Grade 10 Optional Environmental Science Nepali Medium

• u|fdL0f pmhf{sf] ljsf;df gofF k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/sf nflu lghL If]q Pjd\ u}/;/sf/L
Ifq] nfO{ ;+nUg u/fOg]

• uf| dL0f pmhf{ kl| jlwsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug{] sfod{ f ;fdflhs kl/rfng (social mobilization)
sf] dfWodaf6 ;fdb' flos Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|fT] ;fxg ug]{

• uf| dL0f pmhf{nfO{ :yfgLo lgsfo;uF ;dGjo u/L ;fdflhs, cfly{s Pjd\ jftfj/0fLo kIfdf
;'wf/ Nofpgt] km{ ljzi] f hf8] lbg]

• u|fdL0f pmhf{af6 u|fdL0f Ifq] sf] lbuf] ljsf;, ul/aL lgjf/0f tyf dlxnf÷afnaflnsfdf
k/]sf ;sf/fTds k|efjx¿sf] k|rf/ k|;f/ ug{ Pjd\ u|fdL0f pmhfs{ f] kxR'F fdf hf]8 lbg] ljzi] f
sfo{j|mdx¿ sfofG{ jog ug{]

• uf| dL0f pmhf{ k|ljlwsf] u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrt (quality assurance) ug{ gjLs/0fLo pmhf{
k/LIf0f sG] b|sf] Ifdtf clejl[ 4 u/L u0' f:t/ kl/If0f tyf lgoGq0f ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]

-u_ /fli6«o gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k|f¿k (National Renewable Energy Framework), @)&$

of] k|f¿k gk] fn ;/sf/ pmhf{, hn;|ft] tyf l;FrfO dGqfnocGtut{ sf] j}slNks pmhf{ k|jw{g sG] bs| f
nflu gjLs/0fLo pmhfs{ f gLlt tyf sfo{j|mdx¿sf] ;dGjo ug{ tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . o;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo
gjLs/0fLo pmhfs{ f] kj| wg{ ub}{ :jR5 pmhfs{ f] kof{Kt kxFr' a9fpg' /xs] f] 5 .

^=@=@ ;:+ yfut Joj:yf (Institutional provision)

-s_ pmhf,{ hn;f| ]t tyf l;FrfO dGqfno (Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and Irrigation)

pmhf{, hn;|ft] tyf l;FrfO dGqfno gjLs/0fLo tyf js} lNks pmhf;{ DaGwL gLlt lgod lgdf0{ f
tyf sfof{ Gjog ug]{ d'Vo dGqfno xf] . dGqfnon] cfkm\gf dxfzfvf, ljefu, lgsfo tyf ljleGg
sfo{j|mddfkmt{ js} lNks pmhfs{ f] kj| wg{ ug]{ ub{5 . gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k|ljlwsf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ ug]{
p2]Zon] g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljsf; ;ldlt Pg] , @)!# cg';f/ j}slNks pmhf{ k|jwg{ sG] b| (Alternative
Energy Promotion Center) sf] :yfkgf u/]sf] 5 . dGqfnon] o; sG] b| dfkmt{ gjLs/0fLo
pmhf{kl| jlwsf] k|rf/ k|;f/ tyf kj| wg{ ub5{ . u|fdL0f hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df ;w' f/ Nofpg], jftfj/0f
;+/If0f ug{], /f]huf/Lsf cj;/df j[l4 ug{] / gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k|ljlwnfO{ Joj;foLs/0f u/L o;;DaGwL
pBf]u wGbfsf] ljsf; ug]{ nufotsf sfo{x¿ pmhf,{ hn;f| t] tyf l;rF fO dGqfnon] ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

gk] fn ;/sf/n] h}ljs j:ta' f6 kf| Kt xg' ] pmhf{sf] lbuf] ¿kdf pknAw u/fpg / o;sf] ke| fjsf/L
pkofu] sf nflu h}ljs pmhf{ /0fgLlt @)&# lgdf0{ f u/s] f] 5 . To:t} ;a} ks| f/sf pmhf{sf] k|jwg{ ,
ljsf; tyf k|efjsf/L pkof]u ug{ /fli6o« pmhf{ sz' n /0fgLlt @)&% klg kfl/t ul/;s]sf] 5 . o;
gLltn] kl| jlwdf cfw'lgsLs/0f u/L js} lNks pmhfs{ f] k|efjsf/L pkof]u a9fpg ;xofu] k'¥ofpg] 5 .

96 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

-v_ js} lNks pmhf{ kj| w{g s]Gb| (Alternative Energy Promotion Center-AEPC)

gk] fndf gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf] kj| w{gsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] sflt{s !*, @)%# df j}slNks pmhf{
kj| wg{ s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf u/]sf] lyof] . o;sf] :yfkgfsf] kd| v' p2Z] o g} g]kfndf gjLs/0fLo pmhf{
k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ub}{ o;sf] kj| wg{ ug{' /xs] f] 5 . of] sG] bs| f] :yfkgf jftfj/0f dGqfnocGtut{
ul/Ptf klg g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ ljefhg lgodfjnL, @)&$cg;' f/ xfn pmhf,{ hn;|ft] tyf
l;rF fO dGqfnocGtut{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] ;:+ yfut ;+/rgfdf ;/sf/L, u/} ;/sf/L, lghL
tyf cfB} fl] us Ifq] sf] kl| tlglwTj /x]sf] 5g\ . o; s]Gbn| ] gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ gLlt lgdf{0f ug{ g]kfn
;/sf/;+u ;dGjo ug]{, ofh] gf th'{df u/L sfo{Gjogdf ;xhLs/0f ug]{ ub5{ . sG] b|sf] e"ldsf tyf
pQ/bfloTj lgDglnlvt /x]sf 5g\ M

• 5f6] f,] dWod / nfdf] cjlwsf gLlt tyf of]hgf th{'df ug]{

• gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ kl| jlw (renewable energy technology- RET) ljsf; sfoj{ |mdsf]
k|jwg{ ug{]

• js} lNks pmhfs{ f] dfkb08, u'0f:t/ sfod ub{} sfofG{ jog kl| j|mofsf] cgu' dg ug{]

• cgb' fg tyf cfly{s ;xofu] ljt/0f ug{]

• ;/sf/L lgsfo, ljsf; ;femb] f/, cGt/f{li6o« tyf /fli6«o u/} ;/sf/L ;:+ yf tyf lghL Ifq] ;Fu
;dGjo ug]{

• cg'udg, d"Nofª\sg / u0' f:t/ lgwf/{ 0f ug{]

• js} lNks pmhf{ k|jwg{ s]Gb| tyf o;sf ;femb] f/ ;+:yfsf] ;jnLs/0f ug]{

j}slNks pmhf{ kj| wg{ sG] b|n] n3' tyf ;fgf hnljBt' \, ;fo} {pmhf{, hl} js pmhf{ -afof]Uof;F , ;w' fl/Psf]
rn' f], afofl] as| 6] , Uofl;kmfo/ cflb_, jfo' pmhf{, ;w' fl/Psf] kfgL 366\ , e"tfkLo pmhf{ cflbsf] k|jw{g,
ljsf;, pkof]u tyf lj:tf/;DaGwL sfo{ ul//xs] f] 5 . o; sG] b|sf] k|of;af6 /fli6«o ljB't\ k0| ffnLdfkmt{
ljBt' \ ;j] f pknAw xg' g;ss] f uf| dL0f eu] sf hgtfx¿n] n3' tyf ;fgf hnljB't\ Pjd\ ;fo} { tyf
jfo' pmhfs{ f dfWodaf6 ljBt' \ kxrF' lj:tf/ u/L ljBt' \ ;j] f kf| Kt ul//x]sf 5g\ . ;fy} afof]UofF;,
;w' fl/Psf] rn' f,] afofl] as| ]6, Uofl;kmfo/ cflbsf dfWodaf6 uf| dL0f If]qdf jftfj/0fLo kb| "if0f sd ug{
;3fp k'u]sf] / pmhfs{ f] bIf pkof]udf dbt k'u]sf] 5 . js} lNks pmhf{ kj| wg{ sG] bn| ] gjLs/0fLo pmhf{
kl| jlwsf] k|jwg{ / lj:tf/dfkm{t hnjfo' kl/jtg{ tyf sfag{ pT;hg{ Gog" Ls/0f / jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf
lgs} 7n' f] ofu] bfg lbPsf] 5 . js} lNks pmhf{ kj| w{g s]Gb|sf] gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ kl| jlwdf cfly{s jif{
@)&$÷&% ;Ddsf] k|ultnfO{ tflnsf ^=! df k:| t't ul/Psf] 5 M

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 97

tflnsf ^=! M js} lNks pmhf{ k|jwg{ s]Gbs| f] cflys{ jif{ @)&$÷&% ;Ddsf] k|ult ljj/0f

sfo{jm| d PsfO cfly{s jif{ @)&$÷&%

df6fa] f6 ag]sf] ;w' fl/Psf] r'nf] ;ªV\ of !$,@#,@$@

3/df h8fg ;fo} { aQL ;ª\Vof *,%),^$#

3/n] ' uf]a/UofF; ;ª\Vof $,!^,)^)

n3' hnljB't\ lsnf]jf6 #),&)^

;+:yfut ;f}o{ kmf6] f]efl] N6s k|0ffnL ;ªV\ of !&%@

kmnfd] ;'wfl/Psf] rn' f] ;ª\Vof %%,*(@

;'wfl/Psf] kfgL 36\6 ;ªV\ of !),*%&

;x/L 3/]n' ;fo} { pmhf{ ;ªV\ of @!,!$$

;f}o{ vfgk] fgL tyf l;FrfO kDk ;ª\Vof $*^

;fo} ÷{ jfo' ldlglu|8 k|0ffnL lsnfj] f6 $!#

7n' f] IfdtfoS' t afof]UofF; KnfG6 ;ª\Vof !*(

;f| ]t M js} lNks pmhf{ s]Gb,| @)!*

^=# j}slNks pmhf{ kj| wg{ df ;+nUg u}/;/sf/L tyf lghL ;+:yf (Non governmental

and private sector involvement in alternative energy promotion)

gk] fndf js} lNks pmhf{ k|jw{gdf /fli6«o k|of;nfO{ o; If]qdf lj|mofzLn ;xsf/L ;:+ yf, pkefS] tf ;d"x,
u}/;/sf/L tyf lghL ;+:yfx¿n] ;xsfo{ ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . oxfF s]xL j}slNks pmhf{ kj| w{gdf ;n+ Ug
u/} ;/sf/L tyf lghL ;:+ yfx¿sf] af/d] f rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

-s_ ljg/s OG6/g];gn (Winrock International)

ljg/s OG6/g;] gn cGt/fli6o« u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf xf] . o;n] :yfkgf ;g\ !($@ df ePsf] xf] .
g]kfndf ljut nfdf] ;dobl] v gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k|jwg{ , lzIff tyf cfocfhg{ a9fpg] sfo{jm| d tyf
sl[ if Ifq] df ;j] f k'¥ofpbF } cfPsf] 5 . ljg/s :jR5 pmhf{ ;dx" (Winrock's Clean Energy Group)
dfkmt{ \ lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu ;/sf/L lgsfo, u/} ;/sf/L ;:+ yf, lghL sDkgL tyf ;d'bfo;Fu ;dGjo
u/L pkoS' t :jR5 pmhf{sf k|ljlwx¿nfO{ kj| wg{ ub{5 .

ljg/s OG6/g;] gnn] gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k|jw{g kj| wg{ ug{ lgDglnlvt Ifq] x¿df ;xofu] k¥' ofpFb}
cfPsf] 5 M

98 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

• ljQLo ;xof]u (financing) M o; ;:+ yfn] ljkGg ;db' fonfO{ ljQ Joj:yfkgdfkmt{ :jR5 pmhf{
pknAw u/fpg] ub5{ . ;/n shf{dfkm{t ljkGg ;db' fon] afofU] ofF;, ;f}o{ aQL, ;'wfl/Psf]
rn' f] h:tf gjLs/0fLo pmhfs{ f k|ljlwx¿ ;xh ¿kn] kf| Kt ug{ ;ss] f 5g\ . To:t} ;xsf/Lsf
dfWodaf6 :jR5 pmhf{sf] kj| wg{ u/L pgLx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;d]t 6]jf k'¥ofpg] sfoj{ m| d
;~rfng ub5{ . o; ;:+ yfn] ;/sf/L lgsfo, a}ª\s tyf ljlQo ;:+ yf, ;xsf/L, pmhf{ sDkgL
tyf ljkGg ;db' fo;uF ;xsfo{ ub{} :jR5 pmhf{sf] ahf/ Joj:yfkgdfkmt{ kf/:kl/s nfe k¥' ofpg
;xof]u ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

• cg';Gwfg (research)M ljg/s OG6/g];gnn] js} lNks pmhf{sf] k|ofu] / k|efjsfl/tf a9fpg
cg';Gwfg klg ub{} cfPsf] 5 . o:tf cg;' Gwfgx¿ j}slNks pmhf{sf gLlt lgdf{0f / sfof{ Gjog
ug{ pkof]uL x'G5g\ .

• pmhf{ lskmfotL (energy efficiency)M pmhfs{ f] ke| fjsf/L pkefu] sf nflu o; ;:+ yfn] cf}Bf]lus
Ifq] df ePsf] cgfjZos vktnfO{ sd ug{ pmhfs{ f] nv] fhfv] f (audit) ug]{ ub5{ . gjLs/0fLo
pmhfd{ f ePsf] cfw'lgs kl| jlwsf] ljsf;;uF } o;sf] ko| f]u tyf lj:tf/sf nflu pBfu] x¿;Fu
;xhLs/0f ub{} cfPsf] 5 .

• gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ kl| jlw (renewable energy technologies-RETs)M o;n] uf| dL0f If]qdf
gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k|ljlw kj| w{g ug{] ;/sf/L ofh] gf tyf gLlt lgodnfO{ sfofG{ jog ub}{ cfPsf]
5 . o;} ;Gbe{df js} lNks pmhf{ kj| w{g s]Gb|;Fu ;dembf/L u/L afofU] of;F , ;'wfl/sf] rn' f,] ;f}o{
pmhf{ h:tf gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k|ljlwsf] k|jwg{ ub{} cfPsf] 5 .

-v_ afof]Uof;F ;S] 6/ kf6g{ /l;k g]kfn (Biogas Sector Partnership Nepal, BSP-

Nepal)

afof]UofF; ;S] 6/ kf6{g/l;k g]kfn uf| dL0f Ifq] df gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ kl| jlw ljz]if u/L afof]Uof;F sf]
ljsf; / k|jw{g u/L hLljsfk] fhg{ df ;'wf/ Nofpg ;lj|mo Ps u/} ;/sf/L ;+:yf xf] . o;sf] :yfkgf
lj=;=+ @)%( df ePsf] lyof] . afof]UofF; ;]S6/ kf6{g/;Lk gk] fnn] gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ kl| jlwdf
cfwfl/t /x/] ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/x¿sf] ;xofu] df ljleGg kl/of]hgfx¿ ;~rfng ub{} cfPsf] 5 . o;
;+:yfn] ;Dkfbg ug]{ sfo{x¿ lgDglnlvt /xs] f 5g\ M

• 3/]n,' ;+:yfut, ;fd'bflos tyf Jofj;flos txsf gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k|ljlwsf] lgdf{0f ug]{

• k|jwg{ tyf ahf/Ls/0f ug]{

• cg'bfg Jofj:yfkg ug{]

• ljQ kl/rfng ug]{

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 99

• u0' f:t/ lgodg tyf cg'udg / d"Nofªs\ g ug{]
• cg';Gwfg / ljsf; ug{]
• gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k|ljlw;DaGwL tflnd ;~rfng ug{]
• afof]Uof;F KnfG6af6 lg:sg] n]bf]sf] Jofj:yfkg (Slurry management) ug{]
• ;:+ yfut Ifdtf ljsf; / ;anLs/0f ug]{

-u_ gk] fn afof]UofF; kj| w{g ;ª\3 (Nepal Biogas Promotion Association)

g]kfn afofU] ofF; kj| wg{ ;ª\3 gk] fnsf lghL afofU] ofF; sDkgLx¿sf] 5ftf ;ª\u7g xf] . o; ;ª\3df
!!$ eGbf a9L lghL afof]Uof;F sDkgLx¿ cfa¢ /xs] f 5g\ . of] gk] fnsf afofU] of;F sDkgLx¿sf]
;ae} Gbf 7n' f] ;:+ yf xf] . o;n] afofU] of;F sf] lgdf{0f, cg'bfg Joj:yfkg, tflndnufot ;Dk"0f{ ;j] fx¿
k|bfg ub{} cfPsf] 5 . of] ;:+ yf cfkm\gf ;b:odfkmt{ afof]Uof;F sf] kl| jlwdf lg/Gt/ ;'wf/ ug{ kl| ta¢
/x]sf] 5 .

-3_ gk] fn n3' hnljBt' \ ljsf; ;ª\3 (Nepal Micro Hydropower Development

Association)

g]kfn n3' hnljB't\ ljsf; ;ª\3 gk] fndf n3' hnljBt' \ pTkfbg ug]{ lghL sDkgLx¿sf] 5ftf ;ª\u7g
xf] . o;sf] :yfkg ;g\ !((@ df ePsf] lyof] . o; ;:+ yfdf cfa¢ sDkgLx¿n] n3' hnljBt' \sf]
ljsf;df dxŒjk0" f{ el" dsf vn] s] f] kfOG5 . o; ;:+ yfdf cfa¢ sx] L sDkgLx¿ ljut #) jifb{ ]lv o;
Ifq] df lj|mofzLn /xL cfPsf 5g\ . xfn;Dd #,#)) eGbf a9L n3' hnljBt' \ cfofh] gfx¿n] gk] fnsf
uf| dL0f If]qx¿df ;]jf lbFb} cfPsf 5g\ .
o; ;+:yfsf ;b:o sDkgLx¿n] g]kfndf n3' hnljBt' s\ f] lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu n3' hnljB't\
cfof]hgfsf] klxrfg, ;e{]If0f, l8hfOg, 6jf{Og tyf cGo pks/0fsf] lgdf{0f tyf h8fg, ddt{ tyf
n3' hnljB't\;DaGwL cg';Gwfgnufotsf sfo{x¿ ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ .

-ª_ uf| dL0f kl| jlw s]Gb| (Center for Rural Technology, Nepal CRT/N)

u|fdL0f kl| jlw s]Gb| pko'St uf| dL0f kl| jlw ljsf; / k|jwg{ u/L b"/b/fhdf /xs] f ;d'bfosf] cwf/et"
cfjZostf k"/f ub{} hLljsf]kfhg{ df ;w' f/ Nofpg u7g ePsf] Ps u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf xf] . o;sf]
:yfkgf ;g\ !(*( df ePsf] xf] . of] ;:+ yf k/Dk/fut kl| jlwx¿sf] ;'wf/ / cfjZostfcg';f/sf
gofF kl| jlwsf] ljsf; ug{ ljm| ofzLn /xL cfPsf] 5 . o; ;+:yfn] gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k|ljlwsf] ljsf; /
k|jw{gdf cfkmg\ f] bIftf xfl;n u/]sf Ifq] x¿ lgDglnlvt /x]sf 5g\ M

• kfl/jfl/s, Jofkfl/s ty ;:+ yfut ;'wfl/Psf] rn' f] -df6f,] kmnfd tyf /s]6 rn' f_]

100 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

• la|s6] , k]n]6 / rf/sfn] sf] pTkfbg
• kfgL tfGg] kDk (hydraulic ram pump) sf] ljsf; / kj| w{g
• ;w' fl/Psf] kfgL 366\ (improved water mill) ljsf; / kj| w{g
• ;f}o{ s's'/÷8«fo/ ljsf; / k|jwg{

^=$ gk] fndf ;kmn s]xL gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ kl| jlw

-s_ afofU] of;F (Biogas)

gk] fndf ko| fu] df cfPsf ljleGg gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ dWo] afofU] of;F uf| dL0f ;db' fosf] hLjgofkg ;w' f/ ug{
;ae} Gbf ;kmn /xL cfPsf] kfOG5 . cflys{ jif{ @)&$÷&% ;Dddf $ nfveGbf a9L kl/jf/df afofU] of;F
h8fg ul/;lsPsf] 5 . afofU] of;F sf] kj| wg{ / lgdf0{ fdf gk] fnsf] e"ldsf cu:| yfgdf /x]sf] 5 .

gk] fndf afofU] of;F lgdf0{ fsf] Pl] txfl;s k[i7e"ld

• ;g\ !(%% df klxnf] kN6 aO={ cfP= ;fpafN] n]n] ;G} 6 hl] eP/ ljBfno ufb] fj/Ldf ko| f]u tyf
k|bzg{ Lsf nflu afof]Uof;F sf] lgdf0{ f u/]sf lyP .

• ;g\ !(^* df ef/taf6 cfPsf] vfbL u|fdL0f cf}Bf]lus cfofu] n] sf7df8fdF} f @%) 3g lkm6sf]
afofU] ofF; kb| z{gLdf /fvs] f] lyof] .

• ;g\ !(&%÷&^ df gk] fnn] sl[ if jif{ dgfPsf] lyof] . o; jif{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] s[lif ljefun] ufa] /
Uof;F sf] k|jw{g ub{} !(( cf]6f ufa] / UofF; lgdf{0f u/s] f] lyof] .

• ;g\ !(&& df uf]a/ UofF; sDkgLsf] :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . s[lif ljsf; aª} s\ n] o; sDkgLdfkm{t
ufa] /UofF;sf pkefS] tfnfO{ ^ Ü jflif{s Aofhb/df C0f pknAw u/fpg yfns] f] lyof] .

• ;g\ !(() af6 afofU] ofF;sf] ljleGg cg;' Gwfg tyf lrlgof l8hfOgnfO{ kl/dfhg{ kl5 lkmS:8
8f]d l8hfOg (fixed dome design) g]kfnsf nflu klxrfg ul/Psf] lyof] .

• ;g\ !((@ df P;Pgle (SNV) gk] fnn] afof]Uof;F ;kf]6{ kf| ]uf| d (BSP) sf] :yfkgf u¥of] . o;
sfo{jm| dnfO{ g]b/NofG8 ;/sf/sf] ;xofu] /x]sf] lyof] . of] sfoj{ m| d ;j{hlgs lghL ;femb] f/Lsf]
;kmn sfoj{ m| dsf] ¿kdf /xs] f] 5 . o; sfo{jm| ddfkmt{ gk] fnsf ;a} lhNnfdf u/L @,^),*((
cf6] f afof]Uof;F h8fg ePsf 5g\ . ;ocf]6f eGbf a9L lghL afof]Uof;F sDkgLnfO{ afof]Uof;F KnfG6
lgdf0{ f ug{ ;Ifd agfOPsf] 5 .

gk] fndf afof]Uof;F KnfG6sf] ;~rfng ufOj{ :ts' f] ufa] /af6 UofF; lgsfnL kl/jf/df vfgf ksfpg
k|ofu] ul/G5 . g]kfndf afofU] of;F KnfG6sf] cfsf/ @, $, ^ / * 3g ld6/sf] k|ofu] xF'b} cfPsf] 5 .
;+:yfut tyf Jofj;flos tj/n] klg 7'nf cfsf/sf afofU] ofF; KnfG6x¿ aGg] jm| ddf /x]sf] kfOG5 .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 101

afofU] ofF;sf] ko| fu] af6 lgDglnlvt kmfObfx¿ k|fKt eO/xs] f 5g\ M
• jgljgfzsf] /f]syfd
• :jR5 jftfj/0f lgdf{0f
• vr{ art
• afof]Uof;F pTkfbg kl5 lgl:sPsf] n]bfa] f6 pRr :t/sf] dnvfb k|fKt
• jftfj/0f ;/+ If0f
• sfag{ Jofkf/af6 cfDbfgL

-v_ n3' hnljB't\ (Micro hydro)

n3' hnljBt' \ cfof]hgf g]kfnsf ljs6 tyf b"/b/fhsf ;db' fosf] hLjgofkgsf nflu ;xh agfPsf]
5 . gk] fn h:tf] efu} fl] ns ¿kn] ljs6 w/ftn ePsf] Ifq] df ;a} 7fpdF f /fli6o« k;| f/0fsf] ljBt' \ kU' g
sl7g xG' 5 . t/ kxf8L tyf lxdfnL eu] df /xs] f ;fgfltgf vfn] f, 5x/f cflbaf6 pSt Ifq] df a;fj] f; ug{]
;db' fosf] ljBt' Lo cfjZostf k/" f ug{ n3' hnljBt' \ cfofh] gf pQd ljsNksf ¿kdf /xs] f] kfOG5 .
gk] fnsf] klxnf] n3' hnljB't\ cfof]hgf sf7df8fs}F f] uf]bfj/Ldf h8fg ul/Psf] lyof] . ;g\ !(^@
df l:j; ;xof]udf lgdf0{ f ul/Psf] o; n3' hnljBt' \ cfofh] gfsf] Ifdtf % lsnf]jf6 /xs] f] lyof] .
To;otf gk] fnsf kxf8L / lxdfnL If]qdf u/L ##)) eGbf a9L ;ªV\ ofdf n3' hnljBt' \ cfofh] gfx¿
;~rfngdf /xs] f 5g\ . oL ;a} cfof]hgfx¿sf] h8fg Ifdtf #),))) lsnfj] f6 /xs] f] 5 h;n] nueu
#,%),))) 3/kl/jf/nfO{ lahn' L pknAw u/fPsf 5g\ . n3' hnljBt' \ cfofh] gfaf6 k|fKt lahn' L dV' o
¿kdf aQL afNg ko| f]u x'G5 . o;sf ;fy} cGg lk;fpg, kfgL tfGg, sDKo6' / rnfpg tyf sx] L ;fgf
pBfu] x¿ rnfpg ko| f]u ul/G5 . n3' hnljBt' \ cfof]hgfx¿n] 7'nf hnljBt' \ cfof]hgfx¿sf] h:tf]
jftfj/0fdf sd ke| fj kfb{5g\ . /fli6«o k|;f/0fdf ghf]l8Psf ;d'bfosf] hLljsfk] fh{g tyf cflys{
;fdflhs ljsf;sf nflu n3' hnljBt' \ cfofh] gfx¿sf] el" dsf sf];]9ª' u\ fsf ¿kdf /xs] f] 5 .

lj|mofsnfk ^=!

js} lNks pmhfs{ f k|ljlwsf] t'ngfTds cWoog

cfjZos ;fdu|L M ;eI]{ f0f kmf/fd
ljlw M
• j}slNks pmhfs{ f kl| jlwsf] pkof]usf] tn' gfTds cWoog ug{ gdg' fdf lbPh:t} ;j]{If0f kmf/fd

tof/ kfg'{xf;] \ .

102 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

• cfkm\gf] If]qdf ko| f]udf cfPsf ljleGg js} lNks pmhf{sf kl| jlwsf] hfgsf/L ;j]{If0f kmf/fddf
egx{' f;] \ .

• ;j{I] f0f kmf/fddf el/Psf tYofªs\ sf cfwf/df k|ltjb] g tof/ kf/L sIffsf7] fdf k:| tt' ug'x{ f];\ .
;j]{If0f kmf/dsf] gdg' f

kmf/d ;ª\Vof ==========
ldlt==============================
!= js} lNks phf{ k|of]ustfs{ f] gfd M ======================================================================
@= j}slNks phfs{ f] k|ljlwsf] ks| f/df lrxg\ nufpgx' f];\ M -s_ ;fo} { phf{ -v_ jfo' phf{
-u_ n3' hnljBt' \ -3_ afofd] f; -ª_ cGo
#= js} lNks pmhf{ k|ljlwsf] gfd M ======================================================================
$= pkof]u M=====================================================================================================
%= nfut M========================================
^= cgd' flgt dd{t vr{ -jflifs{ _ M
&= ;sf/fTds kIf M===========================================================================================
*= hf]lvd tyf r'gf}tLM========================================================================================
(= cGo -cfjZostfcg';f/_ M===============================================================================
!)= lg:sif{

;f/fz+ (Summary)

• gk] fndf ;~rfngdf ePsf gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k|ljlwx¿ -h:t} M n3' hnljBt' \, ;fo} { pmhf{, jfo' pmhf,{
h}ljs pmhf{, ;w' fl/Psf] rn' f], ;w' fl/Psf] kfgL 366\ cflb_ sf] ljsf;, kj| w{g tyf sfof{ Gjogdf
;/sf/L lgsfo, /fli6o« ÷cGt/fl{ i6o« u}/;/sf/L ;:+ yf tyf lghL sDkgLx¿sf] dxŒjk0" f{ e"ldsf
/x]sf] 5 .

• ;ª\3Lo u0ftflGqs gk] fnsf] ;+ljwfgn] gjLs/0fLo tyf js} lNks pmhfn{ fO{ k|fyldstfdf /fvL
kf| sl[ ts ;Dkbfsf] lbuf] pkof]u / ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

• uf| dL0f pmhf{ gLlt @)^# n] uf| dL0f pmhf{ kl| jlwsf If]qut ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff clu ;f/]sf] 5 .
• pmhf,{ hn;|f]t tyf l;rF fO dGqfnon] gjLs/0fLo tyf js} lNks pmhf{;DaGwL gLlt lgod lgdf0{ f

ug{] sfod{ f dxŒjk0" f{ e"ldsf v]ns] f] 5 .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 103

• j}slNks pmhf{ kj| wg{ s]Gb| :yfkgfsf] kd| 'v p2Z] o g} g]kfndf gjLs/0fLo pmhfs{ f] kl| jlwsf]
ljsf; ub{} o;sf] kj| w{g ug'{ xf] .

• j}slNks pmhf{ kj| wg{ s]Gb|sf] ;+:yfut ;+/rgfdf ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L, lghL tyf cf}Bf]lus Ifq] sf]
kl| tlglwTj /xs] f] 5 .

• j}slNks pmhf{ kj| wg{ sG] bn| ] gjLs/0fLo tyf js} lNks pmhf{;DaGwL gLlt lgdf{0f ug,{] of]hgf
th'd{ f u/L sfof{Gjogdf ;xhLs/0f ug]{ ub5{ .

• ljg/s OG6/g];gnn] gk] fndf ljut nfdf] ;dobl] v gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k|jwg{ , lzIff tyf cfocfh{g
a9fpg] sfoj{ m| d tyf sl[ if Ifq] df ;j] f k¥' ofpbF } cfPsf] 5 .

• afofU] ofF; ;]S6/ kf6g{ /;Lk g]kfn uf| dL0f Ifq] df gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ kl| jlwsf] ljsf; / k|jw{g u/L
uf| dL0f ;d'bfosf] hLljsfk] fh{gdf ;w' f/ Nofpg ;ljm| o Ps u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf xf] .

• gk] fn afofU] of;F k|jwg{ ;ª\3 gk] fnsf lghL afofU] of;F sDkgLx¿sf] 5ftf ;ª\u7g xf] .
• g]kfn n3' hnljB't\ ljsf; ;ª3\ g]kfndf n3' hnljB't\ pTkfbg ug]{ lghL sDkgLx¿sf] 5ftf

;ª\u7g xf] .
• uf| dL0f kl| jlw sG] b| pkoS' t uf| dL0f kl| jlw ljsf; / kj| wg{ u/L b/" b/fhdf /xs] f ;db' fosf] cwf/et"

cfjZostf k/" f ub{} hLljsfk] fhg{ df ;w' f/ Nofpg u7g ePsf] Ps u/} ;/sf/L ;:+ yf xf] .
• lxdfnL tyf kxf8L eu] df /xs] f ;fgfltgf vfn] f, 5x/f cflbaf6 lahn' L lgsfnL pSt Ifq] df a;fa] f;

ug{] ;db' fosf] ljBt' Lo cfjZostf k/" f ug{ n3' hnljBt' \ cfofh] gf pQd ljsNksf] ¿kdf /xs] f] 5 .

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] clt 5f6] f] pQ/ n]Vgx' f;] \ M

-s_ gk] fndf ;~rfngdf /xs] f sg' } bO' { gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ kl| jlwx¿sf] gfd nV] gx' f];\ .
-v_ js} lNks pmhf{ kj| wg{ sG] b|sf] :yfkgf slxn] ePsf] lyof] <
-u_ gk] fndf klxnf] kN6 afofU] of;F slxn] / sxfF lgdf0{ f ePsf] lyof] <
-3_ afof]UofF;sf] ko| fu] af6 xg' ] sg' } b'Oc{ f]6f kmfObfx¿ nV] gx' f];\ .
-ª_ g]kfndf klxnfk] 6s h8fg ul/Psf] n3' hnljBt' \ cfof]hgfsf] Ifdtf slt /xs] f] lyof] <
-r_ afofU] ofF; egs] f] s] xf] <

@= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] 5f6] f] pQ/ nV] gx' f];\ M

-s_ g]kfndf js} lNks pmhfs{ f] dxŒjnfO{ 5f6] s/Ldf j0fg{ ug{'xf];\ .

104 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

-v_ gk] fndf j}slNks pmhfs{ f] kj| w{gdf ;/sf/L lgsfosf] el" dsf n]Vg'xf];\ .

-u_ g]kfndf j}slNks pmhf{sf] k|jwg{ df cGt/f{li6o« tyf /fli6«o u}/;/sf/L ;ª3\ ;+:yfx¿n]
s;/L ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf 5g\ < j0fg{ ug'{xf];\ .

-3_ gk] fndf j}slNks pmhf{sf] k|jwg{ df lghL If]qsf] el" dsf lsg dxŒjk"0f{ dflgG5 < sf/0fx¿
n]Vg'xf];\ .

-ª_ j}slNks pmhf{ k|jw{g s]Gbn| ] j}slNks pmhf{sf] kj| wg{ ug{ s;/L sfo{ ug{] ub{5 < j0fg{
ug{'xf];\ .

#= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] nfdf] pQ/ nV] gx' f;] \ M

-s_ j}slNks pmhfn{ ] g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs cflys{ ljsf;sf s;/L ;xof]u k¥' ofpg ;S5 <
ljZn]if0f ugx'{ f];\ .

-v_ jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf j}slNks pmhf{ kj| wg{ n] s;/L ;xofu] k¥' ofPsf] 5 < pNnv] ub{}
jftfj/0f ;/+ If0fdf j}slNks pmhf{nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ko| fu] ug{ s'g sg' pkfox¿
ckfpg ;lsPnf < ;'emfj lbg'xf;] \ .

kl/ofh] gf sfo{ (Project work)

-s_ cfkmg\ f] Ifq] df ;~rfngdf /x]sf] sg' } j}slNks pmhf{ k|ljlwsf] k|ofu] af6 k'us] f] kmfObfnfO{ pSt
kl| jlw ko| fu] uge{' Gbf cufl8sf] kl/jz] ;uF tn' gf ul/ kl| tjb] g tof/ u/L sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .

zAbfjnL (Glossary)
n3' hnljB't\ (micro hydro)M % lsnfj] f6 b]lv !)) lsnf]jf6;Dd ljBt' \ pTkfbg ug]{ hnljBt' \

ofh] gf

;fdflhs kl/rfng (social mobilization)M s'g} :yfgdf /x]sf :yfgLo ;d'bfox¿nfO{ ;ªu\ l7t

agfO{ ;dfg ;f]r / sfo{dfkmt{ pgLx¿sf] jl[ Q ljsf;df ;xeflu agfpg] k|lj|mof

Uofl;kmfo/ M afof]df; -h:t} M sl[ if pTkfbgsf cjzi] f, sf7 cflbnfO{ tfkLo tyf /f;folgs

k|ltlj|mofdfkm{t xfO8f« h] g Uof;F , sfag{ dfg] fc] S;fO8, sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8 UofF;sf] ld>0fdf kl/jt{g u/L
pmhfs{ f] ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ldNg] agfpg] pks/0f_

e"tfkLo pmhf{ M kY[ jLsf] leqL efuaf6 lgsflnPsf] jf k|of]udf NofOPsf] pmhf{
ldlglu8| k0| ffnL M :yfgLo :t/df ;fgf] Ifdtfsf] ljBt' \ k|;f/0f ug]{ ;~hfn
lkmS:8 8fd] l8hfOg\ (fixed dome design)M afofU] ofF;df pT;h{g x'g] ldy]g UofF; l:y/ jf

lglZrt :yfgdf ;ª\sng ug]{ tl/sfn] agfOPsf] afof]UofF; k0| ffnL

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 105

PsfO jftfj/0f / lbuf] ljsf;

& (Environment and Sustainable Development)

&=! kl/ro (Introduction)

sg' } klg /fi6«sf] ;fdflhs / cflys{ pGgltsf nflu pBf]u, snsf/vfgf, ;8\s, xjfO{ db} fg cflb
h:tf ef}lts kj" f{wf/sf] ljsf; cfjZos x'G5 . o:tf kj" f{wf/ ljsf;sf jm| ddf jg, hªu\ n, gbLgfnf,
s[lifof]Uo el" d h:tf k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿sf] pkofu] clgjfo{ xG' 5 . o:tf ljsf; lgdf0{ f ug{] jm| ddf
jftfj/0f ke| fljt eO/x]sf] x'G5 . o;/L ljsf; sfoj{ m| dx¿ ;~rfng ubf{ jftfj/0fLo kIfsf] ljrf/
gu/L lgjf{w ¿kdf k|fsl[ ts ;f| t] sf] cTolws bf]xg ePdf xfdf| ;Gtltn] oL k|fs[lts ;f| t] x¿sf] pkofu]
ug{ kfpg] 5g} g\ . xfdLn] u/]sf] ljsf; lbuf] x'g ;Sbg} / pSt ljsf;af6 cfzfltt\ kl| tkmn kf| Kt
xg' ;Sb}g . ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfoj{ m| dx¿df jftfj/0fLo kIf PsLs[t ug'{kb5{ . ljsf; lgdf{0fsf
sfox{ ¿ ubf{ kofj{ /0fdf oyf;Dej sd Iflt, sRrf kbfys{ f] ;Gt'lnt k|ofu] , kl| jlwsf] vkt bIftf
/ pkof]udf Wofg tyf gjLs/0fLo pmhfs{ f] pkofu] af6 ;~rfng xg' ] vfnsf kl/ofh] gfx¿sf] 5gf6]
ug{'kb5{ . oL sfo{x¿n] Psflt/ k|fsl[ ts ;|ft] x¿sf] Go"g vkt eO{ jftfj/0fLo kb| "if0f;d]t sd ub5{
eg] csfl{ t/ o:tf kl/ofh] gfx¿af6 dfgj ;d'bfon] lg/Gt/ ¿kdf kmfObf lng ;S5g\ . o;ks| f/sf]
ljsf; lbuf] xG' 5 .

gk] fnsf] ;Gbed{ f xfd|f] hLljsf tyf ;d'Gglt d"ntM s[lif, ko6{ g, hn;|f]t tyf jg ;Dkbfdf cfwfl/t
ePsfn] ljsf; kl/of]hgfx¿df oL ;Dkbfx¿sf] lbuf] pkofu] df ljzi] f Wofg k¥' ofpg ;s] dfq ljsf;
lbuf] x'g ;S5 . o; PsfOdf s[lif, pBfu] / jg Ifq] x¿sf] lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos jftfj/0fd}qL]
pkfox¿sf] af/d] f k|:tt' ub}{ gk] fnsf lbuf] ljsf;sf ;r" sx¿sf] k:| tt' ul/Psf] 5 .

&=@ s[lif Ifq] sf] lbuf] ljsf;sf pkfox¿ (Sustainable development approaches for

agriculture sector)

hLjg lgjfx{ / /fh] uf/sf] kT| oIf cj;/ lbg] s[lif Ifq] n] gk] fnsf] cyt{ Gqdf cu|0fL ofu] bfg k'¥ofpFb}
cfPsf] 5 . clxn] ljZjdf hg;ªV\ of lg/Gt/ al9/xs] f] / v]tLof]Uo hldg 3l6/xs] fn] vfB ;/' Iff
Ps rg' ft} L ePsf] 5 . ljZjsf] vfBfGgsf] a9\bf] dfunfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ sl[ ifsf] pTkfbg a9fpg'
cfjZos 5 .

gk] fnsf] sl[ if cEof; cem} klg k/Dk/fut 5 . oxfF e"ldxLg / ;;fgf 6'jm| fsf] :jfldTj ePsf
ls;fgx¿sf] ;ªV\ of cTolws 5 . pgLx¿ k/Dk/fbl] v g} ckgfpbF } cfPsf] vt] LkftL ug{] k|ljlwx¿sf]
;xof]uaf6 hLljsfk] fh{g ub{5g\ . ls;fgx¿n] k/fk"j{sfnbl] v :yfgLo :t/df pknAw :yfgLo hftsf

106 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

laplahg tyf kz'sf] uf]a/, ;f]Q/, cflbaf6
ag]sf] 3/fo;L dn k|ofu] ub{} cfPsf 5g\ .
o; lsl;dsf] k/Dk/fut k4ltåf/f v]tL ul/g]
ePsfn] cfjZos dfqfdf sl[ if pTkfbg
jl[ 4 xg' ;ss] f] 5}g, h;sf] sf/0f a9\bf]
hg;ªV\ ofnfO{ kofK{ t x'g] u/L vfBfGg pknAw
xg' ;ss] f] 5g} . t/ g]kfnL s[ifsx¿n]
ckgfpbF } cfPsf] o:tf] k/Dk/fut sl[ if
k|0ffnLn] sl[ ifhGo h}ljs ljljwtf, df6fsf] lrq &=!M gk] fnsf] k/Dk/fut s[lif k|0ffnL
kfi] fs tŒjsf] cg'kft / k/Dk/fut 1fgsf]
;+/If0fdf eg] dxŒjk0" f{ ofu] bfg k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 . o; k|sf/n] ;+/If0f ul/Psf sl[ ifhGo hl} js ljljwtf
/ k/Dk/fut 1fg cfw'lgs s[lif k0| ffnLsf] 1fgsf d"n ;f| ]t xg' \ . jtd{ fg ;dodf s[lif pTkfbg
a9fpgsf nflu /f;folgs dnsf] ;fy} sL6gfzs cf}ifwLx¿sf] ko| f]u ug{] ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} cfw'lgs
d]l;gx¿sf] ko| f]un] pj/{ hldgnfO{ cTolws dfqfdf vf]tNg], hf]Tg] / df6fsf] dlnnf] kqdf c;/ kfg{]
h:tf sfox{ ¿ ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . h;sf] sf/0f df6fsf] pj{/fzlStsf] x|f;, hl} js ljljwtfdf c;/,
hnsf] ;d'lrt Joj:yfkgdf sdL, Pjd\ s[lifofU] o e"ld tyf cGo k|fs[lts ;|ft] x¿sf] ljgfz dxŒjk"0f{
r'gf}tL ag]sf 5g\ . bz] df pknAw s[lif of]Uo el" d, l;FrfO ;l' jwf, sl[ if;uF ;DalGwt cGo k|fsl[ ts
;|f]tx¿, ef}ufl] ns tyf hl} js ljljwtf cflbsf] ;/+ If0f / k/Dk/fut vt] L k4ltnfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f /
Jofj;foLs/0f u/L ;du| s[lif Ifq] sf] pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj a9fO{ /fli6«o cy{tGqdf 6j] f k'¥ofpg] /
lbuf] vfB kfi] f0f ;/' Iff ug{ cfjZos 5 . sl[ if Ifq] g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs / cfly{s ljsf;sf] cfwf/lznf
ePsfn] o; If]qsf] lbuf] Pjd\ ;Gtl' nt ljsf;sf] cfjZostf 5 . s[lif If]qnfO{ lbuf] ljsf;sf] ¿kdf
cl3 a9fpg lgDglnlvt ljifox¿df Wofg lbg h?/L 5 .

-s_ kf| ªu\ fl/s dnsf] pTkfbg / ko| fu] (Production and use of organic manure)

/f;folgs dnn] df6fsf] kfi] fs tŒjsf] cg'kft / df6fsf] pj/{ fzlStnfO{ sfod /fVg ;Sbg} . t;y{
of] dnsf] kl/k/" ssf ¿kdf k|fª\ufl/s dnsf] pTkfbg, k|jw{g / ko| f]u ug'k{ b{5 . pSt kj| w{g
ke| fjsf/L agfpgsf nflu :yfgLo ;db' fonfO{ k|fª\ufl/s dn pTkfbgdf cgb' fg lbg] ul/Psf] 5 .
To:t} uF8o\ fn} f dnsf] (vermicompost) k|ofu] nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;lsG5 . kf| ª\ufl/s dnsf]
k|ofu] n] df6fsf] pj{/fzlStsf] hu]gf{ ub5{ .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 107

edL{ sDkf]l6ª (Vermi composting)

edL{ sDkfl] 6ª cyf{t u8F \of}n] sDkfl] 6ª
eGgfn] uF8o\ f}nf ko| f]u u/]/ dn pTkfbg ug]{
kl| jm| ofnfO{ a'lemG5 . 3/af6 lg:sg] h}ljs
kmf]xf]/x¿ h:t} af;L vfgs] '/fx¿, t/sf/L,
kmnkmn" , sfuh cflbnfO{ ;;fgf 6j' |mf u/L
dn agfpg ;lsG5 . o;/L ;;fgf 6'j|mf
ul/Pdf kmf]xf]/ rf8F } un]/ UfF8\of}nfn] vfgfsf]
¿kdf k|of]u ub5{ . edL{ sDkf:] 6 agfpg]
k|lj|mof uF8\of}nfn] dfq geO{ ;;fgf ls/f tyf ;I" d hLjf0fx' ¿sf] klg plQs} dxŒj xG' 5 .
cfO;g] Lof km]l68f (Eisenia fetida) cyf{t /]8 jd{ dn agfpgsf nflu w]/} k|ofu] df cfPsf]
k|hflt xf] . o;sf] kfrgkl| jm| of, hg;ª\Vof j[l4 tyf w/] } k|sf/sf] kmf]xf]/df afFRg ;Sg] ePsf]
sf/0fn] ubf{ dn agfpgsf nflu pQd dflgG5 .

-v_ pGgt hftsf lapsf] ljsf; / k|ofu] (Development and use of improved

varieties of seed)

lbuf] s[lif ljsf;sf] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ kIf pGgt hftsf lapsf] ljsf; / k|ofu] xf] . k/fkj" s{ fnbl] v
g} s[ifsx¿n] /}yfg] pGgt hftsf lapsf] hug] f{ ug{ of]ubfg lbPsf 5g\ . o; cy{df jg:kltsf]
hft ljsf; ug{ ko| fu] x'g] dfp hftsf] ;/+ If0fdf s[ifssf] e"ldsfnfO{ :yflkt ug{ cfjZos 5 .
pGgt hftsf lapsf] ljsf;af6 dfq lbuf] s[lif ljsf;df 6]jf kU' g ;S5 . vfB tyf kf]if0f ;/' Iffsf
b[li6sf0] faf6 ;j+ b] gzLn / vfBfGg pTkfbg Gog" xg' ] If]qx¿df :yfgLo :t/df pTkfbg x'g ;Sg] sl[ if
pkhsf] pTkfbg tyf pGgt hftsf lapsf] pkof]u ug{ ljzi] f sfoj{ m| d ;~rfng ugk'{ b5{ . oftfoft
;l' jwf ku' s] f l;lGrt Ifq] df pGgt hftsf lap / a9L pTkfbg lbg ;Sg] pGgt hftsf laplahg
tyf kh| fltx¿ k|of]u ug]{ / l;FrfO, oftfoft Pjd\ cGo ;'ljwf gePsf b'ud{ lhNnfx¿df :yfgLo
;efJotfsf] cfwf/df a9L d"No ePsf / sd cfotg ePsf afnL / j:tx' ¿sf] pTkfbg tyf kj| wg{ df
hf]8 lbg h?/L 5 .

-u_ PsLs[t afnL Joj:yfkg (Integrated crop management)

lbuf] sl[ if ljsf;sf nflu pknAw :yfgLo ;f| t] x¿ -h:t}M df6f,] laplahg, :yfgLo 1fg, k|ljlw
tyf l;kx¿_ ;d]tdf cfwfl/t PsLst[ afnL Joj:yfkg (integrated crop management),

108 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

PsLs[t kf]ifstŒj Joj:yfkg (integrated nutrient management) / PsLst[ zq'hLj Joj:yfkg
(integrated pest management) h:tf sfoj{ |mdx¿nfO{ plrt ¿kdf pTkfbsTj / Ifdtf j[l4sf
nflu k|ofu] ug'{kb5{ . o;sf ;fy} lbuf] s[lif ljsf;sf nflu sl[ if ;fduL| x¿ pTkfbg ug{] pBf]u, sl[ if
cf}hf/, l;FrfO ;fwg / zqh' Ljgfzs ljiffbL tyf kz'kG5Lsf /f]u lgjf/s cfi} fwL ljj|mt] f h:tf ;j] f
k|bfg ug{] Joj;foLx¿sf nflu cfjZos kl| jlw Pjd\ tLgsf ;d:of ;dfwfgkl| t Wofg lbgk' b5{ .

PsLst[ zq'hLj Joj:yfkg (Integrated Pest Management: IPM)

;g\ !(#(df 8L=8L=6L= sf] cfljisf/ x'ge' Gbf klxn] s]xL Snf]l/goS' t
ljiffbLx¿ k|of]udf eP klg k/Dk/fut vt] L ul/g] tl/sfx¿df
a9L Wofg lbOGYof] . 8L=8L=6L= / o;kl5sf ljiffbLx¿sf] Ifdtf
pTkfbgdf gf]S;fgL k'¥ofpg] hLjx¿nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ rdTsf/
k0" f{ /xo\ f] . ljiffbL, l;FrfO, afnLsf gofF hft, /f;folgs dn cflb
;a}sf] k|of]un] xl/t jm| flGt g} kml} nof] . o;/L afnL ;+/If0f clt
;lhnf] xg' kU' of] t/ ljiffbLsf] c;/n] s] s:tf e"ldsf v]Nof] eGg]
cWoog cg';Gwfg klg x'g yfNof] / o;} ;dodf ;g\ !(^@ df Rachel Carson eGg] a]nfotL
nl] vsfn] Silent Spring gfds k:' ts nv] L ;a}nfO{ ljiffbLsf gsf/fTds c;/af/] AoeF' mfpg]
sfo{ ul/g\ . To;kl5 PsLst[ zq'hLj Joj:yfkg (IPM) ljlwnfO{ hf8] lbg yflnPsf] 5 .

-3_ kl| jlw lj:tf/ / x:tfGt/0f (Technology expansion and transfer)

b]zdf 7'nf] ;ªV\ ofdf ljBdfg sl[ ifhGo kbfy{sf kz| fw] gstf{, s[lif Jofkf/L, ljt/s / s[lif pBdLx¿sf
nflu rflxg] vf; kl| jlwtk{m Wofg k¥' ofOPsf] 5g} . o;n] ubf{ hLljsfk] fh{gd'vL s[lifnfO{ Joj;fof]Gd'vL
agfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . g]kfnn] cGt/f{li6o« s[lif ;+:yfx¿af6 g]kfnsf] kl/l:ylt ;x' fpFbf] kl| jlwnfO{
clwstd dfqfdf ux| 0f ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . /fli6«o k|fljlws Ifdtfdf clejl[ 4 ug{ cGoq ljsl;t
kl| alwx¿nfO{ cªu\ Lsf/ u/L To;/L kf| Kt kl| jlwx¿nfO{ d'n'ssf] cfjZostfcg¿' k kl/dfhg{ u/L
sz' ntfk"js{ ko| f]u ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . cfufdL lbgx¿df ljsl;t kl| jlwnfO{ pTkfbsx¿df k|;f/ jf ;]jf
kb| fg ug{] lgsfodfkm{t kl| jlwx¿sf] pkfbo] tf a9fpg] jftfj/0f l;hg{ f ug{ cfjZos 5 . pBdL s[ifs
Pjd\ lghL If]qsf] ;xefuLtfdf sl[ if kl| jlwsf] ljsf; Pjd\ k|;f/, ;|f]t tyf ljt/0f sG] b|x¿sf] ljsf;
Pjd\ lj:tf/ u/L pTkfbg ;f| t] ;fdu|Lx¿sf] cfk"ltd{ f :yfloTj Nofpg'kb5{ .

-ª_ sl[ if Joj;foLs/0f (Commercialisation of agriculture)

sl[ if Joj;foLs/0fnfO{ s[lifhGo k|hfltx¿sf] h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f / jftfj/0fLo lbufk] g cgs' n"
;~rfng ugk'{ b{5 . ef}ufl] ns ;DefJotfsf] cfwf/df cfjZos ;f| t] ;fwg / ;]jfnfO{ PsLs[t ¿kdf

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 109

pknAw u/fO{ s[lifIfq] sf] pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug'{ / o; If]qnfO{ Joj;foLs/0f u/L bz] sf] ul/aL lgjf/0f,
vfB ;/' Iff tyf pRr cflys{ j[l4df cu'jf If]qsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ugk{' b{5 . xfd|f] g]kfnsf] ;Gbed{ f
vf;u/L ;;fgf s[ifs;uF ;DalGwt vt] L k|0ffnLsf] ;kmntfdf cToGt cfjZos 5 . g]kfnsf] uf| dL0f
hghLjgsf] ;fdflhs / cfly{s ;dG' gltsf nflu sl[ ifIf]qdf j1} flgs k4ltsf] ;d'lrt pkof]u u/L
sl[ ifsf] Joj;foLs/0f ug{'kb5{ .

-r_ ldrfxf k|hfltx¿sf] klxrfg / lgoGq0f (Identification and control of invasive

species)

lbuf] s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu sl[ if h}ljs ljljwtfnfO{ kl| ts"n k|efj kfg{] ldrfxf ks| [ltsf
k|hfltx¿ klxrfg / lgoGq0f ug{ cfjZos 5 . oL kh| fltx¿x¿sf] lgoGq0fsf sf/0f sl[ if hl} js
ljljwtfsf] ;/+ If0f, ;j+ w{g / ljsf; xg' ;Sb5 .

-5_ /fli6o« gLltx¿sf] sfofG{ jog (Implementation of national policies)

sl[ if If]qnfO{ yk Jojl:yt / cfwl' gsLs/0fsf nflu lgdf{0f ul/Psf gLlt, lgod tyf dfkb08x¿nfO{
sfofG{ jog u/L u0' f:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg cTofjZos 5 . vf; u/L s[lif pTkfbg / Joj;fo;DaGwL
afwf sl7gfOx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug{ gLltut ;w' f/ ug{'kb{5 . ;fy} of]Uo tyf cge' jL sdr{ f/Lsf] lgol' St
tyf kb:yfkg, kf| ljlws clws[tx¿nfO{ ;j] fsfnLg tflnd, ljZjljBfnox¿;Fusf] ;DaGwdf ;w' f/,
cg;' Gwfgdf cfwfl/t zl} Ifs tflnd, ljsl;t k|ljlwsf] lj:tf/, j}1flgs tyf k|fljlws ;:+ sf/sf]
ljsf; h:tf sfo{x¿nfO{ /fli6o« gLltx¿df ;dfjz] ugk{' b{5 .

-h_ s[lif If]qsf] lj:tf/ (Extension of agriculture area)

gk] fnsf] a9\bf] hg;ªV\ ofnfO{ vfBfGg k'¥ofpg' rg' f}tL ag]sf] 5 . lbuf] s[lif ljsf;sf nflu s[lif
Ifq] sf] lj:tf/ ug{ cfjZos 5 . vt] LofU] o t/ xfn pkof]udf g/x]sf el" dx¿df pAhgL u/L vfB tyf
kf]if0f ;/' IffnfO{ ;Dafw] g ug{ ;lsG5 . hUuf afFhf] /fVg] ky| f lg?T;flxt ug{'kb5{ .

-em_ cg';Gwfg / ljsf; (Research and development)

s[lif Ifq] sf] lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu o;;uF ;DalGwt kf| s[lts ;f| ]tx¿af/] cWoog cg;' Gwfg cToGt}
dxŒjk"0f{ xG' 5 . vt] L k0| ffnLsf] ;fdflhs / cflys{ kIfx¿, v]tLdf hn pkofu] , kz' tyf sl[ ifjgsf]
cGt/;DaGw, :jb]zL tyf ljbz] L ahf/ laZni] f0f, hnsl[ if / ;dli6ut gLlt lgdf{0fdf cg';Gwfg ug{
cfjZos 5 . ;fy} k/fu;]rs (pollinators), k|fs[lts k/eIfL tyf k/hLjL (natural predators
and parasites), df6fs] f nfebfos ;I" dhLjx¿ (soil biota) s] s:tf] cj:yfdf 5g ltgsf] af/]df
klg cWoog x'g cfjZos 5 . o;/L ul/Psf cg;' Gwfgx¿sf] lgisif{n] s[ifsx¿nfO{ kmfObf xg' 'kb5{ .

110 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

si[ fsx¿n] ckgfO/x]sf] k/Dk/fut 1fg tyf sl[ if k0| ffnLnfO{ s;/L Jojl:yt, yk ke| fjsf/L / k|jw{g
ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fdf klg cg';Gwfg s]lGbt| x'gk' b{5 . ;du|df s[lif, jg, hn Joj:yfkg tyf
kf| sl[ ts ;|ft] Joj:yfkgsf ljifox¿ ;d]t ;dfjz] u/L s[lif cg;' Gwfgsf] Ifq] nfO{ lj:tf/ ugk{' b{5 .
;fy} s[lif cg';Gwfgdf ;n+ Ug lgsfox¿sf nflu dfgj ;z+ fwgsf] ljsf; / j}1flgsx¿sf] j[lQ
ljsf;sf nflu pkoS' t jftfj/0fsf] l;hg{ f ugk'{ b5{ .

lbuf] sl[ if ljsf;sf ljz]iftfx¿

• afnLsf] pTkfbg a9fp5F . • eI" fo 36fp5F .
• kf| ªu\ fl/s dnsf] k|ofu] a9fpF5 . • hl} js ljljwtfdf xf| ; xg' lbbF }g .
• /y} fg] afnLsf] ;/+ If0f ub5{ . • cTolws rl/r/0f 36fpF5 .
• PsLst[ zq'hLj Joj:yfkg ub{5 . • cTolws df5fsf] ;ªs\ ng sd x'G5 .
• kfgL ;ª\sng / l;rF fO bIftf a9fp5F . • kb| "if0f 36fp5F .
• hn pkofu] bIftf w/] } ePsf afnLsf] • ldrfxf k|hfltx¿sf] 3gTj 36fp5F .
• ul/aL 36fpF5 .
pkof]u ub5{ .
• kfi] fs tŒj rj|msf] ;Gtn' g ub{5 .
• df6fsf] ;/+ If0f ub5{ .

&=# cfB} f]lus Ifq] sf] lbuf] ljsf;sf pkfox¿ (Sustainable development approaches

for industrial sector)

s'g} klg ;dfhdf pBf]u cfly{s ljsf;sf] d?] b08 xf] . bz] sf] ;antfsf] ;"rssf] ¿kdf pBf]u
/xt] f klg o;nfO{ Jojl:yt / jftfj/0fdq} L agfpg ;lsPg eg] of] jftfj/0fLo ;d:of l;h{gf ug]{
Ps k|dv' sf/s aGg kU' b5 . pBfu] ;~rfngsf nflu rflxg] kbfyx{ ¿ kl/k"lt{sf nflu vfgL, s[lif,
jg / jg:klt nufotsf k|fsl[ ts ;f| ]tx¿sf] bf]xg x'G5 . ;fy} o:tf pBf]ux¿ ;~rfngsf nflu
cfjZos kg{] OGwg -h:tM} sfO] nf, k]6f« n] , l8hn] _ h:tf vlgh OGwgsf] ko| fu] af6 ljleGg k|sf/sf
kb| i" f0fx¿sf] pT;hg{ x'G5 . oL pBf]u tyf snsf/vfgfaf6 lg:sg] ljleGg k|sf/sf kmfx] f]/dn} fnfO{
jfo,' hldg tyf kfgLsf ;f| ]tx¿df ld;fpgfn] jftfj/0fnfO{ k|bl" ift agfpF5 / k|fs[lts jftfj/0f,
dfgj :jf:Yonufot hl} js tyf kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLdf uDeL/ gsf/fTds c;/ kb{5 .

d'ns' sf] cflys{ ljsf;sf] d'Vo cfwf/sf] ¿kdf /xs] f pBfu] If]qsf] ljsf; tyf k|jw{gdf g} cflys{
;d[l4 xfl;n x'G5 . cfB} fl] us If]qdf, :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL nufgL cfslif{t u/L cfB} f]lus kj" fw{ f/ lgdf0{ f,
df}hb' f cf}Bfl] us kj" f{wf/x¿sf] clwstd pkofu] , cf}Bfl] us Ifq] tyf ljz]if cfly{s Ifq] x¿df pBf]u

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 111

:yfkgf tyf ;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos ;Dk"0f{ ;l' jwf pknAw u/fpg,] cfoft kl| t:yfkg tyf lgoft{
kj| wg{ df hf8] lbgk' b5{ . To:t} cfB} f]lus pTkfbsTjdf jl[ 4 ug],{ n3,' 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBfu] x¿sf]
k|jwg{ u/L pTkfbgzLn /f]huf/Ldf j[l4 u/L ul/aL Gog" Ls/0f ub{} /fli6o« cyt{ GqnfO{ ;'b9[ / ;d[4
agfpg pBfu] If]qsf] dxŒjk0" f{ el" dsf /xG5 . pTkfbgdf u0' f:t/ sfod ug,{' dfh} b' f pBfu] nfO{ ?U0f
xg' af6 hfu] fpg', ljZj dfucg';f/ cf}Bfl] us pTkfbgsf] ljljwLs/0f, ahf/ ljljwLs/0f lj:tf/ ug{' /
?U0f pBfu] nfO{ kg' :yf{kgf ug{' cflb lbuf] cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf ko| f; xg' \ . To;} u/L cfB} fl] us gLltsf
k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ cflys{ P]gn] ;Dafw] g ug,{' vfgL tyf eu" es{ f] cGj]if0f / o;df cfwfl/t pBfu] sf]
ljsf; / Joj:yfkg, u'0f:t/, dfkb08 / Joj:yfkg cflb cflys{ ;dl[ 4;uF ;DalGwt sfo{x¿ ;Dkfbg
ug'{ g} lbuf] cfB} fl] us ljsf;sf kf6fx¿ xg' \ . cfB} fl] us If]qnfO{ lbuf] ljsf;sf] l;4fGtcg'¿k cufl8
a9fpg lgDglnlvt ljifox¿df Wofg lbg h?/L 5 .

-s_ vkt tl/sfdf kl/jt{g (Change in consumption pattern)

cfh ljZjsf ljleGg bz] df ckgfOPsf ;|ft] tyf ;fwgx¿sf] vkt lbuf] ta/af6 eO/xs] f 5}gg\ .
pBfu] ;~rfngsf lglDt k|ofu] df NofO{g] sRrf kbfy{ / pmhf{sf] vkt cTolws jf rflxge] Gbf
w/] } eO/fv]sf] 5 . ;fy} sltko pBfu] x¿sf] ;~rfng klg j}1flgs tj/af6 ePsf] 5g} . t;y{
pBf]ux¿df pmhf{ vkt 36fpg] k|ljlw, oGq jf pks/0fx¿ ko| f]u u/L sRrf kbfys{ f] klg al' 4dQfk0" f{
k|ofu] ug]{ ;:+ sf/sf] ljsf; ug{' cfjZos 5 . To:t} pBfu] x¿af6 lgl:sPsf kmfx] f/] d}nfsf] ;Dej
eP;Dd Go"gLs/0f (reduce), kg' M ko| f]u (reuse), tyf kg' M rjm| Lo (recycle) Joj:yfkg ugk'{ b5{ .

-v_ gjLs/0fLo OGwgsf] ko| fu] (Use of renewable energy)

gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ lbuf] pmhf{ xf] / o:tf] pmhf{ lrq &=@M s[lif pBfu] nfO{ a9fjf lbg hldgd'lgsf] kfgL
k|sl[ taf6 lg/Gt/ ¿kdf kf| Kt x'g] ePsfn] lgsfNg rflxg] pmhf{ kf| Kt ug{sf nflu h8fg ul/Psf
k6sk6s ko| f]u ubf{ klg ;f| t] l/lQFb}g .
gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k|ofu] ubf{ jftfj/0fdf ;dt] ;fn] f/ Kofgnx¿
gsf/fTds c;/ kb{g} . pBfu] ;~rfngsf
lglDt gjLs/0fLo pmhf{x¿sf] k|ofu] nfO{ kf| T] ;fxg
ug{ cfjZos 5 . gk] fn gjLs/0fLo pmhf{
k|ofu] sf] /fdf| ] ;Defjgf ePsf] dn' s' xf] tyflk
g]kfnaf6 a;]{lg c/af}F ?lkofF k6] «fl] nod kbfy,{
sf]Onf tyf cGo vlgh OGwg vl/bdf ljbl] zg]
u/]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ /fS] g n3' hnljBt' \, ;f}o{

112 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

pmhf{, jfo' pmhfn{ ufotsf gjLs/0fLo pmhfs{ f] pTkfbg / pkof]u a9fpgk' 5{ -lrq &=@_ . oLdWo] klg
hnljB'ts\ f] ko| f]u g]kfnsf nflu ;a}eGbf pko'St ljsNk xg' ;S5 .

-u_ Gog" k|b"if0f÷kb| "if0f dS' t k|ljlwsf] ljsf; tyf k|ofu] (Development and use of

pollution less/free technology)

cfB} fl] us Ifq] lbuf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{sf nflu Go"g kb| "if0f tyf k|bi" f0f dS' t kl| jlwcGtu{t gjLs/0fLo
pmhfs{ f] ko| fu] , xl/t pTkfbg / pmhf{ vkt bIftf a9fpgk' b{5g\ -lrq &=#_ . cf}Bfl] us Ifq] df cWoog
cg;' Gwfgdfkmt{ Gog" k|bi" f0f jf kb| i" f0f /lxt ljlw tyf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; u/L cf}Bf]lus Ifq] sf] lbuf]
ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 .

pmhf{ vkt xl/t gjLs/0fLo
bIftf pTkfbg pmhf

cfB} f]lus
If]qsf] lbuf]

ljsf;

lrq &=#M cfB} fl} us If]qsf] lbuf] ljsf;sf :tDex¿

-3_ cf}Bf]lus Ifq] sf] Joj:yfkg (Management of industrial area)

cfB} fl] us If]q j/k/ k|bi" f0fn] ubf{ dfgj tyf hLjhGtx' ¿ ;ªs\ 6df kb{} uO/x]sf xg' ;S5g\ . To:t}

k|fs[lts ;f| t] x¿sf] cTolws k|of]usf sf/0f xfnsf] cfB} fl] us Ifq] ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkgsf]

cjwf/0faf/] k|Zgx¿ p7g yfns] f 5g\ . pBf]unfO{ Jojl:yt / jftfj/0fdq} L agfpg g;Sbf of]

jftfj/0fLo ;d:of l;hg{ f ug{] Ps kd| 'v sf/ssf] ¿kdf lrlqt x'g ku' ]sf] 5 . h;sf sf/0f

cf}Bfl] us Ifq] :yfkgf ugs{ f nflu pko'St :yfgsf] vfh] L ugk'{ b5{ . cfjf; If]q / ;8sx¿ cf}Bf]lus

If]q eGbf 6f9f /fVg'kg{] cfhsf] cfjZstf xf] .

lbuf] pBf]u ljsf;sf ljzi] ftfx¿

• gjLs/0fLo OGwgsf] ko| fu] a9fpF5 . • sRrf kbfys{ f] ko| f]u 36fpF5 .

• xl/t pTkfbg a9fpF5 . • vlgh OGwgsf] ko| f]u 36fpF5 .

• pmhf{ vkt bIftf a9fp5F . • k|bi" f0f 36fp5F .

• Gog" Ls/0f, k'gM ko| fu] , tyf k'gM rj|mLo

ko| fu] a9fpF5 .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 113

-ª_ pBfu] sf] u0' f:t/ kd| f0fLs/0f (Quality assurance of industries)
sd pT;hg{ / kl| jwd}qL agfpg pBf]ux¿nfO{ u'0f:t/sf] dfkb08sf] bfo/fdf Nofpg' cTofjZos 5 .
pBfu] x¿df ko| f]u xg' ] sRrf kbfy{, OGwg / k|ljlwsf] vkt bIftf / pTkfbgx¿sf] u0' f:t/ dfkg /
kd| f0fLs/0f ug{'kb5{ . ;Dej eP;Dd gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf] k|of]u ug'{kb5{ .
-r_ k|b"if0f lgoGq0f ug]{ k|ljlwsf] h8fg (Installation of pollution control devices)
pBf]ux¿df kb| "if0f lgoGq0f ug{ ljleGg k|ljlwx¿sf] h8fg ug{ cfjZos 5 . gofF k|ljlwx¿sf]
ko| f]uåf/f k|bi" f0fnfO{ /fs] yfd tyf lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu pBf]ux¿af6 pT;hg{ xg' ]
w'jF f / wn' f] sd ugs{ f nflu ;fOSnf]g lkmN6/, u|fle6L ;6] lnª RofDa/, OnS] 6«f:] 6fl6s kl]| ;lk66] /
-lrq &=$_ h:tf pks/0fx¿ h8fg ug{ ;lsG5 .

lrq &=$ M w'jfF tyf w'nfsf] pT;hg{ sd ugs{ f nflu pBfu] x¿df k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] pks/0fx¿, jm| dzM ;fOSnfg]
lkmN6/, u|flel6 ;]6lnª RofDa/ / On]S6«f:] 6fl6s k]l| ;lk66] / -;|ft] M OG6/g]6df /x]sf ;|f]tx¿af6 kl/:st[ _

-5_ cGt/f{li6o« ;xsfo{ (International collaboration)

cf}Bf]lus k|b"if0f s'g} bz] , If]q jf pT;hg{ ePsf] cfB} f]lus Ifq] sf] l;dfgfdf dfq l;ldt g/xg] x'bF f
o;sf] /f]syfd tyf lgoGq0fsf nflu /fli6«o tyf cGt/fl{ i6«o ;a} txsf] ;+oS' t kxn tyf tbf?stf
cfjZos k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu gk] fn, ef/t jf rLg s'g} Ps b]zdf ePsf] cf}Bf]lus pT;h{gn]
kb| i" f0f gug{] bz] df klg c;/ kfg{ ;S5 .

-h_ gLlt lgodsf] Joj:yf / sfof{ Gjog (Legal provisions and their implementation)

gk] fnsf] kl/k]Ifdf pBf]ux¿af6 x'g] kb| i" f0f sd ugs{ f nflu ljleGg gLlt, lgod tyf dfkb08x¿
lgdf0{ fsf] ;'?jft eP tfklg cem :k:6 sfgg' sf] cefj 5 . sfg'gL k|fjwfgx¿sf] c:ki6tf h:t}
dfkb08x¿sf] j1} flgs lgSofn{] , k|bi" f0f gfKg k|ofu] ug{] ljlw tyf kd| fl0ft ko| fu] zfnfsf] lgdf0{ f ugk{' g{]
cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . To:t} sx] L sfgg' L kf| jwfgx¿sf] sfofG{ jog kIf sdhf]/ 5 / yk ;dGjosf]
vfrF f] 5 .

114 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

lj|mofsnfk

pBf]usf] lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu ul/Psf kxnx¿

cfjZos ;fdu|L M rf6k{ k] / Pp6f
ljlw M cfkm\gf] jf;:yfg j/k/sf] pBf]udf ed| 0f u/L ToxfF ko| f]udf /xs] f lbuf] ljsf;sf
sfoj{ |mdx¿ rf6{kk] /df tnsf] tflnsfcg';f/ k|:tt' ug{'xf;] \ .
e|d0f ldlt M =================================
pBfu] sf] gfd M =================================
7]ufgf M =================================
pBfu] sf] ks| f/ M =================================
sfdbf/ ;ª\Vof M =================================
pBf]udf ko| fu] ul/Psf sRrf kbfyx{ ¿ M =================================
sRrf kbfy{ kfOg] :yfg M =================================
b}lgs pkofu] xg' ] sRrf kbfy{sf] dfqf M =================================
pBf]uaf6 lgl:sg] kmf]xf/] sf] ks| f/ M =================================
pBfu] af6 lgl:sg] kmfx] f/] sf] dfqf M =================================
pBfu] af6 lgl:sg] kmfx] f]/ Joj:yfkg ug{ ul/Psf ko| f;x¿ M =================================
pBf]un] ;~rfng u/s] f lbuf] ljsf;sf sfoj{ |mdx¿M -s_ kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkg -v_ pmhf{ vkt
ug]{ pkfo -u_ sfdbf/nfO{ tflnd -3_ cGo

&=$ jg If]qsf] lbuf] ljsf;sf pkfox¿ (Sustainable development approaches for

forest sector)

jg g]kfnsf] dxŒjk"0f{ kf| s[lts ;Dkbf xf] .
sl[ ifkw| fg b]z gk] fndf jg / sl[ iflar cGofG] ofl>t
;DaGw /lxcfPsf] 5 . bz] sf] lbuf] ljsf;df
jgIf]qsf] cdN" o ofu] bfg /lxcfPsf] 5 . g]kfndf
/fh] uf/L l;h{gf, cfocfh{g, :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] jg
kb} fjf/sf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostf -h:tM} sf7bfp/f,
3f;F kft, rl/r/0f, sfi7 tyf u/} sfi7 jg

lrq &=%M jg If]q kmF8fgL u/L sl[ if ul/Psf] If]q

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 115

k}bfjf/nufot cGo k|fs[lts ;f| t] x¿_ jgIfq] af6 pknAw xb'F } cfPsf 5g\ . ;fy} jgIfq] n] sl[ if, pBf]u,
hn;f| ]t, jftfj/0f / h}ljs ljljwtf ;/+ If0fsf nflu dxŒjk0" f{ cfwf/ kb| fg ub{5 .
xfn k"jfw{ f/ ljsf;sf nflu jg Ifq] sf] hUuf k|of]u x'g] hfl] vd a9\bf] 5 . efl} ts k"jfw{ f/ lgdf{0f
/ jftfj/0f ;+/If0flar ;Gt'ng xg' ;ls/x]sf] 5g} . gk] fndf vf; u/L kl5Nnf] ;dodf ljsf;
lgdf{0fsf sfo{x¿ -h:t}M hn ljBt' \ cfofh] gf, ;8s lgdf0{ f Pjd\ lj:tf/, b"/;~rf/ k|;f/0f nfOgsf]
lj:tf/, l;rF fO gx/ :yfkgf, vfgL hGo pBf]u Pjd\ ;/sf/L / ;fdflhs ;:+ yf Pjd\ kl| ti7fgx¿sf
ejgsf nflu_ sf nflu jg Ifq] sf] cltjm| d0f al9/xs] f] 5 . To:t} sg' } s'g} 7fpdF f jg If]qsf] hUuf
pkof]u ul/ s[lifhGo sfo{x¿sf nflu pkof]u eO/xs] f] 5 -lrq &=%_ . jg Ifq] sf] hUuf cGo
ko| fh] gsf nflu ko| f]u ubf{ bLws{ fnLg ¿kdf kmfObf jf 3f6f xg' ] gxg' ] eGg] s/' f xfnsf] e"pkofu] sf]
cj:yf, eJ" oj:yfkg / To;;Fu ;DalGwt gLlt, /0fgLltx¿sf] jftfj/0fLo ;Djb] gzLntf, jg If]q
ko| f]u ug{] cfofh] gfn] ;Demft} fadfl] hdsf ;tx{ ¿ kfngf u/]sf] 5 5g} eGg] h:tf s'/fx¿df e/ kb5{ .
tn plNnlvt sfoj{ m| dx¿af6 jg Ifq] df lbuf] ljsf; cufl8 a9fpg ;lsG5 .
-s_ jg Joj:yfkg (Forest management)
jgn] kb| fg ug{] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] lg/Gt/tf jf jl[ 4 x'g] u/L ul/g] Joj:yfkg g} jg Joj:yfkg xf] .
lbuf] jg Joj:yfkg ubf{ jftfj/0fLo kIfsf cltl/St ;fdflhs tyf cflys{ kIfx¿nfO{ ;d]t plrt
Wofg lbg'kb5{ . jgsf] lbuf] Pjd\ j1} flgs Joj:yfkg dfkm{t jgIfq] sf] pTkfbsTj tyf jg kb} fjf/sf]
pTkfbgdf jl[ 4 eO{ sf7 bfp/fnufotsf jg kb} fjf/sf] cfk"lt{ a9g\ hfG5 . o;af6 /fh] uf/L Pjd\
pBd kj| w{g eO{ cflys{ tyf ;fdflhs Ifq] df 6]jf k'Ub5 . :yfgLo :t/df jg Joj:yfkg ljleGg
ultljlwx¿af6 ug{ ;lsG5 -lrq &=^_ .

lrq &=^ M jg Joj:yfkgsf nflu :yflgo :t/sf ultljlwx¿

116 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

jg If]q Joj:yfkg ubf{ /y} fg] hl} js ljljwtf ;/+ If0f tyf nfk] Gdv' jGohGt' tyf jg:kltx¿NffO{
kf| yldstf lbg'kb{5 . jg Joj:yfkg e"kl/lw :t/df lbuf] jg Joj:yfkgsf] sfox{ ¿nfO{ ;fd'bflos
jg Joj:yfkg, dWojtL{ ;fd'bflos jg Joj:yfkg, ;fem]bf/L jg Joj:yfkg] h:tf dfWodaf6 cem
ke| fjsf/L agfpg'kb5{ . ;Dk"0f{ ek" l/lw txdf ljzi] f u/L t/fO{ ek" l/lwdf jg ;+jwg{ k0| ffnLsf]
cjnDag, kxf8L Ifq] sf] jg Joj:yfkgdf u}/sfi7 jg kb} fjf/sf] Joj:yfkg Pjd\ hnfwf/ Joj:yfkgdf
hf8] lbg'kb5{ . jg ljgfz, IfoLs/0f lgoGq0f / jgsf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ u//] sfa{g pT;{hgdf cfPsf]
sdL jf sfag{ ;l~rltsf] dfkg u/L k|df0fLs/0f ug{'kb5{ . jg ljgfz / jgIfoLs/0faf6 xg' ] sfag{
pT;hg{ df sdL Nofpg] / jg sfa{g ;+/If0f ug{] sfa{g ;l~rltsf pbfx/0fx¿ xg' \ . jg Joj:yfkg
lgDglnlvt cfwf/x¿df xg' k' b5{ M

!= jgsf] jflif{s jl[ 4eGbf vkt tyf jflif{s s6fg kl/df0f sd x'g'kg]{

@= jg ;/+ If0fsf nflu jgdf ljleGg pd/] ;dx" / kh| fltsf ?v la?jfx¿ plrt cgk' ftdf xg' k' g{]

#= pTkfbg / s6fg Pjd\ ;bk' of]ular tfndn] sfod /fvL jg ;|ft] sf] ;'lglZrttf xg' k' g]{

$= jg kb} fjf/ / ;]jfsf] kl/df0f tyf u0' f:t/sf] ;l' glZrttf ug]{ vfnsf] cj:yf, :jf:Yo /
kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL x'g'kg{]

%= h}ljs ljljwtf tyf e" tyf hnfwf/ ;/+ If0f ug{'kg]{

^= cflys{ , ;fdflhs / ;f:+ sl[ ts lx;fan] jg kb} fjf/ / ;j] fsf] pknAwtfsf] ;l' glZrttf ugk'{ g{]

&= Joj:yfkgsf nflu cg'sn" sfgg' L, cfly{s Pjd\ ;/+ rgfut jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf ug{'kg]{ .

-v_ j[If/f]k0f / kg' M jI[ f/f]k0f (Afforestation and reforestation)

jg;f| ]tsf] clej[låsf nflu ul/g] j[If/f]k0f sfo{ gk] fndf ;gftgb]lv g} rNb} cfPsf] 5 . jI[ f/f]k0f
egs] f] ljutdf jg gePsf] hldgdf ?v k|hfltsf la?jf /fk] L :yfoL ¿kdf jg sfod ug]{ sfo{nfO{
hgfpF5 . ;8s bfofFafof,F tfntn}of tyf kfgL kwF/] f j/k/ Pjd\ gbL lsgf/fx¿df la?jf /fK] g] /
xs' f{pg] k/Dk/f cflbsfnaf6 g} /lxcfPsf] 5 . To;} u/L wfld{s :yn tyf rf}tf/fx¿df wfld{s
dxŒjsf la?jfx¿ -h:t}M j/, lkkn, zdL, a]n, sfef| ,] gf/]Zj/ h:tf_ j[If/f]k0f u/L xs' fP{ sf] oqtq
bl] vG5g\ . lghL hUufx¿ / ;fj{hlgs :ynx¿df ;dt] vf; u/L 8fn3] f;F Pjd\ kmnkmn" sf k|z:t
la?jf nufO{ pkof]udf cfO/xs] f 5g\ .

To:t} k'gM j[If/f]k0faf6 ljutdf jg ePsf] t/ jgljxLg Ifq] sf] ¿kdf kl/0ft ul/Psf] Ifq] df j[If/f]k0f
jf k|fs[lts ¿kdf k'g?Tkfbg k|jwg{ af6 kg' M jg If]qsf] ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf
sfo{j|mdx¿ ubf{ /}yfg] kh| fltx¿nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'kb{5 . oL sfo{jm| dx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L 9ªu\ af6
cufl8 n}hfbf jg tyf hl} js ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0fdf a9fjf lbg ;lsG5 .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 117

-u_ hLljsf]kfhg{ ;w' f/ tyf ;xof]u (Improvement and support to livelihood)

:yfgLo hg;d'bfosf] hLljsf]kfhg{ Pjd\ cfocfhg{ sf] ljm| ofsnfkdf ;xof]u gu/;] Dd jg tyf h}ljs
ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkg x'g ;Sb}g . t;y{ hg;xeflutf h6' fpg o; Ifq] df ;w' f/ tyf
;xof]u u/L ;sf/fTds wf/0ffsf] ljsf; ug{k' b5{ . ljzi] f u/L u/} sfi7 jgk}bfjf/x¿ -h:t}M h8La'6L
v]tL lj:tf/, ;fgf kmlgr{ /, cld;| f], nfS] tf, lr/fOtf] v]tL cflb_ sf] lj:tf/af6 :yfgLo hgtfx¿sf]
hLljsfk] fhg{ df ;w' f/ xg' ;Sb5 .

-3_ dfgj -jGohGt' åGå Joj:yfkg (Human-wildlife conflict management)

jGohGt' ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkgsf] d'Vo pknlAw, jGohGt'x¿ -h:t} xfQL, u}F8f, af3, cgf,{ afx|l;Fuf_
sf] ;ª\Vofdf pNn]vgLo jl[ 4 ug'{ xf] . t/ o:tf k|hfltsf] jl[ 4;+Fu} dfgj jGohGts' f] åGå klg a9s] f] 5 .
t;y{ e"kl/lw :t/df g} l;sf/ kl| t/f]wL :yfgLo ;d"xx¿, dWojtL{ Ifq] sf ;d'bfox¿nufot ;fd'bflos
jgx¿n] ;dfwfgsf nflu ;sf/fTds k|j[lQsf] ljsf; ug{k' b5{ . oBlk dfgj / jGohGt'larsf] åGå
Joj:yfkg tyf Go"gLs/0f r'gf}tLk0" f{ 5 .

-ª_ h}ljs ljljwtf ;/+ If0fsf nflu cGt/b]zLo ;xsfo{ (Transboundary cooperation

in biodiversity conservation)

jGohGt' Joj:yfkgsf] bl[ i6sf]0faf6 gk] fn, ef/t, rLg / e6' fglar hl} js ljljwtf tyf jg Ifq] sf]

;+/If0fsf nflu ;femf bfloTj / lhDdj] f/L afw] xg' cfjZos 5 / ;+/If0fsf nflu ;LdfljxLg ;DaGw

lj:tf/ k|of;x¿ x'g'kb5{ . h}ljs ljljwtf tyf jg Ifq] Joj:yfkgsf nflu l;dfkf/ lhDd]jf/L jxg

ugs{ f nflu ;+:yfut e"kl/lwsf] cjwf/0ff tyf ;db' fo ;db' folarsf] ek" l/lwsf] l;h{gf ug'k{ b{5 .

t/fO{ e"kl/lwn] gk] fn / ef/t lardf ;xsfo{, kj" {df s~rghª\3f ek" l/lwn] g]kfn, l;SsLd tyf

e'6fglardf ;xsfo{ / o;} u/L sn} fz tyf kljq lxdfn e"kl/lwn] g]kfn / rLglardf jg Joj:yfkg

tyf hl} js ljljwtfsf] If]qdf ;xsfo{sf] af]w u/fPsf] 5 .

lbuf] jg ljsf;sf ljz]iftfx¿
• /y} fg] hLjhGt' tyf jg:kltsf] ;/+ If0f ub5{ . • e"Ifo 36fp5F .

• sfa{g dfH} bft a9fpF5 . • hl} js ljljwtfdf x|f; x'g lbFb}g .

• hnfwf/ ;/+ If0f ub{5 . • ldrfxf k|hfltx¿sf] 3gTj 36fp5F .

• df6fsf] ;/+ If0f ub{5 . • vkt tyf jflif{s s6fg kl/df0f

• kof{j/0fLo ;]jfx¿ a9fp5F . 36fp5F .

• k'g?Tkfbg ultljlwx¿ a9fpF5 . • IfoLs/0fsf sf/sx¿sf] rfk 36fp5F .

• cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts dxŒjx¿

a9fp5F .

118 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

&=% lbuf] ljsf;sf ;r" sx¿ Tfyf To;sf nflu gk] fnn] u/]sf k|of;x¿ (Indicators of

sustainable development and efforts made by Nepal)

“lbuf] ljsf; nIo" ;g\ @)#) ;Dddf dfgj, k[YjL / ;dl[ 4sf nflu Ps ;dfg, Gofok0" f{ / ;'/lIft
ljZj lgdf0{ f ug]{ kl/sNkgf ug]{ ljZjsf] Pp6f ;fxl;s / ljZjJofkL ;Demf}tf xf] . xfd|f] gk] fn klg
of] ljZjJofkL nIosf] ;b:o /fi6« xf] . of] nIo k/" f ug{sf nflu g]kfnn] ljleGg If]q;Fu ;DalGwt
cfkm\gf gLlt, /0fgLlt tyf cfjlws ofh] gfx¿ ;~rfng ub{} lbuf] ljsf;sf tLg cfofd – cflys{ ,
;fdflhs / jftfj/0fLo kIfnfO{ ;Gt'lnt ug]{ ko| f; u/s] f] 5 -tflnsfM &=!_ .

tflnsfM &=! lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu g]kfnn] u/]sf ko| f;x¿

If]qx¿ lbuf] ljsf;sf ko| f;x¿
s[lif • PsLst[ zqh' Lj Joj:yfkg

• Dff6f] Joj:yfkg;DaGwL si[ fs kf7zfnf ;~rfng

• l;rF fO ;'ljwfdf ;'wf/

• h}ljs vt] Lsf] pTkfbg tyf k|zfw] gsf nflu /fli6o« dfkb08sf] Joj:yf

• k|fªu\ fl/s s[lif k0| ffnL tyf h}ljs ljiffbLx¿sf] ko| f]usf nflu /fli6«o

dfkb08 Pjd\ sfol{ jlwx¿sf] sfoG{ jog

• afnLsf ljleGg hftsf] ljsf;

• jg:klt Sjf/l] G6gsf sfo{jm| d
pBf]u • hnljB't\ tyf n3' hnljB'ts\ f] ljsf;

• gofF cfB} f]lus Joj;fo P]g / lgodfjnLsf] th'{df

• jfo', Wjlg tyf kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ dfkb08 lgwf/{ 0f

• /f;folgs kbfy{ tyf j:t'x¿sf] cfoft, ko| f]u / lajm| L ljt/0fdf lgodg

• n3' pBd ljsf;sf sfo{j|mdsf] sfoG{ jog
jg • ep" kofu] gLlt thd'{ f

• ;db' fodf cfwfl/t jg Joj:yfkg

• ;/+ lIft jg tyf ;+/If0f Ifq] x¿sf] Joj:yfkg

• jg ljgfz ePsf ek" l/lwx¿ kg' M :yflkt

lbuf] ljsf; nIox¿ k"/f ugs{ f nflu lbuf] ljsf;sf ;"rsx¿ klg klxNofOPsf] 5 . tn plNnlvt
jftfj/0f;uF ;DalGwt lbuf] ljsf;sf nIo / ;r" sx¿ xg' -tflnsfM &=@_ .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 119

tflnsfM &=@ jftfj/0f;uF ;DalGwt lbuf] ljsf;sf nIo / ;r" sx¿

lbuf] ljsf; nIox¿ lbuf] ljsf; ;"rsx¿

;a}sf nflu ;kmf kfgL tyf • ;a}sf nflu ;'/lIft tyf vrn{ ] wfGg ;Sg] d"Nodf lkpg]
;/;kmfOdf kx'Fr ;l' glZrt ug{] kfgLdf ;j;{ 'ne tyf ;dtfd"ns kx'Fr xfl;n ug]{

;as} f nflu vrn{ ] wfGg ;Sg], • ;as} f nflu kof{Kt tyf ;dtfdn" s ;/;kmfO / :jR5tfdf
e/kbf]{, lbuf] tyf cfwl' gs kxr'F xfl;n ug]{ / vn' f 7fpdF f lb;f ug]{ rngsf] cGTo
pmhfd{ f kx'rF ;l' glZrt ug]{ ug{]

alnof] kj" fw{ f/ lgdf0{ f ug{,] • kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO Joj:yfkgsf] ;'wf/sf nflu :yfgLo
cf}Bfl] usLs/0fnfO{ lbuf] agfpg] ;d'bfox¿sf] ;xeflutfnfO{ ;fy lbO{ To;nfO{ cem ;an
tyf gjLg vf]hnfO{ k|fT] ;fxg agfpg]
ug]{
• vrn{ ] wfGg ;Sg,] e/kbf{] / cfwl' gs pmhf{ ;]jfdf ;j{;'ne
kx'Fr ;l' glZrt ug]{

• ;g\ @)#) ;Dddf ljZjJofkL pmhf{sf] pknAwtfdf
gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf] c+znfO{ pNn]Vo ¿kdf j[l4 ug]{

• gjLs/0fLo pmhf{, pmhf{ art tyf To;sf] Joj:yfkg
/ cTofw'lgs tyf :jR5 hLjfZd OGwg (fossil fuel)
kl| jlwx¿nufot :jR5 pmhf{ cg;' Gwfg tyf k|ljlwx¿df
x'g] kx'rF nfO{ ;xh tN' ofpg / pmhf{ kj" f{wf/ tyf :jR5
pmhf{ k|ljlwdf nufgL kj| w{g ug cGt/fl{ i6o« ;xofu]
clejl[ 4 ug{]

• cfly{s ljsf; / dfgj sNof0fnfO{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg lbuf]
tyf alnof] k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug]{

• ;dfjz] L tyf lbuf] cfB} fl] usLs/0fnfO{ kj| w{g ug]{ /
/fli6o« kl/l:yltcg;' f/ /fh] uf/L tyf s'n u|fx:{ y pTkfbg
-lhl8kL_ df pBf]usf] cz+ nfO{ pNnV] o dfqfdf j[l4 ug]{ /
clt sd ljsl;t b]zx¿df o;sf] cz+ bfA] a/ ug]{

• wfGg ;lsg] shfn{ ufotsf ljQLo ;j] fx¿df n3' pBf]u
tyf cGo pBdx¿sf] kxFr' jl[ 4 ug]{ / dN" o zª[ \vnf tyf
ahf/df ltgsf] ;dfof]hg ug]{

120 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

;x/x¿nfO{ ;dfj]zL, ;'/lIft, • kof{Kt, ;'/lIft tyf vr{n] wfGg ;Sg] cfjf; / cfwf/
;an / lbuf] agfpg] et" ;]jfx¿df ;as} f] kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug{] / em'k8L
a:tLx¿sf] :t/fG] glt ug{]
lbuf] pkef]u tyf pTkfbgsf]
9frF f ;'lglZrt ug{] • ;8s ;/' Iffdf ;'wf/ ub{} ;'/lIft, wfGg ;lsg], ;xh /
lbuf] oftfoft Joj:yfdf kxFr' pknAw u/fpg]
hnjfo' kl/jtg{ tyf o;sf
k|efjx¿lj?4 n8g\ tTsfn • ljkb\sf sf/0f x'g] dT[ o,' ke| fljt JolStx¿sf] ;ªV\ of /
sf/afxL yfNg] cflys{ IfltnfO{ pNn]vLo ¿kdf sd ug]{

jgsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg ug]{, • k|fsl[ ts ;f| ]tx¿sf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg tyf r':t ko| f]u xfl;n
d?e"dLs/0flj?4 n8g\ ] ug{] ;|ft] d} kmf]xf/] sf] sd pTkfbg, Go"gLs/0f, k'g?Tkfbg
e"IfoLs/0f /fs] ]/ To:tf] -l/;fOsn_ / k'gMko| fu] dfkmt{ \ kmfx] f/] pTkfbgdf pNn]Vo
k|lj|mofnfO{ pN6o\ fpg] tyf dfqfdf sdL Nofpg]
h}ljs ljljwtfsf] IfltnfO{ /f]Sg]
• lbuf] ljsf; / hLjgz}nLaf/] ;a} 7fpsF f dflg;x¿df
cfjZos hfgsf/L / ;rt] gf xf;] \ eGg] ;'lglZrt ug]{

• ;a} d'ns' df kf| sl[ ts ks| f]k tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu
;DalGwt hf]lvdx¿sf] ;fdgf ug;{ Sg] / cg's"ng Ifdtf
j[l4 ug{]

• hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL pkfox¿nfO{ /fli6«o gLlt,
/0fgLlt / ofh] gfx¿df ;dfofh] g ug]{

• hnjfo' kl/jt{g Go"gLs/0f, cgs' n" g, ke| fj Go"gLs/0f
tyf kj" { r]tfjgL lbg] ;DaGwdf lzIff, hgr]tgf clejl[ 4
/ ;+:yfut Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ ug]{

• ;g\ @)#) ;Dddf, d?ed" Ls/0flj?4 n8\g] / v8]/L tyf
af9L k|efljt el" dnufot cGo e"ld tyf df6fdf cfPsf]
x|f;nfO{ ;'wf/ u/L klxn]s} cj:yf k¥' ofpg]

• lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu cTofjZos nfex¿ pknAw u/fpg]
lxdfnL kfl/l:yltsLo k0| ffnLsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ h}ljs
ljljwtf;lxt ltgsf] ;/+ If0f ;l' glZrt ug]{

• ;+/lIft hLjhGt' tyf jg:kltsf] rf/] L l;sf/ tyf cjw}
cf];f/k;f/ cGTo ug{ tTsfn sf/afxL yfNg]

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 121

ef]sd/Lsf] cGTo ug{], vfB;/' Iff • ;a} ks| f/sf sk' fi] f0fsf] cGTo ug{] / lszf/] L, uej{ tL
tyf pGgt kf]if0f xfl;n ug]{ / tyf ;'Ts]/L dlxnf / cGo JolStsf kfi] f0f ;DaGwL
lbuf] s[lifsf] kj| w{g ug]{ . cfjZostfnfO{ ;Dafw] g ug{]

• ljsf;f]Gd'v bz] x¿df s[lif pTkfbsTj Ifdtf j[l4 ug{
uf| dL0f k"jf{wf/, s[lif cg;' Gwfg, k|ljlw ljsf;, jg:klt
tyf rfk} fofsf] lhg aª} \s :yfkgfdf nufgL j[l4 ug{]

• vfBdN" osf] r/d cl:y/tfnfO{ ;Lldt ugd{ f dbt k'¥ofpg
vfBj:t' ahf/ / tT;DaGwL sf/fa] f/x¿sf] ;d'lrt
;~rfng xg' ] u/L pkfox¿ cjnDag ug{]

-;|ft] M http://www.np.undp.org_

lj|mofsnfk

;db' fodf lbuf] jftfj/0f ;/+ If0fdf sfou{ g{] ;ª\3;+:yfx¿

cfjZos ;fduL| M rf6{ kk] / Pp6f

ljlw M rf6{ k]k/df tkfO{Fsf] cfkm\gf] ;db' fodf lbuf] ljsf;sf d'2fx¿nfO{ ofh] gf agfP/ sfo{ug]{
;ª3\ ;:+ yfx¿ / pgLx¿n] u/]sf sfox{ ¿sf] ;r" L tof/ ug{'xf];\ .

;f/f+z (Summary)

• g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df s[lif, pBfu] tyf jgIfq] sf] lbuf] ljsf;df Wofg lbg ;s] g]kfnsf] ;du|
cflys{ ljsf;df dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg kU' g ;S5 .

• s[lifsf] lbuf] ljsf; / jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng ;+be{df df6fsf] pj{/fzlStsf] xf| ;, h}ljs
ljljwtfdf gsf/fTds c;/, ckf/ hn ;f| ]tsf] e08f/ eP tfklg hnsf] ;d'lrt Joj:yfkgdf
sdL, Pjd\ s[lif tyf cGo k|fsl[ ts ;|ft] x¿sf] ljgfz dxŒjk0" f{ r'gft} L ags] f] 5 .

• sl[ if If]qnfO{ lbuf] ljsf;sf] ¿kdf cufl8 a9fpg k|fª\ufl/s dnsf] pTkfbg / k|of]u, pGgt
hftsf lapsf] ljsf; / ko| f]u, PsLs[t afnL Joj:yfkg, k|ljlw lj:tf/ / x:tfGt/0f, sl[ if
Joj;foLs/0f, ldrfxf kh| fltx¿sf] klxrfg / lgoGq0f, /fli6«o gLltx¿sf] sfof{Gjog, sl[ if
Ifq] sf] lj:tf/, cg;' Gwfg / ljsf; h:tf ljifox¿df Wofg lbg h?/L 5 .

• pBfu] If]qnfO{ lbuf] ljsf;sf] ¿kdf cufl8 a9fpg vkt tl/sfdf kl/jtg{ , gjLs/0fLo
OGwgsf] k|ofu] , Go"g k|bi" f0f÷kb| "if0fd'St kl| jlwsf] ljsf; tyf ko| fu] , cf}Bfl] us If]qsf]

122 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

Joj:yfkg, pBfu] sf] u0' f:t/ k|df0fLs/0f, kb| "if0f lgoGq0f ug]{ kl| jlwsf] h8fg, cGt/fl{ i6o«
;xsfo{, gLlt lgodsf] Joj:yf / sfo{fGjog h:tf ljifox¿df Wofg lbg h?/L 5 .
• jg If]qnfO{ lbuf] ljsf;sf] ¿kdf cufl8 a9fpg jg Joj:yfkg, jI[ f/f]k0f / kg' M j[If/fk] 0f,
hLljsf]kfhg{ ;w' f/ tyf ;xofu] , dfgj jGohGt' åGå Joj:yfkg, hl} js ljljwtf ;+/If0fsf
nflu cGt/bz] Lo ;xsfo{ h:tf ljifox¿df Wofg lbg h?/L 5 .
• ljsf; lgdf0{ fsf sfo{jm| dx¿df jftfj/0fLo kIf PsLs[t ug'k{ b5{ .

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] clt 5f6] f] pQ/ nV] gx' f;] \ M

-s_ lbuf] ljsf; eg]sf] s] xf] <
-s_ PsLst[ s[lif Joj:yfkgnfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt n]Vgx' f];\ .
-u_ lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu sl[ if Joj;foLs/0f ug's{ f] d'Vo p2]Zo nV] g'xf;] \ .
-3_ lbuf] sl[ if ljsf;sf bO' { pkfox¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
-ª_ gjLs/0fLo OGwg egs] f] s] xf] <
-r_ lbuf] cfB} f]lus ljsf;sf pkfox¿sf] ;"rL agfpg'xf;] \ .
-5_ jg Joj:yfkg eg]sf] s] xf] <
-h_ jg Joj:yfkg ug{] If]qx¿sf] gfd pNn]v ug{x' f;] \ .

@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ n]Vg'xf;] \ M

-s_ sl[ if Ifq] sf] lbuf] ljsf; s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 < JofVof ugx'{ f];\ .
-v_ pBf]u If]qsf] lbuf] ljsf; s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 < aFb' fut ¿kdf j0f{g ugx{' f;] \ .
-u_ jg Ifq] df lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ s;/L cufl8 a9fpg ;lsG5, nV] g'xf;] \ .
-3_ lbuf] ljsf;sf ;r" sx¿sf] juLs{ /0f ug{x' f;] \ .
-ª_ sl[ if, pBfu] tyf jg Ifq] x¿df lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu g]kfndf s] s:tf kxnx¿ ePsf 5g,\

j0f{g ug'{xf;] \ .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 123

#= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] nfdf] pQ/ n]Vgx' f;] \ M

-s_ lbuf] ljsf; cfhsf] cfjZstf xf] . ts;{ lxt nV] gx' f;] \ .
-v_ pBf]u If]qsf] lbuf] ljsf; ugs{ f nflu r'gft} Lx¿ s] s] 5g\ / ltgLx¿sf] ;fdgf s;/L

ug{ ;lsG5 < ;'emfjx¿ k:| t't ug{x' f;] \ .
-u_ cfkm\gf] ;d'bfodf sl[ if, pBf]u tyf jg If]qx¿df lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu s] s:tf kxnx¿

ug{ ;lsG5 / ;rt] gf s;/L km}nfpg ;lsG5 of]hgf tof/ kfg{x' f;] \ .

kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Project work)

-s_ cfkm\gf] jf;:yfg j/k/sf] s[lif If]q jf cGo pkoS' t 7fpdF f ed| 0f u/L ToxfF k|of]u ePsf lbuf]
s[lif ljsf;sf sfoj{ |mdx¿sf] klxrfg u/L 5f]6f] k|ltjb] g tof/ kfgx{' f];\ . lbuf] sl[ if ljsf;sf
sfo{jm| dx¿ gePdf pSt Ifq] df lbuf] sl[ if ljsf;sf sfo{j|mdx¿ s] s] xg' ;S5g\ < ltgLx¿sf]
klxrfg u/L 5f6] f] kl| tjb] g tof/ kfg'{xf;] \ / sIffdf k|:t't ugx{' f;] \ .

zAbfjnL (Glossary)
PsLst[ sL6 Joj:yfkg M /fu] , ls/f tyf emf/kftnfO{ ls/f jf cGo h}ljs j:t'sf] ko| fu] u/L

lgoGq0f ug{] tl/sf

js} lNks pmhfM{ hLjfZd OGwg, bfp/f / cf0fljs pmhf{ h:tf k/Dk/fut OGwg ;|f]tx¿afxs] cGo

;|f]tx¿af6 pTkGg pmhf{, h:t} ;f}o{ pmhf,{ afofU] of;F

hns[lif M kfgLsf] pkoS' t Joj:yfkg u/L jg:klt / hgfj/df cfwfl/t vfBkbfys{ f] pTkfbg a9fpg

ul/g] -df6fl] jxLg_ sl[ if k|0ffnL

OnS] 6«f]:6fl6s k]|l;lk6]6/ M cf}Bfl] us kb| i" f0f sd ug{ pBfu] x¿df h8fg ul/g] oGq
hl} js dn M df6fnfO{ dlnnf] tyf pj{/ agfpg kf| sl[ ts ¿kdf pknAw h}ljs j:t', h:t} j:te' fpsf]

dndq" , sDkf]:6 dn

/f;folgs dn M ljleGg /f;folgs k|lj|mofx¿åf/f pTkflbt tyf vfgLaf6 pTvgg ePsf ljleGg

/f;folgs j:t'x¿af6 s[lqd ¿kdf tof/ kfl/Psf pj/{ dnx¿, h:t} M ol' /of, kf]6f; cflb .

j[If/fk] 0f M jg gePsf] hldgdf ?v kh| fltsf la?jf /f]kL :yfoL¿kdf jg sfod ug{] k|ToIf dfgjLo

ljm| ofsnfk

124 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

jg ljgfz M jgnfO{ bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf g} u}/jgdf kl/0ft ug{' / jgIfq] sf] 3gTjnfO{ !) k|ltzteGbf

sd xg' ] cj:yfdf k'¥ofpg'

jg Joj:yfkg M jgsf] kf| ljlws tyf Jofj;flos l;4fGt cjnDag ub}{ kfl/l:yltsLo, h}ljs,

cfly{s / ;fdflhs clej[l4sf nflu jgsf] ;+/If0f, ljsf;, ;+jwg{ tyf ;b'kofu] ug{] sfo{

PsLs[t zq'hLj Joj:yfkg M jftfj/0fLo bl[ i6sf]0fdf pkoS' t dflgg] sL6 Joj:yfkg k|lj|mof,

hl} js, /f;folgs, cfg'j+lzs, jftfj/0fLo, oflGqs, k/Dk/fut cflb pkfox¿sf] PsLs[t ko| f]u u/L
zq' hLjnfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ k|ljm| of

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 125

PsfO jftfj/0f tyf hg:jf:Yo

* (Environment and Public Health)

*=!= kl/ro (Introduction)

jftfj/0f / hg:jf:Yosf lar 3lgi6 ;DaGw 5 . jftfj/0fLo tŒjx¿df cfpg] kl/jt{gn] kT| oIf
jf ckT| oIf ¿kdf dfgj :jf:YonfO{ c;/ kfl//xs] f] x'G5 . jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yon] dfgjLo :jf:Yo /
jftfj/0fsf ljleGg kIfx¿ -h:t} M efl} ts, /f;folgs tyf h}ljs kIfx¿_ larsf] ;DaGwnfO{ :ki6
kfb5{ . jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yosf] dV' o nIo :j:ys/ jftfj/0fsf] l;hg{ fdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg' / c:j:y
jftfj/0faf6 l;lht{ /fu] x¿sf] lgbfg ug{' xf] . o; PsfOdf jftfj/0fLo kb| i" f0f / o;n] :jf:Yodf k¥' ofpg]
c;/x¿ tyf kb| i" f0f / c;/ Gog" Ls/0f;DaGwL ljifoj:ts' f af/d] f lj:tt[ df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

*=@= jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0f / :jf:Yo (Environmental pollution and health)

jftfj/0f k|b"if0f / dfgj :jf:Yolar glhssf] ;DaGw 5 . dflg;sf ljleGg lj|mofsnfkx¿n] ubf{
jftfj/0fLo kb| "if0f Kfm}ln/x]sf] xG' 5 eg] jftfj/0fLo kb| "if0fn] ubf{ dflg;sf] :jf:Yodf klg gsf/fTds
c;/ kl' u/x]sf] xG' 5 .

dfgj lj|mofsnfkx¿ dflg;n] cfKfm\gf] bl} gs hLjg ;~rfngsf nflu rflxg] cfjZos j:t' / ;]jfx¿
kf| Kt ug{]bl] v lnP/ ljleGg lsl;dsf j1} flgs cGj]if0f, xft xltof/ lgdf{0f tyf k|of]u, cfB} f]lusLs/0f
/ ;fdflhs kIfx¿;uF sg' } g s'g} ¿kdf ;DalGwt xG' 5g\ . o:tf ultljlwx¿af6 pTkflbt j:t'x¿sf]
pTkfbg, pkef]u tyf pkofu] kZrft\ sfd gnfUg] j:tx' ¿nfO{ jftfj/0fdf lj;hg{ ug]{ ul/G5 . o:tf
j:tx' ¿ s'g} kmfx] f/] d}nfsf] ¿kdf / s'g} ljiffSt j:ts' f] ¿kdf kl/0ft xG' 5g\ . h;n] ubf{ jftfj/0f
k|b"if0f x'g] ub{5 . jftfj/0fdf b]vfk/]sf o:tf kl| tsn" kl/jtg{ n] dfgj tyf cGo hLjx¿sf] :jf:Yodf
k|lts"n c;/ kl' u/x]sf] xG' 5 .

dfgj :jf:Yodf c;/ kfg{] jftfj/0fLo kb| "if0fx¿

jfo' k|bi" f0f hn k|bi" f0f

dfgj :jf:Yo

hldg k|bi" f0f Wjlg k|b"if0f

/f;folgs
k|bi" f0f

126 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

k|b"lift xfjf, kb| l" ift kfgL, k|bl" ift hldg, xfx] Nnf, kmfx] f/] d}nf cflb sf/0faf6 jftfj/0f kb| l" ift aG5 /
jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yodf kl| tsn" c;/ kfb5{ . kmn:j¿k bz] sf] ultljlw Pjd\ ;J' ojl:yt Joj:yfkgdf
;d]t gsf/fTds c;/ kU' 5 .

*=@= jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0f / dfgj :jf:Yodf c;/ (Environmental pollution and its

effect on human health)

-s_ jfo' kb| i" f0f (Air pollution)

:jR5 xfjfdf cGo afxo\ gsf/fTds tŒj
ldl;g uO{ xfjfsf] u'0f:t/df x|f; cfpg' g} xfjf
k|b"if0f xf] . xfjf k|bi" f0f ljleGg sf/0fx¿n]
ubf{ x'G5 h:t} M cf}Bfl] us ultljlwaf6
lgisf;g xg' ] w'nf], w'jfF, kmf]xf]/ dn} f / bl" ift
kfgL cflb . kb| "lift xfjfdf ;Nkm/8fOcS;fO8,
t}l/P/ /xg] s0f, sfa{gdfg] fc] S;fO8, l;;f
tyf /f]usf sL6f0f'x¿ cflb /x]sf xG' 5g\ .
dflg;n] Zjf;k|Zjf; ubf{ /f]usf sL6f0f' lrq *=! jfo' k|b"if0fsf] k|efj -;|f]tM cGgk"0f{ kf]:6_
/ wn' fsf s0fx¿ dflg;sf] z/L/df k|j]z
u5g{| \ . To;n} ] bl" ift xfjfn] dflg;sf] :jf:Yodf ljleGg lsl;dn] kl| ts"n c;/ kfb{5 . pbfx/0fsf
nflu sx] L kl| tsn" c;/ o; ks| f/ 5g\ .

• bl" ift xfjfaf6 ?3fvfs] L, a|fG] sfOl6;, bd cflb /f]ux¿ km}lnG5g\ .
• xfjf kb| "if0fn] ubf{ j/k/sf] :yfg b'u{lGwt xG' 5 .

• kb| l" ift xfjfn] cDn jiff{ u/fO{ Pl] txfl;s tyf dxŒjk0" f{ ;f:+ s[lts ;Dkbfx¿sf rdsnfO{ gi6
u5{ .

-v_ hn kb| i" f0f (Water pollution)

3/fo;L kmfx] f]/d}nf, cf}Bf]lus kmf]xf/] dn} f, /f;folgs
ljiffSt cflb kfgLdf ldl;bF f kfgL kb| l" ift xG' 5 . kfgL
kb| "if0f u/fpg] ljleGg sf/0fnfO{ hl} js / chl} js sf/0f
u/L bO' { ;d"xdf juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . o;af6 ;tx /
e'ldut b'j} kfgLsf ;f| ]tx¿ kb| l" ift xG' 5g\ . dflg; tyf
hLj hGtx' ¿sf] ultljlwn] ubf{ kfgL k|bl" ift x'g'nfO{ hl} js lrq *=@= kb| l' ift kfgLdf kfOg] cf;{]lgssf] c;/

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 127

sf/0f elgG5 . kfgL kb| "if0f ug{] ch}ljs sf/0fx¿cGtut{ ef}lts / /f;folgs j:t'x¿ k5g{ \ .
w'nf], afn'jf, emf/kftsf 6'sf| x¿ efl} ts j:t'x¿ x'g\ . To:t} Snf]/fO8, DofUgl] ;od ;Nkm]6, kmnfd
/ l;;fsf nj0fx¿ kfgLdf 3'n]/ /xs] f x'G5g\ . cf;{]lgs, Sof8ldod, km\nf]/fO8 h:tf /f;folgs
j:tx' ¿ kfgLdf a9L| 3'Nbf kfgL kb| "if0f xG' 5 . AofS6]l/of, efO/;, k/hLjL cflb h:tf hLjx¿ b"lift
kfgLaf6 dflg;nfO{ w/] } /fu] x¿ ;5{g\ . bl" ift kfgLaf6 km}lng] /f]ux¿ lgDglnlvt 5g\ M

• x}hf • 6fOkmfO8
• cfpF • emf8fkvfnf
• sdnlkQ • kf]lnof]
• ufn] f] hs' f • unuf8F

el" dut kfgL ko| f]u ug{ cof]Uo

/fhwfgLsf] el" dut kfgL lkpg, gx' fpg / sk8f wg' ofU] o gePsf] k'li6 ePsf] 5 . gk] fn lj1fg
tyf kl| jlw k|1f k|lti7fg -gf:6_ n] u/s] f] k/LIf0fn] 6o\ a' jn] , Ogf/ / af]l/ªsf] kfgLdf *)
kl| tzt;Dd AofS6]l/of el] 6Psf] 5 .
a9L ulx/fOsf] kfgLdf a9L sL6f0f' kfOPsfn] k/LIf0f gu/L o:tf] kfgL k|ofu] gug{ ljzi] f1x¿sf]
;'emfj 5 . gf:6sf ;I' d hLj j1} flgssfcg;' f/ To:tf] kfgLdf sfl] nkmd{, cfO/g, cf/;l] gs,
cdfl] gof / cGo AofS6]l/ofnufotsf xflgsf/s /f;folgs kbfy{ ljZj :jf:Yo ;ªu\ 7g -WHO_
/ vfgk] fgL u0' f:t/ dfkb08eGbf cTolws el] 6Psf] 5 . lj1x¿sfcg;' f/ tL ;a} kb| "if0fsf ;r" s
ePsfn] To:tf] kfgL xflgsf/s 5 . ;/sf/n] @)^@ df /fli6o« vfgk] fgL u'0f:t/ dfkb08 nfu'
u/]sf] 5 . kmnfd -)=# ld=u|f=÷ln=_ cf;{l] g{ s -)=)! ld=u|f=÷ln_, cdf]lgof -!=% ld=u|f=÷ln_,
gfO6]«6 -!) ld=uf| =÷ln _ dfq x'g'kg]{ dfkb08 eP klg /fhwfgLsf] e"ldut kfgLdf ltgsf] dfqf
*) kl| tzteGbf a9L e]l6Psf] gf:6n] hgfPsf] 5 . afnsd' f/L, afuahf/, kN' rfs] , s'kG8fn] ,
sflndf6L, gofaF hf/nufosf 7fpsF f] kfgLdf AofS6l] /of / cfO/g a9L kfOPsf] 5 . /fhwfgLsf
w]/} h;f] 7fpsF f] e"ldut kfgL k/LIf0f gu/L k|of]u ug{ ofU] o 5g} , j}1flgs k|;fO{n] elgg\ .
To;}n] el" dut kfgL l;w} bl} gs hLjgdf ko| fu] gug{ ;'emfj lbg yfn]sf 5f}F . e"ldut kfgLdf
AofS6]l/ofsf] sf]nfg] Lsf] dfqf tLg ;oeGbf a9L e]l6Psf] 5 . 8An'Prcf]sf] dfkb08df sfl] nkm{d
AofS6l] /ofsf] dfqf z"Go x'g'kg]{ elgP klg tLg ;oeGbf a9L sf]lnkm{d kfOPsf] 5 .

;|ft] M NAST, Khumaltar,2075

128 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

-u_ hldg k|b"if0f (Land pollution)

kmf]xf/] d}nf, 66' k] m6' s] f ;fdfgx¿, laus|] f oGqx¿,

5fnf pBfu] , sfuh pBfu] , l8l:6n/L cflbaf6

lg:s]sf kmfx] f]/ d}nf hldgdf kmfNbf hldg kb| i" f0f

x'G5 . hl} js j:tx' ¿ sl' xP/ hldgdf ldNg uPdf

eg] hldg kb| "if0f x'bF g} . To:t} s[lif If]qdf clws

dfqfdf sL6gfzs ljiffbLx¿sf] k|ofu] ubf{ klg

hldg k|bi" f0f xg' ] ub5{ . hldgn] cjzfi] f0f ug{

;Sge] Gbf a9L kmf]xf/] d}nf hldg dfly yk' fbf{ / lrq *=#= kb| l" ift hldg
hldgdf /xs] f] df6fsf] u'0f:t/g} kl/jt{g xg' ] u/L

sL6gfzs ljiffbLx¿sf] k|ofu] ePdf hldg k|b"if0f

xG' 5 . hldgaf6 hg:jf:Yodf kg{] sx] L c;/x¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ M

• k|b"lift hldg /fu] x¿sf] ;|ft] xf,] o:tf] hldgdf g} /fu] sf hLjf0f'x¿sf] jl[ ¢ x'g] ub{5 .

• kb| "lift hldgn] j/k/sf] :yfgnfO{ czf]egLo agfpF5 .

• k|bl" ift hldgdf xs' f{OPsf t/sf/Lx¿ ;]jg u/d] f dfgj :jf:Yodf g/fdf| ] c;/ kfb5{ .

• k|bl" ift hldgn] j/k/sf kfgLsf ;f| ]tx¿;d]tnfO{ k|b"lift kfl/lbG5, hxfsF f] kfgL ;j] g ubf{
ljleGg /fu] x¿ nfUg] ub5{ .

• k|bl" ift hldgaf6 bu' G{ w lg:sg] ub5{ h;n] ubf{ jfo' k|bi" f0f x'G5 .

• k|bl" ift hldgaf6 r'lxP/ uPsf] b"lift t/n kbfy{ kfgLsf] ;|ft] df ldl;g k'ud] f kfgL kb| i" f0f
x'G5 .

-3_ Wjlg kb| "if0f (Sound pollution)

jftfj/0f kb| "lift x'g] csf{] k|dv' sf/0f Wjlg kb| i" f0f lrq *=$= Wjlg k|bi" f0fsf] c;/
xf] . ;fdfGotof *) dB jf ;f]eGbf dflysf] sg' }
klg cfjfh xfx] Nnf xf] . To;n} ] grflxg] ;dodf,
grflxg] :yfgdf xfx] Nnf xg' n' fO{ Wjlg k|bi" f0f
elgG5 . pBf]u wGbf, lgdf0{ f sfo{, oftfoftsf
;fwg cflbaf6 cfjfh lg:s/] ;G' g ;Sge] Gbf a9L
cfjfh cfpgfn] Wjlg kb| i" f0f x'G5 . uf| dL0f Ifq] df
eGbf a9L Wjlg kb| "if0f ;x/L Ifq] df xG' 5 . To;n} ]

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 129

Wjlg k|bi" f0f ;x/L Ifq] sf] Pp6f jftfj/0fLo ;d:of xf] . sl/a ^) 8l] ;an PsfO;Ddsf] cfjfh
dflg;n] ;xg ;S5g\ . To;eGbf dflysf] cfjfh xflgsf/s xG' 5 . Wjlg k|b"if0faf6 x'g] c;/dWo]
s]xL k|dv' c;/x¿ o;ks| f/ 5g\ M

• 7'nf] cfjfh cs:dft sfgdf kbf{ sfgsf] lemNnLdf k|efj k5{ . o:tf] ke| fjn] :yfoL jf
c:yfoL ¿kdf ;G' g] zlStdf sdL cfp5F .

• s8f Wjlgdf yf]/} ;do sfd ubf{ klg If0fLs ;dosf nflu ;'Gg] zlSt x/fpF5 . t/ nfdf]
;do;Dd rsf]{ Wjlg lg:sg] :yfgdf sfd ug]{ sfdbf/x¿sf] bL3s{ fnLg ¿kdf ;G' g] zlStsf]
gfz x'G5 .

• rsf]{ Wjlg lg:sg] :yfgdf ;fdfGo ¿kdf Pscfk;df s/' fsfgL u/]/ a:g ;Sg] jftfj/0f
x'bF }g .

• rsf]{ Wjlgn] ubf{ l/; p7\g,] ysfO nfUg,] sfd ug{ dg gnfUg] cflb c;/ dflg;df k5{ .
• nuftf/ xf]xNnf x'g] :yfgdf a:bf dflg;sf] /Strfk a9g\ ,] tgfj xg' ] cflb ;d:ofx¿ xG' 5g\ .

-ª_ /f;folgs kb| i" f0f (Chemical pollution)

jftfj/0f / :jf:Yosf nflu vt/fhgs klg kmo\ fFlsPsf x'g] sg' } j:t'nfO{ ljiffSt kmf]xf]/dn} f elgG5 .
ljz]if u/L ;x/L Ifq] df /x]sf pBfu] tyf snsf/vfgfaf6 lg:sg] ljleGg /;fogoS' t 7f]; tyf
t/n kmfx] f/] dn} fnfO{ ljiffSt kmf]xf/] d}nf elgG5 . o:tf kmf]xf/] d}nf k|ltlj|mofdn" s x'G5g\ / 3/]n'
Joj:yfkgaf6 o:nfO{ tx nufpg ;lsFbg} . ljiffSt kmf]xf/] dn} fsf dV" o ;|ft] x¿df pBf]u, c:ktfn
tyf :jf:YosG] b,| cg;' GwfgfTds k|of]uzfnf, oftfoft ;/;kmfO sG] b|, 8f« OlSnlgª s]Gb| cflb kb5{ g\ .
o:tf ljiffSt kmf]xf]/dn} fx¿af6 jftfj/0fdf km}lng k'Ug] k|bi" f0fnfO{ g} /f;folgs kb| "if0f elgG5 .
/f;folgs kb| i" f0faf6 jftfj/0fdf k'Ug] c;/x¿dWo] sx] L k|d'v c;/x¿ o;ks| f/ 5g\ M

• /f;folgs k|b"if0fn] ubf{ hldgsf] dflyNnf] ;tx k|b"lift x'G5 .
• /f;folgs k|b"if0fn] hldgsf] pa/{ fzlStnfO{ 36fpF5 .
• /f;folgs k|bi" f0fn] ubf{ kfgLsf ;|f]tx¿ k|b"lift xG' 5g\ .
• ljiffSt kmf]xf]/dn} f hldgd'lg jf kfgLdf 3'n/] /xs] f] x'G5 h'g la?jfn] h/fdfkm{t ;f;] /] lng]

ub5{ . o:nu] bf{ la?jfx¿sf] jl[ 2 ljsf;df sdL cfp5F .
• /f;folgs k|bi" f0faf6 kb| l" ift kfgL jf vfBfGgx¿ k|ofu] u/]df dflg;sf] :jf:Yodf gsf/fTds

c;/ k'Ub5 .

130 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

*=#= jftfj/0f d}qL sfo:{ yn (Eco-friendly work place)

sfo:{ yn eGgfn] s'g} klg JolStn] k;] f jf Joj;fo ;~rfng ug]{ :yfgnfO{ hgfp5F . ljleGg lsl;dsf
sfofn{ ox¿, 3/n] ' tyf ;fgf pBf]u, snsf/vfgf, lgdf0{ f :yn cflb sfo:{ ynsf pbfx/0fx¿ xg' \ .
sfo{:ynsf] jftfj/0f sfdsf] ks| l[ t, 7fpFcg;' f/ km/s km/s xg' ] eP tfklg jftfj/0f d}qL eGgfn]
s'g} klg 7fpF jf :yfgdf ul/g] lj|mofsnfkx¿n] pSt 7fpFsf] k|fs[lts jftfj/0f / jf;:yfgdf gf]S;fg\
jf xflg gk'¥ofpg] eGg] a'lemG5 . To;n} ] s'g} klg sfo{:ynsf] jftfj/0f jftfj/0f d}qL ePdf o;n]
jftfj/0fLo :j:ytfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg ;xof]u k¥' ofp5F .

*=#=!= jftfj/0fdq} L sfo:{ ynsf ljzi] ftfx¿ (Characteristics of eco-friendly work place)

sfo{:ynsf] ks| l[ tcg';f/ ko| fu] ul/g] j:t'x¿ km/s km/s x'G5g\ . h:t}M pBf]u tyf sn sf/vfgfsf
nflu ljleGg lsl;dsf sRrf kbfy{x¿, pmhf{, /f;folgs j:t'x¿ cfjZos k5{ . ljleGg lsl;dsf
cf}h/x¿sf] ;xfotfaf6 l;koS' t hgzlStn] o:tf j:t' k|ofu] u/L dflg;nfO{ rflxg] pkof]uL j:t'x¿sf]
pTkfbg u5g{ \ . t/ pBfu] x¿sf] pTkfbg Ifdtf jl[ ¢df sfo{:ynsf] jftfj/0fsf] kT| oIf k|efj k/s] f]
x'G5 . pBfu] sf nflu cfjZos ;Dk0" f{ sRRff kbfy{ pknAw eP tfklg olb sfo:{ ynsf] jftfj/0f /fdf| ]
5}g eg] ;f] pBfu] sf] pTkfbsTjdf sdL cfpF5 . To:t} sfo:{ ynsf] jftfj/0f laluP| df o:sf] l;wf c;/
sfdbf/x¿sf] :jf:Yodf k5{ h:sf] kmn:j¿k pBf]usf] pTkfbsTjdf :jtM lu/fj6 cfp5F . To;n} ]
dfgj ;fwgsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ sfo{:ynsf] jftfj/0f pko'St x'g'k5{ . o;sf nflu jftfj/0f dq} L
sfo:{ ynsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e'ldsf /xG5 .

jftfj/0fd}qL sfo{:yn ePdf sfo{:yn jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0f :jR5 / ;kmf x'G5 . h;n] ubf{ sfdbf/x¿sf
nflu :j:y / ;'ljwfhgs jftfj/0f l;hg{ f xG' 5 . jftfj/0f d}qL sfo:{ ynsf] cjwf/0ffcg';f/
sfo{:yn leq jf aflx/ u'0ffTds xfjfsf] k|jfx ul/Psf,] Wjlg k|b"if0fsf] lgoGq0fsf nflu ljleGg
pkfox¿ cjnDag ul/Psf] tyf jftfj/0fcg's"n tfkj|mdsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] xG' 5 . ;fy} pmhfs{ f]
vktdf klg Wofg lbOPsf] xG' 5 . s'g} klg sfo:{ yn jftfj/0f d}qL agfpg lgDglnlvt kIfx¿sf]
;dl' rt Joj:yf ul/Psf] xg' 'k5{ M

-s_ ;/ ;kmfO (Sanitation) M sfo{:yn jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0f :jR5 / ;kmf xg' k' 5{ . sfo:{ ynaf6
lgl:sPsf sfd gnfUg] j:tx' ¿sf] plrt lj;h{g ug{ kmf]xf]/dn} fsf] ks| l[ tcg';f/ kmfx] f]/dn} fsf]
Joj:yfkg lglZrt 7fpdF f ul/Psf] x'gk' 5{ .

-v_ plrt ks| fz (Proper lighting) M sfo{:yndf k|efjsf/L lsl;dn] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ sfo{:ynsf]
leq / aflx/ kofK{ t ks| fz kU' g] u/L pks/0fx¿sf] ka| Gw ul/Psf] x'gk' 5{ .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 131

-u_ sfo{:yn leqsf] af6f] (Passage) M sfo:{ yn leq / aflx/ dflg;x¿nfO{ cfx] f]/bf]xf]/ ug{
km/flsnf] af6fsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ . o;f] ugf{n] sfofn{ o kl/;/df cgfjZos le8 xg'
kfpbF g} / sfdnfO{ l56f] 5l/tf];uF ;Dkfbg ug{ ;xofu] k'U5 .

-3_ pko'St sfof{no ;hfj6 (Proper office layout) M sfo{:yndf k|ofu] ul/g] ;/;fdfg tyf
pks/0fx¿ plrt / j1} flgs lsl;dn] /flvPsf] x'gk' 5{ . h:t} M s'g} pks/0f tyf Hofjnx¿
gv:g] u/L /fVgk' 5{ jf ;/' lIft ;fy afs;df /flvPsf] x'g'k5{ . o;n] ubf{ sfo:{ yn Jojl:yt
bl] vG5 . rflxPsf] ;fdfg jf pks/0f vf]h]sf] ;dodf pknAw x'G5 . sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf hl6ntf
cfpFbg} . j/k/sf] kl/;/df cfsif{s km"naf/Lnufot ;hfj6 ul/Psf] sfon{ odf sfd ug{] pT;fx
g} a9\b5 .

-ª_ sRrf kbfys{ f] plrt e08f/g (Proper storage of raw materials) M pBfu] x¿df j:t'
pTkfbgsf nflu ljleGg lsl;dsf sRrf kbfy{sf] h?/t k5{ . o:tf kbfys{ f] e08f/g lglZrt
:yfgdf pkoS' t 9ª\uaf6 ug'k{ 5{ . olb sRrf kbfy{ HjngzLn ePdf ;lhn};F+u cfufn] ] gl6Kg]
:yfgdf /fVgk' 5{ .

-r_ kg' M rs0| f ul/Psf ;fdfgx¿sf] ko| fu] (Use of recycled materials) M sfofn{ o k|of]hgsf
nflu k|ofu] ul/g] ;fdfgx¿ kg' M rs|0f u/L pTkfbg ul/Psf j:tx' ¿sf] k|ofu] u/]df o;n]
kmfx] f]/dn} f lj;h{gsf] ;d:ofnfO{ xn ug{ ;xofu] k¥' ofp5F . To:t} u/L PskN6 ko| f]u eO;s]sf]
j:tx' ¿nfO{ kg' M ko| f]udf Nofpg ;lsG5 eg] To:tf j:t'x¿sf] kg' M ko| fu] ug'{k5{ .

-5_ e]lG6n];g (Ventilation) M jftfj/0fdq} L

sfo:{ ynx¿df xfjf b"lift x'g glbg el] G6n;] gsf]

plrt k|aGw ul/Psf] xG' 5 . sfo{:ynleq xfjfsf]

cfjthfjt plrt ePdf xfjf b"lift x'g kfpFbg} .

o;sf nflu sfo{:ynx¿df k|fs[lts e]lG6n];g

ljlw jf s[lqd e]lG6n;] g ljlw ckgfpg ;lsG5 .

;fgf] sfo{:yndf ljleGg pks/0fsf] ko| f]u u//]

k|fs[lts ¿kdf xfjfsf] cfbfg kb| fg x'g] Joj:yf lrq *=%= e]lG6n];gsf] ko| fu]
ug{ ;lsG5 . of] ljlwnfO{ kf| s[lts e]lG6n;] g

elgG5 . 7n' f sfo{:ynx¿df xfjf tfGg] kv+ fsf]

ko| f]u u/L xfjfsf] cfjt hfjt ug{] k|aGw ug{ ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ Po/ slG8:g/ elgG5 .

el] G6n];gn] xfjfsf] cfjthfjt ug{ lbg] ePsfn] sfo{:ynleqsf] xfjf :jR5 /fVg dbt u5{ .
tftf] xfjf aflx/ hfg] / lr;f] xfjf leq cfpg] kl| jm| of eO/xg] ePsfn] sf7] fleqsf] tfkj|md

132 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

jftfj/0fcgs' n" agfpg dbt k'U5 . sfdbf/x¿sf] zf/Ll/s tfkj|md ;Gt'ng /fVg ;xof]u
k'U5 .

-h_ js} lNks pmhf{sf] k|of]u (Use of alternative energy sources) M j}slNks pmhfs{ f ;f| t] x¿
h:t} M ;fo} { pmhf{, ljB'tLo pmhf{ cflbsf] ko| fu] u/d] f o;n] hLjf+z OGwgaf6 x'g] jfo' kb| i" f0fnfO{
Go'gLs/0f ug{ dbt ub5{ . To:t} lkmnfdG] 6l\ rdx¿sf] ;6\6f sd pmhf{ vkt\ ug{] CFL tyf
LED lrdx¿sf] ko| f]un] sd ljB't\ zlStsf] vkt x'G5 . o;af6 ljB'td\ f nfUg] sfof{no jf
sDkgLx¿sf] vr{ s6ft} L ug{ ;xof]u kU' 5 .

-em_ kfgLsf] oyf]lrt ko| fu] (Optimum use of water) M sfo{:ynx¿df lkpg] tyf 6\jfOn]6
;/;kmfOsf nflu kfgLsf] plrt ka| Gw ul/Psf] x'G5 . wf/f, zfr} fno, lkzfa bfgL cflb
7fpFx¿df kfgLsf] rx' fj6n] cgfjZos kfgL v]/ uO/xs] f] x'G5 . olb Psgf;n] kfgLsf yfk] f
yfk] f rl' x/xd] f Ps lbgdf dfq} @) Uoflng kfgL v]/ hfG5 . To;n} ] sfofn{ ox¿df kfgLsf]
artsf nflu wf/f, zfr} fno cflbdf xg' ] kfgLsf] r'xfj6 /f]Sg] plrt Joj:yf ugk{' 5{ .

lj|mofsnfk

!= glhssf] sfo:{ ynsf] cWoog

cfkm\gf] j/k/sf] jf glhssf] :yfgdf ;~rfng ePsf] sg' } ;fgf] pBfu] jf sfo{:ynsf]
lgDglnlvt a'bF fx¿sf cfwf/df cWoog u/L 5f6] f] k|ltjb] g tof/ ug{x' f;] \ M

-s_ sfo{:ynsf] ks| l[ t

• k|ofu] x'g] sRrf kbfy{

• pTkfbgsf lsl;dx¿

• pmhfs{ f] k|ofu]

• sfdbf/sf] ;ª\Vof lrq *=^= sfo{:yndf Jo:t
sfdbf/x¿
-v_ sfo:{ ynsf] jftfj/0f

sfo:{ yndf ePsf kIfx¿sf] cjnfs] g ugx'{ f];\ .
jftfj/0f cjnf]sg u/L sfo{:yn eP gePsf] cWoog ugx'{ f;] \ M

• ;/;kmfO

• ks| fzsf] Joj:yf

• e]lG6n];gsf] Joj:yf

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 133

• sfl] /8f]/sf] Joj:yf

• ;/;fdfg tyf pks/0fsf] /vfO

• sRrf kbfy{sf] e08f/g

• k'gM rs|0f ul/Psf ;fdfgx¿sf] ko| fu]

• j}slNks pmhf{x¿sf] ko| f]u

• sd sfuhsf] ko| fu]

• kfgLsf] art

*=%= k;] fut hfl] vd / ;fjwfgLsf pkfox¿ (Occupational health and its cautions)

pBf]u tyf cGo sfo:{ yndf ul/g] s'g} klg

sfos{ f nflu dflg;sf] cfjZostf k5{ .

sRrf kbfy,{ cfh} f/ / dflg;sf] ;n+ Ugtf

cflbsf] ;+oS' t :j¿kn] sfo:{ ynsf] jftfj/0f

agfp5F . cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg k|lj|mofdf

dflg;sf] ;+nUgtf xg' ] ePsfn] sfo:{ ynaf6

dflg;sf] :jf:Yodf kg{] k|ltsn" c;/x¿sf

af/d] f xf]l;of/L ckgfpg' cTofjZos

xG' 5 . To;}n] cfB} fl] us sfod{ f Joj;fohGo lrq *=%= c;'/lIft sfo{:yn

:jf:Yo tyf ;'/Iffsf] ljzi] f dxŒj x'G5 .

Joj;fohGo :jf:Yo tyf ;/' Iffn] sg' } klg k;] fdf sfd ug{] sfdbf/x¿sf] :jf:Yosf] l:yltnfO{ hgfp5F .

o;nfO{ csf]{ lsl;dn] eGg] xf] eg] Joj;fohGo :jf:Yo eGgfn] s'g} klg k;] fdf ;n+ Ug sfdbf/x¿sf]

:jf:ytfnfO{ sfod /fVg] pkoS' t jftfj/0f l;hg{ f ug'{ xf] . o;sf nflu sfdbf/x¿sf] :jf:Yo,

;'ljwf / sfo{ IfdtfnfO{ kl| ts"n c;/ gku' f;] \ egL sfo:{ yndf xg' ] ljleGg ;ªs\ 6 jf vt/fx¿nfO{

lgoGq0f ugk{' 5{ . o; k|of;n] sfo:{ ynsf] ljleGg jftfj/0f l;hg{ f ug{ ;xof]u k¥' ofpF5 . c;'/lIft

sfo{:ynaf6 dfgj :jf:Yodf kg]{ s]xL k|lts"n c;/x¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ M

-s_ c;'/lIft sfo{:ynsf] jftfj/0fn] ubf{ b'36{ gf xg' ;S5 . ;;fgf sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ klg b3' 6{ gf
x'G5 . o;sf] kl/0ffd eg] 8/nfUbf] xG' 5 . o:tf] b3' 6{ gfn] JolStsf] :jf:Yo, sfo{ Ifdtf /
pTkfbgsf] kl/0ffd Pjd\ u0' fdf ;d]t kl| ts"n c;/ kU' 5 .

-v_ pBf]usf] ks| [ltcg;' f/ ljleGg lsl;dsf /f;folgs kbfy{ ko| f]u x'G5g\ . vlgh cDn, Iff/,
cNsf]xn, sL6gfzs ljiffbL, Snfl] /g, a]lGhg cflb /f;folgs kbfy{nfO{ pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf lng

134 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

;lsG5 . xflgsf/s /;fogsf] /vfO pkoS' t gx'gfn] sfo{:yn c:j:ys/ aG5, h;n] ubf{
dflg;sf] 5fnf, Zjf;kZ| jf; k|0ffnL, :gfo' k|0ffnL cflbdf c;/ k'¥ofp5F .

-u_ sfdbf/n] cTolws Wjlgdf nfdf] ;do;Dd sfd ugk'{ bf{ p;sf] >j0f zlStdf c;/ k5{ . o:tf]
c;/n] ubf{ c:yfoL jf :yfoL ¿kdf ;G' g] zlStdf xf« ; cfpF5 . a9L Wjlg ePsf] sfo:{ yndf
tfl] sPsf] ;doeGbf a9L ;do sfd ubf{ klg >j0f zlStdf c;/ k'U5 . o:tf] kl/l:yltn]
dflg;sf] >j0f zlStdf jm| dzM x|f; cfO{ :yfoL ¿kdf alx/fk] gf b]vfk5{ . o:tf] c;/nfO{
Joj;fohGo alx/fk] gf klg elgG5 . o:tf] c;/af6 kLl8t JolStn] Ps :j:ys/ JolStn] ;G' g
;Sg] Wjlg klg ;'Gg ;Sb}g . ;fy} o:tf] JolSt;Fu ;fdfGo s'/fsfgL jf ;+jfb ug{ klg sl7g
x'G5 .

-3_ sfd ug{] :ynsf] jftfj/0f :j:ys/ gxbF' f ToxfaF f6 5fnf, Zjf;k|Zjf;, /Stk0| ffnL cflbdf
c;/ kU' 5 . pBf]udf ko| fu] ul/g] /;fogsf] plrt Joj:yfkg ug{ g;sd] f To;af6 sfdbf/sf]
z/L/sf] afxo\ efu -h:t} M xft, v6' 6\ f cflb_ df kmfs] f p7\g] / lrnfpg] xg' ;S5 . To:t}
c:j:ys/ sfo:{ yndf nfdf] ;do sfd ubf{ Zjf;kZ| jf;af6 bd, cab{' /fu] cflb nfUg] ;Defjgf xG' 5 .

;f/f+z

 jftfj/0fsf] k|fs[lts l:yltdf sdL cfO{ laug| 'nfO{ jftfj/0f k|b"if0f elgG5 . jftfj/0f k|bi" f0fn]
xfjf, hn, hldg, Wjlg k|b"if0f h:tf ljleGg kl| tsn" c;/x¿ b]vf kb{5g\ .

 sg' } klg sfo{:yndf ul/Psf Joj:yfkg jf ul/g] ljm| ofsnfkx¿n] jl/kl/sf] kf| sl[ ts jftfj/0f
/ o;sf] jf;:yfgnfO{ gsf/fTds c;/ gku' d] f To:tf] sfo:{ ynn] lbuf] jftfj/0f ljsf;df 6]jf
k'¥ofpF5 .

 jftfj/0f dq} L sfo:{ yn s'g} klg sfo:{ ynsf] jftfj/0f :j:ytfsf] kt| Ls xf] . o;n] sfdbf/x¿sf
nflu :j:y / ;l' jwfhgs jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ ;xofu] u5{ .

 jftfj/0fd}qL eGgfn] s'g} klg 7fpF jf :yfgdf ul/g] lj|mofsnfkx¿n] pSt 7fpFsf] kf| sl[ ts
jftfj/0f / jf;:yfgdf gfS] ;fg\ jf xflg gk'¥ofpg] eGg] a'lemG5 .

 sfo:{ ynsf] jftfj/0f lalu|Pdf o;sf] l;wf c;/ sfdbf/x¿sf] :jf:Yodf k5{ h:sf] kmn:j¿k
pBfu] sf] pTkfbsTjdf :jtM lu/fj6 cfp5F .

 sg' } klg sfo:{ yn jftfj/0f dq} L agfpg ks| fzsf] Joj:yf, ;/;kmfO, el] G6n];gsf] Joj:yf,
sfl] /8f]/sf] Joj:yf, ;/;dfg tyf pks/0fsf] /vfO, sRrf kbfy{sf] e08f/g, kg' M rj|m0f
ul/Psf ;fdfgx¿sf] ko| fu] , j}slNks pmhf{sf] k|ofu] , sd sfuhsf] k|ofu] / kfgLsf] art
ug'{k5{ .

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 135

 sRrf kbfy,{ cf}hf/ / dflg;sf] ;+nUgtf cflbsf] ;+o'St :j¿kn] sfo:{ ynsf] jftfj/0f agfp5F .
 cfB} f]lus pTkfbg kl| jm| ofdf dflg;sf] ;+nUgtf x'g] ePsfn] sfo{:ynaf6 dflg;sf] :jf:Yodf kg]{

kl| ts"n c;/x¿sf af/]df xf]l;of/L ckgfpg' cTofjZos xG' 5 .
 xflgsf/s /;fogsf] /vfO pkoS' t gx'gfn] sfo{:yn c:j:ys/ aG5, h;n] ubf{ dflg;sf]

5fnf, Zjf;k|Zjf; k0| ffnL, :gfo' k0| ffnL cflbdf c;/ k¥' ofpF5 .
 sfd ug{] :ynsf] jftfj/0f :j:ys/ gxFb' f ToxfaF f6 5fnf, Zjf;kZ| jf;, /St k0| ffnL cflbdf

c;/ kU' 5 .

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] clt 5f6] f] pQ/ n]Vgx' f;] \ M

-s_ k|b"if0f egs] f] s] xf] <
-v_ jfo' k|b"if0f xg' 'sf sg' } bO' { sf/0fx¿ nV] g'xf];\ .
-u_ jfo' k|bi" f0faf6 dfgj :jf:Yodf kg{] b'O{ c;/x¿ nV] g'xf;] \ .
-3_ Wjlg k|b"if0faf6 dfgj :jf:Yodf kg]{ bO' { c;/x¿ nV] gx' f;] \ .
-ª_ hn k|bi" f0faf6 dfgj :jf:Yodf kg]{ b'O{ c;/x¿ nV] gx' f];\ .
-r_ hldg k|bi" f0faf6 dfgj :jf:Yodf kg]{ bO' { c;/x¿ n]Vg'xf;] \ .
-5_ /f;folgs kmf]xf]/af6 :jf:Yodf kg]{ b'O{ c;/x¿ n]Vg'xf;] \ .
-h_ jftfj/0f dq} L sfo:{ yn eg]sf] s] xf] <
-em_ xfjf kb| i" f0fsf] sf/0faf6 dflg;n] nfUg] sg' } Pp6f /fu] sf] gfd n]Vg'xf;] \ .

@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M

-s_ sfo{:yn jftfj/0fd}qL s;/L agfpg ;lsG5 < pbfx/0f;lxt j0f{g ug{'xf;] \ .
-v_ sfo{:ynsf k;] fut hfl] vdx¿ s] s] x'g\ < j0fg{ ug'x{ f];\ .
-u_ sfd ug{] :yfgsf] jftfj/0fsf] dxŒj n]Vgx' f];\ .
-3_ sg' } klg sfo:{ yn jftfj/0fd}qL eP gePsf] dfkg ug]{ cfwf/x¿ s] s] xg' \ < j0fg{

ugx'{ f;] \ .
-ª_ km/s 5'6o\ fpgx' f;] \ M
-c_ k|bi" f0f / k|bi" fs

136 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

-cf_ k'gM rs0| f / k'gM ko| fu]
-O_ 3/n] ' kmfx] f/] / /f;folgs kmfx] f/]

-r_ k;] fut hfl] vdaf6 aRg s] s] s/' fdf Wofg k'¥ofpg'k5{ < pNnv] ugx{' f];\ .

#= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] nfdf] pQ/ nV] g'xf];\ M

-s_ æcfgf] a;f]af; Ifq] df ;/;kmfOnfO{ sfod /fv] w]/} /f]ux¿ af6 aRg ;lsG5 .Æ o;
egfOnfO{ ts{;lxt kl' i6 ugx{' f;] \ .

-v_ sfo{:yndf x'g;Sg] s'g} rf/ b3' 6{ gfx¿sf] pbfx/0fx¿sf] klxrfg u/L Gog" Ls/0fsf nflu
ckgfpg ;lsg] pkfox¿ k:| t't ug{x' f;] \ .

-u_ Wjlg k|bi" f0f / dfgj :jf:Yolarsf] cGt/;DaGwnfO{ ki| 6 kfg'x{ f;] \ .
-3_ jftfj/0fdq} L sfo:{ ynn] s;/L k;] fut hfl] vdnfO{ lgoGq0f ub5{ < :ki6 kfg{x' f;] \ .
-ª_ hldg k|bi" f0faf6 dfgj :jf:Yodf kg]{ c;/x¿sf] klxrfg u/L c;/x¿sf] Go"gLs/0f ug{]

Jofjxfl/s pkfox¿ k|:t't ugx{' f;] \ .
-r_ /f;folgs kmf]xf]/af6 :jf:Yodf dV' o rf/ c;/x¿sf] JofVof ugx'{ f];\ / ltgsf] ;dfwfgsf

nflu ckfpg'kg]{ pkfox¿ nV] gx' f;] \ .

kl/ofh] gf sfo{ (Project work)

cfgf] a;fa] f; Ifq] jl/kl/ /xs] f] s'g} Ps Jofj;flos If]qsf] cWoog ed| 0f u/L ;f] pBf]u Ifq] sf]
jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg tyf ToxfF b]lvPsf k];fut hfl] vd cjnf]sg u/L Ps cWoog kl| tjb] g tof/
kfg{x' f];\ .

zAbfjnL (Glossary)

cfB} fl] usLs/0f M pBf]u If]qsf] ljsf;
e"ldut M hldgd'lg
sl/8f]/ M dflg; cfjt hfjt ug{] ;fuF /' f] af6f]
hf]lvd M vt/fsf] cj:yf
pTkfbsTj M pTkfbg ug{] Ifdtf jf zlSt

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 137

PsfO kf| s[lts k|sf]k / ljkb\ Joj:yfkg

( (Natural Hazard and Disaster Management)

(=! kl/ro (Introduction)

gk] fn ljleGg lsl;dsf ;fgf 7'nf

k|fs[lts ks| fk] sf] hfl] vddf /xbF } cfPsf]

5 . af9L, klx/f,] es" Dk, 89]nf],

x'/Latf;, cl;gf, lxdtfn lj:kmf]6,

d?ed" Ls/0f cflb gk] fndf lg/Gt/

bfx] f]l//xg] kf| sl[ ts ks| f]kx¿ xg' \ .

To:t} cfB} f]lus b3' 6{ gf, ;jf/L b'36{ gf

Pjd\ cfunfuL h:tf dfgj l;lht{

ks| fk] sf 36gf klg af/Djf/ 3l6/x]sf

xG' 5g\ . vf; u/L efu} f]lns cj:yf, lrq (=!M e"sDkaf6 l;lht{ ljkbs\ f] ;fªs\ l] ts lrq,
efu} le{s cl:y/tf, dg;'gL k|efj, a9b\ f] ;|ft] M lxdfnog 6fOD;
hg;ª\Vof, cJojl:yt a;f]af;, ul/aL

tyf clzIff cflb ks| f]k l;hg{ f ug]{ g]kfnsf sf/s tŒjx¿ xg' \ . kf| sl[ ts tyf dfgj l;lht{ k|sfk] n]

hgwgsf] Iflt tyf ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo ljgfz lgDTofpg ;S5 -lrq (=!_ . s'g} klg

k|sf]ksf 36gfx¿n] Tolt jn] fdfq ljkb\sf] cj:yf l;h{gf ub5{ g\ hlt an] f 7n' f] dfqfdf dfgjLo,

;fdflhs, cflys{ jf jftfj/0fLo Iflt tyf ;ª\s6 pTkGg x'G5 . To;}n] ks| fk] sf] hfl] vd /x]sf Ifq]

tyf ;d'bfox¿sf] ;dod} klxrfg u/L kj" {tof/L of]hgf lgdf0{ f ug{ ;lsPdf ljkbs\ f] Go"gLs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg sfo{ ;xh xG' 5 . xfn cfP/ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg eGbf klg ljkbs\ f] hfl] vd Go"gLs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg ug{] ljZjJofkL dfGotf kfPsf] 5 . ljkb\ hf]lvd Gog" Ls/0fn] ljif]z u/L ljkb\sf] sf/0f

cyjf sf/s tŒj kQf nufO{ cfjZos pkfox¿ cjnDag u5{ eg] ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkgn] gLltut

b]lv lnP/ kz| f;lgs ;o+ Gq pkof]u u/L ljkbs\ f] hfl] vd 36fpg] lj|mofsnfk ub5{ .

(=@ ljkb\sf] kl/ro (Introduction of disaster)

ljkb\ ks| f]ksf sf/0f pTkGg xg' ] Ifltk"0f{ cj:yf xf] h;n] hgwgsf] Ifltsf] ;fy} ;fdflhs hghLjg
/ jftfj/0fdf k|ltsn" c;/ k'¥ofp5F . cGt/fl{ i6«o /8] j|m;sf cg;' f/ ljkb\ eg]sf] cfsl:ds ¿kn]
dfgjLo, ef}lts, cfly{s jf jftfj/0fLo Iflt Pjd\ c;/ k¥' ofpg] 36gf xf] . o;n] ;d'bfosf] hLjg

138 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

k¢ltdf uDeL/ cj/fw] k'¥ofpF5 . ljkb\ hf]lvd Gog" Ls/0f tyf Joj:yfkg Pg] , @)&$ sfcg';f/
ljkb\ eGgfn] s'g} :yfgdf cfktsfnLg cj:yf l;hg{ f eO{ hg jf wgsf] Ifltsf] ;fy} hLjgofkg
/ jftfj/0fdf k|lts"n c;/ kfg]{ k|fsl[ ts jf u/} kf| sl[ ts ljkbn\ fO{ ae' mfpF5 . ljkb\af6 k|efljt
;d'bfonfO{ tTsfn afxo\ /fxt tyf p¢f/sf] cfjZostf k5{ . ;dod} o:tf] sfo{ xg' g;s]df
ljkb\af6 yk Iflt kU' g hfG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu uf]vf{df sG] bl| jGb' agfO{ jz} fv !@, @)&@ ;fndf
cfPsf] ljgfzsf/L es" Dk / o;sf] @)&@ jz} fv @( df cfPsf] k/fsDkdf k/L *,(&) hgfsf] dT[ o'
/ @#))) hlt 3fOt] ePsf] u[x dGqfnosf] k|ltj]bgdf pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} $,(*,*%@ 3/ tyf
@,^%^ ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿ k/' } elTsPsf lyP . g]kfnn] efu] s] f] o:tf] ljkb\sf] ;dodf /fli6«o tyf
cGt/fl{ i6«o lgsfox¿sf] ;+nUgtfdf /fxt tyf p¢f/sf sfox{ ¿ ePsf lyP .

ljkb\ hfl] vd (risk) egs] f] ks| fk] (hazard) / ;ªs\ 6f;Ggtf (vulnerability) sf] ;du| ¿k
xf] . ljkb\ tyf o;sf] hf]lvdnfO{ ae' m\gsf nflu k|sfk] / ;ªs\ 6f;Ggtfaf/] 1fg xg' k' b5{ . ;fy}
;ªs\ 6f;Ggtf a'emg\ sf nflu ;Dd'vtf (exposure) / ;db' fosf] Ifdtf s:tf] 5 eGg] ae' mg\ 'kb{5 .
;Dd'vtfn] pSt If]qdf s] s] tŒj hf]lvd tyf Iflt kg{ hfG5 To:tf tŒjx¿nfO{ hgfp5F . gbLsf]
lsgf/df af9L hfg' ks| f]k xf] eg] af9Lsf] hf]lvddf /x]sf dfgj a:tL, ef}lts ;/+ rgf, hgfj/ cflbsf]
cj:yfnfO{ ;ªs\ 6f;Gg cj:yf elgG5 . o; ks| f]kaf6 kg{ ;Sg] Ifltsf] ;Defjgfsf cfwf/df hfl] vd
dfkg ul/G5 .

;a} k|sfk] x¿ ljkb\ xg' ;Sb}gg\ . xfdf jl/kl/ bl} gs ¿kdf ljleGg 36gfx¿ 3l6/xs] f xG' 5g\ .
dfgj a:tLeGbf 6f9f klx/f] hfg' ljkb\ xg' ;Sbg} To:t} ;8sdf xg' ] ;fdfGo b'3{6gfx¿ klg ljkbs\ f]
cj:yf xg' ;Sbg} g\ . sg' } klg k|sf]ksf] cj:yfaf6 ljkb\ xg' nfO{ lgDglnlvt tŒjx¿ ;dfjz] /xs] f]
xG' 5 M

klxnf] M ks| f]k, ;ªs\ 6f;Ggtf / hfl] vd

bf;] |f] M hgwgsf] Jofks Iflt

t];f| ] M ;fdflhs hLjgofkg tyf jftfj/0fdf kl| ts"n k|efj
;o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf cg;' f/ gk] fn ljZjsf !(* d'ns' dWo] es" DkLo / kfgLhGo ljkb\sf] hf]lvdsf
bl[ i6n] j|mdzM !! cfF} / #) cf}F :yfgdf /xs] f] 5 . e"sDk, af9L, klx/f], cfunflu, dxfdf/L, v8]/L,
ef]sd/L Pjd\ hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf sf/0f pTkGg x'g] ljkbs\ f 36gfx¿af6 g]kfn cToGt} ;ª\s6f;Gg
cj:yfdf /xs] f] 5 . g]kfndf lxdtfn lj:kmf]6g (glacial lake outburst flood - GLOF), lxdklx/f],
cfB} f]lus tyf oftfoft b3' {6gf, jftfj/0fLo / ljiffn' kbfy{ jf ljiffbL;Fu ;DalGwt 36gfaf6 klg
ljkb\ hf]lvdnfO{ a9fjf lbO/x]sf] 5 . cGt/f{li6o« PsLst[ kjt{ Lo cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; s]Gb|n] u/]sf]
cWoogcg';f/ g]kfndf /x]sf @,#@# lxdtfndWo] @@ cf]6f lj:kmf]6 xg' ] vt/fdf /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfn

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 139

;/sf/ u[x dGqfnosf] tYofª\scg';f/ x/s] jif{ ljkbd\ f k/L g]kfndf !))) a9L dflg;sf] dT[ o' x'g]
u/s] f] 5 eg] ljkb\sf sf/0f g]kfnn] jflifs{ cf};t ! ca{ @) s/f]8 *) nfv ?lkofF a/fa/sf] cflys{
Iflt Joxfl] //xs] f] 5 .

(=# ljkbs\ f k|sf/ (Types of disaster)

ljkb\nfO{ d'Vo u/L k|fsl[ ts / dfgj;l[ ht bO' { efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 M

-s_ kf| sl[ ts ljkb\

kY[ jLsf] ;tx leq jf aflx/ ljleGg kf| sl[ ts k|ljm| ofx¿ lgoldt ¿kdf 3l6t eO/x]sf xG' 5g\ .
o:tf kl| j|mofx¿ cfsl:ds ¿kdf 36L dfgjnufot ef}lts, cflys{ jf hl} js jftfj/0fsf] ;fdfGo
k|ljm| ofdf cj?¢ k¥' ofp5F g\ eg] To; k|sf/sf] ljkbn\ fO{ kf| sl[ ts ljkb\ elgG5 . es" Dk, Hjfnfd'vL,
af9L, klx/f], x'/L atf;, cltjl[ i6, cgfj[li6, v8]/L, r6o\ fª, cl;gf, lxdtfn ljikmf6] g, lxd klx/f,]
e"Ifo, rqmjft\ cflb ks| fk] sf sf/0f 7n' f] Iflt eO{ ;fdflhs hghLjgdf k|ltsn" c;/ ku' d] f k|fsl[ ts
ljkb\x¿cGtut{ kb{5g\ .

-v_ dfgj l;lht{ ljkb\

dfgj ljm| ofsnfkaf6 l;hg{ f ePsf ljleGg 36gfx¿sf sf/0f ef}lts, ;fdflhs jf h}ljs jftfj/0fsf]
;fdfGo kl| jm| ofdf cj?¢ k¥' ofp5F g\ eg] To; k|sf/sf] ljkbn\ fO{ dfgj l;lht{ ljkb\ elgG5 . dxfdf/L,
clgsfn, ls6 jf ;I" 0f hLjf0f' cftªs\ , kz' tyf r/fr?ª\uLdf xg' ] k\mn', hgfj/sf] cfjm| d0f,
vfgL, xjfO,{ ;8s, hn jf cfB} fl] us b'36{ gf, cfunfuL, ljiffSt Uof;F , /;fog jf ljsL/0f rj' fx6,
jftfj/0fLo kb| "if0f, jgljgfz cflb dfgj l;lh{t ljkbs\ f pbfx/0fx¿ xg' \ .

(=$ ljkb\sf sf/0fx¿ (Causes of disaster)

ljkb\sf 36gfsf cj:yfcg;' f/ o;sf sf/0fx¿ /xs] f x'G5g\ eg] slt ljkbs\ f sf/0fx¿df kf| sl[ ts
/ dfgjl;lht{ bj' } hf]l8P/ cfpg ;S5g\ . h:t} M dfgjLo sf/0fn] x'g] jg ljgfzn] klx/f] uO{
ljkb\ l;h{gf ePdf kf| s[lts / dfgj lgld{t bj' } k|sf/sf ljkb\cGtu{t kb5{ g\ . ljkb\sf k|fsl[ ts /
dfgjl;lht{ sf/0fx¿nfO{ oxfF rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

(=$=! k|fsl[ ts sf/0fx¿ (Natural causes)

sx] L d'Vo k|fs[lts sf/0fx¿ o;ks| f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
-s_ ef}uf]lns M gk] fnsf] efu} fl] ns agfj6 *)Ü eGbf a9L lxdfnL / kxf8L e"efun] cf]u6]sf] 5 .

To:t} cf;} t !(# ls=ld=sf] pQ/ blIf0fsf] rf}8fOleq &) ld= bl] v **$* ld=sf] prfOdf
efu} fl] ns ljljwtf kml} nPsf] 5 . oxfFsf] efu} f]lns agf]6 klg cl:y/ k|sf/sf] /x]sf] 5 . o;

140 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

lsl;dsf] kl/l:yltdf ;fdfGo jiffn{ ] klg eI" fo hfg,] klx/f] hfg,] af9L cfpg] ;d:of lg/Gt/
bf]xfl] //xs] f] x'G5 . g]kfndf jiff{ofddf dfgjnufot 3/kfnj' f hgfj/, jGohGt' tyf efl} ts
;DklQsf] 7n' f] dfqfdf Iflt eO/x]sf] kfOG5 . To:t} le/fnf] Ifq] df ;'Svf klx/f] hfg], klx/f] gbL
yl' gP/ eTsbF f crfgs af9L cfO{ w]/} wghgsf] Iflt ;dt] ePsf] kfOG5 .

-v_ ef}ule{s M gk] fn pQ/L Ifq] df /x]sf] ltAatL Kn6] / blIf0fL If]qdf /xs] f] OlG8og Kn6] dfly
/x]sf] 5 . oL Kn]6x¿nfO{ 6]S6fl] gs Kn]6 elgG5 . oL b'j} Kn6] x¿ rnfodfg /xL Pscsf{nfO{
ws]ln/x]sf xG' 5g\ . o; jm| ddf lg/Gt/ ;fgf 7'nf t/ªu\ x¿ lg:sG5g\ . gk] fndf ljleGg
;dodf o:tf t/ª\uaf6 7'nf 7'nf es" Dkx¿ uPsf 5g\ . lj=;= !((), @)$%, @)&@ ;fnsf
ljgfzsf/L e"sDkdf w/] } dfqfdf hgwgsf] Iflt ePsf] lyof] .

-u_ dg;'g M Gfk] fndf dg;'gL jfos' f] k|efjn] w]/} dfqfdf jiff{ u/fpg] ub{5 . jiffo{ fddf af9L, klx/f],
e"Ifo cflb k|sfk] n] ljkb\ l;hg{ f ul//xs] f xG' 5g\ . g]kfndf /xs] f ;fgf7n' f gbLgfnfdf jiffs{ f]
kfgLn] af9L cfpFbf 7'nf] dfqfdf hgwgsf] Iflt xG' 5 . ;'Svf ofddf kfgL gaUg] vx/] vf]nfn]
klg 7n' f] jiff{ xb'F f ljkb\sf] cj:yf l;h{gf ub5{ g\ .

-3_ jfod' 08nLo k|efj M jfod' 08ndf x'g] xfjf, afbn, cfb{|tf, tfkj|md cflbdf cfpg] lgoldt
kl/jt{gsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ cl;gf, r6\ofª, x/' L atf;, cfFwL a]x/L, lxdtfn ljikmf6] , zLtnx/,
cltjl[ i6, v8/] L h:tf ljkb\ hGo 36gfx¿ x'g] ub{5g\ .

(=$=@ dfgj l;lh{t sf/0fx¿ (Human induced causes)

dfgjLo sf/0fn] ubf{ l;h{gf xg' ] ljkb\sf s]xL sf/0fx¿ o; ks| f/ /xs] f 5g\ M

-s_ cj}1flgs e"pkofu] M g]kfnsf] w/ftnLo :j¿k sdhf/] lsl;dsf] /x]sf] 5 h;n] ubf{ cj}1flgs
v]tL k0| ffnLn] ubf{ e"Ifo, klx/f] tyf d?e"eLs/0fnfO{ a9fjf lbO/x]sf] kfOG5 . a9\bf] ;x/Ls/0f;Fu}
cJojl:yt ¿kdf a:tL lj:tf/n] ubf{ ljkb\sf] ;dodf / ljkb\kZrft\ klg Joj:yfkgdf sl7gfO
l;hg{ f x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . To:t} gbL lsgf/ tyf le/fnf] hldgdf /xs] f a:tLx¿ af9L tyf
klx/fs] f sf/0f xg' ] ljkbs\ f hf]lvddf /xG5g\ .

-v_ jgljgfz M jgn] ljleGg lsl;dsf ks| fk] x¿ h:t} e"Ifo, af9L, klx/f] cflbnfO{ lgoGq0f ul//xs] f]
x'G5 . jgljgfzn] ubf{ k|fs[lts k|0ffnLdf c;Gtn' g cfO{ k|sfk] x¿sf 36gfx¿df tLjt| f
cfO/xs] f] 5 . o;n] ubf{ Psflt/ k|fsl[ ts jftfj/0f / hl} js ljljwtfdfly dfq c;/ kf/s] f]
5}g, e"Ifo, af9L tyf klx/f]af6 pTkGg xg' ] ljkb\sf] hf]lvd klg a9fO/xs] f] 5 .

-u_ cJojl:yt efl} ts ;/+ rgf lgdf{0f M ljkb\sf] l:ylt l;hg{ f ug{ efl} ts ;/+ rgfsf] k|d'v el" dsf
/xG5 . ljsf; lgdf{0fsf gfddf jftfj/0fLo k|efjnfO{ Wofg glbO{ le/fnf] hldgdf hyfefjL

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 141

;8s lgdf{0f ugfn{ ] g]kfndf klx/f]sf 36gfx¿ a9\bf] /xs] f] 5 . ;8s lgdf0{ fsf cltl/St kn' ,
ljB't\ of]hgf, gx/, ejg cflbsf] cJojl:yt lgdf0{ fn] ubf{ ljkb\sf] hf]lvd lgs} a9fPsf] xG' 5 .
hfl] vd ;j+ b] gzLntfsf] cfwf/df k"j{ of]hgf gagfO{ ljsf; lgdf{0f ugfn{ ] hg' ;s' } ;dodf 7'nf]
ljkb\ lglDtg] hf]lvd /xG5 .

-3_ cfB} f]lus b'3{6gf / kb| "if0f M cTofjZos pkef]Uo j:ts' f] pTkfbgb]lv /f;folgs j:t' / pmhf{
pTkfbg ug{] pBf]udf xg' ] b'36{ gf tyf tL pBfu] af6 pT;h{g x'g] ljiffSt j:ts' f sf/0f kb| i" f0f
a9]/ xg' ] 36gfaf6 ljZjJofkL ¿kdf hgwgsf] 7n' f] Iflt x'g] u/s] f] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu
ef/tsf] efk] fndf ;g\ !(*$ df ePsf] ljiffbL pTkfbg ug{] pBf]uaf6 ljiffSt UofF; rj' fx6 eO{
jl/kl/ /x]sf ;d'bfosf kfrF nfv eGbf a9L dflg;x¿ ke| fljt ePsf lyP eg] #))) eGbf a9L
dflg;x¿sf] d[To' ePsf] lyof] .

cfw'lgsLs/0f;uF } hn, hldg tyf jfo' k|b"if0fn] klg 7n' f] If]qdf dfgjnufot hLjhGt', ef}lts
;/+ rgf, cfly{s ljm| ofsnfk cflbdf gsf/fTds c;/ kU' g uO/x]sf] 5 . To:t} xl/t ux[ Uof;F sf]
cTolws pT;hg{ n] x'g] hnjfo' kl/jt{g jtd{ fg kl/k]I| odf hNbf]aNbf] ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf cfPsf]
5 . hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf] b/ oxL j|mddf /xd] f lgs6 eljiodf dfgj ;Eotfg} ;ªs\ 6df kg{] s/' f
j1} flgsx¿n] cfNF} ofpbF } cfPsf 5g\ .

-ª_ ;fdflhs åGå / o¢' M ljleGg If]qdf ;~rfng ePsf ;fdflhs hftLo, IfqLo åGån] ubf{ ;do
;dodf 7n' f] dfgjLo ljkb\ lgDTofO/x]sf] kfOG5 . gk] fndf ljutdf ;~rflnt ;z:q ;ª3\ ifs{ f]
;dodf !&))) a9Lsf] d[To,' xhf/fF} cª\ueª\u tyf ak] Qf xg' s' f ;fy} 7'nf] ;ªV\ ofdf hgwgsf]
Iflt ePsf] lyof] .

-r_ ;/;kmfOsf] cefj M a9b\ f] hg;ª\Vof, ;x/Ls/0f, :jf:Yo lzIffsf] cefj, bl" ift vfgf tyf kfgL,
;/;kmfOsf] cefj h:tf sf/0f pTkGg dxfdf/Ln] ubf{ ;do ;dodf ljkbs\ f] cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf]
kfOG5 . x+h} f, emf8f kvfnf, a8{ kmn\ ', 8ª] \u' h:tf dxfdf/Ln] klg a;{l] g xhf/f}F dflg;sf] Hofg
lnO/x]sf] x'G5 . hfh/sf]6 lhNnfdf ;/;kmfOsf] sdLsf sf/0f k|To]s jif{ emf8fkvfnf af6 dT[ o'
x'g]sf] ;ªV\ of pNn]Vo /xs] f] 5 . o'lg;k] msf cg';f/ ;g\ @))( df hfh/sf]6df !$ lbg leqdf
!%# hgf dflg;sf] emf8fkvfnfaf6 d[To' ePsf] lyof] eg] glhssf cGo !! lhNnfdf dxfdf/L
kml} ng ku' s] f] lyof] .

-5_ clzIff tyf ul/aL M clzIffn] ubf{ kf| s[lts ks| f]ksf 36gfx¿nfO{ b}ljs lnnfsf] ¿kdf lnO{
sd ;fjwfgL ckgfpg] ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;n] ubf{ ljkb\af6 xg' ] Iflt tyf c;/sf] dfqfnfO{
jl[ ¢ ug{df klg cxd\ e"ldsf vn] s] f] kfOG5 . ljkb;\ DaGwL lzIff tyf rt] gfsf] cefjn] ljkb\
Gog" Ls/0f ug]{ sfon{ fO{ k|efjsf/L sfoG{ jogdf ;d:of b]lvPsf] 5 . To:t} ljkb\n] ;ae} Gbf a9L

142 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

ul/a JolSt, kl/jf/ jf ;db' fonfO{ c;/ k'¥ofO/xs] f] x'G5 . pgLx¿sf] ljkb\ ;xg Ifdtf klg
sd /xs] f] x'G5 . ;fy} ul/aLsf sf/0f pgLx¿ k|sfk] sf] hf]lvd Ifq] df /x]/ cfkmg\ f] hLjgofkg
wfGg afWo /xs] f x'G5g\ .

(=% ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg (Disaster risk management)

ljkb\af6 xg' ] Iflt sd ug,{ ljkbs\ f] a]nf ;/' lIft /xg / ljkb\kl5 x'g] cK7\of/f] l:yltsf] ;fdgf ug]{
Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ ul/g] kj" t{ of/L, kl| tsfo{ tyf k'gnfe{ sf ljm| ofsnfk g} ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg
xf] . cGt/f{li6o« ;:+ yf /8] jm| ;sf] kl/efiffcg';f/ ;a} ks| f/sf dfgjLo cfkt\sfnLg l:yltdf ;|f]t tyf
lhDd]jf/Lsf] ;ª\ul7t / Jojl:yt tl/sfn] kl/rfng u/L ljkb\sf] ke| fj 36fpg ul/g] k"jt{ of/L, /fxt
/ p¢f/nfO{ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg elgG5 . sg' } klg Ifq] df /xs] f Iflt k¥' ofpg ;Sg] tŒjx¿, ltgLx¿af6
k'Ug ;Sg] xfgL gf]S;fgLsf] tYofª\s ;ªs\ ng u/L ;dod} To;c} g¿' k ljkb\ Jofj:yfkg of]hgf tof/
kf/]df ljkba\ f6 sd Iflt kU' b5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu g]kfn e"sDksf] hfl] vd If]qdf /x]sf] 5 . olb
3/ agfpbF f g} e"sDk k|lt/fw] L agfPdf Iflt Gog" Ls/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkgsf nflu
ljkb\ rjm| cGtut{ ljkb\ k"Jft{ of/L, kl| tsfo{ tyf k"gnf{e tLgcf6] } r/0fdf cfjZos hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf
pkfox¿ cjnDag ul/gk' b{5 .

ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkgcGtut{ lgDglnlvt sfo{x¿ kb{5g\ M

• s'g} klg Ifq] df /xs] f Iflt k'¥ofpg ;Sg] sf/0fx¿sf] klxrfg / k"jf{g'dfg ug]{

• k|sfk] tyf hf]lvdsf] nv] fhf]vf ug{]

• Iflt k¥' ofpg ;Sg] tŒjx¿sf] tYofª\s ;ª\sng u/L ltgLx¿sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ /0fgLlt /
sfo{ofh] gf tof/ kfg]{

• dfgjLo lj|mosnfkaf6 l;hg{ f x'g ;Sg] ljkbs\ f 36gfx¿df ;fjwfgL ckgfpg]

• ;:+ yfut ;/+ rgfnfO{ dhat' agfpg] tyf Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{

• Hff]lvd Gog" Ls/0fsf pkfox¿ cjnDjg ug]{

• ljkb\ ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtf a9fpg]

• ;femb] f/L / ;xsfo{ a9fpg]

• ke| fjsf/L kl| tlj|mof / lbuf] ;dfwfgdf hf]8 lbg]

• Hffl] vd Go"gLs/0fdf ;db' fosf] Ifdtf ljsf;df hf8] lbg]

• Hff]lvd Gog" Ls/0fnfO{ :yfgLo ljsf;sf] kf| yldstfdf ;dfj]z ug]{

• k"j;{ "rgf k0| ffnL (early warning system) ;DaGwL Joj:yf ug]{

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 143

• ko| f{Kt cfsl:ds sfi] fsf] Joj:yf ug{]
• k|efjsf/L p4f/ / ;xfotfdf hf8] lbg]
• j1} flgs ep" kof]u gLlt ckgfpg]
• ljsf; lgdf0{ fdf hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf pkfo ckgfpg]
• ljkb\kl5 ul/g] k'glgd{ f{0fsf ;Gbed{ f gLlt lgdf0{ f ug]{, k|zf;lgs lg0fo{ lng] / ;f]sf]

sfofG{ jog ug{]
• cem /fdf| ] tyf cem alnof] (build back better) cjwf/0f cGtu{t ljkb\kZrfts\ f] k'gnfe{ ,

k'gM:yfkgf / k'glg{df{0f ;l' glZrt ug]{
• /fli6«o tyf cGt/fl{ i6o« ;xof]u kl/rfng ug{]

(=%=! ljkb\ hfl] vd Joj:yfkg of]hgf

ks| f]kaf6 xg' ;Sg] ;Defljt ljkbs\ f] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;sd] f IfltnfO{ 36fpg ;lsG5 . ljkb\ xg' c' l3
;fjwfgL ckgfpg,] kj" {tof/L ug,{] kj" { cg'dfg ug]{ / ;s];Dd hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf] pkfo cjnDag
u/L ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf] of]hgf agfpFbf o;af6 xg' ] c;/ sd ug{ ;lsG5 . ljkb\ hflvd Joj:yfkg
ofh] gf lgdf0{ f ubf{ pSt If]qdf bl] vg] k|sf]k, a:tL tyf hLljsfk] fh{gsf] cj:yf, e"pkofu] sf] cj:yf,
;db' fodf ;ª\s6f;Ggtf / ;d'bfosf] ljkb\;uF hW' g] Ifdtfsf] ljZn]if0f ugk{' 5{ . o:t} ;DalGwt
lgsfox¿, ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿;Fu /xs] f df}h'bf ;fduL| x¿, ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf]
pkfox¿sf] kf| yldsLs/0f tyf sfof{Gjogsf pkfo klg o;cGtu{t kb{5g\ . of]hgf lgdf0{ fsf jm| ddf
ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkgs} tLg r/0fdf lj|mofsnfkx¿ ug'{kb{5 M
ljkb\cl3 ug]{ ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -ljkb\ kj" t{ of/L_

• ljkb\sf] nv] fhf]vf ug{] / kI| f]k0f ug{]
• k"jt{ of/L of]hgf tof/ kfg{]
• /fxt ;fdu|Lsf] e08f/g Joj:yfkg ug]{
• ;"rgf k0| ffnLsf] Joj:yfkg ug{]
• ;/+ rgfTds Iflt Go"gLs/0fsf pkfo cjnDjg ug]{
• h}ljs ljlwx¿ -h:t} M jI[ f/f]k0f, 3f;F /fk] 0f, df6f] ;/+ If0fsf ljlwx¿_ cjnDag ug{]
• 9n tyf lgsf;sf] plrt k|jGw ug]{
• Uofljog kvfn{ , afof] OlGhlgol/ª cflbsf dfWodaf6 gbL gfnfsf] s6fg / klx/f] /fs] yfd ug{]
• hfl] vd If]qdf /xs] f dfgj a:tLsf] ;+/If0f jf :yfgfGt0f ug{]

144 jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!)

ljkb\sf] cj:yfdf ug{] ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -k|ltsfo{_

• gctflnsg ;/' lIft :yfgdf hfg] . ke| fljtx¿sf] p4f/df ;fjwfgLkj" s{ h6' g\ ]
• pknAw eP;Dd ;~rf/sf pks/0f dfkmt{ cfkmg\ f] cj:yfsf af/d] f kl/jf/ tyf ;DalGwt

JolStnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg]
• p¢f/sf sfo{x¿ tTsfn ug{]
• p¢f/af6 km]nf k/]sf 3fOt]x¿sf] kf| ylds pkrf/sf ;fy} yk pkrf/sf] Joj:yfkg ug{]
• p¢f/ sfod{ f tflnd kf| Kt hgzlSt kl/rfng ug]{ -:jod\ ;j] s, ;]gf, k|x/L, sd{rf/L /

u/} ;/sf/L ;+:yf_
• ;'Svf / Koflsª ul/Psf vfhf tyf cGo vfg]s'/f ljt/0f ug]{
• :jR5 vfg]kfgL pknAw u/fpg]
• cfi} fwL tyf lrlsT;f;]jfsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg]
• nQfsk8f / efF8fsF8fsf] Joj:yf / ljt/0f ug]{
• k|f/lDes Iflt ljin]if0f tyf cfktsfnLg ;'/lIft cfjf;sf] Joj:yfkg ldnfpg]

ljkbk\ Zrft\ ul/g] ljm| ofsnfkx¿ -ljkb\ k'gnf{e_

• lj:tt[ Iflt ljZni] f0f / ljkb\ uPsf] If]qdf cfjZostf klxrfgsf] sfoj{ m| d ;~rfng ug]{
• cfjZostfsf] k|fyldsLs/0f u/L ;fx] Lcg'¿k ofh] gf agfO{ sfof{ Gjog ug]{
• Jojl:yt a;fj] f;sf nflu cfjZos ;a} k"jfw{ f/x¿sf] tof/L ug{]
• vfgf, cfjf; / :jR5 kfgLsf] ;f| t] klxrfg / k|ofu] ug{]
• ljkb\n] k|efljt If]qdf ;/;kmfO lzIff k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;~rfng ug]{
• cfo cfh{gsf sfo{jm| dx¿ ;~rfng ug{]
• kg' :yfkgf÷k'gM lgdf0{ fsfo{ ;'?jft ug{]
• cfjf;, vfgk] fgL, 9n, ljBfno, :jf:Yo rf}sL, af6f]3f6f], k'nkn' ;] f, ;fdflhs ;/' Iff cflbsf]

ljsf; tyf Joj:yfkg ug]{
• ljkbs\ f] hf]lvd Joj:yfkgnfO{ ljsf; k|ljm| ofdf d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug]{

(=%=@ ljkb\ hfl] vd Jofj:yfkgsf r'gft} L

ljkb\sf] ;dodf o;sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ljleGg r'gf}tLx¿ cj/f]wsf] ¿kdf cufl8 cfpF5g\ . o:tf
ljkb\sf r'gf}tLx¿ ;dod} klxrfg u/L ljkb\ Joj:yfkg of]hgf agfpg ;s] ljkb\af6 x'g] Iflt sd
ug{ ;lsG5 . ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkgdf ljifz] u/L kj" {tof/Ldf Wofg lbg g;Sg' / ljkb\ eO;s]kl5

jftfj/0f lj1fg, sIff–!) 145