!% /f;folgs k|ltljm| of
(Chemical Reaction)
sfutLsf] /; ld;fpFbf b'w kmf6g\ ', kmnfddf lvof nfUg', sf7 bfp/f hnfpFbf
v/fgL aGg', b'waf6 bxL aGg' cflb /f;folgs kl/jtg{ xg' \ eGg] s/' f xfdLn] cluNnf] sIffdf
kl9;SofF} . oL ;a} /f;folgs kl/jtg{ df Pp6f kbfya{ f6 leGg u0' f;lxtsf] gofF kbfy{ lgdf{0f
xG' 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu tnsf ljm| ofsnfk u/f}F M
ljm| ofsnfk 15.1
cfwf lunf; hlt b'w lng'xf];\ pSt b'wdf b'Or{ f/ yfk] f sfutLsf] /; /fv]/ sx] La]/ rDrfn]
3fN] g'xf];\ . ca klxns] f] b'wdf / clxns] f] bw' df s] kl/jtg{ eof] cjnfs] g ug'x{ f;] \ . pSt
b'wsf] b'O{rf/ yfk] fnfO{ rDrfdf /fv]/ rfVg'xf;] \ . s] klxn]sf] bw' sf] / clxns] f] bw' sf] :jfb
p:t} 5, atfpg'xf;] \ .
/f;folgs kl/jt{g x'g] jm| ddf kbfys{ f k/df0fl' ar ;f6km] /, ;ª\u7g jf lj36g k|ljm| of xG' 5 . oxL
kl| j|mofnfO{ /f;folgs kl| tljm| of elgG5 . ctM /f;folgs kl/jt{gsf] j|mddf kbfy{sf k/df0fl' ar
xg' ] ;ª\u7g, ;f6k]m/ jf lj36g kl| jm| ofnfO{ /f;folgs kl| tlj|mof elgG5, h:t} M
1. xfO8f« ]hg Uof;F + clS;hg UofF; → kfgL
-xfO8f« h] g / clS;hgsf k/df0fx' ¿lar ;ª\u7g_
2. SoflN;od sfaf]g{ 6] → SoflN;od cS;fO8 ± sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8
-SoflN;od sfaf]{g]6sf] lj36g_
3. DofUgl] ;od ± xfO8«fS] nfl] /s cDn → DofUgl] ;od Snf]/fO8 ± xfO8«fh] g UofF;
-DofUgl] ;od / xfO8«f]Snf]l/s cDnlar ;f6km] / _
k|ltljm| of/t kbfy{x¿ / pTkflbt kbfyx{ ¿ (Reactants and products)
tnsf] /f;folgs k|ltljm| of x]/f}F / s'g sg' kbfy{ ldn]/ s'g kbfy{ ags] f] 5, 5nkmn u/fF} M
sfag{ + clS;hg → sfa{g8fOcS;fO8
dflysf] /f;folgs kl| tlj|mofdf sfa{g / clS;hg UofF;nfO{ kl| tlj|mof u/fpFbf sfa{g8fOcS;fO8
ags] f] 5 . pSt /f;folgs k|ltlj|mofdf efu lng] sfa{g / clS;hg Uof;F kl| tlj|mof/t kbfy{
x'g\ . o;} u/L pSt /f;folgs k|ltlj|mofaf6 aGg] sfa{g8fOcS;fO8nfO{ pTkflbt kbfy{ elgG5 .
ctM /f;folgs k|ltlj|mofdf efu lng] kbfy{nfO{ k|ltlj|mof/t kbfyx{ ¿ (reactants) elgG5 eg]
k|ltlj|mofsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k kf| Kt kbfyx{ ¿nfO{ pTkflbt kbfyx{ ¿ (Products) elgG5 .
lj1fg tyf kl| jlwM sIff ( 247
;f]l8od ± Snfl] /g → ;f]l8od Snf]/fO8
-k|ltlj|mof/t kbfyx{ ¿_ -pTkflbt kbfy_{
/f;folgs ;dLs/0f (Chemical equation)
lj|mofsnfk 15.2
Pp6f k/LIf0f gnLdf cfwfeGbf yf]/} lkmSsf xfO8f« ]Snfl] /s cDn lng'xf];\ . pSt xfO8«f]Snf]l/s
cDndf Pp6f ;fgf] lhªs\ sf] 6j' m| f /fv/] xg] x'{ f];\ .
1. o; kl| tljm| ofdf k|ltlj|mof/t kbfyx{ ¿ sg' sg' xg' \ <
2. /f;folgs kl| tljm| of kl5 s] s] kbfy{ aGb5g\ / pSt k|ltlj|mofnfO{ s;/L k:| tt'
ul/G5, lzIfsnfO{ ;f]Wgx' f;] \ .
lhªs\ sf] 6j' m| fnfO{ lkmSsf xfO8f« S] nfl] /s cDndf /fVbf lhªs\ Snf/] fO8 / xfO8f« h] g Uof;F aGg] s/' f
ljm| ofsnfk 15.2 af6 yfxf xG' 5 . pSt /f;folgs kl| tljm| ofnfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ k:| tt' ug{ ;lsG5 M
lhªs\ ± xfO8«fS] nfl] /s cDn → lhª\s Snf/] fO8 ± xfO8f« ]hg UofF;
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
/f;folgs k|ltlj|mof hgfpg] ;dLs/0fnfO{ /f;folgs ;dLs/0f elgG5 . /f;folgs ;dLs/0fdf
kl| tlj|mof/t kbfy{x¿ af0f lrxg\ sf] afoflF t/ n]lvG5 eg] pTkflbt kbfyx{ ¿ af0f lrxg\ sf]
bfofFlt/ nl] vG5 . dfly lhª\s / xfO8f« ]Snf]l/s cDnlarsf] /f;folgs ;dLs/0f bv] fOPsf] 5 .
oxfF lhª\s / xfO8«fS] nfl] /s cDn kl| tlj|mof/t kbfy{ x'g\ eg] lhª\s Snf]/fO8 / xfO8«f]hg UofF;
pTkflbt kbfyx{ ¿ xg' \ . /f;folgs k|ltljm| ofdf ;n+ Ug x'g] / kl| tljm| of kl5 aGg] kbfy{x¿nfO{
zAb jf ;q" x¿åf/f k:| t't ug{] tl/sfnfO{ /f;folgs ;dLs/0f (chemical equation) elgG5 .
zAb ;dLs/0f (Word equation)
tnsf /f;folgs kl| tljm| ofnfO{ x]/f}F M
SoflN;od sfaf]g{ ]6 → SoflN;od cS;fO8 ± sfa{g8fOcS;fO8
o; /f;folgs kl| tljm| ofdf SoflN;od sfaf{]g6] nfO{ ttfpbF f SoflN;od cS;fO8 / sfa{g8fO
cS;fO8 aG5 . pSt kl| tlj|mofnfO{ zAbaf6 k:| tt' ul/Psf] 5 . ctM /f;folgs kl| tljm| ofdf
;+nUg x'g] / k|ltlj|mofkl5 aGg] kbfyx{ ¿nfO{ zAbåf/f k:| t't ug{] tl/sfnfO{ zAb ;dLs/0f
(Word equation) elgG5 .
;q" ;dLs/0f (Formula equation)
dflysf] k|ltlj|mofnfO{ ;q" ;dLs/0f nV] bf
tfk
CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
248 lj1fg tyf k|ljlwM sIff (
o; /f;folgs kl| tljm| ofdf efu lng] kl| tlj|mofnfO{ tŒj tyf of}lussf ;ª\st] ;lxtsf] ;"qaf6
k:| tt' ul/Psf] 5 . ctM /f;folgs kl| tljm| ofdf ;+nUg x'g] / kl| tljm| of kl5 aGg] kbfyx{ ¿nfO{
;ªs\ ]t / ;q" af6 k|:t't ug]{ tl/sfnfO{ ;q" ;dLs/0f (Formula equation) elgG5 .
c;Gtl' nt /f;folgs ;dLs/0f (Unbalanced chemical equation)
tn lbOPsf /f;folgs ;dLs/0fdf k|ltlj|mof/t kbfys{ f k/df0f'x¿sf] ;ªV\ of / pTkflbt
kbfy{df ;f]xL tŒjsf k/df0f'x¿sf] ;ªV\ of u0fgf u/L tnsf] tflnsfdf bv] fOPsf] 5 M
1. Zn + HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
tŒj k|ltljm| of/t kbfy{df pTkflbt kbfyd{ f
k/df0f' ;ªV\ of k/df0f' ;ªV\ of
lhª\s
xfO8f« h] g 11
Snf]l/g
12
12
o; ;dLs/0fdf afoflF t/ / bfofFlt/ lhª\ssf] ;ª\Vof a/fa/ 5 t/ xfO8«f]hg / Snfl] /gsf]
;ª\Vof a/fa/ 5}g .
2. Mg + O2 → MgO
tŒj k|ltljm| of/t kbfy{df pTkflbt kbfy{df
k/df0f' ;ª\Vof k/df0f' ;ªV\ of
DofUg]l;od
clS;hg 1 1
2 1
o; ;dLs/0fdf afofFlt/ / bfoflF t/ DofUgl] ;odsf] ;ª\Vof a/fa/ 5 t/ clS;hgsf]
;ªV\ of a/fa/ 5}g .
3. KClO3 → KCl ± O2
tŒj kl| tljm| of/t kbfyd{ f pTkflbt kbfy{df
k/df0f' ;ª\Vof k/df0f' ;ª\Vof
kf6] fl;od
Snf]l/g 1 1
clS;hg
1 1
3 2
o; ;dLs/0fdf afoflF t/ / bfofFlt/ kf6] fl;od / Snfl] /gsf] ;ª\Vof a/fa/ 5 t/
clS;hgsf] ;ª\Vof a/fa/ 5g} .
o:tf /f;folgs ;dLs/0fx¿ c;Gt'lnt /f;folgs ;dLs/0f xg' \ .
lj1fg tyf k|ljlwM sIff ( 249
ctM kl| tljm| of/t kbfyx{ ¿df efu lng] kT| o]s tŒjsf k/df0fx' ¿sf] ;ªV\ of / pTkflbt
kbfy{x¿df ;fx] L tŒjsf k/df0fs' f] ;ªV\ of a/fa/ u/L nl] vPsf] 5}g eg] o:tf] /f;folgs
;dLs/0fnfO{ c;Gtl' nt /f;folgs ;dLs/0f elgG5 . o:tf /f;folgs ;dLs/0fnfO{
;Gt'lnt ug'{k5{ .
;Gt'lnt /f;folgs ;dLs/0f (Balanced chemical equation)
tn lbOPsf /f;folgs ;dLs/0fnfO{ kg' M x/] f}F . oxfF kl| tlj|mof/t kbfys{ f k/df0fx' ¿sf] ;ª\Vof
/ pTkflbt kbfyd{ f ;fx] L tŒjsf k/df0f'sf] ;ª\Vof u0fgf u/fF} .
1. Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
tŒj kl| tljm| of/t kbfyd{ f pTkflbt kbfyd{ f
k/df0f' ;ª\Vof k/df0f' ;ªV\ of
lhª\s
xfO8«fh] g 1 1
Snf]l/g
2 2
2 2
o; ;dLs/0fdf afofFlt/ / bfofFlt/ lhªs\ , xfO8f« ]hg / Snf]l/g k/df0fs' f] ;ª\Vof a/fa/
5 .
2. 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
tŒj k|ltlj|mof/t kbfy{df pTkflbt kbfyd{ f
k/df0f' ;ª\Vof k/df0f' ;ª\Vof
DofUg]l;od 2 2
clS;hg 2
2
o; ;dLs/0fdf afofFlt/ / bfoflF t/ DofUg]l;od / clS;hg k/df0fs' f] ;ªV\ of a/fa/ 5 .
3. 2KClO3 → 2KCl ± 3O2
tŒj kl| tlj|mof/t kbfy{df pTkflbt kbfyd{ f
k/df0f' ;ª\Vof k/df0f' ;ª\Vof
kf]6fl;od
Snf]l/g 22
clS;hg
22
66
o; ;dLs/0fdf afofFlt/ / bfoflF t/ kf]6fl;od, Snf]l/g / clS;hgsf] ;ª\Vof a/fa/
5 . o:tf /f;folgs ;dLs/0fx¿ ;Gt'lnt /f;folgs ;dLs/0f xg' \ .
250 lj1fg tyf k|ljlwM sIff (
ctM k|ltljm| of/t kbfyx{ ¿df efu lng] kT| os] tŒjsf k/df0f'sf] ;ª\Vof / pTkflbt kbfyx{ ¿df
;fx] L tŒjsf k/df0fs' f] ;ªV\ of a/fa/ u/L nl] vPsf] 5 eg] o:tf] /f;folgs ;dLs/0fnfO{
;Gtl' nt /f;folgs ;dLs/0f elgG5 . ;Gt'lnt ;dLs/0f n]Vbf kl| tljm| of/t kbfy{ / pTkflbt
kbfys{ f] cj:yf JoSt ugk'{ 5{ . 7f;] cj:yfdf 5 eg] (s), t/n cj:yfdf 5 eg] (l) / Uof;
cj:yfdf 5 eg] (g) nV] gk' 5{ .
;Gtl' nt /f;folgs ;dLs/0f nV] g] tl/sf
/f;folgs k|ltlj|mofsf jm| ddf kbfyx{ ¿sf] lk08 gi6 xbF' g} / pTkfbg klg xFb' }g . o;nfO{ lk08
;+/If0fsf] l;4fGt elgG5 . o;} l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t eP/ /f;folgs ;dLs/0fnfO{ ;Gtl' nt
ul/G5 . /f;folgs ;dLs/0f ;Gtn' g ug{] ;fdfGo ljlw lx6 / 6f« on ljlw (Hit and trial
method) xf] . o; ljlwaf6 /f;folgs ;dLs/0fnfO{ ;Gt'lnt ubf{ lgDglnlvt s'/fdf Wofg
lbg'k5{ M
-s_ ;a}eGbf klxn] /f;folgs k|ltljm| ofnfO{ zAb ;dLs/0fsf ¿kdf JoSt ugk'{ 5{ .
-v_ kl| tlj|mof/t / pTkflbt kbfyx{ ¿ k|To]ssf c0f';q" ;lxt ;q" ;dLs/0f nV] gk' 5{ .
-u_ /f;folgs ;dLs/0fnfO{ ;Gtn' g ubf{ ;al:jm| K6 (subscript) df ePsf c0f';"qnfO{ kl/jtg{
ug'{xb'F g} .
-3_ cGTodf bj' }lt/ k/df0f'x¿ a/fa/ xg' ] u/L cfjZostfcg';f/ c0f';"qsf] l7s cufl8
pko'St u0' ffª\s /fv/] ;dLs/0f ;Gt'lnt ug{'k5{ .
pbfx/0fsf nflu tnsf] /f;folgs ;dLs/0f x/] f}“ M
xfO8«f]hg ± clS;hg → kfgL
lbOPsf] zAb ;dLs/0fnfO{ ;"q ;dLs/0fdf n]Vbf,
H2 ± O2 → H2O
o; ;dLs/0fdf ePsf k|Tos] k/df0f'nfO{ uGtL u/]/ s'g rflxF k/df0fs' f] ;ªV\ of c;Gt'ng 5,
kQf nufpbF f
tŒj kl| tlj|mof/t kbfyd{ f pTkflbt kbfy{df
k/df0f' ;ªV\ of k/df0f' ;ªV\ of
xfO8«fh] g
clS;hg 2 2
2 1
oxfF xfO8«fh] gsf] ;ªV\ of afoflF t/ / bfoflF t/ a/fa/ /xs] f] 5 . clS;hgsf] ;ªV\ of afofFlt/ 2
5 eg] bfofFlt/ 1 /xs] f] 5 . afoflF t/ / bfoflF t/ clS;hgsf] ;ª\Vof a/fa/ agfpg kfgLnfO{ 2
n] u'0fg ug'k{ b{5 . o;f] ubf{ xfO8«fh] gsf] ;ªV\ of kml] / c;Gtl' nt xG' 5 . kg' M o;nfO{ ;Gt'lnt
ug{ afofFlt/sf] xfO8f« h] gnfO{ 2 n] u0' fg ug{'k5{ . o;kl5 /f;folgs ;dLs/0f o;/L nl] vG5 .
2H ±O → 2H O 2
22
lj1fg tyf kl| jlwM sIff ( 251
ca dflysf] /f;folgs ;dLs/0fdf k/df0f'sf] ;ªV\ of lgDgfg;' f/ ePsf] 5 M
tŒj afofl“ t/ -k|ltlj|mof/t bfofFlt/ -pTkflbt kbfy_{
kbfy{_ ;ª\Vof df k/df0f' ;ª\Vof
xfO8«fh] g
clS;hg 4 4
2 2
ca /f;folgs ;dLs/0f ;Gtl' nt ePsf] 5 . ;Gt'lnt /f;folgs ;dLs/0fsf s]xL pbfx/0fx¿
tn lbOPsf 5g\ M
1. SoflN;od sfaf]g{ ]6 ∆→ SoflN;od cS;fO8 ± sfag{ 8fO{cS;fO8
CaCO3 →∆ CaO ± CO2
2. xfO8f« h] g k/] f]cS;fO8 →∆ kfgL ± clS;hg
2H2O2 →∆ 2H2O + O2
3. ;f]l8od xfO8f« ]S;fO8 ± xfO8f« ]Snfl] /s cDn → ;fl] 8od Snf/] fO8 ± kfgL
NaOH ± HCl → NaCl + H O
2
4. cflNdlgod ± gfO6«fh] g →∆ cfNldlgod gfO6«fO8
2Al + N2 →∆ 2AlN
5. ;f]l8od ± clS;hg → ;fl] 8od cS;fO8
4Na + O2 → 2Na2O
;Gt'lnt /f;folgs ;dLs/0faf6 kf| Kt xg' ] hfgsf/Lx¿ (Information obtained from balanced
chemical equation)
ljm| ofsnfk 15.3
tn lbOPsf] ;Gt'lnt /f;folgs ;dLs/0f cWoog ugx{' f;] \ / tnsf kZ| gx¿sf ;DaGwdf
5nkmn ugx'{ f;] \ M
4Fe + 3O2 → 2Fe2O3
-s_ /f;folgs kl| tljm| ofdf k|ltljm| of/t kbfyx{ ¿ / pTkflbt kbfy{x¿ s] s] xg' \ <
-v_ kl| tljm| of/t kbfyx{ ¿ / pTkflbt kbfyx{ ¿df slt sltcf6] f k/df0f' /x]sf 5g\ <
-u_ ;Gtl' nt /f;folgs kl| tljm| ofaf6 yk s] s] yfxf kfpg ;lsG5, xfn] f <
252 lj1fg tyf kl| jlwM sIff (
;Gtl' nt /f;folgs ;dLs/0faf6 lgDglnlvt hfgsf/L kf| Kt x'G5g\ M
-s_ kl| tlj|mof/t kbfy{x¿ / pTkflbt kbfyx{ ¿sf] gfd / c0f';q"
-v_ k|ltlj|mof/t kbfyx{ ¿ / pTkflbt kbfy{x¿sf] c0f' / k/df0f'x¿sf] ;ªV\ of
-u_ kl| tlj|mof/t kbfy{ / pTkflbt kbfy{x¿sf] c0fx' ¿sf] tfn} sf] cgk' ft
-3_ /f;folgs k|ltlj|mofsf] ks| f/
bl} gs hLjgdf /f;folgs kl| tljm| ofsf] dxŒj (Importance of chemical reaction in our daily life)
xfdLn] vfPsf] vfgf s;/L kR5 xfn] f < xfdL la/fdL kbf{ vfPsf] cf}ifwLn] s;/L sfd u5{
xf]nf < b'waf6 bxL s;/L aG5 xfn] f < dflysf ;a} lj|mofsnfkx¿ /f;folgs k|ltljm| ofaf6
;Dej ePsf xg' \ . /f;folgs k|ltljm| oflagf xfdf| ] bl} gs hLjg ;Dej x'b}g . xfdLn] vfPsf]
vfgf k6] df uP/ kRg,' la/fdL kbf{ cf}ifwL vfP/ l7s x'g,' Zjf;kZ| jf; ljm| ofaf6 phf{ lg:sg',
ks| fz;:+ ni] f0f lj|mofaf6 af6] la?jfn] vfgf agfpg', OGwg hn/] phf{ lgl:sg,' bw' af6 bxL aGg'
h:tf b}lgs ljm| ofsnfkx¿df /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof ePsf] kfOG5 .
kl/ofh] gf sfo{
xfdf| ] bl} gs hLjgdf /f;folgs k|ltljm| ofsf] s] dxŒj 5, ;r" L tof/ kf/L sIffdf k|:tt' ug'{xf];\ .
tfkbfos kl| tlj|mof (Exothermic reaction)
lj|mofsnfk 15.4
-s_ Pp6f k/LIf0f gnLdf kfgL lng'xf];\ . pSt kfgLdf SoflN;od xfO8«f]cS;fO8 jf ;f]l8od
xfO8«f]cS;fO8sf sx] L 6j' |mfx¿ /fVgx' f];\ / aflx/af6 5fDgx' f;] \ . tftf] jf lr;f] s:tf]
cg'ej ug{e' of] <
-v_ rg' 9'ªu\ fnfO{ kfgLdf /fVgx' f];\ / s] xG' 5 cjnfs] g ug{x' f];\ . To;kl5 xftn] 5'gx' f];\ .
tftf] jf lr;f] s] kl/jtg{ kfpge' of,] atfpg'xf];\ .
/f;folgs kl| tlj|mof xF'bf jl/kl/af6 tfk kf| Kt ug]{ jf tfk pTkGg xg' ] cfwf/df logLx¿nfO{
bO' { efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 h:tM} lj|mofsnfk 15.4 -s_ / -v_ df /f;folgs k|ltljm| of x'Fbf
tfk pTkGg x'G5 . o:tf /f;folgs k|ltljm| ofnfO{ tfkbfos kl| tljm| of (exothermic reaction)
elgG5 . ctM /f;folgs kl| tljm| of xbF' f tfk pTkGg x'g] k|ltlj|mofnfO{ tfkbfos k|ltlj|mof
elgG5 . vfgfsf] kfrg, sf]ifLo Zjf;kZ| jf;, d}gaQL aNg,] kfgL / r'gf ld;fpbF fsf] k|ltljm| of
cflb tfkbfos k|ltlj|mof xg' \ .
lj1fg tyf kl| jlwM sIff ( 253
tfkbfos k|ltljm| ofsf yk pbfx/0f
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → CO2 + 6H2O + Heat
(aq) (ag) (g) (l)
CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2 + Heat
(ag) (ag)
(s) (l)
C + O2 → CO2 + Heat
(g)
(s) (g)
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O + Heat
(s) (l) (l)
tfkzfi] fs kl| tlj|mof (Endothermic reaction)
vfgf kfSgsf nflu tfk cfjZos k5{ . o; k|ljm| ofdf UofF; aNg' tfk bfos kl| tljm| of xf] eg]
vfgf kfSg] tfkzfi] fs k|ltlj|mof xf] . hg' /f;folgs k|ltljm| ofdf tfk zfi] f0f x'G5, To;nfO{
tfkzfi] fs k|ltljm| of elgG5 .
tfkzf]ifs kl| tljm| ofsf yk pbfx/0f
C + H2O Heat CO + H2
(s) (l) (g) (g)
N2 + O2 Heat 2NO2
(g) (g) (g)
CaCO3 Heat CaO + CO2
(s) (s) (g)
cEof;
!= tn lbOPsf ljsNkaf6 ;xL pQ/ 5fGgx' f;] \ M
-s_ tnsf dWo] s'g ;d"xdf s]jn /f;folgs kl/jtg{ sf pbfx/0f lbOPsf 5g\ <
-c_ sfutLsf] /; ld;fpbF f bw' kmf6\g,' kmnfddf lvof nfUg,' kfgLaf6 a/km aGg'
-cf_ sf7 bfp/f hnfpFbf v/fgL aGg,' kfgLaf6 afkm aGg,' b'waf6 bxL aGg'
-O_ rfdnaf6 eft aGg', d/s] f] hLj s'lxg,' k6] df vfgf kRg'
-O_{ sf7 jf df6faf6 vn] fg} f agfpg,' kmnfddf lvof nfUg,' sfuh hnfpbF f v/fgL aGg'
254 lj1fg tyf kl| jlwM sIff (
-v_ /f;folgs kl| tljm| ofsf j|mddf tnsf dWo] s] s] xG' 5 <
-i_ k/df0f'sf] ;f6km] / -ii_ k/df0f'sf] ;ª\u7g
-iii_ c0fx' ¿sf] lj36g -iv_ k/df0f'lar 3if0{ f
-c_ (i), (iii) / (iv) -cf_ (i), (ii) / (iv)
-O_ (ii), (iii) / (iv) -O{_ (i), (ii) / (iii)
-u_ tnsf ck"0f{ /f;folgs k|ltlj|mofdf kl| tlj|mof/t kbfy{x¿ s] s] x'G5g\ <
Zn + ……………. → ZnCl2 + H2
-c_ lhªs\ / ;fl] 8od Snf]/fO8
-cf_ lhª\s / Snf]l/g
-O_ lhªs\ / kfgL
-O{_ lhªs\ / xfO8f« ]Snfl] /s cDn
-3_ kbfy{ s / v nfO{ cnu cnu k/LIf0f gnLdf /fVbf ;lhn} xftn] ;dfpg ;lsG5
t/ b'j} kbfyn{ fO{ Pp6} k/LIf0f gnLdf /fVbf k/LIf0f gnL tft/] xftn] 5'g ;lsFbg} .
o:tf] s] sf/0fn] ePsf] xfn] f <
-c_ tfkzf]ifs k|ltlj|mofsf sf/0fn]
-cf_ tfkbfos kl| tlj|mofsf sf/0fn]
-O_ tfkzf]ifs / tfkbfos bj' } k|ltljm| ofsf sf/0fn]
-O{_ tfkzf]ifskl5 tfkbfos k|ltlj|mofsf sf/0fn]
@= cGt/ nV] g'xf];\ M
-s_ ;Gt'lnt / c;Gtl' nt /f;folgs kl| tlj|mof
-v_ tfkbfos / tfkzfi] fs /f;folgs k|ltljm| of
#= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ n]Vgx' f;] \ M
-s_ /f;folgs kl/jt{g efl} ts kl/jtg{ eGbf s;/L km/s xG' 5 <
-v_ /f;folgs ;dLs/0f egs] f] s] xf] < s'g} Ps pbfx/0faf6 k:| 6 kfg'x{ f;] \ .
-u_ /f;folgs k|ltljm| of geP xfd|f] b}lgs hLjg c;Dej k|foM xg' ] lyof] eGg] egfOnfO{
/f;folgs k|ltljm| ofsf] dxŒj;Fu hf]8]/ JofVof ugx{' f;] \ .
-3_ Pp6f dflg;n] r'nfdf bfp/f afn]/ eft ksfpbF } 5g\ . oxfF ePsf tfkbfos /
tfkzfi] fs /f;folgs k|ltljm| of sg' s'g x'g\ <
lj1fg tyf kl| jlwM sIff ( 255
$= tn lbOPsf zAb ;dLs/0fnfO{ ;Gt'lnt ;"q ;dLs/0fdf abNg'xf;] \ M
-s_ gfO8f« h] g + xfO8«fh] g → Pdf]lgof
-v_ ;f]l8od + clS;hg → ;fl] 8od cS;fO8
-u_ DofUgl] ;od + gfO6f« h] g → DofUgl] ;od gfO6f« O8
-3_ SoflN;od sfaf{g] 6] → sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8 + SoflN;od cS;fO8
-ª_ lhªs\ + xfO8f« ]Snf]l/s Pl;8 → lhª\s Snf/] fO8 + xfO8«fh] g
-r_ Pnl' dlgod + gfO6«f]hg → Pnl' dlgod gfO6«fO8
-5_ kf]6fl;od + Snfl] /g → kf6] fl;od Snf/] fO8
-h_ xfO8«fh] g + Snf]l/g → xfO8f« ]hg Snf/] fO8
%= tn lbOPsf c;Gt'lnt ;"q ;dLs/0fnfO{ ;Gt'lnt ;q" ;dLs/0f agfO{ nV] g'xf];\ M
-s_ Na+ O2 → Na2O
-v_ Hg +O2 → HgO
-u_ Ca + N2 → Ca3N2
-3_ Fe + O2 → Fe2O3
-ª_ Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu
-r_ HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
-5_ HCl + KOH → KCl + H O
2
-h_ HNO3 + Ca(OH)2 → Ca(NO3)2+ H2O
^= tn lbOPsf ;"q ;dLs/0fnfO{ k/" f u/L ;Gtl' nt ugx{' f;] \ M
-s_ Fe + HCl → ................ + H2
→ NaCl + H O
-v_ HCl + .............
2
-u_ H2SO4 + NaOH
-3_ Na + ............ → ............. + H2O
→ Na2O
-ª_ Ca + O2 → ............
-r_............ + O
→ HgO
2
→ Fe2O3
-5_ Fe + ........... → Ca(NO3)2 + H2O
→ .............
-h_...........+ Ca(OH)2
-em_ Al + N2
256 lj1fg tyf kl| jlwM sIff (
!^ Uof“;
(Gas)
gfO6«f]hg clS;hg
78% 21%
cGo
1%
lrq 16.1 jfod' 08ndf Uof;“ x¿
k[YjLnfO{ jl/kl/af6 xfjfn] 9fss] f] txnfO{ jfod' 08n elgG5 . jfo'd08ndf ljleGg lsl;dsf
UofF; /x]sf x'G5g\ . dfly lbOPsf] kfOrf6{ x]/fF} / jfo'd08ndf kfOg] ljleGg k|sf/sf UofF;sf]
cfotgsf] tn' gf u/f}F M
lbOPsf] kfOrf6a{ f6 xfdLn] jfod' 08nsf] nueu 99 k|ltzt lx:;f gfO6«fh] g / clS;hgn]
cfu] 6s] f] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] :ki6 x'G5 . jfod' 08ndf oL UofF;x¿afx]s sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8,
xfO8«fh] g, cfug{ , cf]hf]g cflb UofF; klg /xs] f x'G5g\ .
jfo'd08ndf dfq geO{ jg:klt, hLjhGt', kfgL, vfgf, vlgh kbfy{ cflbdf klg ljleGg
k|sf/sf Uof;F of}lussf ¿kdf /xs] f xG' 5g\ . oL UofF; Zjf;k|Zjf;, ks| fz ;Z+ n]if0f, ljleGg
k|sf/sf ofl} ussf] lgdf{0f cflbdf k|of]u xG' 5g\ . ef/sf cfwf/df dfgj z/L/sf] nueu 96
kl| tzt lx:;f hDdf rf/cf6] f tŒj clS;hg, xfO8«fh] g, gfO6f« ]hg / sfa{g ldn]/ ags] f] xG' 5
h;dWo] clS;hg, xfO8f« ]hg / gfO6f« h] g UofF; x'g\ . To;sf/0f Uof;F xfdf| nflu clt dxŒjk"0f{
5g\ . xfdLnfO{ rflxg] Uof;F x¿ l;wf jfod' 08naf6 jf cf}Bf]lus lgdf{0faf6 kf| Kt u5f}F{ . j}1flgs
cWoogsf nflu UofF;x¿nfO{ k|of]uzfnfdf klg lgdf{0f ug{] ul/G5 .
xfO8«f]hg Uof;“ (Hydrogen gas)
a|x\df08df kfOg] ;ae} Gbf xn'sf tŒj xfO8«fh] g xf] . xfO8«fh] g UofF; ljleGg k|sf/sf ofl} us
lj1fg tyf kl| jlw M sIff ( 257
h:t} M cDn, Iff/, xfO8«fs] fa{g, sfafx]{ fO8]6, kf| l] 6g cflb_ sf ¿kdf kfOG5g\ . ;"on{ ufot
tf/fx¿df k|z:t dfqfdf xfO8f« ]hgsf cfO;f6] K;x¿ kfOG5g\ .
k/df0f' ;ªV\ of ;dfg t/ k/df0f' ef/ leGg ePsf tŒjnfO{ cfO;f6] K; elgG5 . h:t} M 1H1,
1H2, 1H3
/;fogzf:qL xg] /L Sofe]lG8h -Henry Cavendish) n] ;g\ 1893 df xfO8«fh] gnfO{ …kH| jng
xfjfÚ egs] f lyP . o; UofF;nfO{ clS;hg;Fu aNbf kfgL aGg] ePsfn] Nofef]Oh/ -Lavoisier)
n] pSt Uof;F nfO{ xfO8«f]hg gfds/0f u/]sf xg' \ . xfO8«fh] gsf] cy{ …kfgL agfpg]Ú cyft{ \ water
producer xf] .
xfO8f« ]hgaf/] sx] L tYo o;k|sf/ lbOPsf] 5 M
;ªs\ ]t kf/df0fljs ;ªV\ of kf/df0fljs ef/ c0f;' q" 3gTj
H1 1 H 0.09 kgm-3
2
ko| fu] zfnfdf xfO8f« ]hg Uof“; agfpg] tl/sf (laboratory preparation of hydrogen gas)
h:tf -Zn_, DofUgl] ;od -Mg_ nufotsf ;ljm| o wftx' ¿n] cDndf ePsf] xfO8f« ]hgnfO{ lj:yflkt
u/L xfO8f« ]hg UofF; agfp5F g\ . o;} tYonfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ k|of]uzfnfdf h:tfsf 6'jmfx¿
-granulated zinc_ / lkmSsf xfO8f« S] nf]l/s cDnlar kl| tlj|mof u/fO{ xfO8f« ]hg UofF; agfOG5 .
z4' lhª\ssf] k|ofu] n] k|ltlj|mof l9nf] xG' 5 . To;}n] cz4' lhªs\ k|of]u ul/G5 . cz4' lhª\sdf
ePsf] cz'4tfn] pTk/|] ssf] sfd u/L /f;folgs kl| tlj|mof l56f] x'g dbt u5{ .
Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) → ZnCl2 (aq) + H2↑
(zinc) (dil. hydrochloric acid) (zinc chloride) (hydrogen)
ljlw (Method)
ko| f]ufTds ljm| ofsnfk M 1
xfO8«fh] g UofF; agfpg] tl/sf
-s_ Pp6f ;kmf pNkm aft] ndf lhª\ssf 6j' |mf /fVgx' f;] \ .
-v_ lrqdf bv] fOP h:t} ss{sf] k|ofu] u/L af]tnsf] Pp6f d'vdf ly;n kmg]n / csf{] dv' df
8]lne/L 6\o'a h8fg ug'x{ f;] \ .
-u_ d'vdf ss{ /fVbf xfjf glgl:sg] u/L aGb ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ 8l] ne/L 6\oa' sf] csf{] 5p] nfO{ kfgL ePsf] 6k« mdf 8'Ag] u/L /flvPsf] ljxfOe ;]Nkmdf
hf]8g\ x' f;] \ .
-ª_ Pp6f Uof;F hf/nfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf kfgL e//] ljxfOe ;]Nkmdfly 3f]K6\ofpgx' f];\ .
-r_ ly;n kmg]naf6 lkmSsf xfO8f« S] nfl] /s cDnnfO{ la:tf/} vGofpgx' f];\ .
258 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw M sIff (
lhª\s;uF cDnsf] ;Dks{ x'gf;fy xfO8«fh] g Uof;F lgl:sg yfN5 . o;/L lgl:s]sf] UofF;n]
hf/df /xs] f] kfgLnfO{ tnlt/ lj:yfkg u/L hDdf xG' 5 . xfO8f« ]hg kfgLeGbf xn'sf
ePsfsf/0fn] kfgLnfO{ tnlt/ lj:yflkt u5{ .
lkmSsf ;Nk\mol' /s Pl;8 kfgL
h:tfsf 6'j|mf
lrq 16.2 ko| f]uzfnfdf xfO8f« h] g Uof;“ agfpg] ljlw
xfO8«fh] g Uof;“ sf] k/LIf0f (Test of hydrogen gas)
ko| fu] zfnfdf agfPsf] Uof;F xfO8f« ]hg g} xf] egL kQf nufpg k/LIf0f ul/G5 . o;sf nflu
Uof;F hf/nfO{ pN6f] cj:yfdf g} la:tf/} aflx/ lgsfnL aln/xs] f] ;nfOsf] sf6F L UofF; hf/sf]
dv' df n}hfFbf d}gaQL lgE5 / 'pop' cfjfh;lxt lgnf] Hjfnfdf aN5 .
;fjwfgLx¿ (Precautions)
1. ;a} pks/0f ;kmf;Fu wfP] sf] x'gk' 5{ .
2. cz'4 lhª\ssf] ko| f]u ug{'k5{ .
3. pks/0fx¿ h8fg ubf{ xfjf gl5g]{ x'g'k5{ .
4. lkmSsf cDnsf] ko| f]u ug'{kb{5 lsgeg] uf9f cDnn]
xfO8«f]hg UofF; lbbF g} .
5. ly;n kmg]nsf] 6'Kkf] 8A' g] / 8]lnel/ 6o\ a' sf] 6'Kkf] g8'Ag] lrq 16.3
u/L cDn /fVgk' 5{ .
6. UofF; hf/ kfgLn] 6Dd e/s] f] x'gk' 5{ cyf{t\ xfjfsf
kmf]sfx¿ xg' 'xb'F g} .
xfO8f« ]hg Uof“;sf efl} ts u0' fx¿ (Physical properties of hydrogen gas)
1. xfO8f« h] g Uof;F /ªxLg, uGwxLg / :jfbxLg x'G5 .
2. xfO8«f]hg UofF; xfjfeGbf xn'sf xG' 5 .
3. xfO8f« h] g Uof;F kfgLdf 3'Nbg} .
4. xfO8«fh] g UofF;n] ln6d;df sg' } c;/ kfb{g} , To;}n] of] t6:y UofF; xf] .
5. xfO8«fh] g Uof;F 253°C df t/n / -259°C df 7f;] cj:yfdf kl/0ft x'G5 .
lj1fg tyf kl| jlw M sIff ( 259
xfO8«fh] g Uof“;sf /f;folgs u'0fx¿ (Chemical properties of hydrogen gas)
1. xfO8f« h] gn] clS;hg;uF /f;folgs kl| tljm| of ubf{ kfgL aG5 .
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
2. pRr tfkjm| ddf xfO8f« ]hg UofF;n] k|foh;f] cwftx' ¿;uF k|ltlj|mof u5{ .
C + 2H → CH -ldyg] _
24
S + H2 → H2S -xfO8«f]hg ;NkmfO8_
3. ;f]l8od, kf6] fl;od, SoflN;od cflb wftx' ¿ xfO8f« ]hg;uF /f;folgs kl| tlj|mof u//]
cl:y/ xfO8«fO8 agfp5F g\ .
2Na + H2 2NaH -;fl] 8od xfO8«fO8_
2K + H2 2KH -kf6] fl;od xfO8«fO8_
Ca + H2 CaH2 -SoflN;od xfO8«fO8_
4. xfO8f« ]hg UofF;nfO{ sd ;lj|mo wfts' f] /ftf] tftf] cS;fO8df k7fpbF f o;n] wft' / kfgL
agfpF5 . wft'sf] cS;fO8af6 wft' lgsfNg of] k|lj|mof ckgfOG5 . o; kl| jm| ofnfO{ l/8S;g
kl| tlj|mof (reduction reaction) elgG5 . o;df xfO8f« h] gn] wfts' f] cS;fO8df /xs] f]
clS;hg;Fu k|ltljm| of u/L kfgL agfp5F / wft'nfO{ :jtGq u/fOlbG5 . To;}n] o;
k|ltljm| ofnfO{ l/8S;g kl| tljm| of elgPsf] xf] .
l/8S;g kl| tljm| of M xfO8f« ]hg hf]l8P/ of}lus aGg] k|ltlj|mof jf wft'sf] cS;fO8af6
clS;hg x6/] :jtGq wft' aGg] kl| tlj|mofnfO{ l/8S;g kl| tljm| of elgG5 .
2Fe2O3 + 6H2 → 4Fe + 6H2O
CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O
PbO + H2 → Pb + H2O
xfO8f« ]hg Uof;“ sf] pkofl] utf (Uses of Hydrogen Gas)
1. wfts' f cS;fO8af6 wft' lgsfNg xfO8f« h] g Uof;F k|of]u ul/G5 .
2. xfO8f« ]hg UofF;nfO{ gfO6«f]hg;uF k|ltlj|mof u/L Pdf]lgof Uof;F agfOG5 .
3. jg:klt t]ndf xfO8«fh] g UofF; k7fP/ jg:klt l3p agfOG5 . o; kl| jm| ofnfO{
xfO8«fl] hg;] g elgG5 .
4. /s6] x¿df OGwgsf ¿kdf xfO8f« ]hg UofF;sf] ko| fu] ul/G5 . xfO8«fh] g / clS;hglar
k|ltlj|mof xbF' f k|z:t zlSt lgl:sG5 / To;n] /s]6 kI| fk] 0f ug{ ;xofu] u5{ .
5. clS;hgsf] pkl:yltdf xfO8«fh] g afNbf sl/a 3000°C ;Ddsf] tfkj|md lgl:sG5 .
clS;hg / xfO8«fh] g aNbf lgl:sg] pSt HjfnfnfO{ oxy-hydrogen flame elgG5 . o;nfO{
wft'x¿ sf6g\ / hf8] g\ ko| f]u ul/G5 / ;f] k|lj|mofnfO{ welding elgG5 .
260 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw M sIff (
clS;hg Uof“; (Oxygen gas)
hLjx¿nfO{ Zjf;k:| jf; ug{ clS;hg UofF; cfjZos k5{ . cfotgsf lx;fan] jfod' 08ndf
clS;hg Uof;F nueu 21% kfOG5 . sfaf]{xfO8«6] , k|f]l6g, af];f,] sf7 cflb kf| ªu\ fl/s of}lusx¿df
/ rg' 9ª' u\ f, l;lnsf, kfgL cflb ckf| ªu\ fl/s ofl} usx¿df clS;hg tŒj kfOG5 .
;g\ 1774 df la|l6; j}1flgs hf;] ]km lk|:6ln (Joseph Priestley) n] kf/fs] f] /ftf] cS;fO8
(HgO) nfO{ ttfP/ klxnf] k6s clS;hg Uof;F agfPsf lyP eg] NofefO] ;/ -Lavoisier) n]
clS;hg gfds/0f u/s] f lyP . log} j}1flgsn] xfjfsf] kfFr efudf Ps efu clS;hg xG' 5
egL kQf nufPsf lyP .
clS;hgaf/] s]xL tYox¿ tn lbOPsf] 5 M
;ª\st] kf/df0fljs ;ª\Vof kf/df0fljs ef/ c0f';"q 3gTj
0 8 16 O 1.43 kgm-3
2
k|of]uzfnfdf clS;hg agfpg] tl/sf (Laboratory preparation of oxygen gas)
-s_ tfksf] k|of]u u//]
cS;fO8 nj0fnfO{ ttfpbF f clS;hg UofF; lg:sG5 . o; tYosf cfwf/df k|of]uzfnfdf
kf6] fl;od Snf/] ]6 (KClO3) nfO{ Dofªu\ flgh 8fOcS;fO8 (MnO2) pTk/]| ssf] pkl:yltdf
ttfpbF f clS;hg Uof;F aG5 .
2KClO3 MnO2 2KCl + 3O2
ljlw (Method)
DofUgl] ;od 8fOcS;fO8 / kf6] fl;od Snf]/fO8
clS;hg
tfk kfgL
lrq 16.4 k|ofu] zfnfdf clS;hg agfpg] ljlw -tfk ko| f]u u//] _ 261
lj1fg tyf kl| jlw M sIff (
k|of]ufTds lj|mofsnfk M 2
-s_ Pp6f ;kmf s8f sfFrsf] k/LIf0f gnL (hard glass test tube) df rf/ efu kf6] fl;od
Snf/] ]6 / Ps efu Dofª\uflgh 8fOcS;fO8 /fVgx' f;] \ .
-v_ lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} u/L k/LIf0f gnLsf] 8l] ne/L 6o\ a' h8fg ug{x' f];\ .
-u_ dv' df ss{ /fVbf xfjf glgl:sg] u/L aGb ugx{' f];\ .
-3_ k/LIf0f gnLsf] dv' lt/sf] efu sx] L tn em'sfP/ :6o\ fG8df h8fg ug'{xf;] \ .
-ª_ 8l] ne/L 6\oa' sf] csf]{ 5]pnfO{ kfgL ePsf] 6«kmdf 8A' g] u/L /flvPsf] ljxfOe ;N] kmdf
hf]8g\ 'xf];\ .
-r_ Pp6f Uof;F hf/nfO{ k0" f{ ¿kdf kfgL e//] ljxfOe ;N] kmdfly 3fK] 6\ofpg'xf;] \ .
-5_ aG;]g ag{/ cyjf l:kl/6 NofDksf] ;xfotfn] ld>0fnfO{ ttfpgx' f];\ .
k/LIf0f gnLdf ePsf] ld>0fnfO{ ttfpFbf clS;hg Uof;F lgl:sG5 . o;/L lg:ss] f]
UofF;nfO{ kfgLdfly 3f]K6o\ fOPsf] UofF; hf/df kfgLnfO{ lj:yflkt u/L hDdf ul/G5 .
clS;hg UofF; kfgLeGbf xns' f / cf+lzs 3'ngzLn x'g] ePsfn] kfgLnfO{ tnlt/ lj:yfkg
u/L clS;hg Uof;F hDdf xG' 5 .
;fjwfgL (precautions)
1. xf8{ Unf; 6:] 66\o'anfO{ lrqdf b]vfP h:t} yf]/} 9NsfP/ h8fg ugk{' 5{ . o;n] ubf{
/f;folgs k|ltljm| of xF'bf ags] f] kfgL kl| tljm| of/t kbfyd{ f ldl;g lbFb}g .
2. pks/0fx¿ h8fg ubf{ xfjf gl5g{] x'gk' 5{ .
3. Uof;F hf/ kfgLn] 6Dd e/]sf] xg' 'kb{5 cyf{t\ xfjfsf kmf]sfx¿ x'g' xbF' g} .
-v_ tfk ko| f]u gu/Lsg
k|of]uzfnfdf xfO8f« h] g k]/f]S;fO8 (H2O2) n] Dofªu\ flgh 8fOcS;fO8 (MnO2) pTk/]| ssf]
pkl:yltdf ljefhg eO{ clS;hg UofF; lbG5 .
2H2O2 MnO 2 2H2O + O2
ljlw
ko| f]ufTds ljm| ofsnfk M 3
-s_ ;jk{ y| d Pp6f ;kmf sf]lgsn k\mnf:s (conical flask) df Dofª\uflgh 8fOcS;fO8
/fVgx' f];\ .
262 lj1fg tyf kl| jlw M sIff (
-v_ lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} u/L sfl] gsn km\ nf:s, ly;n kmgn] , 8l] ne/L 6o\ a' cflbnfO{
h8fg ug'x{ f;] \ .
-u_ ly;n kmg]nsf] ;xfotfn] xfO8«f]hg k]/f]S;fO8nfO{ la:tf/} sf]lgsn km\ nf:sdf ly;n
kmgn] sf] tNnf] 5]p 8A' g] u/L vGofpg'xf;] \ .
ha xfO8«f]hg k]/f]S;fO8 Dofªu\ flgh 8fOcS;fO8sf] ;Dks{df cfp5F ta /f;folgs
k|ltlj|mof eP/ clS;hg Uof;F lgl:sG5 . o;/L lg:ss] f] UofF;nfO{ kfgLdfly 3fK] 6\ofOPsf]
UofF; hf/df kfgLnfO{ tnlt/ lj:yflkt u/L hDdf ul/G5 .
ly;n kmg]n
xfO8f« h] g k/] fS] ;fO8
clS;hg
kfgL
DofUoflgh 8fOcS;fO8
lrq 16.5 ko| f]uzfnfdf clS;hg UofF; agfpg] tl/sf -tfk k|of]u gul/sg_
;fjwfgL (precautions)
1. UofF; lgdf{0fsf] j|mddf ko| fu] zfnfdf pks/0fx¿ h8fg ubf{ xfjf gl5g]{ (air tight) u/L
hf8] g\ 'k5{ .
2. ly;n kmgn] sf] tnsf] 6'Kkf] 8A' g] u/L xfO8«f]hg k]/f]S;fO8 /fVgk' 5{ .
3. z4' DofUoflgh 8fOcS;fO8sf] k|of]u ug{k' 5{ .
clS;hg Uof;“ sf] k/LIf0f (test of oxygen gas)
k|ofu] zfnfdf agfPsf] UofF; clS;hg xf] egL k/LIf0f ug{ Uof;F hf/nfO{ pN6f] cj:yfdf la:tf/}
aflx/ lgsfnL aln/xs] f] ;nfOs{ f] sfF6L UofF; hf/sf] d'vdf nh} fbF f emg\ rlDsnf] eP/ aNof] eg]
pSt UofF; clS;hg xf] egL k'li6 xG' 5 .
a9L ans] f]
clS;hg sd ans] f]
lj1fg tyf k|ljlw M sIff ( lrq 16.6
263
clS;hg Uof;“ sf u'0f (Properties of oxygen gas)
ef}lts u'0fx¿ (Physical properties)
1. clS;hg Uof;F /ªxLg, uGwxLg / :jfbxLg xG' 5 .
2. clS;hg Uof;F xfjfeGbf sx] L ux|fF} x'G5 .
3. clS;hg Uof;F kfgLdf c+flzs ¿kdf 3'N5 .
4. clS;hg UofF; t6:y x'G5 . To;}n] o;n] ln6d; k]k/df sg' } k|ltljm| of bv] fpFb}g .
5. clS;hg Uof;F -183°C df t/n cj:yfdf / -219°C df 7f;] cj:yfdf kl/jtg{ xG' 5 .
/f;folgs u'0f (Chemical properties)
1. sx] L wft'x¿nfO{ clS;hgsf] pkl:yltdf afNbf wft' cS;fO8 aG5g\ .
wft' ± clS;hg wft' cS;fO8
4Na + O2 2Na2O -;f]l8od cS;fO8_
4K + O2 2K2O -kf6] fl;od cS;fO8_
2Mg + O 2MgO -DofUg]l;od cS;fO8_
2
ls|ofsnfk
Pp6f DofUgl] ;od l/agsf] 6j' |mf lng'xf;] \ . pSt l/ag afn/] DofUgl] ;od cS;fO8 aGg]
lj|mofsf] cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ .
2. cwft'x¿nfO{ clS;hgsf] pkl:yltdf afNbf cwft' cS;fO8 aG5g\ .
cwft' ± clS;hg cwft' cS;fO8
2H2 + O2 2H2O -kfgL_
CO2 -sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8_
C + O2 SO2 -;Nkm/ 8fOcS;fO8_
2P2O5 -km:kmf/] ; kG] 6fcS;fO8_
S + O2
4P + 5O2
3. xfO8f« s] fa{gx¿ clS;hgsf] pkl:yltdf aNbf sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8, kfgL / zlSt
lbG5g\ .
xfO8f« ]sfag{ ± clS;hg sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8 ± kfgL ± zlSt
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O + zlSt
-ldyg] _
C2H4 + 3O2 2CO2 + 2H2O + zlSt
-Olyg_
264 lj1fg tyf kl| jlw M sIff (
4. clS;hgn] Un'sf]h;Fu kl| tlj|mof u/L sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8, kfgL / zlSt lbG5 . ;hLjsf]
Zjf;kZ| jf; k|ljm| ofdf o; ks| f/sf] /f;folgs kl| tlj|mofåf/f zlSt pTkGg x'G5 .
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + -zlSt_
-Un'sf]h_
5. clS;hgn] cNsfx] n;Fu k|ltlj|mof u/L sfa{g8fOcS;fO8, kfgL / zlSt lbG5 .
C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O + -zlSt_
-OyfOn cNsfx] n_
clS;hg Uof;“ sf] pkof]lutf (Uses of oxygen gas)
1. hLjhGt'x¿n] Zjf;kZ| jf; k|ljm| ofdf clS;hg Uof;F sf] ko| fu] u/L zlSt pTkfbg u5g{ \ .
2. wft'x¿ sf6g\ jf hf]8g\ (welding) clS;hgsf] ko| fu] ul/G5 . o;sf nflu oxy-acetylene
flame jf oxy-hydrogen flame sf] k|of]u x'G5 .
3. Zjf;k|Zjf; ug{ sl7g ePsf la/fdLx¿nfO{ sl[ qd Zjf;kZ| jf; ug{ clS;hg l;lnG8/sf]
k|of]u ul/G5 .
4. jfo'd08nLo clS;hg kofK{ t gxg' ] vfgL, kj{tf/f]x0f, cGtl/If ofqf, kfgLleq sfd ubf{
clS;hg l;lnG8/sf] k|ofu] ul/G5 .
5. l:6n pTkfbg ubf{ clS;hgsf] k|ofu] ul/G5 .
cfh] f]g (Ozone)
cfh] fg] tLgcf]6f clS;hgsf k/df0f' ldn/] ags] f] lgnf] /ªsf] UofF; xf] . t/n cj:yfdf eg] of]
UofF; uf9f lgnf] bl] vG5 . ;o" {af6 cfpg] k/fjh} gL ls/0fn] cfh] fg] sf] c0fn' fO{ 6'j|mfP/ clS;hg
k/df0f' (nascent oxygen) x¿ aG5g\ . clS;hgsf] Pp6f c0f' / Pp6f k/df0f' (nascent
oxygen) ldn/] cfh] f]g c0f' (O3) aG5 .
O2 k/fjh} gL l s/0f O + O (nascent oxygen)
k/fj}hgL ls/0f
O2 + O O3 (ozone)
o;/L lgdf0{ f ePsf] cfh] fg] cTolws dfqfdf jfo'd08nsf] ;dtfk d08ndf hDdf eO{ afSnf]
tx lgdf0{ f x'G5 . jfo'd08nsf] ;dtfk d08ndf ag]sf] o; txnfO{ cf]hfg] tx elgG5 . of] tx
kY[ jLsf] ;txbl] v nueu 25 b]lv 40 km ;Dd km} lnPsf] xG' 5 .
cf]hf]g txsf] dxŒj (Importance of ozone layer)
jfod' 08ndf /x]sf] cf]hf]g txn] ;o" {af6 cfpg] clwsf+z k/fjh} gL ljls/0fnfO{ ;f:] 5 . h;n]
ubf{ ;o" a{ f6 cfpg] xflgsf/s ljls/0fx¿ k[YjLsf] ;tx;Dd cfpg kfpFb}gg\ . To;n} ] o;
txnfO{ /Iff d08n (protective layer) elgG5 . 265
lj1fg tyf kl| jlw M sIff (
-s_ cfh] fg] txn] kY[ jLsf] df;} d / tfkjm| d ;Gtn' g /fVg dxŒjk0" f{ el" dsf lgjfx{ u/s] f] xG' 5 .
-v_ cfh] fg] txn] kY[ jLdf ePsf hnLo / :ynLo kfl/l:ylts k4ltnfO{ hfu] fpg ;xofu] u5{ .
-u_ cf]hf]g txn] kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLx¿ lj36g x'gaf6 arfp5F / ;Gt'lnt cj:yfdf /fVg
;xofu] u5{ .
-3_ cf]hf]g txn] ;o" a{ f6 cfpg] clwsfz+ k/fjh} gL ljls/0fnfO{ ;f];]/ dfgjnufot cGo
hLjx¿df xflgsf/s ljls/0faf6 x'g ;Sg] /f]ux¿af6 arfp5F .
cf]hf]g txsf] x|f; (Depletion of ozone layer)
;dtfk d08ndf cfh] f]g tx kftnf] x'bF } hfg] k|lj|mofnfO{ cf]hfg] txsf] xf| ; elgG5 . cfh] f]g
txnfO{ ljgfz ug{] d'Vo /;fog Snf/] fk] m\nf]/f]sfag{ (CFCs) xf] . o;sf ;fy} ldyfOn Snf/] f]kmd{
(methyl chloroform), sfag{ 6]6«fSnf/] fO8 (carbon tetrachloride), ldyfOn af| d] fO8 (methyl
bromide), gfO6f« h] gsf cS;fO8 (oxides of nitrogen) cflb /;fogx¿ klg o;sf] ljgfzsf
sf/s tŒj x'g\ . cfwl' gs pks/0fx¿df k|ofu] ul/g] ljleGg lsl;dsf /;fogx¿ jfod' 08ndf
ldl;O{ ;dtfk d08ndf k'U5g\ / k/fj}hgL ls/0fsf] pkl:yltdf ljR5b] g eP/ Snfl] /g, a|f]ldg
tŒjsf k/df0f' lgl:sG5g\ . o;/L lgl:sPsf k/df0f'x¿n] w/] } ;ª\Vofdf cfh] fg] sf c0fn' fO{
6j' |\mofP/ clS;hgdf kl/0ft u/L cf]hfg] txnfO{ g:6 u5g{ \ . cfh] f]g txsf] lg/Gt/ ¿kdf xf| ;
xF'b} hfbF f cfh] fg] txdf Kjfn (Ozone hole) k5{ .
Snf/] f]kmn\ f/] f]sfa{g (CFCs) n] cf]hf]g txsf] ljgfz ug{] k|ljm| ofnfO{ lgDglnlvt pbfx/0fdf
bv] fOPsf] 5 M
CFCl2 U V ray s CFCl + Cl
ClO + O3 ClO + 2O2
2ClO 2Cl + O2
cfh] f]g tx xf| ;sf c;/x¿ (Effects of ozone layer depletion)
cf]hf]g txsf] x|f;n] ubf{ ;o" {af6 cfpg] clwsfz+ k/fjh} gL ljls/0fx¿ k[YjLsf] ;txdf
cfOkU' 5g\ . o;n] h}ljs tyf ef}lts kIfx¿nfO{ lgDglnlvt tl/sfn] c;/ k¥' ofpF5 M
-s_ dfgj :jf:Yodf kg]{ c;/ M k/fjh} gL ljls/0fsf] c;/n] dflg;sf] cfvF f kf]Ng,] lrnfpg]
xg' 'sf ;fy} df]tLlaGb' u/fpF5 . o;n] hLjhGt'sf] z/L/ kf]Ng,] z/L/ lrnfpg], 5fnf km'6g\ ]
cflb x'G5 . o;sf] c;/n] 5fnfsf] SofG;/ xg' ] ;Defjgf klg a9/] hfG5 . dflg;sf]
kl| t/Iff k|0ffnL sdhf]/ xF'b} hfG5 eg] hLjhGts' f] k|hgg Ifdtfdf xf| ; cfp5F .
-v_ af6] la?jfdf kg]{ c;/ M k/fj}hgL ljls/0fsf] c;/n] af]6la?jfsf] j[l4df afwf k'¥ofpF5 .
af]6la?jfsf] ks| fz ;+Zn]if0f kl| j|mofdf klg cj/fw] Nofp5F . h;n] ubf{ s[lif pTkfbgdf
sdL cfpF5 .
266 lj1fg tyf kl| jlw M sIff (
-u_ tfkj|mddf j[l4 M cf]hf]g txsf] ljgfzn] ubf{ cTolws w]/} tfkzlSt ePsf] k/fjh} gL
ljls/0fx¿ a9L dfqfdf k[YjLdf cfpF5g\ . kmn:j¿k k[YjLsf] tfkj|md j[l4 xg' hfG5 .
-3_ kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLdf c;/ M cfh] f]g txsf] ljgfzn] kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLsf tŒjnfO{ c;/
kfg]{ x'Fbf kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL c;Gtl' nt x'G5 .
5nkmn u/f}“ M
tnsf ;d:ofx¿ s] slt sf/0fn] ePsf xf]nfg\ < cfcfkm\gf] ts{;lxt sIffdf 5nkmn u/fF} M
-s_ klxn]eGbf clxn] lxdfndf lxpsF f] dfqf 36b\ } uO/x]sf] 5 / lxp kg]{ 7fpF sfnf 8fF8fdf
kl/0ft eO/x]sf 5g\, lsg xf]nf <
-v_ dflg;sf cfvF fdf df]ltlaGb', cfg'jf+lzs cGt/ h:tf /f]u al9/x]sf 5g\, lsg <
cfh] fg] txsf] ;+/If0f ug{] tl/sf (Ways to protect ozone layer)
-s_ cfh] fg] tx ljgfzsf] kd| v' sf/0f Snf]/fk] mn\ f]/f] sfag{ ePsfn] o;sf] ko| f]u x'g] oGq tyf
;fwgx¿sf] k|of]u sd ugk{' 5{ .
-v_ Snf]/fk] mn\ f]/f] sfag{ ko| fu] x'g] oGqdf xfO8f« k] mn\ f]/f] sfa{g k|ofu] ug{ kf| T] ;flxt ug'k{ 5{ .
-u_ gfO6«f]hgoS' t dnaf6 gfO6«f]hgsf cS;fO8x¿ lgl:sg] ePsfn] o;sf] k|of]u sd ug'{k5{ .
-3_ k]6f« ]lnod kbfyx{ ¿af6 rNg] ;jf/L ;fwgx¿sf] k|of]u sd u/L ljB'tLo ;jf/L ;fwgx¿sf]
k|of]u a9fpbF } hfg'k5{ .
gfO6«fg] h Uof“; (Nitrogen Gas)
lj|mofsnfk
cfotgsf] lx;fan] jfo'd08ndf ;a}eGbf w]/} dfqfdf kfOg] Uof“; sg' xfn] f / pSt Uof“;sf] s:tf]
dxŒj 5, OG6/g]6 tyf cGo ;|ft] x¿af6 vf]hL u/f“} .
;g\ 1772 df Daniel Rutherford n] Pp6f lglijm| o UofF; kQf nufPsf lyP eg] ;g\ 1790 df
Chaptal n] pSt Uof;F sf] gfd gfO6f« ]hg /fv]sf lyP . gfO6f« h] g cGo UofF;sf] tn' gfdf lglijm| o
Uof;F xf] . of] UofF; ;fdfGo cj:yfdf c¿ tŒj jf ofl} usx¿;uF k|ltljm| of ubg{} . gfO6f« ]hg
UofF; jg:klt / hLjhGt'df kfOg] k|f]l6g, PGhfOd (enzymes), RNA, DNA cflbdf kfOG5 .
o;} u/L sx] L 9'ª\uf / vlgh kbfy{df klg of] UofF; ofl} ussf ¿kdf kfOG5 .
k|ofu] zfnfdf gfO6f« h] g UofF; agfpg] tl/sf (Laboratory Preparation of
Nitrogen Gas)
ko| f]uzfnfdf ;f]l8od gfO6f« O6 (NaNO2) / Pdf]lgod Snf]/fO8 (NH4Cl) sf] ld>0fnfO{
kfgLdf 3f]n agfO{ ttfP/ gfO6«fh] g Uof;F agfOG5 .
NaNO2 + NH4 Cl heat N2 ↑ + NaCl + 2H2O
lj1fg tyf kl| jlw M sIff (
267
ko| fu] zfnfdf ;fl] 8od gfO6«fO6 (NaNO2 ) / Pdfl] god Snf]/fO8 (NH4Cl) sf] ld>0fnfO{
kfgLdf 3f]n agfO{ ttfP/ gfO6f« h] g Uof;F agfOG5 .
ljlw (Procedure)
Pp6f ufn] f] lkw ePsf] ;kmf kmnf:sdf nueu kfFr uf| d ;f]l8od gfO6«fO6 / nueu rf/
uf| d Pdfl] god Snf/] fO8sf] ld>0f /flvG5 . pSt ld>0fdf nueu 50 ml hlt kfgL /fv]/ 3fn]
agfOG5 . afsL pks/0fx¿nfO{ lrqdf bv] fP h:t} u/L h8fg ul/G5 . ca ld>0fsf] 3f]nnfO{
la:tf/} ttfOG5 . ld>0f tft]kl5 gfO6«fh] g UofF; lg:sG5 . pSt Uof;F nfO{ kfgLsf] lj:yfkg
lalwåf/f UofF; hf/df hDdf ul/G5 .
;fjwfgL (Precautions) lrq 16.7
1. pks/0fx¿ h8fg ubf{ xfjf gl5g{] xg' k' 5{ / ld>0fnfO{ la:tf/} ttfpgk' 5{ .
2. 7f]; Pdfl] god Snf]/fO8 sd tfkjm| ddf g} UofF;df kl/0ft xg' ] (volatile) ePsfn]
ttfpg'cl3 3fn] agfpg'k5{ .
Uof“;sf] k/LIf0f (Test of the gas)
aln/xs] f] DofUgl] ;odsf] l/agnfO{ UofF; hf/leq 3';fpFbf aln/xG5 / cGTodf kxF]nf] kfp8/df
kl/0ft xG' 5 . pSt kx]Fnf] kfp8/df sx] L yfk] f kfgL /fVbf Pdfl] gofsf] uGw cfof] eg] Uof;F hf/
df hDdf ePsf] UofF; gfO6f« ]hg g} xf] egL lg:sif{ lgsfNg ;lsG5 .
-s_ gfO6«f]hg Uof;“ sf ef}lts u'0fx¿ (Physical properties of nitrogen gas)
1. gfO6f« h] g Uof;F /ªxLg, uGwxLg / :jfbxLg xG' 5 .
2. gfO6«f]hg UofF; xfjfeGbf xns' f x'G5 .
3. gfO6f« ]hg UofF; sx] L dfqfdf kfgLdf 3N' 5 .
4. gfO6«fh] g Uof;F t6:y xG' 5 . To;n} ] o;n] ln6d;df sg' } c;/ ub}g{ .
5. gfO6f« h] g Uof;F cfk}mF aNbg} / c¿nfO{ aNg dbt klg ub{g} .
6. gfO6f« h] g Uof;F -196°C tfkj|mddf t/n / -210°C tfkjm| ddf 7f]; cj:yfdf kl/0ft
xG' 5 .
268 lj1fg tyf kl| jlw M sIff (
-v_ gfO6«f]hg UofF;sf /f;folgs u'0f (Chemical properties of nitrogen gas)
gfO6«fh] g cGo UofF;sf] tn' gfdf lglij|mo Uof;F xf] . o;n] c¿ tŒjx¿;uF ;lhn} k|ltlj|mof
ub}{g . sx] L ljzi] f cj:yfdf o;n] ljleGg kbfy;{ uF kl| tlj|mof u5{ .
1. sl/a 450°C tfkj|md / 500 Atm jfod' 08nLo rfksf ;fy} pTk/]| s (Fe/Mo) sf]
pkl:yltdf gfO6«fh] gn] xfO8«fh] g;uF k|ltljm| of u/L Pdf]lgof UofF; agfp5F .
N2 + 3H2 450°C and 500 atm -Pdf]lgof UofF;_
2NH3
2. 2000°C bl] v 3000°C sf] tfkjm| ddf ljBt' Lo rfk (electric arc) df gfO6«f]hgn]
clS;hg;Fu /f;folgs kl| tlj|mof u/L gfOl6s« cS;fO8 agfp5F .
electric arc 2NO -gfOl6s« cS;fO8_
N2 + O2
3. gfO6f« ]hg Uof;F ePsf] efF8fdf DofUg]l;od, Sofnl;od, Pn'ldlgod cflb h:tf wft'
afnL 3';fpbF f lg/Gt/ anL g} /xG5 / wft'sf gfO6«fO8 agfpF5 .
heat Mg3N2 -DofUgl] ;od gfO6f« O8_
3Mg + N2 Ca3N2 -SoflN;od gfO6«fO8_
heat
3Ca + N2
gfO6f« ]hg Uof;“ sf pkof]lutf (Uses of Nitrogen gas)
1. /f;folgs dnsf] cfB} fl] us pTkfbg ug{ rflxg] Pdfl] gof, gfOl6«s Pl;8 h:tf ofl} us
agfpg gfO6f« ]hg Uof;F sf] a9L ko| f]u x'G5 .
2. Kofs6] sf vfgs] /' f lau|gaf6 arfpg Kofs6] df gfO6«f]hg Uof;F el/G5 .
3. lahn' L aQLsf] aNaleq ePsf] 6ª\u:6g] sf] tf/nfO{ hNgaf6 /fS] g aNaleq gfO6f« h] g
Uof;F el/G5 .
4. t/n gfO6f« ]hgsf] tfkj|md -196.5°C ePsfn] o;nfO{ /l] km| h/] 6] / (refrigerator) lr;f]
kfg{ ko| f]u ul/G5 .
kl/of]hgf sfo{
cf]hf]g txnfO{ ;"oa{ f6 cfpg] k/fj}hgL ljls/0f /fS] g] /Iff txsf ¿kdf dflgG5 . o:tf] dfGg'sf]
sf/0f s] xf]nf < cf]hf]g tx xf| ;sf w]/} c;/ 5g\ . To;n} ] cfh] f]g txsf] ;+/If0f ug{ clt
cfjZos 5 . s] s] ubf{ cf]hfg] txsf] ;+/If0f x'G5 < OG6/g6] , kqklqsf tyf cGo ljleGg
k|sf/sf ;f| t] ko| f]u u/L Pp6f l/kf6] { tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
lj1fg tyf kl| jlw M sIff ( 269
cEof;
!= ;xL pQ/ 5fGgx' f;] \ M
-s_ ko| fu] zfnfdf tnsf dWo] sg' kbfy{nfO{ ttfP/ clS;hg Uof;F agfOG5 <
-c_ KClO3 -cf_ CaCO3
-O_ H2O2 -O{_ Fe2O3
-v_ DofUgl] ;odnfO{ clS;hg;uF afNbf sg' of}lus aG5 <
-c_ DofUg]l;od gfO66«] -cf_ DofUg]l;od gfO6f« O6
-O_ DofUgl] ;od cS;fO8 -O_{ DofUgl] ;od gfO6f« O8
-u_ ;S' vf xfO8«f]hgnfO{ tftf] wfts' f] cS;fO8df k7fpbF f wft' / kfgL aGb5 . o;
k|lj|mofnfO{ s] elgG5 <
-c_ xfO8f« ]lhg];g -cf_ l/8S;g
-O_ clS;8];g -O{_ sfafg{] ;] g
-3_ cfh] fg] tx ljgfz ug{] dV' o UofF; s'g xf] <
-c_ Snf/] fk] m\nf/] fs] fa{g -cf_ ldyg]
-O_ sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8 -O{_ ;Nkm/ 8fOcS;fO8
-ª_ vfnL 7fFp k/" f ug{ s'g of}lus pko'St x'G5 <
C6H12O6 + O2 …….. + H2O + zlSt
-c_ CO -cf_ CO2
-O_ CaO -O{_ CaCO3
@= sf/0f nV] g'xf];\ M
-s_ cf]hfg] txnfO{ /Iff tx elgG5 .
-v_ xfO8«f]hg / clS;hg Uof;F nfO{ kfgL lj:yfkg ljlwaf6 hDdf kfl/G5 .
-u_ lbg kl| tlbg lxdfndf ePsf] lxpF klUng] b/ al9/xs] f] 5 .
#= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M
-s_ k|ofu] zfnfdf xfO8f« ]hg Uof;F agfpg ko| f]u x'g] /f;folgs ;dLs/0f n]Vgx' f];\ .
-v_ ko| fu] zfnfdf xfO8f« ]hg UofF; agfpg ;fduL| h8fg ul/Psf] ;kmf lrq agfO{ pSt
UofF; agfpg] ljlw;dt] r/0fa4 ¿kdf n]Vg'xf;] \ .
-u_ gfO6«fh] g UofF;sf sg' } rf/cf]6f ef}lts u'0f / sg' } rf/cf6] f pkofl] utfx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
270 lj1fg tyf kl| jlw M sIff (
-3_ tkfOnF{ fO{ s'g} UofF; hf/df lbOPsf] Uof;F xfO8«f]hg xf] jf xfO] g kQf nufpg lbOPdf
s;/L kQf nufpgx' 'G5, nV] gx' f;] \ .
-ª_ lgDglnlvt kbfy{;uF xfO8f« ]hgsf] /f;folgs kl| tlj|mof x'Fbf sg' sg' kbfy{ aG5g\ <
;Gtl' nt ;q" ;dLs/0f;lxt nV] gx' f;] \ .
-c_ ;fl] 8od -cf_ clS;hg -O_ SoflN;od -O_{ km]l/s cS;fO8
-r_ ko| fu] zfnfdf gfO6f« h] g agfpg] ljlw ;lrq j0f{g ug'x{ f];\ .
-5_ ko| fu] zfnfdf tfk lbP/ clS;hg agfpg] ljlw lrq;xlt j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .
-h_ clS;hgsf] sg' } rf/cf6] f ef}lts u0' f / rf/cf]6f pkofl] utf n]Vgx' f;] \ .
-em_ tkfO{FnfO{ s'g} UofF; hf/df lbOPsf] UofF; clS;hg xf] jf xf]Og kQf nufpg lbOPdf
s;/L kQf nufpg'x'G5, nV] g'xf];\ .
-`_ lgDglnlvt kbfy;{ Fu clS;hg Uof;F sf] /f;flolgs kl| tlj|mof xFb' f sg' s'g kbfy{
aG5g\ < ;Gt'lnt ;"q ;dLs/0f;lxt n]Vgx' f];\ M
-c_ DofUgl] ;od -cf_ sfa{g -O_ ldyg] -O{_ Uns' f]h
-6_ cfh] fg] tx s] xf] < o;sf] lgdf{0f / IfoLs/0f s;/L x'G5, ;dLs/0f;lxt n]Vg'xf;] \ .
-7_ k[YjLdf hLjg /Iffsf nflu cfh] f]g txsf] e"ldsf n]Vgx' f];\ .
-8_ kY[ jLdf a9\b} uPsf] ljls/0fsf] dfqfsf] dV' o lhDdj] f/ dflg; xf] . o; egfOnfO{
pbfx/0f;lxt kl' i6 ugx{' f;] \ .
-9_ k[YjLsf] s'g} efudf ;o" a{ f6 cfOk'Ug] ljls/0fx¿sf] dfqf a9]sf] dfkg ul/of] . o;sf]
sf/0f / k|efj pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
$= tnsf /f;folgs ;dLs/0f k/" f ugx{' f;] \ M
(i) 2H2 + ………… 2H2O
(ii) Na + H2 ……………..
(iii) ……….. KCl + 3O2↑
(iv) ………+ O CO + 2H O + energy
2 22
(v) C6H12O6 + O2 ………….+ ……… + energy
(vi) 3Mg + O2 ………………..
(vii) 4P + 5O2 ………………..
(viii) Zn + ............ ZnSO4 + H2
lj1fg tyf k|ljlw M sIff ( 271
!& wft' / cwft'
(Metals and Non-metals)
xfd|f] jl/kl/ ljleGg ks| f/sf kbfy{ kfOG5g\ . oL kbfyd{ Wo] s]xL kbfyx{ ¿ tŒj xg' \ . tŒjnfO{
wft', cw{wft' / cwft' u/L tLg ju{df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . xfdLn] wft,' cw{wft' / cwft' ;as} f]
ko| f]u ul//xs] f 5f}F . t/ oLdWo] wft'sf] k|of]u ;ae} Gbf w/] } ePsf] kfOG5 . bl} gs pkefu] sf
efF8fsF'8f, oftfoftsf ;fwg, ljB'tLo pks/0f cflb agfpg wfts' f] ko| f]u x'G5 . wftx' ¿ z'4
¿kdf jf cGo of}lusx¿df ldl;P/ klg /xs] f x'G5g\ . xfd|f] /utdf klg wft' -kmnfd_ kfOG5
eg] af6] la?jfsf] Snf/] f]lkmn (chlorophyll) df klg wft' -DofUg]l;od_ kfOG5 . To;n} ] wfts' f]
cWoog dxŒjk0" f{ xG' 5 .
lj|mofsnfk 17.1
lbOPsf lrq cjnf]sg u/L tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M
lrq 17.1
1. dflysf lrqdf b]vfOPsf j:t' s'g sg' wft'af6 ags] f x'g,\ lrg]/ gfd atfpgx' f;] \ .
2. tkfOF{n] bv] s] f ljleGg k|sf/sf wfts' f] gfd / ltgsf] k|of]u pNnv] ug'{xf];\ .
272 lj1fg tyf kl| jlwM sIff (
wft'sf ;fdfGo u0' f (General properties of metals)
wfts' f u'0fx¿nfO{ ef}lts u'0f / /f;folgs u0' f u/L bO' { efudf ljefhg ul/G5 M
-s_ wft'sf efl} ts u0' f (Physical properties of metals)
wfts' f s]xL efl} ts u0' fx¿nfO{ tnsf] lrqdf b]vfOPsf] 5 M
s8f 6Nsg] ;r' fns
Hard Lusture Good
conductor
pRr plDng] / wfts' f
kUng] tfkj|md efl} ts ;f]gf]/;
u'0f
High boiling and Sonorous
melting temprature.
tfg/] tf/ h:tf] lk6]/ kftf agfpg
agfpg ldNg] ldNg]
Ductile Malleable
1. wft'nfO{ lk6/] kftf agfpg ;lsG5 .
ljm| ofsnfk 17.2
tkfOs“{ f jl/kl/ kfOg] sf7sf] 6'j|mf, g/d kmnfdsf] lsnf jf tf/, tfdfsf 6'jm| f, l;Ssf,
cflNdlgodsf] 6j' m| f, ;Nkm/, sf]Onf cflb j:t' hDdf kfg{x' f;] \ . lzIfs jf cleefjssf]
lgu/fgLdf pSt j:t'nfO{ jm| dzM s'g} s8f j:td' fly /fv]/ Pp6f xyf8} f (hammer) sf]
;xofu] n] lxsf{pgx' f];\ . s'g sg' j:t' kftf h:tf eP / s'g sg' j:t' 6'ljm| P < cjnfs] g
u/L tnsf] tflnsfdf egx'{ f];\ M
lk6b\ f kftf h:tf] xg' ] j:t' lk6\bf 6'ljm| g] j:t'
dflysf ljm| ofsnfkaf6 xfdLnfO{ yfxf x'G5 ls kmnfd, tfdf, cflNdlgod, l6g,
rfFbL, ;g' h:tf wft' lk6\bf kml} nP/ kftf xG' 5g eg] ;Nkm/, sfa{g h:tf cwft'
lk6\bf 6l' jm| G5g\ . lk6/] kftnf] kftf h:tf] x'g] wfts' f] u0' fnfO{ dflnoflaln6L (malleability)
lj1fg tyf kl| jlwM sIff ( 273
elgG5 . dflnoflaln6Lsf] dV' o sf/0f wfts' f k/df0fl' ar nfUg] d]6flns aG8 (metallic
bond) g6l' 6sg Pp6f k/df0f' csf{] k/df0fd' fly ;b}{ hfg' xf] .
2. wft'nfO{ ttfP/ tfGbf nfdf] tf/ agfpg ;lsG5 .
ljm| ofsnfk 17.3
tkfOn“{ ] s'g s'g wfts' f tf/ b]Vge' Psf] 5 < cjnf]sg u/L ;"rL tof/ kfg'x{ f;] \ .
tkfO{nF ] kmnfd, tfdf, cflNdlgod cflbsf nfdf nfdf tf/ bV] g' ePsf] xf]nf < tL ;a} tf/
wftn' fO{ tGsfP/ agfOPsf xG' 5g\ . o;f] ubf{ wfts' f u0' fdf sx] L kl/jt{g x'Fb}g . tGsfP/
tf/ agfpg ;lsg] wft'sf] o; u0' fnfO{ 8lS6ln6L (ductility) elgG5 . 8lS6ln6Lsf] dV' o
sf/0f wft'sf k/df0f'x¿lar nfUg] d]6flns aG8 (metallic bond) g6l' 6sg Pp6f k/df0f'
csf{] k/df0fd' fly ;b{} hfg' xf] .
3. wftx' ¿ ljB't\sf ;'rfns xG' 5g\ .
ljm| ofsnfk 17.4
Pp6f 8«fO;n] , tf/sf 6'j|mf / Pp6f ;fgf]
lrd lngx' f];\ . tnsf lrqdf b]vfP h:t} u/L
;an} fO{ hf]8\gx' f;] \ . hf8] \g afs“ L /x]sf] AB
:yfgdf j|mdzM cflNdlgodsf] tf/, sf7sf] Ω AB
6j' m| f, sfuhsf] 6'j|mf, ;Nkm/sf] 6j' |mf, tfdfsf]
tf/, kmnfdsf] lsnf cflb j:t'nfO{ kfn}kfnf]
/fvL kl/kynfO{ k/" f ug{x' f;] \ . sg' sg' j:t' hf8] b\ f aNa aN5, cjnf]sg ug'x{ f];\ . h'g j:t'
hf8] b\ f aQL aN5, tL wft' xg' \ eg] h'g j:t' hf8] b\ f aQL aNb}g, tL cwft' xg' \ .
cflNdlgodsf] tf/, tfdfsf] tf/, kmnfdsf] lsnf, l;Ssf, h:tfsf 6'jm| f cflb /fv]/ k"/f
u/s] f] ljB't\ kl/kydf aNa aN5 eg] ;Nkm/sf 6'jm| f, sfO] nf cflb /fv/] ag]sf] ljB't\
kl/kydf aNa aNbg} . o;af6 lgisif{ lgl:sG5 ls wft' ljBt' \sf ;'rfns x'G5g\ eg]
cwft' ljBt' \sf s'rfns xG' 5g\ . wft'sf k/df0f'df :jtGq / ultzLn OnS] 6f« g] xG' 5g\ . wft'
ljB't\sf ;r' fns xG' 5g\ .
4. wft' tfksf ;r' fns x'G5g\ .
lj|mofsnfk 17.5
kmnfdsf lsnf, l:6nsf] rDrf, cflNdlgodsf] kftf, kl] G;n, sf7sf] 6j' |mf cflb j:t' hDdf
kfg{'xf;] \ . lzIfs jf cleefjssf] lgu/fgLdf oL j:t'nfO{ kfnk} fnf] u/L Pp6f 5]pdf ;dftL
aln/x]sf] cfufdf xNsf ttfpg'xf];\ . o;/L Ps 5]pdf ttfp“bf csf]{ 5]pdf tftf] eof] ls
ePg 5f]P/ xg] 'x{ f;] \ .
274 lj1fg tyf k|ljlwM sIff (
wft'sf] Ps 5p] af6 tfk csf{] 5p] ;Dd ;5{ eg] cwftx' ¿af6 tfk ;b}g{ . To;n} ] wft'nfO{
tfksf ;'rfns elgG5 eg] cwftn' fO{ tfksf s'rfns elgG5 . wfts' f k/df0fd' f :jtGq
/ ultzLn OnS] 6f« g] xG' 5g\ . wft' tfksf ;r' fns xG' 5g\ .
5. wftn' fO{ lk6b\ f ljzi] f k|sf/sf] Wjlg pTkGg xG' 5 .
lj|mofsnfk 17.6
wfta' f6 ags] f] Pp6f yfn lngx' f;] \ . yfnnfO{ 8G8Ln] lxsf{pgx' f];\ . s:tf] cfjfh cfof]
;G' gx' f];\ . of] cfjfhnfO{ dlGb/ / ljBfnodf ahfOg] 3G6Lsf] cfjfh;“u tn' gf u/L
sIffsf7] fdf 5nkmn ugx'{ f];\ .
wft'af6 ags] f 8G8L, kftf, 3G6L cflbnfO{ lxsf{pFbf l6ª cfjfh cfpF5 . wfts' f] o;
u0' fnfO{ ;fg] f]/; (sonorous) elgG5 .
6. k|foh;f] wft' s8f x'G5g\ .
lj|mofsnfk 17.7
Pp6f kmnfdsf] kftf, cflNdlgodsf] kftf, tfdfsf] ef8“ f, sfO] nf, ;Nkm/ cflb j:t'
hDdf kfg'x{ f];\ . tL j:tn' fO{ j|mdzM 5fd/] , sf6]/ jf kmnfdsf] lsnfn] sf]tf//] s8fkg /
g/dkgsf] k/LIf0f ug'x{ f];\ . kg' M tL j:t'nfO{ 6j' |m\ ofpg] sf]l;; ug{x' f];\ . o;/L k/LIf0f ubf{
tkfO{“n] s] s:tf] kl/0ffd k|fKt uge'{ of], tflnsf agfO{ k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .
lj|mofsnfkaf6 xfdLnfO{ :ki6 x'G5 ls kf| oh;f] wft' s8f x'G5g\ . lognfO{ ;lhn} sf6g\ ,
sft] fg{ / 6'j|\mofpg ;lsFb}g . cwft' g/d x'G5g\ eg] lognfO{ ;lhn} sf6\g, sf]tfg{ /
6'jm|\ ofpg ;lsG5 .
Ω gf]6M ;a} wft' s8f xb'F }gg\ . h:t} M ;f]l8od / kf]6fl;od . oL wft' g/d x'G5g\ / rSsn' ]
;lhn};uF sf6g\ ;lsG5 . lx/f cwft' ePklg ;ae} Gbf s8f j:t' xf] .
7. kf| oh;f] wft'x¿sf] kUng] tfkj|md (melting point) / pDng] tfkj|md (boiling point) w]/}
xG' 5 .
wfts' f k/df0fx' ¿lar alnof] cfsif{0f an xG' 5 . To;}n] kf| oh;f] wft'x¿ alnof / s8f
xG' 5g\ eg] logsf] kUng] tfkj|md (melting point) / pDng] tfkj|md (boiling point) w]/}
xG' 5 . k|foM cwftx' ¿sf] kUng] tfkj|md (melting point) / pDng] tfkjm| d (boiling point)
sd x'G5 .
wft'sf /f;folgs u'0f (Chemical properties of metals)
1. kf| oh;f] wftx' ¿n] xfjf;u“ k|ltljm| of u//] Iff/Lo cS;fO8 agfp“5g\ .
lj1fg tyf kl| jlwM sIff ( 275
lj|mofsnfk 17.8
lrD6fsf] ;xfotfn] DofUgl] ;odsf] Pp6f 6'j|mfnfO{ ;dft/] ag/{ df afNgx' f;] \ . ans] f]
DofUg]l;odsf] wft'af6 lgl:sPsf] v/fgLnfO{ Pp6f k/LIf0f gnLdf hDdf kfg{'xf;] \ . pSt
v/fgLsf] /ª / uGw cjnf]sg u/L yf/] } kfgL /fvL k/LIf0f gnLnfO{ xNnfpgx' f];\ . pSt
v/fgLsf] 3fn] df jm| dzM /ftf] / lgnf] ln6d; k]k/ 8a' fP/ cDn / Iff/sf] k/LIf0f u/L
sIffdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
wft'x¿n] clS;hg;uF kl| tljm| of u//] wft'sf cS;fO8 agfp5F g\ . tL cS;fO8x¿
Iff/Lo u0' fsf x'G5g\ .
wft' ± clS;hg wft' cS;fO8
4Na + O2 2Na2O -;fl] 8od cS;fO8_
2Mg + O2 2MgO -DofUg]l;od cS;fO8_
4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3 -cflNdlgod cS;fO8_
4Fe +3O2 2Fe2O3 -k]ml/s cS;fO8_
2Cu + O2 2CuO -sk/ cS;fO8_
2 . ;lj|mo wftx' ¿n] lkmSsf cDn;u“ /f;folgs k|ltljm| of u/]/ wfts' f nj0f / xfO8f« h] g Uof;“
agfp“5g\ .
lj|mofsnfk 17.9
Pp6f k/LIf0f gnLdf lkmSsf xfO8«fS] nfl] /s cDn lngx' f;] \ . pSt cDndf DofUg]l;od
l/agsf] Pp6f 6'j|mf /fVg'xf];\ . sx] La]/sf] /f;folgs k|ltlj|mofkl5 k/LIf0f gnLaf6 xfO8f« ]hg
Uof;“ lg:sG5 eg] k/LIf0f gnLdf DofUgl] ;od Snf]/fO8sf] nj0f /xG5 . o:t} ljm| ofsnfk
cflNdlgod, kmnfd cflb wft;' u“ u/]/ xg] 'x{ f];\ . k|ltlj|mofaf6 lg:s]sf] xfO8«fh] g Uof;“ sf]
k/LIf0f ugx{' f];\ M
wft' ± lkmSsf cDn wft' cS;fO8
Mg + dil.2HCl MgCl2 + H2
2Al + dil.6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2
2Fe + dil. 6HCl 2FeCl + 3H
32
Zn + dil. H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2
Mg + dil. 2HNO3 Mg(NO3)2 + H2
276 lj1fg tyf k|ljlwM sIff (
3. ;ljm| o wft'n] kfgL;“u /f;folgs kl| tljm| of u/]/ wft'sf] xfO8f« ]S;fO8 -cNsfnL_ / xfO8«f]hg
Uof“; agfp5“ g\ .
lj|mofsnfk 17.10
Pp6f k/LIf0f gnLdf s]xL kfgL lngx' f];\ . pSt kfgLdf ;f]l8od, kf6] fl;od jf SoflN;odsf]
Pp6f ;fgf] 6'jm| f /fVgx' f;] \ . sx] La]/sf] /f;folgs kl| tljm| ofkl5 k/LIf0f gnLaf6 xfO8f« ]hg
Uof;“ lgl:sG5 eg] k/LIf0f gnLdf wft'sf] xfO8«fS] ;fO8 /xG5 . kf6] fl;od / SoflN;od
h:tf ;lj|mo wftx' ¿nfO{ gfªu\ f] xftn] 5g' 'x“'bg} . kl| tljm| ofaf6 ags] f wft' xfO8f« c] S;fO8 /
xfO8f« ]hgnfO{ k/LIf0f ugx{' f];\ .
;fjwfgL M ;fl] 8od wft' clt ;lj|mo x'g] ePsfn] kfgLdf /fVbf lj:kmf]6g x'g ;S5 .
lnlyod, ;fl] 8od, kf6] fl;od, SoflN;od h:tf ;lj|mo wftx' ¿n] kfgLaf6 xfO8«f]hgnfO{
lj:yflkt u5g{ \ / wft'sf] xfO8f« ]S;fO8 agfpF5g\ .
;ljm| o wft' ± kfgL wft' xfO8f« c] S;fO8 ± xfO8«f]hg UofF;
2Li + 2H2O 2LiOH + H2
2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2
Ca + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2
2K + 2H2O 2KOH + H2
wft' / cwftl' ar km/s (Differences between metals and non-metals)
wft' / cwft'larsf] leGgtfnfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ abF' fut ¿kdf cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 M
j|m=;= u'0f wft' cwft'
1. lk6/] kftf agfpg] u'0f lk6]/ kftf agfpg ;lsG5 . lk6/] kftf agfpg ;lsFbg} .
2. Tffg/] nfdf] tf/ agfpg] tfg/] nfdf] tf/ agfpg tfg]/ nfdf] tf/ agfpg
u0' f ;lsG5 . ;lsbF }g .
3. ljB'ts\ f] rfnsTj ljB't\sf] ;'rfns x'G5 . ljB'ts\ f] s'rfns x'G5 .
4. tfksf] rfnsTj tfksf] ;r' fns x'G5 . tfksf] sr' fns xG' 5 .
5. pDng] / kUng] laGb' b'j} pRr xG' 5 . tn' gfTds ¿kdf sd x'G5 .
6. s8fkg k|foh;f] s8f x'G5g\ / k|foh;f] g/d xG' 5g\ /
6'So| fpg ;lsbF g} . 6S' |ofpg ;lsG5 .
lj1fg tyf kl| jlwM sIff ( 277
lj|mofsnfk 17.11
dfly kf7df cWoog u/s] f cfwf/df tnsf] tflnsf k/" f ug'{xf];\ M
kbfy{ efl} ts u'0f /f;folgs u'0f
clS;hg;uF sf] kl| tljm| of kfgL;uF sf] kl| tljm| of cDn;uF sf] kl| tljm| of
wft'
cwft'
dfgj z/L/sf nflu rflxg] s]xL wft'
dfgj z/L/leq x'g] ljleGg ks| f/sf h}ljs lj|mofsnfkx¿ lgoldt ¿kdf ;~rfng ugs{ f nflu
s]xL wft' clt cfjZos xG' 5g\ . h:t} M ;fl] 8od, kf]6fl;od, DofUg]l;od, SoflN;od, kmnfd,
h:tf cflb . oL wft' ljleGg k|sf/sf vfB kbfy{sf dfWodaf6 xfdf| ] z/L/df kU' g] ub{5g\ . oL
wft'sf] cfefjdf dfgj z/L/sf lj|mofsnfkdf c;/ k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu /utdf kmnfdsf]
sdL x'bF f /StcNktf x'G5, /utdf ;f]l8od / kf6] fl;odsf] sdL xbF' f d'6s' f] w8\sg clgoldt
xG' 5 . To;}n] xfd|f] bl} gs vfgfaf6 cfjZos wft' kfpgsf nflu ltgsf ;f| ]tsf] hfgsf/L
x'gk' 5{ . o; kf7df xfdLn] ;f]l8od, kf6] fl;od, DofUgl] ;od, SoflN;od / kmnfdsf ;f| t] , logn]
dfgj z/L/df k¥' ofpg] kmfObf / sdLn] x'g] c;/sf af/d] f 5f6] s/Ldf hfgsf/L k|fKt ug]{ 5f}F .
wfts' f] gfd ;f| ]t dfgj z/L/df k¥' ofpg] sdLn] dfgj z/L/df xg' ]
kmfObf c;/
1. la?jfsf lapx¿ 1. dfgj z/L/df 1. skfn emg{]
-h:t} M km;L{sf] kl| t/f]wfTds Ifdtf 2. uGw / :jfbdf sdL
lap, cfn;sf] a9fp5F . cfpg]
lap, ;"o{d'vLsf] 2. z/L/leq AofS6l] /of 3. dfgj zl//df
lap, u8] fu8' L, / efO/; lj?4 n8g\ ] cN5L kg cfpg]
Rofp, abfd,
Ifdtf a9fp5F .
sfh', cfv] /, 4. kvfnf nfUg] / tf}n
lhªs\ cflb ._ 3. z/L/sf sf]ifdf k|f]l6g, 36g\ ]
2. bU' w hGo kbfy{, DNA, cfg'jfl+ zs
kbfy{ cflbsf] lgdf0{ f 5. 3fp tyf rf]6 lgsf] x'g
df5fdf;,' cG8f w]/} ;do nfUg]
u5{ .
cflb
4. uef{j:yfdf ue{sf]
j[l4 ljsf;df ;xof]u
u5{ .
278 lj1fg tyf kl| jlwM sIff (
1. kfnª' u\ f], u8] fu'8L, 1. /utdf kmnfd x'G5 1. kmnfdsf]
af| ]sfpnL, la?jfsf h;n] z/L/df clS;hg sdLn] /StcNktf
lap cflb kmnfdsf :yfgfGt/0f u5{ . Anemia gfds /fu]
;f| ]t x'g\ . 2. kmnfdn] z/L/df DNA nfU5 .
2. df5fdf;a' f6 klg lgdf0{ f u5{ . 2. o;sf] sdLn] z/L/df
kmnfd kmnfd kf| Kt x'G5 . 3. o;n] :jf;k:| jf;df ysfg pTkGg x'G5 eg]
;xof]u u5{ . Zjf;kZ| jf;df klg
4. o;n] z/L/sf] /f]u sl7gfO xG' 5 .
k|lt/f]wL Ifdtf /fd|f] agfO
/fV5 eg] pmhf{ pTkfbgdf
;xofu] u5{ .
1. vfg] gg' dfgj 1. ;f]l8odn] dfgj 1. ;fl] 8odsf] sdLn]
z/L/df cfjZos
;f]l8od kl" t{sf] z/L/sf] sf]ifleq / Hyponatremia gfds /f]u
sf]ifaflx/ kfgL / nj0fsf] nfU5 .
kd| 'v ;f| ]t xf] . dfqf ;Gt'lnt agfO/fV5 . 2. o;sf] sdLn]
;f]l8od 2. o;sf cltl/St 2. ;f]l8odn] :gfo' / dfz+ k]zLdf P]7g (Muscle
df;', cG8f cflbaf6
klg ;fl] 8od k|fKt df+;kz] Lsf] sfo{ Ifdtf spasm) x'G5 .
xG' 5 . lgoldt agfpF5 . 3. o;sf] sdLn] jfGtf
xg' ], l/Fu6f nfUg], cr]t xg' ]
/ d[To;' dt] xg' ;S5 .
1. xfdf| ] z/L/nfO{ 1. xfd|f] z/L/df 1. kf]6fl;odsf] sdLn]
rflxg] kf]6fl;od
kmnkm" n, ;f]oflag, kf6] fl;odn] t/n kbfys{ f] Hypokalemia gfdsf]
t/sf/L, bU' whGo
kbfy{af6 kf| Kt ug{ dfqf, df;+ k]zL / :gfo' /fu] nfU5 .
kf6] fl;od ;lsG5 .
k|0ffnLsf] sfo{ Ifdtf 2. o;sf] sdLn] /Strfk
2. s/] f, Pef]sf8f], lgoldt agfO/fV5 . a95\ . slAhot xG' 5 .
af;F sf] tfdf, b'w,
2. o;n] x8\8L sdhf/] xg' z/L/df sdhf]/L cfp5F /
lbFb}g eg] ldufn{} fdf kTy/L df+;k]zL sdhf/] x'G5g\ .
xg' af6 /f]S5 .
bxL cflbaf6 klg
kf6] fl;od kf| Kt ug{
;lsG5 .
lj1fg tyf kl| jlwM sIff ( 279
lj|mofsnfk 17.12
dfly kf7df cWoog u/]sf] cfwf/df tnsf] tflnsf k/" f ugx'{ f];\ M
dfgj :jf:Yosf nflu rflxg] vlgh kmnfd h:tf ;fl] 8od kf6] fl;od
;f| t]
dfgj z/L/df k'¥ofpg] kmfObf
sdLn] dfgj z/L/df x'g] c;/
n]8 (Pb) / kf/f] (Hg) n] kfg{] gsf/fTds c;/ (Harmful effect of mercury and lead)
ljm| ofsnfk 17.13
ds/{ L / n8] sf] k|ofu] xg' ] j:tx' ¿sf] ;r" L tof/ kfg'{xf;] \ . tL wft'x¿ dfgj z/L/df kj| ]z ubf{
s:tf c;/ kf5g{ \ < c;/x¿sf] vf]hL u/L ;r" L tof/ kfgx{' f;] \ . pSt ;r" LnfO{ 5nkmnsf
nflu sIffdf k|:tt' ug{'xf];\ .
n8] (Lead)
n]8sf] ko| fu] uf8Lsf] Aof6L« , /ª, k6] «fl] nod kbfy{, ln8 lj|m:6n Unf;, /]l8of]wdL{ ;/' Iff kftf
cflbdf xG' 5 . xfdf| ] z/L/df o;sf y'k|} gsf/fTds c;/ 5g\ . n]8n] z/L/sf k|foh;f] ;a}
cª\udf Iflt k¥' ofp5F .
afnaflnsfdf o;sf] c;/ c¿sf] eGbf a9L x'G5 . n8] sf] sf/0fn] 6fpsf] b'Vg], k]6 bV' g],
:jefjdf kl/jtg{ cfpg,] Plgldof x'g] -/St cNktf_ dl:tis ljsf; gxg' ] cflb ;d:of
b]lvG5g\ . n]8 ;a}eGbf a9L xf8df y'lk|G5 . h;n] ubf{ /utsf sf]if aGg / SoflN;odnfO{ ;f;] /]
lngaf6 jl~rt u5{ . n8] n] xf8x¿ clt sdhf/] agfpF5 .
kf/f] (Mercury)
kf/f]sf] ko| f]u ydf]{ld6/, Aof/fl] d6/, 6\oa' nfO6 cflbdf xG' 5 . xfdf| ] z/L/df o;sf y'k|} gsf/fTds
c;/ 5g\ . kf/f]sf] ljiffSt c;/nfO{ xfO8«f/lhl/of (hydrargyria) cyjf d/So['l/oflnHd
(mercurialism) elgG5 .
1. kf/fs] f] Ps yf]kfn] /utsf g;fx¿ aGb u/fOlbG5 / dflg;sf] dT[ o';d]t xg' ;S5 .
2. kf/f]sf of}lusn] dl:tisdf Iflt k¥' ofpF5g\ . h;n] ubf{ dflg;sf] xg] ,{] ;G' g] / afN] g]
zlSt lgs} sdhf/] xG' 5 .
3. kf/fs] f of}lusx¿n] ldufn{} f / kmfS] ;fn] fO{ Iflt k'¥ofpF5g\ .
4. kf/fs] f of}lusx¿n] ue{df /x]sf lzz'x¿nfO{ c;/ k'¥ofp5F g\ lsgeg] kf/f]sf ofl} usx¿
Knf;]G6f (placenta) af6 ;lhn} l55{g\ / lzzs' f] jl[ 4 ljsf;df g/fdf| ] c;/ k'¥ofp5F g\ .
5. kf/fs] f of}lusn] lzz'sf] dl:tis ljsf;df klg gsf/fTds c;/ kf5{g\ .
280 lj1fg tyf k|ljlwM sIff (
cEof;
!= ;xL pQ/ 5fGg'xf;] \ M
-s_ tnsf dWo] s'g cwfts' f] pbfx/0f xf] <
-c_ kf/f ] -cf_ af| l] dg
-O_ kmnfd -O{_ tfdf
-v_ tnsf dWo] sg' cwfts' f] u0' f xf] <
-c_ tfksf] ;r' fns -cf_ ;lhn} 6l' j|mg]
-O_ tfg]/ tf/ h:tf] agfpg ;lsg ] -O_{ lk6/] kftf h:tf] agfpg ;lsg]
-u_ tnsf dWo] sg' wft' xfd|f] z/L/sf nflu xflgsf/s 5 <
-c_ Fe -cf_ Ca
-O_ Zn -O_{ Pb
-3_ kf/f]sf] ljiffSt c;/nfO{ s] elgG5 <
-c_ xfO8f« lhl/of -cf_ Plgldof
-O_ lxdf]lkmlnof -O_{ :sjL{
-ª_ wftn' ] s/G] 6sf] kj| fx ug{ ;S5 . wfts' f] o; u0' fsf] dV' o sf/0f tnsf dWo] sg' xf] <
-c_ wft'df :jtGq On]S6«f]g xg' ' -cf_ wft'df OnS] 6f«g] lng] Ifdtf x'g'
-O_ wft'sf] k/df0fs' f] aflx/L ;]n k"0f{ xg' ' -O{_ wfts' f k/df0f' rfndf x'g'
@= km/s 5'6o\ fpgx' f];\ M
-s_ efl} ts u'0fsf cfwf/df wft' / cwft'
-v_ dflnoflaln6L / 8lS6ln6L
lj1fg tyf k|ljlwM sIff ( 281
#= sf/0f nV] gx' f];\ M
-s_ wft'nfO{ lk6]/ kftf / tfg]/ tf/ agfpg ;lsG5 .
-v_ wft'sf] kUng] / pDng] laGb' pRr xG' 5 .
-u_ s]6fs]6LnfO{ kf/f]oS' t ydfl]{ d6/ d'vdf /fVg lbgx' 'Fb}g .
$= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ nV] gx' f];\ M
-s_ wftx' ¿sf efl} ts u'0fx¿sf] ;r" L agfpgx' f;] \ .
-v_ …wftx' ¿ ljBt' s\ f ;r' fns x'g\Ú eGg] s'/f s;/L k|dfl0ft ug{ ;lsG5, k|:6 kfg[{x' f;] \ .
-u_ wft'sf s'g} tLgcf]6f /f;folgs u'0f /f;folgs ;dLs/0f;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ .
-3_ dfgj z/L/df kf/f] / n8] n] kfg{ ;Sg] b'O÷{ b'O{cf6] f gsf/fTds c;/ n]Vg'xf];\ .
-ª_ dfgj z/L/df rflxg] lgDglnlvt wft'sf ;f| ]tsf] ;r" L tof/ kfgx'{ f;] \ M
wft' kmnfd -Fe_ h:tf -Zn_ ;f]l8od -Na_ kf6] fl;od -K_
;f| ]t
282 lj1fg tyf k|ljlwM sIff (
!* sfag{ / o;sf ofl} usx¿
(Carbon and its Compounds)
sfag{ sf] kl/ro -Introduction to Carbon_
s] tkfO“n{ ] sfO] nf, Wjf;“ f], ufn] cflb bV] ge' Psf] 5 < bv] s] f] eP logsf] /ª s:tf] x'G5 < oL
sa] f6 ags] f x'G5g\, 5nkmn u/f“} .
sf]Onf, Wjf;F f,] uf]n cflbsf] /ª sfnf] x'G5 . oL sfa{gaf6 ag]sf xG' 5g\ . …sfa{gÚ zAb Nofl6g
efiffaf6 cfPsf] xf], o;sf] cy{ ufn] x'G5 . ;fwf/0ftof sfag{ sf] /ª sfnf] x'G5 / xfjfdf
;lhn;} Fu aN5 . sfag{ aNbf sfnf] d:' nf] jf wjF' fsf ;fy} tfk / ks| fz klg lgl:sG5 . olb sg' }
j:t' afNbf sfnf] d':nf] jf w'Fjf lgl:sG5 / an/] afsF L ePsf] 7f]; kbfy{ sfnf] xG' 5 eg] To;
kbfyd{ f sfa{g 5 egL yfxf x'G5 . xfn dflg;x¿ sfa{gaf6 dfq} ag]sf ljleGg lx/f, u|fkmfO6
cflbsf] cTolws k|of]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . o;} u/L sfag{ ;a} kf| ª\ufl/s of}lussf] d'Vo tŒj
ePsfn] o;sf] cWoog / pkofu] klg Jofks ePsf] 5 . sfag{ Pp6f c;fdfGo sfnf] /ªsf]
cwft' xf] h;sf] k/df0fljs ;ªV\ of 6 / k/df0fljs ef/ 12 xG' 5 .
ljm| ofsnfk 18.1
sf]Onf, Wjf“;f,] ufn] , kl] G;nsf] ln8, ;n] leq /fvs] f] sfnf] 58 cflb hDdf u/L sfag{ sf] /ª
tyf cGo u0' fx¿sf af/]df cWoog ug{x' f];\ .
sfa{gsf ;f| ]tx¿ (Sources of Carbon)
tnsf pbfx/0fx¿df s]xLa]/ ljrf/ u/fF} M
bfp/f afNbf sfnf] wF'jf lgl:sG5, d}gaQL afNbf klg sfnf] wFj' fsf] d:' nf] cfpF5 . lrgL 89fpFbf
sfnf] cuF f/ aG5 . To;fe] P s] wF'jf, Wjf;F f,] cFuf/ cflb sfa{gsf ;f| ]t x'g\ t < oL pbfx/0fsf
cfwf/df sfag{ sf ;f| ]tsf] ;DaGwdf 5nkmn u/f}F .
;a} ks| f/sf hLjhGts' f] z/L/df sfa{g ljleGg k|sf/sf ofl} ussf ¿kdf kfOG5 . To;n} ]
sfag{ nfO{ ;hLj j:tx' ¿sf] agf]6sf] cfwf/ elgG5 . xfdLn] vfg] vfgf, nufpg] sk8f, k|ofu]
ug]{ 6a] n' s';L,{ kg] , k]lG;n cflbdf sfag{ sf ofl} us /x]sf xG' 5g\ . sfag{ sf sx] L ;|f]t tnsf]
tflnsfdf lbOPsf 5g\ M
lj1fg tyf k|ljlwM sIff ( 283
sfa{g tŒjsf ¿kdf sfa{g of}lussf ¿kdf
ck|fªu\ fl/s of}lus k|fªu\ fl/s of}lus
sf]Onf (coal) sfaf{]g]6\;x¿, afOsfafg{] ]6;\ sfaf]x{ fO8]«6, kf| l] 6g, lrNnf] kbfy{
sfafO{ 8;\ x¿ -h:tM} CaC2, SiC) -t]n, l3p_, k]6«fn] , o'l/of, le6fldg
Wjf;F f] (sooty) cfi} fwLx¿, l;Ns, sfuh, ;fag'
vlgh kbfyx{ ¿, cflb . xfO8«f] sfa{g Uof;F x¿
ufn] (charcoal) 9'ª\ufx¿, UofF;x¿ CO2, CO
cflb -h:t}M ldy]g, Oy]g, LPG cflb_
lx/f (diamond)
uf| kmfO6 (graphite)
uf| lkmg (graphene)
ljm| ofsnfk 18.2
sf7 / lrgLdf sfag{ x'G5 eGg] s/' f kd| fl0ft u/f}“ .
Pp6f sf7sf] 6'j|mfnfO{ afn]/ cjnf]sg ug{x' f;] \ . s] tkfO{“n] sfnf /ªsf ufn] kf| Kt ug'{eof] <
rDrfdf clnslt lrgL /fv/] ttfpb“ } cjnfs] g ug'x{ f;] \ . tflt/x]sf] lrgLsf] /ª / af:gfdf
s:tf] kl/jtg{ cfof] cjnfs] g ug'x{ f;] \ . lrgLsf] /ª s:tf] x“b' f ld7f] af:gf cfof] < lrgLsf]
ld7f] af:gf cfpg] cj:yfnfO{ Sof/fd]n (caramel) elgG5 . lrgL ttfp“b} hf“bf afs“ L /x]sf]
sfnf] / gld7f] uGwsf] kbfy{nfO{ ;'u/ rf/sf]n (sugar charcoal) elgG5 . o;/L sf7 /
lrgLdf sfag{ x'G5 eGg] s'/fsf] kl' i6 xG' 5 .
sfa{gsf] :jefj (Nature of carbon)
sfa{g Ps ljz]if ks| f/sf] c;fdfGo cwft' xf] . o;sf] k/df0fd' f /x]sf 5cf]6f On]S6«f]gdWo]
rf/cf6] f On]S6«f]g ;+oH' otf ;r" s sIfdf /x]sf x'G5g\ . sfag{ n] cS6]6 agfpg rf/c} f6] f OnS] 6f« ]g
;femb] f/L u5{g\ / rf/cf]6f sfE] ofn]G6 aG8 agfp5F g\ . To;n} ] sfag{ sf] ;+oH' otf rf/ x'G5 .
o;n] xfO8«f]hg, sfag{ , clS;hgnufotsf cGo tŒjx¿;Fu ldn]/ ;lhn} sfE] ofnG] 6 ofl} us
agfp5F . sfag{ sf] o;} u0' fsf sf/0f xfn;Dd nfvf}F sfag{ oS' t ofl} us kQf nfu]sf 5g\ .
-s_ Sofl6]g;] g (Catenation)
k|foh;f] tŒjn] cfk"m h:t} tŒj;Fu sf]Eofn]G6
aG8 agfpFbf w]/}cf]6f k/df0f;' Fu On]S6f« g] x¿
;femb] f/L u/]sf] kfOFbg} . t/ Pp6f sfag{ sf]
k/df0f'n] csf]{ sfag{ sf] k/df0f';uF sfE] ofnG] 6
aG8 agfpFb} nfdf] l;jm| L (chain) agfpg] cgf7} f]
u'0fnfO{ Sofl6g;] g elgG5 . sfa{gsf] o;} u0' fsf]
sf/0fn] Ao'6]g, kG] 6]g, kf]lnlyg, kf]lnlegfOn
Snf/] fO8 cflb cgluGtL ofl} us ags] f xG' 5g\ .
lrq 18.1
284 lj1fg tyf kl| jlwM sIff (
sfag{ df ePsf] Sofl6g;] g u0' fn] ubf{ olt w/] } sfag{ oS' t ofl} usx¿ kQf nfus] f x'g\ .
To;}n] /;fog zf:qdf sfa{gsf of}lussf] cWoog ug{ 5'66\ } zfvf 5, h;nfO{ cuf{lgs
s]d:] 6L« (Organic chemistry) elgG5 .
-v_ Pnf]6K« ; (Allotrops) / Pnf]6f« k] L (Allotropy)
xfdLn] sfag{ sf ;|ft] x¿df sfa{g tŒjdfq} ePsf s]xL kbfy{ b]Vof}F . h:t} M sf]Onf, ufn] ,
Wjf;F f,] uf| lkmg, lx/f, uf| kmfO6 cflb . oL ;a} kbfy{ sfag{ sf ljleGg ¿k xg' \ . h;nfO{
Pnf]6«K; (Allotrops) elgG5 . cnu cnu ef}lts u0' f ePsf Pp6} tŒjsf ljleGg ¿knfO{
Pnf]6K« ; elgG5 eg] Pnf]6K« ; aGg] kl| j|mofnfO{ Pnf6] k« L (Allotropy) elgG5 .
sfa{gsf Pnf]6«fK] ;
dl0fe Pnf6] f« ]K; wn' f] Pnf6] f« ]K;
lx/f uf| kmfO6 alSdlg:6/ km'nl/g sfO] nf uf]n WjfF;f]
u|fkmfO6df tLgcf6] f OnS] 6«fg] n] af]G8 agfp5F t/ Pp6f On]S6«f]g :jtGq xG' 5 t/ lx/fdf
EofnG] ; ;]ndf ePsf] rf/cf6] } On]S6«f]gx¿n] aG8 agfp5F . to;}n] uf| kmfO6 tfk / ljB't\sf]
;'rfns xf] . t/ lx/f s'rfns xf] .
graphite diamond
sfa{gsf ef}lts u'0f (Physical properties of carbon)
1. sfa{g 7f]; cj:yfdf kfOg] tŒj xf] . lx/f, uf| kmfO6 / alSdlg:6/ km'nl/g dl0fe
(crystalline) cj:yfdf kfOG5g\ eg] sf]Onf, uf]n / rf/sfn] wn' f] cj:yfdf (amorphous)
kfOG5g\ .
2. sfa{g kfgLdf c3'ngzLn tŒj xf] .
3. clt pRr tfkjm| ddf ttfpbF f sfag{ 7f;] af6 Psr} f]6L Uof;F df ¿kfGt/ x'G5 .
4. sfag{ sfnf] /ªsf] x'G5 t/ lx/f /ªxLg Pjd\ kf/bzL{ xG' 5 .
5. sfa{gdf 6ns x'Fb}g . lx/f eg] 6lNsG5 .
lj1fg tyf kl| jlwM sIff ( 285
6. sfag{ ljBt' \ / tfksf] sr' fns xf] t/ u|fkmfO6 ljBt' s\ f] ;r' fns xf] .
7. o;sf] 3gTj Pnf]6«K;cg';f/ 1.5 g/cm3 b]lv 3.5 g/cm3 ;Dd xG' 5 .
sfa{gsf /f;folgs u'0f (Chemical properties of carbon)
1. aNg] u'0f (combustion)
k|z:t clS;hgsf] pkl:yltdf sfag{ an/] sfag{ 8fO{ cS;fO8 lbG5 t/ yf/] } clS;hg
ePsf] cj:yfdf eg] sfag{ dfg] fc] S;fO8 lbG5 .
w/] } clS;hgdf afNbf C + O2 CO2 + tfk
yf/] } clS;hgdf afNbf 2C + O2 2CO + tfk
2. wft;' “u kl| tljm| of (reaction with metal)
sfag{ n] ;lj|mo wft';uF kl| tlj|mof u/L wft' sfaf{O8 agfpF5 .
;ljm| o wft' ± sfa{g wft' ± sfafO{ 6
4Al + 3C heat Al C -Pnl' dlgod sfafO{ 8_
3Fe + C h eat 43 -cfO/g sfafO{ 8_
-lnlyod sfafO{ 8_
Fe2C -SoflN;od sfafO{ 8_
2Li + 2C heat Li2C2
Ca + 2C he at CaC2
3. l/8o\ 'l;ª u0' f (reducing property)
tŒjsf cS;fO8af6 clS;hg cnu ug]{ /f;folgs kl| j|mofnfO{ l/8\ol' ;ª u0' f elgG5 .
-s_ sfag{ n] sd ;lso| wft'sf cS;fO8af6 wft' lgsfNg dbt u5{ .
wft' cS;fO8 ± sfag{ wft' ± sfag{ df]gfc] S;fO8
Fe2O3 + 3C heat 2Fe + 3CO
ZnO + C h ea t Zn + CO
PbO + C he at Pb + CO
-v_ sfa{gn] s]xL cwft' cS;fO8x¿;uF kl| tljm| of u/L sfafO{ 8 agfp5F .
cwft' cS;fO8 ± sfa{g sfaf{O8 ± sfa{g dfg] fc] S;fO8
SiO2 + 3C heat SiC + 2CO
CaO + 6C h eat
-l;lnsg sfaf{O6;\ _
2CaC2 +2 CO
286 lj1fg tyf k|ljlwM sIff (
4. afkm;u“ kl| tljm| of (Reaction with steam)
kfgLsf] afkmnfO{ sl/a 1000°C tfkjm| ddf ttfPsf] sfa{gdf k7fof] eg] sfag{
df]gf]S;fO8 / xfO8f« ]hg UofF; aG5, pSt ld>0fnfO{ water gas elgG5 .
C + H O CO + H
2 2
kf| ªu\ fl/s / ckf| ª\ufl/s ofl} us (organic and inorganic compounds)
xfdf| ] j/k/ ljleGg ks| f/sf ofl} us kfOG5g\ . tLdWo] s]xL ofl} usdf sfa{g tŒj x'G5 eg] s]xLdf
sfa{g tŒj x'Fb}g . ofl} usx¿nfO{ sfa{gsf] pknAwtfsf cfwf/df bO' { ;dx" df ljefhg ul/G5 .
k|fªu\ fl/s ofl} us (Organic compounds)
ldyg] , Oy]g, ldyfgf]n, Snf]/f]kmd,{ o'l/of, OG;'lng, k|fl] 6g, sfaf{]xfO86]« , t]n cflb kf| ª\ufl/s
of}lussf pbfx/0f xg' \ . xfO8f« ]sfag{ / o;af6 ag]sf ofl} usx¿nfO{ kf| ª\ufl/s ofl} us elgG5 .
;fdfGotof k|fªu\ fl/s of}lusx¿df sfag{ tŒj x'G5 / ofl} usdf ePsf ljleGg tŒjx¿lar
sfE] ofn]G6 aG8 ags] f] x'G5 . kf| ª\ufl/s of}lusdf k|foh;f] sfag{ n] sfa{g;Fu / xfO8f« ]hg;Fu
sf]EofnG] 6 aG8 agfp5F eg] clS;hg, gfO6f« h] g, x]nf]hg, ;Nkm/ km:kmf/] ; cflb klg sf]EofnG] 6
aG8åf/f hfl] 8Psf x'G5g\ . s'g} sg' } k|fªu\ fl/s of}lusdf wft'x¿ klg alG8ª eP/ a;s] f xG' 5g\ .
sfag{ eP tfklg sfa{g 8fO{cS;fO8, sfag{ dfg] f]S;fO8, sfaf{g] 6] , afOsfafg]{ 6] sfaf{O6\; cflb
ofl} us ck|fª\ufl/s ofl} us xg' \ .
w/] } h;f] k|fªu\ fl/s of}lus kfgLdf 3N' b}gg\ lsgls logn] kfgL;Fu xfO8f« ]hg aG8 agfpg
;Sb}gg\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu l3p, dg} , k6] «f]n, dl6t]n cflb . kfgL;uF xfO8«f]hg aG8 agfpg]
kf| ª\ufl/s ofl} us eg] kfgLdf 3'N5g\, h:t} M lrgL, cNsf]xn . k|fªu\ fl/s ofl} us kf| ª\ufl/s
3f]ns (Organic solvents) df 3'N5g\ . Oy/, sfag{ 6\]6f« Snf]/fO8, a]lGhg cflb k|fªu\ fl/s
3fn] s xg' \ .
ck|fªu\ fl/s of}lus (Inorganic compounds)
sfa{g;uF xfO8«f]hg ghf]l8Psf ;a} of}lusnfO{ ckf| ª\ufl/s of}lus elgG5 cyf{t\ k|fªu\ fl/s
ofl} usafx]ssf ;a} ofl} usnfO{ ck|fª\ufl/s ofl} us elgG5 . ckf| ª\ufl/s of}lusx¿df sfa{g
cTofjZos tŒj xf]Og . ljleGg tŒjx¿ ldn]/ ck|fªu\ fl/s of}lus aG5g\ . ckf| ªu\ fl/s
of}lusx¿df d'Votof OnS] 6«fE] ofnG] 6 aG8 x'G5 eg] s]xLdf sfE] ofnG] 6 jf b'j} aG8 xg' ;S5g\ .
ck|fªu\ fl/s cDn, Iff/, nj0f cflb ckf| ªu\ fl/s of}lus x'g\ . ;fy} sfag{ sf cS;fO8x¿, sfaf{g] ]6,
afOsfaf{]g]6 / sfaf{O8x¿ klg ckf| ªu\ fl/s of}lus x'g\ .
w/] } h;f] ck|fª\ufl/s ofl} us kfgLdf 3'N5g\ lsgls oL kfgLdf cfofg] Ls/0f eP/ cfofg] x¿df
56\' \l6G5g\ . h:t} M ;f]l8od Snf]/fO8 -NaCl_, xfO8«fS] nf]l/s cDn -HCl_, DofUgl] ;od
xfO8f« ]cS;fO8 -Mg(OH)2_ cflb . kfgLdf cfofg] x¿ 5'6\l6g g;Sg] ck|fªu\ fl/s ofl} usx¿ eg]
kfgLdf 3N' bg} g\ . h:t} M l;Ne/ Snf/] fO8 -AgCl_, a]l/od ;Nkm6] -BaSO4_, SoflN;od sfaf{]g]6
-CaCO3_ cflb .
lj1fg tyf kl| jlwM sIff ( 287
ljm| ofsnfk 18.3
cfˆgf] 3/df jf ljBfnosf] ko| f]uzfnfdf kfOg] kf| ª\ufl/s / ckf| ªu\ fl/s of}lusx¿ ;ª\sng
u/L sIffdf kb| zg{ ug'{xf];\ .
k|fª\ufl/s ofl} us / ckf| ª\ufl/s ofl} uslar leGgtf (Difference between organic and
inorganic compounds)
ljm| ofsnfk 18.4
lrgL, t]n, l3p, o'l/of h:tf kf| ª\ufl/s ofl} us / cDn, Iff/, nj0f, sfaf{]g6] , afOsfaf]{g6]
h:tf ckf| ª\ufl/s ofl} uslar /ª, uGw, ef}lts cj:yf, 3n' gzLn, HjngzLn cflbdf s] leGgtf
kfOG5, cjnfs] g ugx{' f;] \ M
leGgtfsf k|fªu\ fl/s ofl} us ck|fª\ufl/s of}lus
cfwf/
7f;] , t/n / Uof;F ltg} cj:yfdf k|foh;f] 7f;] cj:yfdf x'G5g\ eg] sx] L
1. ef}lts
cj:yf kfOG5g\ . t/n -kfgL, xfO8f« ]Snf]l/s cDn cflb_ /
s]xL UofF; cj:yfdf -sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8,
xfO8f« h] g ;NkmfO8 cflb_ x'G5g\ .
2. /f;folgs kf| ªu\ fl/s of}lusdf sf]Eofn]G6 ck|fª\ufl/s ofl} usdf kf| oh;f]
aG8 aG8 x'G5 . OnS] 6«fE] ofn]G6 aG8 xG' 5 eg] sx] Ldf
sf]Eofn]G6 aG8 klg x'G5 .
3. cfofg] Ls/0f k|fª\ufl/s ofl} us cfof]gLs/0f ck|fª\ufl/s ofl} us cfof]gLs/0f xG' 5g\ .
xb'F g} g\ .
4. 3n' gzLntf w]/} h;f] k|fªu\ fl/s ofl} usx¿ w/] } h;f] ck|fªu\ fl/s of}lus kfgLdf 3'N5g\
kfgLdf 3'Nbg} g\ t/ kf| ªu\ fl/s t/ k|fª\ufl/s 3fn] sdf 3N' b}gg\ .
3f]nsdf 3'N5g\ .
5. klUng] k|fªu\ fl/s of}lussf] klUng] / ckf| ª\ufl/s ofl} ussf] klUng] / plDng]
/ plDng] plDng] tfkj|md sd x'G5 . tfkjm| d a9L xG' 5 .
tfkj|md
6. HjngzLntf kf| ªu\ fl/s ofl} us ;lhn;} uF ck|fªu\ fl/s of}lus kf| oM aNb}gg\ . -h:tM}
aNb5g\ . -h:t} M l3p, tn] , gg' , r'g 9ª' \uf cflb_
k6] «f]n, LPG cflb_
b}lgs hLjgdf k|fªu\ fl/s ofl} ussf pkofl] utfx¿ (uses of organic compounds in our daily life)
lj|mofsnfk 18.5
xfdf| ] b}lgs hLjgdf ko| f]u x'g] ljleGg k|sf/sf kf| ªu\ fl/s of}lussf] vf]hL u/L ;r" L tof/
kfg{x' f];\ . pSt ofl} us s] s:tf sfddf k|ofu] xG' 5g,\ atfpg'xf;] \ .
288 lj1fg tyf k|ljlwM sIff (
xfdLn] bl} gs hLjgdf w]/} ks| f/sf kf| ª\ufl/s of}lus pkofu] ul//xs] f x'G5f}“ . tLdWo] s]xL tn
lbOPsf 5g\ M
1. vfgf M xfdLn] xfdf| ] b}lgs hLjgdf bfn, eft, t/sf/L, df5f, df;', b'w, bxL, kmnkmn"
cflb vfG5f}F . oL ;a} vfgs] /' fx¿df sfafx]{ fO8«6] , k|fl] 6g, le6fldg cflb k|fª\ufl/s ofl} us
x'G5g\ .
2. nQf sk8f M xfdLn] nufpg] nQf sk8f ljleGg k|sf/sf kbfy{ -h:tM} skf;, l;Ns, h'6,
pmg cflb_ af6 ags] f x'G5g\ . oL kbfy{ ljleGg ks| f/sf kf| ª\ufl/s of}lusaf6 ag]sf
xG' 5g\ .
3. cfi} fwL M xfdL la/fdL kbf{ vfg] tyf nufpg] clwsf+z cf}ifwLx¿ k|fª\ufl/s of}lusaf6
ags] f x'G5g\ .
4. phf{ pTkfbg M l8hn] , k]6«f]n, dl6t]n, l:k|6 cflb k|fª\ufl/s of}lusaf6 ag]sf kbfy{ xg' \ .
oL kbfy{ phf{ pTkfbg ug{ tyf ;jf/L ;fwgdf xfNg ko| f]u xG' 5g\ .
5. s[lif pTkfbg tyf s[lifdf k|ofu] xg' ] vfB kbfy{ M ljleGg k|sf/sf s[lif pTkfbg -h:tM} bfn,
rfdn, t/sf/L, kmnkm"n cflb_ df sfaf{]xfO86]« , kf| ]l6g, le6fldg cflbdf kf| ª\ufl/s of}lus
xG' 5g\ . s[lifdf k|ofu] x'g] ljleGg ks| f/sf vfB kbfy,{ sL6gfzs cf}ifwL, le6fldg cflb
kbfyd{ f klg k|fª\ufl/s ofl} us xG' 5g\ .
6. ;fG} bo{ ;fdfuL| M ;fG} bo{sf nflu ko| f]u x'g] clwsf+z s:dl] 6S;df kf| ªu\ fl/s ofl} us xG' 5g\ .
lj1fg tyf k|ljlwM sIff ( 289
cEof;
!= ;xL pQ/ 5fGg'xf];\ M
-s_ tnsf dWo] sfa{gsf] u'0f sg' xf] <
-c_ 7f];, t/n / UofF; cj:yfdf kfOg] -cf_ kfgLdf 3n' gzLn x'g]
-O_ pRr tfkj|mddf 7f;] af6 UofF;df ¿kfGt/0f x'g ] -O_{ 6ns x'g]
-v_ sfag{ oS' t of}lussf] k|of]uaf6 kf]lnlyg aGg' tnsf dWo] sfa{gsf] u'0f;uF
s'grflxF ;DalGwt 5 <
-c_ Pnf]6k« L -cf_ Sofl6g;] g
-O_ l/8\o'l;ª u0' f -O_{ aNg] u'0f
-u_ tnsf dWo] kf| ªu\ fl/s of}lussf] ;dx" s'g xf] <
-c_ kf| ]l6g, sfaf]{xfO8]«6, Pdf]lgof, ldy]g
-cf_ lUnl;l/g, lkmgf]n, cNsf]xn, sfag{ 8fOc{ S;fO8
-O_ ldy]g, ldyfgfn] , Snf]/fk] md{, ol' /of
-O{_ Oy/, Pdfl] gof, ldyg] , OG;l' ng
-3_ bfp/f afn/] vfgf ksfpFbf ef8F fsf] aflx/L ;txdf sfnf] df;] f] hDdf x'g'n] s]
kd| fl0ft x'G5 <
-c_ efF8f] hn]sf] -cf_ bfp/fdf sfa{g ePsf]
-O_ bfp/f lr;f] ePsf] -O{_ bfp/f afNbf k|bi' f0f ePsf]
@= km/s n]Vgx' f];\ M
-s_ uf| kmfO6 / lx/f
-v_ kf| ªu\ fl/s of}lus / ckf| ª\ufl/s of}lus
#= sf/0f nV] g'xf];\ M
-s_ hf8f] ofddf sf]7fsf] em\ ofn 9f]sf y'g]/ leq sf]Onf÷bfp/f hnfpg' xFb' g} .
-v_ u|fkmfO6sf] wn' fn] fO{ 8f« O n'la|s]G6sf ¿kdf ko| f]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
290 lj1fg tyf k|ljlwM sIff (
-u_ u|fkmfO6 / lx/f bj' } sfag{ sf Pnf]6«k x'g\ . u|fkmfO6df ljB't\ kj| fx x'G5 t/ lx/fdf
xF'b}g .
-3_ ck|fªu\ fl/s ofl} usx¿sf] kUng] / pDng] tfkjm| d kf| ªu\ fl/s ofl} ussf] eGbf a9L
xG' 5 .
-ª_ r'nfdf bfp/f afNbf slxn] sfnf] wjF' f cfpF5 eg] slxn] sd wF'jf cfP/ cfuf] /fd|f;] uF
aN5 .
$= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ nV] g'xf];\ M
-s_ sfag{ df x'g] Sofl6g];g / Pnf6] «kL u'0fnfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt kl/eflift ug{x' f];\ .
-v_ lrgLnfO{ lg/Gt/ ttfpFb} hfFbf Ps sfnf] kbfy{ kf| Kt xG' 5 . o;af6 s] lgisif{
lgsfNg ;lsG5 <
-u_ dl0fe x'g] tyf wn' f] xg' ] sfa{gsf Pnf6] «ksf b'O{ bO' c{ f6] f pbfx/0f n]Vg'xf];\ .
-3_ sfa{g hNbf sfag{ df]gf]cS;fO8 jf sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8 aGg] cj:yf pNn]v u/L
;DalGwt /f;folgs ;dLs/0f n]Vg'xf];\ .
-ª_ jf6/ Uof;F eg]sf] s] xf] <
-r_ sfa{gnfO{ kfgLsf] afkm;Fu k|ltls|of u/fpFbf s] aG5 < pSt kl| jm| ofsf] /f;folgs
;dLs/0f nV] gx' f];\ .
-5_ /fx] gsf n'ufdf nfus] f] luh| nfO{ ;fag' kfgLn] ;kmf ug{ ;sg] . cfdfn] /fx] gnfO{
luh| ePsf] 7fpdF f clnslt k]6f« ]n /fVg ;e' mfpg'eof] . s] /fx] gsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg
x'G5 < /f]xgsf] ;d:ofsf] sf/0f / ;dfwfgsf] pkfonfO{ ;DalGwt j}1flgs
tYox¿sf cfwf/df JofVof ug{x' f];\ .
-h_ tkfOF{sf] b}lgs hLjgdf ko| f]u xg' ] rf/cf6] f k|fª\ufl/s ofl} ussf pbfx/0f n]Vg'xf;] \ .
lj1fg tyf k|ljlwM sIff ( 291
!( s[lif Ifq] df k|of]u x'g] kbfy{x¿
(Materials used in Agriculture)
xfdLn] vfg] w/] } h;f] vfB kbfy{x¿ af]6la?jfaf6 kf| Kt xG' 5g\ . af]6la?jfn] df6faf6 kfi] fs
tŒj k|fKt u5g{ \ . df6fdf dnhnlagf nuftf/ vt] L ub{} hfbF f df6f] ?vf] x'Fb} hfG5 . af6] la?jfdf
df};dcg';f/ cgs] ks| f/sf /fu] nfU5g\ . ;dud| f df6fsf] pa{/f zlSt 36\5 . df6fsf] pj{/f
zlSt a9fpg / cg]s k|sf/sf /fu] gi6 ug{ ljleGg k|sf/sf /f;folgs kbfys{ f] ko| f]u ul/G5 .
af]6la?jfx¿sf] j[l4 ljsf;sf nflu /f;folgs dn / /fu] tyf ls/fx¿af6 ltgsf] ;'/Iffsf
nflu sL6gfzs ljiffbL k|ofu] ul/G5g\ . oL /f;folgs kbfy{x¿ pkof]uL eP tfklg logsf
gsf/fTds c;/ klg /x]sf 5g\ .
xs{axfb'/sf] v]tLls;fgL ubf{sf] cge' j
Psk6s xs{axfb'/sf] af/Ldf /f]k]sf] pGgt hftsf] dss} f] lap nfdf] ;dodDd pldP| g . nfdf]
;dokl5 pd]|sf la?jf xs' b{F } hfFbf ltgsf 8f7F , kft, km" nsf] ;fOhdf 7fpFcg';f/ leGgtf
bl] vof] . sx] L la?jfdf h/f sdhf/] eP/ 9Ng], kft kx]FlnP/ emg{] tyf ;s' ]/ hfg] h:tf ;d:of
klg b]lvP . pgn] l5ds] Lsf] ;Nnfxcg';f/ v]tdf ol' /of dn /fv] . ol' /of /fv]sf] sx] L lbgkl5
s'g} s'g} 7fpsF f la?jfx¿ xn{Ss a9] . la?jfdf bl] vPsf ;a} ;d:of ;dfwfg ePgg\ . tL
la?jfdf nfu]sf ds}sf] 3fu] f Pjd\ lapsf] cfsf/df klg Ps¿ktf cfPg . To;kl5 pgn] sl[ if
sfof{nosf lj1sf] ;e' mfjcg;' f/ vt] af/Lsf] ljleGg 7fpsF f] df6f] hfrF u/fP . df6f] hfFraf6
ljleGg 7fpsF f] df6fdf ljleGg ks| f/sf tŒjsf] sdL tyf clDnokgfdf leGgtf /xs] f] kQf
nfUof] .
csf{] k6ssf nflu xsa{ xfb/' n] df6fsf] l/kf]6c{ g';f/ ljleGg 7fpFdf cjZos tŒjoS' t
/f;folgs dn -sxLF ol' /of, sxLF Pdfl] god kmf]:km]6, sxLF kf6] fl;od ;Nkm6] _ ko| fu] u/]/ afnL
nufP . To:t} vt] af/Lsf] sx] L 7fpFdf r'g ko| f]u u/] eg] s]xL 7fpFdf SoflN;od Snf/] fO8
ko| f]u u/] . bf];|f] k6sdf ;a} 7fpsF f] afnL /fdf| ];Fu x'lsP{ / cfP tfklg afnLdf ls/fsf] ks| fk] n]
xsa{ xfb'/nfO{ b'Mv lbof] . To;kl5 pgn] lj1sf] ;Nnfxdf ;fjwfgLk"js{ sL6gfzs ljiffbL
5/]/ cfk\mgf] afnL ;/' lIft u/] .
– pGgt lsl;dsf] lap nufpbF f klg ;?' df xs{axfb/' sf] afnL lsg /fd|f] ePg <
– o'l/ofn] v]tsf s'g} afnL ;lkP| klg cGo afnLdf lsg ;w' f/ x'g ;s]g xf]nf <
– v]tsf] ljleGg 7fpFdf ol' /of, Pdfl] god kmf:] km6] / kf6] fl;od ;Nkm]6 ko| fu] ugk'{ gf{sf] sf/0f
s] xf]nf <
– xsa{ xfb'/n] vt] df rg' / SoflN;od Snf]/fO8 ko| fu] ug'{sf] sf/0f s] xf]nf <
292 lj1fg tyf kl| jlwM sIff (
la?jfnfO{ cfjZos kfi] fs tŒj (Necessary nutrients for plants)
df6fdf la?jfsf] lap pdG| 5 . gofF la?jf x'sb{ } Ps jo:s la?jf aG5 . pSt la?jfdf k"mnaf6
kmn xb'F } gofF lap tof/ xG' 5 . o;/L la?jfsf] hLjg rjm| lg/Gt/ rln/x]sf] x'G5 . af]6la?jfnfO{
j[l4 ljsf; tyf hLjg rj|m k"/f ug{sf nflu rflxg] ;a} tŒj cfjZos tŒj x'g\ . la?jfx¿n]
hLjg kl| jm| ofsf nflu rflxg] tŒjx¿ df6f]af6 kf| Kt u5{ .
la?jfsf nflu cfjZos 17 tŒj
sfa{g -C_, xfO8«f]hg -H_, clS;hg -O_, gfO6«fh] g -N_, km:kmf/] ; -P_, kf]6fl;od -K_, ;Nkm/
-S_, SoflN;od -Ca_, DofUg]l;od -Mg_, af]/f]g -B_, Snf]l/g -Cl_ , sk/ -Cu_, kmnfd -Fe_,
DofGulgh -Mn_, df]lnA8]gd -Mo_, lgsn] -Ni_, / h:tf -Zn_
la?jfnfO{ cfjZos kfi] fs tŒjnfO{ k|d'v kfi] fs tŒj / ;xfos kfi] fs tŒj u/L bO' { ;dx" df
ljefhg ul/G5 M
-c_ kd| 'v kfi] fs tŒjx¿ -primary nutrients_ M
la?jfnfO{ w/] } dfqfdf rflxg] gfO6«f]hg -N_, km:kmf]/; -P_ / kf]6fl;od -K_ k|d'v
kf]ifs tŒjx¿ x'g\ . af6] la?jfsf] /fdf| ] j[l4 ljsf;sf nflu df6fdf oL tŒjsf]
Joj:yfkg cTofjZos x'G5 .
-cf_ ;xfos kf]ifs tŒj -secondary nutrients_ M
la?jfnfO{ k|d'v kf]ifs tŒjeGbf sd dfqfdf cfjZos x'g] tŒj ;xfos tŒj x'g\ .
SoflN;od, DofUg]l;od, ;Nkm/, af]/fg] , kmnfd, lhª\s, cflb ;xfos kf]ifs tŒj xg' \ .
df6fdf logsf] cfefjn] af]6la?jfsf] jl[ 4 ljsf;df tyf ltgsf] pTkfbg 365\ .
df6fdf cjZos kf]ifs tŒj k|fsl[ ts ¿kdf kf| ª\ufl/s kbfy{ sl' xP/ lgdf{0f eO/xs] f
xG' 5g\ . v]taf/Lx¿df lg/Gt/ vt] L ubf{ xg' ] kfi] fs tŒjsf] cefj k"lt{sf nflu dnsf
¿kdf tL tŒjoS' t /f;folgs kbfy{ df6fdf /fVgk' g{] xG' 5 .
dn (fertilizer)
la?jfx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ rflxg] kfl} i6s tŒj df6faf6 lng] u5{g\ . la?jfnfO{ cfjZos kfi] fs tŒj
k¥' ofpg] ofl} usnfO{ dn elgG5 . s[lqd ¿kdf df6fdf la?jfsf nflu cfjZos tŒjsf] cefj
k/" f ug{ dnx¿ ko| fu] ul/G5 . dnsf] ko| fu] u/L df6fsf] pj{/fzlSt a9fpg ;lsG5 . dnn]
af]6la?jfsf] jl[ 4 tyf ljsf; u5{ / /fu] af6 ;/' Iff k|bfg u5{ .
dnsf lsl;d -Types of fertilizers_
dnx¿ kf| ªu\ fl/s / ck|fªu\ fl/s u/L b'O{ lsl;dsf xG' 5g\ M
-c_ kf| ª\ufl/s dn (Organic fertilizer)
hLjx¿af6 pT;hg{ xg' ] dndq" tyf dt[ z/L/sf efux¿ sx' fP/ agfOPsf] dnnfO{
lj1fg tyf k|ljlwM sIff ( 293
kf| ª\ufl/s dn elgG5 . o;cGtut{ sDkf:] 6 dn, xl/of] dn, v/fgL, lkgfsf] w'nf], x88\ Lsf]
w'nf] dn k5g{ \ .
sDkf:] 6 M hgfj/n] pT;h{g u/]sf] dndq" , ?v, la?jfsf kft kltªu\ /, d/]sf hgfj/sf]
l;gf], k/fn, 3f;F kft, ;ft] / cflb j:t' sl' xP/ ag]sf] dnnfO{ kf| ªu\ fl/s dn elgG5 . uf]a/
dn klg Ps lsl;dsf] k|fªu\ fl/s dn g} xf] .
xl/of] dn M k|d'v afnL nufpg'cufl8
v]taf/Ldf l56f] sl' xg] la?jfx¿ xs' f{pg]
ul/G5 . o:tf la?jf df6fdf k/' /] sx' fpFbf
dn aG5 . bnxg afnLsf af]6nfO{ hldgdf
s'xfP/ dn agfpFbf df6fdf la?jfsf nflu
cfjZos gfO6]6« sf] dfqf pknAw xG' 5 . o;sf
;fy} slkto la?jfsf efu klg v]taf/Ldf
s'xfP/ dn agfOG5 . o;/L xl/of] la?jfnfO{
l;w} v]taf/Ldf sx' fP/ agfOg] dnnfO{ xl/of]
dn elgG5 . pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf kftL, c;/' f], lrq 19.1 xl/of] dnsf nfuL ul/g] 9“r} f vt] L
lv/f,{] ufFhf, cflb xl/of] dnsf nflu vt] df nfufOg] la?jf x'g\ .
kf| ªu\ fl/s dnsf kmfObfx¿ (Advantages of organic fertilizers)
k|fªu\ fl/s dnn] df6fsf] pj/{ fzlSt a9fpF5 . o;sf] k|ofu] n] df6f]sf] kfgL ;~ro ug]{
Ifdtf a9fp5F . of] dn k|ofu] ubf{ bL3s{ fn;Dd klg df6fd] f s'g} gsf/fTds c;/ kb}{g .
o;n] jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0fnfO{ lgoGq0f u5{ . kf| ªu\ fl/s dnsf] k|of]un] t/sf/L / kmnkm" nnfO{
:jflbnf,] kfl] ;nf] / :jf:Yojw{s agfp5F . o:tf] dndf plAhPsf t/sf/L / kmnk"mn vfFbf
dfgj :j:Yodf sg' } gsf/fTds c;/ kbg}{ .
-cf_ ckf| ª\ufl/s dn (Inorganic fertilizer)
df6fdf la?jfnfO{ rflxg] kf]ifs tŒj kofK{ t gePdf o;sf] pj{/fzlSt x|f; xG' 5 .
o;sf nflu kfi] fs tŒjo'St /f;fogx¿ df6fdf /flvG5 . df6fdf ld;fpbF f la?jfsf
nflu cfjZos gfO6«f]hg -N_, km:kmf/] ; -P_, kf6] fl;od -K_ cflb lbg] ck|fª\ufl/s
kbfyx{ ¿nfO{ ckf| ªu\ fl/s dn elgG5 . oL dn vlghsf] /f;folgs k|ltlj|mofaf6 lgdf0{ f
ul/G5g\ . pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf Pdfl] gof -NH3_ / sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8 -CO2_ lar /f;folgs
kl| tlj|mof u/fO{ ol' /of [CO(NH2)2] tof/ kfg{ ;lsG5 . ckf| ªu\ f/Ls dnnfO{ /f;folgs dn
(chemical fertilizers) klg elgG5 .
/f;folgs dn kfgLdf ;lhn} 3N' g] ePsfn] logsf] ko| fu] sf] c;/ la?jfdf rfF8} cjnf]sg
ug{ ;lsG5 . logdf lglZrt kf]ifs tŒjsf] dfqf al9/xs] f] xG' 5 . la?jfnfO{ cfjZos kd| 'v
kf]ifs tŒjsf cfwf/df /f;folgs dnnfO{ gfO6«fh] go'St, km:kmf]/;o'St / kf6] fl;odo'St
u/L tLg lsl;dn] juLs{ /0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
294 lj1fg tyf k|ljlwM sIff (
gfO6«f]hgoS' t dn (Nitrogenous fertilizer)
la?jfsf nflu cfjZos gfO6«fh] gsf ;f| tsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ul/g] ck|fª\ufl/s ofl} us -nj0fx¿_
gfO6«f]go'St dn x'g\ . Pdf]lgod ;Nkm6]
[(NH4)2SO4], Pdfl] god gfO6]6« [NH4NO3]
/ o'l/of [CO(NH2)2] gfO6«fh] goS' t
/f;folgs dnsf pbfx/0f x'g\ .
gfO6«fh] go'St dnsf] dxŒj (Importance
of nitrogen fertilizer)
gfO6«fh] gn] la?jfsf] tLj| j[l4 ljsf;sf lrq 19.2 ol' /of dn
;fy} pTkfbg jl[ 4df ;xof]u u5{ . o;n]
la?jfsf] xl/ts0f ;Z+ ni] f0f, k|f]l6g /
k|f]6f]KnfHd lgdf0{ fdf a9fjf lbG5 .
la?jfdf gfO6f« ]hg sdLsf c;/ (Effects of deficiency of nitrogen in plants)
gfO6f« h] gsf] sdLn] la?jfsf] jl[ 4 ljsf;sf ;fy} pTkfbgdf sdL NofpF5 . la?jfsf kftx¿
kx]Fnf xg' s' f ;fy} kmn" , kmn / lapsf] cfsf/ ;fgf] x'G5 .
km:kmf]/;oS' t dn (Phosphatic fertilizers)
la?jfsf nflu cfjZos km:kmf]/;sf ;f| t] sf ¿kdf
ko| f]u ul/g] ckf| ªu\ fl/s ofl} usx¿ -nj0fx¿_ km:kmf]/;o'St dn
xg' \ . Pdf]lgod kmf:] km]6 [(NH ) PO ], SoflN;od ;k' / kmf]:km] 6
43 4
[Ca(H2PO4)2CaSO4], l6k« n ;'k/ kmf:] km6] [3Ca(H2PO4)2], /
Pdfl] god d]6f kmf]:km] 6 [NH4(H2PO4)] km:kmf/] ;oS' t /f;folgs
dnsf pbfx/0f x'g\ .
lrq 19.3 l6k« n ;k' / km:k]m6 dn
km:kmf/] ;oS' t dnsf] dxŒj (importance of phosphatic fertilizer)
kmf:] kmf/] ;n] la?jfsf h/fx¿sf] lgdf{0f / ljsf;df ;xof]u ub5{ . o;n] afnLgfnL / lapdf
l56f] kl/kSjtf NofP/ bfgfx¿ k'i6 agfp5F . o;n] la?jfnfO{ /fu] af6 arfpg ;xofu] u5{ .
la?jfdf km:kmf]/;sf] sdLaf6 x'g] sdLsf c;/ (Effects of deficiency of phosphorus in
plants)
km:kmf]/;sf] sdLn] la?jfsf h/fx¿ /fd/| L ljsf; xg' kfpFbg} g\ . o;sf] sdLn] la?jfsf] sfi] f
ljefhgdf dGbtf cfp5F / la?jfx¿ b'Anf / kftnf b]lvG5g\ . km:kmf]/;sf] sdLn] afnLgfnL
/ lapdf l9nf] kl/kSjtf cfp5F eg] bfgfx¿ rfpl/Psf x'G5g\ . o;sf] sdL eO/xFbf la?jfdf
/fu] k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtfdf 36\b} hfG5 .
lj1fg tyf k|ljlwM sIff ( 295
kf6] fl;odoS' t dn (Potassium fertilizer)
la?jfsf nflu cfjZos kf6] fl;odsf] ;|ft] sf
¿kdf ko| fu] ul/g] ckf| ªu\ fl/s of}lus -nj0fx¿_
kf]6fl;odoS' t dn x'g\ . kf]6fl;od Snf]/fO8 [KCl],
kf]6fl;od ;Nkm6] [K SO ], kf]6fl;od gfO66]« [KNO ]3
24
/ kf]6fl;od sfaf]{g6] [K2CO3] kf]6fl;odo'St dnsf
pbfx/0f xg' \ . lrq 19.4 kf6] fl;od Snf]/fO8 dn
kf]6fl;odoS' t dnsf] dxŒj (Importance of potassium fertilizer)
v/fgLdf klg kf]6fl;od kfOG5 . kf]6fl;odn] la?jfsf] sf08 / h/fx¿nfO{ alnof] agfpF5
/ /f]u;uF n8\g;Sg] Ifdtf a9fp5F . o;n] la?jfdf km"nsf] jl[ 4 ljsf; ug{ ;xofu] u5{ .
kf6] fl;odn] la?jfdf kf| l] 6g, :6frn{ ufot cGo j:ts' f] lgdf{0fdf klg ;xofu] u5{ .
la?jfdf kf6] fl;od sdLsf c;/ (Effects of deficiency of potassium in plants)
kf]6fl;odsf] sdLn] la?jfdf kf| ]l6g, :6fr{nufot cGo j:t'sf] lgdf0{ fdf sdL cfpgs' f ;fy}
sf]if ljefhgdf klg sdL cfpF5 . h;n] ubf{ la?jfsf] j[l4 ljsf; sdhf/] xbF' } hfG5 . o;sf]
sdLn] la?jfsf kft ;fgf x'G5g\ / l56f] em5{g\ . kf]6fl;odsf] sdLn] ubf{ ;fgf la?jfx¿ ;S' g]
jf dg{] ;Defjgf w/] } x'G5 .
ljm| ofsnfk 19.1
tkfO{“sf] j/k/ /xs] f] v]taf/Ldf /fd|f;] u“ xs' {g g;s]sf la?jfsf nIf0f cWoog
ug'x{ f;] \ . tL nIf0fx¿ gfO6«f]hg, km:kmf/] ; jf kf]6fl;oddWo] sg' sf] sdLn] ubf{ bv] f k/s] f xfn] fg\,
56' \ofpg'xf;] \ .
/f;folgs dnsf kmfObfx¿ (Advantages of chemical fertilizers)
-s_ /f;folgs dndf af6] la?jfx¿sf nflu rflxg] ljzi] f k|sf/sf kf]ifs tŒj x'G5g\ . o;n]
ubf{ /f;folgs dnn] df6fsf] pj/{ fzlSt a9fpg] sfd u5{ .
-v_ /f;folgs dn ;lhn;} Fu kfgLdf 3'ngzLn x'G5g\ . To;sf/0fn] af]6la?jfn] cfkmn" fO{
cfjZos kg]{ kf]ifs tŒj df6faf6 ;lhn} ;f;] ]/ lnG5g\ .
-u_ /f;folgs dnx¿nfO{ hDdf ug,{ Ps 7fpaF f6 csf{] 7fpdF f nh} fg / ko| fu] ug{ ;lhnf] xG' 5 .
ljm| ofsnfk 19.2
ljleGg ks| f/sf /f;folgs dnx¿ ;ªs\ ng u/L ltgsf] kfgLdf 3'ngzLntf cjnfs] g ug'{xf];\ .
/f;folgs dnsf a]kmfObf (Disadvantages of chemical fertilizers)
/f;folgs dn pkofu] L eP tfklg o;sf] cTolws ko| fu] sf yk' }| ak] mfObf 5g\ . o;sf sx] L
296 lj1fg tyf kl| jlwM sIff (
The words you are searching are inside this book. To get more targeted content, please make full-text search by clicking here.
Science_Class-9_2079
Discover the best professional documents and content resources in AnyFlip Document Base.
Search