Grade 10 Optional Environmental Science Nepali Medium

bv] fkg]{ sf]nfxnsf] cj:yf l;hg{ f xg' ' ljkb\ hfl] vd Joj:yfkgsf k|d'v rg' f}tLx¿ x'g\ h;nfO{
lgDglnlvt ab'F fdf pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M

• ljkb\ hfl] vdsf] klxrfg tyf gS;fª\sg ug{ cWoog, cg;' Gwfg kf| yldstfdf gkg{]
• :ki6¿kdf k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf gxg' '
• p¢f/ tyf /fxtsf] ;dodf cfjZos kg{] ;'/Iff ;fduL| , aGbf] a:tLsf ;fduL| , pmhf{ tyf

;~rf/sf] Joj:yfkgdf sl7gfO
• ljkbs\ f] a]nfdf p¢f/stf{nfO{ ;dodf g} kl/rfng ug{ sl7gfO
• ljkb\sf] ;dodf p¢f/ tyf /fxtsf sfo{ ;dod} x'g g;Sbf l;lht{ ljkb\sf] hl6ntf
• ljkbs\ f] ;dodf df;} dsf] k|lts"n cj:yf
• b/" b/fhsf Ifq] df ljkbs\ f] cj:yf l;hg{ f ePdf /fxt tyf p¢f/ sfod{ f xg' ] l9nfO
• ljkb\kZrft\ ul/g] kg" lg{df0{ f tyf k"gnf{edf l9nf;:' tL
• ljkb\ hfl] vd Joj:yfkg, hnjfo' kl/jtg{ tyf ljsf; ljrsf] cGt;{Daw PsLs[t u/L

sfoj{ |md nfu' ug{ sl7gfO
ljkb\ hf]lvdsf] cj:yf a]n}df lgSof]{n u/L, ljkb\ hfl] vd Joj:yfkgsf tLgcf]6} r/0f h:t} k"j{tof/L,
kl| tsfo{ / k'gnf{esf] ljm| ofsnfknfO{ k|fylds/0f u/L sfoj{ m| dx¿ to ul/g'k5{ / ljkbs\ f] Iflt
Gog" Ls/0f ug{ ljkb\ cfpge' Gbf cufl8sf] kj" t{ of/Ldf ljzi] f Wofg lbg' cfjZos 5 .

;f/f+z (Summary)

• ljkb\ k|sfk] sf sf/0f pTkGg x'g]{ Ifltk"0f{ cj:yf xf] . o;n] hgwgsf] Ifltsf] ;fy} ;fdflhs
hghLjg / jftfj/0fdf k|ltsn" c;/ k¥' ofp5F . ljkb\ k|sf]k (hazard), ;ª\s6f;Ggtf
(vulnerability), / hfl] vd (risk) ;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 .

• ljkb\ l;hg{ f x'g] sf/0fsf cfwf/df o;nfO{ dV' o u/L bO' { efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 M kf| s[lts
/ dfgj l;lht{ ljkb\

• ljkb\af6 x'g] Iflt sd ug,{ ljkb\sf] an] f ;'/lIft /xg / ljkb\kl5 x'g] cK7\of/f] l:yltsf] ;fdgf
ug{] afgL kfg{ ul/g] kj" t{ of/L, k|ltsfo{ / kg" nf{esf] ljm| ofsnfk g} ljkb\ hfl] vd Joj:yfkg xf] .

• ljkb\ xg' cl3 ;fjwfgL ckgfpg,] kj" t{ of/L ug],{ k"j{ cg'dfg ug{] / ;s];Dd /f]syfdsf pkfo
cjnDag u/L ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf] of]hgf agfpbF f o;af6 xg' ] c;/ sd ug{ ;lsG5 .

• ljkb\sf r'gf}tLx¿ ;dod} klxrfg u/L ljkb\ Joj:yfkg of]hgf agfpg ;s] ljkba\ f6 x'g] Iflt
sd ug{ ;lsG5 .

146 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] clt 5f]6f] pQ/ n]Vgx' f;] \ M

-s_ ljkb\sf] eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ ljkb\ slt ks| f/ x'G5g\ < gfd n]Vgx' f];\ .
-u_ ljkb\sf sf/0fx¿sf] ;"rL agfpgx' f];\ .
-3_ ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkgnfO{ kl/eflift ug{x' f];\ .

@= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] 5f6] f] pQ/ n]Vg'xf;] \ M

-s_ k|sf]k / ljkbl\ ardf km/s 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ .
-v_ ljkbs\ f k|sf/x¿sf] j0fg{ ugx{' f];\ .
-u_ ljkbs\ f] Joj:yfkg ug{ lsg cfjZos 5 < sf/0fx¿sf] j0f{g ugx'{ f];\ .
-3_ ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf ofh] gf lgdf0{ f ubf{ s] s] kmfObfx¿ x'G5 < j0fg{ ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ubf{ s:tf rg' ft} Lx¿ cfpg ;S5g\ < klxrfg ug{x' f;] \ .

#= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] nfdf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf;] \ M

-s_ ljkb Joj:yfkg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 < JofVof ug{'xf];\ .
-v_ ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf ofh] gf lgdf{0f ubf{ s] s] kIfx¿df Wofg lbg'k5{ < ljkb\ Joj:yfkg

ug]{ of]hgfsf] vfsf tof/ ugx{' f;] \ .

kl/ofh] gf sfo{ (Project work)

-s_ sIffsf7] fsf ljBfyL{x¿sf] kfrF ÷kfrF hgfsf] ;dx" agfpgx' f;] \ . k|To]s ;d"x leqsf ljBfyL{n]
cfkmg\ f] Ifq] sf ;Defljt k|sfk] sf] ;r" L agfO{ o:tf k|sfk] n] eljiodf lgDTofpg ;Sg] ljkb\sf]
Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ug{ s:tf] ofh] gf agfpgk' nf{ < ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L ;Defljt
ofh] gf tof/ ugx'{ f];\ .

-v_ cfkmg\ f] Ifq] sf s'g} kf| s[lts ks| f]ksf] :ynut cg'udg u/L eljiodf o;n] kfg{ ;Sg] ;Defljt
c;/x¿ s] s] x'g ;S5g\ / o;sf] hfl] vd Go"gLs/0f ug{ s:tf] pkfo cjnDjg ug{ ;lsG5
;f]sf] kl| tj]bg tof/ kfg'{xf;] \ .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 147

zAbfjnL (Glossary)

ks| fk] (hazard) M ljkb\ Nofpg ;Sg] sg' } klg 36gf h:t} M af9L, klx/f], cfunflu, x'/Latf;, r6\ofª
cflb
;ªs\ 6f;Gg (vulnerable) M cfkt\sfnLg cj:yf pTkGg x'g] ;Defjgf ePsf] jf ljklQtkm{ pGdv'
ePsf] cj:yf hg' pSt If]qdf ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf jftfj/0fLo cj:yfdf e/ kb5{ .
;Dd'vtf (exposure): hfl] vddf /xg] tŒjx¿, hf] ks| fk] sf] 36gf x'g ;Sg] glhs xG' 5g\ .
hf]lvd (risk): ks| fk] sf 36gfaf6 Iflt xg' ] ;Defjgf /x]sf] cj:yf jf xfgL gfS] ;fgL xg' ] ;Defjgf

148 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

PsfO jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg

!) (Environment Management)

!)=!= kl/ro (Introduction)

jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg eGgfn] jftfj/0fsf] plrt tyf ks| [ltd}qL Joj:yfkg eGg] ae' mfpF5 . jftfj/0f
Joj:yfkgn] dfgj ;dfh / jftfj/0fdf kg]{ c;/nfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ sfo{ ub{5 . jftfj/0fdf pknAw
;f| ]t ;fwgsf] ljj]sk"0f{ pkof]u u/L dflg; / jftfj/0flarsf] ;DaGw lbuf] agfpg] Joj:yfksLo
k¢lt jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg xf] . jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg s]jn jftfj/0fLo ;Gtn' gsf nflu dfq geO{
dfgj ;dfhsf] cl:tTj ;/+ If0fsf nflu ;dt] xf] . o;leq k|fs[lts ;f| t] ;fwgsf] pkof]u, jftfj/0f
;/+ If0f, kb| i" f0f / kmfx] f]/dn} f lgoGq0f, hl} js ljljwtf ;+/If0f, hldg tyf jgsf] lbuf] k|ofu] nufot
;Dk"0f{ ljlw / kl| j|mofx¿ ;dl] 6G5g\ .

jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkgleq hLj, ef}lts jftfj/0fsf y'k|} tŒjx¿sf] Joj:yfkg kb{5 lsgls ;a} hLljt
j:t'x¿ / ltgLx¿sf] /xg] :yfg Ps cfk;df 3lgi6 ¿kn] cGt/;DalGwt xG' 5g\ . jftfj/0fLo
Joj:yfkgsf nflu klg Joj:yfksLo ;fwg, dfkb08 / k|0ffnL cfjZos x'G5g\ .

!)=@= jftfj/0f ;/+ If0f;DaGwL /fli6«o gLltx¿ (National policies on conservation

of environment)

g]kfndf lj=;=+ @)!# b]lv Jojl:yt ¿kdf ljsf; of]hgfx¿sf] ;?' jft ePtfklg nfdf] ;do;Dd
jftfj/0f ;DaGwL d'2fn] ofh] gfdf 7fpF kfpg ;ss] f] lyPg . 56} f}F k~rjifLo{ ofh] gf -@)#&—@)$@_
b]lv jftfj/0f tyf ep" kof]u gLlt cjnDag ul/Pkl5 x/s] k~rjifLo{ ofh] gfdf jftfj/0f;DaGwL
ljifon] 7fpF kfpg yfn]sf] b]lvG5 . jftfj/0f;DaGwL ljleGg gLltut b:tfj]hx¿nfO ljZn]if0f ubf{,
g]kfndf jftfj/0f ;/+ If0f;DaGwL gLltut kf| yldstfx¿ o;ks| f/ 5g\ M

-s_ jftfj/0f;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg lgsfox¿sf] sfo{Ifq] lgwf/{ 0f ug{s' f ;fy} k|fljlws Ifdtfsf]
ljsf; ug{]

-v_ jftfj/0fLo dN" o / :t/ lgwf/{ 0f ug]{

-u_ jftfj/0fLo l:ylt kq (state of the environment) tof/ kfg]{

-3_ cfof]hgf thd'{ fsf jm| ddf jftfj/0fLo ke| fj d"Nofª\sgsf] kl| j|mof cjnDag ug{]

-ª_ jftfj/0f;DaGwL PsLst[ sfg"g lgdf0{ f ug]{

-r_ e"pkof]u ofh] gf thd{' f / sfofG{ jog ug]{

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 149

-5_ k|fsl[ ts ;|f]tx¿sf] ;/+ If0f ug]{
-h_ hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg;DaGwL bL3s{ fnLg gLlt thd{' f / sfof{Gjog ug]{
-em_ u/} ;/sf/L ;+:yf / ;fdb' flos ljsf; ;:+ yfx¿nfO{ kl/rfng ug]{
-`_ ;x/Ls/0fnfO{ j1} flgs cfwf/df ;'Jojl:yt ug]{
-6_ kb| "if0f dfkb08x¿ lgwf/{ 0f u/L kb| i" f0f lgoGq0fsf] sfo{ ke| fjsf/L 9ªu\ n] sfofG{ jog ug{]
g]kfndf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f;uF ;DalGwt y'k}| Pg] tyf gLltx¿ ag]sf 5g\ . tLdWo] k|d'v P]g tyf
gLltx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ M

1. hnr/ ;+/If0f P]g, @)!&
2. jg:klt ;/+ If0f P]g, @)@!
3. /fli6«o lgs~' h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f Pg] , @)#)
4. ljkb\ hf]lvd Go'gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkg Pg] , @)&$
5. hn;f| t] Pg] , @)$(
6. jg P]g, @)%)
7. jftfj/0f ;+/If0f Pg] , @)%#
8. kmfx] f]/dn} f Joj:yfkg Pg] , @)%*
9. hLjgfzs ljiffbL P]g, @)$*
10. h8La6' L Pjd\ u/} sfi7 jg kb} fjf/ ljsf; gLlt, @)^!
11. hl} js k|ljlw gLlt, @)^#
12. uf| dL0f pmhf{ gLlt, @)^#
13. /fli6o« sl[ if gLlt, @)^$
14. hnjfo' kl/jtg{ gLlt, @)^*
15. l;d;f/ gLlt, @)^(
16. jftfj/0f ;+/If0f gLlt, @)$$

!)=#= gk] fndf jftfj/0f ;/+ If0f ;DaGwdf ePsf sx] L dxŒjk"0f{ ko| f;x¿ (Some

important practices on conservation of environment in Nepal)

g]kfndf jftfj/0f ;/+ If0fsf nfuL xfn;Dd ul/Psf s]xL dxŒjk"0f{ ko| f;x¿ o;ks| f/ 5g\ M
• ;g\ !(() df k|fs[lts tyf ;f+:sl[ ts ;f| ]t ;+/If0f kl/ifb\sf] :yfkgf

150 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

• 56} fF} k~rjifLo{ ofh] gf -lj=;+= @)#*—@)$@_+ b]lv jftfj/0f tyf e"pkofu] gLlt cjnDag
ul/Psf]

• ;ftfF} k~rjifL{o ofh] gf -lj=;+= @)$@—@)$&_ b]lv jftfj/0fnfO{ kT| os] ljsf; cfof]hgf
cGtu{t ljzi] f Wofg lbgk' g]{ cª\usf ¿kdf dflgPsf]

• cf7fF} k~rjifL{o of]hgf;Ddsf ljsf; of]hgfx¿df jftfj/0f ;Gtn' g / lbuf] cfly{s ljsf;nfO{
k|wfgtf lbOPsf]

• gjfF} k~rjifLo{ of]hgfdf klg lbuf] cfly{s ljsf; tyf jftfj/0f ;/+ If0fdf hf8] lbOPsf]
• afxf| }F lqjifL{o of]hgfdf jftfj/0fLo k|efj dN" ofª\sgnfO{ cem a9fjf lbOPsf]
• t]xf| F} lqjifL{o of]hgfdf æhnjfo' kl/jtg{ nufgL sfi] fÆ tyf æhnjfo' kl/jt{g ;dfgs' "ngsf

nflu gdg' f sfo{j|mdsf] Joj:yf ePsf] / :yfgLo cg's"ng sfoj{ |mdnfO{ cl3 a9fOPsf]
• rf}wf}F k~rjifL{o of]hgfdf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf hnjfo' ;/+ If0fsf d2' fx¿nfO{ kf| yldstf

lbOPsf]
• kGwf| F} k~rjifL{o ofh] gf -lj=;+ @)&^—@)*!_ df ljleGg lsl;dsf jftfj/0fLo k|bi" f0fx¿

dfkb08 tfS] g,] kmf]xf]/d}nf Joj:yfkgdf lghL Ifq] sf] ;xeflutf a9fpg] h:tf sfoj{ |mdx¿nfO{
a9fjf lbOPsf]
• lj=;=+ @)%) df jftfj/0f ;/+ If0f kl/ifb\sf] :yfkgf ePsf]
• lj=;+= @)%@ df hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f dGqfnosf] :yfkgf ul/Psf]
• lj=;+= @)%# df jftfj/0f ;/+ If0f Pg] / lj=;+= @)%$ df jftfj/0f ;/+ If0f lgodfjnLsf]
lgdf{0f ul/Psf]
• g]kfn ;jf/L k|b"if0f dfkb08 lgwf{/0f Pg] @)%^ hf/L ul/Psf]
• lj=;+= @)%& bl] v ljBfno txsf] kf7\oj|mddf :jf:Yo, hg;ªV\ of / jftfj/0f ljifo clgjfo{
ljifosf ¿kdf tyf @)%( b]lv lj1fg ljifosf ¿kdf /fvL k7gkf7g eO/x]sf]
• gk] fnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #) df :jR5 jftfj/0fsf] xs;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/Psf]

!)=$= jftfj/0f ;/+ If0f;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o ko| f;x¿ (International practices on

conservation of environment)

jftfj/0fLo ;/+ If0fsf If]qdf vf;u/L ;g\ !(&) sf] bzsbl] v ljleGg pNn]vgLo ko| f;x¿ ePsf]
kfOG5 . sx] L ko| f;x¿ tn lbOPsf 5g\ M
• ;g\ !($* df ljZj jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ;ª3\ (IUCN) sf] :yfkgf

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 151

• ;g\ !(&) h'nfO{ ( df ;o+ S' t /fi6;« ª\3Lo kof{j/0f ;+/If0f Ph]G;L (US-EPA) sf] :yfkgf
• ;g\ !(&! sf] h'g @& b]lv h'nfO{ # ;Dd x]nl;GsLdf jftfj/0fLo eljio ;DaGwL cGt/fl{ i6o«

;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf
• ;g\ !(&@ sf] h'g %—!^ df ;+o'St /fi6;« ª3\ n] dfgj jftfj/0f ;DaGwL :6sxfd] ;Dd]ngsf]

cfof]hgf
• ;g\ !(&@ sf] l8;]Da/ !% df ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª3\ Lo jftfj/0fLo sfo{j|md -UNEP_ sf] :yfkgf
• ;g\ !(*# l8;D] a/df a|'G6Nof08 sld;gsf] u7g
• ;g\ !((@ df af| lhnsf] l/of] lb h]gl] /of]df jftfj/0f / ljsf;;DaGwL ljZj lzv/ ;Dd]ng

cfof]hgf ul/Psf] / o; ;Ddn] gn] PhG] 8f @! kfl/t u/]sf] lyof] . h;df hl} js ljljwtfsf]
ljZjJofkL ;/+ If0fsf] k|lta4tf;lxt lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffsf] ;fys{ tf ks| 6 ePsf]

!)=%= jftfj/0f ;+/If0f;DaGwL sx] L cGt/fl{ i6o« ;Dd]ngx¿ (Some international

conferences on conservation of environment)

-s_ l;d;f/;DaGwL /fd;f/ ;Dd]ng (Ramsar Convention on Wetlands)

of] ;Ddn] g kY[ jLdf ePsf a;fO;F /fO ug{] kG5Lx¿sf] ;+/If0fdf
cfwfl/t 5 . ljZjsf yk' |} kG5Lx¿ df};dcg';f/ cfkm\gf] jf;:yfg
kl/jtg{ u5g{ \ . o:tf df};dcg:' ff/ jf;:yfg kl/jtg{ ug]{ kG5Lx¿
k|foh;f] l;d;f/ Ifq] jl/kl/ a;f]af; ub5{ g\ . vf; u/L 7G8L
;dodf ;fOa]l/ofaf6 a;fOF ;/]sf kG5Lx¿ blIf0fL uf]nfws{ f
l;d;f/ If]qx¿df 7G8L ;doel/ a:5g\ . of] cjlwdf tL kG5Lx¿
a:g cg's"n jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf ug'{ of] ;Ddn] gsf] d'Vo nIo xf] .
;g\ !(&! km]a'|c/L @ tfl/vdf O/fgsf] /fd;f/df ;DkGg o; ;Dd]ngsf] dV' o p2Z] o l;d;f/ If]qdf
c:yfoL a;f]af; ug{ cfPsf kG5Lx¿nfO{ pkoS' t jf;:yfgsf] jftfj/0fsf] l;hg{ f ug{' xf] .
/fd;f/ ;r" Ldf k/s] f g]kfnsf l;d;f/ Ifq] x¿

!= sf;] L6Kk' jGohGt' cf/If

;'g;/L, ;Kt/L / pbok'/ lhNnfsf] ! ;o &% ju{ lsnf]ld6/ Ifq] df of] cf/If kml} nPsf] 5 . ;g\
!(*& df /fd;f/ ;r" Ldf ;r" Lst[ o; cf/If cgf{sf] /fhwfgL / r/fx¿sf] :ju{ dflgG5 .

152 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

@= hubLzk/' tfn

slknj:ts' f] hubLzk/' hnfzo gk] fnsf] dfgj lgldt{ hnfzo xf] . ! ;o %& xS] 6/df kml} nPsf] hubLzk/'
hnfzonfO{ ;g\ @))# df /fd;f/df ;r" Lst[ ul/Psf] xf] . of] Ifq] klg r/fsf nflu kl| ;4 5 .

#= 3f8] f3f8] L tfn

s}nfnLdf cjl:yt 3f]8f3f8] L tfn klg ;g\ @))# d} ljZj /fd;f/df ;r" Ls[t ePsf] xf] . 3f]8f3f8] L
tfn xl/xf;F , du/ uf]xL / hªu\ nL wfgsf nflu kl/lrt 5 .

$= la; xhf/L tfn

la; xhf/L tfn lrtjgdf k5{ . of] tfnsf] Ifq] kmn % xhf/ & ;o *! xS] 6/ 5 . oxfF u8F} f, h/fof,] lrQn
cflb hgfj/sf ;fy} ! ;o @% ks| f/sf r/fsf ;fy} du/ ufx] L tyf emG8} #) ks| f/sf df5f kfOG5g\ .

%= /f/f tfn

s0ffn{ Lsf] du' d' f /xs] f] /f/f tfn g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf 7n' f] / kl| ;4 tfn xf] . of] tfnnfO{ ;g\ @))& df
/fd;f/df ;"rLst[ ul/Psf] xf] . oxfF s:t/' L, /tj' f h:tf lxdfnL hgfj/ kfOg'sf ;fy} /fli6o« r/f
8fkF m] / c? lxdfnL r/fr?' ª\L tyf h8La'6L kfOG5g\ .

^= kmfS] ;'G8f] tfn

s0ffn{ Lsf] 8fN] kf lhNnfdf /xs] f] kmfS] ;G' 8f] tfn ;g\ @))& df /fd;f/ ;"rLdf ;r" Lst[ ePsf] xf] . of]
tfn $ bzdnj * lsnf]ld6/ nfDrf], ! bzdnj * lsnfl] d6/ rf8} f / ^ ;o %) ld6/ ulx/f] 5 .

&= uf;] fOsF '08

uf;] fOFs0' 8 l;d;f/ If]q /;'jf lhNnfl:yt nfª6fª /fli6o« lgs'~hleq kb{5 . uf;] fOsF '08 gf}s'08
If]qdf ! xS] 6/b]lv !& x]S6/ If]qkmn ePsf !^ cf]6f s'08 5g\ .

*= uf]Sof] tyf ;DalGwt tfnx¿

;f]n'v'Da'sf] vD' h'ª ufkfdf kg{] ufS] of] tfn gk] fnsf] pRr ee" fudf /xs] f dxŒjk0" f{ l;d;f/dWo]sf]
Ps xf] . uf]Sof] tfn zª[ v\ nf ljZj ;Dkbf ;r" Ldf ;"rLst[ ;u/dfyf /fli6«o lgs'~hleq /xs] f] 5 .

(= kmj] f tyf ;DalGwt tfnx¿

sf:sLsf gfc} f6] f tfnnfO{ Pp6} ;d"xdf /fv]/ ;g\ @)!^ df /fd;f/df ;r" Ls[t ul/Psf] xf] . hl} js
ljljwtfsf] lglZrt dfkb08 k"/f u/]sf sf:sLsf kmj] f, ¿kf, a]ugf;, vf:6], sdnkfv] /L, u'O8],
g]p/n] L, lbkfª\s / db} L tfnnfO{ hg] e] fl:yt /fd;f/sf] ;lrjfnon] ;fdl" xs¿kdf /fd;f/df ;"rLs[t
u/]sf] xf] .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 153

-v_ ;ª\s6fkGg cj:yfdf /xs] f k|hfltx¿sf] cGt/fl{ i6o« Jofkf/;DaGwL ;lGw

(Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species)

o; ;lGwsf] d'Vo p2Z] o ;ª\s6fkGg cj:yfdf /x]sf sx] L hLj
tyf jg:klt kh| fltx¿sf] cGt/fl{ i6«o Jofkf/nfO{ lgoGq0f ug'{
xf] . o;sf ;fy} cGt/f{li6o« Jofkf/df ;n+ Ug ul/Psf k|hfltx¿sf]
;/+ If0fdf klg o;sf] el" dsf /xs] f] 5 . of] ;lGwn] ljZjsf ljljw
Ifq] x¿af6 ;"rLa4 u/fOPsf hLj tyf jg:kltx¿sf] u}/sfg'gL
Jofkf/nfO{ klg lg?T;flxt ug{ ;kmn ePsf] 5 . of] ;lGw !# clk|n !(*& bl] v sfofG{ jogdf /xs] f]
5 . ;g\ @)!^ ;Dddf gk] fnnufot ljZjsf !*# b]zx¿n] o; ;lGwdf x:tfIf/ ul/;ss] f 5g\ .

-u_ kY[ jL ;Dd]ng (Earth Summit)

k|yd kY[ jL ;Ddn] g ;g\ !((@ df af| lhnsf] l/of] lb hg] l] /ofd] f ;o+ 'St /fi6«
;ª3\ sf] tTjfjwfgdf United Nations Conference on Environment
and Development (UNCED), Earth Summit ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . of]
;Dd]ngnfO{ Rio Conference sf gfdn] klg lrlgG5 . o; ;Ddn] gaf6 lbuf]
ljsf; k|jw{gsf nflu Agenda 21 klg kfl/t ul/of] . bf;] |f] k[YjL ;Dd]ng
!((& df ;o+ S' t /fHo cd]l/sfsf,] Go'ofs] {df Earth Summit +5 sf gfdn]
;DkGg eof] . o; ;Ddn]ngsf] d'Vo p2]Zo Agenda 21 sf] kg' /jnfs] g klg ug{' lyof] . lg/Gt/tfsf]
jm| ddf ;g\ @))@ df Rio +10 / ;g\ @)!@ df Rio+20 ;DkGg eof] . oL ;Dd]ngx¿sf] dV' o
p2]Zo lbuf] ljsf; tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu ;DalGwt pmi0ftf jl[ 4, cfh] f]g txsf] ljgfz, hª\unsf]
ljgfz, hl} js ljljwtfdf Jojwfg, xfjfkfgL kl/jt{gaf6 pTkGg c;/x¿, cDn jiff,{ pTkfbgdf x|f;,
ul/aLsf] ;ª\Vofdf j[l4 h:tf lgisif{ lgsfNg' lyof] . of] lgisifn{ ] efjL sfoj{ |md th{'df ug{ / To;sf]
k|efjsf/L sfofG{ jogdf ;xof]u kU' g] bl] vPsf] 5 .

-3_ dfgj jftfj/0f;DaGwL ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3Lo ;Dd]ng (United Nations Conference

on Human Environment)

of] ;Ddn] g ;g\ !(&@ sf] hg' % b]lv !^ ;Dd l:j8g] sf] :6sxf]ddf ;DkGg ePsf] xf] . o; ;Ddn] gdf
!!$ /fi6s« f !@)) kl| tlgwLx¿n] efu lnPsf lyP . kY[ jLdf ljBdfg kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] tyf jftfj/0fsf]
cj:yfdf xf| ; Nofpg d'Vo ¿kdf lhDdj] f/ dflg; xf] eGg] cjwf/0ffsf ;fy of] ;Ddn] gn] dfgj
;db' fonfO{ jftfj/0fsf] dxŒj afw] u/fpg] p2Z] o /fvs] f] lyof] . o; ;Ddn] gsf] kd| v' Woo] jftfj/0f
;'wf/ ug{ g;s] tfklg glaufg{ dflg;df r]tgfsf] k|jfx ug{' lyof] .

154 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

!)=^= jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3;+:yfx¿ (International organizations involved in

conservation of environment)

-s_ cGt/fl{ i6o« k|s[lt ;+/If0f ;ª\3 (IUCN)

cGt/f{li6«o ks| l[ t ;+/If0f ;ª3\ jftfj/0f / ks| l[ t ;+/If0f Ifq] df
ljZjsf] ;aeGbf 7'nf] / cToGt dxŒjk"0f{ ;/+ If0f ;~hfn ePsf]
;:+ yfdWo] Ps xf] . o; ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf ;g\ !($* df ePsf] xf] .
o;sf] dV' o sfofn{ o l:j6\h/NofG8sf] h]g]efdf /xs] f] 5 . o;
;+:yfn] ljZjsf *# b]zx¿, !)* bz] sf ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿, &^^
cf6] f u/} ;/sf/L ;:+ yfx¿ / *! cf6] f cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3 ;:+ yfx¿
tyf ljleGg b]zsf !),))) eGbf a9L ljz]if1x¿nfO{ jftfj/0f
;/+ If0fsf] If]qdf Ps;} fy lnP/ sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . o; ;:+ yfnfO{ ;xofu] ug{ o;cGtu{t ljleGg 5
cf6] f sld;gx¿ sfo{/t 5g\ . o; ;+:yfsf] d"n sfo{gLlt eg]sf] lau]|sf] jftfj/0f / nf]k xg' nfus] f
kh| fltx¿sf] ;/+ If0f ug]{ sfo{sf nflu :yfgLo JolStx¿sf lj?4df guO{ pgLx¿sf] OR5fcg';f/
pgLx¿;F+u} ldn]/ sfd u//] dfq ;Dej xG' 5 eGg] xf] .

o; ;:+ yfn] kofj{ /0fLo kmfObfnfO{ hgtfsf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s clwsf/ / pgLx¿sf] rfxgf;Fu ;dfofh] g
ug{] sfd ub{5 . ljz]iftM gk] fndf kf| s[lts ;|f]tx¿sf] Joj:yfkgdf ;w' f/ ug,{] :yfoL / k|hftflGqs
jftfj/0f Joj:yfkgsf nflu :yfgLo / /fli6«o ;+:yfx¿nfO{ dha't agfpg] tyf hgtfx¿nfO{ lbuf]
hLjg ofkgsf nflu ;Ifd agfpg] sfd o; ;+:yfn] ub{5 . o;sf ;fy} g]kfnn] ljleGg ljZj
d~rx¿df jfrf u/]sf hl} js ljljwtf / jftfj/0f;DaGwL ;lGw, ;Demft} fx¿sf] ;d'lrt sfofG{ jog
ug{ klg o;n] ;xof]u ul//x]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/St o; ;+:yfn] gk] fnsf] ul/aL lgjf/0f /0fgLlt
kq, g]kfn h}ljs ljljwtf /0fgLlt sfofG{ jog ofh] gf / /fli6o« l;d;f/ gLltsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ ljzi] f
ofu] bfg ul//xs] f] 5 . ljBfno txdf jftfj/0f lzIffsf] wf/0ff k'¥ofpg klg o; ;:+ yfn] ;xof]u
u/s] f] 5 .

-v_ ljZj jGohGt' sf]if (WWF)

ljZj jGohGt' sf]if Ps cge' jL / :jtGq cGt/fl{ i6o« ;+/If0f ;+:yf xf] .
sl/a %) nfv ;dy{s ;lxt !)) eGbf a9L dn' 'sdf ;ls|o ;~hfn;lxt
kml} nPsf] o; ;+:yfsf] cGt/fl{ i6«o ;lrjfno l:j6h\ /NofG8sf] x]udf /x]sf]
5 . ;g\ !(^! bl] v ljZj jGohGt' sf]ifn] :ynut txdf sfo{ ug{'sf ;fy}
kd| v' jftfj/0fLo ;d:of ;dfwfg;DaGwL cfjZos pkfox¿af/] klxrfg

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 155

u/L pko'St gLlt lgwf{/0f ug{ /fli6o« tyf cGt/f{li6o« txdf ;+/If0f;DaGwL k/} jL ub{} cfPsf] 5 .
ljZj jGohGt' sf]ifsf sfox{ ¿ jGohGt' k|hflt, jg, hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ;fy} :jR5 hn ;Dkbfdf
sl] Gb|t /xs] f 5g\ .
;g\ !(^& df lrtjgdf u}F8f ;+/If0f sfo{jm| dsf] ;?' jftkZrft\ g]kfn ljZj jGohGt' sfi] fsf] lglDt
Ps dxŒjk"0f{ b]zsf ¿kdf /lxcfPsf] 5 . ;g\ !(^)—!(&) sf] bzsdf kh| flt ;+/If0f s]lGbt|
ljZj jGohGt' sfi] fsf] ;xofu] ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf PsLst[ ;+/If0f / ljsf;df kl/0ft x'bF } gofF
;x;f| AbLdf cfOk'Ubf hLljsf]kfh{g;uF uflF ;Psf] ek" l/lw txsf] ;+/If0f ljlwdf ljsl;t ePsf] 5 . ;g\
!((# df ljZj jGohGt' sfi] f g]kfnsf] ;+/If0f k|of;df ;n+ Ug ;+:yfx¿dWo] ljZj jGohGt' sfi] f g]kfn
(WWF-Nepal) Ps kd| 'v ;+:yf xf] .

gk] fndf ljZj jGohGt' sfi] fsf cfof]hgfx¿

t/fO{ e"kl/lw sfo{jm| d, kljq lxdfnL e"kl/lw sfoj{ |mdcGtut{ s~rghª3f ;/+ If0f If]q cfofh] gf,
;u/dfyf /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf dWojtL{ Ifq] ;xof]u cfof]hgf, nfª6fª /fli6«o lgs~' h tyf dWojtL{
Ifq] ;xofu] cfof]hgf / pQ/L kxf8L If]q ;/+ If0f cfof]hgf gk] fn ;/sf/ tyf cGo ;fem]bf/L
;:+ yfx¿;uF sf] ;xsfo{df ;~rflnt 5g\ .

-u_ ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3Lo jftfj/0f sfo{jm| d (UNEP)

;g\ !(&@ sf] h'g dlxgfdf :yfkgf ePsf] o; ;+:yfn] ;o+ S' t /fi6«;ª\3Lo
jftfj/0fLo ultljlwx¿nfO{ k|jw{g ub5{ . o;sf] :yfkgf dfgj
jftfj/0f;DaGwL ;o+ 'St /fi6;« ª3\ Lo ;Ddn] gsf] kl/0ffd :j¿k ePsf] xf] .
o; ;+:yfsf] dV' o sfof{no s]Gofsf] g}/fa] Ldf cjl:yt 5 . o; ;:+ yfsf
sfoj{ |mdx¿n] jftfj/0fsf jfo'd08n, ;fd'lb|s tyf :ynLo kfl/l:ys k0| ffnL,
jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg, jftfj/0fLo ;'zf;g / jftfj/0fdq} L cy{Joj:yf h:tf
a[xt\ If]qx¿ cfu] 6]sf 5g\ . jftfj/0f;DaGwL ljleGg cGt/fl{ i6o« ;Ddn] gx¿sf] ljsf; tyf ;~rfng
o;} ;:+ yfn] ub5{ . ljleGg /fi6x« ¿;uF ldn/] jftfj/0fLo gLltx¿ lgdf{0f ug{df of] ;:+ yf w/] } g} ;ls|o
/xs] f] cj:yf 5 .
o; ;:+ yfsf d'Vo d'Vo ultljlwx¿ o;ks| f/ /x]sf 5g\ M

• hnjfo' kl/jtg{ ;DaGwL ;Ddn] g
• kfl/l:ys k0| ffnL Joj:yfkg
• jftfj/0fLo ;z' f;g sfod

156 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

• ljiffSt kbfys{ f] Joj:yfkg

• kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] Joj:yfkg

-3_ cGt/fl{ i6«o PsLs[t kj{tLo ljsf; sG] b| (ICIMOD)

of] ;:+ yf ;g\ !(*$ df ;K] 6]Da/b]lv ;~rfngdf cfPsf] xf] . of]
g} xfn;Ddsf] klxnf] PsLs[t kj{tLo ljsf;;DaGwL cGt/fl{ i6o«
;+:yf xf] . o;sf] dV' ofno sf7df8f}Fdf 5 .

o; ;:+ yfdf gk] fnnufotsf lxdfno If]qdf kg]{ ckmuflg:tfg, aªu\ nfbz] , e6' fg, rLg, ef/t, adf{
/ kfls:tfg u/L cf7 /fi6« ;b:o 5g\ . ljZjJofkL hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f kxf8L If]qsf] sdhf]/
ea" gf]6 / ToxfFsf afl;Gbfsf] hLjgofkgdf k|lts"n c;/ kl//xs] f] ;Gbe{df cGt/fl{ i6«o PsLs[t
kj{tLo ljsf; sG] b|n] oL kl/jt{gx¿nfO{ a'em\g, cg's"ng x'g / kj{tLo If]qaf6 k|fKt x'g ;Sg] gofF
gofF cj;/x¿sf] vfh] L ug{ oxfsF f jfl;GbfnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ p2Z] o /fv]sf] 5 . o; ;:+ yfn] If]qLo
;xsdL{ ;+:yfx¿ (partner institutions) ;uF ;xsfo{ u/L cge' j cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ / Ifq] Lo 1fg
e08f/ (regional knowledge hub) sf ¿kdf sfd ug{ ;xofu] ub{5 . o;n] Ifq] Lo / cGt/f{li6o«
ljz]if1tf sG] bx| ¿larsf] ;~hfnnfO{ dhat' agfpg] sfd u5{ .

;du|df cGt/fl{ i6«o PsLst[ kj{tLo ljsf; s]Gbn| ] kjt{ Lo If]qdf a;f]af; ug{] jfl;Gbfsf] hLjg :t/df
;'wf/ Nofpg] / tNnf] If]qsf afl;Gbfsf] jtd{ fg / eljionfO{ :yfloTj lbg cfly{s tyf jftfj/0fLo
lx;fan] pko'St kjt{ Lo kof{j/0fsf] ljsf; ug{ dxŒjk0" f{ ofu] bfg lbFb cfPsf] 5 . g]kfn h:tf] kxf8L
d'n'ssf nflu o; ;:+ yfsf] of]ubfg cToGt dxŒjk"0f{ x'g] s/' f lgljj{ fb 5 .

!)=&= jftfj/0f ;/+ If0fdf /fli6«o ;ª3\ ;:+ yfx¿ (National organizations involved in

conservation of environment)

-s_ /fli6o« ks| [lt ;+/If0f sf]if (NTNC)

;g\ !(*@ df dxG] b| k|s[lt ;/+ If0f sf] ifsf] gfdn] :yflkt of] ;+:yf Ps
u}/gfkmfd"ns :jfoQ u/} ;/sf/L ;:+ yf xf] . o;n] k|s[lt ;/+ If0fsf]
sfo{ ub5{ . b'O{ bzseGbf a9L ;do;Dd o; Ifq] df ;kmntfkj" {s
sfd ul/;ss] f] o; ;+:yfn] @)) eGbf a9L kf| s[lts ;+/If0f, h}ljs
ljljwtf, ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf ;/+ If0f, kof{ ko6{ g / lbuf] ljsf;;uF
;DalGwt ;fgf 7'nf kl/of]hgfx¿ ;~rfng ul/;s]sf] 5 . o;
;+:yfsf] sfoI{ f]q efu} fl] ns lx;fan] lrtjg, alb{of s~rgk'/ h:tf]
tNnf] t/fO{ Ifq] bl] v cGgk0" f{, dgf:n' h:tf pRr lxdfnL If]q;Dd kml} nPsf] 5 .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 157

o; ;:+ yfsf] s]xL dxŒjk"0f{ sfoj{ |mdx¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ M
• cGgk0" f{ ;+/If0f Ifq] cfofh] gf (ACAP)
• dgf:n' ;+/If0f If]q cfofh] gf (MCAP)
• zS' nfkmf6F ;/+ If0f sfo{j|md (SCP)
• alb{of ;/+ If0f sfoj{ |md (BCP)
• h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f sG] b| (BCC), lrtjg
• k;f{ ;+/If0f sfoj{ m| d (PCP)
oL sfo{jm| dx¿sf ;fy} /fli6«o ks| [lt ;+/If0f sf]ifn] sf7df8fFs} f] s]Gb|Lo lrl8ofvfgfnfO{ klg Joj:yfkg
u/s] f] 5 . o; ;:+ yfn] gofF sfoj{ |mdsf ¿kdf pmhf{ tyf hnjfo' kl/jtg{ PsfOsf] :yfkgf u/L jt{dfg
ljZjdf bv] fk/s] f hnjfo' kl/jt{g / gjLs/0fLo pmhf;{ DaGwL k|ljlwnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ yfns] f] 5 .

-v_ g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"x (NEFEJ)

;g\ !(*^ df ks| l[ t ;+/If0fsf] Ifq] df hgdfg;df cfd;+rf/sf dfWoodn]
hg rt] gf hufpg] p2Z] osf ;fy s]xL kqsf/sf] ;d"xåf/f ;'? ul/Psf]
g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"xn] jftfj/0f ;/+ If0f / lbuf] ljsf;sf] Ifq] df
xfn;Dd dxŒjk"0f{ el" dsf vN] b} cfO/xs] f] 5 . o; ;:+ yfn] jftfj/0fLo /
cGo ;fdflhs If]qdf ;sf/fTds c;/ 5f8\g] yk' |} sfo{j|md ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
xfn cfP/ Nepal Forum of Enviromental Journalists -NEFEJ_
gk] fnsf] jftfj/0f ;/+ If0fsf] If]qdf Ps dfq ;~rf/ ;ªu\ 7g tyf cToGt
;lso| jftfj/0fLo u}/;/sf/L ;:+ yfsf] ¿kdf :yflkt eO/xs] f] 5 . o; ;+:yfn] u/s] f dxŒjk0" f{
of]ubfgsf kmn:j¿k gk] fn ;/sf/af6 ;g\ !((% df jftfj/0f ;/+ Ifs ;Ddfg klg k|fKt ul/;ss] f]
5 . o; ;:+ yfn] ljz]if u/L jftfj/0f / ljsf; ;DaGwL d2' fx¿df kqsf/, ;fdflhs cleoGtf, gLlt
lgdf{tf, sd{rf/LtGq tyf ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;rt] u/fpg] sfd ul//xs] f] 5 . o; ;:+ yfsf] sfox{ ¿åf/f
klg gk] fnsf] jftfj/0fLo ;+/If0fsf] If]qdf dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'us] f] 5 .

-u_ g]kfn kG5L ;+/If0f ;ª\3 (Bird Conservation Nepal)

;g\ !(*@ df :yfkgf ePsf] of] ;:+ yf g]kfndf kG5L ;+/If0f If]qdf cuj' f
;:+ yf xf] . of] ;:+ yfsf] d'Vo p2]Zo kG5Lx¿sf] ;+/If0f tyf cg';Gwfg ug{' /
hgdfg;df kG5Lx¿ kl| tsf] ;/+ If0f efjgfnfO{ hufpg' xf] . o;n] g]kfnsf
kG5Lx¿sf] cWoog ug{ OR5s' :jbz] L tyf ljb]zL cg;' Gwfgstf{x¿nfO{

158 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

cfjZos tYofªs\ pknAw u/fp5F . To:t} of] ;+:yf gk] fndf ;do ;dodf kG5L cjnf]sg sfox{ ¿
cfofh] gf ug{df cu|;/ 5 .
o; ;:+ yfsf u/]sf s]xL ultljlwx¿ o;k|sf/ /xs] f 5g\ M

• lu¢ ;/+ If0f cleofg
• aªu\ fn nfl] /sg ;+/If0f cfofh] gf
• /fgLaf/L ;fdb' flos jg :yfkgf
• hnjfo' cgs' n" g tyf uf| dL0f hLjg ;xof]uL sfo{jm| d ;~rfng

-3_ gk] fn jGohGt' ;/+ If0f ;ª3\ (Wildlife Conservation Nepal)

;g\ @))@ df :yfkgf ePsf] of] ;:+ yfsf] d'Vo p2Z] o kf| sl[ ts
;DkbfnfO{ ;+/If0f ug{' tyf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lzIffnfO{ km}nfpg'
xf] . of] gk] fndf sfo{/t Ps u/} ;/sf/L ;+:yf xf] hg' u}/gfkmfd'vL
5 . of] ;+:yfn] ljzi] f u/L ;/sf/L lgsfo, ;femb] f/L ;+:yf tyf
:yfgLo ;d'bfox¿;uF ;dGjo u/L ;/+ If0f lzIff tyf kf| s[lts
;f| ]t Joj:yfkg;DaGwL sfoj{ |mdx¿dfkmt{ jftfj/0f ;/+ If0fdf
pNn]vgLo of]ubfg k¥' ofpFb} cfPsf] 5 .
o; ;:+ yfsf d'Vo dV' o ultljlwx¿ o;ks| f/ /xs] f 5g\ M

• ljleGg Ifq] sf nflu :yfgLo kf7o\ j|mdsf] lgdf0{ f
• cGt/ljm| ofTds jftfj/0f lzIffdfkmt{ ljleGg sfo{j|mdx¿sf] ;~rfng
• jGohGt' ;/+ If0f tyf cg';Gwfg sfoj{ |md
• xl/t ljBfno sfo{jm| d
• ;x/L jGohGt' ;/+ If0f sfo{jm| d
• hnjfo' kl/jtg{ cg's"ng tyf ;dfg'sn" g sfo{jm| d

!)=*= jftfj/0f ;/+ If0fdf ;/sf/L ko| f; (Governmental efforts on environmental

conservation)

!= jftfj/0fLo dN" ofª\sg (Environmental assessment)

-s_ kf| /lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f (Initial environment examination)

k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f eGgfn] s'g} ljsf; lgdf{0f cfofh] gfsf] sfofG{ jog ubf{ ;f] cfof]hgfn]

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 159

jftfj/0fdf kl| ts"n ke| fj kfg{] jf gkfg{,] To:tf] k|efjnfO{ sg' } pkfoåf/f x6fpg jf sd ug{ ;lsg]
jf g;lsg] ;DaGwdf osLg ug{ tof/ ul/g] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog tyf dN" ofªs\ g;DaGwL kl| tjb] g
xf] . of] k|f/lDes r/0fdf ul/g] x'Fbf lj:t't cWoog ug{ h?/L eP gePsf] ;Gbed{ f klg olsg ul/lbg]
ub5{ .

-v_ jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nofª\sg (Environment impact assessment)

 jftfj/0fLo k|efj dN" ofªs\ g eGgfn] s'g} ljsf; lgdf0{ f cfof]hgfsf] sfofG{ jog ubf{ ;f]
cfofh] gfn] jftfj/0fdf pNn]vgLo k|ltsn" k|efj kfg{] jf gkfg],{ To:tf] ke| fjnfO{ sg' } pkfoåf/f
x6fpg jf sd ug{ ;lsg] jf g;lsg] ;DaGwdf olsg ug{ tof/ ul/g] lj:t[t cWoog tyf
d"Nofª\sg;DaGwL k|ltjb] g xf] . o; sfon{ ] s'g} klg ljsf;fTds sfo{ ug{ jftfj/0fLo b[li6n]
pko'St x'g] jf gxg' ] ;Gbed{ f ;DalGwt kIfnfO cfjZos ;r" gf pknAw u/fp5F .

jftfj/0fLo k|efj dN" ofª\sgsf r/0fx¿ (Steps of environmental impact

assessment)

-c_ cfofh] gfsf] 5gf6] (Screening)

o; r/0fdf ljBdfg jftfj/0f ;/+ If0f Pg] @)%# tyf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgodfjnL @)%$ cg;' f/
cfofh] gfx¿ sg' ks| f/sf x'g\ egL olsg ul/gs' f ;fy} tL cfof]hgfx¿n] k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f
dfq u/]/ k'Ug] xf] ls jf lj:tt[ jftfj/0fLo k|efj dN" ofª\sg g} ug'{ kg]{ xf] eGg] s'/fsf] ls6fg
ul/G5 . h;cg';f/ jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgodfjnL @)%$ sf] cg';r" L ! n] tf]s]sf] dfkb08leq k/]sf
ljsf; lgdf0{ f cfof]hgfx¿ jf cg;' r" L ! sf] dfkb08leq gk/s] f eP % s/f]8 b]lv @% s/f8] ;Ddsf]
nfut ePsf lgdf0{ f sfo{sf] kf| /lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f u/L To;sf] kl| tj]bg k:| tt' ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
To:t} cg;' r" L @ n] tf]ss] f] dfkb08leq k/s] f ljsf; lgdf{0f cfof]hgfx¿ jf cg';"rL @ sf] dfkb08
leq gk/]sf eP @% s/f]8eGbf dflysf] nfut ePsf cfof]hgfx¿n] jftfj/0fLo k|efj d'Nofª\sg u/L
To;sf] kl| tj]bg k:| t't ugk{' g]{ x'G5 .

-cf_ Ifq] lgwf/{ 0f (Scoping)

o; r/0fdf kf| /lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f jf jftfj/0fLo k|efj d'Nofªs\ g ugk{' g]{ cfofh] gfx¿sf]
klxrfg eO;s]kl5 tL cfofh] gfx¿n] jftfj/0fsf s'g sg' kIfx¿df c;/ kf5{ . ;f] cfof]hgfsf]
Ifq] slt lj:t[t 5 tyf To; cfof]hgfn] jftfj/0fsf cjojx¿nfO{ slt xb;Dd ke| fj kf5{ eGg]
s/' fsf] ljleGg jftfj/0fLo kIfx¿sf cfwf/df cWoog ul/G5 . o; r/0fsf dV' o sfox{ ¿df
:yfgLo hgtfsf] ;xeflutfsf] of]hgf tof/ kfg]{, cfofh] gf;DaGwL tYofª\s tyf hfgsf/L xfl;n ug{,]

160 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

cfof]hgfaf6 k|efj kg{ ;Sg] ;db' fodf hgrt] gf km}nfpg,] hg;d'bfosf] ;/f]sf/ /xs] f d'2fx¿sf]
klxrfg, jftfj/0fLo k|efj dN" ofªs\ gsf nflu k|fyldstf :yflkt ug]{ cflb k5{g\ .

-O_ sfo{;r" Lsf] lgdf{0f (Preparing terms of reference)

If]q lgwf/{ 0fsf sfox{ ¿ ;DkGg eO;s]kl5 sfo{;r" Lsf] tof/L ul/G5 . sfo;{ r" Lsf] 9frF f tof/ ubf{
cfofh] gfsf] kl| tjb] g tof/ ug]{ ;:+ yfsf] hfgsf/L, kl| tj]bg tof/ ubf{ nfUg] cgd' flgt ;do, kl| tj]bg
tof/ ug{sf nflu lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] If]q, kl| tjb] g sfof{Gjog ubf{ jftfj/0fdf kg{] k|efj, cfof]hgf
sfofG{ jogsf cGo ljsNkx¿, cfofh] gfsf gsf/fTds k|efjx¿ x6fpg] pkfox¿nufotsf s/' fx¿
;dflji6 u/L agfOG5 .

-O_{ jt{dfg jftfj/0fLo cj:yfx¿sf] klxrfg (Identification of present environmental

conditions)

o; r/0fdf cfof]hgf lgdf0{ f x'g] :yfg jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0fLo cj:yfsf] cWoog ul/G5 . h;cg';f/
jftfj/0fsf efl} ts, /f;folgs tyf h}ljs kIfx¿sf] jtd{ fg cj:yfsf] cWoog ul/G5 . To:t} u/L
cfof]hgf :yn jl/kl/sf] ;d'bfosf] ;fdflhs cflys{ cj:yf, ToxfFsf ;f:+ s[lts ;Dkbfx¿sf] l:yltsf]
klg cjnfs] g ul/G5 .

-p_ ke| fj dN" ofªs\ g (Impact assessment)

o; r/0fdf lgdf0{ f x'g nfu]sf] cfofh] gfn] ;f] lgdf0{ f:yn jl/kl/sf] efl} ts, /f;folgs tyf h}ljs
jftfj/0fsf kIfx¿df s:tf] lsl;dsf] k|efj kfg{ ;S5 ;f] s'/fsf] cWoog tyf dN" ofªs\ g ul/G5 .
To:t} pSt cfofh] gfn] To; :yfg jl/kl/sf] ;fdflhs tyf cflys{ cj:yfdf tyf ToxfF cjl:yt
;f:+ sl[ ts ;Dkbfx¿df s:tf] ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds ke| fj kfg{ ;S5 ;f] s'/fsf] klg cWoog
ul/G5 .

-pm_ k|efj Joj:yfkg (Impact management)

o; r/0fdf lgdf0{ f x'g nfus] f] cfofh] gfn] ;f] lgdf0{ f:yn jl/kl/sf] ef}lts, /f;folgs tyf h}ljs
jftfj/0fsf kIfx¿df s:tf] lsl;dsf] k|efj kfg{ ;S5 egL cWoog tyf dN" ofªs\ g u/L tL k|efjx¿nfO{
s;/L Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 ;f] s/' fsf] klxrfg ul/G5 . k|efj Joj:yfkg cGt/ut ;f] cfof]hgfn]
:yfgLo jfl;Gbfx¿sf] hLjgzn} Ldf sg' } gsf/fTds c;/ k'¥ofp5F eg] ;f] sf] Ifltkl" t{ e/0f klg k5{ .

o;} r/0fdf jftfj/0fdf k|lts"n k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] ;a} ls|ofsnfkx¿sf nflu ckgfpgk' g{] Jofjxfl/s
;'/IffTds pkfox¿ (mitigation measures) sf] klxrfg klg ul/G5 . ;'/IffTds pkfox¿åf/f
jftfj/0fdf kg{] k|efj k0" f¿{ kdf x6fpg g;lsg] ePdf Ifltk"lts{ f ;DaGwdf pNnv] ul/G5 . cGo

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 161

;Defljt ljsNkx¿;Fu tn' gf u/L ;/' Iffsf pkfox¿ vrs{ f gh/af6 slQsf] ke| fjsf/L 5g\ eGg]
s/' fsf] ljZn]if0f klg ul/G5 . To:t} cGo ;Defljt ljsNkx¿;uF t'ngf u/L pkfox¿ vrs{ f b[li6af6
sltsf] ke| fj k/]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/fdf ljZni] f0f ul/G5 .

-pm_ kl| tjb] gsf] tof/L (Preparation of report)

o; r/0fdf plNnlvt ;a} r/0fx¿ ;DkGg eO;s]kl5 pSt r/0fx¿df bl] vPsf k|efjx¿, Joj:yfkgsf
pkfox¿ tyf cGo cfofh] gf;Fu ;DalGwt tYox¿ ;dfj]z u/L Ps cWoog k|ltjb] gsf] tof/L
ul/G5 . jftfj/0fLo ke| fj dN" ofªs\ g kl| tjb] g tof/ ubf{ ljzi] f u/L lgDglnlvt s/' fx¿ vn' fpgk' g{] xG' 5 M

-s_ cfof]hgfsf] ljj/0f
-v_ ljBdfg Pg] , lgod, gLlt tyf sfgg' sf] ;dLIff
-u_ ljBdfg jftfj/0fLo l:yltsf] ljj/0f
-3_ cfof]hgfsf] ljsNk ljZni] f0f
-ª_ jftfj/0fLo k|efj sd ug{] pkfox¿
-r_ cfofh] gfsf] cgu' dg tyf d"Nofª\sg
-5_ jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg ofh] gf
-h_ lgisif{ tyf ;'emfj
oL dflysf r/0fx¿ kf| /lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f tyf jftfj/0fLo ke| fj d"Nofª\sg bj' }df cjnDag
ul/G5g\ . k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0fdf oL r/0fx¿sf] ;fdfGo ¿kdf dfq cjnDag x'G5 eg]
jftfj/0fLo ke| fj dN" ofªs\ gdf eg] lj:t[t ¿kdf cjnDag ul/Psf] x'G5 .

;f/fz+ (Summary)

 jftfj/0f Joj:yfkgn] jftfj/0fsf] Joj:yfkg eGg] dfq ae' mfpFb}g . o;n] dfgj ;dfh /
jftfj/0fdf kg]{ c;/nfO{ ;dt] hgfpF5 .

 jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkgleq hLj, ef}lts jftfj/0fsf y'k|} tŒjx¿ -h}ljs / ch}ljs_ sf]
Joj:yfkg kb5{ lsgls ;a} hLljt j:t'x¿ / ltgLx¿sf] /xg] :yfg Ps cfk;df 3lgi6 ¿kn]
cGt/;DalGwt x'G5g\ .

 56} fF} k~rjifL{o of]hgfbl] v jftfj/0f tyf e"pkofu] gLlt cjnDag ul/Pkl5 x/]s k~rjifL{o
of]hgfdf jftfj/0f;DaGwL ljifon] 7fpF kfpg yfn]sf] b]lvG5 .

162 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

 jftfj/0fLo ;d:ofx¿af6 dS' t xg' sf nflu ljZj jftfj/0f ;/+ If0f ;DaGwL ;ef, ufi] 7L,
;Ddn] gx¿sf] dfWodaf6 ljZj jftfj/0f ;/+ If0f hfu/0f cleofg ;~rfng ug{ yfns] f] kfOG5 .

 jftfj/0f ;/+ If0f;DaGwL sx] L cGt/f{li6o« ;Ddn] gx¿df cGt/f{li6«o dxŒjsf] l;d;f/;DaGwL
/fd;f/ ;Dd]ng, vt/fdf k/s] f jGohGt' / jg:kltsf] cGt/fli6o« ;lGw, dfgj jftfj/0f;DaGwL
;+o'St /fi6«;ª3\ Lo ;Dd]ngnufot lbuf] ljsf;, hnjfo' kl/jtg{ tyf jftfj/0f ;/+ If0f;DaGwL
ljleGg ;Ddn] gx¿ kb{5g\ .

 ky| d kY[ jL ;Dd]ng ;g\ !((@ df af| lhnsf] l/of] lb hg] l] /of]df ;o+ 'St /fi6«;ª\3sf] tTjfjwfgdf
/ bf];f| ] k[YjL ;Dd]ng !((& df ;o+ 'St /fHo cdl] /sfsf] Go'ofs] {df ePsf] lyof] . o;nfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbg] j|mddf cGo ;Ddn] gx¿ klg ;DkGg ePsf 5g\ .

 jftfj/0f ;/+ If0fdf ljm| ofzLn cGt/f{li6o« / /fli6«o ;+:yfx¿df IUCN, WWF, UNEP,
ICIMOD, NTNC, NEFEJ, BCN / WCN k|dv' ;:+ yfx¿ xg' \ .

 s'g} :yfgdf ljsf; lgdf0{ fsf sfdx¿ ugk{' bf{ To; :yfgdf jftfj/0fLo bl[ i6sf]0fn] pSt sfd
ug{ sltsf] pkoS' t 5 egL kf| /lDes r/0fdf ul/g] cWoognfO{ kj" { jftfj/0f k/LIf0f (IEE)
elgG5 .

 sg' } lglZrt efu} fl] ns kl/j]zdf sg' } ks| f/sf] ljsf;fTds sfo{ ubf{ To;n] ToxfsF f] jftfj/0fdf
s] s:tf] k|efj kfg{ ;S5 eGg] af/d] f ul/g] lj:t[t cWoog tyf kj' fg{ d' fgnfO{ jftfj/0fLo k|efj
dN" ofª\sg (EIA) elgG5 .

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] clt 5f]6f] pQ/ nV] g'xf;] \ M

-s_ jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ gk] fndf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ;DaGwdf ckgfOPsf s'g} b'O{ gLltut k|fyldstfx¿ n]Vg'xf;] \ .
-u_ /fd;f/ ;r" Ldf k/]sf gk] fnsf b'O{ l;d;f/x¿sf] gfd n]Vgx' f];\ .
-3_ vt/fdf k/s] f jGohGt' / jg:kltsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;lGwsf b'O{ p2Z] ox¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
-ª_ ky| d / låtLo k[YjL ;Ddn] gsf bO' { p2Z] ox¿ n]Vg'xf;] \ .
-r_ ljZj jGohGt' sfi] fsf bO' { dxŒjk"0f{ sfoj{ m| dx¿ pNn]v ug{x' f];\ .
-5_ ljZj ks| l[ t ;+/If0f ;ª\3sf b'O{ ultljlwx¿ pNn]v ug'x{ f;] \ .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 163

-h_ ;o+ 'St /fi6«;ª3\ Lo jftfj/0f sfoj{ m| dn] u/s] f bO' { sfox{ ¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
-em_ /fli6«o k|sl[ t ;+/If0f sf]ifsf b'O{ sfoj{ |mdx¿ pNnv] ug{'xf;] \ .
-`_ gk] fn kG5L ;+/If0f ;ª\3sf b'O{ ultljlwx¿ nV] g'xf;] \ .
-6_ jxg Ifdtf eg]sf] s] xf] <

@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ nV] gx' f;] \ M

-s_ jftfj/0f ;+/If0f;DaGwL /fli6«o gLltsf kf| yldstfx¿sf] ;r" L tof/ ug'x{ f;] \ .
-v_ g]kfndf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f;DaGwL ePsf sx] L dxŒjk"0f{ k|of;x¿sf] j0f{g ug{x' f;] \ .
-u_ jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ;DaGwdf ePsf s'g} tLg cGt/f{li6«o ;Ddn] gx¿sf] j0fg{ ug{'xf];\ .
-3_ 5f6] f] l6Kk0fL nV] gx' f;] \ M
-c_ cGt/f{li6o« k|s[lt ;+/If0f ;ª3\
-cf_ ljZj jGohGt' sfi] f
-O_ /fli6«o k|sl[ t ;+/If0f sf]if
-O{_ g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;dx"
-ª_ jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf sg' } bO' { cGt/f{li6o« ;ª\3;+:yfx¿sf] el" dsf pNnv] ug'x{ f];\ .
-r_ jftfj/0f ;/+ If0fdf ;/sf/L ko| f;x¿sf] dxŒj k|:6 kfgx{' f];\ .

#= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] nfdf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M

-s_ jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ;DaGwdf ePsf /fli6«o ko| f;x¿sf] ljjr] gf ugx{' f];\ .
-v_ jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ;DaGwdf ePsf cGt/fl{ i6«o ;Ddn] gx¿sf] ljZni] f0f ugx{' f];\ .
-u_ jftfj/0fLo k|efj dN" ofªs\ g ubf{ ckgfOg] r/0fx¿sf] JofVof ugx{' f];\ .

kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Project work)

-s_ tkfO{sF f] cfkmg\ f] ljBfno jf jf;:yfg glhs ;ls|o /xs] f] sg' } Ps jftfj/0fLo ;ª3\ ;:+ yfsf]
cjnf]sg u/L pSt ;:+ yfn] u/s] f sfo{x¿ / of]ubfg;DaGwL ljj/0fx¿nfO{ ;d6] L k|ltj]bg tof/
kfgx{' f];\ / sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .

-v_ jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nofª\sg ubf{ cfjZos kg]{ tnsf s/' f k9g\ 'xf;] \ / lzIfssf] ;xofu] df sg' }
Ps ;+:yfsf] jftfj/0f k|efj dN" ofª\sgsf] sfo;{ r" Lsf cfwf/df gd'gf k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg'x{ f;] \ M
!= kl| tj]bg tof/ ug{] JolSt jf ;+:yfsf] gfd / 7]ufgf M

164 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

@= k|:tfjsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro
#= kl| tjb] g tof/ ubf{ cfjZos kg]{ tYofª\s / tYofª\sx¿ ;ª\sng ljlw
$= k|ltjb] g tof/ ubf{ ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ gLlt, P]g lgod / lgb{l] zsfx¿
%= k|ltjb] g tof/ ubf{ nfUg]
-s_ ;do
-v_ cg'dflgt vr{
-u_ cfjZos kg{] ljzi] f1
^= k|ltjb] g tof/ ug{sf nflu lgwf/{ 0f ul/Psf] Ifq]
&= kl| tjb] g sfof{Gjog ubf{ jftfj/0fdf kg]{ k|efjx¿ M
-s_ ;fdflhs cfly{s
-v_ ;f:+ s[lts efl} ts
-u_ /f;folgs
-3_ h}ljs
*= k|:tfj sfof{Gjogsf cGo ljsNkx¿
-s_ l8hfOg
-v_ cfof]hgf :yn
-u_ kl| jlw / ;~rfng ljlw, ;do tfnLsf, ko| f]u xg' ] sRrf kbfy{
-3_ jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL
-ª_ k:| tfj sfof{Gjog ubf{ pTkGg x'g] hf]lvd :jLsf/ ug{ ;lsg] jf g;lsg]
-r_ cGo s/' fx¿
(= k|:tfj sfofG{ jog ubf{ bl] vg] gsf/fTds ke| fjx¿ x6fpg] pkfox¿
!)= k:| tfjsf] nfut k|lts"nsf] ljj/0f
!!= k|:tfj sfofG{ jog ubf{ cgu' dg ug{'kg]{ s/' fx¿
!@= kl| tjb] g tof/ ubf{ pNn]v ug'k{ g{] ;fGbles{ ;r" gf, ;Gbe{ ;r" L, kl/lzi6, gS;f, kmf]6f]

lrq, tflnsf, rf6,{ u|fkm / kZ| gfjnLx¿
;|f]tM jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgodfjnL,@)%$

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 165

zAbfjnL (Glossary)

;dfof]lht Joj:yfkg M ;a} ks| f/sf ;d"xx¿ ;n+ Ug xg' ] u/L ul/Psf] Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL
hnr/ M kfgLdf /xg] hLjx¿
u/} gfkmfd'vL M gfkmf pGdv' gePsf]
jftfj/0fLo l:ylt kq M jftfj/0fLo cjojx¿sf] l:yltx¿ ;+sng ul/Psf] cflwsfl/s kl' :tsf

166 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)