg;x¿n] kofj{ /0fLo ;+/If0f / o;df
kfOg] ;|f]tx/sf] lbuf] pkof]u ugs{ f] lglDt cfkm\g} dfl} ns 1fg k|of]u tyf l;k ljsf; u/]sf] kfOG5 .
h}ljs ;|ft] tyf ;fwgx¿sf] kT| oIf pkefu] ug{] ePsf] x'gfn] :yfgLo ;db' fonfO{ kof{j/0fdf eO/xs] f]
kl/jtg{ sf] af/d] f /fdf| ] hfgsf/L xG' 5 . To; lsl;dsf] ckl/xfo{ kl/jtg{ nfO{ ckgfpg cflbjf;L
hghflt tyf :yfgLo dflg;x¿n] ;fx] Lcg'sn" Joj:yfkg /0fgLltsf] ljsf; u/L hLljsf]kfhg{ ul//x]sf
x'G5g\ . To; lsl;dsf] 1fg / cg'ej Ps lk9F Laf6 csf{] lkF9Ldf laleGg dfWodaf6 x:tft/0f
ul//x]sf xG' 5g\ . o:tf 1fg / cge' j syf, uLt, pvfg, k/Dk/fut ljZjf;, /Lltl/jfh, ;+:sf/,
;fd'bflos sfgg' , :yfgLo efiff / sl[ if cEof;x¿sf] dfWodaf6 cfbfg kb| fg x'g] ub5{ g\ .

jtd{ fg ;dodf :yfgLo 1fgsf] dxŒj pNn]vgLo ¿kdf al9/x]sf] 5 . jftfj/0fdf h}ljs ljljwtfnfO{
sfod ug{'sf ;fy} ;|ft] x¿sf] lbuf] pkofu] cjwf/0ff afs] s] f :yfgLo 1fgx¿ cfhsfn :yfgLo

56 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

cEof;x¿df bl] vg yfn]sf 5g\ . o:tf 1fgsf] nf]k eof] eg] dfgj hLjgdf g/fd|f] c;/ kg{ ;S5 .
cflys{ / jftfj/0fdq} L ;fdflhs :jLs[lt kf| Kt :yfgLo cj:yf cg'sn" x'G5 . t;y{ o; lsl;dsf] 1fg
/ l;knfO{ lj1fg;Fu} hf]8/] jftfj/0fLo ;d:ofx¿af6 xg' ;Sg] ljgfzsf/L k|efjnfO{ x6fpg ;lsG5 .
To;n} ] o:tf] 1fg / l;ksf] ;/+ If0f ug{ cTofjZos 5 . :yfgLo 1fg / cEof;x¿sf] jftfj/0fnfO{
ae' m\g, jg;|f]tx¿sf] ;xL pkofu] ug,{ kf| 0fL / jftfj/0flarsf] cGt/;DaGw cWoog ug,{ kf| s[lts
;|f]t tyf ;fwgx¿sf] lbuf] pkof]u ug{ dxŒjk"0f{ el" dsf /xs] f] xG' 5 . :yfgLo 1fg / l;k ;db' fodf
lgDglnlvt cEof;x¿sf] ¿kdf k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 .

-s_ wflds{ / ;f+ :s[lts cEof;x¿ (Religious and cultural practices)

gk] fndf cfkmg\ } wfld{s / ;f+:sl[ ts d"No / dfGotfx¿ 5g . oxfF kf| o ;a} wd{ dfGg] dflg;n] s'g}
g sg' } ¿kdf hLjhGt' tyf jg:kltx¿nfO{ ;dfg ¿kdf dfGg'sf ;fy} b]jL bj] tfsf] ¿kdf k"hf ug]{
ub{5g\ . d;' f, 5'rG' bf| ], xfF;, 3f]8f, ufx] L, ;fF8], l;+x, xfQL, nf6f]sf];/] f], s5'jf cflb hgjf/x¿nfO{
ljleGg bj] L b]jtfsf] jfxgsf] ¿kdf ;Ddfg ul/G5 . To:t}, ufOn{ fO{ lxGbx' ¿ nIdLsf] cjtf/sf ¿kdf
k"hf u5{g\ . tn' ;L, lrp/L, cdnf, sbd, gLd, ?b|fIf, l;;f}, cfkF , lkkn cflb af6] la?jfx¿nfO{ klg
bj] L b]jtfsf] ¿kdf kh" f ug{] ul/G5 .

-v_ cf}ifwLd"ns jg:kltsf] ;/+ If0f (Conservation of medicinal plants)

:yfgLo ;db' fonfO{ ks| l[ tdf kfOg] ;|f]tx¿sf] /fd|f] 1fg x'G5 . ToxL 1fgsf] pkof]u u/]/ jftfj/0fdf
/x]sf xhf/f}F cfi} fwLdn" s jg:kltx¿ ljleGg /fu] pkrf/sf nflu ko| fu] ePsf] bl] vG5 . pbfx/0fsf
nflu lgd;{ L, kfrF cf}Fn,] h6fd;L, l3psd' f/L, afe] mf], x/f]{ cflb jg:kltx¿ ljleGg /f]u jf 3fpsf
cf}ifwLsf] ¿kdf ko| f]u ul/G5 . o; lsl;dsf cfi} fwLdn" s jg:kltx¿sf] dxŒj yfxf ePsfn] clxn]
:yfgLo :t/df ;/+ If0f eO/x]sf 5g\ . o:tf jg:kltx¿ k|ofu] u/L tof/ kf/s] f] cf}ifwLx¿n] /fdf| ]
ahf/ klg kfPsf] 5 .

-u_ afnL rjm| (Crop rotation)

df};d / Ctc' g;' f/ afnL nufpg] cEof;nfO{ afnL rj|m elgG5 . uL| id Ctd' f wfg / lxpbF df ux'F
nufpg] rng klxnb] ]lv rln/xs] f] 5 . o; lsl;dsf] cEof;n] df6fn] fO{ ;d4[ kfg{ tyf afnLdf /f]u
ls/f / emf/ nfUgaf6 hf]ufp5F . oltdfq geP/ jftfj/0fdf x'g] kf]ifs rjm| df (nutrient cycle) 7'nf]
e"ldsf v]ns] f] x'G5 . o; cEof;n] ljljw / ;Gt'lnt kofj{ /0f l;h{gf ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofO/xs] f] xG' 5 .

-3_ k/Dk/fut l;rF fO k|0ffnL (Traditional irrigation system)

klxn] ls;fgx¿n] afnLdf l;FrfO k/Dk/fut k0| ffnLaf6 uy{] . kfgLsf] d'xfg jf ;|ft] af6 sn' f]åf/f
vt] af/Ldf kfgL nufpy] . d'xfgb]lv v]t;Dd k'Ug] cjlwe/L hldgdf cg'k|j]z (infiltration ) xG' 5 /

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 57

o; kl| j|mofn] hnet[ (aquifer) k'ge/{ 0f u/L ;|f]tsf] Ifdtf k"0f{ sfod /fVg] ubY{ of] . t/ clxn] w]/}
7fpFdf 7f;] ;/+ rgf lgdf{0f u/L gofF l;rF fO k|ljlw ckgfOPsf] 5 . o:tf ;+/rgfaf6 k|fsl[ ts cg'k|jz]
xg' kfpbF }g . t;y{ k/Dk/fut l;rF fO k|0ffnL /x]sf] 7fpFdf clxn] klg hnfzo / h}ljs ljljwtfdf
;+/If0f ePsf] 5 .

-ª_ k/Dk/fut kfGfL 36\6 (Traditional water mill)

kfgL 36\6 :yfgLo txdf vfBfGo lk:g] pkoS' t kl| jlw dflgG5 . cem} klg sltko uf| dL0f eu] df
vfBfGg h:t} rfdn, uxF', bfn, d;nf, tf/] L lk:g kfgL 36\6fdf lge/{ 5g\ . of] kl| jlw u'?Tj (gravity)
af6 ;~rflnt x'G5 hg' gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ xf] . o;af6 jfo' k|b"if0f / Wjlg kb| "if0f klg xF'+bg} , t;y{
of] k/Dk/fut k|ljlw jftfj/0fLo b[li6sf0] faf6 pko'St x'G5 / hl} js ljljwtfdf ;dt] ;sf/fTds
c;/ kb5{ .

-r_ h}ljs sL6gfzs k|of]u (Use of bio-pesticides)

u|fdL0f eu] df afnL laufg{] ls/fx¿nfO{ tx nufpg km/s pkfox¿ k|ofu] ePsf] kfOG5 . ux'dF f nfUg]
ls/fnfO{ x6fpg lv/f{sf] kft kmn} fOG5 . o;/L km}nfPsf kftx¿sf] uGwn] ls/f eufO{ afnLsf] pTkfbg
a9fp5F . To;} u/L wfgdf nfUg] ls/f x6fpg vt] df kfgL nufO{ n6\7Ln] emfg]{ rng 5 . emf/s] f]
ls/fsf] ck36g (decomposition) ;l' glZrt ug{ 3dfOnf] lbgdf dfq of] cEof; ul/G5 . o;
lsl;dsf] kf| sl[ ts ls6gf;sn] /f;folgs ls6gf;sn] em} df6fsf] pj/{ fzlSt 36fpbF g} / jfo'd08ndf
3fts ld>0f aGgdf ofu] bfg k¥' ofpFbg} . o; k|sf/sf] afnL pkef]un] dflg;sf] :jf:Yodf klg g/fd|f]
c;/ kfb{g} .

-5_ k/Dk/fut df6fsf] pj/{ fzlSt Joj:yfkg (Traditional soil productivity

management)

df6fsf] pj{/fzlSt Joj:yfkg ug{ ljleGg :yfgLo cEof;x¿ ul/Psf 5g\ . afnLdf dnhn ug{ 3/df
kflnPsf ufO{j:t'sf] dnvfb k|ofu] ug{], p7]sf] hldgsf] efunfO{ kftnf] u/L sf6g\ ] (slicing terrace)
/ la?jfsf] cjz]ifx¿nfO{ hnfpg] cEof;x¿ eO/fvs] f 5g\ . t/ clxn] /f;folgs dn lelqPkl5 /
j:t'kfng 36b\ } uPsfn] o; lsl;dsf] cEof;x¿df :yfgLo cfsif{0f 36b\ } uPsf] 5 . o; lsl;dsf]
1fg / cEof;x¿ ;xL 9ªu\ n] jftfj/0fdq} L ¿kdf ckgfpg ;as} f] Wofgfsif{0f ug{ h?/L 5 .

-h_ k/Dk/fut jg Joj:yfkg (Traditional forest management)

gk] fndf jg Joj:yfkg k0| ffnL ;a} 7fpdF f Ps} lsl;dsf] geP/ k|sl[ tsf] ljljwtf / ;d'bfo ljzi] f
xG' 5 . kxf8L / lxdfnL eu] df jghª\unsf ;|f]tx¿ ToxfsF f :yfgLon] k/Dk/fut k|ljlwaf6 ;/+ If0f

58 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5g\ . o; k|sf/sf] jg Joj:yfkg k0| ffnLdf ;DalGwt sfg'g, gLlt / lgodfjnLsf]
clwgdf /xL jg Joj:yfkg b:tfj]h tof/ kfl/G5 / ;f]cg¿' k g} ;/+ If0f sfo{x¿ ul/G5 .

k/Dk/fut jg Joj:yfkg

:yfgLo k/Dk/fut jg ;+/If0fsf] pbfx/0fsf nflu l;ª gfjfnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . l;ª gfjf Ps :yfgLo
1fg xf], h'g jg / jGohGt' ;+/If0f ug{ pkof]u ul/G5 . zk] f{ efiffdf ‘l;ª’ cyft{ bfp/f jf ?v
/ ‘gfjf’ cyft{\ ;fW] g' xf] . t;y{ l;ª gfjf egs] f] s'g} ?v bfp/f sf6b\ f s;}nfO{ ;fW] g' xf] . z]kf{
;d'bfodf of] rng w]/} klxn] bl] v rlncfPsf] 5 . ToxfF dflg;x¿n] Pp6f afl} 4s cuj' f r'G5g\ .
To; cuj' fn] ;Dk"0f{ ;db' fonfO{ cl3 a9fp5F g . To; cuj' fn] kfqf] tof/ u5{, h;df sg' lbg ?v
sf6\g] sg' lbg sf6\bf clgi6 xg' ] eg]/ pNn]v ul/Psf] x'G5 . dflg;x¿n] jg ;|f]tx¿ k|ofu] ubf{
ToxL kfqfs] f] kfngf u5{g\ . o;af6 hyfefjL ?v sf6g\ ] lj|mofsnfkx¿ xbF' g} g\ / jg ;+/If0fnfO{
a9fjf u5{ .

lS|m|ofsnfk #

hl} js ljljwtf ;+/If0f;DaGwL :yfgLo 1fg tyf l;k

cfjZos ;fduL| M rf6{ kk] / Pp6f

ljlw M tkfOFs{ f] 3/ tyf l5d]sdf kfOg] hLjhGt' tyf jg:kltsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu k|of]u ul/Psf
:yfgLo 1fg tyf l;kx¿sf] l6kf6] ug{x' f;] \ / sIffdf 5nkmnsf nflu k:| t't ug{x' f];\ .

:yfgLo 1fg tyf l;k pbZ] o ko| f]u ug{] ;d'bfosf] ljj/0f
!=
@=
#=

;f/f+z (Summary)

• ks| [lt eGgfn] hutsf k~rtŒj -df6f,] hn, clUg, jfo' / cfsfz_ tyf hLj Pjd\ jg:klt /
o;;Fu cGt/lglxt kf| sl[ ts, ;f:+ sl[ ts / efl} ts jftfj/0f eGg] al' emG5 .

• s'g} klg jg:klt / hLjhGt'sf hflt, kh| flt, jf;:yfg / j+zf0f'sf] ljljwtfnfO{ hl} js ljljwtf
elgG5 .

• h}ljs ljljwtfsf] Åf; dV' o ¿kdf dfgjLo lj|mofsnfkx¿ h:t} hg;ªV\ of j[l¢, cfB} f]lusLs/0f
/ ;x/Ls/0faf6 ePsf 5g\ .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 59

• h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fsf pkfox¿df ;/sf/ / sfg'g, ks| l[ t ;/+ If0f, cltj|mds kh| fltnfO{ x6fpg,]
jf;:yfgsf] k'g:yf{kgf, sb} k|hgg / lap aª} s\ , cg';Gwfg, ck|fsl[ ts hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf c;/
36fpg,] lbuf] pTkfbgx¿sf] ko| fu] / hLjgofkg, ;+/If0f lzIff, ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf kb{5g\ .

• gk] fndf xfn ;Dd !!* cf6] f ljljw kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL klxrfg ePsf] 5 . o;df !!@ jg
kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL, $ v]tL kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL, ! hn kfl/l:yltsLo k0| ffnL, ! lxd r66\ fg
kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL 5g\ .

• g]kfndf xfn;Dd !@ /fli6o« lgsG' h, ! jGohGt' cf/If, ! l;sf/ cf/If, ^ ;+/If0f Ifq] / !#
dWojtL{ Ifq] x¿ 5g\ .

• /y} fg] la?jf / hgfj/ eGgfn] sg' } Pp6f l;ldt ef}ufl] ns If]qdf dfq kfOg] la?jf jf hgfj/nfO{
a'lemG5 .

• sg' } kofo{ j/0f / k|fs[lts jf;:yfgsf] ;+/If0f / To; k|fs[lts ;/] fk] m/] f]df k|hfltsf] cg'/If0f /
;+/If0fnfO{ :j:yfgLo ;/+ If0f elgG5 .

• hl} js ljljwtfsf 36sx¿nfO{ ltgLx¿sf] k|fsl[ ts jf;:yfgeGbf aflx/ ;+/If0f ug{] k|ljlwnfO{
k/:yfgLo ;/+ If0f elgG5 .

• :yfgLo 1fg / cEof;x¿sf dfWodaf6 jftfj/0fnfO{ ae' mg\ , jg;|f]tx¿sf] ;lx pkofu] ug,{ kf| 0fL
/ jftfj/0flarsf] cGt/;DaGw cWoog ug{, k|fs[lts ;f| ]t tyf ;fwgx¿sf] lbuf] pkofu] ug{
dxŒjk0" f{ el" dsf /xs] f] x'G5 .

cEof;

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] clt 5f6] f] pQ/ nV] g'xf;] \ M

-s_ ks| [lt eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ hl} js ljljwtf egs] f] s] xf] < h}ljs ljljwtsf k|sf/ nV] g'xf;] \ .
-u_ g]kfndf slt y/Lsf /}yfg] k|hfltx¿ ;"rLs[t ul/Psf] 5 <
-3_ :j:yfgLo ;/+ If0fsf] kl/efiff n]Vg'xf];\ .
-ª_ k/:yfgLo ;+/If0fsf] kl/efiff nV] gx' f];\ .
-r_ jg:klt aurF} f eg]sf] s] xf] <
-5_ /8] Kn;sf kfrF lj|mofsnfkx¿ pNnv] ug'x{ f];\ .
-h_ h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f;DaGwL gk] fnsf gLltx¿sf] ;r" L tof/ agfpg'xf];\ .

60 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

@= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M

-s_ hl} js ljljwtfsf] dxŒjnfO{ 5f6] s/Ldf j0f{g ugx{' f];\ .
-v_ h}ljs ljljwtf x|f; x'gfsf sf/0fx¿ / o;sf c;/x¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
-u_ h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fsf pkfox¿ nv] L s'g} tLgsf] JofVof ug'{xf;] \ .
-3_ k/Dk/fut jg Joj:yfkgsf af/d] f 5f]6s/Ldf nV] g'xf];\ .
-ª_ gk] fnsf ;/+ If0f Ifq] x¿sf] 5f]6f] kl/ro lbgx' f;] \ .

#= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] nfdf] pQ/ n]Vgx' f;] \ M

-s_ hl} js ljljwtf ;+/If0f ug{ xfn gk] fndf eO/xs] f ko| f;x¿ klxrfg ugx'{ f;] \ / k|efjsf/L
¿kdf ;/+ If0f ug]{ pkfox¿ ;DaGwdf ;'emfj lbg'xf;] \ .

-v_ h}ljs ljljwtf ;/+ If0f sfod{ f :yfgLo 1fgsf] dxŒjk0" f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . ts{ lbgx' f;] \ .

kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Project work)

-s_ cfkmg\ f] ufpF jf jf;:yfgsf] glhsdf /x]sf] k/:yfgLo ;/+ If0f Ifq] sf] cjnf]sg u/L pSt Ifq] df
eO/xs] f sfo{x¿sf] l6kf6] / ;w' f/sf pkfox¿sf] klxrfg u/L k|ltjb] g tof/ kf/L 5nkmn
ug{'xf;] \ .

-v_ cfkmg\ f] ufpF jf jf;:yfgsf] glhsdf /x]sf sg' } ;/+ lIft Ifq] sf] e|d0f ug{x' f;] \ / ToxfF cjl:yt
hLjhGt' tyf jg:kltx¿sf] ;r" L tof/ u/L sIffdf k:| tt' ug{x' f;] \ .

zAbfjnL (Glossary)
jg M jg eGgfn] Go"gtd If]qkmn )=% x]S6/;Dd ePsf], Go"gtd 5q (crown) 3gTj !) b]lv #)

k|ltzt;Dd /x]sf] / la?jfsf] Go"gtd prfO @–% ld6/;Dd ePsf] If]q -x/s] /fi6n« ] cfkm\ gf] d'ns' sf]
ljlzi6tfnfO{ b[li6ut ub{} ljleGg 5q 3gTjsf] ;Ldf lgwf{/0f ug{] k|rng klg 5 _

h}ljs ljljwtf M kY[ jLsf ;Dk0" f{ ;"IdhLj, hGt,' jg:klt / ltgLx¿sf] j+zf0f' tyf kfl/l:ylts

k|0ffnLx¿sf] ljljw lsl;d

cg'udg M ljleGg jftfj/l0fo ;+/rgfx¿ tyf kb| i" f0faf/] yfxf kfpg u/Lg] lg/LIf0f jf :ynut

ed| 0f jf k/LIf0f

cjzf]if0f M la?jfx¿sf] h/fn] kfgL, vlgh cflb ;f]:g] k|lj|mof
dxf;lGw M bO' { jf b'Oe{ Gbf a9L /fi6x« ¿af6 cg'df]lbt sfg'g ;Ddt b:tfj]h

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 61

hLjfZd OGwg M pmhf{ kf| lKtsf lgldQ OGwgsf ¿kdf k|ofu] ug{ ;lsg] hLjfjz]if -h:tM} sfO] nf,

kf| sl[ ts Uof;F _

;+/If0f M ;f| t] sf] ljjs] k0" f{ ko| fu] tyf lg/Gt/tf / To;sf] u'0ffTds kIfnfO{ sfod /fVg ul/g] of]hgf
;fdb' flos jg M :yfgLo hgtf jf ;db' fon] cfkm\g} lxtsf lgldQ cfkmg\ } k|of;df sfgg' L ¿kdf

dfGotf kf| Kt u/L ;+/If0f u/s] f] ;femf jg

jI[ f/f]k0f M vfnL hUufdf ?v tyf af6] la?jf /fK] g] sfo{
:j:yfgLo M hLjhGt' tyf jg:kltnfO{ pgLx¿s} jf;:yfg jf jftfj/0fdf ;+/If0f ug{] sfo{
jg:klt pBfg M ljljw lsl;dsf jg:kltx¿nfO{ k|fsl[ ts jf s[ltd jftfj/0fdf x'sf{O{ tof/

ul/Psf] pBfg

/y} fg] M cfkm\gf] pTklt :yfgdf dfq kfOg] hLj
ldrfxf kh| flt M hfgLhfgL cyjf cGhfgd} ul/Psf] dfgjLo ljm| ofsnfksf sf/0f cfkm\gf] P]ltxfl;s

jf;:yfgeGbf aflx/ dfgj ;xof]ulagf g} kf| s[lts ¿kdf kml} ng] kh| flt

62 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

PsfO jftfj/0fLo k|bi" f0f

$ (Environmental Pollution)

$=! kl/ro (Introduction)

jftfj/0fLo kb| i" f0f dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf;j|md;Fu} ;'? ePsf] dflgG5 . k/fkj" { sfndf vf; u/L
nfdf] ;do s'g} :yfgdf dfgj a:tL a;f]af; ubf{ pSt Ifq] df pgLx¿n] l;sf/ u/]sf hgfj/sf
cl:yk~h/nufotsf j:t'x¿ kmfx] f]/sf] ¿kdf pT;lh{t xG' Yof] . t/ To;a]nf yf]/} hg;ªV\ of ePsf]
xg' fn] jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0fsf] uDeL/ ;d:of l;hg{ f ePsf] lyPg . hg;ª\Vof jl[ ¢;uF } a9b\ f] ;fdflhs
cfly{s ultljlwx¿ h:t}M cfw'lgs sl[ if k0| ffnL, cf}Bf]lusLs/0f, efl} ts lgdf{0f, a9\bf] pkef]StfjfbL
k|j[lQ h:tf sf/0fn] jftfj/0f ljgfzsf] hf]lvd al9/x]sf] 5 . jftfj/0f ljgfzn] ubf{ xfd|f] jl/kl/sf]
xfjf, kfgL, hldg cflbsf] kf| sl[ ts :j¿kdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ k|b"if0f elgG5 . lglZrt dfqfdf
ePsf] kb| "if0fnfO{ jftfj/0f cfkm}Fn] klg z'¢Ls/0f ul//x]sf] xG' 5 t/ ljsf;;uF } k|fsl[ ts ;|ft] df ePsf]
cTolws bfx] gn] ubf{ xfd|f] jl/kl/sf] xfjf ;f; kmg] { c:j:ys/ xFb' } uPsf] 5, gbLgfnfx¿ hnr/ljxLg
xg' yfn]sf 5g\, vt] LofU] o pj/{ hldgx¿sf] pj{/fzlSt gfz xbF' } uO/xs] f] 5 .

s'g} j:t'sf] pkl:yltn] xfdf| ] jl/kl/sf] xfjf, kfgL, df6fsf] efl} ts, h}ljs / /f;folgs u'0fdf kl/jtg{
NofO{ dfgj, hLjhGt' tyf ;Dkbfdf k'Ug] hf]lvdnfO{ kb| i" f0f (pollution) elgG5 . jftfj/0fdf kb| "if0f
u/fpg ;xof]u ug{] j:t'x¿nfO{ kb| "ifs (pollutant) elgG5 . k|b"ifsx¿ /f;folgs, h}ljs jf ef}lts
tŒjx¿ jf ltgLx¿sf ljleGg :j¿k xg' ;S5g\ . h:t}M w'nf,] wj' fF, k/fus0f, tfk, ljls/0f, Wjlg
cflb

xfdLn] xfd|f] jl/kl/ ljleGg lsl;dsf k|b"if0fsf cj:yf bV] g] u/s] f 5fF} . vf]nfsf] lsgf/df km\ofF lsPsf
7f]; kmf]xf/] tyf kz| fw] g lagf ld;fOPsf 9nn] tL vf]nfsf] kfgL kb| l" ift xb'F } uPsf] 5 . ToxL kmf]xf/] af6
xfjfdf bu' {Gw km}lnFbf jfo' k|b"if0f eO{ Zjf;k|Zjf; kl| j|mofdf ;dt] cK7\of/f] kg{ ;S5 . oftfoftsf
;fwg tyf cf}Bf]lus pks/0fx¿ ;~rfng xbF' f k|ToIf ¿kn] jfo' tyf Wjlg kb| "if0f u/fO/xs] f x'G5g\ .
;fy} o:tf ;fwgsf] ;/;kmfO tyf ddt{ ;Def/ x'Fbf lg:sg] t]nhGo jf /f;folgs kbfyx{ ¿ / lalu|Psf
;fduL| x¿ hyfefjL kmfNgfn] hldg tyf kfgLdf kb| "if0f ul//x]sf xG' 5g\ . To:t} vt] af/Ldf hyfefjL
k|ofu] ul/g] /f;folgs dn / sL6gfzs cfi} fwLn] lxhf]cfh df6fsf] pTkfbsTjdf xf| ; cfO/x]sf] 5 .
Psflt/ cfwl' gsLs/0f;Fu} ljBt' Lo tyf ;~rf/sf pks/0fsf] a9\bf] k|of]u;uF } lgl:sPsf kmf]xf/] sf]
Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfo{ rg' ft} L ¿kdf l;hg{ f ePsf] 5 eg] csf]{lt/ /]l8ofw] dL{ kbfy{sf] k|of]uaf6
lgl:sPsf ljls/0fn] jftfj/0fdf gsf/fTds c;/ k'¥ofPsf 5g\ .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 63

o; PsfOdf ljiffSt kmfx] f/] d}nf, ljBt' Lo kmfx] f/] , /]l8ofw] dL{ k|bi" f0fsf] kl/ro, c;/, aRg] pkfo,
Joj:yfkg / Go"gLs/0fsf ko| f;x¿sf] af/d] f cWoog ul/g] 5 .

$=@ ljiffSt kmfx] f]/dn} f (Hazardous waste)

dfgj :jf:Yo / jftfj/0fdf hfl] vd k'¥ofpg ;Sg] ljz]iftf ePsf kmf]xf]/nfO{ ljiffSt kmfx] f]/d}nf
elgG5 .
o:tf kmf]xf/] d}nfx¿ ljiffn' (toxic), lj:kmf6] s (explosive), k|HjngzLn (flammable), lvofpg]
(corrosive) / k|ltlj|mofzLn (reactive) ljz]iftf ePsf xG' 5g\ -lrq $=!_ . ljiffSt kmf]xf/] dn} f
3/, c:ktfn, cfB} f]lus pTkfbg kl| j|mof, Jofkfl/s If]q, s[lif Ifq] cflbaf6 7f;] , t/n, Uof;F tyf
nb] fs] f] ¿kdf lgisf;g x'G5g\ . ljiffSt kmfx] f/] dn} fx¿n] dfgj :jf:Yo / jftfj/0fdf k¥' ofpg] c;/
tyf ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ hl6n ks| l[ tsf 5g\ . To;n} ] o:tf kmfx] f]/sf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;ªs\ ng,
e08f/0f, 9'jfgL, k|zf]wg / la;hg{ ubf{ ljz]if tl/sf ckgfpgk' g]{ x'G5 .

$=@=! ljiffSt kmf]xf/] d}nfsf] ljz]iftf (Characteristics of hazardous wastes)

s'g} lglZrt k|sl[ tsf kmfx] f]/dn} fnfO{ ljiffSt kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] ¿kdf juL{s/0f ul/G5 . ljiffSt
kmfx] f/] d}nfsf ljz]iftfx¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M

-s_ k|HHjngzLn (Flammable)

k|HjngzLn kbfy{x¿ ;lhn;} Fu hn/] ljiffSt UofF; lgsfnL ks| f]k l;h{gf ub{5g\ . o:tf kbfy{x¿sf]
hNg] laGb' (flashpoint) ^) l8uL| ;l] N;o; tfkjm| deGbf sd xg' ;S5 . ljleGg lsl;dsf tn] hGo
/ª, ud, /l] hg, k6|] «fl] nod kbfy{ h:tf kbfyx{ ¿ k|HHjngzLn kbfy{ xg' \ . :oflg6fOh/, gªkfln;
ty gªkfln; x6fpg], UofF;fl] ng, 3/df nufpg] /ª kftnf] kfg]{ h:tf t/n k|bfy{x¿ bl} gs hLjgdf
ko| fu] x'g] sx] L kH| HjngzLn kbfy{ x'g\ . o;k|sf/sf ljiffSt kmfx] f]/x¿ k|fo t/n cj:yfsf x'G5g\ .
cf}Bfl] us pTkfbgx¿sf n]jndf k|HHjngzLn ;'/Iff ljj/0f ;ªs\ t] tyf ;fjwfgLsf pkfox¿ pNn]v
ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

-v_ lvofpg] (Corrosive)

cDnLo jf Iffo kbfy{x¿ lvofpg] ljz]iftf ePsf xG' 5g\ . o:tf kbfy{x¿x¿n] ;Dks{df cfPsf cGo
kbfyx{ ¿nfO{ lvofpg] jf gi6 kf5g{ \ . vf; u/L lkPr @ jf ;fe] Gbf sd tyf !@=% jf ;f]eGbf a9L
ePsf t/n kbfy{x¿ lvofpg] ljiffSt kmf]xf/] cGtut{ kb5{ g\ . xfO8f« ]Snfl] /s Pl;8, ;Nkmo\ l' /s Pl;8,
gfOl6s« Pl;8, P;]l6s Pl;8 cflb sx] L lvofpg] ljzi] ftf ePsf cDnLo kbfy{ x'g\ . To:t} ;fl] 8od
xfO8«fc] S;fO8, sfl:6s kf]6f;, sfl:6s ;f8] f cflb lvofpg] ljz]iftf ePsf Iff/Lo kbfyx{ ¿ x'g\ .

64 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

lvofpg] ljzi] ftf ePsf kbfy{x¿nfO{ pBfu] x¿df wftn' fO{ ;kmf ug{ klg k|of]u ul/G5 . o:tf
kbfy{x¿nfO{ k|of]u u/L ;s]kl5 cJojl:yt tl/sfn] lj;h{g ubf{ lvofpg] ljiffSt kmfx] f]/sf ¿kdf
jftfj/0fdf c;/ k'¥ofpbF 5g\ .

-u_ k|ltlj|mofzLn jf lj:kmf]6s (Reactive or explossive)

o; ks| f/sf kbfyx{ ¿ ;fwf/0f cj:yfdf klg cl:y/ k|s[ltsf x'G5g\ . k|ltlj|mofzLn kbfyx{ ¿nfO{
ttfPdf jf ;ª\sr' g ubf{ jf kfgLdf ld;fpbf lj:kmf]6g x'g], ljiffSt UofF; lgisf;g ug{] jf jfikLs/0f
x'G5g\ . af?b, ;fOgfO8, lnlyod ;Nkm/ o'St Aof6L« cflb k|ltlj|mofzLn ljiffSt kbfy{x¿sf pbfx/0f
xg' \ .

-3_ ljiffn' (Toxic)

ljiffn' k|sf/df /;fog, ux|f}F wft', ljls/0f jf xflgsf/s hLjf0f' cflb /xs] f 7f;] , t/n jf nb] f]
cj:yfsf kbfy{x¿ kb5{ g\ . o; lsl;dsf kbfy{x¿ /xs] f] df6f,] kfgL jf xfjfdf dflg;, jg:klt
tyf hgfj/ ;Dksd{ f cfpbf gsf/fTds c;/ k¥' ofpFb5 . ljiffn' kmfx] f]/x¿ h:t} M sL6gfzs
ljiffbL, ;/;kmfOdf ko| f]u x'g] /;fog cflbn] kfgLsf ;f| ]t d'Vo u/L e"ldut hn e08f/0fnfO{ k|bl" ift
kfb{5g\ . To:t} kf/f] (mercury) ldl;Psf] gbLsf] df5f vfbF f dflg; jf hgfj/sf] z/L/df ku' L c;/
k¥' ofpF5g\ .

lrq $=! M ljiffSt kbfy{ hgfpg ko| f]u x'g] ;'/Iff ;ª\st] 65

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

$=@=@ ljiffSt kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] juL{s/0f (Classification of hazardous waste)

ljiffSt kmfx] f]/dn} fx¿nfO{ d'Vo ¿kn] kfFr lsl;ddf juLs{ /0f ug{ ;lsG5, ltgLx¿sf] 5f6] s/Ldf
j0f{g tn ul/Psf] 5 M

-s_ /l] 8of]wdL{ kbfy{ (Radioactive substances)

/]l8of]wdL{ kbfyx{ ¿ cl:y/ cj:yfdf /x]sf x'G5g\ / logLx¿af6 lgisf;g xg' ] ljls/0fx¿ hLljt
j:t'sf nflu xflgsf/s xG' 5g\ . /]l8ofw] dL{ ljiffSt kmf]xf]/x¿ jftfj/0fdf nfdf] ;do;Dd /lx/xg]
ePsfn] /l] 8of]wdL{ kbfys{ f] Joj:yfkgsf nflu ljzi] f ;hutf ckgfpg'kg{] x'G5 . h:t} M o'/l] god,
/fl8od, yf]l/od, Kn'6fl] god cflb

-v_ ljiffSt /;fogx¿ (Toxic chemicals)

ljiffSt /;fognfO{ d'Vot rf/ ;dx" df juLs{ /0f ug{ ;lsG5 M
• sl[ qd tl/sfn] lgdf{0f ul/Psf kbfy{ -h:tM} sL6gfzs cf}ifwL, o'l/of cflb_
• wft' -h:t}M cf;l]{ gs, l;;f, Sof8ldod, kf/f] cflb_
• nj0f, cDn tyf Iff/Lo tŒj tyf ofl} us -h:t} M ;fl] 8od, xfO8f« S] nfl] /s Pl;8, sfl:6s ;f8] f cflb_
• k|HHjgnzLn tyf lj:kmf]6s kbfy{ -h:t} M xG] 8 :ofgL6fOh/, g]n kfl] n;, Uof;F fl] ng cflb ._

-u_ hLj lrlsT;f kmf]xf/] (Biomedical waste)

hl} js kmf]xf/] lgisf;g ug{] d'Vo ;f| t] x¿df c:ktfn / hl} js cg';Gwfg sG] b|x¿ kb{5g\ . o:tf hl} js
kmf]xf]/x¿n] ljiffSt kbfy{ pTkfbg u/L cGo hLljt j:t'x¿nfO{ c;/ k¥' ofpg ;S5g\ . o;ks| f/sf
kmfx] f/] x¿df c:ktfndf zNoljm| of ubf{ sfl6Psf z/L/sf cª\u, ;ªj\ |mldt ;O' {, k|ofu] ul/;lsPsf]
AofG8h] , Dofb ku' ]sf cf}ifwL cflb kb5{ g\ .

-3_ kH| HjngzLn kmf]xf]/ (Flammable waste)

kH| jngzLn kmfx] f]/sf] ;ªs\ ng, e08f/g tyf lj;hg{ ubf{ ;jwfgL ckgfpg h?/L x'G5 . o:tf
kmf]xf]/x¿ 7f;] , t/n jf UofF;s} :j¿kdf x'g] ePtf klg w/] h} ;f] cj:yfdf t/n cj:yfdf kfOG5 .
h:t} M hl} js 3f]ns, tn] hGo kbfy,{ h}ljs nb] f] cflb

-ª_ lj:kmf]6s kmfx] f/] (Explosive waste)

k|HHjngzLn kmfx] f/] x¿ h:t}M lj:kmf]6s kmf]xf/] cflbsf] ;ª\sng, e08f/0f tyf lj;hg{ ubf{ ;fjwfgL
ckgfpg h?/L x'G5 . o:tf kmfx] f]/x¿df d'Votof tf]kvfgfaf6 pT;lht{ xg' ] af?b tyf cfB} f]lus
Uof;F x¿ kb{5g\ .

66 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

$=@=# ljiffSt kmf]xf/] d}nfsf ;f| ]tx¿

xfdf| ] jl/kl/ tyf ljleGg cfB} fl] us Ifq] af6 ljiffSt kmfx] f/] dn} f slt dfqfdf s:tf lsl;dsf pT;hg{ eO/xs] f
xG' 5g\ eGg] s/' f yfxf kfPdf logLx¿sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lhnf] xG' 5 . o;sf nflu ljiffSt kmfx] f/] dn} fsf
;f| t] x¿ Yffxf kfpg h?/L xG' 5 . tflnsf $=! Dff ljiffSt kmfx] f/] sf dV' o ;f| t] x¿ pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf $=!M ljiffSt kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] juLs{ /0f

juL{s/0f ;f| t]
/]l8of]wdL{ kbfy{
cg;' Gwfg sG] b|, ljBfno tyf ljZjljBfnosf k|of]uzfnf, c:ktfn,
ljiffSt /;fog k/df0f' pmhf{ s]Gb| cflb
hl} js kmf]xf/]
/f;folgs dnvfb pTkfbg ug{] pBfu] , ljBfno tyf ljZjljBfnosf
ko| fu] zfnf, ljB'tLo pks/0f, c:ktfn, lSnlgs, k/df0f' pmhf{ s]Gb,|
Aof6«L tyf /;fog laj|mL e08f/ cflb

hl} js cg;' Gwfg sG] b,| cf}ifwL pBf]u, c:ktfn cflb

kH| HjngzLn kmfx] f/] 8«fO lSng/, k6]| «fl] nod k|zf]wg sG] b,| k]6«fn] kDk cflb

lj:kmf6] s kbfy{ lgdf{0f sDkgL, 8«fOlSng/, v/vhgf lgdf0{ f ;+oGq

(Source: Tchobaanoglous, 1993)

$=@=$ ljiffSt kmfx] f]/d}nf Joj:yfkg (Management of hazardous waste)

ljiffSt kmfx] f/] sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ o;sf] lgisf;g, ;ªs\ ng tyf e08f/g, 9j' fgL, kz| fw] g tyf lj;hg{ df
ljzi] f Wofg k¥' ofpgk' b5{ . ljiffSt kmfx] f/] dn} fsf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu lgDg pkfox¿ ckgfpgk' b5{ M

-s_ lgisf;g (Generation)

ljiffSt kmfx] f/] sf] pTkfbg xg' ] ;f| t] x¿sf] klxrfg ug{ ;lsPdf o;sf] Jofj:yfkg ug{ ;lhnf] xG' 5 .
s'g} If]qaf6 slt dfqfdf s;/L ljiffSt kmfx] f/] sf] pTkfbg xG' 5 yfxf kfpg ;a}eGbf klxn] pSt If]qsf]
lj:tt[ cWoog ug{' cfjZos x'G5 . o:tf kmf]xf/] sf ks| f/, pTkflbt kl/df0f / ;Defljt lgisf;g
x'g;Sg] kl/df0f yfxf kfPdf Joj:yfkgsf plrt pkfo cjnDag ug{ ;lsG5 .

-v_ e08f/g (Storage)

ljiffSt kmf]xf/] sf] pTkfbg kl5 o;sf] pko'St tl/sfn] e08f/g ul/g'kb{5 . ljiffSt kmfx] f/] sf]
ks| f/cg;' f/ e08f/g ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpgk' b5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu olb ljiffSt kmfx] f]/ wftd' f
lvofnfUg] lsl;dsf eP wft'sf] efF8fdf ;ªs\ ng gu/L l;;fsf] efF8fdf /fVgk' b5{ .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 67

-u_ :yfgfGt/0f (Transfer)

ljiffSt kmfx] f]/nfO{ e08f/g ul/Psf] 7fpFaf6 k|zfw] g s]Gb;| Dd :yfgfGt/0f ubf{ ljz]if ;fjwfgL
ckgfpgk' b{5 . t/n ljiffSt kmfx] f]/nfO{ ;fwf/0ftof e08f/g ul/Psf] efF8faf6 tfg/] :yfgfGt/0f ug]{
ef8F fdf vGofOG5 eg] n]bf] jf 7f;] kmf]xf/] nfO{ e08f/g ul/Psf] efF8fn] fO{ g} 9j' fgL ug{] ;fwgdf /fvL
kz| f]wg sG] b|;Dd k¥' ofOG5 . t/ xfdf| ] b]zdf cem} klg ljiffSt kmf]xf]/nfO{ cGo ;fwf/0f lsl;dsf
kmf]xf]/;Fu+ } 9'jfgL ug]{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ljiffSt kmfx] f/] nfO{ cnUu} ;ªs\ ng, 9'jfgL tyf lj;h{g ugk'{ g{]
x'G5 h;n] ubf{ Joj:yfkg vr{ s]xL a9\g ;Sg] eP tfklg o;af6 x'g] hf]lvd sd x'G5 . To;n} ]
ks| f/sf kmfx] f]/x¿ pTkfbg xg' ] ;f| ]tdf g} lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsPdf o;af6 dfgj :jf:Yo / jftfj/0fdf
kU' g] c;/ sd xg' s' f ;fy} 9j' fgL tyf kz| f]wg ug{ nfUg] vr{ sd ug{ ;lsG5 .

-3_ k|zf]wg (Processing)

ljiffSt kmf]xf/] nfO{ k|zf]wg u/L pkof]uL kbfy{x¿ k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . ljiffSt kmfx] f]/nfO{ logLx¿sf]
k|s[lt x]/L s]xLnfO{ pTkfbg x'g] If]qdf k|zf]wg ul/G5 eg] s]xLnfO{ k|zf]wg s]Gb|df NofO{ k|zf]wg
ul/G5 . ef}lts, /f;folgs, tfkLo tyf h}ljs ljlwsf] dfWodaf6 ljiffSt kmf]xf]/nfO{ k|zf]wg
ug]{ ul/G5 . tflnsf $=@ df ljiffSt kmf]xf]/sf] juL{s/0fcg';f/ s]xL k|zf]wgsf ljlwx¿ pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf $=@ M ljiffSt kmfx] f/] sf] juLs{ /0fcg';f/sf] kz| fw] g ljlw

kmfx] f/] sf k|sf/ kmfx] f]/sf] cj:yf k|zfw] gsf] ljlw
• ux|fF} wftl' jxLg ch}ljs /;fog
• ux|fF} wft'oS' t ch}ljs /;fog t/n Eff}lts
• ux|fF} wft'ljxLg h}ljs /;fog
• ux|f}F wft'o'St h}ljs /;fog

• ux|fF} wft'ljxLg ch}ljs /;fog t/n /f;folgs
• uxf| }F wft'oS' t chl} js /;fog

• ux|f}F wft'ljxLg hl} js /;fog 7f];, t/n / UofF; TffkLo
t/n hl} js
• ux|f}F wfto' S' t hl} js /;fog
• uxf| }F wftl' jxLg hl} js /;fog

68 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

-ª_ lj;h{g (Disposal)

ljiffSt kmfx] f]/ h'g;s' } :j¿kdf eP klg logLx¿nfO{ hldg ;tx glhs jf hldgsf] ulx/fOdf uf8g\ ]
ul/G5 . Go"g dfqfdf ljiffSt kmf]xf]/nfO{ cGo ;fwf/0f kmf]xf]/;Fu+ } NofG8lkmn ;fO6df /fVg ;lsG5
t/ 7'nf] dfqfdf ljiffSt kmfx] f/] nfO{ NofG8lkmn ;fO6df /fVbf jftfj/0fdf gsf/fTds c;/x¿ h:t} M
hldgaf6 r'lxP/ e"ldut hne08f/ ljiffSt x'g] jf cGo kmf]xf/] ;uF+ kl| tlj|mof u/L lj:kmf]6s jf ljiffSt
Uof;F aGg_] x'g] ePsfn] ljiffSt kmfx] f/] sf] lj;h{g ug{ cnUu} ;+/rgfsf] cfjZostf kb5{ .

ljm| ofsnfk $=! M el" dut hne08f/ k|bi" f0f

cfjZos ;fduL|

-s_ lkwF sfl6Psf b'Oc{ f6] f af]tn

-v_ lunf; bO' {cf]6f

-u_ df6f], afn'jf, lu6\6L, r66\ fgsf 6'j|mf

-3_ kfgL ePsf] hf/ b'Oc{ f6] f

-ª_ kfgL /ª jf d;L

ljlw
• b'Oc{ f]6f lunf; lnP/ 7f8f] kfg{'xf];\ / tL lunf;df lkFw sfl6Psf af]tnsf] dv' lt/sf] efu
3f]K6\ofpg'xf];\ . o;kl5 b'j} af]tndf klxn] r66\ fgsf 6'j|mf, To;kl5 lu66\ L, afn'jf /
df6fsf] tx ldnfP/ /fVg'xf];\ .
• kfgL ePsf b'Oc{ f]6f hf/ lng'xf];\ / tLdWo] Pp6fdf df6f] ld;fO{ wldnf] kfgx'{ f];\ / csf]{ hf/df
kfgL /ª jf d;L ld;fP/ /ª\uLg agfpg'xf];\ . /ªu\ Lg kfgL ePsf] hf/n] /;fog ldl;Psf]
kfgLsf] kl| tlglwTj ub5{ .
• wldnf] kfl/Psf] hf/sf] kfgLnfO{ lunf;df 3f]K6o\ fOPsf] lkFw sfl6Psf] Pp6f af]tndf
vGofpg'xf;] \ / csf{] /ª\uLg kfgL /flvPsf] hf/sf] kfgLnfO{ csf{] af]tndf vGofpgx' f];\ .
• bj' } af]tnaf6 lgl:sPsf] lunf;df hDdf ePsf] kfgLsf] cjnfs] g ug'{xf];\ .
• wldnf] kfgL /flvPsf] aft] naf6 sx] L dfqfdf ;kmf kfgL lgl:sP/ lunf;df hDdf ePsf]
kfOG5 . o;sf] cy{ r66\ fgsf 6'j|mf, lu66\ L, afn'jf / df6fsf] txn] sx] L dfqfdf kfgLnfO{
;kmf agfO/x]sf] xG' 5 . t/ /ªu\ Lg kfgL h:tfsf] t:t} tn lunf;df hDdf ePsf] x'G5 .
o;af6 s] :ki6 x'G5 eg] /;fog ldl;Psf] kfgL k|fs[lts tj/n] z¢' Ls/0f xg' g;sL e"ldut
hne08f/nfO{ ljiffSt agfp5F .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 69

$=# ljBt' Lo kmfx] f]/ (Electrical and electronic waste or e-waste)

ljutdf ePsf s[lif / cfB} f]lus jm| flGtkl5 ljZjn] ;"rgf kl| jlwsf If]qdf 7n' f] km8\sf] df/]sf] 5 .
;r" gf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] hLjgofkgdf cfd"n kl/jtg{ cfpgs' f ;fy} ljB'tLo pks/0fx¿ dflg;sf]
hLjgsf cleGg cªu\ aGg k'us] f 5g\ . ljBt' Lo pks/0fsf] a9\bf] pkofu] ;+uF } ljB'tLo kmfx] f]/
Joj:yfkgsf] rg' ft} L klg a9b\ f] /xs] f] 5 -lrq $=@_ .

k/' fgf / sfd gnfUg] egL
kmflnPsf ljleGg ks| f/sf ljB'tLo
pks/0fx¿ -h:t} M sDKo'6/,
Nofk6k, 6\ofa, l;8L tyf l8le8L
Kn]o/, dfa] fOn, lx6/nufotsf
;fdu|Lx¿_ nfO{ (e-waste)
ljBt' Lo kmf]xf]/ elgG5 . tLj|
¿kdf kl| jlwdf ePsf] ljsf; tyf
ljBt' Lo ;fduL| x¿sf] a9b\ f] pTkfbg
/ vktn] o:tf kmfx] f/] sf] kl/df0f
ljZjdf g} lbgfg'lbg a9b\ f] j|mddf /xs] f] 5 . Psflt/ kmf]xf/] sf] dfqf a9\g' csf]{lt/ o:tf ljBt' Lo
;fduL| df /xs] f ljiffSt kbfy{ plrt Joj:yfkg gug]{ xf] eg] dfgj :jf:Yo / jftfj/0fdf gsf/fTds
c;/ kg{ hfG5 . t/ g]kfndf o:tf ljBt' Lo kmfx] f]/ kg' Mrjm| 0f / Joj:yfkgsf nflu cfjZos kg{]
plrt kl| jlwsf] cefj /x]sf] 5 .

$=#=! ljB'tLo kmfx] f/] sf] juL{s/0f (Categories of e-waste)

ljBt' Lo kmf]xf/] nfO{ ljBt' Lo ;fdu|Lsf] ko| f]usf cfwf/df tflnsf $=# df juLs{ /0f ul/Psf] 5 M

tflnsf $=#M ljB'tLo kmfx] f/] sf] juL{s/0f / ;fdu|Lsf] gfd

ljB'tLo ;fduL| sf] juL{s/0f ;fduL| sf] gfd
3/fo;L ko| fh] gsf 7'nf pks/0fx¿
/]lk|mh]/]6/, jfl;ª dl] ;g, dfOjm| f]je] , lx6/, Po/ slG8;g/,
s'n/, ljBt' Lo kª\vf

3/fo;L ko| f]hgsf ;fgf pks/0fx¿ Eofsd' lSng/, cfO/g, 6f]:6/, skmL d]l;g, ljB'tLo bfx|L
sf6\g] dl] ;g, 38L, xo] / 8f« o/ cflb

;r" gf kl| jlw tyf ;~rf/ pks/0f sDKo6' /, Nofk6k, lkG| 6/, kmf]6f]skL d]l;g, 6fOk /fO6/,
Sofnsn' ]6/, 6l] nkmfg] , df]afOn, l;8L, lel;8L cflb

70 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

bl} gs pkefu] sf ;fdu|L /l] 8of,] l6eL, Sofd/] f, ;fpG8 aS;, ;fª\uLlts pks/0f
k|sfz lbg] pks/0f cflb

lrd, 6o\ 'anfO6 cflb

ljBt' Lo pks/0f l8«n, cf/f, l;nfpg] d]l;g

vn] sb' sf ;fduL| v]nfg} f, lel8of] u]d cflb
dl] 8sn pks/0f
cg'udgsf pks/0f el] G6n6] /, 8fonfOl;; pks/0f, ljBt' Lo ko| fu] zfnfsf
pks/0f, /]l8ofy] ]/fkL pks/0f

:dfs] l86S] 6/, tfkdfg lgoGqs,

:jrflnt l8;k]G;/ k]o kbfy{ tyf vfB kbfy{ tftf] agfpg] pks/0f

$=#=@ ljBt' Lo kmf]xf]/sf ;|ft] x¿ (Sources of e-waste)

cfhsfn x/]s Ifq] df ljBt' Lo pks/0fsf] dfu a9b\ f] 5 . o:tf pks/0fn] dflg;sf b}lgs cfjZostfsf
sfo{x¿ ;lhnf,] l56f] / ke| fjsf/L 9ªn\ ] ug{ ;S5g\ . o:tf pks/0fx¿ lglZrt ;dofjlwkl5 sfd
gnfUg] xG' 5g\ hg' ljBt' Lo kmfx] f/] sf] ¿kdf xfdf| ] jftfj/0fdf cfpF5g\ . ljBt' Lo kmf]xf/] sf ;f| t] x¿nfO{
lgDglnlvt tl/sfn] 56' \ofO{ cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 M

-s_ 3/ (Household)

ljB'tLo kmfx] f]/sf] kd| v' ;|f]t 3/fo;L k|of]hgsf pks/0fx¿ xg' \ . k'/fgf / laluP| sf pks/0fx¿
ddt{ u//] k|of]udf Nofpg'sf] ;6\6f kl| jlwsf] ljsf; / ablnFbf] hLjgz}nLn] ubf{ gofF gofF ljB'tLo
pks/0fsf] dfu a9\b} uPsf] 5 . o;sf cnfjf sDKo'6/ h:tf pks/0fdf ko| fu] xg' ] ;km\6j]o/ l56f]
l56f] kl/jt{g xg' fn] klg o:tf pks/0fsf] pkof]u ug{] cjlw 5f6] f] xg' kU' 5 / pkefS] tfx¿ gofF
pks/0f lsGg afWo xG' 5g\ . 3/af6 lg:sg] ljB'tLo kmf]xf]/ bO' { k|sf/sf x'G5g\ M

• 3/fo;L pks/0fx¿ -h:t}M n'ufwg' ] dl] ;g, Po/ sl+ 8;g/, OG8S;g rn' f,] l6eL cflb_

• JolStut k|ofh] gsf pks/0fx¿ -h:tM} sDo6' /, Nofk6k, df]afOn cflb_

-v_ Jofkfl/s If]q, ;+:yf tyf ;/sf/L sfo{fno (Business, institutions and government

agency)

;fgf 7'nf Jofkfl/s sfof{no, ljleGg ;ª3\ ;:+ yf tyf ;/sf/L sfo{noaf6 w]/} ;ªV\ ofdf ljB'tLo
kmfx] f]/x¿ lgisf;g x'G5g\ . sDKo6' /, lk|G6/, kmf6] f]skL d]l;g, Po/ slG8;g/ cflb o:tf Ifq] af6 ;g
xg' ] dV' o ljBt' Lo kmfx] f]/ x'g\ .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 71

-u_ pTkfbg If]q (Production area)

ljBt' Lo ;fduL| pTkfbg ug{] jm| ddf lg:sg] kmfx] f/] ljBt' Lo kmfx] f/] sf] csf{] ;f| t] xf] . o:tf kmfx] f/] x¿df dV' otM
tfl] sPsf] u0' f:t/ gku' s] f ;fduL| x¿ kb5{ g\ jf pTkfbgsf] jm| ddf lg:sg] ljBt' Lo kmfx] f/] x¿ kb5{ g\ .

-3_ cfoft (Import)

g]kfn h:tf ljsf;f]Gd'v bz] x¿df ljsl;t bz] af6 bf];f| ] bhf{sf ljB'tLo pks/0fx¿ Nofpg] ul/G5 .
o:tf pks/0fx¿ pkof]uL t x'G5g\ t/ nfdf] ;do;Dd l6sfp x'bF g} g\ / l566\ } ljBt' Lo kmf]xf/] sf]
¿kdf hfG5g\ . o:tf ;fduL| x¿sf] cfoft lgoft{ ug{' cjw} sfo{ xbF' fxb'F } klg 7n' f] dfqfdf Ps 7fpFsf]
ljB'tLo kmfx] f]/ csf{] 7fpF kl' u/xs] f] 5 .

$=#=# ljB'tLo kmfx] f]/sf] ;+/rgf / c;/ (Composition and effect of e-waste)

ljBt' Lo ;fduL| cg';f/ o;af6 lg:sg] kmfx] f/] sf] ;+/rgf klg km/s km/s lsl;dsf] kfOG5 . ljBt' Lo
;fdu|Lx¿df ;fdfGo kmfx] f/] sf cltl/St xflgsf/s jf ljiffSt kmf]xf/] x¿sf] dfqf klg pNnV] o dfqfdf
xg' ] ub{5 . wft', Knfl:6s, sf7sf 6j' |mf, /a/, ;/] flds h:tf j:t'x¿ ljB'tLo kmfx] f]/df /xs] f xG' 5g\ .
kmnfd, l:6n, sk/, tfdf, rfFbL, ;g' , Knfl6gd cflb kg' Mrj|m0f ug{ ;lsg] wft'sf j:t'x¿ klg ljB'tLo
kmfx] f/] df /xs] f xG' 5g\ . o;sf cltl/St ;L;f, ds/{ L, cf;l]{ gs, Sof8ldod, ;]n]lgod, qmf]ldod h:tf
j:tx' ¿ klg ljB'tLo kmfx] f/] df kfOg] ePsfn] logLx¿nfO{ ljiffSt kmf]xf/] df juL{s/0f xG' 5g\ . ljB'tLo
kmfx] f/] df x'g] ljiffSt kbfy{ / ltgLx¿ kfOg] efu tyf o:tf kmfx] f/] n] :jf:Yodf kfg]{ c;/nfO{ tflnsf
$=$ df k:| tt' ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf $=$ M ljB'tLo kmfx] f]/sf ks| f/ / dfgj :jf:Yodf kfg]{ c;/

kbfy{ ljBt' Lo ;fdu|L :j:Yodf kfg]{ c;/
l;;f
Sof8ldod sG] bL| o / k]l/km]/n :gfo' k|0ffnLdf /St
kf/f] l:jm| g, Aof6«L, s]jn, 5flkPsf] ;ls{6

;~rf/ k0| ffnLdf c;/, lduf{}nf, dl:tis
af8] {

ljsf;df c;/

l/rfh{ ug{ ldNg] lgs]n–Sof8ldod dflg;sf] z/L/df ljzi] f u/L ldufn{} fdf hDdf
oS' t Aof6«L, lk|G6/sf] d;L / 6fg] /, xg' ] -O6fO O6fO{ /f]u_
kmf6] f]skL d]l;g cflb

dfa] fOn -Aof6L« , ;ls{6 af]8{ cflb_ dl:tis, lduf{}nf, ue{ cflbdf Iflt k'¥ofpg,]
km\nf]/f];G] 6 lrd, Aof6L« cflb :gfo' k0| ffnLdf c;/ -ldgfdftf /fu] _,
hLjhGts' f] z/L/df hDdf xg' ]

72 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

j|mfl] dod ;hfj6sf ;fduL| cfvF f, 5fnf cflbdf PnfhL{ xg' ,] l8PgPdf
Iflt cflb
a]l/od sDKo6' /, 6]lnlehg cfFvf, gfs, 3f6L / kmf]S;fs] f] PnhL{

kfl] nlegfon sKo"6/ SofG;/, xdfg]{ df u8a8L, 5fnfsf] /fu]
Snf]/fO8
kmf]S;fs] f] SofG;/, 5fnfsf] /fu]
a]l/lnod ;ls{6 af8] {

(Source: Kunaacheva, 2006)

lj|mofsnfk $=@

JolStut tyf 3/fo;L k|of]usf ljB'tLo kmfx] f/] sf] nv] fhfv] f

cfjZos ;fdu|L M -s_ snd -v_ ;j]I{ f0f tflnsf

ljlw

• tnsf] gdg' fdf lbPcg';f/sf] ;j{]If0f tflnsf tof/ kfg{x' f];\ .

• cfkmg\ f] 3/df ePsf ;Dk0" f{ ljB'tLo ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;r" L tflnsfdf pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .

• 3/sf cleefjs;Fu+ ;f]w/] ;Dk0" f{ ;fdu|Lsf] pkof]lutfsf] cgd' flgt cjlw egx{' f];\ .

• ddt{ u//] kg' M ko| fu] ug{ ;lsg] ljB'tLo ;fduL| x¿sf] klg ;"rL tof/ kfg{'xf];\ .

• cfkmn" ] tof/ kf/]sf] ;"rL sIffsf7] fdf ;fyLx¿;uF 5nkmn ugx'{ f];\ / s;/L logLx¿sf] k|of]u

cjlw a9fpg ;lsG5 eGg] ljifodf ;dt] 5nkmn ugx'{ f;] \ / o; ;DaGwdf lzIfsaf6 cfjZos
ki[ 7kf]if0f kf| Kt ug'{xf];\ .

ljB'tLo ;fduL| ljBt' Lo ;fduL| ;j]I{ f0f tflnsf
cgd' flgt k|of]u cjlw ;Defljt Joj:yfkgsf pkfo -ko| fu] cjlw,

dd{t, bfg _

$=$ /l] 8of]wdL{ k|b"if0f (Radioactive pollution)

xfdf| ] jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0fdf /x]sf /l8of]wdL{ kbfy{af6 lg:sg] xflgsf/s ljls/0faf6 xg' ] kb| i" f0fnfO{
/l] 8of]wdL{ k|bi" f0f elgG5 . ljiffSt kmf]xf/] x¿dWo] /l] 8ofw] dL{ kb| i" fs a9L ljiffn' jf hf]lvdoS' t x'G5g\

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 73

-lrq $=#_ . /l] 8of]wdL{ k|bi" f0fn] hLjhGt', af6] la?jf tyf
dflg;nfO{ gsf/fTds c;/ kfb5{ .

cl:y/ cj:yfdf /xL xflgsf/s ljls/0f lgisf;g ug]{ kbfyn{ fO{
/l8ofw] dL{ k|bi" f0f elgG5 . o:tf kbfy{x¿sf] s]Gb|df /xs] f]
Go'lSno; c;Gtl' nt cj:yfdf /x]sf xg' fn] ljls/0f lgisf;g
u/L l:y/ /xg vfH] 5g\ .

ljls/0f eGg] lalQs} xflgsf/s xG' 5 eGg] wf/0ff ePsf] kfOG5

t/ ;a} ljls/0fx¿ xflgsf/s g} xb'F }gg\, h:t} M pHofnf] kfg{

k|of]u ul/g] lrdaf6 lg:sg] jf dfOj|mfj] ]edf vfgf ksfpbF f lrq $=#M /]l8of]wdL{ k|bi" f0f hgfpg]

lg:sg] ljls/0f . t/ /l] 8of]wdL{ kbfya{ f6 lg:sg] ljls/0fx¿ ;fª\sl] ts lrxg\

ljzi] f k|sf/sf xG' 5g\ h;n] lg/Gt/ ¿kdf tLg ks| f/sf

xflgsf/s ljls/0fx¿ lgisf;g ul//x]sf x'G5g\ M cNkmf, la6f, ufdf . o:tf ljls/0fx¿nfO{ xfd|f]

z/L/ leq k;]sf] yfxf kfpg ;lsFb}g t/ logLx¿ xfd|f] zl//sf nflu xflgsf/s x'G5g\ . cNkmf

ljls/0fn] glhssf hLljt j:t'nfO{ c;/ ub{5 eg] la6f tyf ufdf ljls/0fn] nfdf] b/" L ofqf u/L

hLljtj:t'nfO{ xflg k'¥ofp5F g\ .

ljls/0fn] k'¥ofpg] c;/sf cfwf/df ljls/0fx¿nfO{ b'O{ lsl;dsf xG' 5g\ M u}/cfof]gLs/0f ljls/0f
(non-ionizing radiation), cfof]gLs/0f ljls/0f (ionizing radiation)

-s_ u/} cfof]gLs/0f ljls/0f (Non-ionizing radiation) M o; lsl;dsf ljls/0fx¿ nfdf] t/ª\u
ePsf sd pmhf{ oS' t xG' 5g\ . To;n} ] logLx¿ hLjhGt' tyf jg:kltsf] z/L/leq l5g{ g;Sg]
ePsfn] sd xflgsf/s xG' 5g\ . t/ xfn;fn} ePsf sx] L cWoogx¿n] eg] logLx¿n] klg dfgj
:jf:Yodf c;/ k'Ug] k|df0fx¿ km]nf kl//xs] f 5g\ . o;k|sf/sf ljls/0fx¿ /]l8of,] l6eL,
df]jfOn, dfOj|mf]je] , /fp6/, /f8/ cflb pks/0fn] lgisf;g ub{5g\ .

-v_ cfof]gLs/0f ljls/0f (Ionizing radiation) M o; lsl;dsf ljls/0fx¿ a9L pmhfo{ S' t x'g]
ePsfn] jftfj/0fdf xflgsf/s xG' 5g\ . cfof]gLs/0f ljls/0fn] l8PgPdf Iflt k'¥ofO hLljt
j:ts' f] sf]ifnfO{ :yfO{ ¿kd} sfd gnfUg] agfOlbG5g\ . c:ktfnsf k|of]uzfnfx¿df ko| fu]
x'g] PS; /,] afg] :Sofg/, k6] :sfg/x¿af6 o; lsl;dsf ljls/0fx¿ lg:sG5g\ . To:t}
Po/kf6] {x¿df /flvPsf :sfg/n] klg o; lsl;dsf ljls/0f lgsfNb5g\ . cf0fljs sG] b|,
cf0fljs e66\ L r'lxP/ lg:sg] ljls/0fx¿ hLljtj:t'x¿sf nflu cem a9L xflgsf/s x'G5g\ .

74 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

$=#=@ /l] 8of]wdL{ k|b"if0f ;f| t]

/]l8ofw] dL{ ljls/0fsf ;f| t] x¿nfO{ lgDglnlvt bO' { efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 M

-s_ k|fs[lts ;f| ]t (Natural sources)
-v_ dfgjhGo ;|f]t (Anthropogenic sources)
-s_ k|fs[lts ;|f]t (Natural sources) M cGtl/Ifsf tf/f, ux| cflbaf6 cfPsf sl:ds ls/0f tyf
;"o{af6 cfPsf ls/0fx¿ k|fs[lts ljls/0fsf ;f| ]tx¿ x'g\ . To:t} k[YjLsf] r66\ fg, df6f] /
kfgLdf kfOg] /l] 8of]wdL{ tŒj tyf kbfyx{ ¿af6 pT;lh{t ljls/0fx¿ klg /l] 8of]wdL{ kb| "if0fsf
;|f]tx¿ xg' \ . h:t} M /fl8od @@$, o/' flgod @#%, o'/flgod @#*, yfl] /od @#@, /f8g @@@,
kf]6fl;od $), sfa{g !$ cflb .
-v_ dfgjhGo ;f| ]t (Anthropogenic sources)M o;cGtu{t cf0fljs e6\6L, cf0fljs k/LIf0f s]Gb,|
cf0fljs lj:kmf6] g, /l] 8of]wdL{ kbfy{ ko| f]u x'g] pBf]u, cg';Gwfg s]Gb,| c:ktfn cflb kb{5g\ .

gk] fndf kf| sl[ ts ¿kdf /xs] f /l] 8ofw] dL{ kbfy{x¿sf] pTvgg gul/P tfklg ljleGg c:ktfnx¿df
SofG;/sf] pkrf/ ug,{ cg;' Gwfg s]Gb|, ljZjljBfnox¿df cWoog ug{ ko| fu] xbF' } cfPsf] kfOG5 . t/
o:tf ;fjh{ lgs Ifq] df /xs] f /l] 8ofw] dL{ kbfyx{ ¿sf] ;fjwfgL k"js{ ko| f]u x'g' h?/L xG' 5 .

$=#=# /l] 8ofw] dL{ kb| i" f0fsf] c;/

/l] 8ofw] dL{ k|bi" f0fn] hLljtj:td' f k¥' ofpg] sx] L c;/x¿ o;ks| f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
-s_ hLljt j:ts' f] sf]ifdf Iflt k'¥ofO{ ltgLx¿nfO{ /fu] L÷3fOt] jf jf dfg]{ ub5{ g\ .
-v_ hLljt j:tx' ¿ / ltgLx¿sf] kl5Nnf] k':tfsf] cfgj' +lzs kl/jtg{ (genetic mutation) u/fpF5 .

cfg'jl+ zs kl/jt{gn] ubf{ dflg; tyf hgfj/sf aRrfx¿ ljs[t :j¿kdf hGdG5g\ . To:t}
cfg'jl+ zs kl/jt{sf sf/0f SofG;/, kh| gg Ifdtfdf x|f; cfpg] xg' ;S5 .
-u_ ljls/0fn] dflg; tyf hgfj/sf] 5fnf hNg] jf kfN] g] xG' 5 .
-3_ /l] 8ofw] dL{ k|b"if0fn] jg:kltx¿sf] tGtn' fO{ hnfp5F ;fy} lapsf] cªs\ '/0f IfdtfnfO{ c;/ k¥' ofp5F .
-ª_ ljls/0faf6 pT;lh{t df6fsf] pj/{ fzlStdf x|f; NofO{ v]tLkftL ug{ cof]Uo agfpF5 .
-r_ xflgsf/s ljls/0fn] jftfj/0fnfO{ kb| "lift agfO{ a;fj] f;sf nflu cof]Uo agfpbF 5 .

$=#=$ /l] 8ofw] dL{ kb| "if0fsf] /fs] yfd tyf lgoGq0f

/]l8ofw] dL{ k|bi" f0fsf] /fs] yfd tyf lgoGq0fsf nflu ckgfpgk' g{] sx] L pkfox¿ tn pNnv] ul/Psf
5g\ M

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 75

-s_ ;/' lIft e08f/g M /]l8ofw] dL{ kbfy{nfO{ ljz]if lsl;dsf] efF8fdf e08f/g ug'{kb5{ . o:tf
efF8fx¿ ;lhn} gkm'6\g] tyf ljls/0f grl' xg] vfnsf] x'gk' b5{ .

-v_ :ki6 r]tfjgLsf] ;ª\s]t M /]l8ofw] dL{ kbfy{ /flvPsf] ef8F fdf :ki6 r]tfjgLsf ;ªs\ t] pNn]v
ul/gk' b5{ .

-u_ /]l8ofw] dL{ kmfx] f/] sf] Jojl:yt lj;hg{ M /l] 8ofw] dL{ kmfx] f/] x¿sf] plrt tl/sfn] lj;h{g
ul/g'kb{5 . o:tf kmfx] f/] nfO{ hyfefjL uf8g\ ] jf c? lsl;dsf kmfx] f]/;Fu ld;fpFbf cem a9L
hf]lvd x'G5 . /]l8ofw] dL{ kmfx] f]/x¿n] lgs} nfdf] ;do;Dd ljls/0fx¿ lgisf;g u/L jftfj/0fnfO{
kb| "lift agfO/x]sf x'G5g\ . ;fwf/0ftof o:tf kmf]xf]/x¿ jftfj/0fdf lglijm| o xg' ;of}F jf xhf/fF}
jif{;Dd klg nfUg ;S5 . To;}n] o:tf kmfx] f/] x¿nfO{ ljzi] f lsl;dsf] ef8F fdf /fvL ;db' | jf
hldgsf] ulx/f] If]qdf ;/' lIft tj/n] uf8\g'k5{ . To:t} /l] 8ofw] dL{ kmf]xf/] x¿nfO{ k'gMrj|m0f
u/L kg' pmhf{ lgsfNg k|of]u x'G5g\ . /]l8of]wdL{ k|b"if0fsf] ;/' lIft lj;hg{ ug{ bIf hg;lStsf]
cfjZostf kb5{ .

-3_ k/df0f' xltof/ lg;:qLs/0f M k/df0f' xftxltof/ lgz:qLs/0f ug'{ /]l8of]wdL{ kb| "if0fsf] hfl] vdaf6
aRg] ;a}eGbf pQd ljsNk xf] . k/df0f' xltof/sf] aGbh] ;DaGwL ;o+ 'St /fi6;« ª\3sf] dxf;lGwn]
;g\ @)!& hn' fO{ & af6 k/df0f' xftxltof/sf] k|ofu] df kl| taGb nufPsf] 5 .

-ª_ js} lNks pmhfs{ f ;|f]tsf] ko| f]udf k|f]T;fxg M k/df0f' pmhf{ ke| fjsf/L pmhf{sf] ;f| ]t eP tfklg
o;af6 /l] 8ofw] dL{ k|bi" f0fsf] hfl] vd ;w} eO/fVg] ePsfn] j}slNks pmhf{sf ;f| t] sf] ko| fu] nfO{
a9fjf lbg'kb{5 . k/df0f' pmhf{ pTkfbg sG] ba| f6 pTkflbt xg' ] kmf]xf]/ klg /]l8ofw] dL{ g} xg' ]
ePsfn] o:tf sG] bx| ¿sf] ;~rfngdf kf| ]T;fxg lbg x'bF g} .

-r_ /l] 8ofw] dL{ kbfy{sf] plrt lgodg M /l] 8ofw] dL{ k|bi" f0f lgoGq0f ug{ ljleGg cGt/f{li6o« ;lGw
;Demft} fx¿ ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} gk] fnn] klg o;sf] /fs] yfdsf nflu gLlt lgod agfPsf] 5 .
o:tf cGt/fl{ i6«o tyf /fli6o« lgod tyf ;GwL ;Demft} fx¿sf] sfof{ Gjogdf k|efjsf/L kxnsbdL
lng cfjZos x'G5 .

;f/f+z (Summary)

• dfgj :jf:Yo / jftfj/0fdf hf]lvd k'¥ofpg ;Sg] ljz]iftf ePsf kmf]xf]/nfO{ ljiffSt kmf]xf]/dn} f
elgG5 .

• ljiffSt kmf]xf]/dn} f ljiffn' (toxic), lj:kmf]6s (explosive), kH| HjngzLn (ignitable), lvof
nfUg] (corrosive), k|ltlj|mofzLn (reactive) ljzi] ftf ePsf x'G5g\ .

76 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

• ljiffSt kmf]xf/] d}nfx¿nfO{ d'Vo ¿kn] kfrF lsl;ddf juLs{ /0f ug{ ;lsG5 M /l] 8of]wdL{, /;fog,
hLjlrlsT;f kmfx] f]/, k|HHjngzLn kmf]xf/] , lj:kmf]6s kmf]xf]/

• ljiffSt kmf]xf]/sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ o;sf] pTkfbg, ;ªs\ ng tyf e08f/g, 9j' fgL, k|zf]wg tyf
lj;h{gdf ljz]if Wofg k¥' ofpg'kb5{ .

• k/' fgf / sfd gnfUg] egL kmflnPsf ljleGg k|sf/sf ljB'tLo pks/0fx¿ -h:t} M sDKo6' /,
Nofk6k, 6\ofa, l;8L tyf l8le8L Kn]o/, dfa] fOn, lx6/nufotsf ;fdu|Lx¿_ nfO{ ljB'tLo kmf]xf/]
(e-waste) elgG5 .

• ljB'tLo ;fdu|LnfO{ o;sf] pT;hg{ sf cfwf/df 3/fo;L, cf}Bfl] us, ;"rgf kl| jlw h:tf ljleGg
ks| f/df juLs{ /0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

• wft,' Knfl:6s, sf7sf 6j' m| f, /a/, ;]/flds h:tf j:t'x¿ ljB'tLo kmf]xf/] df /xs] f x'G5g\ h;df
;fdfGo kmfx] f]/sf cltl/St xflgsf/s jf ljiffSt kmf]xf/] x¿sf] dfqf klg pNnV] o dfqfdf x'g]
ub5{ .

• xfdf| ] jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0fdf ePsf] /]l8ofw] dL{ kbfya{ f6 xg' ] kb| i" f0fnfO{ /l8of]wdL{ k|bi" f0f elgG5 /
o:tf kbfyn{ fO{ /]l8of]wdL{ kb| i" fs elgG5 .

• ljls/0fsf] k|;f/0f pmhfs{ f] :j¿kdf xG' 5 . s0f (particle) jf t/ªs\ (wave) eP/ pmhf{ Ps
7fpFaf6 csf{] 7fpdF f ofqf ub5{ .

• ljls/0fx¿nfO{ bO' { lsl;dsf xG' 5g\ M u}/cfof]gLs/0f ljls/0f (non-ionizing radiation),
cfofg] Ls/0f ljls/0f (ionizing radiation) .

• u}/cfof]gLs/0f ljls/0fx¿ sd pmhf{ oS' t x'g] ePsfn] sd xflgsf/s x'G5g\ eg] cfof]gLs/0f
ljls/0fx¿ a9L pmhf{ o'St xg' ] ePsfn] xflgsf/s x'G5g\ .

• /l] 8ofw] dL{ ljls/0fsf ;|f]tx¿nfO{ bO' { efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 M kf| s[lts ;|ft] (natural
source) / dfgjLo ;f| ]t (anthropogenic source) .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 77

cEof;

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] clt 5f]6f] pQ/ n]Vgx' f;] \ M

-s_ ljiffSt kmfx] f/] d}nf eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ lkPr slt ePsf kmfx] f]/x¿ lvofpg] ljiffSt kmf]xf/] cGtut{ kb5{ g\ <
-u_ h}ljs ljiffSt kmf]xf]/sf sg' } bO' {cf6] f pbfx/0f lbg'xf;] \ .
-3_ hl} js kz| f]wg ljlwaf6 k|zfw] g ul/g] ljiffSt kmfx] f/] sf ks| f/sf] gfd pNnv] ugx' f;] \ .
-ª_ ljB'tLo kmfx] f/] egs] f] s] xf] <
-r_ s:tf kbfy{nfO{ /l8ofw] dL{ k|b"ifs elgG5 <
-5_ ljBt' \ rD' asLo ljls/0fx¿ slt lsl;dsf x'G5g\ < gfd n]Vg'xf;] \ .
-h_ u/} cfofg] Ls/0f ljls/0f / cfofg] Ls/0f ljls/0fsf Ps Ps pbfx/0f pNnv] ug'xf];\ .
-em_ /l] 8of]wdL{ ljls/0fsf s'g} b'O{ k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿ pNn]v ugx' f;] \ .
-`_ sfg'gL tj/n] k/df0f' xftxltof/df k|ltaGw slxn] nufOPsf] lyof] <

@= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] 5f6] f] pQ/ nV] gx' f];\ M

-s_ kmfx] f/] d}nf ljiffSt xg' ] cj:yfx¿ klxrfg u/L 5f]6s/Ldf j0f{g ug{'xf;] \ .
-v_ ljiffSt kmf]xf]/dn} f s:tf s:tf Ifq] af6 pT;lh{t xG' 5g\ < pbfx/0f;lxt JofVof ug'x{ f];\ .
-u_ ljBt' Lo ;fduL| sf] juL{s/0f u/L pbfx/0f;lxt j0f{g ug{x' f];\ .
-3_ u/} cfof]gLs/0f ljls/0f / cfofg] Ls/0f ljls/0flar pbfx/0f;lxt km/s 5'6\ofpgx' f];\ .
-ª_ /]l8ofw] dL{ ljls/0fsf ;|ft] x¿nfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt 5f]6s/Ldf j0f{g ugx{' f];\ .
-r_ /]l8of]wdL{ kb| "if0fn] jftfj/0fdf s;/L c;/ k¥' ofp5F g\ < kl| jm| of j0fg{ ug'{xf];\ .

#= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] nfdf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M

-s_ ljiffSt kmf]xf/] dn} fsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ Jofjxfl/s pkfox¿ klxrfg u/L 5f]6s/Ldf JofVof
ug'{xf;] \ .

-v_ ljBt' Lo kmfx] f/] sf ;|ft] x¿ juL{s/0f u/L kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkg ug]{ Jofjxfl/s pkfox¿
klxrfg ugx'{ f;] \ .

78 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

-u_ ljB'tLo kmf]xf/] df /x]sf ljiffSt kmfx] f/] n] jftfj/0fdf s:tf] ks| f/sf] c;/ k¥' ofpF5g\ <
o; lsl;dsf c;/x¿ Gog" Ls/0f ug{] pkfox¿ JofVof ugx'{ f];\ .

-3_ /l] 8of]wdL{ kb| "if0fsf] /f]syfd tyf lgoGq0f ug{] pkfox¿sf nflu ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] vN] g]
el" dsf nV] gx' f];\ .

kl/ofh] gf sfo{ (Project work)

-s_ cfkmg\ f] jf cfkm'nfO{ kfos kg]{ sl[ if If]qsf] e|d0f u/L ToxfF ko| f]u xg' ] /f;folgs dnvfb tyf
sL6gfzs ljiffbLsf] ;"rL tof/ u/L sIffdf k:| t't ug'x{ f;] \ . o:tf /f;folgs dnvfb tyf
sL6gfzs ljiffbLn] k'¥ofpg] kmfObf tyf a]kmfObfaf/] sIffsf]7fdf 5nkmn ug'x{ f];\ .

-v_ ljBfnodf ko| f]u eO/xs] f ljB'tLo pks/0fx¿sf] ;j]{If0f tflnsf tof/ kf/L sIffsf7] fdf k:| t't
ug'x{ f;] \ .

zAbfjnL (Glossary)
ljBt' \ rD' asLo (electromagnetic)M ljB'tLo / r'Djlso Ifq] larsf] cGt/;DaGw
cfg'jl+ zs kl/jtg{ -mutation_M lhgsf] ;+/rgfdf cfpg] kl/jtg{
ldgfdftf /fu] M kf/fs] f] ljiffSt ke| fjn] dfgjsf] :gfo' k|0ffnLdf xg' ] c;/ -df+;kz] Ldf sdhf/] L,

;G' g] / af]Ng] Ifdtfdf xf| ; cflb_

O6fO O6fO /fu] M dfgj z/L/df Sof8ldodsf] ljiffSt ke| fjn] d]?b08 / hf]gL{ b'Vg] ;d:of

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 79

PsfO hnjfo' kl/jt{g / o;sf] c;/

% (Climate Change and its Effects)

%=!= kl/ro (Introduction)

hnjfo' kl/jtg{ xfn ljZjs} Ps ;+jb] gzLn rg' f}tLsf ¿kdf b]vf k/s] f] 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6
l;lht{ ke| fjsf sf/0f g]kfnnufot cGo ljsf;zLn tyf ljsl;t dn' s' ljleGg ;d:of;uF hl' w/x]sf
5g\ . dfgjLo lj|mofsnfkaf6 pT;lh{t xl/t ux[ Uof;F x¿sf] dfqfdf Jofks jl[ 4 xg' fn] jfod' 08nLo
tfkj|md lbgk|ltlbg a9\b} uPsf] 5 . To;af6 l;lht{ sl7g df;} dsf] ;fdgf ug{ ljsf;fG] dv' tyf
hnjfoh' Go hf]lvddf k/]sf bz] / ToxfF a;f]af; ug{] ;db' fodf yk rg' f}tL ylkPsf] 5 . o; PsfOdf
hnjfo' kl/jtg{ af6 l;lh{t c;/af6 hf]lug ckgfpg ;lsg] cg's"ng tyf ;dfg'sn" gsf pkfox¿sf]
cWoog ul/g] 5 .

%=@= cg's"ng tyf ;dfg'sn' g (Adaptation and resilience)

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ;d:of ljzi] ftM xl/t ux[ Uof;F sf] cTolws pT;hg{ kZrft\ bv] fkb5{ . xl/t ux[
UofF;x¿sf] pT;hg{ df tTsfn sdL Nofpg jtd{ fg cj:yfsf] hLjgz}nLn] ubf{ r'gft} Lk0" f{ b]lvG5 .
hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efj Gog" Ls/0fsf nflu tTsfn xl/t u[x Uof;F sf] pT;h{gdf sdL NofOP tfklg
o;sf] c;/ eg] nfdf] ;do;Dd /lx/xg ;S5 . t;y{ jt{dfg l:yltdf dfgj ;db' fon] hnjfo'
kl/jtg{ af6 l;lh{t c;xh kl/l:yltdf cfkm"nfO{ cg's"lnt agfpga' fx]s cGo pkfo 5}g . jftfj/0f
dGqfnon] ;g\ @)!) df k|sflzt /fli6«o cgs' "ng sfoj{ m| d -National Adaptation Plan of
Action: NAPA_ df pNn]v ePcg';f/ æhnjfo' kl/jt{gn] l;hg{ f u/]sf] rg' f}tLsf] ;fdgf ub{} kf| Kt
cj;/x¿sf] ;b'kof]u u/L k|fs[lts tyf dfgj l;lh{t k0| ffnLnfO{ cg's"n tN' ofpg] k|lj|mofnfO{ cg'sn" g
elgG5Æ . ;fwf/0f tof hnjfo' kl/jtg{ af6 l;lh{t ;Defljt b'3{6gfaf6 aRg' g} cg'sn" g xf] .
;fy} gfkfsf] cg';f/ æhnjfo' kl/jtg{ hGo c;xh kl/l:yltsf] ;fdgf ug,{ hLljsf]kfhg{ sf rg' ft} LnfO{
;Dafw] g ug{ / hLjg:t/nfO{ ;fdfGoLs/0f ug{ cfkmn" fO{ ;Ifd agfpg] k|ljm| ofnfO{ ;dfg'sn" g elgG5Æ .

hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 pTkGg k|sf]ksf] c;/ k|fsl[ ts ;f| t] , ef}lts ;/+ rgf tyf ljsf;sf kj" f{wf/df
;d]t kg{] x'Fbf hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu cgs' l" nt x'g tyf ;db' fosf] ;dfgs' "ng a9fpg 7fpF / kl/j]z
;x' fpbF f] cgs' "ngsf sfo{ofh] gf sfofG{ jog ug{' cTofjZos 5 . cfly{s :t/ Gog" ePsf, ;LdfGts[t
/ hnjfo' ;ªs\ 6f;Gg (climate vulnerable) If]qdf a;fj] f; ug]{ JolSt tyf ;d'bfo hnjfo'
kl/jtg{ sf] sf/0f Yfk hf]lvddf k/s] f xG' 5g\ . gk] fnsf] ljs6 e"agf6] tyf k|fs[lts ;|ft] ;fwg /
leGg ;ªs\ 6f;Ggtfsf :t/sf sf/0f hnjfo' kl/jtg{ n] kfg{ ;Sg] k|efj, 7fpF / kl/j]zcg;' f/ km/s

80 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

x'g ;S5 . ;o+ 'St /fi6« ;ª\3 tyf ljleGg vf]h cg';Gwfgsf b:tfjh] cg;' f/ gk] fn clt hnjfo'
;ª\s6f;Gg bz] x¿sf] ;r" Ldf 5 .

hnjfoh' Go k|sf]ksf] ke| fj kf| s[lts ;f| t] nufot ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/ Pjd\ hghLljsfsf] ;f| t] ;fwgx¿df
;dt] kb{5 . t;y{, ;ªs\ 6f;Gg ;d'bfosf] cgs' n" g Pjd\ ;dfgs' n"' g Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ :yfg jf
kl/j]z ljzi] fsf sfoo{ fh] gf th{d' f tyf sfof{Gjog ug{' cfjZos 5 . hnjfo' cg'sn" g;DaGwL
sfoo{ fh] gf :yfg ljzi] fsf nflu aU] n} x'g ;S5 . ctM lj:t[t ;ª\s6f;Ggtfsf] cWoog ug]{ /
cgs' "ngnfO{ ljsf; lgdf0{ fsf sfoo{ fh] gfdf dn" kj| fxLs/0f u/L PsLst[ ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug'{ pko'St
xG' 5 . o:tf ofh] gf 7fpF / kl/jz] , ;f| ]t;fwgsf] ljt/0f k|0ffnL, ;fj{hlgs ;j] f / ;l' jwfdf ;d'bfosf]
kx'rF tyf hnjfo' kl/jtg{ af6 l;lht{ c;/df Ps¿ktf ePsf] If]qdf cfwfl/t eO{ tof/ u/k] Zrft\
dfq} sfofG{ jog ugk{' b5{ .

%=#= hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL /fli6«o k|of;x¿ (National efforts on climate change)

%=#=!= /fli6o« cg's"ng sfo{jm| d (NAPA)

hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf lj;d kl/l:yltnfO{ lj=;=+ @)$( h]i7 #) -;g\ !((@ hg' !@_ sf] kY[ jL
;Dd]ngdf ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª\3Lo hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf] vfsf dxf;lGw (United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change) df ;xdtL ePsf] lyof] . To;sf] l7s bO' { jif{kl5 lj=;+= @)%!
j}zfv !( -;g\ !(($, @ d_] df vfsf dxf;lGwsf] cg'df]bg eof] . gk] fn pSt dxf;lGwsf] kIf /fi6«
xf] . o; dxf;lGwsf] d'Vo p2Z] o xl/t u[x Uof;F x¿sf] pT;h{g lgoGq0f u/L hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf]
c;/nfO{ sd ug{' xf] . xl/t ux[ UofF; pTkfbgdf gk] fnsf] ofu] bfg hDdf )=)@&Ü dfq /xs] f] eP
tfklg gk] fn hnjfo' ;ª\s6f;Ggtfsf lx;fan] clu|d :yfgdf ;r" Lst[ 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6
x'g] c;/nfO{ sd ug{ g]kfnn] lj=;=+ @)^& ;fn -;g\ @)!) ;K] 6]Da/_df /fli6«o cg'sn" g sfo{jm| d
(NAPA) tof/ u/]sf] lyof] / pSt sfo{j|md xfn sfof{Gjog eO/x]sf] 5 . gfkf eGgfn] clt sd
ljsl;t /fi6«x¿nfO{ hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf] hf]lvdaf6 h'em\ g tyf cgs' "lnt x'g, tTsfn} / ug{}kg{]
(urgent and immediate needs) sfox{ ¿sf] kf| yldsLs/0f ug]{ kl| j|mof / To;sf] sfof{Gjog xf] .

/fli6«o cgs' n" g sfo{j|mdsf p2]Zox¿ (Objectives of NAPA)

/fli6o« cgs' n" g sfo{jm| dsf d'Vo p2]Zox¿ o;ks| f/ /x]sf 5g\ M

!= hnjfo' kl/jtg{ af6 l;lh{t ;d:ofx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg tyf kf| yldsLs/0f u/L tL ;d:ofx¿sf
cg'sn" g ljlwx¿ klxrfg ug{]

@= kf| yldstfdf /x]sf ljm| ofsnfkx¿sf] k|:tfj tof/ kfg{]

#= /fli6«o cg'sn" g sfoj{ |mdsf] b:tfjh] tof/ kf/L clGtd :j¿k lbg]

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 81

$= hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL 1fg tyf l;sfOsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{
%= hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL axk' IfLo sfo{ ;/+ rgfsf] ljsf; ug{] .

/fli6«o cgs' "ng sfoj{ |mdsf ljifout sfo{If]qx¿ (Thematic working group of NAPA)

-s_ sl[ if tyf vfB ;'/Iff (Agriculture and food security)

xfd|f] bz] sf] sl[ if k|0ffnL d'Votof cfsfz] kfgLdf lge/{ 5 . hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf sf/0f df};ddf
km/] abn xbF' f cltj[li6, cgfj[li6 h:tf ;d:ofx¿ bv] f k/]sf 5g\ . o;sf sf/0f sl[ if If]qdf b]znfO{
nfvf}F /sdsf] 3f6f kg{ uPsf] 5 . To:t} v]tLkftL ug]{ ;dodf jiff{ geOlbbF f v]tLof]Uo hldgx¿
la:tf/} afFemf] xFb' } uPsf 5g\ eg] vfBfGg ;ªs\ 6 klg lbg k|ltlbg a9b\ f] 5 . vfBfGg ;ª\s6 kl/k"lt{
ugs{ f nflu cGo b]zaf6 vfBfGg cfoft ugk{' bf{ b]znfO{ cflys{ ¿kdf 7'nf] ef/ k/]sf] 5 . sl[ if tyf
vfB ;'/Iffdf b]vf k/s] f o:tf ;d:ofnfO{ bl[ i6ut u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fli6«o cg'sn" g sfo{j|mddf
s[lif tyf vfB ;/' IffnfO{ klxnf] kf| yldstfdf /fvs] f] 5 .

-v_ hn;|f]t tyf pmhf{ (Water resources and energy)

hnjfo' kl/jtg{ n] cGo kIfdf h:t} hn;|ft] df klg c;/ kfb{5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f kY[ jLsf]
cf};t tfkjm| ddf jl[ 4 eO{ jfikLs/0fdf ;dt] jl[ 4 x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ ljZjsf s'g} Ifq] df cltjl[ i6 t
st} cgfj[li6sf] ;d:of b]vf kb{5 . o;sf ;fy;fy} tfkjm| d j[l4n] ubf{ lxdgbLx¿ kUnbF } hfg] jm| d
hf/L 5 . lxdgbLx¿ kUn]/ ag]sf gbLx¿ kfgLsf] /fd|f] ;f| ]tsf ¿kdf k|ofu] eO/x]sf] 5 . t/ hnjfo'
kl/jt{gn] ubf{ la:tf/} lxdgbLx¿sf] cfotg 36b\ f] cj:yfdf 5 . Psk6s o:tf lxdgbLx¿ k0" ft{ of
x/fPkl5 kml] / csf{] lxdgbLx¿ aGg xhf/fF} jif{ nfU5 . lxdtfnx¿ km6' /] cfpg] af9Ln] w]/c} f]6f n3–'
hnljBt' \\ cfofh] gfdf ke| fj kfl/;ss] f] 5 eg] o;n] b]zsf] s'g} g sg' } If]qdf pmhf{ ;ªs\ 6 NofPs}
5 . g]kfndf emG8} ()Ü ljBt' \ pTkfbg hnljBt' \ cfof]hgfaf6 xG' 5 . t/ hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] ubf{
of] Ifq] df gsf/fTds c;/ k'¥ofO/xs] f] 5 . o:tf] ;d:ofnfO{ dWogh/ u/]/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fli6o«
cgs' n" g sfoj{ |mddf hn;|ft] tyf pmhfn{ fO{ klg d'Vo k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf] 5 .

-u_ hnjfoa' f6 pTkGg ks| fk] x¿ (Climate induced hazards)

x/]s ;fn hnjfo'af6 pTkGg k|sf]ksf sf/0f xhf/f}F dflg;x¿n] cfgf] wghg tyf Hofg u'dfO/xs] f
5g\ . u[x dGqfnosf] tYofªs\ cg';f/ x/]s jif{ bz nfveGbf a9L dflg;x¿ hnjfo'af6 pTkGg
k|sfk] x¿ -h:t}M af9L, klx/f,] v8]/L cflb_ sf] hfl] vddf kg{ ;S5g\ . lj=;+= @)^) ;fnotf g}
hnjfoa' f6 pTkGg ks| fk] sf sf/0f $))) eGbf a9L dflg;x¿sf] d[To' eO;s]sf] 5 eg] o;n] ubf{
gk] fnn] emG8} US$ %=#$ lalnog a/fa/sf] Iflt a]xf]g{'k/]sf] 5 . o:tf] ;d:ofnfO{ bl[ i6ut u/L

82 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

gk] fn ;/sf/n] /fli6o« cgs' n" g sfo{j|mddf hnjfoa' f6 pTkGg k|sfk] x¿nfO{ ljifout sfo{If]qsf] d'Vo
kf| yldstfdf /fv]sf] 5 .

-3_ jghªu\ n tyf hl} js ljljwtf (Forest and biodiversity)

hnjfo' kl/jtg{ n] hl} js ljljwtfdf gsf/fTds c;/ k'us] f] 5 . ljZjdf /x]sf x/]s jg:klt
tyf hLjx¿sf] jftfj/0f / hnjfo';Fu 3lgi6 ;DaGw /xs] f] x'G5 . s'g} klg hLj tyf jg:kltsf]
pTklQbl] v lnP/ To;sf] nfk] x'g'df hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] 7n' f] el" dsf x'G5 . hnjfo' kl/jtg{ n] hLj
tyf jg:kltsf] hLjgrj|mdf k|ToIf c;/ k¥' ofp5F . yk' }| kh| fltsf r/f tyf sL6ktªu\ x¿df o;sf]
l;wf c;/ bl] vG5 . r/fx¿sf] a;fOF;/fO, aRrf sf]/Ng] ;do, rf/f vfH] g hfg] b/' L cflbdf hnjfo'
kl/jtg{ n] gsf/fTds c;/ k¥' ofPsf] cWoogx¿n] b]vfPsf 5g\ .

To:t} hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] kfl/l:ylts ljljwtfdf klg c;/ k¥' ofPsf] 5 . kmn:j¿k 3Ff;d] b} fgx¿
la:tf/} d?e"lddf kl/jtg{ eO/xs] f 5g\ eg] kf]v/L tyf 7n' f7'nf tfnx¿ kfgLsf] cefjn] ubf{ 3fF ;]
db} fgdf kl/0ft xb'F }5g\ . o:tf] ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{sf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fli6«o cgs' n" g
sfoj{ m| ddf jghªu\ n tyf hl} js ljljwtfnfO{ ljifout sfoI{ f]qsf] d'Vo k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf] 5 .

-ª_ hg:jf:Yo (Public health)

dflg;sf] :jf:Yo / hnjfo'sf] cj:yflar 3lgi6 ;DaGw 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] dflg;sf] :jf:Yodf
kT| oIf c;/ kfb{5 . a9\bf] tfkj|mdsf sf/0f x/]s jif{ g]kfnsf] t/fO{ If]qdf ;of}F JolStsf] d[To' eO/xs] f]
tYofªs\ 5 . To:t} jfo' kb| i" f0fn] ubf{ ljzi] f u/L ;x/L Ifq] x¿df yk' }| dflg;x¿nfO{ Zjf;kZ| jf;
tyf d'6';DaGwL /f]ux¿n] ;tfO/x]sf] 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gs} sf/0f nfdv6' 6\ ] h:tf /f]u km}nfpg]
sL6ktª\ux¿ lxdfnL If]qx¿df ;d]t b]lvg yfln;ss] f 5g\ . la:tf/} To:tf Ifq] x¿df dn]l/of, 8ª] \u'
h:tf /fu] x¿ bv] f kg{ yfns] f 5g\ . ljZj :jf:Yo ;ª\u7g -@)!)_ sf cg';f/ ;g\ @)#) b]lv @)%)
sf] lardf sl/a @,%),))) dflg;x¿sf] dT[ o' hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 l;lh{t ljleGg /fu] x¿sf sf/0f
xg' ] cgd' fg 5 . o:tf] ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg ug]{ p2Z] on] gk] fn ;/sf/n] /fli6o« cgs' n" g sfo{j|mddf
hg:jf:YonfO{ ljifout sfo{If]qsf] d'Vo kf| yldstfdf /fv]sf] 5 .

-r_ ;x/L a;f]af; tyf efl} ts kj" f{wf/ (Urban settlement and physical infrastructure)

ef}lts kj" fw{ f/x¿ s'g} klg ;dfh ljsf;sf nflu alnof cfwf/x¿ x'g\ . ef}lts kj" fw{ f/x¿cGtut{
oftfoft, ;/;kmfOsf] Joj:yf, pmhf{ k0| ffnL, ;r" gf tyf ;~rf/, ;f+:sl[ ts ;Dkbfx¿, ejgx¿,
v]ndb} fg, c:ktfn, sn]h cflb kb{5g\ . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f tfkj|md jl[ 4 x'Fbf cltj[li6 eP/
o:tf efl} ts k"jfw{ f/x¿sf] ;/+ rgfdf c;/ kU' g] ub5{ . hnjfo' kl/jtg{ n] k"jf{wf/x¿sf] agfj6
tyf To;sf ko| f]u ePsf lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lx¿sf] cfo' 36fOlbG5 . h;sf] kmn:j¿k k"jfw{ f/x¿ l566\ }

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 83

laug| ,] eTsg] tyf sfd gnfUg] x'G5g\ . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f bv] f k/s] f ljleGg k|fs[lts
ks| f]kx¿ -h:tM} af9L, klx/f], ;fdl' bs| cfwF L, ;g' fdL cflb_ n] 7n' f] dfqfdf hgwgsf] Iflt k'¥ofpg'sf
;fy} k"jfw{ f/x¿ Wj:t agfPsf 5g\ . oL ;d:ofnfO{ bl[ i6ut u/L gk] fn ;/sf/n] /fli6o« cg's"ng
sfo{j|mddf ;x/L a;f]af; tyf efl} ts kj" fw{ f/nfO{ ljifout sfo{Ifq] sf] dV' o k|fyldstfdf /fvs] f] 5 .

%=$= :yfgLo cgs' "ng sfo{of]hgf ( Local Adaptation Plan for Action-LAPA )

lj=;=+ @)^^ ;fnsf] h]7 dlxgfdf ;DkGg /fli6«o cgs' "ng sfo{j|md sfoz{ fnfsf ;xefuLx¿n] :yfgLo
:t/df ljifoj:t' / ofh] gfx¿sf] sfof{GjognfO{ dbt ug{ :yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{j|md (LAPA) sf]
cfjZostf ;e' mfPsf lyP . of] ;e' mfjnfO{ oyfyd{ f kl/0ft ug{ tyf /fli6«o cgs' n" g sfo{jm| dn]
tf]ss] f] cgs' "ng;DaGwL sfox{ ¿nfO{ :yfgLo hgtfsf] ;xeflutfdf sfoo{ f]hgf agfO{ tyf cgsn' gsf
kIfx¿ PsLs[t ub}{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg ;xof]u k¥' ofpgsf nflu :yfgLo cgs' n" g sfo{ofh] gf -Local
Adaptation Plan for Action, LAPA_ sf] vfsf th'd{ f ul/Psf] xf] .

:yfgLo cgs' n" g sfo{of]hgfsf] Onfd, pbok'/, gjnk/f;L, slknj:t', sf:sL, 88]nw'/f, Ko"7fg, ?s'd,
c5fd / sflnsf]6 u/L !) lhNnfx¿df gdg' f k/LIf0f ul/Psf] lyof] . To; nuQ} klxnf] r/0fdf
gk] fnsf] dWo / ;'b/' klZrdsf !$ cf]6f lhNnf -xD' nf, d'u', 8fN] kf, afh/' f, hD' nf, hfh/sf]6, ?sd' ,
cf5fd, b}n]v, /fN] kf, sn} fnL, albo{ f, bfª / sflnsf]6_ df LAPA sfofG{ jog ul/Psf] 5 . LAPA
;/+ rgfdf plNnlvt hnjfo' cg's"ng / ;dfgs' 'ngsf kIfx¿nfO{ :yfgLo tyf /fli6o« of]hgfdf
;dfof]hg ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf /xs] f] 5 . o;sf nflu s[lif, jg, hg:jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO,
hnfwf/ / n3' ljQ dV' o kj| z] laGbx' ¿sf] ¿kdf klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 . o;} u/L lzIff, :yfgLo
k"jf{wf/, b}jL k|sfk] tyf jftfj/0fsf cGo kIfx¿ kj| z] laGb'sf ¿kdf ko| f]u ug{ ;lsg] 5 . If]qLo
tyf /fli6o« k/fdz{ k|lj|mofaf6 kf| Kt ;e' mfj / cgs' n" g ;DaGwL cGo ;ª3\ ;+:yfx¿n] u/]sf sfos{ f
kl/0ffd tyf l;sfO ;dt] nfO{ ;dfjz] u/L ;s];Dd sfof{Gjog ;xh xg' ] u/L o; ;+/rgfnfO{ kl/ist[
ul/Psf] 5 .

-s_ :yfgLo cgs' "ng sfo{of]hgfsf] /fli6o« ;/+ rgfsf lgbz]{ s l;4fGtx¿ (Guiding

principles of national framework of LAPA)

LAPA cGtut{ :yfgLo tyf /fli6«o ofh] gfdf ;dfofh] g ul/g] hnjfo' cg's"ng tyf ;dfg'sn' gsf]
kl| j|mof rog ubf{ pmWj{ufdL (bottom-up), ;dfj]zL (inclusive), tTk/tf (responsive) / nrstf
(flexibility) nfO{ rf/ lgb]z{ s l;4fGtsf ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 . :yfgLo ;d'bfo, ;/fs] f/jfnf /
JolStsf] 1fg, l;k / cEof;nfO{ sfoo{ f]hgfdf ;dfj]z ul/g] xbF' f o;nfO{ oxfF pmWj{ufdL elgPsf]

84 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

xf] . clt ;ªs\ 6f;Gg, cfly{s ¿kn] ljkGg, ;fj{hlgs ;]jfaf6 jl~rt / ;dfhaf6 pkl] Ift ;db' fo
tyf kl/jf/sf] klxrfg / ltgsf cfjZostfsf] cfwf/df sfo{of]hgf tof/ ul/g] xF'bf o;nfO{ ;dfjz] L
elgPsf] xf] . To:t} cg'sn" g lj|mofsnfk k|efjsf/L 9ªu\ n] sfofG{ jog ug{ o; ;+/rgfn] kz| f;lgs,
ljQLo tyf ;:+ yfut r:' ttf ;l' glZrt ug{] x'bF f o;nfO{ nlrnf] elgPsf] 5 . jg tyf jftfj/0f
dGqfnoåf/f ks| flzt LAPA sf] /fli6o« ;+/rgfn] :yfgLo / /fli6o« :t/df bx] fosf sfo{ ug{ ;xofu]
ub{5 M

• hnjfo' ;ª\s6f;Gg ufpkF flnsf÷gu/kflnsf, j8f tyf ;d'bfo / ltgsf cgs' "ng r'gf}tL
tyf cj;/nufot sfo{ klxrfg ug{

• :yfgLo ;d'bfon] cfkm\gf cfjZostfaf/] cfkmF}n] lg0f{o ug{ ;xh tl/sf k|ofu] ug{ ;Sg] u/L
cgs' n" g sfox{ ¿sf] klxrfg tyf kf| yldsLs/0f ug{

• :yfgLo cg'sn" g sfoo{ fh] gf tof/ ug{ / :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]gadfl] hd ;f] sfoo{ f]hgfnfO{
/fli6«o:t/sf ofh] gfdf ;dfof]hg ug{

• :yfgLo cgs' n" g sfoo{ f]hgf sfofG{ jogsf nflu pko'St ;j] f k|bfos lgsfo tyf cfjZos
;|f]t klxrfg Pjd\ kl/rfng ug{

• ;]jf k|bfosn] ;dod} k|efjsf/L 9ª\un] ;|ft] kl/rfng u/L cg'sn" g sfo{jm| da4 ¿kdf
ckgfpg÷sfofG{ jogdf Nofpg

• sfo{ofh] gfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ;l' glZrt ub}{ sfo{jm| dsf] cgu' dg tyf d"Nofªs\ g ug{

• :yfgLo tyf /fli6o« of]hgfnfO{ nfutsf] cfwf/df cg'sn" gsf k|efjsf/L ljsNk klxrfg ug{

-v_ :yfgLo cgs' n" g sfo{ofh] gfsf r/0fx¿

:yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgf th'd{ f tyf sfofG{ jog ug,{ Ifq] ut of]hgf, sfo{jm| d jf cfof]hgfdf hnjfo'
cgs' "ng tyf ;dfg'sn' gsf] kIfnfO{ PsLst[ ub{} sfofG{ jog ug{ tyf JolSt ;d'bfo / ;|ft] nfO{ hnjfo'
cgs' "lnt agfpg lgDglnlvt ;ft r/0fx¿ ;DkGg ug'{kg{] xG' 5 M

!= hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL ;r]tgf clejl[ 4 (Climate change sensitization)

hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf c;/ tyf cgs' "ngsf rg' ft} Lx¿af/] ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] r]tgf clej[l4 ug{'
cgs' "ng sfoo{ f]hgfsf] klxnf] r/0f xf] . ;r]tgf clejl[ 4 sfon{ ] :yfgLo cgs' n" g sfo{ofh] gfnfO{
sfofG{ jog ug{] lgsfo tyf sfofG{ jog ug{ ;xof]uL] ;ª3\ ;:+ yfx¿ klxrfg ug{ dbt ub{5 .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 85

@= hnjfo' ;ª\s6f;Ggtf tyf cg's"ng dN" ofª\sg (Climate vulnerability and

adaptation assessment)

hnjfo' cg'sn" gnfO{ :yfgLo tyf /fli6o« of]hgf kl| j|mofdf hf]8/] sfof{Gjog ug{ hnjfo' ;ª\s6f;Gg
;db' fonfO{ hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf c;/ tyf ke| fjaf6 pTkGg kl/l:yltdf cg's"lnt xg' ;Sg] k|0ffnL,
pkoS' t kl| jlw tyf pkfosf] ;dod} klxrfg u/fpg'k5{ . o;df clt ;ªs\ 6f;Gg ;d'bfox¿ sg' sg'
xg' ,\ sxfF a:5g,\ tL ;db' fox¿ ;ª\s6f;Gg lsg 5g\, s'g k0| ffnL tyf pkfon] ltgsf] ;ªs\ 6f;GgtfnfO{
Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 < eGg] af/]df a'e\mg' tyf hfgsf/L ;ªs\ ng ug{' cfjZos xG' 5 .

#= cgs' n" gsf cj;/sf] vf]hL tyf k|fyldsLs/0f (Prioritization of adaptation

options)

:yfgLo cg's"ng sfox{ ¿sf] klxrfg u/L ltgnfO{ ;"rLs[t ul/;s]kl5 ;d:of tyf rg' f}tLsf cfwf/df
cg's"ng sfo{x¿sf] k|fyldsLs/0f ug'{kb{5 . o;} u/L ;d'bfo, a;f]af; If]q, j8f, ufpFkflnsf jf
gu/kflnsf cflbsf nflu sfoo{ f]hgf th'd{ f ePsf] cj:yfdf ;j{ky| d clt ;ª\s6f;Gg ;db' fosf
cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{] vfnsf sfox{ ¿ jf sfo{of]hgfnfO{ k|fyldsLs/0f ug{'kb{5 .

$= :yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgf th'd{ f (LAPA formulation)

kf| yldstfdf k/]sf cgs' n" gsf pkfo tyf sfo{x¿sf] sfofG{ jog ;'lglZrt ug{ :yfgLo cgs' "ng
sfoo{ fh] gf tof/ ug{'kb5{ . o:tf] cgs' "ng sfoo{ f]hgf tof/ ubf{ s] sfo{ ug{,] sxfF sfofG{ jog ug{,]
s;/L jf s'g ljlw ckgfpg,] s;n] sfof{Gjog ug]{, slxn] sfofG{ jog ug,]{ slt vr{ nfU5 / s;/L
k|ult cgu' dg ug{] eGg] ljifodf :ki6 x'gk' 5{ .

%= ofh] gf k|lj|mofdf :yfgLo cgs' n" g sfo{of]hgf ;dfofh] g (LAPA integration into

planning processes)

:yfgLo tyf /fli6«o ljsf; ofh] gf kl| jm| ofdf :yfgLo hnjfo' cg's"ng sfo{ofh] gfnfO{ ;dfj]z ubf{
hnjfo' kl/jtg{ af6 ePsf] c;/nfO{ cem ;Dafw] g ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . cgs' n" g sfo{nfO{ ;dfof]hg
kl| j|mofn] ubf{ hnjfo' ;ª\s6f;Gg kl/jf/, ;db' fo, j8f, ufpFkflnsf jf gu/kflnsf cflbnfO{ cfkm\gf
cgs' n" g kf| yldstfaf/] k:| 6;uF cleJoSt ug{ / k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;/sf/L, u/} ;/sf/L
/ lghL Ifq] sf ;|ft] kl/rfng ug{ ;xh agfpF5 .

^= :yfgLo cgs' "ng sfoo{ fh] gf sfof{Gjog (LAPA implemention)

cg's"ngsf cj;/x¿sf] d"Nofªs\ g tyf cgs' n" g sfo{ tyf sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjoglarsf] b/' L x6fpg
ufpkF flnsf jf gu/kflnsf :t/df agfOPsf :yfgLo cgs' "ng sfo{ofh] gfsf] sfofG{ jog dxŒjk0" f{
xG' 5 . tsk{ 0" f{ 9ª\un] :yfgljz]ifsf] ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ tof/ ul/Psf] cgs' n" g sfo{of]hgfsf]

86 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

ke| fjsf/L sfofG{ jog tyf ;+:yfut / :jtGq cgu' dg tyf d"Nofªs\ gn] pkoS' t cgs' n" g pkfox¿sf]
af/d] f e/kbf{] ;r" gf kb| fg ub5{ .

&= :yfgLo cgs' n" g sfoo{ f]hgfsf] ku| lt d"Nofª\sg (LAPA progress assessment)

:yfgLo cgs' n" g sfoo{ fh] gfsf] k|ult tyf kl/0ffd s:tf] /x\of], ;f];DaGwL dN" ofªs\ g ug]{ sfo{ o;
r/0fdf ul/G5 . sfo{ of]hgfdf /xs] f clglZrttfnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ / o;sf] sfof{Gjog, cg'udg
tyf dN" ofªs\ gn] of]hgf kl| j|mofsf] ljsf;df ;xofu] k¥' ofpF5 . pkoS{' t r/0fx¿nfO{ lrq %=@ df
k:| t't ul/Psf] 5 .

lrq %=@ M:yfgLo cgs' n" g sfoo{ f]hgfsf] ;ft r/0fx¿ -;|f]t M jftfj/0f dGqfno_ 87

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

%=% hnjfo' ;dfg's'ngdf ko| fu] ePsf /y} fg] 1fg tyf l;k (Implemented indigenous

knowledge and skills for climate resilience)

!= :yfgLo hn Joj:yfkg k0| ffnL (Local water management system)

g]kfn s[lif kw| fg bz] xf] . oxfF k/fkj" { sfnb]vLg} lrq %=@ M eStk/' sf] Ps 6fn] df cjl:yt
vt] LkftLdf l;rF fOFsf nflu gx/ tyf s'nfsf] Joj:yf 9ª' \u]wf/f
ul/Psf] kfOG5 . k|fo o:tf gx/ tyf s'nfx¿ gbLdf
cfl>t xG' 5g\ . hnjfo' kl/jt{g eO{ cgfj[li6sf ;dodf
oL gx/ x¿ ;'Sg k'Ub5g\ . To; ;dosf nflu gk] fnL
hgtfn] k|ofu] ub{} cfPsf /y} fg] 1fg tyf l;k eg]sf
:yfgLo :t/df kfv] /Lx¿sf] lgdf0{ f, s'jf, Ogf/x¿sf]
lgdf{0f, /fhs'nf]x¿sf] lgdf0{ f, 9ª' u\ ] wf/fx¿sf] ko| f]u
cflb kb{5g\ .

@= jg tyf 3fF;d] b} fg Joj:yfkg (Forest and

pasture management)

gk] fndf jgn] %( nfv ^@ xhf/ xS] 6/ ee" fu

cfu] 6]sf] 5, hg' g]kfnsf] s'n Ifq] kmnsf] $)=#^Ü

x'g cfpF5 . cGo sfi7 tyf a'6o\ fg If]q ^ nfv

$* xhf/ xS] 6/ -$=#*Ü_ /x]sf] 5 . gk] fnsf] s'n

Ifq] kmndWo] jgIfq] / cGo sfi7 tyf a6' \ofg If]q

b'jn} ] u/L $$=&$Ü e"– efu cf]u6s] f] 5 . oL jg

tyf 3fF;] d}bfgn] oxfsF f uf| dL0f efudf a;fa] f;

ug]{ hgtfx¿nfO{ k|ToIf¿kdf ljleGg vfnsf

kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] x¿ k|bfg ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . hnjfo' lrq %=@ M ;fd'bflos jgaf6 8fn]3Ff; NofpFb}

kl/jt{gsf] ke| fjn] jg tyf 3f;F ] d}bfgdf ke| fj afl;Gbf

kf/s] f] cfj:yfdf oxfsF f dflg;x¿n] ckgfPsf

/}yfg] 1fg tyf l;kx¿dWo] ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t jg Joj:yfkg, ;fd'bflos jg sfo{j|md, u}/

sfi7 jg k}bfjf/ Joj:yfkg, dWojtL{ If]q Joj:yfkg, ;d'bfosf] ;lj|motfdf ;~rfng s[lif

jg cflb kb{5g\ .

88 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

#= u|fdL0f oftfoft k"jf{wf/ (Rural transport infrastructure)

:yfgLo ;f| t] tyf ;fwgaf6 lgdf0{ f ul/Psf

oftfoftsf kj" fw{ f/x¿ uf| dL0f hghLjgsf nflu

clt dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5g\ . hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf

c;/x¿n] ubf{ cfw'lgs oftfoft tyf ;~rf/sf

kj" fw{ f/x¿n] sfd gubf{ /}yfg] 1fg tyf l;k

nufP/ tof/ ul/Psf oftfoft k"jf{wf/x¿n]

dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5g\ . xfn g]kfndf

ckgfOPsf u|fdL0f oftfoftsf k"jf{wf/x¿dWo] lrq %=@ M k/Dk/fut emf]n'ª\u] k'n
emf]n'ª\u] k'nx¿, t'Og, km8\s]x¿ cflb kb{5g\ .

/}yfg] l;k k|of]u u/L lgdf{0f ul/Psf o:tf

k"jf{wf/x¿n] ljkt\sf a]nf u|fdL0f hghLjgnfO{ ;xh agfpg lgs} dxŒj /fV5g\ .

$= a;fa] f; Ifq] tyf cfjf; (Settlement area and housing)

gk] fnsf] dWo kxf8L tyf lxdfnL e]udf a;f]af; ug]{ afl;Gbfx¿ hnjfo' l;lh{t k|sf]ksf] rk]6fdf kb}{
cfPsf 5g\ . ljz]ifu/L af9L, klx/f], cfuhgL cflb h:tf k|sf]kx¿af6 oxfsF f hgtfx¿ a;l{] g kLl8t
xg' kU' 5g\ . o:tf hnjfo' l;lh{t k|sf]kx¿af6 aRg g]kfnsf uf| dL0f tyf ;x/L If]qx¿df /}yfg] l;k
k|of]u u/L lgdf{0f ul/Psf cfjf; tyf a;f]af; If]qx¿ xfdL kfpF5f}F . ljz]if u/L ufpF3/df
afF;n] tyf v/n] ag]sf 3/x¿, gbL lsgf/df ag]sf 3/x¿ jl/kl/ :yfgLo l;k k|of]u u/L
t6aGwsf] lgdf{0f, ;x/L If]qsf k'/fgf 3/x¿sf] ufx|f] / blngdf r's'nsf] k|of]u cflb /}yfg]
1fg tyf l;kx¿sf] k|of]usf pbfx/0fx¿ x'g\ .

%= k/Dk/fut ;fdflhs ;+:yfx¿ (Traditional social institutions)

k/Dk/fut ;fdflhs ;:+ yfx¿ eGgfn] u|fdL0f eu] df tyf ;x/L Ifq] df /xs] f w/] } cufl8b]lv ;~rfng
xbF' } cfPsf k/Dk/fut ;d"xx¿ xg' \ h:tM} u7' L, s'Nxf/L, l9s'/, d'lvof, cfDrL cflb . u7' Ln] ;fdflhs
sfox{ ¿ tyf k/Dk/fx¿nfO{ ;~rfng u/fO{ /fVg dbt ub5{ . sN' xf/Ln] l;rF fOnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{]
sfd ub{5 . l9s/' n] ufpnF ]x¿nfO{ C0f kj| fx ug{] sfd ub{5 . dl' vofn] ;dfhnfO{ ;xL 9ªu\ af6
cufl8 a9fpg] tyf cfDrLn] :jf:Yo ;j] f pknAw u/fpg] sfd ub{5 . hnjfo' l;lh{t c;/x¿;Fu
cg'sl" nt xg' \ . o:tf k/Dk/fut ;fdflhs ;:+ yfx¿n] dxŒjk"0f{ el" dsf lgjf{x ub5{ g\ .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 89

%=%= hnjfo' kl/jtg{ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o« k|of;x¿ (International efforts on climate

change)

-s_ hnjfo' kl/jtg{ ;DaGwL ;+oS' t /fi6;« ª3\ Lo ;/+ rgf
dxf;lGw (UNFCCC)

hnjfo' kl/jtg{ ;DaGwL ;+o'St /fi6;« ª\3Lo ;+/rgf dxf;lGw Ps
cGt/fl{ i6«o jftfj/0fLo ;lGw xf] h;df ( d] !((@ df !^% /fi6«x¿n]
x:tfIf/ u/]sf lyP . ;o+ 'St /fi6«;ª3\ Lo hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] vfsf
dxf;lGwsf] dV' o p2]Zo xl/t ux[ Uof;F x¿sf] pT;h{g lgoGq0f u/L
eljiodf cfOk{ g{] ljkt\af6 aRg ;xof]u ug'{ xf] . o; dxf;lGwn] xl/t ux[ Uof;F pT;hg{ df lgoGq0f
ugs{ f nflu o;sf ;b:o /fi6«x¿nfO{ xl/t u[x Uof;F pT;hg{ sf] ;do ;Ldf tf]lslbPsf] 5 .

-v_ Sof6] f] k|f6] fs] n (Kyoto Protocol)

of] k|f]6f]sn ;g\ !((& sf] l8;D] a/ !! df hfkfgsf] Sof]6f] ;x/df
;DkGg ePsf] xf] . o; kf| 6] fs] nsf] dV' o p2]Zo xl/t u[x UofF;
pT;hg{ df l:y/Ls/0f ug{] tyf hnjfo' kl/jtg{ af6 eljiodf
cfOkg]{ gsf/fTds kl/0ffdaf6 ljZjnfO{ hfu] fpg' xf] . Sof6] f]
kf| 6] f]sndf ljz]if u/L bO' { lsl;dsf /fi6«x¿sf] ;xeflutf /xs] f]
5 . klxnf] lsl;dsf /fi6«x¿df ljsl;t /fi6x« ¿ kb{5g\ hg'
/fi6«x¿nfO{ Annex I /fi6x« ¿ elgG5 . Sof]6f] k|f6] f]snn] o:tf
/fi6x« ¿nfO{ a9L dfqfdf sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8 pT;h{g ug{ aGbh]
nufPsf] 5 eg] Non -Annex I df ;r" Lst[ ljsf;zLn /fi6«x¿n] eg] sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8 cjzfi] f0f
ug{ ljleGg kl/ofh] gfx¿ tof/ ug{ ;S5g\ . Annex I df /xs] f /fi6«x¿n] cfkm"n] pT;h{g u/s] f]
sfa{g8fOcS;fO8sf] sfag{ jm| l] 86 Non -Annex I df /x]sf /fi6x« ¿;uF lsGgk' g]{ x'G5 .

-u_ kl] /; ;Demf}tf (Paris Agreement)

;+o'St /fi6;« ª3\ Lo hnjfo' kl/jtg{ ;DaGwL vfsf dxf;lGwsf kIf
/fi6x« ¿n] !@ l8;D] a/ @)!% df k|mfG;sf] /fhwfgL k]l/;df of]
;Demft} f u/]sf lyP . k]l/; ;Demft} fn] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] kd| 'v
sf/s dflgPsf] xl/t ux[ Uof;F pT;h{g sd ug{ k|f]T;flxt u/s] f] 5 .
xl/t u[x Uof;F pT;h{g lgoGq0fsf nflu ckgfpg'kg{] pkfo klxrfg
/ sfof{Gjog, cgs' "ng / kl/jt{gaf6 eO/xs] f xflg gfS] ;fgL, ltgsf]

90 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

n]vfhf]vfnufotsf d2' fnfO{ o;df dxŒj lbOPsf] 5 . hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf] c;/ sd ug{ cfjZos
ljQLo ;f| ]t vfh] L, klxrfg / pknAwtfnfO{ klg o;df ;dl] 6Psf] 5 . ;g\ @)!^, gfe] D] a/ $ df
cg'df]bg ePsf] of] ;Demft} f ;g\ @)@) bl] v nfu' xg' ] 5 eg] o;n] k[YjLsf] tfkjm| d j[l4nfO{ !=%°C
df ;Lldt ug{] nIo /fv]sf] 5 .

;f/fz+ (Summary)

 hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 l;lh{t k|efjsf sf/0f gk] fn nufot cGo ljsf;zLn dn' s' sf ljzi] f u/L
ljkGg, ;LdfGts[t Pjd\ ;fdflhs cflys{ ¿kn] kl5k/s] f ;d'bfo yk ;ªs\ 6f;Gg x'Fb} uPsf
5g\ .

 hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] l;hg{ f u/]sf] r'gft} Lsf] ;fdgf ub{} kf| Kt cj;/x¿sf] ;b'kof]u u/L kf| sl[ ts
tyf dfgj l;lh{t k0| ffnLnfO{ cgs' "n t'Nofpg] kl| jm| ofnfO{ cg'sn" g elgG5 .

 hnjfo' kl/jt{ghGo c;xh kl/l:yltsf] ;fdgf ug{, hLljsfk] fhg{ sf r'gft} LnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ /
hLjg:t/nfO{ ;fdfGoLs/0f ug{ cfkm"nfO{ ;Ifd agfpg] k|lj|mofnfO{ ;dfg's"ng elgG5 .

 gk] fnsf] ljs6 / sdhf]/ e"agf]6, ljifd e:" j¿k / k|fs[lts ;f| ]t ;fwgsf] ljt/0fdf c;dfgtf
Pjd\ tfkj|md jl[ 4sf] sf/0f hnjfo' kl/jtg{ n] kfg{ ;Sg] ke| fj, 7fpF / kl/j]z km/s 5g\ .

 g]kfn hnjfo' kl/jt{ gsf] sf/0f clt hnjfo' ;ªs\ 6f;Gg b]zx¿sf] ;r" Ldf k/s] f] 5 . o;af6
bz] sf] ;fdflhs cflys{ ljsf;df rg' f}tL ylkPsf] 5 .

 gk] fnn] xl/t ux[ Uof;F sf] pT;h{g guGo ¿kdf ug]{ ePtfklg hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf] cj;/af6
Jofks ¿kdf k|efljt x'g yfn]sfn] clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] xl} ;otdf gk] fnn] lj=;=+ @)^&
;fndf /fli6«o cg'sn" g sfo{jm| d (NAPA) tof/ u/]sf] 5 .

 /fli6o« cg'sn" g sfo{j|mdsf ljifout sfoI{ f]qx¿ sl[ if tyf vfB ;/' Iff, hn;|f]t tyf pmhf{,
hnjfo'af6 pTkGg k|sfk] x¿, jghª\un tyf h}ljs ljljwtf, hg:jf:Yo / ;x/L a;f]af; tyf
ef}lts k'jfw{ f/ xg' \ .

 lj=;=+ @)^^ ;fnsf] h]7 dlxgfdf ;DkGg /fli6o« cg'sn" g sfo{j|md cfof]hgfsf] z'ef/De
sfoz{ fnfsf ;xefuLx¿n] /fli6«o cgs' n" g sfo{jm| dsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu :yfgLo
cg'sn" g sfoo{ f]hgf tof/ ug{ ;e' mfj lbPsf lyP .

 hnjfo' cg's"ng tyf ;dfg'sn" gsf kIfnfO{ :yfgLo tyf /fli6«o ljsf; of]hgf kl| jm| ofdf ;dfofh] g
ug{ LAPAsf] ;/+ rgfdf ufpkF flnsf jf gu/kflnsfnfO{ Ps pko'St PsfO dflgPsf] 5 .

 /fli6o« tyf :yfgLo ljsf; ofh] gf kl| jm| ofdf hnjfo' cg'sn" gsf sfox{ ¿ ;dfofh] g u/L hnjfo'
;dfg's'ntfsf] cj:yf l;h{gf ug{' :yfgLo cgs' "ng sfoo{ f]hgfsf] nIo /x]sf] 5 .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 91

 hnjfo' kl/jtg{ ;DaGwL ;+o'St /fi6;« ª3\ Lo ;/+ rgf dxf;lGw Ps cGt/f{li6o« jftfj/0fLo ;lGw
xf] h;df ( d] !((@ df !^% /fi6x« ¿n] b:tvt u/s] f lyP .

 Sof6] f] k|f]6fs] n ;g\ !((& sf] l8;D] a/ !! df hfkfgsf] Sof]6f] ;x/df ;DkGg ePsf] xf] . o;
kf| 6] fs] nsf] d'Vo p2Z] o xl/t ux[ UofF; pT;h{gdf l:y/Ls/0f ug]{ tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6
eljiodf cfOkg{] gsf/fTds kl/0ffdaf6 ljZjnfO{ hfu] fpg' xf] .

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] clt 5f6] f] pQ/ nV] gx' f;] \ M

-s_ cgs' "ng eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ ;dfgs' 'ngsf] kl/efiff lbg'xf;] \ .
-u_ /fli6«o cg's"ng sfoj{ |mdsf] s'g} b'O{ p2]Zox¿ n]Vgx' f];\ .
-3_ jftfj/0f ;+/If0f;DaGwL s'g} b'O{ cGt/fl{ i6«o ko| f;x¿ pNn]v ug{x' f];\ .
-ª_ /fli6o« cgs' n" g sfo{j|mdsf sg' } bO' { ljifout sfo{Ifq] x¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
-r_ :yfgLo cgs' "ng sfoo{ fh] gfsf] /fli6«o ;+/rgfsf s'g} bO' { lgb{z] s l;4fGtx¿ n]Vgx' f;] \ .
-5_ Sof]6f] k|f6] f]sn ;Ddn] g slxn] ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] <
-h_ Sof6] f] kf| ]6f]snsf] Annex 1 df k/s] f s'g} b'O{ /fi6s« f] gfd nV] g'xf;] \ .

@= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] 5f6] f] pQ/ nV] gx' f];\ M

-s_ km/s 56' \ofpg'xf];\ M
-c_ cgs' n" g / ;dfgs' "ng
-cf_ NAPA / LAPA
-v_ /fli6«o cg's"ng sfo{j|mdsf sg' } kfrF ljifout sfo{Ifq] x¿sf] j0f{g ugx'{ f];\ .
-u_ :yfgLo cgs' "ng sfoo{ f]hgfsf] /fli6o« ;+/rgfsf lgb{z] s l;4fGtx¿sf] cfl} rTo n]Vgx' f;] \ .
-3_ hnjfo' kl/jtg{ ;DaGwL ;+oS' t /fi6«;ª\3Lo ;/+ rgf dxf;lGwsf] dV' o kfFr dxŒjnfO{
5f]6s/Ldf j0f{g ugx{' f];\ .
-ª_ Sof]6f] kf| ]6fs] n ;Ddn] gsf] cf}lrTo pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .

92 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

#= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] nfdf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf;] \ M

-s_ /fli6«o cg's"ng sfoj{ |mdsf ljifout sfo{Ifq] x¿nfO{ ke| fjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjojg ug{
;lsg] pkfox¿ klxrfg u/L s'g} rf/ cf6] fsf] 5f]6s/Ldf JofVof ug{x' f;] \ .

-v_ :yfgLo cg'sn" g sfo{of]hgfsf r/0fx¿sf] ljZni] f0f ug{'xf;] \ .

-u_ /y} fg] 1fg tyf l;kx¿sf] ;+/If0fn] ubf{ s;/L hnjfo' l;lht{ k|sfk] x¿af6 aRg ;lsG5 <
cfgf] ts{ ;lxt k|:6 kfg{'xf];\ .

kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Project work)

tkfO{F a;fa] f; ug]{ ufpkF flnsf jf gu/kflnsfdf hnjfo' ;dfgs' "ngsf nflu k|of]u eO/x]sf /}yfg]
1fg tyf l;kx¿ ;f]wvf]h u/L klxrfg ug'{xf;] \ . tL /y} fg] l;kx¿nfO{ cem k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ko| f]u
ug{ s] ug{k' nf{ < jf lj1 JolSt;Fu ;f]wvf]h u/L pkfox¿ tof/ kfg{'xf;] \ / sIffdf k|:t't ugx{' f;] \ .

zAbfjnL (Glossary)
;ª\s6f;Gg M hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sfsf/0f l;hg{ f ePsf hf]lvd, ;+jb] gzLntf, ;ªs\ 6, vt/f, k|ltsn"

k|efj cflb;uF h'Wg ;Sg] xl} ;otdf cToGt sdL cfPsf] cj:yf

hghLljsf M hgtfsf] hLjgrof{
hLljsfk] fhg{ M hLjg ;~rfng
cwfu] fdL M dflyNnf] txaf6 tNnf] txlt/ hfg]
pmWju{ fdL M tNnf] txaf6 dflyNnf] txlt/ hfg]
k|f]6f]sn M ;Demft} f kq
cg's"ng M hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0faf6 l;lht{ kl/l:yltdf ljleGg pkfox¿ cjnDag u/L

hLjgofkg ug]{ Ifdtfdf clejl[ 4 ug{'

cgs' n" g Ifdtf M hnjfo' kl/jt{g jf cGo jftfj/0fLo ;d:ofx¿;uF cgs' "ng x'g ;Sg] Ifdtf
hnjfoh' Go hfl] vd M hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf sf/0fn] xg' ;Sg] ;Defljt ljgfzsf/L c;/x¿

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 93

PsfO js} lNks pmhf{

^ (Alternative Energy)

^=! kl/ro (Introduction)

cfwl' gs ;dfhdf pmhf{ ckl/xfo{ /xg'sf ;fy}
;fdflhs cflys{ ljsf;df o;sf] dxŒjk"0f{
el" dsf /xs] f] 5 . gk] fn ljsf;f]Gd'v
b]z x'gfsf ;fy} oxfFsf w]/} h;f] dflg;x¿
u|fdL0f Ifq] df a;f]af; ub{5g\ . ljsf;sf]
;r" ssf] ¿kdf /xs] f] kl| tJolSt pmhf{
vkt b/df g]kfn ljZjsf] cf;} teGbf lgs}
tn /x]sf] ljleGg tYofªs\ x¿n] b]vfPsf
5g\ . g]kfndf cem} klg k/Dk/fut pmhfs{ f
;|f]tx¿ bfp/f, ufOj:t'sf] ufa] / cflb h:tf lrqM ^=!M l;Gwn' L lhNnfdf h8fg ePsf] afo' tyf ;fo} {
afofd] f;n] nueu ;Q/L kl| tzt pmhf{sf] phfs{ f] xfOla8| k0| ffnL . ;f| t] M js} lNks phf{ sG] b|
cfkl" t{ u5g{ \ . uf| dL0f e]udf vfgf ksfpg,]
kfgL ttfpg] h:tf sfo{ ug{ k/Dk/fut r'nf] / pmhfs{ f] g} w]/} ko| f]u x'G5 . o;n] dfgj :jf:Yo
tyf jftfj/0fnfO{ gsf/fTds c;/ kl' u/xs] f] xG' 5 . To:t} gk] fndf vkt x'g] ;Dk"0f{ hLjfjzi] f OGwg
cfoft ug{k' g{] afWotf /xs] f] 5, h;n] b]znfO{ cflys{ Jooef/ ef/ yk]sf] 5 . xfn;Dd pTkflbt
hnljBt' \ ljzi] f u/L ;x/L Ifq] df a9L pkofu] eO/xs] f] cj:yf 5 . u|fdL0f Pjd\ b'ud{ If]qx¿df :jR5
/ e/kbf]{ pmhf{sf] kx'rF kU' g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . csfl{] t/ u|fdL0f pmhfs{ f] ¿kdf hl} js UofF;, ;f}o{ pmhf,{
jfo' pmhf{, ;w' fl/Psf] kfgL 366\ , n3' tyf ;fgf hnljBt' \sf] pTkfbg ug{ ;Sg] kofK{ t ;Defjgf /x]/
klg To;nfO{ cfjZostfcg';f/ pkof]udf Nofpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . t/ ef}uf]lns, k|fljlws, ;fdflhs
tyf ;|ft] / ;fwgsf] sz' n Joj:yfkgsf] cefjsf sf/0fn] o:tf ;f| ]tx¿sf] plrt ljsf; eO/x]sf]
kfObF }g . gjLs/0fLo tyf Gog" jf s'g} klg jftfj/0fLo k|bi" f0f gug]{ ;fy} nfdf] ;dosf] k|of]udf
lskmfotL klg x'g] ePsfn] :jR5 pmhf{nfO{ pkofu] df NofO{ lbuf] ljsf; ug'{ cfhsf] cfjZostf klg
xf] -lrqM ^=!_ . o; PsfOdf o:tf js} lNks pmhfs{ f] ljsf;df ePsf c;n cEof; / logLx¿sf]
sfof{Gjogdf ;+nUg ;/sf/L lgsfo tyf ;ª3\ ;+:yfsf] e"ldsfnfO{ 5f6] s/Ldf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

94 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

^=@ g]kfndf js} lNks pmhf{ k|jw{gdf ePsf gLltut tyf ;+:yfut Joj:yf

^=@=! gLltut Joj:yf (Provision of policy)

gk] fndf j}slNks pmhf{ kj| w{gdf ePsf sx] L gLltut Joj:yfx¿ o;k|sf/ /xs] f 5g\ M

-s_ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg (Constitution of Nepal)

g]kfnsf] ;l+ jwfgn] gjLs/0fLo tyf j}slNks pmhf{nfO{ kf| yldstfdf /fvL k|fsl[ ts ;Dkbfsf] lbuf]
pkefu] / ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ kj| wg{ ug{ gLlt lgdf{0f ug{'sf ;fy} ;a}
gful/snfO{ gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ pTkfbg u/L ;xh¿kdf pknAw u/fpg] ;+ljwfgdf pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 .
To:t} ;+ljwfgn] ljsG] bL| s/0fsf dfWodaf6 :yfgLo txaf6} gLlt lgod lgdf0{ f ug]{ tyf sfof{ Gjog ug{]
Joj:yf u/]sfn] js} lNks pmhf{sf] ljsf; tyf k|jw{g ug]{ cj;/ l;hg{ f ePsf] 5 .

-v_ uf| dL0f pmhf{ gLlt (Rural Energy Policy) @)^#

o; gLltn] u|fdL0f pmhf{ k|ljlwsf If]qut ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff clu ;f/s] f] 5 . o; gLltcGtu{t
cjnDag ul/Psf sx] L /0fgLltx¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ M

• jftfj/0fdq} L u|fdL0f pmhf{ k|ljlwsf] ljsf; u/L uf| dL0f ;db' fosf] pmhf{ cfjZostfnfO{
;Dafw] g ug{]

• nlIft ;d'bfonfO{ uf| dL0f pmhf{ cg'bfg k|bfg ug{ dfkb08 tof/ kfg]{

• uf| dL0f pmhfs{ f] ljsf;df :yfgLo :t/df cfof]hgfsf] th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cgu' dg tyf
d"Nofª\sg ug]{ sfod{ f :yfgLo lgsfosf] gt] T[ jbfoL e"ldsfnfO{ clej[l4 ug]{

• uf| dL0f pmhf{ ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg ;f| ]taf6 kf| Kt x'g] /sdsf] kl/rfngsf nflu sG] b|Lo
:t/df s]GbL| o u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifsf] :yfkgf ug'{sf ;fy} cfjZostfcg;' f/ :yfgLo:t/df ;dt]
sf]ifsf] lj:tf/ ug]{

• gk] fn ;/sf/, pmhf{, hn;f| ]t tyf l;rF fO dGqfnocGtu{tsf] js} lNks pmhf{ kj| w{g s]Gbn| ]
:yfgLo lgsfosf] uf| dL0f pmhf{ sfoj{ |md th‘{ df Pjd\ sfofG{ jog ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf clejl[ 4 ug{
cfjZos ;xof]u ug{]

• uf| dL0f Ifq] df ;'xfpg] Pjd\ hgtfsf] Ifdtfn] wfGg] k|s[ltsf pmhf{ ;f| ]t ;fwgx¿sf] ljsf;df
hf]8 lbg]

• uf| dL0f Ifq] df ;fgf tyf n3' hnljBt' \ cfof]hgf, hl} js UofF;, ;'wfl/Psf] r'nf,] ;w' fl/Psf]
kfgL 36\6, ;fo} { pmhf{ k|0ffnL cflbsf] ljsf; tyf s]GbL| o lu8| sf] lj:tf/ u/L u|fdL0f :t/df
pmhf{ vktsf] Ifdtf j[l4sf nflu cfly{s lj|mofsnfkx¿ PsLs[t ¿kdf ;~rfng ug]{

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 95